From d97d08115514177891a6cbf542bdf0ae8b796619 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?utf8?q?Lars=20Gullik=20Bj=C3=B8nnes?= Date: Wed, 2 Jun 2004 13:40:06 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] add missing doc files and update makefile git-svn-id: svn://svn.lyx.org/lyx/lyx-devel/trunk@8798 a592a061-630c-0410-9148-cb99ea01b6c8 --- lib/doc/.cvsignore | 1 + lib/doc/ChangeLog | 6 +- lib/doc/Customization.lyx | 14145 ++++++++++++++++++ lib/doc/Depend.pl | 84 + lib/doc/DocStyle.lyx | 4400 ++++++ lib/doc/Doc_toc.pl | 168 + lib/doc/FAQ.lyx | 1577 ++ lib/doc/Intro.lyx | 1831 +++ lib/doc/Makefile.am | 73 +- lib/doc/README.Documentation | 44 + lib/doc/Reference.lyx | 18741 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ lib/doc/TOC_top/TOC_top.lyx | 30 + lib/doc/TOC_top/da_TOC_top.lyx | 30 + lib/doc/TOC_top/de_TOC_top.lyx | 30 + lib/doc/TOC_top/fr_TOC_top.lyx | 30 + lib/doc/TOC_top/ru_TOC_top.lyx | 30 + lib/doc/TOC_top/sl_TOC_top.lyx | 33 + lib/doc/Tutorial.lyx | 4715 ++++++ lib/doc/cs_Tutorial.lyx | 4737 ++++++ lib/doc/da_Intro.lyx | 1771 +++ lib/doc/de_FAQ.lyx | 1679 +++ lib/doc/es_Intro.lyx | 886 ++ lib/doc/es_Tutorial.lyx | 5745 ++++++++ lib/doc/escher-lsd.eps | 2845 ++++ lib/doc/fr_Customization.lyx | 14253 ++++++++++++++++++ lib/doc/fr_FAQ.lyx | 1757 +++ lib/doc/fr_Intro.lyx | 2135 +++ lib/doc/fr_TOC.lyx | 2559 ++++ lib/doc/fr_Tutorial.lyx | 5394 +++++++ lib/doc/fr_UserGuide.lyx | 23945 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ lib/doc/he_Intro.lyx | 2314 +++ lib/doc/he_Tutorial.lyx | 6424 ++++++++ lib/doc/hu_Intro.lyx | 995 ++ lib/doc/it_Customization.lyx | 10426 +++++++++++++ lib/doc/it_Intro.lyx | 957 ++ lib/doc/it_Tutorial.lyx | 5946 ++++++++ lib/doc/it_UserGuide.lyx | 24324 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ lib/doc/mobius.eps | 724 + lib/doc/nl_Intro.lyx | 958 ++ lib/doc/nl_Tutorial.lyx | 6016 ++++++++ lib/doc/pl_Extended.lyx | 18484 +++++++++++++++++++++++ lib/doc/pl_Intro.lyx | 794 + lib/doc/pl_TOC.lyx | 2448 ++++ lib/doc/pl_Tutorial.lyx | 4742 ++++++ lib/doc/platypus.eps | 4486 ++++++ lib/doc/pt_Intro.lyx | 1021 ++ 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create mode 100644 lib/doc/TOC_top/sl_TOC_top.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/cs_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/da_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/de_FAQ.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/es_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/es_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/escher-lsd.eps create mode 100644 lib/doc/fr_Customization.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/fr_FAQ.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/fr_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/fr_TOC.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/fr_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/fr_UserGuide.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/he_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/he_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/hu_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/it_Customization.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/it_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/it_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/it_UserGuide.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/mobius.eps create mode 100644 lib/doc/nl_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/nl_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/pl_Extended.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/pl_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/pl_TOC.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/pl_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/platypus.eps create mode 100644 lib/doc/pt_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/pt_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/ru_FAQ.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/ru_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/ru_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/sk_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/sk_UserGuide.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/sl_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/sl_Tutorial.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/sv_Intro.lyx create mode 100644 lib/doc/sv_Tutorial.lyx diff --git a/lib/doc/.cvsignore b/lib/doc/.cvsignore index 2aa1838eb6..58070c19b4 100644 --- a/lib/doc/.cvsignore +++ b/lib/doc/.cvsignore @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ Makefile.in Makefile LaTeXConfig.lyx +Makefile.depend diff --git a/lib/doc/ChangeLog b/lib/doc/ChangeLog index 6dad9a1e29..575643bf70 100644 --- a/lib/doc/ChangeLog +++ b/lib/doc/ChangeLog @@ -1,6 +1,10 @@ +2004-06-02 Lars Gullik Bjonnes + + * Add missing doc files and update makefile. + 2004-06-02 Lars Gullik Bjonnes - * Makefile.am (docfiles): make sure docs are disted + * Makefile.am (docfiles): make sure docs are disted 2004-06-01 Lars Gullik Bjonnes diff --git a/lib/doc/Customization.lyx b/lib/doc/Customization.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..be34ac57c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/Customization.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,14145 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +\usepackage{multicol} +\IfFileExists{isolatin.def} +{\usepackage[isolatin]{inputenc}} +{\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}} +\end_preamble +\language english +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +Customizing LyX: Features for the Advanced User +\layout Author + +by the LyX Team +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard +\noindent +Principal maintainer of this file is +\noun on +Mike Ressler +\noun default +. + If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX + Documentation mailing list, . +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introduction +\layout Standard + +This manual covers the customization features present in LyX. + In it, we discuss issues like keyboard shortcuts, screen previewing options, + printer options, sending commands to LyX via the LyX Server, internationalizati +on, installing new LaTeX classes and LyX layouts, etc. + We can't possibly hope to touch on everything you can change---our developers + add new features faster than we can document them---but we will explain + the most common customizations and hopefully point you in the right direction + for some of the more obscure ones. +\layout Chapter + +LyX configuration files +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:config} + +\end_inset + +This chapter aims to help you to find your way through the LyX configuration + files. + Before continuing to read this chapter, you should find out where your + LyX library directory is by using +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator +About\SpecialChar ~ +Ly +\bar under +X +\family default +\bar default +. + This directory is the place where LyX places its system-wide configuration + files, and we will simply name it +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default + in the remainder of this document. + +\layout Section + +What's in +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default +? +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default + and its sub-directories contain a number of files and that can be used + to customise LyX's behaviour. + You can change many of these files from within LyX itself through the +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + dialog. + Most customization that you might want to do to LyX is possible through + this dialog. + However, many other inner aspects of LyX can be customized by modifying + the files in +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default +. + They fall in different categories, described in the following subsections. +\layout Subsection + +Automatically generated files +\layout Standard + +These files are generated when you configure LyX. + They contain various default values that are guessed by inspection. + In general, it is not a good idea to modify them, since they might be overwritt +en at any time. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +lyxrc.defaults +\family default +\series default + contains defaults for various commands. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +packages.lst +\family default +\series default + contains the list of packages that have been recognized by LyX. + It is currently unused by the LyX program itself, but the information extracted +, and more, is made available with +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator +L +\bar under +a +\bar default +TeX\SpecialChar ~ +Configuration +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +textclass.lst +\family default +\series default + is the list of text classes that have been found in your +\family typewriter +layout/ +\family default + directory, along with the associated LaTeX document class and their description. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +doc/LaTeXConfig.lyx +\family default + is automatically generated during configuration from the file +\family typewriter +LaTeXConfig.lyx.in +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Directories +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +bind/ +\family default +\series default + this directory contains files with the extension +\family typewriter +.bind +\family default + that define the keybindings used in LyX (see section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bindings} + +\end_inset + +). + If there exists an internationalized version of the bindfile named +\family typewriter +$LANG_xxx.bind +\family default +, that will be used first. + See Chapter\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + +, and section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bindings} + +\end_inset + +for details. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +clipart/ +\family default +\series default + contains graphics files that can be included in documents. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +doc/ +\family default +\series default + contains LyX documentation files (including the one you are currently reading). + The file +\family typewriter +LaTeXConfig.lyx +\family default + deserves special attention, as noted above. + If there exists an internationalized version of the help-document with + +\family typewriter +$LANG_ +\family default + prepended to the name, that will be used first. + See Chapter\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + + for details. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +examples/ +\family default +\series default + contains example files that explain how to use some features. + In the file browser, press the +\family sans +Examples +\family default + button to get there. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +images/ +\family default + contains image files that are used by the +\family sans +Document +\family default + dialog. + In addition, it also contains the individual icons used in the toolbar + and the banners that can be shown when LyX is launched. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +kbd/ +\family default +\series default + contains keyboard keymapping files. + See Chapter\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:keymap} + +\end_inset + + for details. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +layouts/ +\family default +\series default + contains the text class files described in Chapter\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:textclass} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +reLyX/ +\family default + contains lots of files that together make up reLyX, the translator of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +well behaved +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + LaTeX into LyX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +scripts/ +\family default + contains some files that demonstrate the capabilities of the +\family sans +External\SpecialChar ~ +Template +\family default + feature. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +templates/ +\family default +contains the standard LyX template files described in Chapter\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:templates} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +tex/ +\family default + contains some LaTeX cls files distributed with LyX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +ui/ +\family default + contains files with the extension +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default + that define the user interface to LyX. + That is, the files define which items appear in which menus and the items + appearing on the toolbar. + See Chapter\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ui} + +\end_inset + + for details. +\layout Subsection + +Files you don't want to modify +\layout Standard + +These files are used internally by LyX and you generally do not need to + modify them unless you are a developer. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +CREDITS +\family default +\series default + this file contains the list of LyX developers. + The contents are displayed with the menu entry +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator +About\SpecialChar ~ +LyX +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +chkconfig.ltx +\family default +\series default + this is a LaTeX script used during the configuration process. + Do not run directly. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +configure +\family default +\series default + this is the script that is used to re-configure LyX. + It creates configuration files in the directory it was run from. +\layout Subsection + +Other files needing a line or two... +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +encodings +\family default + this contains tables describing how different character encodings can be + mapped to unicode +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +external_templates +\family default + this file contains the templates available to the new +\family sans +External\SpecialChar ~ +Template +\family default + feature. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +languages +\family default + this file contains a list of all the languages currently supported by LyX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +lyxrc.example +\family default + Deprecated and definitely obfuscated. + This is the old style preferences file. + It will probably disappear in the near future. +\layout Section + +Your local configuration directory +\layout Standard + +Even if you are using LyX as an unprivileged user, you might want to change + LyX configuration for your own use. + The +\family typewriter +UserDir +\family default + directory contains all your personal configuration files. + This is the directory described as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +user directory +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator +About\SpecialChar ~ +LyX +\family default +. + This directory is used as a mirror of +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default +, which means that every file in +\family typewriter +UserDir +\family default + is a replacement for the corresponding file in +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default +. + Any configuration file described in the above sections can be placed either + in the system-wide directory, in which case it will affect all users, or + in your local directory for your own use. +\layout Standard + +To make things clearer, let's provide a few examples: +\layout Itemize + +The preferences set in the +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + dialog are saved to a file +\family typewriter +preferences +\family default + in +\family typewriter +UserDir +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +When you reconfigure using +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +econfigure +\family default +, LyX runs +\family typewriter +configure +\family default + and the resulting files are written in your local configuration directory + (see section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetected} + +\end_inset + + to have a list of the +\family typewriter +preferences +\family default + settings affected by this section). + This means that any additional text class file that you might have added + in +\family typewriter +UserDir/layouts +\family default + will be added to the list of classes in the +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default + dialog. +\layout Itemize + +Similarly, if you have installed some LaTeX document classes in your home + directory, that LaTeX can find with your +\family typewriter +TEXINPUTS +\family default + path, they will show up in your list of text classes. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +as long as LyX or yourself have a +\family typewriter +.layout +\family default + file for it, of course. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +If you get some updated documentation from LyX ftp site and cannot install + it because you do not have sysadmin rights on your system, you can just + copy the files in +\family typewriter +UserDir/doc/ +\family default + and the items in the +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp +\family default + menu will open them! +\layout Section + +Running LyX with multiple configurations +\layout Standard + +The configuration freedom of the local configuration directory may not suffice + if you want to have more than one configuration at your disposal. + For example, you may want to be use different key bindings or printer settings + at different times. + You can achieve this by having several such directories. + You then specify which directory to use at run-time. +\layout Standard + +Invoking LyX with the command line switch +\family typewriter +-userdir +\family default +\emph on + +\emph default + instructs the program to read the configuration from that directory, and + not from the default directory (you can determine the default directory + by running LyX without this switch as described above). + If this directory does not exist, LyX offers to create it for you, just + like it does for the default directory on the first time you run the program. + You can modify the configuration options in this additional +\family typewriter +Userdir +\family default + exactly as you would for the default directory. + These directories are completely independent (but read on). + Note that setting the environment variable +\family typewriter +LYX_USERDIR_13x +\family default + to some value has exactly the same effect +\family typewriter +. +\layout Standard + +Having several configurations also requires more maintenance: if you want + to add a new layout to +\family typewriter +Userdir/layouts +\family default + which you want available from all your configurations, you must add it + to each directory separately. + You can avoid this with the following trick: after LyX creates the additional + directory, most of the subdirectories (see above) are empty. + If you want the new configuration to mirror an existing one, replace the + empty subdirectory with a symbolic link to the matching subdirectory in + the existing configuration. + Take care with the +\family typewriter +\series medium +doc/ +\family default +\series default + subirectory, however, since it contains a file written by the configuration + script (also accessible through +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +econfigure +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetected} + +\end_inset + +) +\family default + which is configuration-specific. +\layout Chapter + +The +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + dialog +\layout Section + +Using the dialog for the first time +\layout Standard + +The +\family typewriter +UserDir/preferences +\family default + file will contain only changes that you have made to the default behaviour, + some of which is hard-coded into LyX and some of which is contained in + the system file +\family typewriter +LyXDir/lyxrc.defaults +\family default +. + Note that in both files lines beginning with a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +# +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + are just comments and not interpreted. + However, only system administrators should edit +\family typewriter +LyXDir/lyxrc +\family default +. + Users should use the +\family sans + +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + dialog to create and modify their own +\family typewriter +UserDir/preferences +\family default + file. +\layout Standard + +We hope that the +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + dialog will be largely self-explanatory. + Almost all the commands have an associated comment, so you shouldn't have + too much trouble modifying it to taste. + Before we highlight a few of the more important commands below, however, + a word of warning: +\family sans +Apply +\family default +ing some of your changes (e.g., screen fonts) will have an instant effect. + Others (e.g. + changing the bind file) will not. + If nothing appears to have changed, just +\family sans +Save +\family default + the changes and restart LyX. +\layout Section + +On-screen fonts +\layout Standard + +The font used to display your documents on the LyX screen is very important, + since you'll be reading all your documents with this font. + Therefore it is important that the font is as readable and good-looking + as possible. + The LyX team tried to provide the best possible default font for you, but + since practically all X11 systems are different, it's likely that the default + fonts will be sub-optimal on your system. + Fortunately, you can do something about this. + Before we explain how to do this, you should learn a bit more about fonts + so that you are better prepared for choosing your fonts, because it is + a trade-off that is specific to your preferences and the capabilities of + your system. +\layout Standard + +Notice that this section only deals with the fonts on the +\emph on +screen +\emph default + inside the LyX window. + The fonts that appear on the +\emph on +paper +\emph default + +\emph on +output +\emph default + are independent from these fonts, and are determined by the document class. + Read the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + to learn how to change the font of the printed version of your document. +\layout Standard + +Basically, screen fonts come in two different kinds: scalable outline fonts + and non-scalable bitmap fonts. + This distinction seems a bit arbitrary, since non-scalable fonts are actually + scalable in most modern font renderers. + The difference lies in the +\emph on +quality +\emph default + of the scaling, and the +\emph on +speed +\emph default + of display. + The most important decision is thus whether you should use non-scalable + bitmap fonts or scalable outline fonts. +\layout Standard + +The scalable fonts are built from +\emph on +outlines +\emph default + of the single glyphs (i.e. + characters) in the font. + This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are + well suited for scaling to any requested size. + This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and turned + into a small picture composed of pixels according to which size and glyph, + the programmer requests. + This means that scalable fonts will look pretty good in all sizes. + Well, almost all sizes. + Since scalable fonts are defined in an abstract way, it can be hard to + provide a good rendering at small sizes, where each pixel has to be very + carefully computed to provide a good image. + Technically it is possible to do this from the mathematical definition, + but in order to keep the rendering reasonably fast, tradeoffs have to be + made, and the result is that scalable fonts can be difficult to read at + small sizes. +\layout Standard + +Bitmap fonts on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the + start, so they will look good at all the sizes they are meant for. + However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each + pixel is enlarged into several pixels. + It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in +\family typewriter +xv +\family default + or any other picture manipulation program. + In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in + several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels + or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful. + The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary + to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable + fonts. + The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exists as fixed versions have + to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad. +\layout Standard + +The net result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are generally best for + the small sizes, where they are available, while scalable fonts are generally + best for large sizes. + The logical conclusion would thus be to use bitmap fonts for the small + sizes, and scalable fonts for the large sizes. + Unfortunately, this is not a good idea, since bitmap fonts and scalable + fonts are not designed to be used together, so the overall look of such + a scheme would be bad. + The best you can do is thus to try both schemes and decide for yourself + what suits you. +\layout Standard + +By default, LyX uses non-scalable bitmap fonts (when using the XForms frontend). + For serif fonts, +\emph on +times +\emph default + is used, for sans serif fonts, +\emph on +helvetica +\emph default + is used, while +\emph on +courier +\emph default + is used as the monospaced/typewriter font. +\layout Standard + +In the following, we will describe what to do if the text does not look + good in LyX. + We'll start with the most important parameters: DPI and font zoom. +\layout Subsection + +DPI setting and Font Zoom +\layout Standard + +LyX automatically tries to scale the fonts to look as close as the paper + output size as possible, except for the so-called font zoom factor. +\layout Standard + +In order for this to work on all systems, it relies on the screen DPI (dots + per inch) setting to be correct. + The DPI setting for your system is autodetected by LyX using the information + the X server can provide. + You can check what LyX autodetects the DPI setting to, by running LyX as + +\family typewriter +lyx -dbg 2 +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +On many systems, X is not set up correctly, so you should check that it + is correct by hand. + Run +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +xdpyinfo | more +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and write down what the DPI is for the resolution you use (this will be + close to the value LyX detects). + It is the number mentioned as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +resolution +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Also write down the number of pixels you have in the width (the first number + under +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +dimensions +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Then get the good old ruler out of the closet, and measure the width of + the visible screen-image on your monitor. + Convert this measurement to inches if you used a centimeter ruler by dividing + by 2.54. + Now you can determine the correct DPI setting for your screen by dividing + the number of pixels in the width by the width of the screen-image on the + monitor. + If this number is more than, say, 5 DPI from the detected value, you should + either fix the X setup, or at least tell LyX that the DPI is different + than the detected value. +\layout Standard + +If you can't fix the X setup (which of course is best since other programs + than LyX will benefit from this as well), you can tell LyX the correct + DPI using the +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog. +\layout Standard + +If the text is too small or too big for your taste, you should fiddle with + the font zoom setting. + This setting is used to scale the point size of the text. + If your DPI setting is correct, and the font zoom setting is set to 100, + this means that LyX will try to display the text exactly the same size + as it will appear on the paper-output. + If you set the zoom factor to 200, the text will try to be 2 times as big + as on paper. + Of course, this will only happen if LyX can find a font that has the appropriat +e size, which you can't count on. + Since LyX is a WYSIWYM system anyways, this limitation isn't much of an + issue. +\layout Standard + +The default font zoom setting is 150, since a monitor is typically wider + than a piece of paper, but you should try to fiddle with it through the + +\family sans +Font\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +Z +\bar default +oom +\family default + setting in the +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog to find a size that you like. + When you've found a setting that seems to work nicely for you (tip: use + the +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pply +\family default + button to keep the dialog open while you experiment), you can make this + setting the default by using the +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +ave +\family default + button. +\layout Standard + +While it is often possible to find a suitable size for the text on the screen, + this doesn't necessarily mean that the fonts are the best ones available + on your system. + In order to help you get the most out of your system, you can use the font + definition commands to fine-tune the look of the text in greater detail + than merely size. +\layout Subsection + +Font definition commands +\layout Standard + +As mentioned, LyX uses non-scalable bitmap fonts by default with the XForms + frontend. + For serif fonts, +\emph on +times +\emph default + is used, for sans serif fonts, +\emph on +helvetica +\emph default + is used, while +\emph on +courier +\emph default + is used as the monospaced/typewriter font. +\layout Standard + +You can change all of these from within the +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog. + The number of fonts that are available on different systems vary, but the + program +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default + should be available everywhere. + Use that program to find candidate fonts. + When you've found a font that you like, try to insert the first two elements + of the name (called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fndry +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fmly +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default +) in the appropriate field in the +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog and press +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pply +\family default +. + LyX will then reformat your document using the new font, and if you like + the font, you should +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +ave +\family default + it. + One place to start for a new font is to see if the scalable font +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +utopia +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is available. + Tip: You can see whether a font is a bitmap font or a scalable font by + checking the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +resx +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +resy +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + fields in +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default +. + If the value 0 is available, the font is scalable. + If the value 0 isn't available, the font is a bitmap font. +\layout Standard + +Before you go about scrapping a bitmap font because the larger sizes look + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blocky +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, you should toggle the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Use scalable fonts +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + button. + This is only useful if you use bitmap fonts, because only these don't scale + well. + If you define this flag, LyX will only use the fixed font sizes that are + available, and this guarantees that all bitmap fonts look well. + (You can see which individual font sizes are available with the +\family typewriter +xlsfonts +\family default + command. + Try +\family typewriter +man xlsfonts +\family default +.) However, the prize is that the difference between the size of the fonts + on screen and the size of fonts on paper will be larger because LyX will + have to be satisfied with the closest available size, and not try to scale + a size to fit. + Also, you can risk that some logically different sizes, such as +\family sans +Large +\family default + and +\family sans +Larger +\family default +, will be mapped to the same screen font, making it hard for you to see + the difference on screen. + We've decided not to use scalable fonts by default because of these artifacts, + but since LyX is a WYSIWYM system, many people like to use the flag anyways, + well-knowing that the font size on the screen can't be trusted. + But remember that this flag only makes a difference when you use bitmap + fonts. + Scalable fonts won't be affected for reasons you should understand by now. +\layout Standard + +One final note regarding this flag: you should know that there is nothing + wrong with using bitmap and scalable fonts at the same time for different + purposes. + For instance, it's common to use the scalable +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Utopia +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for the serif text together with a bitmap version of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Helvetica +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + And you can safely select the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Use scalable fonts +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + button without worries: It will only apply to the Helvetica font. +\layout Standard + +Sometimes the artifacts introduced by use of the flag can be relieved by + using the fine-detail screen font sizes which defines which point sizes + the different logical font sizes correspond to. + Run LyX as +\family typewriter +lyx -dbg 513 +\family default + to see exactly what concrete fonts the logical sizes map to, and try adjusting + the corresponding entries in the +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog until you've managed to hit the nail and get the fonts you want. + This can be hard to do, because LyX uses the DPI setting and the font zoom + settings to calculate which exact screen font size to ask the X server + for, thus obfuscating the mapping. + If you can't make it by trial-and-error, you can make the process more + transparent if you set both the DPI setting and font zoom settings to 100---eve +n when this is known to be wrong. + This will of course make your scalable fonts look weird, so use with care. +\layout Subsection + +Font encoding +\layout Standard + +By default, LyX will use fonts meant to write Western European text, including + all kinds of English. + This is defined through the so-called +\emph on +font +\emph default + +\emph on +encoding +\emph default +. + If you want to use LyX to write for instance Eastern European text, Cyrillic + or any other language not covered by the ISO-8859-1 font encoding, you + can define a different one with the encoding setting. + This requires you to have special fonts installed. + You can use +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default + to see whether this is the case: check the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +rgstry +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +encdng +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + fields for ISO-8859-X values different from ISO-8859-1, and search for + one that contains the national characters of your language. + If you find any, enter this encoding in the dialog. + If not, go searching the Web for appropriate fonts. + For the Qt frontend, it's recommended you use an iso646 font set. +\layout Standard + +When you've set LyX up to use a different font encoding, you should also + consider changing the font used by dialog windows in LyX. + For instance, the +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default + dialog will not be understandable unless you tell LyX to use a different + font for this. + By default the menu font is set to +\family typewriter +-*-helvetica-medium-r +\family default +, but often Helvetica is not available in the font encoding you need, so + the dialog allows this to be changed. +\layout Standard + +As you can see, there are quite a few options that can be used to fine tune + the look of your fonts. + This should not scare you from fiddling with the settings, because after + all, you will hopefully be using LyX for many hours in the future. + And contrary to real WYSIWYG word processors where you are tied to using + fonts that have to look good both on paper and on screen, LyX gives you + the possibility of using fonts that are designed to look good on the screen + while using a different set of fonts to look good on paper. +\layout Section + +Bindings +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bindings} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Bindings are used to, well, bind a function to a key. + Several prepackaged binding files are available: a CUA set of bindings + (familiar as the typical set of PC and CDE set of keyboard shortcuts), + an Emacs set of bindings, for those of us who follow the One True Way and + refuse to lower our standards, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +I'm kidding here, of course! +\end_inset + + as well as specialty bindings (broadway and hollywood) and other languages + (French, German, etc.). +\layout Standard + +If, however, you'd like to customise the keybindings to your own exacting + tastes, then copy the best-fit file in +\family typewriter +LyXDir/bind/ +\family default + to your own +\family typewriter +UserDir/bind/ +\family default + and modify that. + Don't forget to load this new file into LyX using the +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog. + (For the moment you'll have to restart LyX for these changes to take effect.) +\layout Standard + +LyX supports internationalization of the user interface (see Chapter\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + +). + If your +\emph on +locale +\emph default + is set, with the environment variable +\family typewriter +$LANG +\family default +, LyX will try to use bindfiles by prepending +\family typewriter +$LANG_ +\family default + to their name. + For example, you can put a translated copy of some standard bind file in + your personal +\family typewriter +bind/ +\family default + directory, and LyX will use it automatically. +\layout Standard + +The syntax of the +\family typewriter +.bind +\family default + files is straightforward: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bind +\layout Standard + +Both key combination and lyx-function (including any arguments) must be + enclosed in "double quotes". + All the LyX functions are listed in the +\emph on +Reference Guide +\emph default +. +\layout Section + +User Interface +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ui} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The appearance of both the menu and toolbar may both be changed using the + +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog. + Simply change the +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default + file in +\family typewriter +LyXDir/ui/ +\family default +. + For the moment, only one file exists, +\family typewriter +default.ui +\family default +, but feel free to experiment. + Just copy the file to the +\family typewriter +UserDir/ui/ +\family default + directory and play! Note that, for the moment, you'll have to restart LyX + for these changes to take effect. +\layout Standard + +The syntax of the +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default + files is straightforward: have a look at +\family typewriter +default.ui. + The Menubar +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Menu +\family default + and +\family typewriter +Toolbar +\family default + entries must be ended with an explicit +\family typewriter +End +\family default +. + They may contain +\family typewriter +Submenu +\family default +s, +\family typewriter +Item +\family default +s, +\family typewriter +OptItem +\family default +s, +\family typewriter +Separator +\family default +s, +\family typewriter +Icon +\family default +s and in the case of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +file +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + menus, a +\family typewriter +Lastfiles +\family default + entry. + One small word of warning. + +\family typewriter +Submenu +\family default +s may be inserted in a +\family typewriter +Menubar +\family default + or +\family typewriter +Menu +\family default +, but they are defined as +\family typewriter +Menu +\family default +s, not as +\family typewriter +Submenu +\family default +s. +\layout Section + +Converters, Formats and Viewers +\layout Standard + +LyX has a new and powerful mechanism to convert to and from any file format + using external programs. + Define a pair of formats, e.g. + +\family typewriter + LaTeX +\family default + and +\family typewriter +PDF +\family default +. + Now define a converter from one format to the other. + In our example, two possible mechanisms exist. +\layout Enumerate + +A direct conversion, from LaTeX to PDF using pdflatex +\layout Enumerate + +A more convoluted route using intermediate formats and converters: LaTeX + to DVI (using latex) to PostScript® (using dvips) to PDF (using ps2pdf). +\layout Standard + +LyX will always choose the shortest possible route, so you must specify + two different Format names for +\family typewriter +.pdf +\family default + files to be able to use either. + Both are included by default in the +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog. + Have a look and then invent your own! +\layout Standard + +Moreover, each Format can have a Viewer associated with it. + For example, you might want to use +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + to examine PostScript® files, or +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + to preview the LaTeX output. + You can alter the viewer to use (and what options to pass to it) via the + +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references:Converters +\family default + dialog. + For example, to change the +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + viewer, select the +\family typewriter +DVI +\family default + format in the dialog, change the viewer to be +\family typewriter +kdvi +\family default + (or whatever), and hit +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +odify +\family default +. +\layout Section + +ASCII export options +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \noindent +There are a couple of commands that can be used to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +clean up +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + exported ASCII text files. + Note that LyX automatically detects and uses the best settings for your + system at installation time, but you can modify them if you disagree with + its interpretation. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ASCII\SpecialChar ~ +roff +\family default + +\series default +This option defines the command used to produce better ASCII tables with + the +\family typewriter +groff/troff/nroff +\family default + UNIX-commands (refer to their manpages for more information about them). + Setting this as empty tells LyX to use the internal (inferior) formatter. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ASCII\SpecialChar ~ +line\SpecialChar ~ +length +\family default + +\series default +With this command you can set the default line length of the ASCII output + file. + Setting it to 0 means endless lines. +\layout Section + +Printer +\layout Standard + +There are a bunch of configuration options that are used for interaction + with the external print command from LyX. + Normally the defaults are fine: if, however, your print command takes different + option names, you can modify them here. +\layout Subsection + +Changing Colors +\layout Standard + +You can change the colors used by LyX on-screen using the new +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog. + Alternatively, if you're feeling particularly perverse you could use the + +\family typewriter +set-color +\family default + bindable function (see the +\emph on +Reference Guide +\emph default +). + Input would have the format: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +set-color LyXName X11Color +\layout Standard + +Here is a (partial) list of the functions and default colors: +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +LyX Name +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Purpose +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Default Color (X11) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +background +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +text background +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +black +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +foreground +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +text foreground +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +linen +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +latex +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +LaTeX code +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +DarkRed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +math +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Mathed formulae +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +DarkBlue +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +mathline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +fraction Lines, brackets, etc. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Blue +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +mathbg +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +AntiqueWhite +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +mathframe +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Magenta +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +mathcursor +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +black +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +selection +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +selection background +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +LightBlue +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +The autodetected settings +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:autodetected} + +\end_inset + +There are several items that are detected for you when you run +\family sans +\bar under + T +\bar default +ools +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +R +\bar default +econfigure +\family default +. + In this section, we list those which pertain to the user preferences. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +ascii_roff_command +\family default +\series default + uses either +\family typewriter +groff +\family default + or +\family typewriter +nroff +\family default ++ +\family typewriter +tbl +\family default +, depending on what is available. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +chktex_command +\family default +\series default + is set to +\family typewriter +chktex +\family default + plus a bunch of options. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_spool_command +\family default +\series default + is set to +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + on systems (so-called System V) who have this command, and +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default + otherwise (BSD systems). +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_spool_printerprefix +\family default +\series default + is set to +\family typewriter +-d +\family default + or +\family typewriter +-P +\family default +, depending on whether +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + or +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default + was found. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +font_encoding +\family default +\series default + is set to +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default + if the +\family typewriter +ec +\family default + fonts are found and LaTeX has support for these fonts built-in. + You can set it manually if you only have the so-called +\family typewriter +dc +\family default + fonts. +\layout Section + +The rest +\layout Standard + +There are many other configuration options that can be used to customize + LyX behavior. + We still need to document them here, but again, most should be fairly obvious. + Please ask on the mailing lists if you need some more information; it may + even prompt us to expand this section. +\layout Chapter + +Internationalizing LyX +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX supports using a translated interface. + Last time we checked, LyX provided text in 14 languages together with the + default English text. + The language of choice is called your +\emph on +locale +\emph default +. + (For further reading on locale settings, see also the documentation for + locale that comes with your operating system. + For Linux, the manual page for locale(5) could be a good place to start). +\layout Standard + +Notice that these translations will work, but do contain a few flaws. + In particular, all dialogs have been designed with the English text in + mind, which means that some of the translated text will be too large to + fit within the space allocated. + This is only a display problem and will not cause any harm. + Also, you will find that some of the translations do not define short-cut + keys for everything. + Sometimes, there are simply not enough free letters to do it. + Other times, the translator just hasn't got around to doing it yet. + We'll try to fix these shortcomings in future versions of LyX. +\layout Section + +Selecting an alternative language for the user interface +\layout Standard + +This feature is disabled by default, meaning that the text will be English. + To enable an alternative language, you have to set an appropriate environment + variable. + Use +\family typewriter +"setenv LANG xx" +\family default + +\family roman +for csh class shells +\family default + or +\family typewriter +"export LANG=xx" +\family default + +\family roman +for sh class shells +\family default +. + Substitute the +\family typewriter +xx +\family default + with the two letter code for the language you want. + For instance, +\family typewriter +no +\family default + is Norwegian. +\layout Standard + +Normally, you'll want to put the appropriate line in +\family typewriter +~/.Xsession +\family default + or +\family typewriter +~/.xinitrc +\family default + so that the translation is on by default. + Remember that if LyX is configured and compiled with +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +--disable-nls +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, this will not work. +\layout Section + +Translating LyX +\layout Subsection + +Translating the graphical user interface (text messages). +\layout Standard + +LyX uses the GNU +\family typewriter +gettext +\family default + library to handle the internationalization of the interface. + To have LyX speak your favorite language in all menus and dialogs, you + need a +\family typewriter +po +\family default +-file for that language. + When this is available, you'll have to generate a mo-file from it and install + the +\family typewriter +mo +\family default +-file. + The process of doing all of this is explained in the documentation for + GNU +\family typewriter +gettext +\family default +, but in short, this is what you do ( +\series bold +xx +\series default +denotes the language code): +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Copy +\family typewriter +LYX-SOURCE-DIR/po/lyx.pot +\family default + to +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +.po +\family default + (if +\family typewriter +lyx.pot +\family default + doesn't exist, it can be remade with +\family typewriter + make lyx.pot +\family default + in that directory, or you can use an existing po-file for some other language + as a template). +\layout Itemize + +Edit +\family typewriter +xx.po +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +We recommend that you use Emacs to do this, since the +\family typewriter +gettext +\family default +distribution includes a nice mode that supports you in doing this. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + For some menu- and widget-labels, there are also shortcut keys that should + be translated. + Those keys are marked after a `|', and should be translated according to + the words and phrases of the +\series bold +xx +\series default +-language. + There is a tool named +\family typewriter +scgen.pl +\family default + written in Prolog in +\family typewriter +LYX-SOURCE-DIR/development/tools/ +\family default + that may be useful to help determine short-cut keys. + Note that XForms (version 0.86 at least) can't handle anything but 7-bit + characters as shortcut keys. + You should also fill also out the information at the beginning of the new + +\family typewriter +po +\family default +-file with your email-address, etc., so people know where to reach you with + suggestions and entertaining flames. +\layout Itemize + +Generate +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +.mo +\family default +. + This can be done with +\newline + +\family typewriter +msgfmt -o +\family default +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +.mo < +\family default +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +.po +\layout Itemize + +Copy the +\family typewriter +mo +\family default +-file to your locale-tree, at the correct directory for application messages + for the language +\series bold +xx +\series default +, and under the name +\family typewriter +lyx.mo +\family default + +\newline +(e.g. + +\family typewriter +/usr/local/share/locale/ +\family default +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +/LC_MESSAGES/lyx.mo +\family default +) +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Adding a new po-file to the +\emph on +distribution +\emph default +of LyX involves altering the configure scripts and more, but the way +\family typewriter +gettext +\family default + works, you don't actually need the source-code of LyX to translate it---having + +\family typewriter +lyx.pot +\family default + (or an existing +\family typewriter +po +\family default +-file) and the +\family typewriter +gettext +\family default + tools suffices. +\layout Standard + +If you've written a translation file for a language that LyX does not currently + support, feel free to submit it for inclusion by sending a patch. + In this case, we recommend that you read the +\family typewriter +README +\family default + provided in the +\family typewriter +LYX-SOURCE-DIR/po/ +\family default + directory for more instructions. +\layout Subsection + +Translating the documentation. +\layout Standard + +The online documentation (in the +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp +\family default +-menu) can (and should!) be translated. + If there are translated versions of the documentation available +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +As of February 2003, almost all of the docs have been translated into German + and French. + The +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + has been translated into at least 12 ther languages, with other translations + in progress. + The library of translated documents is growing rapidly. +\end_inset + +, and the locale is set accordingly, these will be used automagically by + LyX. + LyX looks for translated versions as +\family typewriter +LyXDir/doc/ +\series bold +xx +\series default +_DocName.lyx +\family default +, where +\family typewriter +\series bold +xx +\family default +\series default + denotes the language as set by the environmental variable +\family typewriter +$LANG +\family default +. + If there are none, the default English versions will be displayed. + Note that the translated versions must have the same filenames ( +\family typewriter +DocName +\family default + above) as the original. + If you feel up to translating the documentation (an excellent way to proof-read + the original documentation BTW!), there are a few things you should do + right away: +\layout Itemize + +Read +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +, the guide to writing LyX documentation. + Pay special attention to the translator's section. +\layout Itemize + +Check out the documentation translation web page at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[The LyX Developer's Web Site]{http://www.devel.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +. + That way, you can find out which (if any) documents have already been translate +d into your language. + You can also find out who (if anyone) is organizing the effort to translate + the documentation into your language. + If no one is organizing the effort, please let us know that you're interested. +\layout Standard + +Once you get to actually translating, here's a few hints for you that may + save you trouble: +\layout Itemize + +Join the documentation team! There is information on how to do that in +\family typewriter +Intro.lyx +\family default + ( +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +ntroduction +\family default +), which by the way is the first document you should translate. +\layout Itemize + +Learn the typographic conventions for the language you are translating to. + Typography is an ancient art and over the centuries, a great variety of + conventions have developed throughout different parts of the world. + Also study the professional terminology amongst typographers in your country. + Inventing your own terminology will only confuse the users. + +\emph on +(Warning! Typography is addictive!) +\layout Itemize + +Make a copy of the document. + This will be your working copy. + You can use this as your personal translated help-file by placing it in + your +\family typewriter +~/.lyx/doc/ +\family default +-directory. +\layout Itemize + +Sometimes the original document (from the LyX-team) will be updated. + Use the ViewCVS tool available at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.lyx.org/viewcvs.cgi/lyxdoc/} + +\end_inset + + to see what has been changed +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Alternatively, you can keep a copy of the latest version of the English + document which you've translated. +\end_inset + +. + That way you can easily see which parts of the translated document need + to be updated. +\layout Itemize + +If you ever find an error in the original document, fix it and notify the + rest of the documentation team of the changes! (You didn't forget to join + the documentation team did you?) +\layout Section + +International Keyboard Support +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +[Editor's Note: The following section is by +\shape smallcaps +Ivan Schreter +\shape default +. + It needs to be fixed to conform to the new Documentation Style sheet and + to make use of the new v1.0 features. + The whole thing also needs to be merged with the section following it.-jw] +\layout Subsection + +Defining Own Keymaps: Keymap File Format +\layout Standard + +Let's look at a keyboard definition file a little closer. + It is a plain ASCII file defining +\layout Itemize + +key-to-key or key-to-string translations +\layout Itemize + +dead keys +\layout Itemize + +dead keys exceptions +\layout Standard + +To define key-to-key or key-to-string translation, use this command: +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmap +\family default + +\family typewriter +key +\emph on + +\emph default +outstring +\layout Standard + +where +\family typewriter +key +\family default + is the key to be translated and +\family typewriter +outstring +\family default + is the string to be inserted into the document. + To define dead keys, use: +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmod +\family default + +\family typewriter +key +\family default + +\family typewriter +deadkey +\layout Standard + +where +\family typewriter +key +\family default + is keyboard key and +\family typewriter +deadkey +\family default + is dead key name. + The following dead keys are supported (shortcut name is in parentheses): +\layout Quotation + + +\emph on +Name +\hfill +Example +\layout Quotation + +acute (acu) +\hfill +áéíóú +\layout Quotation + +grave (gra) +\hfill +àèìòù +\layout Quotation + +macron (mac) +\hfill + \i \={o} + +\layout Quotation + +tilde (til) +\hfill +ñÑ +\layout Quotation + +underbar (underb) +\hfill + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +b o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +cedilla (ced) +\hfill +çÇ +\layout Quotation + +underdot (underd) +\hfill + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +d o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +circumflex (circu) +\hfill +âêîôû +\layout Quotation + +circle (circl) +\hfill +Å\i \r{u} +\i \r{U} + +\layout Quotation + +tie (tie) +\hfill + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +t o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +breve (bre) +\hfill +\i \u{a} + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +u o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +caron (car) +\hfill +\i \v{c} +\i \v{s} +\i \v{z} + +\layout Quotation + +hungarian umlaut (hug) +\hfill +\i \H{o} +\i \H{u} + +\layout Quotation + +umlaut (uml) +\hfill +äöü +\layout Quotation + +dot (dot) +\hfill +\i \.{z} + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +.s +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Since in many international keyboards there are exceptions to what some + dead keys should do, you can define them using +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kxmod +\family default + +\family typewriter +deadkey key outstring +\layout Standard + +For example, on Slovak keyboard, if you enter caron-o, it generates circumflex-o +, so you put in +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kxmod +\family default + +\family typewriter +caron o " +\backslash +^o" +\layout Standard + +to make it work correctly. + Also, you have to define as exceptions dead keys over i and j, to remove + the dot from them before inserting an accent mark. + I will change this when the time comes, but so far I haven't had time. +\layout Standard + +Oh, and about characters: backslash is escaped, so to enter it, you'll need + double backslash. + Also, quotes and +\family typewriter +# +\family default + have different meaning. + +\family typewriter +# +\family default + marks comments, quotes start and end LaTeX-style commands. + To enter quote, you'll need to use +\family typewriter + +\backslash +" +\family default +, to enter +\family typewriter +# +\family default +, use +\family typewriter + +\backslash +# +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +If you make a keyboard description file that works for your language, please + mail it to me, so I can include it in the next keymap distribution. +\layout Standard + +More keywords will be supported in keymap configuration file in future, + like +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kinclude filename +\family default +\emph on + +\hfill + +\family typewriter +\emph default +include +\family default + another file +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kprog program +\family default +\emph on + +\hfill + +\family typewriter +\emph default +define +\family default + an external keymap translation program +\layout Standard + +Also, it should look into +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + file for defaults, too (for example, a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kinclude +\family default + option to include default keyboard). +\layout Section + +International Keymap Stuff +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keymap} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The next two sections describe the +\family typewriter +\shape up +.kmap +\family default +\shape default + and +\family typewriter +\shape up +.cdef +\family default +\shape default + file syntax in detail. + These sections should help you design your own key map if the ones provided + do not meet your needs. +\layout Subsection + +The .kmap File +\layout Standard + +A +\family sans +\shape up +. +\family typewriter +kmap +\family default +\shape default + file maps keystrokes to characters or strings. + As the name suggests it sets a keyboard mapping. + The +\family typewriter +.kmap +\family default + file keywords +\family typewriter +\shape up +kmap +\shape default +, +\shape up +kmod +\shape default +, +\shape up +ksmod +\family default +\shape default +, and +\family typewriter +\shape up +kcomb +\family default +\shape default + are described in this section. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\shape up +kmap +\family default +\shape default + Map a character to a string +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmap +\family roman +\emph on +char +\emph default + +\emph on +string +\layout Standard + +This will ma +\family roman +p +\emph on +char +\emph default +to +\emph on +string +\emph default +. + Note that in +\emph on +string +\emph default +, +\shape up +the double-quote (") +\shape default + and +\shape up +the backslash ( +\backslash +) +\shape default +must be escaped with a preceding backslash ( +\shape up + +\backslash + +\shape default +) +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +An example of a +\family sans +\shape up +kmap +\family default +\shape default + statement to cause the symbol +\family sans +\shape up + / +\family default +\shape default +to be output for the keystroke +\family sans +\shape up + & +\family default +\shape default +is: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmap & / +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\shape up +kmod +\family default +\shape default + Specify an accent character +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmod +\family roman + +\emph on +char accent allowed +\layout Standard + +This will make the cha +\family roman +racter +\emph on +char +\shape up + be an accent +\emph default + on the +\emph on +allowed +\emph default +cha +\family default +racter(s). + This is the dead key +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +The term +\family roman +\emph on +dead key +\family default +\emph default + refers to a key that does not produce a character by itself, but when followed + with another key, produces the desired accent character. + For example, a German characte +\family roman +r with an umlaut like +\emph on +ä +\emph default + can be produced in this manner. +\end_inset + + mechanism. + +\layout Standard + +If you +\family roman +hit +\emph on +char +\emph default +and then another key not in +\emph on +allowed +\emph default +, you will get a +\emph on +char +\emph default +followed by the other, unallowed key, as output. + +\family default +Note that a +\family sans +\shape up +Backspace +\family default +\shape default + cancels a dead key, so if +\family roman +you hit +\emph on +char +\family sans + +\shape up +Backspace +\family default +\emph default +, the cursor will not go one position backwards but will instead cancel + the effect t +\family roman +hat +\emph on +char +\emph default + might have had on the next keystroke. + +\layout Standard + +The following example specifies that the character ' is to be an acute accent, + allowed on the characters a, e, i, o, u, A, E, I, O, and U: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmod ' acute aeiouAEIOU +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +ksmod +\family default + Specify an exception to the accent character +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kxmod +\family sans +\emph on + +\family roman +accent char result +\layout Standard + +This defines an exce +\family roman +ption for +\emph on +accent +\emph default +on +\emph on +char +\emph default +. + T +\shape up +he +\emph on + accent +\emph default +must +\family default +have been assigned a keystroke with a previous +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmo +\shape default +d +\family default + declar +\family roman +ation and +\emph on +char +\emph default +must not belong in the +\emph on +allowed +\emph default +set of +\emph on +accent +\emph default +. + When +\shape up +you enter the +\emph on +accent char +\emph default +sequence, +\emph on +result +\emph default + is produced. + If such a declaration does not exist in +\family default + the +\family sans + +\family typewriter +.kmap +\family default +\shape default + file and yo +\family roman +u enter +\emph on +accent char +\emph default +, you get +\emph on +accent_key char +\emph default + where +\emph on +accent_key +\emph default + is the first arg +\family default +ument of the +\family typewriter +\shape up + +\backslash +kmod +\family default +\shape default + declaration. + +\layout Standard + +The following command produces causes äi to be produced when you enter acute-i + ('i): +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kxmod acute i " +\backslash + +\backslash +'{ +\backslash + +\backslash +i}" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +kcomb +\family default + Combine two accent characters +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kcomb +\family roman +\emph on +accent1 accent2 allowed +\layout Standard + +This one is getting pretty esoteric. + It allows you to combine the effect +\family roman + of +\emph on +accent1 +\emph default + and +\emph on +accent2 +\emph default + (in that order!) on +\emph on +allowed +\emph default + chars. + The keystrokes for +\emph on +accent1 +\emph default + and +\emph on +accent2 +\emph default + must have be +\family default +en set with a +\family typewriter +\shape up + +\backslash +kmod +\family default +\shape default + command at +\family roman +a +\emph on +previous +\emph default + point in the +\family default +file. + +\layout Standard + +Consider this example from the +\family typewriter +\shape up +greek.kmap +\family default +\shape default + file: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmod ; acute aeioyvhAEIOYVH +\backslash +kmod : umlaut iyIY +\backslash +kcomb acute umlaut iyIY +\layout Standard + +This allows you to press +\family sans +\shape up +;:i +\family default +\shape default + and get the effect of +\family typewriter +\shape up + +\backslash +'{ +\backslash +"{i}} +\family default +\shape default +. + +\family roman +\shape up +A backspace +\family default +\shape default +in this case cancels the last dead key, so if you press +\family sans +\shape up + ;: Backspace i +\family default +\shape default +you get +\family typewriter +\shape up + +\backslash +'{i} +\family default +\shape default +. +\layout Subsection + +The .cdef File +\layout Standard + +After the +\family typewriter +\shape up +.kmap +\family sans + +\family default +\shape default +mapping is performed, a +\family typewriter +\shape up +.cde +\shape default +f +\family default + file maps the strings that the symbols generate to characters in the current + font. + The LyX distribution currently includes at least the +\family typewriter +\shape up +iso8859-1.cdef +\family default +\shape default + and +\family typewriter +\shape up +iso8859-2.cdef +\family default +\shape default + files. +\layout Standard + +In general the +\family typewriter +\shape up +.cdef +\family sans + +\family default +\shape default +file is a sequence of declarations of the form +\layout LyX-Code + + +\family roman +\emph on +char_index_in_set +\emph default + +\emph on + string +\layout Standard + +For example, in order to map +\family sans +\shape up + +\backslash +'{e} +\family default +\shape default + to the corresponding character in the iso-8859-1 set (233), the following + declaration is used +\layout LyX-Code + +233 " +\backslash + +\backslash +'{e}" +\layout Standard + +with +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + and +\family typewriter +" +\family default + being escap +\family roman +ed in +\emph on +string +\emph default +. + Note that +\family default +the same character can apply to more than one string. + In the +\family typewriter +i +\shape up +so-8859-7.cdef +\family sans + +\family default +\shape default +file you have +\layout LyX-Code + +192 " +\backslash + +\backslash +'{ +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash +"{i}}" +\newline +192 " +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash +"{ +\backslash + +\backslash +'{i}}" +\layout Standard + +If LyX cannot find a mapping for the string produced by the keystroke or + a deadkey sequence, it will check if it looks like an accented char and + try to draw an accent over the character on screen. +\layout Subsection + +Dead Keys +\layout Standard + +There is a second way to add support for international characters through + so-called dead-keys. + A dead-key works in combination with a letter to produce an accented character. + Here, we'll explain how to create a really simple dead-key to illustrate + how they work. +\layout Standard + +Suppose you happen to need the circumflex character, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +\i \^{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + You could bind the +\family sans +^ +\family default +-key [a.k.a.\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Shift-6 +\family default +] to the LyX command +\family typewriter +accent-circumflex +\family default + in your +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + file. + Now, whenever you type the +\family sans +^ +\family default +-key followed by a letter, that letter will have a circumflex accent on + it. + For example, the sequence +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +^e +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + produces the letter: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ê +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If you tried to type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +^t +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, however, LyX will complain with a beep, since a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +t +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + never takes a circumflex accent. + Hitting +\family sans +Space +\family default + after a dead-key produces the bare-accent. + Please note this last point! If you bind a key to a dead-key, you'll need + to rebind the character on that key to yet another key. + Binding the +\family sans +,-key +\family default + to a cedilla is a bad idea, since you'll only get cedillas instead of commas. +\layout Standard + +One common way to bind dead-keys is to use +\family sans +Meta- +\family default +, +\family sans +Ctrl- +\family default +, and +\family sans +Shift- +\family default + in combination with an accent, like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +~ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +^ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Another way involves using +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default + and +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default + [remember them from section?] to set up the special +\family typewriter +Mode_Switch +\family default + key. + The +\family typewriter +Mode_Switch +\family default + acts in some ways just like +\family sans +Shift +\family default + and permits you to bind keys to accented characters. + You can also turn keys into dead-keys by binding them to something like + +\family typewriter +usldead_cedilla +\family default + and then binding this symbolic key to the corresponding LyX command. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Note from +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +: This is exactly what I do in my +\family typewriter +~/.lyx/lyxrc +\family default + and my +\family typewriter +~/.xmodmap +\family default + files. + I have my +\family sans +Scroll\SpecialChar ~ +Lock +\family default + key set up as +\family typewriter +Mode_Shift +\family default + and a bunch of these +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +usldead_* +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + symbolic keys bound such things as +\family sans +Scroll\SpecialChar ~ +Lock-^ +\family default + and +\family sans +Scroll\SpecialChar ~ +Lock-~ +\family default +. + This is how I produce my accented characters. +\end_inset + + You can make just about anything into the +\family typewriter +Mode_Switch +\family default + key: One of the +\family sans +Ctrl- +\family default + keys, a spare function key, etc. + As for the LyX commands that produce accents, check the entry for +\family typewriter +accent-acute +\family default + in the +\emph on +Reference Manual +\emph default +. + You'll find the complete list there. +\layout Subsection + +Saving your Language Configuration +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:savlang} + +\end_inset + +You can edit your preferences so that your desired language environment + is automatically configured when LyX starts up, via the +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + dialog. +\layout Chapter + +Installing New Document Classes, Layouts, and Templates +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:textclass} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset OptArg +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Installing New Document Classes +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +In this chapter, we describe the procedures for creating and installing + new LyX layout and template files, as well as offer a refresher on correctly + installing new LaTeX document classes. + Some definitions: a document class is a LaTeX file (usually ending in +\family typewriter +.cls +\family default + or +\family typewriter +.sty +\family default +) which describes the format of a document such as an article, report, journal + preprint, etc. + and all the commands needed to realize that format. + A layout file is a LyX file which corresponds to a LaTeX document class + and which tells LyX how to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +draw +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + things on the screen to make the display look something like the final + printed page. + More precisely, a layout file describes a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +text class +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + which is the internal construct LyX uses to render the screen display. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Layout +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +text class +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + can be used somewhat interchangeably, but it is better to refer to the + file as the layout, and the thing living in LyX's memory as the text class. + A template file is simply a LyX document which contains a set of predefined + entries for a given document class which are generally required for that + class. + Templates are especially useful for things like journal manuscripts which + are to be submitted electronically. +\layout Section + +Installing a new LaTeX package +\layout Standard + +Some installations may not include a LaTeX package that you would like to + use within LyX. + For example, you might need FoilTeX, a common (and very powerful) package + for preparing slides or viewgraphs for overhead projectors. + Here are the formal steps involved in getting the package up and running + if you are using teTeX or some other web2c based distribution. + +\layout Enumerate + +Get the package from CTAN or wherever. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +See the +\emph on +Inventory of your LaTeX configuration +\emph default + manual for details of what CTAN is and where supported document classes + can be found. +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +Read the file +\family typewriter +texmf.cnf +\family default + (this usually lives in the directory +\family typewriter +$TEXMF/web2c +\family default +, though you can run +\family typewriter +kpsewhich texmf.cnf +\family default + to locate it). + It describes how to add a local +\family typewriter +texmf +\family default + directory; follow the instructions. + You need to insert the name of your local +\family typewriter +texmf +\family default + directory in +\family typewriter +texmf.cnf +\family default +. + Under Linux, +\family typewriter +/usr/local +\family default + is a logical place to install software that did not come with your distribution +, so you might use +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf +\family default +. + Usually, you will have to modify only two things: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Set +\family typewriter +TEXMFLOCAL +\family default + to the directory you chose; e.g. + +\newline + +\family typewriter +TEXMFLOCAL = /usr/local/texmf +\layout Enumerate + +Make sure +\family typewriter +TEXMF +\family default + includes the +\family typewriter +TEXMFLOCAL +\family default + variable; e.g. + +\newline + +\family typewriter +TEXMF = {$HOMETEXMF,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN} +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Create your local +\family typewriter +texmf +\family default + directory (e.g. + +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf +\family default +). + You must follow the directory structure of your existing +\family typewriter +texmf +\family default + directory (for example, latex packages should go under +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/ +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Install the package. + For example, you would unpack the FoilTeX tarball and create +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/foiltex +\family default +. + The +\family typewriter +foiltex +\family default + directory contains various files. +\layout Enumerate + +Run: +\family typewriter +texhash +\family default +. + This should create +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf/ls-R +\family default +amongst others. +\layout Enumerate + +From within LyX, do: +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +econfigure +\family default +. + Restart LyX. +\layout Standard + +Now you should see your new package---for example +\family sans +slides (FoilTeX) +\family default +---under +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +, field +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +lass +\family default +. + Note that there are simpler ways of installing packages: you can add a + link to the new package directory in the system LaTeX directory ( +\family typewriter +$TEXMF/tex/latex +\family default +, don't forget to then run +\family typewriter +texconfig +\family default +), or sometimes simply set the +\family typewriter +$TEXINPUTS +\family default + environment variable to include the new package. + However, the formal procedure described in +\family typewriter +texmf.cnf +\family default + is guaranteed to work, so you should follow it unless circumstances absolutely + prevent it: such as, when you don't have superuser access. +\layout Section + +Layouts +\layout Standard + +This section describes how to write and install your own LyX layout files + (also known as text classes) and walks through the +\family typewriter +article +\family default + text class format as an example. + The +\family typewriter +.layout +\family default + files describe what paragraph styles are available for a given document + class and how LyX should display them. + We try to provide a thorough description of the process here; however, + there are so many different types of documents supported by LaTeX classes + we can't hope to cover every different possibility or problem you might + encounter. + +\layout Standard + +When you plan to write a new layout, it is extremely helpful to look at + the example layouts distributed with LyX. + If you use a nice LaTeX document class that might be of interest for others, + too, and have a nice corresponding LyX layout, feel free to contribute + the stuff to us, so we may put it into the distribution. +\layout Standard + +All the tags described in this chapter are case-insensitive; this means + that +\family typewriter +Style +\family default +, +\family typewriter +style +\family default + and +\family typewriter +StYlE +\family default + are really the same command. + The possible values are printed in brackets after the feature's name. + The default value if a feature isn't specified inside a text class-description + is typeset +\family typewriter +\emph on +emphasized +\family default +\emph default +. + If the argument has a datatype like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +string +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +float +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, the default is shown like this: +\family typewriter +float= +\emph on +default +\family default +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Supporting new document classes +\layout Standard + +There are two situations you are likely to encounter when wanting to support + a new LaTeX document class, involving LaTeX2e class ( +\family typewriter +.cls +\family default +) and style ( +\family typewriter +.sty +\family default +) files. +\layout Subsection + +A layout for an +\family sans +sty +\family default + file +\layout Standard + +If your new document class is provided as a style file that is used in conjuncti +on with an existing, supported document class, start by copying the existing + class's layout file into your local directory. + For the sake of example we'll assume that the style file is called +\family sans +myclass.sty +\family default + and it is meant to be used with +\family sans +report.cls +\family default + which is a standard class. +\layout LyX-Code + +cp report.layout ~/.lyx/layouts/myclass.layout +\layout Standard + +Then edit +\family typewriter +myclass.layout +\family default + and change the line: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass{report} +\layout Standard + +to read +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass[report, myclass.sty]{report (myclass)} +\layout Standard + +Then add: +\layout LyX-Code + +Preamble +\newline + +\backslash +usepackage{myclass} +\newline +EndPreamble +\layout Standard + +near the top of the file. +\layout Standard + +Start LyX and select +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +econfigure +\family default +. + Restart LyX and try creating a new document. + You should see " +\family sans +report (myclass) +\family default +" as a document class option in the +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default + dialog. + It is likely that some of the sectioning commands and such will differ + from how the base class +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +report +\family default + in this example +\end_inset + + works, so you can fiddle around with the settings for the different sections + if you wish. + See below for more discussion on this. +\layout Subsection + +Layout for a +\family sans +cls +\family default + file +\layout Standard + +In this case, you will probably have to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +roll your own +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + layout. + We strongly suggest copying an existing layout file which uses a similar + LaTeX class and modifying it if at all possible. + At least use an existing file as a starting point so you can find out what + items you need to worry about. + Again, the specifics are covered below. +\layout Section + +Declaring a new text class +\layout Standard + +When it's finally time to get your hands dirty and create or edit your own + layout file, the following sections describe what you're up against. + Our advice is to go slowly, save and test often, listen to soothing music, + and enjoy one or two of your favorite adult beverages; more if you are + getting particularly stuck. + It's really not that hard, except that the multitude of options can become + overwhelming if you try to do to much in one sitting. + Go have another adult beverage, just for good measure. +\layout Standard + +Here we go! +\layout Standard + +Lines in a layout file which begin with a +\family typewriter +# +\family default + are comments. + There is one exception to this rule: all layouts should begin with lines + like: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass{article} +\layout Standard + +The second line is used when you configure LyX. + The layout file is read by the LaTeX script +\family typewriter +chkconfig.ltx +\family default +, in a special mode where +\family typewriter +# +\family default + is ignored. + The first line is just a LaTeX comment, and the second one contains the + declaration of the text class. + If these lines appear in a file named +\family typewriter +article.layout +\family default +, then they define a text class of name +\family typewriter +article +\family default + (the name of the layout file) which uses the LaTeX document class +\family typewriter +article.cls +\family default + (the default is to use the same name as the layout). + The string +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +article +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + that appears above is used as a description of the text class in the +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default + dialog. +\layout Standard + +Let's assume that you wrote your own text class that uses the +\family typewriter +article.cls +\family default + documentclass, but where you changed the appearance of the section headings. + If you put it in a file +\family typewriter +myarticle.layout +\family default +, the header of this file should be: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass[article]{article (with my own headings)} +\layout Standard + +This declares a text class +\family typewriter +myarticle +\family default +, associated with the LaTeX document class +\family typewriter +article.cls +\family default + and described as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +article (with my own headings) +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If your text class depends on several packages, you can declare it as: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass[article,foo.sty]{article (with my own headings)} +\layout Standard + +This indicates that your text class uses the foo.sty package. + Finally, it is also possible to declare classes for SGML and DocBook code. + Typical declarations will look like +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareSGMLClass{SGML (LinuxDoc)} +\layout Standard + +or +\layout LyX-Code + +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + +# +\backslash +DeclareDocBookClass[article]{SGML (DocBook article)} +\layout Standard + +Note that these declarations can also be given an optional parameter declaring + the name of the document class (but not a list). +\layout Standard + +When the text class has been modified to your taste, all you have to do + is to copy it either in +\family typewriter +$LyXDir/layouts/ +\family default + or in +\family typewriter +$UserDir/layouts +\family default + and run +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +econfigure +\family default +. + Exit LyX and restart it; then your new text class should be available along + with the others. +\layout Subsection + +General text class parameters +\layout Standard + +These are the general parameters which describe the form of the entire document: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Columns +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +1 +\emph default +, 2 +\family default +] Whether the class-default should have one or two columns. + Can be changed in the +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default +\emph on + +\emph default +dialog. + This setting (same goes for +\family typewriter +Sides +\family default +, too) is important: if your text class has two columns by default but you + forget to set it correctly, the +\family typewriter +twocolumn +\family default + LaTeX option will +\emph on +not +\emph default + be output when you select +\family sans +Two columns +\family default + in +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Sides +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +1 +\emph default +, 2 +\family default +] Whether the class-default should be printing on one or both sides of the + paper. + Can be changed in the +\emph on + +\family sans +\emph default +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default + dialog. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +PageStyle +\series default + +\family default +[ +\family typewriter +\emph on +plain +\emph default +, empty, headings +\family default +] The class default pagestyle. + Can be changed in the +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default +\emph on + +\emph default +dialog. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +MaxCounter +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Counter_Chapter +\emph default +, Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection, Counter_Paragraph, + +\newline +Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI, Counter_EnumII, +\newline +Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV +\family default +] The highest level of automatic enumeration. + Useful values are +\family typewriter +Counter_Chapter +\family default + for a book or report and +\family typewriter +Counter_Section +\family default + for an article. + If there is no enumeration needed at all, for example inside a letter class, + +\family typewriter +MaxCounter +\family default + should be set to +\family typewriter +Counter_EnumI +\family default +. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ClassOptions\SpecialChar \ldots{} +End +\family default +\series default + This section describes various global options supported by the document + class. + See Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:classoptions} + +\end_inset + + for a description. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ProvidesAmsmath +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Whether the class already loads the +\family typewriter +amsmath +\family default + package. + This is the case of the +\family typewriter +amsart +\family default + and +\family typewriter +amsbook +\family default + document classes. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ProvidesMakeidx +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Whether the class already provides the functionality of the +\family typewriter +makeidx +\family default + package. + This is the case of the +\family typewriter +amsart +\family default + and +\family typewriter +amsbook +\family default + document classes. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ProvidesUrl +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Whether the class already provides the functionality of the +\family typewriter +url +\family default + package. + This is the case of the +\family typewriter + AASTeX +\family default +document class. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +DefaultFont +\family default +\series default + This is used to describe the default font of the document. + See Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts} + +\end_inset + + for a description. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +DefaultStyle +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string +\family default +] This is the style that will be assigned to new paragraphs, usually +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + This will default to the first defined style if not given, but you are + highly encouraged to use this directive. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +TitleLatexType +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +CommandAfter +\family default +\emph default +, +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default +] Indicates what kind of markup is used to define the title of a document. + +\family typewriter +CommandAfter +\family default + means that the macro with name +\family typewriter +TitleLaTeXCommand +\family default + will be inserted after the last layout which has +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +InTitle 1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default + corresponds to the case where the block of paragraphs which have +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +InTitle 1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + should be enclosed into the +\family typewriter + TitleLaTeXCommand +\family default +environment +\family typewriter +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +TitleLatexCommand +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="maketitle" +\family default +] The name of the command/environment mentionned above. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{} +EndPreamble +\family default +\series default + A set of macro definitions that will be output at the beginning of the + LaTeX files. + Use this for global definitions. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Input +\family default +\series default + As its name implies, this command allows you to include another layout + definition file within yours to avoid duplicating commands. + Common examples are the standard layout files, for example, +\family typewriter +stdclass.inc +\family default +, which contains most of the basic layouts. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Style\SpecialChar \ldots{} +End +\family default +\series default + This sequence defines a new style. + See Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:style} + +\end_inset + + for details. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NoStyle +\family default +\series default + This command deletes an existing style. + This is particularly useful when you want to suppress a style that has + be defined in an input file. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Float\SpecialChar \ldots{} +End +\family default +\series default + This sequance defines a new float. + See Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:floats} + +\end_inset + + for details. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NoFloat +\family default +\series default + This command deletes an existing float. + This is particularly useful when you want to suppress a float that has + be defined in an input file. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Counter\SpecialChar \ldots{} +End +\family default +\series default + This sequence defines a new counter. + See Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:counter} + +\end_inset + + for details. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +ClassOptions +\family default + section +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:classoptions} + +\end_inset + +The +\family typewriter +ClassOptions +\family default + section can contain the following entries: +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +FontSize +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="10|11|12" +\family default +] The list of available font sizes for the document's main font, separated + by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +| +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +PageStyle +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="empty|plain|headings|fancy" +\family default +] The list of available page styles, separated by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +| +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Other +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] Some document class options, separated by a comma, that will be added + to the optional part of the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + command. +\layout Subsection + +Specific Paragraph Layouts +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:style} + +\end_inset + +A paragraph layout description looks like this +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Note that this will either define a new layout or modify an existing one. +\end_inset + +: +\layout LyX-Code + +Style +\family roman +\emph on +name +\layout LyX-Code + + ... +\layout LyX-Code + +End +\layout Standard + +where the following commands are allowed: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +CopyStyle +\family default +\series default + This is used to copy all the features of an existing layout into the current + one. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LatexType +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Paragraph +\emph default +, Command, Environment, Item_Environment, +\family default + +\family typewriter +List_Environment +\family default +] How the layout should be translated into LaTeX. + +\family typewriter +Paragraph +\family default + means nothing special. + +\family typewriter +Command +\family default + means +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\emph on +LatexName +\emph default +{\SpecialChar \ldots{} +} +\family default + and +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default + means +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{ +\emph on +LatexName +\emph default +}\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\backslash +end{ +\emph on +LatexName +\emph default +} +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +Item_Environment +\family default + is the same as +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default +, except that a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +item +\family default + is generated for each paragraph of this environment. + +\family typewriter +List_Environment +\family default + is the same as +\family typewriter +Item_Environment +\family default +, except that +\family typewriter +LabelWidthString +\family default + is passed as an argument to the environment. + +\family typewriter +LabelWidthString +\family default + can be defined in the +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragraph +\family default + dialog. + +\family typewriter +\emph on +LatexName +\family default +\emph default + is perhaps a bit misleading, since these rules apply to SGML classes, too. + Visit the SGML class files for specific examples. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +InTitle +\series default + [1, 0] +\family default +If 1, marks the layout as being part of a title block (see also the +\family typewriter + TitleLatexType +\family default + and +\family typewriter +TitleLatexCommand +\family default + global entries) +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LatexName +\family default +\series default + The name of the corresponding LaTeX stuff. + Either the environment or command name. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LatexParam +\family default +\series default + The optional parameter for the corresponding +\family typewriter +\series medium +LatexName +\family default +\series default + stuff. + This parameter cannot be changed from within LyX. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Margin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Static +\emph default +, Manual, Dynamic, First_Dynamic, Right_Address_Box +\family default +] +\newline +The kind of margin that the layout has on the left side. + +\family typewriter +Static +\family default + just means a fixed margin. + +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + means that the left margin depends on the string entered in the +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragraph\SpecialChar ~ +Settings +\family default + dialog. + This is used to typeset nice lists without tabulators. + +\family typewriter +Dynamic +\family default + means that the margin depends on the size of the label. + This is used for automatic enumerated headlines. + It is obvious that the headline +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +5.4.3.2.1 Very long headline +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + must have a wider left margin (as wide as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +5.4.3.2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + plus the space) than +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.2 Very long headline +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, even if other word processors are not able to do this. + +\family typewriter +First_Dynamic +\family default + is similar, but only the very first row of the paragraph is dynamic, while + the others are static; this is used, for example, for descriptions. + +\family typewriter +Right_Address_Box +\family default + means the margin is chosen in a way that the longest row of this paragraph + fits to the right margin. + This is used to typeset an address on the right edge of the page. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NextNoIndent +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +1, +\emph on +0 +\family default +\emph default +] Whether the following Paragraph is allowed to indent its very first row. + +\family typewriter +1 +\family default + means that it is not allowed to do so, +\family typewriter +0 +\family default + means it could do so if it wants to. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ParIndent +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] The indent of the very first line of a paragraph. + The argument is passed as a string. + For example +\family typewriter +"MM" +\family default + means that the paragraph is indented with the width of +\family typewriter +"MM" +\family default + in +\family typewriter +the +\family default + normal font. + You can get a negative width by prefixing the string with +\family typewriter +"-" +\family default +. + This way was chosen so that the look is the same with each used screen + font. + The +\family typewriter +Parindent +\family default + will be fixed for a certain layout. + The exception is Standard layout, since the indentation of a Standard layout + paragraph can be prohibited with +\family typewriter +NextNoIndent +\family default +. + Also, Standard layout paragraphs inside environments use the +\family typewriter +Parindent +\family default + of the environment, not their native one. + For example, Standard paragraphs inside an enumeration are not indented. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Parskip +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] LyX allows to choose either +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +indent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +skip +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to typeset a document. + When +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +indent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is chosen, this value is completely ignored. + When +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +skip +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is chosen, the parindent of a LaTeXtype +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Paragraph +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + layout is ignored and all paragraphs are additionally separated by this + parskip argument. + The vertical space is calculated with +\family typewriter +value*DefaultHeight() +\family default + where +\family typewriter +DefaultHeight() +\family default + is the height of a row with the normal font. + This way, the look stays the same with different screen fonts. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +TopSep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] The vertical space with which the very first of a chain of paragraphs + with this layout is separated from the previous paragraph. + If the previous paragraph has another layout, the separations are not simply + added, but the maximum is taken. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +BottomSep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] The same as +\family typewriter +TopSep +\family default + for the very last paragraph. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Parsep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] The vertical space between two paragraphs of this layout. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Itemsep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] This is an extra space between the paragraphs of an environment layout. + If you put other layouts into an environment, each is separated with the + environment's +\family typewriter +Parsep +\family default +. + But the whole items of the environment are additionally separated with + this +\family typewriter +Itemsep +\family default +. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LeftMargin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] If you put layouts into environments, the leftmargins are not simply added, + but added with a factor +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{4}{depth+4}$ +\end_inset + +. + Note that this parameter is also used when the border is defined as +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + or +\family typewriter +Dynamic +\family default +. + Then it is added to the manual or dynamic border. + This string has the same meaning as for +\family typewriter +ParIndent +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +RightMargin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] Similar to +\family typewriter +LeftMargin +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Labeltype +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +No_Label +\emph default +, Manual, Static, Top_Environment, +\newline +Centered_Top_Environment, Sensitive, Counter_Chapter, +\newline +Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection, +\newline +Counter_Paragraph, Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI, +\family default + +\family typewriter + +\newline +Counter_EnumII, Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV +\family default +] +\newline + +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + means the label is the very first word (up to the first real blank). + +\family typewriter +Static +\family default + means it is defined in the layout (see +\family typewriter +LabelString +\family default +). + +\family typewriter +Top_Environment +\family default + and +\family typewriter +Centered_Top_Environment +\family default + are special cases of +\family typewriter +Static +\family default +. + The label will be printed above the paragraph, but only at the top of an + environment or the top of a chain of paragraphs with this layout. + Usage is for example the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + layout or the +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + layout. + This is also the case for +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + labels with latex type +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default +, in order to make layouts for theorems work correctly. + +\family typewriter +Sensitive +\family default + is a special case for the caption-labels +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Figure +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Table +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\family typewriter +Sensitive +\family default + means the (hardcoded) label string depends on the kind of float. + The +\family typewriter +Counter_xxx +\family default + label types should be self explanatory. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Labelsep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] The horizontal space between the label and the text body. + Only used for labels that are not above the text body. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LabelBottomsep +\family default +\series default + [float=0] The vertical space between the label and the text body. + Only used for labels that are above the text body ( +\family typewriter +Top_Environment +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Centered_Top_Environment +\family default +). +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LabelString +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] The string used for a label with a +\family typewriter +Static +\family default + labeltype. + When the border is +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + this string is also used as a suggestion for the +\family typewriter +LabelWidthString +\family default + that can be set in the +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragraph\SpecialChar ~ +Settings +\family default + dialog. + When the labeltype is +\family typewriter +Counter_ +\emph on +xxx +\family default +\emph default +, this string is prepended to the counter. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +EndLabeltype +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +No_Label +\emph default +, Box, Filled_Box, Static +\family default +] The type of label that stands at the end of the paragraph (or sequence + of paragraphs if +\family typewriter +LatexType +\family default + is +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Item_Environment +\family default + or +\family typewriter +List_Environment +\family default +). + +\family typewriter +No_Label +\family default + means +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +nothing +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family typewriter +Box +\family default + (resp. +\family typewriter +\SpecialChar ~ +Filled_Box +\family default +) is a white (resp.\SpecialChar ~ +black) square suitable for end of proof markers, +\family typewriter +Static +\family default + is an explicit text string. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +EndLabelString +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] The string used for a label with a +\family typewriter +Static +\family default + +\family typewriter +EndLabelType +\family default +. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Align +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +block +\emph default +, left, right, center +\family default +] Paragraph alignment. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +AlignPossible +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +block +\emph default +, left, right, center +\family default +] A comma separated +\emph on +list +\emph default + of possible aligns. + Some LaTeX styles prohibit certain alignments, since those wouldn't make + sense. + For example a right-aligned or centered enumeration isn't possible. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Fill_Top +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +,1 +\family default +] With this parameter the +\family sans +Fill +\family default + value of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Vertical space above +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + list of the +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragraph\SpecialChar ~ +Settings +\family default + dialog can be set when initializing a paragraph with this layout +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Note from Jean-Marc: +\emph default +I'm not sure that this setting has much use, and it should probably be removed + in later versions. +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Fill_Bottom +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +,1 +\family default +] Similar to +\family typewriter +Fill_Top +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NeedProtect +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +,1 +\family default +] Whether fragile commands in this layout should be +\family typewriter + +\backslash +protect +\family default +'ed. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Newline +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +0, +\emph on +1 +\family default +\emph default +] Whether newlines are translated into LaTeX newlines ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\family default +) or not. + The translation can be switched off to allow more comfortable LaTeX editing + inside LyX. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +PassThru +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Whether the contents of this paragraph should be output in raw form, meaning + without special translations that LaTeX would require. + This somehow replaces the older +\family typewriter +Latex +\family default + font property. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +FreeSpacing +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Usually LyX doesn't allow you to insert more than one space between words, + since a space is considered as the separation between two words, not a + character or symbol of its own. + This is a very fine thing but sometimes annoying, for example when typing + program code or plain LaTeX code. + For this reason, +\family typewriter +FreeSpacing +\family default + can be enabled. + Note that LyX will create protected blanks for the additional blanks when + in another mode than LaTeX-mode. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +KeepEmpty +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Usually LyX does not allow you to leave a paragraph empty, since it would + lead to empty LaTeX output. + There are some cases where this could be desirable however: in a letter + template, the required fields can be provided as empty fields, so that + people do not forget them; in some special classes, a layout can be used + as some kind of break, which does not contain actual text. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Spacing +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +single +\emph default +, onehalf, double, other +\family default +\emph on +value +\emph default +] This defines what the default spacing should be in the layout. + The arguments +\family typewriter +single +\family default +, +\family typewriter +onehalf +\family default + and +\family typewriter +double +\family default + correspond respectively to a multiplier value of 1, 1.25 and 1.667. + If you specify the argument +\family typewriter +other +\family default +, then you should also provide a numerical argument which will be the actual + multiplier value. + Note that, contrary to other parameters, +\family typewriter +Spacing +\family default + implies the generation of specific LaTeX code, using the package +\family typewriter +setspace.sty +\family roman +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Font +\series default +[ +\family default + The font used for both the text body +\emph on +and +\emph default + the label. + See section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts} + +\end_inset + +. + Note that defining this font automatically defines the +\family typewriter +LabelFont +\family default + to the same value. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +TextFont +\family default +\series default + The font used for the text body . + See section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LabelFont +\family default +\series default + The font used for the label. + See section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{} +EndPreamble +\family default +\series default + A set of macro definitions that will be output at the beginning of the + LaTeX files when the layout is used. + Use this to define the macros needed by this particular layout. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +DependsOn +\family default +\series default + the name of a style which preamble should be output +\emph on +before +\emph default + the one mentionned above. + This allows to ensure some ordering of the preamble snippets when macros + definitions depend on one another +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Note that, besides that functionality, there is no way to ensure any ordering + of preambles. + The ordering that you see in a given version of LyX may change without + warning in later versions). +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Floats +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:floats} + +\end_inset + +Since version 1.3.0 of LyX, it is necessary to define the floats ( +\family sans +figure +\family default +, +\family sans +table +\family default +, \SpecialChar \ldots{} +) in the text class itself. + If you are looking here to learn how to upgrade an existing text class, + it will probably turn out that all you have to do is to add +\layout LyX-Code + +Input stdfloats.inc +\layout Standard + +at a reasonable location of the text class. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Don't forget to also have a look at counters in next section. +\end_inset + + If you want to implement a text class that proposes some other float types + (like the AGU class bundled with LyX), the information below will hopefully + help you: +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Type +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string +\family default += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] type - The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +type +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the new class of floats, like program or algorithm. + After the appropriate +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newfloat +\family default +, commands such as +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{program} +\family default + or +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{algorithm*} +\family default + will be available. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +GuiName +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string +\family default += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] The string that will be used in the menus and also for the caption. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LaTeXBuiltin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\family default +\emph default +, +\family typewriter +1 +\family default +] Set to +\family typewriter +1 +\family default + if the float is already defined by the documentclass. + If this is set to +\family typewriter +0 +\family default +, the float will be defined using the LaTeX package +\family typewriter +float +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NumberWithin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string +\family default += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] This (optional) argument determines whether floats of this class will + be numbered within some sectional unit of the document. + For example, if within is equal to +\family typewriter +chapter +\family default +, the floats will be numbered within chapters. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Style +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string +\family default += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] The style used when defining the float using +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newfloat +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Placement +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string +\family default += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] The default placement for the given class of floats. + They are like in standard LaTeX: +\family typewriter +t +\family default +, +\family typewriter +b +\family default +, +\family typewriter +p +\family default + and +\family typewriter +h +\family default + for top, bottom, page, and here, respectively. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Note that the order of these letters in the string is irrelevant, like in + LaTeX. +\end_inset + + On top of that there is a new type, +\family typewriter +H +\family default +, which does not really correspond to a float, since it means: put it +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +here +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and nowhere else. + Note, however that the +\family typewriter +H +\family default + specifier is special and, because of implementation details cannot be used + in non-builtin float types. + If you do not understand what this means, just use +\family typewriter +"tbp" +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Extension +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string +\family default += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] The file name extension of an auxiliary file for the list of figures (or + whatever). + LaTeX writes the captions to this file. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ListName +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string +\family default += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] The heading used for the list of floats. +\layout Subsection + +Counters +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:counter} + +\end_inset + +Since version 1.3.0 of LyX, it is necessary to define the counters ( +\family sans +chapter +\family default +, +\family sans +figure +\family default +, \SpecialChar \ldots{} +) in the text class itself. + If you are looking here to learn how to upgrade an existing text class, + it will probably turn out that all you have to do is to add +\layout LyX-Code + +Input stdcounters.inc +\layout Standard + +The definition of counters if presently a bit primitive in LyX, since many + things are still hardcoded. + The following two parameters can be used: +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Name +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string +\family default += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] The name of the counter +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Within +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string +\family default += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] If this is set to the name of another counter, the present counter will + be reset everytime the other one is increased (is that unclear enough?). +\layout Subsection + +Font description +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:fonts} + +\end_inset + +A font description looks like that: +\layout LyX-Code + +Font +\family roman +\emph on + or +\family default +\emph default +LabelFont +\layout LyX-Code + + ... +\layout LyX-Code + +EndFont +\layout Standard + +and the following commands are available: +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Family +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Roman +\emph default +, Sans, Typewriter +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Series +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Medium +\emph default +, Bold +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Shape +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Up +\emph default +, Italic, SmallCaps, Slanted +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Size +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +tiny, small, +\emph on +normal +\emph default +, large, larger, largest, huge, giant +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Color +\series default + +\family default +[ +\family typewriter +\emph on +none +\emph default +, black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow +\family default +] +\layout Section + +Creating Templates +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:templates} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Templates are created just like usual documents. + The only difference is that usual documents contain all possible settings, + including the fontscheme and the papersize. + Usually a user doesn't want a template to overwrite his defaults in these + cases. + For that reason, the designer of a template should remove the corresponding + commands like +\family typewriter + +\backslash +fontscheme +\family default + or +\family typewriter + +\backslash +papersize +\family default + from the template LyX file. + This can be done with any simple text-editor, for example +\family typewriter +vi +\family default + or +\family typewriter +xedit +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +Put the edited template files you create in +\family typewriter +$UserDir/templates/ +\family default +, copy the ones you use from the global template directory in +\family typewriter +$LyXDir/templates/ +\family default + to the same place, and redefine the template path in the +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default +dialog (tabs +\family sans +Input +\family default +, +\family sans +Path +\family default +). + +\layout Standard + +Note that there is a template which has a particular meaning: +\family typewriter +defaults.lyx +\family default +. + This template is loaded everytime you create a new document with +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile +\family default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +ew +\family default +in order to provide useful defaults. + To create this template from inside LyX, all you have to do is to open + a document with the correct settings, and use the +\family sans +Sa +\bar under +v +\bar default +e as Document Defaults +\family default + button. +\layout Chapter + +Including External Material +\layout Section + +Background +\layout Standard + +One often requested feature from LyX users is to be able to interface LyX + with XFig, Dia, or other similar applications that specialize in producing + a certain kind of diagram, figure, schematic or whatever material might + be relevant to include in your document. + Previously, it was only possible to include boring, static, fixed images + in LyX documents with the graphics feature, but there are several limitations + attached to this approach: +\layout Itemize + +If you want to change the figure, you have to invoke an external program + by hand +\layout Itemize + +LyX does not notice that the referenced files change, so the on-screen display + can fast become obsolete, and this is aggravated by the lack of a means + of updating the display +\layout Itemize + +The graphics stuff does not provide any mechanisms for coping with different + exported formats such as DocBook, HTML or raw Ascii +\layout Standard + +The external material facility attempts to solve all of these problems +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Even if the graphics facility can't solve all problems, it is still valuable + because it does provide in-line preview of the graphics, and supports advanced + geometric transformations with a comfortable user interface. +\end_inset + +. + It does this by offering a general method to interface LyX to external + applications. + Instead of introducing a long list of different constructs tailored for + each specific application, we chose to sacrifice the in-line displaying + of the included material in order to provide a general construct to cover + a wide range of applications. + The result is the external material construct. + External material presents itself in the document simply as a button, but + don't let this fool you. + When you click on it, a dialog will appear that allows you to chose exactly + what material to include, and in the following sections you will learn + that this is indeed a powerful mechanism that can solve all of the above + problems, and more. +\layout Section + +How does it work? +\layout Standard + +The external material feature is based on the concept of a +\emph on + template +\emph default +. + A template is a specification of how LyX should interface with a certain + kind of material. + As bundled, LyX comes with predefined templates for XFig figures, Dia diagrams, + various raster format images, gnuplot, and more. + You can check the actual list by using the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +External +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Material +\family default +command. + Furthermore, it is possible to roll your own template to support a specific + kind of material. + Later we'll describe in more detail what is involved, and hopefully you + will submit all the templates you create so we can include them in a later + LyX version. +\layout Standard + +Another basic idea of the external material feature is to distinguish between + the original file that serves as a base for final material and the produced + file that is included in your exported or printed document. + For example, consider the case of a figure produced with XFig. + The XFig application itself works on an original file with the +\family typewriter +.fig +\family default + extension. + Within XFig, you create and change your figure, and when you are done, + you save the +\family typewriter +fig +\family default +-file. + When you want to include the figure in your document, you invoke +\family typewriter +transfig +\family default + in order to create a PostScript file that can readily be included in your + LaTeX file. + In this case, the +\family typewriter +.fig +\family default + file is the original file, and the PostScript file is the produced file. +\layout Standard + +This distinction is important in order to allow updating of the material + while you are in the process of writing the document. + Furthermore, it provides us with the flexibility that is needed to support + multiple export formats. + For instance, in the case of an Ascii resulting file, it is not exactly + an award-winning idea to include the figure as raw PostScript. + Instead, you'd either prefer to just include a reference to the figure, + or try to invoke some graphics to Ascii converter to make the final result + look similar to the real graphics. + The external material management allows you to do this, because it is parameter +ized on the different export formats that LyX supports. +\layout Standard + +Besides supporting the production of different products according to the + exported format, it supports tight integration with editing and viewing + applications. + In the case of an XFig figure, you are able to invoke +\family typewriter +xfig +\family default + on the original file with a single click from within the external material + dialog in LyX, and also preview the produced PostScript file with +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + with another click. + No more fiddling around with the command line and/or file browsers to locate + and manipulate the original or produced files. + In this way, you are finally able to take full advantage of the many different + applications that are relevant to use when you write your documents, and + ultimately be more productive. +\layout Standard + +So, all in all, LyX has information about a number of different programs + to use behind the scenes in order to realize all of this machinery. + This information, in fact, is exactly what is contained in the templates. + To each template, there is associated a list of command lines that are + used to invoke applications, convert the original file to the produced + file, and more. + This mechanism allows the advanced user to extend the capabilities of LyX + without fiddling with the source code. + It requires some footwork to define all the different commands and flags, + but luckily, the LyX team did all the hard work and specified these for + you. +\layout Standard + +But before the trees grow into the skies, we have to admit that we did take + one tiny short-cut. + Since you can produce many different kinds of files to go with each exported + format, one could also expect that it would be possible to preview each + product. + The LyX team decided against this in order to keep the user interface simple. + Instead of providing a button for each exported file format, we decided + to introduce the concept of the primary file format and just have one button. + When you press +\family sans +View +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +result +\family default + in the external material dialog, you will get a view of the produced file + in the primary file format. + And the primary file format is specified by your document class. + For most document classes, the primary file format is LaTeX, but for the + DocBook document classes, the primary file format is DocBook. + So, when you view the produced file, keep in mind that it will only be + a preview of what the main result will be. + If you want to see how other exported formats turn out, you have to export + them and preview them by hand. +\layout Section + +The external material dialog +\layout Standard + +You insert external material from the +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert +\family default + menu. + When you do this, a button is inserted into your document, and the external + material dialog is shown. + This dialog allows you to describe exactly what material should be included, + and also how it should be included. + Furthermore, it provides access to the external applications to either + view, edit or produce the material that is used in the resulting file. +\layout Standard + +At the top of this dialog, there is a drop-down list where you can chose + which template should be used. + Just below the template drop-down, there's a text area with a short blurb + about the chosen template that should help you use it. + Most often, it will provide a short description of the template, and a + few hints on how to parameterize the use of it. + Further down, you'll find a filename input field along with a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Browse +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + button that allows you to chose which file should be included with the + standard file browser. + Thus this field specifies the original file. + Since the produced file is automatically generated when needed, there is + no need to give access to it in the user interface. +\layout Standard + +At the bottom of the dialog, you'll find a general input box called +\family sans +Parameters +\family default +. + This box is generally used to parameterize the specific template. + The specific use should be covered in the help blurb associated with the + template, but it typically allows you to define variations on how the produced + file should be generated. +\layout Standard + +At the right side of the dialog, you'll find three buttons: +\family sans +Edit +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +file +\family default +, +\family sans +View +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +result +\family default +, and +\family sans +Update +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +result +\family default +. + These in turn allow you to edit your original file with the appropriate + editing application, view the produced file as included in the primary + format document, and finally force an update of the resulting material + in the primary format. + Normally, the +\family sans +Update +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +result +\family default + button will be disabled, because most templates are configured to automatically + update the produced file when needed. + In those cases, there is no need to force the production of a new produced + file. + However, some templates are configured to not be automatically producing + the residual product, because the cost of producing the produced file might + be so large that it would be a pain to do it all the time. + Those types are known as +\emph on +manual +\emph default + external material. + In those cases, you can use the button to force the production of the produced + file exactly when you need it, and thus control the amount of work that + is done. + In fact, it is +\emph on +your +\emph default + responsibility to do this to keep the produced files current at all times: + before printing, before exporting, before viewing, etc. + At some time in the future, it might be possible that LyX will help you + with this task.Any changes in the template, filename or parameters are actually + applied whenever you press +\family sans +Edit file +\family default +, +\family sans +View +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +result +\family default + or +\family sans +Update +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +result +\family default + buttons. +\layout Section + +Examples +\layout Standard + +In this section, we should include some examples of use of the external + material. + Those examples could include: +\layout Itemize + +External raster images +\layout Itemize + +External XFig figures +\layout Itemize + +Chess diagrams +\layout Itemize + +Sound samples +\layout Itemize + +The use of makefiles +\layout Itemize + +Recursive external LyX templates +\layout Section + +The external template configuration file +\layout Standard + +It is relatively easy to add custom external template definitions to LyX. + However, be aware this doing this in an careless manner most probably +\emph on +will +\emph default + introduce an easily exploitable security hole. + So before you do this, please read the discussion about security which + will follow later. +\layout Standard + +Having said that, we encourage you to submit any interesting templates that + you create. + +\layout Standard + +The external templates are defined in the +\family typewriter +lib/external_templates +\family default + file. + You can place your own version in +\family typewriter +.lyx/external_templates +\family default +. + At some point in time, hopefully somebody will document the template contents, + and the syntax used to define your templates. +\layout Section + +The substitution mechanism +\layout Standard + +When the external material facility invokes an external program, it is done + on the basis of a command defined in the template configuration file. + These commands can contain various macros that are expanded before execution. + Execution always take place in the directory of the containing document. +\layout Standard + +Also, whenever external material is to be displayed, the name will be produced + by the substitution mechanism. +\layout Standard + +The available macros are the following: +\layout Description + +$$FName The filename of the file specified in the external material dialog. +\layout Description + +$$Basename The filename without the extension. +\layout Description + +$$Tempname A name and full path to a temporary file which will be automatically + deleted whenever the containing document is closed, or the external material + insertion deleted. +\layout Description + +$$Contents( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +filename.ext +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) This macro will expand to the contents of the file with the name +\family typewriter +filename.ext +\family default +. +\layout Description + +$$Sysdir This macro will expand to the absolute path of the system directory. + This is typically used to point to the various helper scripts that are + bundled with LyX. +\layout Standard + +In addition to these, the facility will expand general environment variables + with a syntax like +\family typewriter +${PATH} +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Security discussion +\layout Standard + +The external material feature interfaces with a lot of external programs + and does so automatically, so we have to consider the security implications + of this. + In particular, since you have the option of including your own filenames + and/or parameter strings and those are expanded into a command, it seems + that it would be possible to create a malicious document which executes + arbitrary commands when a user views or prints the document. + This is something we definately want to avoid. +\layout Standard + +However, since the external program commands are specified in the template + configuration file only, there are no security issues if LyX is properly + configured with safe templates only. + This is so because the external programs are invoked with the +\family typewriter +execvp +\family default +-system call rather than the +\family typewriter +system +\family default + system-call, so it's not possible to execute arbitrary commands from the + filename or parameter section via the shell. +\layout Standard + +This also implies that you are restricted in what command strings you can + use in the external material templates. + In particular, pipes and redirection are not readily available. + This has to be so if LyX should remain safe. + If you want to use some of the shell features, you should write a safe + script to do this in a controlled manner, and then invoke the script from + the command string. + In the +\family typewriter +lib/scripts +\family default + directory of the LyX installation, you can find a safe wrapper script +\family typewriter +general_command_wrapper.py +\family default + that supports redirection of input and output. + That can serve as an example for how to write safe template scripts. + For a more advanced example that uses +\family typewriter +fork +\family default + and friends, take a look at the +\family typewriter +pic2ascii.py +\family default + converter script. +\layout Standard + +It is possible to design a template that interacts directly with the shell, + but since this would allow a malicious user to execute arbitrary commands + by writing clever filenames and/or parameters, we generally recommend that + you only use safe scripts that work with the +\family typewriter +execvp +\family default + system call in a controlled manner. + Of course, for use in a controlled environment, it can be tempting to just + fall back to use ordinary shell scripts. + If you do so, be aware that you +\emph on +will +\emph default + provide an easily exploitable security hole in your system. + Of course it stands to reason that such unsafe templates will never be + included in the standard LyX distribution, although we do encourage people + to submit new templates in the open source tradition. + But LyX as shipped from the official distribution channels will never have + unsafe templates. +\layout Standard + +Including external material provides a lot of power, and you have to be + careful not to introduce security hazards with this power. + A subtle error in a single line in an innocent looking script can open + the door to huge security problems. + So if you do not fully understand the issues, we recommend that you consult + a knowledgable security professional or the LyX development team if you + have any questions about whether a given template is safe or not. + And do this before you use it in an uncontrolled environment. +\layout Chapter + +The LyX Server +\layout Section + +Introduction +\layout Standard + +The LyX server is a method implemented in LyX that will enable other programs + to talk to LyX, invoke LyX commands, and retrieve information about the + LyX internal state. + This is only intended for advanced users, but they should find it useful. +\layout Section + +Starting the LyX Server +\layout Standard + +The LyX server works through the use of a pair of named pipes. + These are usually located in your home directory and have the names +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.in +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.out +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + External programs write into +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.in +\family default + and read back data from +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.out +\family default +. + The stem of the pipe names can be defined in the +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + dialog, for example +\family typewriter +"/home/myhome/.lyxpipe" +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX will add the ' +\family typewriter +.in +\family default +' and ' +\family typewriter +.out +\family default +' to create the pipes. + The above setting also has the effect of activating the LyX server. + If one of the pipes already exists, LyX will assume that another LyX process + is already running and will not start the server. + To have several LyX processes with servers at the same time, you have to + change the configuration between the start of the programs. +\layout Standard + +If you are developing a client program, you might find it useful to enable + debugging information from the LyX server. + Do this by starting LyX as +\family typewriter +lyx -dbg 8192. +\layout Standard + +Warning: if LyX crashes, it may not manage to remove the pipes; in this + case you must remove them manually. + If LyX starts and the pipes exist already, it will not start any server. +\layout Standard + +Other than this, there are a few points to consider: +\layout Itemize + +Both server and clients must run on UNIX or OS/2 machines. + Communications between LyX on UNIX and clients on OS/2 or vice versa is + not possible right now. +\layout Itemize + +On OS/2, only one client can connect to LyXServer at a time. +\layout Itemize + +On OS/2, clients must open inpipe with +\family typewriter +O_WRONLY +\family default + mode. +\layout Standard + +You can find a complete example client written in C in the source distribution + as +\family typewriter +development/server_monitor.c +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Normal communication +\layout Standard + +To issue a LyX call, the client writes a line of ASCII text into the input + pipe. + This line has the following format: +\layout Quote + +LYXCMD: +\emph on +clientname +\emph default +: +\emph on +function +\emph default +: +\emph on +argument +\layout Standard + +Here +\emph on +clientname +\emph default + is a name that the client can choose arbitrarily. + Its only use is that LyX will echo it if it sends an answer - so a client + can dispatch results from different requesters. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +function +\emph default + is the function you want LyX to perform. + It is the same as the commands you'd use in the minibuffer. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +argument +\emph default + is an optional argument which is meaningful only to some functions (for + instance +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +self-insert +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + which will insert the argument as text at the cursor position.) +\layout Standard + +The answer from LyX will arrive in the output pipe and be of the form +\layout Quote + +INFO: +\emph on +clientname +\emph default +: +\emph on +function +\emph default +: +\emph on +data +\layout Standard + +where +\emph on +clientname +\emph default + and +\emph on +function +\emph default + are just echoed from the command request, while +\emph on +data +\emph default + is more or less useful information filled according to how the command + execution worked out. + Some commands will return information about the internal state of LyX, + such as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +font-state +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, while other will return an empty data-response. + This means that the command execution went fine. +\layout Standard + +In case of errors, the response from LyX will have this form +\layout Quote + +ERROR: +\emph on +clientname +\emph default +: +\emph on +function +\emph default +: +\emph on +error message +\layout Standard + +where the +\emph on +error message +\emph default + should contain an explanation of why the command failed. +\layout Standard + +Examples: +\layout LyX-Code + +echo "LYXCMD:test:beginning-of-buffer:" >~/.lyxpipe.in +\layout LyX-Code + +echo "LYXCMD:test:get-xy:" >~/.lyxpipe.in +\newline +read a <~/.lyxpipe.out +\newline +echo $a +\layout Section + +Notification +\layout Standard + +LyX can notify clients of events going on asynchronously. + Currently it will only do this if the user binds a key sequence with the + function +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +notify +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The format of the string LyX sends is as follows: +\layout Quote + + +\family typewriter +NOTIFY: +\family default +\emph on +key-sequence +\layout Standard + +where +\emph on +key-sequence +\emph default + is the printed representation of the key sequence that was actually typed + by the user. +\layout Standard + +This mechanism can be used to extend LyX's command set and implement macros: + bind some key sequence to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +notify +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, start a client that listens on the out pipe, dispatches the command according + to the sequence and starts a function that may use LyX calls and LyX requests + to issue a command or a series of commands to LyX. +\layout Section + +The simple LyX Server Protocol +\layout Standard + +LyX implements a simple protocol that can be used for session management. + All messages are of the form +\layout Quote + +LYXSRV: +\emph on +clientname +\emph default +: +\emph on +protocol message +\layout Standard + +where +\emph on +protocol message +\emph default + can be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hello +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bye +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hello +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is received from a client, LyX will report back to inform the client that + it's listening to it's messages, while +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bye +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sent from LyX will inform clients that LyX is closing. +\layout Chapter +\start_of_appendix +Bindings +\layout Standard + +This appendix is a huge cross-reference to all the English language keybindings. + Originally, we simply wanted to list all of the key bindings followed by + the function it's bound to. + That way, a user can look up a key to find out what it does. + We then decided, what the hey, why not include the default toolbar and + menu bindings, too. + Please note this section is likely to be very out of date. +\layout Standard + +The form is really self-explanatory, but here are a few tips: all entries + are arranged roughly alphabetically for a given modifier ( +\family sans +C-a +\family default +, +\family sans +C-b +\family default +, etc.). + For the general keyboard layout, simpler prefixes precede the more complex + ( +\family sans +C-s +\family default + before +\family sans +C-S-c +\family default +). + All entries were gleaned from the default user interface and binding files + located in the directories +\family typewriter +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +/share/lyx/ui +\family default + and +\family typewriter +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +/share/lyx/bind +\family default +; they should be treated as the final word on the bindings. +\layout Standard + +As a final note, be aware that some window managers (such as FVWM) take + control of some of the function keys or motion keys. + +\family sans +C-right +\family default + is listed here as generating +\family typewriter +word-forward +\family default +, but FVWM grabs it and uses it to change virtual desktops instead. + Very annoying unless you instruct your window manager to stop intercepting + such sequences. +\layout Section + +Toolbar +\layout LyX-Code + +Toolbar +\layout LyX-Code + + Layouts +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "buffer-open" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "buffer-write" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "buffer-print" +\layout LyX-Code + + Separator +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "cut" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "copy" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "paste" +\layout LyX-Code + + Separator +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "font-emph" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "font-noun" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "font-free" +\layout LyX-Code + + Separator +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "tex-mode" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "math-mode" +\layout LyX-Code + + Separator +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "footnote-insert" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "marginpar-insert" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "depth-next" +\layout LyX-Code + + Separator +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "figure-insert" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "dialog-tabular-insert" +\layout LyX-Code + +End +\layout Section + +Menu +\layout Subsection + +File +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family typewriter +buffer-write-as +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-close +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-reload +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +file_export +\family default + submenu +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +f +\family typewriter +buffer-export fax +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family default + +\family typewriter +file_import +\family default + submenu +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family typewriter +buffer-new +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +o +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-open +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-print +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-write +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family typewriter +buffer-new-template +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +v +\family typewriter + file_vc +\family default + submenu +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +h +\family typewriter + vc-history +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +i +\family typewriter + vc-check-in +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +l +\family typewriter + vc-revert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +o +\family typewriter + vc-check-out +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +r +\family typewriter + vc-register +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +u +\family typewriter + vc-undo-last +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family typewriter +lyx-quit +\layout Subsection + +Edit +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family default + +\family typewriter +paste +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + +\family typewriter +cut +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +redo +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +error-remove-all +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +f +\family default + +\family typewriter +find-replace +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +h +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-chktex +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family default + +\family typewriter +edit_floats +\family default + submenu +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +a +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature append-row +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +b +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature toggle-line-bottom +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +c +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature align-center +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature delete-column +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature align-left +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +i +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature align-right +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +l +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature toggle-line-left +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +m +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature multicolumn +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +n +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature valign-center +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +o +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature valign-top +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +r +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature toggle-line-right +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +t +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature toggle-line-top +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +u +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature append-column +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +v +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature valign-bottom +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +w +\family default + +\family typewriter +tabular-feature delete-row +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +l +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-panel +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +a +\family typewriter + floats-operate openfoot +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +c +\family typewriter + floats-operate closefoot +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +f +\family typewriter + floats-operate openfig +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +m +\family typewriter + melt +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +o +\family typewriter + open-stuff +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +t +\family typewriter + floats-operate closefig +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +o +\family default + +\family typewriter +copy +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +dialog-preferences +\family sans + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default + +\family typewriter +reconfigure +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + +\family typewriter +spellchecker +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family default + +\family typewriter +edit_tabular +\family default + submenu +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +u +\family typewriter +undo +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family typewriter +edit_paste +\family default + submenu +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +l +\family default + +\family typewriter +primary-selection-paste +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +primary-selection-paste paragraph +\end_deeper +\layout Subsection + +Insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family default + +\family typewriter +insert_floats +\family default + submenu +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +a +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-float-insert algorithm +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-float-insert wide-tab +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +f +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-float-insert figure +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +t +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-float-insert table +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +w +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-float-insert wide-fig +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + +\family typewriter +dialog-tabular-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + +\family typewriter +citation-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-display +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-child-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +f +\family default + +\family typewriter +footnote-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +g +\family default + +\family typewriter +figure-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +h +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-mode +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family default + +\family typewriter +index-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +l +\family default + +\family typewriter +label-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default + +\family typewriter +marginpar-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + +\family typewriter +note-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +o +\family default + +\family typewriter +insert_toc +\family default + submenu +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +a +\family default + +\family typewriter +loa-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +b +\family default + +\family typewriter +bibtex-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +c +\family default + +\family typewriter +toc-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +f +\family default + +\family typewriter +lof-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +i +\family default + +\family typewriter +index-print +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +t +\family default + +\family typewriter +lot-insert +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default + +\family typewriter +reference-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + +\family typewriter +insert_special +\family default + submenu +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +b +\family default + +\family typewriter +protected-space-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +end-of-sentence-period-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +h +\family default + +\family typewriter +hfill-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +i +\family default + +\family typewriter +dots-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +l +\family default + +\family typewriter +break-line +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +m +\family default + +\family typewriter +menu-separator-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +hyphenation-point-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +q +\family default + +\family typewriter +quote-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +s +\family default + +\family typewriter +command-sequence math-insert ^;math-mode; +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +u +\family default + +\family typewriter +command-sequence math-insert _;math-mode; +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family default + +\family typewriter +insert_file +\family default + submenu +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +l +\family default + +\family typewriter +file-insert-ascii lines +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +file-insert-ascii paragraphs +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +x +\family default + +\family typewriter +file-insert +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +u +\family default + +\family typewriter +url-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +w +\family default + +\family typewriter +index-insert-last +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family default + +\family typewriter +external-insert +\layout Subsection + +Layout +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family default + +\family typewriter +appendix +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-bold +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-character +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-document +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-emph +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +l +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-preamble +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-noun +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-paragraph +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-save-default +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-tabular +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +v +\family default + +\family typewriter +depth-increment +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family default + +\family typewriter +tex-mode +\layout Subsubsection + +L +\family sans +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Character +\family default + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family typewriter +font-bold +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family typewriter +font-noun +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family typewriter +font-emph +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family typewriter +math-mode +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar 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+\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-S +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-write-as +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-T +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-typeset-ps +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-V +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-paste +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-Z +\family default + +\family typewriter +redo +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Insert +\family default + +\family typewriter +paste +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Delete +\family default + +\family typewriter +cut +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-period +\family default + +\family typewriter +end-of-sentence-period-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-greater +\family default + +\family typewriter +reference-goto +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-less +\family default + +\family typewriter +reference-back +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-minus +\family default + +\family typewriter +hyphenation-point-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-quotedbl +\family default + +\family typewriter +quote-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-space +\family default + +\family typewriter +protected-space-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-x +\family default + +\family typewriter +command-execute +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Home +\family default + +\family typewriter +line-begin-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-End +\family default + +\family typewriter +line-end-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Up +\family default + +\family typewriter +up-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Down +\family default + +\family typewriter +down-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Delete +\family default + +\family typewriter +cut +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Insert +\family default + +\family typewriter +paste +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Next +\family default + +\family typewriter +screen-down-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Prior +\family default + +\family typewriter +screen-up-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Left +\family default + +\family typewriter +backward-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-Right +\family default + +\family typewriter +forward-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Home +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-begin +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-End +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-end +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Up +\family default + +\family typewriter +paragraph-up +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Down +\family default + +\family typewriter +paragraph-down +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Delete +\family default + +\family typewriter +word-delete-forward +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-BackSpace +\family default + +\family typewriter +word-delete-backward +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Insert +\family default + +\family typewriter +copy +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + +\family typewriter +break-line +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Left +\family default + +\family typewriter +word-backward +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Right +\family default + +\family typewriter +word-forward +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-Down +\family default + +\family typewriter +paragraph-down-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-End +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-end-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-Home +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-begin-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-Left +\family default + +\family typewriter +word-backward-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-Right +\family default + +\family typewriter +word-forward-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-Up +\family default + +\family typewriter +paragraph-up-select +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-quotedbl +\family default + +\family typewriter +quote-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-Return +\family default + +\family typewriter +break-paragraph-keep-layout +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-period +\family default + +\family typewriter +dots-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-S-Right +\family default + +\family typewriter +depth-increment +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-S-Left +\family default + +\family typewriter +depth-decrement +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Escape +\family default + +\family typewriter +cancel +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F2 +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-write +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F3 +\family typewriter +buffer-open +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F5 +\family default + +\family typewriter +screen-recenter +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F7 +\family default + +\family typewriter +spellchecker +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F9 +\family default + +\family typewriter +meta-prefix +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-F4 +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-close +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-F4 +\family default + +\family typewriter +lyx-quit +\layout Subsection + +Specific to +\family typewriter +sciword.bind +\layout Standard + +These are LyX keyboard definitions for mathematics, similar to those of + Scientific Word. +\layout Standard + +The bindings file and the present documentation were prepared by Serge Winitzki + with assistance from Jean-Marc Lasgouttes. + Version 1.3, for LyX 1.2.x and 1.3.x. +\layout Standard + +These definitions make it a lot easier to type equations without using the + mouse, especially for people familiar with Scientific Word. + The standard LyX bindings such as +\family typewriter +M-m +\family default + or +\family typewriter +M-o +\family default + are unmodified. +\layout Standard + +Tip: to find the "LyX bind name" for a key, look at the status bar after + typing some non-existent key combination. + E.g. + to find how "Ctrl-&" is referenced, press Ctrl-S and then Ctrl-&: the status + bar shows "C-s S-C-ampersand." (This does not work in LyX 1.3.0!) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-c +\family default + +\family typewriter +copy +\family default +-- Copy, cut, paste is as in Sciword, +\family typewriter + C-c +\family default +, +\family typewriter +C-x +\family default +, and +\family typewriter +C-v +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-d +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-display +\family default +-- Display equation toggle: type +\family typewriter +C-d +\family default + to insert a displayed formula ( +\family typewriter +d +\family default + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +displayed +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + You can also type +\family typewriter +C-d +\family default + in a displayed formula to convert it back to an inline formula. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-f +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +frac +\family default +-- Fractions: type +\family typewriter +C-f +\family default + to insert a fraction ( +\family typewriter +f +\family default + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fraction +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + You can also select an expression and type +\family typewriter +C-f +\family default + to convert it to the numerator of a fraction. + Note: pressing +\family typewriter +Backspace +\family default + at the +\emph on +left +\emph default + end of the denominator will delete the numerator and convert the denominator + to a non-fraction. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-i +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +int +\family default +-- Inserts +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + ( +\family typewriter +i +\family default + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +integral +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-k +\family default + +\family typewriter +line-delete-forward +\family default + -- Emacs-like binding: delete forward of cursor to end of line. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-m +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-mode +\family default +-- A text/math toggle ( +\family typewriter +m +\family default + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +math +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +): switches to math in text mode, and also inserts roman text in math mode. + Also bound to +\family typewriter +C-t +\family default + ( +\family typewriter +t +\family default + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +text +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-n +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-number +\family default +-- Add/remove numbering in a single equation. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-N +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-nonumber +\family default + -- Add/remove numbering at a line in equation arrays. +\layout Standard + +The above commands are toggles that control the numbering of equations ( +\family typewriter +N +\family default + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +number +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + Note: when deleting a number in a labeled eqnarray, the label is not really + removed (the TeX code becomes +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +label{} +\backslash +nonumber +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ) and this generates a (harmless) LaTeX warning. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-o +\family default + +\family typewriter +file-open +\family default +-- Open a new document. + (W*ndows) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-q +\family default + +\family typewriter +quote-insert +\family default + -- Insert a quote character " ( +\family typewriter +q +\family default + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +quote +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + This is not the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +smart +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + double quote character that you get by default. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-r +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +-- Square root sign +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{x}$ +\end_inset + + ( +\family typewriter +r +\family default + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +root +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-R +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +root +\family default +-- root sign +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[n]{x}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-t +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-mode +\family default +-- Another binding for a switch between the text and the math mode ( +\family typewriter +t +\family default + is for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +text +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + Note that the roman text inserted in math mode is special. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-u +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-underline +\family default +-- +\bar under +Underline +\bar default + the selected text (text mode only, use things like +\family typewriter + +\backslash +overline +\family default + or +\family typewriter + +\backslash +underbar +\family default + for math ). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-v +\family default + +\family typewriter +paste +\family default +-- W*ndows heritage. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-w +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-close +\family default +-- Close the current document (again, a W*ndows heritage). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-x +\family default + +\family typewriter +cut +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-z +\family default + +\family typewriter +undo +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-Z +\family default + +\family typewriter +redo +\family default +-- the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Redo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + operation, or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +undo the undo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Bracket delimiters: press +\family typewriter +Ctrl +\family default +- to insert a matching pair of delimiters. + For example, +\family typewriter +Ctrl-[ +\family default + inserts a pair of parentheses +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\right]$ +\end_inset + +. + (Note: +\family typewriter +Ctrl-] +\family default + does the same thing.) It will switch to math mode if needed. + The supported characters are ( [ { < |. + It is the same to press the right or the left bracket. + The corresponding delimiters are +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\right)$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\right]$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\left\{ \right\} $ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \right\rangle $ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\left|\right|$ +\end_inset + +. + The delimiters are +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +smart +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and resize with their contents. + Use Math Panel to get other or non-matching delimiters. + Press backspace on the +\emph on +left +\emph default + delimiter to remove both +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +smart +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + delimiters without removing their contents. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-9 +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim ( ) +\family default +-- for convenience, pressing +\family typewriter +Ctrl-9 +\family default + is the same as +\family typewriter +Ctrl-( +\family default + or +\family typewriter +Ctrl-) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-parenleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim ( ) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-0 +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim ( ) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-parenright +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim ( ) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-bracketleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim [ ] +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-bracketright +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim [ ] +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-less +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim langle rangle +\family default +-- angular delimiters +\begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \right\rangle $ +\end_inset + +, not to confuse with ordinary < > signs. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-greater +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim langle rangle +\layout Standard + +The bar bracket: on some keyboards (e.g.\SpecialChar ~ +some British ones), the bar character + is bound to an +\family typewriter +Alt +\family default +-something and on some wayward Unices to "brokenbar". + So we define all of these keys as well. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-bar +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim | | +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-brokenbar +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim | | +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-M-bar +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim | | +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-braceleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim { } +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-braceright +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim { } +\layout Standard + +Accents are in most cases +\family typewriter +Ctrl +\family default +-, e.g.\SpecialChar ~ + +\family typewriter +Ctrl-. + +\family default + for overdot, +\family typewriter +Ctrl-' +\family default + for acute accent, +\family typewriter +Ctrl-~ +\family default + for tilde (you also need to press +\family typewriter +Shift +\family default + here) etc. + For example, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Ctrl-' +\family default + +\family typewriter +a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + inserts á. + Some accents work only in math mode and others only in text mode. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-period +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-dot +\family default +-- overdot accent, \i \.{a} + (text mode only). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-comma +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +dot +\family default +-- overdot accent, +\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ +\end_inset + + (math mode only -- in physics this denotes a first derivative). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-equals +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +overrightarrow +\family default + -- Vector accent over math +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{x}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-quotedbl +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-umlaut +\family default +-- umlaut accent, ä (text mode only) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-colon +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +ddot +\family default +-- double dot accent, +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ +\end_inset + + (math mode only -- in physics this denotes a second derivative). + To get a triple dot in math mode, use +\family typewriter + +\backslash +dddot +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-quoteleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-grave +\family default +-- grave accent à (text mode only, use +\family typewriter + +\backslash +grave +\family default + for math) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-asciitilde +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-tilde +\family default +-- tilde accent ã (text mode only, use +\family typewriter + +\backslash +tilde +\family default + for math) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-apostrophe +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-acute +\family default +-- acute accent á (text mode only, use +\family typewriter + +\backslash +acute +\family default + for math) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-asciicircum +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-circumflex +\family default +-- circumflex (caret) accent â (text mode only, use +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hat +\family default + for math). +\layout Standard + +Function keys. + The new key S-F2 for creating a LaTeX file seems handy. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F2 +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-write +\family default +-- Save current document. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-F2 +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-export latex +\family default +-- Write a LaTeX file for the current document. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F3 +\family default + +\family typewriter +find-replace +\family default +-- Find and replace dialog. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-F4 +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-close +\family default +-- same as +\family typewriter +C-w +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-F4 +\family default + +\family typewriter +lyx-quit +\family default +-- +\family typewriter +Alt-F4 +\family default + to quit LyX is the W*ndows w*ndow manager's mnemonic. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +F4 +\family default + to +\family typewriter +F8 +\family default + are used to switch fonts. + Use +\family typewriter +F4 +\family default + to switch back to the normal font. + The non-default font switches +\family typewriter +F5 +\family default + - +\family typewriter +F8 +\family default + all work as toggles. + They also work on the whole word if you put the cursor in the middle of + the word, or if you select some text. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F4 +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-default +\family default +-- stop using any special font +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F5 +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +-- make +\series bold +bold +\series default + text. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F6 +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default +-- make +\emph on +emphasized +\emph default + text. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F7 +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-code +\family default +-- make +\family typewriter +typewritten +\family default + text. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F8 +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-noun +\family default +-- make +\noun on +Caps/small caps +\noun default + text. + (Used sometimes for people's names.) +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +F9 +\family default + is bound as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +meta-prefix +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, same as the +\family typewriter +Alt +\family default + key (useful e.g.\SpecialChar ~ +if the keyboard has no working +\family typewriter +Alt +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Here are some Sciword-inspired mnemonics for frequently used math symbols. + Many symbols start with a +\family typewriter +C-s +\family default + sequence. + Therefore +\family typewriter +C-s +\family default + cannot be itself bound to anything. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-apostrophe +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +prime +\family default +-- The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +prime +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + symbol +\begin_inset Formula $\prime$ +\end_inset + + in math mode. + This is frequently unnecessary: in most cases the normal apostrophe works + just fine, e.g. + +\begin_inset Formula $x'+2x=0$ +\end_inset + +, but in some cases this would generate a double superscript error in LaTeX. + For example: +\begin_inset Formula $x^{\prime2}$ +\end_inset + + ( +\begin_inset Formula $x$ +\end_inset + + prime squared) must be entered with the prime character. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +apostrophe +\family default + +\family typewriter +command-sequence math-superscript; math-insert +\backslash +prime; +\family default +-- Insert a prime as a superscript (see example above). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Up +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert ^ +\family default +-- Insert an upper index. + Also, +\family typewriter +^ +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Down +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert _ +\family default +-- Insert a lower index. + Also, +\family typewriter +_ +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +partial +\family default +-- Partial derivative symbol +\begin_inset Formula $\partial$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sum +\family default +-- Summation symbol +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + (not the same as the Greek letter uppercase Sigma +\begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$ +\end_inset + + because it can resize and allows smart upper/lower limits). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +prod +\family default + -- Product symbol +\begin_inset Formula $\prod$ +\end_inset + + (not the same as the Greek letter uppercase Pi, +\begin_inset Formula $\Pi$ +\end_inset + +). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +infty +\family default +-- Infinity +\begin_inset Formula $\infty$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +times +\family default +-- Cross product +\begin_inset Formula $\times$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +v +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-matrix 1 2 +\family default +-- Insert a stacked array +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{c} +\begin{array}{c} +\\\end{array}\end{array}$ +\end_inset + +. + (Frequently useful in formulae.) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-matrix 3 3 +\family default +-- Insert a 3 +\begin_inset Formula $\times$ +\end_inset + +3 matrix +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} +\\\\\end{array}$ +\end_inset + +. + (Then you can modify its size using the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default + menu.) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-plus +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +dagger +\family default +-- The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +dagger +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\dagger$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +equal +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +equiv +\family default +-- +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Identical equality +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\equiv$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-equal +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +approx +\family default +-- +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Approximate equality +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\approx$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-minus +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sim +\family default +-- The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +of order +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sign +\begin_inset Formula $\sim$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-minus +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +rightarrow +\family default +-- The arrow +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + as in +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-M-less +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +leq +\family default +-- Less-or-equal +\begin_inset Formula $\leq$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-M-greater +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +geq +\family default +-- Greater-or-equal +\begin_inset Formula $\geq$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-less +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +ll +\family default +-- +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Much less than +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\ll$ +\end_inset + + (useful in physics) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-greater +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +gg +\family default +-- +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Much greater than +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sign +\begin_inset Formula $\gg$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Standard math bindings +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +overline +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-display +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert ^ +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +f +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +frac +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +g +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-greek +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +h +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-circumflex +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +int +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +l +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-limits +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-mode +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-number +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +o +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +oint +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +partial +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sqrt +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sqrt +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +u +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sum +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +v +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +vec +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert _ +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +8 +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +infty +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-G +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-greek-toggle +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-N +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-nonumber +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-period +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-dot +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-asciitilde +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-tilde +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-apostrophe +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +prime +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-parenleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim ( ) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-bracketleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim [ ] +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-braceleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim { } +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-less +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim langle rangle +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-greater +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim rangle langle +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-bar +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim | | +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-plus +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +pm +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-equal +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +neq +\layout Subsection + +Other Accelerators +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-k\SpecialChar ~ +o +\family typewriter +keymap-off +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-k\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family typewriter +keymap-toggle +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-k\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family typewriter +keymap-off +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-k\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\family typewriter +keymap-primary +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-k\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\family typewriter +keymap-secondary +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/Depend.pl b/lib/doc/Depend.pl new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..4fbaa39c4f --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/Depend.pl @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +#!/usr/bin/perl -w +# +# Create a file which describes dependencies. The file gets included by the +# Makefile which creates TOC.lyx files +# +# Essentially, this file creates a TOCs target, which makes the +# TOC.lyx for every possible language. Then it creates a target for +# each language's xx_TOC.lyx, which depends on various files. +# E.g., de_TOC.lyx depends on files like de_UserGuide.lyx. If non-English +# files don't exist, TOC.lyx just uses the corresponding English file. + +use strict; + +print <.lyx +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +where +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is your language's two-letter locale code. + The Translation Project Chief for your language wrote this. + If he hasn't, pester him to do so! < +\emph on +wink! +\emph default +> +\layout Subsubsection + +The English versions of the manuals are not Sacred Text. +\layout Standard + +You do not need to translate everything word for word. + In fact, you shouldn't. + Keep to the spirit of the originals, not the letter. + Be as creative as you want, as long as you +\emph on +accurately +\emph default + and +\emph on +completely +\emph default + convey all of the information contained in the English versions. +\layout Subsubsection + +Any information in the LyX manuals must also be in the translations. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:accuracy} + +\end_inset + +This falls under translating the orignals accurately and completely. + +\layout Itemize + +Omitting any feature description is +\emph on + stricly forbidden +\emph default +. +\layout Itemize + +Misrepresenting or misdescribing any LyX feature or operation +\emph on +must be avoided +\emph default +. +\layout Itemize + +The translation +\emph on +cannot +\emph default + outpace the original. +\newline +If no one has documented new feature in the primary LyX manuals (i.\SpecialChar ~ +e.\SpecialChar ~ +the English + versions), do not do so in the translations. + If you're really looking for something to do, either: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +focus on translating something you haven't yet, +\newline +OR +\layout Itemize + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +update or repair the primary manual. +\layout Standard + +If you cannot or do not want to do one of the above, then take a break. + Relax. + Wait for the main manuals to catch up before translating anything else. +\end_deeper +\layout Subsubsection + +What you cannot translate, you may omit (usually). +\layout Standard + +Prepositions, idioms, metaphors, slang, Oh My! There's a jungle of potentially + untranslatable text you may face. + Happily, none of these untranslatables are essential to the original text\SpecialChar \ldots{} + + usually. + If you can't translate a phrase or two, try omitting them. + If the rest of the paragraph still makes sense, then don't worry about + the omission. +\layout Standard + +There may be special cases where omitting part of a sentence or paragraph + violates rule\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:accuracy} + +\end_inset + +. + In those cases, +\emph on +do not omit! +\emph default + You must try and translate those tricky spots. +\layout Subsubsection + +Translators may add their own fluff to the information content. +\layout Standard + +After you do strip away all of the idioms, metaphors, slang, humor, and + other +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +expendable text, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + you may find that your translated manual is dull and dry. + Why not add your own fluff? Add text that makes the manual a pleasure to + read, that engages the reader. + It may take the form of humor, or metaphors, or sayings. + Whatever you add, it should be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +in context. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + It should not clash with the explanation of LyX features and functions. +\layout Subsection + +For Translation Project Chiefs +\layout Subsubsection + +The First Is In Charge +\layout Standard + +If you were the first person to start translating the manuals, you're the + LyXDoc Translation Project Chief for your language. + If you are the +\emph on +only +\emph default + person translating the LyXDocs, that automatically makes you the Translation + Project Chief. +\layout Standard + +Amongst other things, that means that you must read this section and perform + the tasks described here. +\layout Standard + +If you are a member of a LyX Documentation Translation Team, but +\emph on +are not +\emph default + its Chief, you may stop reading. + The remainder of this section will be of no interest to you. + If you came to the Style Sheet from the Supplement for your language, you + may return to it. +\layout Standard + +If you have not read the Style Sheet Supplement for your language, you should + read it now. + +\layout Subsubsection + +Read the Style Sheet +\layout Standard + +No documenter is excused from following the Style Sheet, not even a Translation + Project Chief. +\layout Standard + +Actually, it is +\emph on +especially +\emph default + important that the Translation Project Chiefs read the Style Sheet. +\layout Subsubsection + +Make your translators read the Style Sheet +\layout Standard + +No documenter is excused from following the Style Sheet. +\layout Standard + +Since your translation team is translating, they know +\emph on +some +\emph default + English, at least. + Therefore, they should be able to read the Style Sheet. +\layout Subsubsection + +Provide a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Supplement +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to this Style Sheet +\layout Standard + +There are parts of this Style Sheet that are English-specific. + I have tried to provide a general, language-independent description of + certain details in this section. + Unfortunately, that general description doesn't cover the specifics of + each language. + +\layout Standard + +That's where you, as head of a LyXDoc Translation Team, come in. +\layout Standard + +Every Translation Team Chief is +\emph on +required +\emph default + to write a Supplement to the official Documentation Style Sheet, with specifics + issues affecting your language. + (You are, after all, the LyX Team expert on your native tongue.) Follow + these guidelines when writing the Supplement: +\layout Enumerate + +Name the file: +\newline + +\family typewriter +DocStyle_Supplement_.lyx +\family default + +\newline +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +where +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is the two-letter code for your language. + This is the same two-letter code that is part of the filenames for the + translated manuals. + Example: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +_de +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for German, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +_sv +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for Swedish, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +_ru +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for Russian. +\layout Enumerate + +Do not worry about where the file goes. + The CVS maintainers will locate all documentation and Style Sheet Supplements + in an appropriate place. +\layout Enumerate + +Document Properties: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +For consistency, use the same document class and other document properties + as the Style Sheet. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Specifically, check the settings in the +\family sans +Document Layout +\family default + popup. + Use those in your Supplement. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Exceptions: Use margins, indentation/paragraph separation, language, and + encoding appropriate for your language. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +The title of the Supplement: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +The title will use the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Title +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + paragraph environment. + In your native tongue, the title will read: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Documentation Project Style Sheet: +\newline +Supplement for the Translation Project +\layout Standard + +(Replace +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + with the name of your language.) +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +If, in your language, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +supplement +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + translates into +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +appendix, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + we have a problem. + In English, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Supplement +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Appendix +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + have somewhat different meanings. + An appendix is an extra part of a document. + A supplement is an extra document. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Choose a replacement word accordingly. + Whatever you choose to replace +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Supplement, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + it must not have the same translation as the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +appendix. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Below the title, in the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Author +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + paragraph environment, place your name. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +There will be no abstract. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +The first +\family sans +Section +\family default + of the Supplement: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +The first thing you will do is strongly yet politely encourage the reader + to stop reading the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Supplement +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and go read the Style Sheet. + The reader should not return to the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Supplement +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + until he has read +\emph on +and +\emph default + understood the Style Sheet proper. +\end_deeper +\layout Subsubsection + +Keep the Supplement Succinct +\layout Standard + +This Style Sheet is already very detailed. + DocTeam members all have a lot to read. + We don't want to place an extra burden on translators. + Therefore, keep the Supplement as short as you can without losing information. +\layout Subsubsection + +Font Issues +\layout Standard + +The second +\family sans +Section +\family default + will be about font issues\SpecialChar \ldots{} + if you have any. + Not all Translation Project Chiefs will need to deal with this issue. + The fonts: +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Sans Serif +\layout Itemize + +Roman +\newline + +\emph on +Emphasized (actually Italics) +\layout Itemize + + +\bar under +Underlined +\layout Itemize + + +\series bold +Bold +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Noun (actually Small Caps) +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +certainly exist for all languages that use the Roman alphabet. + Do they exist, however, for Greek? How about Cyrillic? These different + fonts almost certainly do not exist for Devanagri, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, + Hebrew, Arabic, and other scripts. + +\layout Standard + +There will be some languages for which following the font-scheme specified + in this Style Sheet may not be possible. + If you are the Translation Project Chief for such a language, you have + extra work. +\layout Standard + +In the font section of the Supplement, you will provide a new typographic + style, designed specifically for your writing system. + For consistency, the title of this section in every Supplement should translate + into English as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fonts. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Before adding anything to this section, however, determine what this new + typographic style will look like. + Stick to the font specifications in this Style Sheet as best you can, whenever + you can. + When you cannot, use the following suggestions: +\layout Itemize + +Guidelines for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +translating +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + fonts, +\newline +or +\newline +What to do when a font doesn't exist: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + +Roman Use the font that typesetters in your language use for printing books, + manuals, etc. + This will typically be the default font LyX (and LaTeX) uses in your language. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\noun on +Noun\SpecialChar ~ +Style +\noun default + This is for people's names. + If there is special font for names in your alphabet/writing system, use + it in place of this. + Otherwise, write names in the default font, typeset according to the rules + of your language. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\emph on +Emphasized +\emph default + Use the font with which your language normally emphasizes text. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Use a font that is different from your language's equivalent of +\series bold +Boldface +\series default +. + In other words, your +\family sans +Section +\family default +, +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + and similar headers will be in one typeface, perhaps +\series bold +Boldface +\series default +, perhaps not. + Whatever that font is, avoid using it for +\emph on +Emphasized +\emph default + if at all possible! +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default + Pick up a computer program manual written in your language. + It will use a special typeface for filenames, for command names, program + names, and such. + Use that same font in place of +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Sans\SpecialChar ~ +Serif +\family default + Pick any other font that is different from the ones you're using in place + of +\emph on +Emphasized +\emph default +, +\series bold +Boldface +\series default +, and +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default +. + If you're unlucky, and your language's writing system doesn't have enough + fonts, use the same font you picked to replace +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default +. + Only do this, however, if your alphabet/writing system has very few fonts + to pick from. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +nderlined\SpecialChar ~ +Sans\SpecialChar ~ +Serif +\family default + Don't worry about this one. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +If you use some special font on-screen to highlight the accelerator keys + for menus, buttons, and other widgets, you might want to mimic that in + the translations. + It is not required, however. + Therefore, if you can't mimic this typographic convention in your native + writing system, don't. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Note that you may also want to describe fonts that your Translation Team + should +\emph on +never +\emph default + use. + For example, no contributer to the English/European versions may ever use + +\series bold +Boldface +\series default +, as this is used for section-headings. + Since there are enough other fonts, we who use the Roman alphabet and its + variants can afford to omit +\series bold +Boldface +\series default +. + +\layout Standard + +Once you have determined which fonts in your native writing system will + replace one or more of the above, propose it to the LyX Developer's Mailing + List. + You may receive valuable feedback this way. + If not, that's okay. + If no one can read your writing system, and therefore cannot comment, that's + also okay. + Go ahead and describe the typographic standard you created in the Supplement. + +\layout Standard + +Remember: stick to the font specifications in this Style Sheet as best you + can, whenever you can. +\layout Subsubsection + +Quoting Style and the +\family sans +Quote +\family default + vs. + +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + Issue +\layout Standard + +The next section of the Supplement will cover the issue of quoting. + Give it an appropriate title. +\layout Standard + +One of the first things you should do in that section is resolve the following + issue: +\layout Itemize + +Decide whether +\family sans +Quote +\family default + or +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + is the correct paragraph environment for your language. +\layout Itemize + +In the Supplement, specify which one to use. +\layout Standard + +English has its own typography and style for quoting others. + The Style Sheet describes that typography in section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote} + +\end_inset + +. + Your language also has a specific typography and style for quotations. + Describe that style in this section of the Supplement, too. + Naturally, you do not need to go overboard. + Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote} + +\end_inset + + of this Style Sheet is overly detailed for a good reason. + Authors of the primary LyX manuals are not necessarily native English speakers. + The members of your Translation Team, however, will all likely be native + speakers of your language. + Therefore, discuss proper quoting style of your native tongue to an appropriate + level of detail. +\layout Subsubsection + +Translations of Style Sheet Terminology +\layout Standard + +In the Supplement, you must provide a standard translation of certain key + phrases for the members of your Translation Team. + Place this in a section following the one about quotations. +\layout Standard + +In particular, standardize the translations of the phrases: +\layout Itemize + +Note from +\noun on +: +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Author's Note: +\layout Standard + +Do +\emph on +not +\emph default + change the typography of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Personal Note +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Author's Note, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + however. + Only provide a translation for the opening phrases. + Insist that the members of your Translation Team use these two tools correctly. +\layout Standard + +While we are discussing proper use of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Personal Note +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Author's Note +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in translations, let's talk about a related problem. + The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Author's Note +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is meant to be a note from the author of a manual to the reader. + In the case of a translation, however, the translator is +\emph on +not +\emph default + the author! How then should a translator translate an +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Author's Note? +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +You, as Translation Project Chief, must decide. + You can forbid translation of pre-existing +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Author's Notes, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + omitting them entirely instead. + You could tell your translators to read any +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Author's Note +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + they may encounter, understand it, then write their own +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Author's Note +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + about the situation, not as a translation but as a personal opinion. + You may decide on some other policy. +\layout Standard + +Whatever you decide, codify your policy in its own +\family sans +Section +\family default + or +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + or whatever. + Place it near the section where you translated +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Personal Note +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Author's Note +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Lost in Translation +\layout Standard + +After describing all of the previous issues, create a new +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + Give it the name, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lost in Translation, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or something similar. +\layout Standard + +In this section you will discuss any common English metaphors, humor, connotatio +n, or other difficult to translate text. + Try to balance brevity and completeness. + Devote a +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + --- or even +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +s --- to each specific issue. +\layout Subsubsection + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Yes, we mean now. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Standard + +Throughout the manuals, the DocTeam has used the following sentences: +\layout Quote + +If you haven't read the < +\emph on +Foo +\emph default +> manual, go read it. + Yes, we mean now. +\layout Standard + +This sentence will be tricky to translate, since it contains non-translatable + connotations. + Therefore, create a +\family sans + Subsection +\family default + for this issue in your +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lost in Translation +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + section. + Present the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + Yes, we mean now\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sentences, then present a translation, along with any explanation you feel + necessary. +\layout Standard + +Here's what those two sentences, sitting alone in their own paragraph, mean: +\layout Standard + +The first sentence uses the English conditional followed by an imperative. + We, as the LyX team, are commanding the reader to go back to another manual. + For example, the +\emph on +Intro +\emph default + manual is a prerequisite for all of the other manuals. + The conditional clause preceeding the command means, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +You do not need to perform this command twice. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The second sentence adds force to the command. + Culturally, the imperative tense of a verb in English is not necessarily + forceful. + The way we wrote that command, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +go read it, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is firm, yet polite. + The reader may choose to ignore it. + By following with, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Yes, we mean now, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + we imply two things. + First, we add some +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +resistive force +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to the command. + That second sentence reinforces the command, making it a bit harder to + ignore. + Second, the sentence itself implies a certain sense of urgency. + You cannot merely wait until later to fulfill that command. + The brief pragraph, and its sudden end, add still further subtle reinforcement + to the command, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +go do the required reading before using this manual. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Note that all of this commanding and reinforcing is nevertheless in a polite + format. + Furthermore, it is in a subtle form. + We are commanding the reader to do something, but in an indirect fashion. + This way, the reader does not feel like we are bullying him. +\layout Subsubsection + +Firm Convincing vs. + Rudeness +\layout Standard + +In the same part of the Supplement that you place the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +Yes, we mean now\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + translation, discuss the English version's use of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +firm convincing. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +You see, here in America, we often say that everything is permitted unless + explicitly banned by law. + As a result, manuals for computer software are frequently ignored and the + software subsequently blamed for not being +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +user-friendly. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + This is where the use of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +firm convincing +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + comes in. + +\layout Standard + +We who wrote the manuals added sentences insisting that the reader not ignore + certain parts of the documentation. + We wrote in a manner that was polite, yet firmly asserted that the user + was misusing the software if he did not read the manual correctly. + We did not, however, want to sound threatening, coercive, or bullying. +\layout Standard + +In your culture, cajoling the reader into using the manuals correctly may + not be necessary. + It may, in fact, be outright rude. + Additionally, translating the firm-but-convincing bits may not work. + The translation may sound weird, or rude, or hostile. + Therefore, you and your translation team will face many sentences that + you cannot translate. +\layout Standard + +You, the Translation Project Chief, must discuss this issue. + Try and find parts of the original manuals where some friendly but firm + convincing does not translate properly. + Use these cases as the basis for examples of the problem. + Be sure to then offer a solution (i.\SpecialChar ~ +e.\SpecialChar ~ +how you want such sentences translated.) + If stumped, ask for help on the LyX Developer's List. +\layout Subsubsection + +Anything Else? +\layout Standard + +You can add more sections to the Supplement if you need to discuss other + issues. + There may be policies or guidelines that you want to set for your Translation + Team. + Be careful, however! Keep the Supplement +\emph on +short +\emph default +. + +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/Doc_toc.pl b/lib/doc/Doc_toc.pl new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..af2f7fa021 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/Doc_toc.pl @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +#!/usr/bin/perl -w +# Note! If your perl isn't in /usr/bin/perl, change the line above. +# (Or say "perl Doc_toc.pl" instead of just "Doc_toc.pl") +# +# This script creates a "master table of contents" for a set of LyX docs. +# It does so by going through the files and printing out all of the +# chapter, section, and sub(sub)section headings out. (It numbers the +# sections sequentially; hopefully noone's using Section* in the docs.) + +# ./Doc_toc.pl TOC_top/TOC_top.lyx Intro.lyx FAQ.lyx Tutorial.lyx UserGuide.lyx Extended.lyx Customization.lyx >TOC.lyx +# The script tries hard to ignore Footnotes, Notes; ERT and labels in section +# headings. There is even some code to handle nested insets, but no doubt it +# can break on some files. The emphasis has been put on working with current +# docs. + +use strict; + +my $Usage = <) { + last if /\\the_end/; # don't print last line! + print; +} +close HEAD; + +# loop through files; print out headers +my @matches; +my $level; +my $match = ""; +my $sub_match; +my $ignore = 0; # ignore lines (e.g. footnote in a heading) +my @sec_counter; + +while (<>) { + # first few lines of the file + unless (@matches) { + if (/^\\textclass (\w+)/) { + # Hopefully it's book, report, or article + my $class = $1; + @matches = @LyX_classes; + # Article doesn't have Chapters + if ($class eq "article") { + shift @matches; + } + $match = $matches[0]; + $sub_match = $matches[1]; + } + + next; + } + + # Footnotes in a section heading could confuse things! + # And don't bother printing out section labels. + if (/^\\begin_float footnote/ + || /^\\begin_inset OptArg/ + || /^\\begin_inset (Foot|Note|ERT|LatexCommand \\label)/) { + $ignore++; + } + elsif ($ignore && /^\\begin_inset/ ) { + $ignore++; + } + # Unset ignoring. But note that end_inset could be the end of another + # kind of inset! + if ($ignore && /^\\end_(float|inset)/) { + $ignore--; + next; # don't print out \end_float line + } + next if $ignore; + + # Now actually handle title & section headings + if (/^\\layout\s+(\w+)/) { + my $layout = $1; + my $found = 0; # did we find the start of a heading? + + if ($layout eq "Title") { + $found = 1; + @sec_counter = scalar(@matches) x (0); # (re)start section counters + print "\\layout Section*\n"; + + } else { + my $level; + foreach $level (0 .. $#matches) { + if ($layout eq $matches[$level]) { + + # If this is the first subsection of this level, + # start nesting. Top level (level 0) needs no nesting + if ($level && !$sec_counter[$level]) { + print "\\begin_deeper\n"; + } + + # A new section ends any sub- or subsubsections + # below it, etc. + # (Make sure to do this before calling §ion_number! + my $sublevel; + foreach $sublevel ($level+1 .. $#sec_counter) { + if ($sec_counter[$sublevel]) { + print "\\end_deeper\n"; + $sec_counter[$sublevel] = 0; + } + } + + $found = 1; + $sec_counter[$level]++; + my $sec = §ion_number (@sec_counter); + print "\\layout Description\n$sec "; + last; # don't need to try any more matches + } + } + } + + # If we found "Title" or one of the section layouts, then we're + # in a section header. Otherwise, this \layout command ENDS any section + # we might have been in before. + $printing = $found; + + # Rare case of a section header w/ no text after it at the end of a file + } elsif (/^\\the_end/) { + $printing = 0; # obviously we're not in the section header any more! + } else { + print if $printing; + } + + # Cleanup at the end of each file + if (eof) { + # Finish nesting subsections + # I.e., if we had any subsections in this section, end subsectioning + my $level; + foreach $level (1 .. $#sec_counter) { + if ($sec_counter[$level]) { + print "\\end_deeper\n"; + } + } + # So that on next file we check whether it's an article or book + @matches = (); + } + +} + +print "\n\\the_end\n"; + +# Make a (nested) section number +# Input is current section numbers +sub section_number { + my $number = shift; # Highest level section counter + my $index; + foreach $index (@_) { + if ($index) { + $number .= ".$index"; + } else { + # Done creating the number + last; + } + } + return $number; +} diff --git a/lib/doc/FAQ.lyx b/lib/doc/FAQ.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f265c93007 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/FAQ.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,1577 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language english +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +LyX Frequently Asked Questions with Answers +\newline +Version 0.3.7 +\layout Author + +by the LyX Team +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard +\noindent +Principal maintainer of this file is +\noun on + Mike Ressler +\noun default +. + If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX + Documentation mailing list, . +\end_inset + + +\layout Abstract + +This is the list of Frequently Asked Questions for LyX, the Open Source + document processor that provides a What-You-See-Is-What-You-Mean environment + for producing high quality documents. + For further help, you may wish to contact the LyX User Group mailing list + at +\family typewriter +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org +\family default + +\emph on +after +\emph default + you have read through the docs. + +\emph on + +\layout Abstract + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Introduction and General Information +\layout Subsection + +What is LyX? +\layout Standard + +LyX is a program that provides a more modern approach to writing documents + with a computer, an approach that breaks with the obsolete tradition of + the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +typewriter concept. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + It is designed for authors who want professional output quickly with a + minimum of effort without becoming specialists in typesetting. + The job of typesetting is done mostly by the computer, not the author; + with LyX, the author can concentrate on the contents of her writing. +\layout Standard + +LyX provides an +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +almost-WYSIWYG +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + view of the document. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Almost +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means that the line- and page-breaks are not displayed exactly as they + will appear in the printed document. + However, that's not really necessary, since LyX uses a separate typesetter + program (called LaTeX) to perform the final formatting of your text. + While LyX contains everything it needs to be a comfortable user interface, + the typesetting program contains everything necessary to format text, and + do so very, very well. + +\layout Standard + +So, line- and page-breaks aren't your problem anymore. + Remembering which number to use for the next subsection isn't your problem + anymore. + Recalling what font you used for all of your section headings isn't your + problem anymore. + You tell LyX (and LaTeX) what +\emph on +kind +\emph default + of document you're editing and what +\emph on +type +\emph default + of paragraph this-or-that text is, the computer can typeset it accordingly. + Of course you can also still do some low-level formatting for fine-tuning. + However, the proper way with LyX is to tell the computer what the text + +\emph on +is +\emph default +, not what it should look like. + So, we like to say that LyX gives you WYSIWYM editing (What You See Is + What You +\emph on +Mean +\emph default +). +\layout Subsection + +That's fine, but is it useful? +\layout Standard + +Absolutely. + The following type of documents have been produced with LyX: +\layout Itemize + +Memos +\layout Itemize + +Letters +\layout Itemize + +Dissertations (260 pages in a single document, longer using include files) +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +for example, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.fee.uva.nl/scholar/mdw/leuven/thesis.pdf} + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Lecture notes (133 pages, 27 figures on a 33 MHz 486 machine!) +\layout Itemize + +Seminar notebooks (500+ pages) +\layout Itemize + +Conference proceedings (Proceedings of the Second Continental Workshop on + the Geoid in Europe, (Finnish Geodetic Institute Report 98:4), 292 pages) +\layout Itemize + +Software Documentation (the LyX User Guide is about 120 pages) +\layout Itemize + +Books +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +see +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html} + +\end_inset + + for an example on PostgreSQL +\layout Itemize + +Donnay, J-P., Barnsley, M.J., and Longley, P.A., eds., 2001, Remote Sensing and + Urban Analysis (Taylor and Francis: London). +\layout Itemize + +Herbert Voss: Praktische Kryptologie mit Java 286 pages, lots of equations, + tables, figures. + ISBN 3-8311-1458-7 +\layout Itemize + +Yann Collette and Patrick Siarry, Optimisation multiobjectifs, 2002, Eyrolles +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Papers published in the following refereed journals: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Astronomy & Astrophysics (Suetterlin, P. + 1998, A&A, 333, 305; Suetterlin, P. + & Wiehr, E. + 1998, A&A, 336, 367) +\layout Itemize + +Astronomical Journal (Ressler, M. + E. + & Barsony, M. + 2001, AJ, 121, 1098) +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Novels (400+ page novel due out in September 2000; an 836 page novel is + currently with an agent) +\layout Itemize + +Scripts for plays and movies +\layout Itemize + +Business proposals for > $1 M (US) +\layout Subsection + +Where do I start? +\layout Standard + +The website +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + is the first place to go for anything related to LyX. + News, examples, downloads, and lots of other stuff is available there. + After you have installed LyX and started it the first time, read the Tutorial + ( +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Tutorial +\family default +). + Yes, I really mean that. +\layout Standard + +Another basic introductory guide may be found at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.bilkent.edu.tr/~robin/lyxguide.pdf} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Does LyX run on my computer? +\layout Standard + +At this time, you need to have the X Window system to run LyX. + OS/2 and Win32 ports exist, but you need to have an Xserver +\emph on + +\emph default +installed +\emph on + +\emph default +and running on these systems. + LyX is known to run on the following platforms (and probably a zillion + others): +\layout Itemize + +Linux: RedHat 4.2, 5.0, 5.1, 6.0, 6.1, SUSE 5.x, Mandrake 7.0, 7.2 +\layout Itemize + +SparcLinux: RedHat 6.0 +\layout Itemize + +Sun Solaris 2.6, 2.7 +\layout Itemize + +Tru64 Unix 4.0f +\layout Itemize + +HP-UX +\layout Itemize + +OSF1 flore V4.0 1091 alpha +\layout Subsection + +How much hard disk space does LyX need? +\layout Standard + +On my system, the LyX binary consumes 2.0 MB of disk space, while the supporting + files occupy another 12.6 MB (9.1 MB of which is consumed by the docs! You + can delete the languages you don't care about to save some space). + Of course, you do need to have something like teTeX installed which consumes + a mere 115 MB, as well as ghostscript, which is another 10 MB! +\layout Subsection + +Is LyX really Open Source? +\layout Standard + +Yes. + Some may quibble that since the freely available X toolkit that LyX uses, + xforms, is currently closed source, LyX is less than Pure and Holy. + Nonsense. + The LyX source itself is available under a slightly modified version of + the GPL, so it qualifies. + Also, the developers of LyX are working on making it toolkit independent, + so that next major version 1.3.0 will have Qt2/3 support; and even if not, + version 1.0 of xforms will be released under the LGPL (at the time of this + writing, prereleases of version 1.0 are available in source form from +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.lyx.org/pub/xforms/OpenSource/} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Internet Resources +\layout Subsection + +Where should I look on the World Wide Web for LyX stuff? +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{bugzilla.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +, if you want to report a bug in LyX. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.devel.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +, if you are interested in the real blood and guts. +\layout Itemize + +Known mirror sites include: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.mx.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.no.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.it.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Subsection + +Where can I get LyX material by FTP? +\layout Itemize + +ftp.lyx.org in /pub/lyx (also known as ftp.via.ecp.fr) +\layout Subsection + +What mailing lists are there? +\layout Itemize + +lyx-announce@lists.lyx.org (very low volume), for announcements related to + LyX +\layout Itemize + +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org (medium volume), for general usage issues +\layout Itemize + +lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org (high volume), for development and debugging issues +\layout Itemize + +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org (excruciatingly low volume), for documentation issues + +\layout Standard + +Generally, you would send email to lyx-foo-subscribe@lists.lyx.org to subscribe + to these lists or to lyx-foo-unsubscribe@lists.lyx.org to unsubscribe, where + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is one of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +announce +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +users +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +devel +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +docs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +; definitely see +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org/internet/mailing.php3} + +\end_inset + + for the full details. +\layout Subsection + +Are the mailing lists archived anywhere? +\layout Standard + +Yes. + :-) +\layout Subsection + +Okay, wise guy! Where are they archived? +\layout Itemize + +Announce: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.mail-archive.com/lyx-announce@lists.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Users: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.mail-archive.com/lyx-users@lists.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Devel: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.mail-archive.com/lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Compatibility with other word/document processors +\layout Subsection + +Can I read/write LaTeX files? +\layout Standard + +Yes. + LyX outputs LaTeX files that are either machine or human friendly. + The reLyX program that comes with LyX does a decent job of converting LaTeX + into LyX. + It's not perfect, but it will usually get at least 95% of the job done + for you. +\layout Subsection + +Can I read/write Word files? +\layout Standard + +Not trivially. + People have had some level of success with the following sequence: LyX +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +RTF +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +Word, and vice versa. + However, Word is inherently not a markup language like LyX and LaTeX are, + so conversions are usually difficult and almost meaningless. +\layout Standard + +However, here are a few suggestions which were sent in: +\layout Description + +word2x produces LaTeX, HTML and plain text output. + The LaTeX is importable in principle (and is rather clean) but I often + prefer plain text and add the formatting back in. + (This requires that you have knowledge on the original formatting). + On last writing did not yet handle Office 2000 Word. +\layout Description + +wvware (found at www.wvware.com, or the abisource CVS repository for the latest). + This was previously called msWordView. + Very good, only tends to produce visually formatted LaTeX/HTML. + Is however highly configurable: a config file +\family typewriter +wvLaTeX.xml +\family default + guides the translation process. + Handles also the newest Office formats. +\layout Description + +Ted This is the editor to use when someone sends you an RTF file created + by Word. + Fine product. + Mail yourself the converted version (plain text or HTML). +\layout Standard + +Finally, when all else fails, use any word processor (WordPerfect, StarOffice, + ...) which understands Word. + Then export as the file as plain text and add the formatting by hand in + LyX. + For me personally, at least, it's faster doing this than cleaning up attempts + at a conversion, though it is certainly unsatisfactory if you need to go + back and forth a lot. +\layout Subsection + +Can I read/write HTML files? +\layout Standard + +You can output HTML files using the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tth +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + converter program, amongst others. + There may be a HTML +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +LaTeX program available which allows you to convert the other direction. +\layout Section + +Obtaining and Compiling LyX +\layout Subsection + +What do I need? +\layout Itemize + +LyX source code: lyx-1.x.x.tar.gz +\layout Itemize + +XForms library: xforms-0.88 or higher (using the latest version available + is recommended) +\layout Itemize + +A LaTeX installation: we strongly recommend teTeX-1.0 or higher +\layout Itemize + +A PostScript® interpreter: ghostscript 7.0 or higher +\layout Itemize + +A modern C++ compiler. + If you are using gcc, LyX requires at least version 2.95.2. +\layout Subsection + +How do I compile it? +\layout Itemize + +./configure +\layout Itemize + +make +\layout Itemize + +make install (usually as root, though you don't have to be if you add flags + to the configure command) +\layout Standard + +See the INSTALL file for more details. +\layout Subsection + +I hate compiling. + Where are precompiled binaries? +\layout Standard + +Most of the above packages are available as precompiled binaries for a variety + of Linux systems, perhaps others as well. + The LyX binaries are available as RPMS and a few other formats and may + be obtained from +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.lyx.org/pub/lyx/bin/} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +The Windows port is available at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.fh-hannover.de/mbau/tim/hentschel/lyx/index.html} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Questions about Evil Red Text (IMPORTANT!) +\layout Subsection + +What is Evil Red Text (aka ERT)? +\layout Standard + +ERT (Evil Red Text) refers to raw LaTeX commands which are inserted into + your LyX document. + Certain troglodytes in the development group coined this term when they + complained about the unsightly appearance it leads to in LyX documents. + The more enlightened among us know that it is extremely useful, even though + it does qualify as URT (Ugly Red Text), but ERT seems to have stuck. + +\layout Subsection + +How do I enter Evil Red Text? +\layout Standard + +Aesthetic arguments aside, many of the answers in this FAQ require that + you use ERT, so whenever we say +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +insert the following LaTeX code +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, do the following +\layout Enumerate + +Click the TeX toolbar button or select +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +eX +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Type the command as it is written in the normal way +\layout Subsection + +The new ERT inset is really inconvenient ! +\layout Standard + +A lot of people have been complaining about the ERT inset introduced in + version 1.2.0. + However, since there is little hope of to see the old LaTeX font return + from the grave (it was really a hack), here are a couple of things to ponder: +\layout Itemize + +You can collapse the ERT like any other floats by using +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Open/C +\bar under +l +\bar default +ose float +\family default + (bound to +\family sans +C-i +\family default +by default) +\layout Itemize + +You can also set it to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +inlined +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + by using the properties dialog obtained by right-clicking anywhere in the + inset +\layout Subsection + +Is there an alternative? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX commands can also be inserted in the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaTeX Preamble +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, a form in LyX that is inserted verbatim into the LaTeX file which is generated + during processing. + This is especially useful for including nonstandard LaTeX packages, defining + global shortcuts to be used within the document, etc. +\layout Section + +Questions Related to Using LyX +\layout Standard + +In this section, we attempt to address the truly most frequently asked questions. + For a broader range of not-so-frequently asked questions and many +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +how do I? +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + topics, see Herbert Voss' spectacular collection at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.educat.hu-berlin.de/~voss/lyx} + +\end_inset + +. + You are doing yourself a large disservice if you don't check there before + sending a message to the mailing lists! +\layout Subsection + +General questions +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I get rid of the date under the title? +\layout Standard + +The simplest solution is to open the menu +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +P +\bar under +r +\bar default +eamble +\family default + and add the line +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +date{} +\layout Standard + +in the preamble window. +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I change the spacing in an Itemize/\SpecialChar \- +Enumerate/\SpecialChar \- +Description list environment +? +\layout Standard + +You'll have to do this by hand: for example, for one particular list, you + can add the following LaTeX code at the beginning of the list: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +itemsep}{0mm} +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I number equations by section? +\layout Standard + +Add the following two lines to your LaTeX preamble: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +@addtoreset{equation}{section} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +thesection. +\backslash +arabic{equation}} +\layout Subsubsection + +Is it possible to do this for figures and tables as well? +\layout Standard + +Replace the phrase +\family typewriter + +\backslash +theequation +\family default + with +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thetable +\family default + or +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thefigure +\family default + and then replace +\family typewriter +equation +\family default + with +\family typewriter +table +\family default + or +\family typewriter +figure +\family default +. + Don't forget to adapt the +\backslash +@addtoreset command, too. +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I change to footnote numbers to symbols (star, dagger, etc.)? +\layout Standard + +Add +\family typewriter + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +thefootnote}{ +\backslash +fnsymbol{footnote}} +\family default + to your LaTeX preamble. +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I kill widows and orphans? +\layout Standard + +Okay, we are not playing Duke Nukem here! To eliminate widows and orphans + (first line from a paragraph at the bottom of the page and the last line + from a paragraph at the top of the page), add the following to the LaTeX + preamble: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +widowpenalty=10000 +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +clubpenalty=10000 +\layout Standard + +and perhaps +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +raggedbottom +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I get a formatted list which starts with e.g. + 1. + a)? +\layout Standard + +If you want a list which looks like +\layout LyX-Code + +1. + a) First alternative +\layout LyX-Code + + b) Second alternative +\layout LyX-Code + + c) Third alternative +\layout Standard + +then try the following +\layout LyX-Code + +1. + {} +\layout LyX-Code + + a) First alternative +\layout LyX-Code + + b) Second alternative +\layout LyX-Code + + c) Third +\layout Standard + +where {} is in ERT (i.e. + a placeholder not generating output. + Specifically, set the style to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +enumerate +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, enter the brackets in ERT, change the environment depth, and add the three + elements. + LyX will auto-label the entries. +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I count words in LyX? +\layout Standard + +Run a spellcheck; it will display the total number of words checked. + Make sure the cursor is at the top of the document when you start the spellchec +ker so that everything is counted. +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I insert a fixed amount of horizontal space? +\layout Standard + +There are various ERT commands to use: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +enspace +\family default + (1/2 em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thinspace +\family default + (1/6 em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +negthinspace +\family default + (-1/6 em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +quad +\family default + (1 em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +qquad +\family default + (2 em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace{ +\emph on +length +\emph default +} +\family default +, etc. + An +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +em +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is roughly the width of the letter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the current font. + The length argument of the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace +\family default + command is any valid TeX length; units can be +\family typewriter +mm +\family default + (millimeters), +\family typewriter +cm +\family default + (centimeters), +\family typewriter +in +\family default + (inches), +\family typewriter +pt +\family default + (points = 1/72 inch), +\family typewriter +em +\family default + (width of letter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), or +\family typewriter +ex +\family default + (height of letter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + Examples: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace{1in} +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace{2.5em} +\family default +, etc. +\layout Subsubsection + +How can I make citations show up as [1,2,3,6] or [1-3,6] rather than [1][2][3][6 +]? +\layout Standard + +Insert +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{cite} +\family default + into the LaTeX preamble. + Most LaTeX distributions should have this package included. + LyX supports this package, if you insert multiple citations separated by + commas into the citation dialog, e. + g. + [Smalley_JCP,Jarrold_Sci], instead of just one citation after the other: + [Smalley_JCP] [Jarrold_Sci]. +\layout Subsection + +Figure related questions +\layout Subsubsection + +What is the difference between a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +figure +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +figure float +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +This is an example of less-than-ideal terminology. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Figure +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is what I would really call a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +graphic +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +; it basically means insert a picture file. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Figure float +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is more what one means by a figure in a paper: it includes the graphic, + the caption, the figure label, etc. + You should almost always insert a figure float first, then put a figure + inside that. +\layout Standard + +Tables work in the same manner. + Put a table float in first, then insert the table within that. +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I get LyX to put the figure exactly where I want it? +\layout Standard + +Select +\family sans +Layout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + In the +\family sans +Float Placement +\family default + box, type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +!htp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + This tells LaTeX to try really hard to put the figure here first, then + the top of a page, then on a page by itself. + This is a global setting: all figure will then obey this rule set. +\layout Standard + +If you want to control how each figure behaves, right-click in the figure + float and you will get a dialog allowing to control the figure behavior. +\layout Subsubsection + +What does +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Too many unprocessed floats +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + mean? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX can handle only a limited number of floating elements floating at + a given time. + For example, if Figure 4 can't be fit in a good location (using the default + rules of top of the page, then bottom, then a page of its own) and Figure + 5 comes along, they will both continue to float toward the end of the document + until a good location can be found. + If nothing good turns up, they will just be placed at the end of the document. + If there are too many of these, LaTeX overruns a counter and emits the + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +too many unprocessed floats +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + error. + This is not a bug in LaTeX, this is simply too many figures with too little + text :-) +\layout Standard + +The easiest way to work around this is to insert a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +clearpage +\family default + command somewhere in the document where a pagebreak would be appropriate. + While a pagebreak would simply start a new page, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +clearpage +\family default + processes all remaining floats, then begins a new page. + This may lead to an unsightly stack of figures in the middle of your document; + you may need to use several +\family typewriter + +\backslash +clearpages +\family default + to make things balance nicely. +\layout Subsection + +Math related questions +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I put normal text inside a mathematical equation? +\layout Standard + +Type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +M-m m +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + while inside the equation to enter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +math text mode +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + +How do I make a cube root (or higher)? +\layout Standard + +Type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +M-m r +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to insert a nifty +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +root box +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Use the cursor keys to navigate the entry boxes. +\layout Section + +Questions Related to Running LyX +\layout Subsection + +How do I convert LyX files to LaTeX from the command line? +\layout Standard + +File export was vastly improved in version 1.1.6. + Simply say +\layout LyX-Code + +lyx --export latex .lyx +\layout Standard + +and that is all you need to do. +\layout Standard + +If you have an older version of LyX, you can use the same syntax if you + are running X, because it will cause LyX windows to pop up onto your screen. + If you have the Xvfb command available, you can resort to a deeper level + of subterfuge (under +\family typewriter +bash +\family default +): +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +(Xvfb :1 -once -terminate &); rm .tex; lyx -display :1 --export latex + .lyx +\layout Standard +\noindent +Under csh/tcsh it is simply +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Xvfb :1 -once -terminate &; rm .tex; lyx -display :1 --export latex + .lyx +\layout Standard +\noindent +This should work anywhere, whether or not X is actually running. +\layout Subsection + +How do I create PDF files from my LyX document? +\layout Standard + +Read Section 5.3.6 of the +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default + manual. +\layout Subsection + +Why do the fonts in my document look so bad in +\family typewriter +acroread +\family default + ? +\layout Standard + +The problem and the solution are also discussed in Section 5.3.6 of the +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default + manual. +\layout Subsection + +Why doesn't my latest and greatest version of Ghostscript render EPS inline + figures properly? +\layout Standard + +[Note: this only applies to versions of LyX older than 1.2.0, since the graphics + rendering code has been rewritten in this version] +\layout Standard + +A couple of users reported that they couldn't get recent Ghostscript versions + to display inline figures in LyX. + It transpires that this is a Ghostscript bug: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?func=detailbug&bug_id=124957&group_id=1897} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\noindent +This bug appears to affect Ghostscript 6.22 and upwards. + After applying the above mentioned patch, rendering in Lyx works fine again. + GNU Ghostscript 6.53 and above include this fix. +\layout Section + +Questions Related to LyX on Windows +\layout Subsection + +Why do the menus and the toolbar flicker ? +\layout Standard + +You are probably using the XWin32 X server. + This is a bug in XWin32: you can work around the problem by disabling the + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Use Reserved Colors +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + option of XWin32, and using a color mode other than PseudoColor. +\layout Section + +How to get further assistance +\layout Subsection + +You still haven't answered my question! +\layout Standard + +Then RTFM, especially the Tutorial. + The documentation really is quite good. + (Besides, I helped write parts of it :-) If you think your problem may + be LaTeX related, then look in +\emph on +LaTeX, A Document Preparation System, 2nd Ed. + +\emph default + by Leslie Lamport (1994). + There are also numerous example files included with LyX. + Try +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Open\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Examples +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +I want to mail someone about my problem. + +\layout Standard + +Send email to the LyX Users list lyx-users@lists.lyx.org. + If LyX is actually crashing or otherwise non-functional, then try the developer +s' list at lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org. +\layout Subsection + +What to put in a request for help. +\layout Standard + +Include your version of LyX and a description of what you are trying to + do, along with evidence that you've actually read the docs. +\layout Standard + +If LyX has crashed, include the version of LyX, the operating system, the + version of xforms (if it seems to be a screen drawing problem), and a precise + description of the events that lead to the crash. + The easier it is for the developers to reproduce your crash, the more likely + it will get fixed. + If you're brave and like to hack, use gdb to generate a backtrace and include + the results with your mail. + If you have no clue what I'm talking about, just describe what you did + as completely as you can. +\layout Section + +Administrative information and acknowledgments +\layout Subsection + +Feedback is invited. + +\layout Standard + +Send comments, suggested additions, world record document claims, etc. + to +\emph on +mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu. +\layout Subsection + +Formats in which this FAQ is available. + +\layout Standard + +The LyX file original is included in the LyX source distribution, converted + versions in HTML and ASCII should soon be available at the website. + A German version is also available with the distribution. +\layout Subsection + +Authorship and acknowledgments. +\layout Standard + +Bernhard Iselborn, David Johnson, and Paul Evans were responsible for the + FAQ through version 0.2.2 which covered LyX-0.10.7. + The FAQ as of version 0.3.0 was written from scratch and covers LyX-1.0 and + higher. + Many people contributed pieces to the current version; Mike Ressler ( +\emph on +mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu +\emph default +) of the Doc Team is collecting them into this file. +\layout Subsection + +Disclaimer and Copyright. + +\layout Standard + +I don't claim anything in this document is accurate to within a factor of + +\begin_inset Formula $\pi$ +\end_inset + +; after all, I'm just an astronomer, and we like to set +\begin_inset Formula $c=h=k=\pi=1$ +\end_inset + +. + When the answer is wrong, we just redefine the units. + This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT + ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS + FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + See the GNU General Public License for more details. + In other words, it's not my fault if you lose your dissertation the night + before your doctoral defense because you forgot to save it before the power + failed while wondering how a fundamental physical constant expressed in + units of +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{m s}^{-1}$ +\end_inset + + could possibly be equal to one expressed as +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{kg m s}^{-2}\textrm{ K}^{-1}$ +\end_inset + +. + This file is Copyright © 2000 by Michael E. + Ressler on behalf of the LyX Documentation Team. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/Intro.lyx b/lib/doc/Intro.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..352ff7180d --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/Intro.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,1831 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language english +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 2 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Introduction to LyX +\layout Author + +by the LyX Team +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Principal maintainer of this file is +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +. + If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX + Documentation mailing list, . +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +The Philosophy of LyX +\layout Quote + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Uncle Cosmo, why do they call this a word processor? +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Quote + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +It's simple, Skyler. + You've seen what food processors do to food, right? +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Quote + + +\hfill +--- Jeff MacNelly in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Shoe +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +What is LyX? +\layout Standard + +LyX is a document preparation system. + It excels at letting you create complex technical and scientific articles + with mathematics, cross-references, bibliographies, indices, etc. + It is very good at documents of any length in which the usual processing + abilities are required: automatic sectioning and pagination, spellchecking, + and so forth. + It can also be used to write a letter to your mom, though granted, there + are probably simpler programs available for that. + It is definitely not the best tool for creating banners, flyers, or advertiseme +nts (we'll explain why later), though with some effort all these can be + done, too. + Some examples of what it is used for: memos, letters, dissertations and + theses, lecture notes, seminar notebooks, conference proceedings, software + documentation, books (on PostgreSQL, remote sensing, cryptology, fictional + novels, poetry, and even a children's book or two), articles in refereed + scientific journals, scripts for plays and movies, business proposals \SpecialChar \ldots{} + + you get the idea. +\layout Standard + +LyX is a program that provides a modern approach to writing documents with + a computer by using a markup language paradigm, an approach that breaks + with the obsolete tradition of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +typewriter concept. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + It is designed for authors who want professional output quickly with a + minimum of effort without becoming specialists in typesetting. + The job of typesetting is done mostly by the computer, not the author; + with LyX, the author can concentrate on the contents of her writing. +\layout Standard + +Part of the initial challenge of using LyX comes from the change in thinking + that you, the user, must make. + At one time, all we had for creating documents were typewriters, so we + all learned certain tricks to get around their limitations. + Underlining, which is little more than overstriking with the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + character, became a way to emphasize text. + You were forced to figure out column sizes and tab stops, and set them, + before creating a table. + The same applied for letters and other right justified text. + Hyphenation at the end of a line required a careful eye and a lot of foresight. +\layout Standard + +In other words, we've all been trained to worry about the little details + of which character goes where. + Consequently, almost all word processors have this mentality. + They still use tab stops for adding whitespace. + You still need to worry about exactly where on the page something will + appear. + Emphasizing text means changing a font, similar to changing the typewriter + wheel. + This is the underlying philosophy of a WYSIWYG word processor: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Unfortunately, that paradigm often results in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is All You Get +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +This is where LyX differs from an ordinary word processor. + You don't concern yourself with what character goes where. + You tell LyX +\emph on +what you're doing +\emph default + and LyX takes care of the rest, following a set of rules called a +\emph on +style. +\emph default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +To be fair, most recent versions of the most popular office suites now have + some sort of style sheets which follow a similar markup method. + However, our experience is that they are still rarely used in practice. +\end_inset + + Let's look at a little example: +\layout Standard + +Suppose you are writing a report. + To begin your report, you want a section called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Introduction\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + So, you go into whatever menu it is in your word processor that changes + font sizes and decide on a new font size. + Then you turn on bold face. + Then you type, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +Introduction +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Of course, if you later decide that this section belongs someplace else + in the document, or if you insert a new section before it, you need to + change the numbering for this and all following sections, as well as any + entry in the table of contents. + +\layout Standard + +In LyX, you go to the pull-down on the far left of the button bar and select + +\family sans +Section +\family default +, and type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Introduction\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Yes, that's all. + If you cut and paste the section, it will automatically be renumbered --- + everywhere. + And if you enter references to that section correctly (by inserting cross-refer +ence tags), LyX will automatically update them all throughout the file so + that you never, ever type a section number. +\layout Standard + +Now let's look at the problem of consistency. + Five days later, you reopen your report and start Section\SpecialChar ~ +4. + However, you forget that you were using 18pt bold instead of 16pt, so you + type in the heading for Section\SpecialChar ~ +4 in a different font that what you used + for Section\SpecialChar ~ +1. + That problem doesn't even exist in LyX. + The computer takes care of all that silly bookkeeping about which thing + has what size font, not you. + After all, that's what a computer is good at. +\layout Standard + +Here's another example. + Suppose you're making a list. + In other word processors, a list is just a bunch of tab stops and newlines. + You need to figure out where to put the label for each list item, what + that label should be, how many blank lines to put between each item, and + so on. + Under LyX, you have only two concerns: what kind of list is this, and what + do I want to put in it. + That's it. +\layout Standard + +So, the basic idea behind LyX is: specify +\emph on +what +\emph default + you're doing, not +\emph on +how +\emph default + to do it. + Instead of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + the LyX model is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You +\emph on +Mean +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +WYSIWYM. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + It's a powerful idea that greatly simplifies the mechanics of writing documents. + This is also why LyX isn't so good for creating posters and flyers---in + this case, you +\emph on +do +\emph default + want to specify exactly where everything goes, because there are no functional + units like paragraphs, sections, etc. + This doesn't mean LyX is missing some cool function. + It simply means that it isn't the right tool for the job --- you don't + use a screwdriver to drive in nails (unless your screwdriver comes with + a lifetime warranty). +\layout Section + +Differences between LyX and Other Word +\newline +Processors +\begin_inset OptArg +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX and Other Word Processors +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +No, we're not trying to start (or win) a word processor holy war here. + But we do think it's important to describe LyX's features. + And one of LyX's main features, WYSIWYM, is a fundamentally different concept + than the one that most of people have about word processing. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Here's a list of things you won't find in LyX: +\layout Itemize + +The document ruler +\layout Itemize + +Tab stops +\layout Itemize + +Extra whitespace (i.e. + hitting +\family sans +Enter +\family default + or +\family sans +Space +\family default + two or more times) +\layout Standard + +Tab stops, along with a ruler showing you the position of things on the + page, are useless in LyX. + The program worries about where things go on the page, not you. + Extra whitespace is similar; LyX adds them where necessary, depending on + context. + Not being able to type two blank lines in a row will be annoying at first, + but it makes more sense once you're thinking in WYSIWYM terms. +\layout Standard + +Here are some things that exist in LyX, but aren't used as you might think: +\layout Itemize + +Indenting controls +\layout Itemize + +Page breaks +\layout Itemize + +Line spacing (i.e. + single spaced, double spaced, etc.) +\layout Itemize + +Whitespace, horizontal and vertical +\layout Itemize + +Fonts and font sizes +\layout Itemize + +Typefaces (bold, italic, underline, etc.) +\layout Standard + +Although they exist in LyX, you generally don't need them. + LyX will take care of these things for you, depending on what you're doing. + Different parts of the document are automatically set in a different typeface + and font size. + Paragraph indenting is context dependent; different types of paragraphs + get indented differently. + Page breaks get handled automatically, as well. + In general, the space between lines, between words, and between paragraphs + is variable, set by LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +There are ways to adjust all of these (only some of which require knowledge + of LaTeX), either for a whole document or for a specific location in a + document. + See the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + and/or the +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default + manual for details. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Lastly, there are a few areas where we believe LyX (and LaTeX) surpasses + many word processors: +\layout Itemize + +Hyphenation +\layout Itemize + +Lists of any type +\layout Itemize + +Mathematics +\layout Itemize + +Tables +\layout Itemize + +Cross-referencing +\layout Standard + +Granted, many modern word processors can handle mathematical symbols, tables, + and hyphenation, and many have moved towards style definitions and the + WYSIWYM concept. + However, they've only recently been able to do so, whereas LyX is built + upon the LaTeX document preparation system. + LaTeX has been around for over 15 years, and +\emph on +works +\emph default +. +\layout Section + +What the heck +\emph on +is +\emph default + LaTeX (and why do I care)? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX is a document preparation system designed by Leslie Lamport in 1985. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +The source for the info in this section is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\emph default +, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + by Helmut Kopka and Patrick Daly, which has an entry in the bibliography + of the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + + It, in turn, was built up from a typesetting language called TeX, created + by Donald Knuth in 1984. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is pronounced like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blech! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + which is how many people feel about it. + However, most folks don't understand just what TeX is. + TeX takes a sequence of typesetting commands, written in a script in an + ASCII file, and executes them. + It's a bit more complicated than a typewriter, but not nearly as involved + as an actual printing press; however, many of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tricks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the printing trade were modeled by Knuth as computer algorithms and + incorporated into TeX, thus its excellent printed appearance. + In any case, what comes directly out of TeX is the so-called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +device independent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + format file, or +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + for short. + You can then feed the +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + file to anything that understands +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, or converts +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + to other formats like PostScript®, PDF, etc. + +\layout Standard + +If it weren't for one other feature, all TeX would be is a typesetting engine. + However, TeX also allows you to define macros. + This is where the action begins. +\layout Standard + +Most people who use TeX are actually using a macro package which Knuth created + to hide a lot of the typesetting details. + This is what most people think of when they think of TeX\SpecialChar \@. + Ordinary users + don't work with raw TeX, which are the bare-bones typesetting commands. + People creating new macro-packages do that. + This is where Leslie Lamport enters our story. + He wanted a macro package that was more user-oriented and less typesetter-orien +ted, a set of commands that consistently typeset things like sections or + tables or math formulae in a uniform, consistent fashion with as little + fuss as possible. + This is how LaTeX was born. +\layout Standard + +Now, in parallel with the development and growth of LaTeX, other folks were + creating their own custom macro packages for TeX, ones to make slides or + articles for math journals and so on. + Some used the raw TeX facilities to do this, others began modifying LaTeX. + To try and unify this mess, a team of LaTeX-nicians (including Lamport, + of course) began to work on LaTeX2e, the current version of LaTeX, during + the late 1980's. + This new version of LaTeX has commands which provide an easier-to-use interface + to TeX's macro-creating commands (remember TeX?), aid in the use of new + fonts, and so on. + In fact, LaTeX is quite an extensive language in its own right! Users around + the world have been creating their own add-ons for LaTeX beyond the standard + ones. +\layout Standard + +There are two ways to extend LaTeX: classes and styles. + A +\emph on +class +\emph default + is a set of LaTeX (and TeX) macros describing a new type of document, like + a book, or an article. + There are classes for slides, for physics and math journals\SpecialChar \ldots{} + many universities + even have a class for their thesis format! A +\emph on +style +\emph default + differs from a class in that it doesn't define a new type of document, + but a different type of +\emph on +behavior +\emph default + that any document can use. + For example, LyX controls page margins and line spacing using two different + LaTeX style-files designed for these purposes. + There are style-files for a whole slew of things: printing labels or envelopes, + changing indentation behavior, adding new fonts, manipulating graphics, + designing fancy page headings, customizing bibliographies, altering the + location and appearance of footnotes, tables, and figures, customizing + lists, et cetera. +\layout Standard + +Here's a summary: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Typesetting language with macro capability. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Macro package built upon TeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +classes: Descriptions of a type of document, using LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +styles: Alters the default behavior of LaTeX in some way. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Visual, WYSIWYM word-processor that uses LaTeX in all its glory to + do its printing. +\layout Standard + +The idea of this section was to try and explain +\emph on +why +\emph default + LyX works somewhat differently from other word processors. + The reason is simple: LyX uses LaTeX as its printing backend. + Just like LaTeX, LyX focuses on the context of your writing --- +\emph on +what +\emph default + you are typing. + The computer then handles how it should look. +\layout Standard + +Oh --- one last thing. + LaTeX is pronounced like TeX is. + It rhymes with +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hey blech. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ha blech +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, depending on how you pronounce your +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +a +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +s\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + Usually. + Lamport says in his book, though, that +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +lay +\emph default +-tecks is also possible +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + on the other hand, is pronounced +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +licks. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lucks, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +looks, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + depending on what country you're from \SpecialChar \ldots{} + but numerous holy wars and flame + fests have been started over this issue on the LyX mailing lists, so please + just pronounce it however you please. + Just don't pronounce it +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +word +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\family typewriter +:-) +\layout Chapter + +Navigating the Documentation +\layout Standard + +To make it easier to answer your questions and describe all of the features + of LyX, the documentation has been split up into several different files. + Each one has its own purpose, as described below. + Before you go plowing into any of those files, however, you should read + this chapter thoroughly first, since it contains a lot of useful information + and commentary that can save you some time. +\layout Standard + +Although LyX is now well past the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +version 1.0 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + mark, some of the documentation may be incomplete or a bit out of date, + though we try to keep up. + Like the rest of LyX, the manuals are the work of a group of volunteers + who have +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Real Jobs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, families, dishes to clean, kitty litter to dispose of, et cetera. + If you want to help out, be sure to read Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + + in addition to the rest of this document.) +\layout Standard + +Also, please do us a favor---if anything in these manuals confuses you, + is unclear, or wrong, don't hesitate to let us know! You can reach the + current document maintainers by mailing to +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + If you have questions which are not obviously answered in the documentation, + and need help fast, there is an active users' mailing list which you can + reach at +\family typewriter +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. +\layout Section + +The Format of the Manuals +\layout Standard + +Some of you may have printed out the manual(s). + Others may be reading it online, within LyX as a file. + For those reading online, there are some differences from the printed version. + First, the title is simply at the top of the document, not formatted on + a separate page as in some of the printed versions. + Nor are any of the footnotes or the Table of Contents visible. + To open a footnote, which looks like this, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Hi! +\layout Standard + +To close me, click on the grey box on the top left of this box, the one + with the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in it. +\end_inset + + click on it with the left mouse button. + For the Table of Contents, either click on the grey box, or click on the + +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +avigate +\family default + menu, where the contents are displayed automatically\SpecialChar \@. + (Try it!) +\layout Standard + +In the printed manuals, all cross-references appear as the actual numbers + for a chapter, section, subsection, and so on. + Online, however, all cross-references appear as a grey box like the following: + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +. + (The printed manuals show a number instead.) If you click on that box with + the left mouse button, a dialog box will appear containing a list of all + the cross-references in the document. + This introduction has only one named +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec:Contrib +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + You can go to the section the referred to by clicking the button labeled + "Go to reference". + Going back to where you came from is just as easy. + Clicking on +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Go back +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or typing +\family sans +C-< +\family default + will take you back to your earlier location. + (What does +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C-< +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + mean? See below.) +\layout Standard + +Now that we've cleared up some of the differences between the printed and + online versions of this file, we can start looking at the format of this + document. + You'll occasionally notice things in different fonts: +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Emphasized Style +\emph default + is used for general emphasis, generic arguments, book titles, names of + sections of other manuals, and notes from the authors. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default + is used for program and file names, LaTeX code, and LyX code and functions. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Sans Serif +\family default + is used for menu, button, or dialog box names, and the names of keyboard + keys. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Noun Style +\noun default + is used for people's names. +\layout Standard + +For menu accelerator keys and other more obscure keybindings, you'll probably + get referred to the +\emph on +Key Bindings +\emph default + section of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Extended Features Manual +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (the file +\family typewriter +Extended.lyx +\family default +). + When we do need to reference keys, we'll use the following prefixing convention +: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + indicates the +\family sans +Control- +\family default + key. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + indicates the +\family sans +Shift- +\family default + key. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + indicates the +\family sans +Meta- +\family default + key, which on some keyboards will be the +\family sans +Alt- +\family default + key. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + are the function keys. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is the escape key. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Left +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Right +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Up +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Down +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: self-explanatory. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Insert +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Home +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +End +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: these are the 6 keys that appear above the cursor keys on many PC keyboards. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + are called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Prior +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Next +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + on some keyboards. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Return +\family default + and +\family sans +Enter +\family default + both refer to the same key. + Some keyboards label the +\family sans +Return +\family default + key as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Return, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + others as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Enter, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + still others have two keys. + LyX treats all of them as the same key, so we'll use +\family sans +Return +\family default + and +\family sans +Enter +\family default + interchangeably. +\layout Standard + +You'll also see something like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +(See +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + +Extended +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from time to time. + We've listed the possible default keybindings for a function in its entry + in the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Extended Features Manual +\emph default +, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + so check there, too. + Note that there are two different keybinding maps in common use in the + LyX community: the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +CUA +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + style which is the default and familiar to those coming from the PC world, + and the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +emacs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + style, which is common with those who +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +grew up +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + on Unix systems and use the Emacs editor. + Unless specifically noted, the keybindings in the documentation are from + the default CUA map. + If you like Emacs, you should be smart enough to read the documentation + and figure out the bindings on your own. +\layout Section + +The Manuals +\layout Standard + +The following list describes the contents of each of the files in the documentat +ion: +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Introduction +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +This file. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Tutorial +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +If you are new to LyX, and have never used LaTeX before, you should start + here. + If you think LaTeX is the stuff they make condoms out of, then you definitely + need to reread Chapter 1, then read the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + Note that after you read the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, you'll probably still think LaTeX is some stretchy substance --- but you + +\emph on +will +\emph default + know how to use LyX. +\layout Standard + +If you +\emph on +have +\emph default + used LaTeX before, you should still read the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, starting with the section on +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX for LaTeX users. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (Skimming the rest of the document wouldn't hurt, either.) +\layout Standard + +If, at any time, you find yourself feeling a bit clueless with respect to + LyX, try perusing the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + before diving into any of the other manuals. + It's a good springboard. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +User's\SpecialChar ~ +Guide +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +The primary documentation. + We'll cover +\emph on +most +\emph default + of the basic operation and available features of LyX here. + The main manual assumes that you've read the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Extended\SpecialChar ~ +Features +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Extension of the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default +. + Documents how to use raw LaTeX commands, additional layouts, and special-purpos +e editing features, and includes some of the (rather bizarre, but nifty) + tricks of the LaTeX masters. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Customization +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +A description of advanced LyX features, including how to customize the overall + behavior of LyX\SpecialChar \@. + This includes such things as keybindings, internationalization, + and configuration files. + Don't even think of going in here until you read the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +configuration +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +LyX investigates your system upon installation. + This file contains info on what LyX learned about your installation. + Check it to see if you're missing something you might like to have. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +These files will reference one another as necessary. + For example, the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + contains +\emph on +some +\emph default + information on installation and customization, but refers the reader to + the +\emph on +Customization Manual +\emph default + for more information. +\layout Standard + +We'll state again an important point: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom bigskip \align center +If you are new to LyX, read the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + Now\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Otherwise, you could needlessly frustrate yourself. + LyX does all that you need a word processor to do, but using a different + approach. +\layout Chapter + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +Contributing to the LyX Project +\layout Section + +Contributing to LyX +\layout Standard + +LyX is mostly written in C++ (the LaTeX importer is written in Perl). + It is a large project, and as a result it is not free from bugs, or the + need for improvements in the source code. +\layout Subsection + +Reporting a bug +\layout Standard + +While using LyX, you may find behaviour which you consider a bug. + Crashes, though rare, can happen. + User interface problems are considered major bugs by the LyX team: especially + helpful are indications of parts of the LyX interface you find confusing, + or unclear. +\layout Standard + +LyX has a bug tracking system, which you can find at +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[LyX bug tracker]{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + You should check the bug tracker before reporting any bugs, in case it + has already been reported. + If you have a comment on an existing bug, or wish to report a new bug, + you may either use the bug tracker, or send an e-mail to the development + mailing list, +\family typewriter +lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + Archives of this list are linked from the main LyX website, +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[LyX website]{http://www.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +A good (useful) bug report will at a minimum include the version of LyX + you are having the problem with. + Accurate, detailed descriptions are preferred - the more time developers + have to spend to pinpoint the source of a bug, the less time they have + for other improvements. + Mention the system and system version you are running LyX with. + Give the versions of the libraries you have installed on your system, and, + if relevant, the versions of external programs that LyX uses. + If it's a compilation or configuration problem, include the file +\family typewriter +config.log +\family default +, and mention which compiler you are using. + +\layout Standard + +If you can make LyX crash, please take the time to produce a backtrace with + a non-stripped lyx executable. + The one built in the source directory is per default not stripped, while + the installed binary is stripped. + So, run LyX from gdb by typing, for example, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +\size small +gdb /users/steve/lyx-1.0.x/src/lyx +\family default +\size default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and then +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +\size small +run +\family default +\size default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Make LyX crash and you'll return to gdb. + Use +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +\size small +bt +\family default +\size default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce a backtrace and include the output in the bug report +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +if you want to be thorough, use the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +info locals +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +up +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + commands to print out the values of local variables at a few stack levels. +\end_inset + +. + If possible, then a description of a way to reproduce the bug is more important + than a backtrace, because then we have the possibility to roll our own + backtrace. + If the bug is not easily reproducible, a backtrace is essential, because + then that might be all we've got. +\layout Subsection + +Contributing fixes and new features +\layout Standard + +If you have made changes to LyX's source that you think should become part + of LyX, send your changes as a diff file (in unified format) to the development + list referenced above, along with a change log, and a description of what + your patch does. +\layout Section + +Contributing to the Documentation +\layout Standard + +LyX's documentation is extensive; however LyX is under constant development, + and each new release adds new features. + You may find some documentation needs improvement. + This section describes what to do if you find an error, or have some suggestion +s for improving the documentation. +\layout Subsection + +Reporting Errors in the Manuals +\layout Standard + +If you find a problem with the documentation, send a message to the mailing + list +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + The documentation team will make any necessary fixes. +\layout Subsection + +Joining the Documentation Team. +\layout Standard + +The LyX Documentation Project, like anything else in the LyX project, can + always use assistance! If you're interested in contributing to the Documentatio +n Project, you need to do the following assignment +\emph on +first +\emph default +: +\layout Enumerate + +Get the latest LyX source code. + Untar it. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +The more adventurous can grab the latest documentation anonymously from + the LyX CVS repository - it is contained in the +\family typewriter +lyxdoc +\family default + module. +\end_inset + + You will find a directory inside the main tree called +\family typewriter +lib/doc/ +\family default +. + Inside that directory is a file called +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +. + Read it; it's the style sheet for the documentation. +\layout Enumerate + +Next, read the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + and the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +The point of this exercise is to give you ideas. + The +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + and +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + is likely to be the most up-to-date of all of the documentation. + You should be able to glean some insights into how we want the manuals + to read and to look. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Contact the team at: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\layout Standard + +to discuss your intended changes, and get some feedback on them. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +The changes you wish to make may range from improving clarity of the text, + to doing major re-structuring of the documentation. + Any and all improvements are gladly received. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/Makefile.am b/lib/doc/Makefile.am index 3ce836a360..810fdcabb6 100644 --- a/lib/doc/Makefile.am +++ b/lib/doc/Makefile.am @@ -1,19 +1,25 @@ include $(top_srcdir)/config/common.am -DISTCLEANFILES += LyXConfig.lyx LaTeXConfig.lyx +DISTCLEANFILES += LyXConfig.lyx LaTeXConfig.lyx Makefile.depend -EXTRA_DIST = LaTeXConfig.lyx.in LyXConfig.lyx.in $(docfiles) +EXTRA_DIST = Depend.pl Doc_toc.pl LaTeXConfig.lyx.in LyXConfig.lyx.in README.Documentation $(docfiles) $(toc_DATA) docfiles = \ cs_TOC.lyx \ + cs_Tutorial.lyx \ + da_Intro.lyx \ da_TOC.lyx \ de_Customization.lyx \ de_Extended.lyx \ + de_FAQ.lyx \ de_Intro.lyx \ de_TOC.lyx \ de_Tutorial.lyx \ de_UserGuide.lyx \ + DocStyle.lyx \ + es_Intro.lyx \ es_TOC.lyx \ + es_Tutorial.lyx \ eu_Customization.lyx \ eu_Extended.lyx \ eu_FAQ.lyx \ @@ -22,24 +28,85 @@ docfiles = \ eu_Tutorial.lyx \ eu_UserGuide.lyx \ Extended.lyx \ + FAQ.lyx \ + fr_Customization.lyx \ fr_Extended.lyx \ + fr_FAQ.lyx \ + fr_Intro.lyx \ + fr_TOC.lyx \ + fr_Tutorial.lyx \ + fr_UserGuide.lyx \ + he_Intro.lyx \ he_TOC.lyx \ + he_Tutorial.lyx \ + hu_Intro.lyx \ hu_TOC.lyx \ + Intro.lyx \ + it_Customization.lyx \ + it_Intro.lyx \ it_TOC.lyx \ + it_Tutorial.lyx \ + it_UserGuide.lyx \ + nl_Intro.lyx \ nl_TOC.lyx \ + nl_Tutorial.lyx \ no_Intro.lyx \ no_TOC.lyx \ + pl_Extended.lyx \ + pl_Intro.lyx \ + pl_TOC.lyx \ + pl_Tutorial.lyx \ + pt_Intro.lyx \ pt_TOC.lyx \ + pt_Tutorial.lyx \ + Reference.lyx \ ro_Intro.lyx \ ro_TOC.lyx \ + ru_FAQ.lyx \ + ru_Intro.lyx \ ru_TOC.lyx \ + ru_Tutorial.lyx \ sk_TOC.lyx \ + sk_Tutorial.lyx \ + sk_UserGuide.lyx \ + sl_Intro.lyx \ sl_TOC.lyx \ + sl_Tutorial.lyx \ + sv_Intro.lyx \ sv_TOC.lyx \ + sv_Tutorial.lyx \ TOC.lyx \ - UserGuide.lyx + Tutorial.lyx \ + UserGuide.lyx \ + escher-lsd.eps \ + mobius.eps \ + platypus.eps docdir = $(pkgdatadir)/doc doc_DATA = \ $(docfiles) \ LaTeXConfig.lyx + +tocdir = $(docdir)/TOC_top +toc_DATA = \ + TOC_top/da_TOC_top.lyx \ + TOC_top/de_TOC_top.lyx \ + TOC_top/fr_TOC_top.lyx \ + TOC_top/ru_TOC_top.lyx \ + TOC_top/sl_TOC_top.lyx \ + TOC_top/TOC_top.lyx + + +# TODO can we instead just #include the DEPENDFILE in this Makefile? +# problem with this is that the DEPENDFILE that's included won't be the updated +# one. JMarc should know how to handle this. + +DEPENDFILE = Makefile.depend + +TOCs : depend + make -f $(DEPENDFILE) TOCs + +depend: + perl Depend.pl > $(DEPENDFILE) + +.PHONY: depend diff --git a/lib/doc/README.Documentation b/lib/doc/README.Documentation new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..18982eeda2 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/README.Documentation @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +README.Documentation + +by John Weiss [3/2000] jpweiss@idsi.net + + +================ +Introduction + + The purpose of this file is *used* *to* *be* to provide a style + sheet and helpful hints to those wishing to help with the + LyX Documentation Project. There's now a separate style-sheet for + that. + + If you're actually looking for documentation, check out the "Help" + menu. Start by reading the Introduction. + +================ +Why a separate documentation project? Can't the developers do it? + + In a word, no. They're too busy adding features and squishing + bugs. + + Also, g++ is far more forgiving of style changes than a human + brain. As long as the code is correct, g++ will happilly compile + it, and compile it the same way from machine to machine. Human + brains are far less forgiving and far more individualized. So, + the documentation needs to all be in a uniform style, in addition + to being grammatically correct and easily readable. That's a + pretty big undertaking - which is why I volunteered to + administrate the docs back in 1997. Since then, I've passed the + duty of maintaining the docs on to others. + +================ +Helping Out + + If you'd like to contribute to the LyX Documentation Project, + start by reading the file Intro.lyx. It contains a description of + the style of the documentation from a reader's perspective. After + that, read the LyX Documentation Style Sheet (DocStyle.lyx) and + commit it to memory! + + +John Weiss +March, 2000 diff --git a/lib/doc/Reference.lyx b/lib/doc/Reference.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f6213304f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/Reference.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,18741 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!! +% +% I've designed this preamble to ensure that this document prints +% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, +% parts of the manual may not print out as expected. If you +% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact +% the documentation team intead of messing around in here. --jpw 4/97 + +\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} + +%% Provides French double-quotes for one of the examples +%% +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotleft}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \ll\!\!\!}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotright}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \gg}} +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\flqq}{% + \ifmmode\hbox{\guillemotleft}\else\guillemotleft\fi} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\frqq}{% + \ifmmode\hbox{\guillemotright}\else\guillemotright\fi} +%% +%% End Preamble +%% +\end_preamble +\language english +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\float_placement !htb +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +LyX Reference Manual +\layout Author + +by the LyX Team +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta +tion mailing list, . +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introduction +\layout Section + +About this Document +\layout Standard + +This is the LyX +\emph on +Reference +\emph default + +\emph on +Manual +\emph default +. + +\layout Standard + +If you've looked at some of the other documentation, you might be expecting + this section to be identical to all of the other opening sections in the + other documentation files. + The Reference Manual isn't like the other documents, and requires a somewhat + different approach. +\layout Standard + +First, this file is big. + It contains \SpecialChar \ldots{} +well, everything. + Or, it will, at some point. + At the moment, though, it's still somewhat incomplete. +\layout Standard + +Second, to help you get started with this manual, we recommend that you + have a look at the example entries. + We'd also recommend not printing out the entire manual, but only those + sections you happen to need. + [This document is still a moving target, after all.] +\layout Standard + +Third, the entries in this manual follow a somewhat-modified version of + the format described in the +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default + manual. + Most of these modifications are additions to what's been specified in the + Style Sheet. + So, if you intend to add an entry, make sure you read +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + thoroughly! [You'll find it in the distribution in the +\family typewriter +development +\family default + subdirectory.] +\layout Standard + +NOTE: this document is, alas, very out of date. + It is wrong in many places, and omits lots of information about newer versions + of LyX. +\layout Section + +Organization +\layout Standard + +Each chapter is grouped around a central theme or topic. + Chapter +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{ch:user-interface} + +\end_inset + + describes the user interface. + Included are the tool bar, the various popups and which menu items and + keys they are bound to. + Chapter +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{ch:functions} + +\end_inset + + lists all of the bindable functions. + You'll need this information if you want to alter the key bindings or create + your own tool bar. + Lastly, chapter +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{ch:misc} + +\end_inset + + is the Dreaded Miscellaneous! Basically, anything we couldn't figure out + where to put ended up here. +\layout Standard + +The entries themselves are the subsections of each chapter. + They are in alphabetical order for ease of access. + The sections of each chapter have single purpose: to split up the chapter + into more manageable chunks. + They simply group the entries by letter, so, for example, there will be + a section labelled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +A-C, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + another called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +S, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and so on. +\layout Section + +A Sample Entry +\layout Standard + +This is a sample entry to the Reference Manual. + It should help readers figure out how to use this manual, and show developers + how to create entries. +\layout Standard + +The first thing to notice it the entry name. + It's not in any special font. + Now, according to the Style Sheet, function names should be in +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default + font and the names of popups in +\family sans +Sans\SpecialChar ~ +Serif +\family default +. + If you check the chapters containing entries for the functions and popups, + you'll see that those entries do indeed use this font convention\SpecialChar \ldots{} +in the + text itself. + The names of the entries --- i.\SpecialChar ~ +e.\SpecialChar ~ +the subsection title --- is in the default + font. + Leave the entry titles in the default font. +\layout Subsection + +Example #1: Entries +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Where in the menus you can find this thing. + If the menu item just brings up a dialog box, put its name in as a +\family sans +\emph on +Description +\family default +\emph default + list. + Also put in where on the panel the item in bound. + Put the names of menus, popup buttons, etc. + in +\family sans +Sans Serif +\family default +to make it stand out from any other text. + Underline the accelerator key, if any. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +In other words, this is just as described in the Style Sheet. + +\end_inset + + Example: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Menu +\bar under +N +\bar default +ame \SpecialChar \menuseparator +SubMe +\bar under +n +\bar default +uName \SpecialChar \menuseparator +I +\bar under +t +\bar default +emName +\layout Description + +Ding\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +Ling\SpecialChar ~ +Panel: +\family sans +ThisButton +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Should describe the location on the bar and what the icon looks like. + Keep it brief. + Example: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Fourth button from the left. +\layout Standard + +Hand with six fingers. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + There will be either one or two paragraphs here. + They should just contain a key sequence, and the name of the binding file. + Put the name of the binding file in +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default + font, and the key sequence in +\family sans +Sans Serif +\family default + to make it stand out. + If no binding file name is present, then that binding is standard in all + of the binding files. + Example: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-M-p +\family default + in +\family typewriter +bindfile.bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-9 +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +The purpose of this entry is to describe these entries. + +\layout Standard + +Within an entry, the different parts are labelled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Default Bindings: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Purpose +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Usage +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Examples +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +See Also +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + These are each paragraph headings. + The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Menu- +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Toolbar +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Keyboard +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + parts of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Default Bindings: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + are subparagraph headings. + None of these should be numbered. +\layout Standard + +In a real entry, this will tell you about the item and what it's for. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This entry will tell you how to use this item. +\layout Standard + +There won't always be one of these. + In fact, any of the +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +standard +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sections of an entry may be missing, especially if it's empty. + For example, there are only 15 or so toolbar buttons, so most things won't + have a default toolbar binding. + Or, the author of an entry may prefer to put some of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Usage +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + stuff under +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Purpose +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Examples +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This is an example example for an example entry. +\layout Standard + +Are you confused? Good. + You came to the right place! +\layout Standard + +Unfortunately, this example entry has been kind of abstract. + So, we'll give you a few more example entries. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Example #2; Example #3. +\layout Standard + +[Notice that this isn't in any special font. + ] +\layout Subsection + +Example #2: Bogosify +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +B +\bar default +ogus\SpecialChar \menuseparator +M +\bar under +u +\bar default +HaHa +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + First button from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Bogus ball. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-F50 +\family default + in +\family typewriter +bogus.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-W-Help +\family default + in +\family typewriter +PCbogus.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +This item puts extra bogosity in your documents by activating the bogofilter + in BoGoTeX. + Everyone needs a little bogosity in their writings. + Otherwise, you risk boring your readers into a deep sleep. + In fact, some science professors, scoffing at the usefulness of the BoGoTeX + extensions, have written and even published articles in reputable journals + that have been known to put readers into a coma! Don't believe me? Try + reading just about any scientific paper! +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Just select the text to bogosify with the mouse, then use the keyboard bindings, + toolbar button, or menu item for this function. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Why, this entire entry is an example! It's totally bogus! +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +BogoMIPS +\layout Subsection + +Example #3: Decat +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +uddly\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +eline +\family default + to bring up the +\family sans +Meow +\family default + dialog box. +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Meow\SpecialChar ~ +Panel: +\family sans +Decat +\family default + button. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button smack dab in the middle of everything. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Kitty-cat. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +W-c W-a W-t +\family default +in +\family typewriter +fuzzy.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +The decat function fixes +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +additions +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + made by overly-helpful paws. +\layout Standard + +We all know how much cats +\emph on +love +\emph default + computers, especially the laps that sit in front of them. + However, a cat, being feline, must add its opinions to whatever you're + typing. + Or, your cat may simply decide to help you finish your work so you can + get to more important matters, such as brushing and petting. + The decat function is designed for just such moments. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Select the text to decat while holding down all five mouse buttons, then + use the keyboard bindings, toolbar button, or menu item for this function. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +A particular black and white cat once added the following: +\layout Quote + +sfd4rcxy45bb q43 tfd t43revcx +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +to a document. + Run through decat, it became: +\layout Quote + +Hey, bozo! Pay attention to me! +\layout Standard + +Another frisky kitty named Horatio added: +\layout Quote + +';; msdam m-009243m laasd;mlk +\layout Standard + +to some text. + Decat changed it to: +\layout Quote + +Can I beat up another dog? +\layout Standard + +[And if you believe that, I have a bridge in Brooklyn for sale\SpecialChar \ldots{} +] +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +ASPCA; PETA; ECC; Any cat owner. +\layout Subsection + +Template +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Chapter + +User Interface: The Popups +\layout Standard + + +\emph on + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{ch:user-interface} + +\end_inset + + Ed. + Note: The chapter with a blow-by-blow description of what each popup does, + which menu its bound to, and so on. + Rather incomplete at the moment.-jw +\layout Section + +A-E +\layout Subsection + +Character Layout +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Decoration +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Delimiter +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Document Layout +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Section + +F-H +\layout Subsection + +Figure +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +File browser +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: There are actually several, since many different operations + in LyX require a filename. + Some of the more common functions which use a file browser have the following + bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +ew +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New\SpecialChar ~ +from\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +t +\bar default +emplate... +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +A +\bar default +s +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Find & Replace +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Section + +I-J +\layout Subsection + +Include +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Insert Figure +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Insert Reference +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Insert Table +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Itemize Bullet Selection +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under + D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +to bring up the +\series bold +Document\SpecialChar ~ +Layout +\series default + popup. +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Document\SpecialChar ~ +Layout: +\family sans +\bar under +B +\bar default +ullet Shapes +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + M-l i +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Allows you to change the bullets that appear at the various levels of an + +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + layout on a per document basis. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +The popup provides you with a table of bullet shapes. + A column of buttons on the left of the table provides access to the six + different panels of bullet shapes. + The row of buttons across the top is used to select which bullet depth + you are changing. + A text entry under the table shows the currently selected bullet shape's + LaTeX equivalent and this can be edited if desired. +\layout Standard + +Select which bullet depth you want to change then select the bullet shape + and size. + +\family sans + Ok +\family default + and +\family sans +Apply +\family default + will update the document. + Changes will not be visible in LyX, but are visible when viewing the document + using xdvi or ghostview. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +buffer-itemize-bullets-select; +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Itemize Bullet Selection +\emph default + in +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default +; +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +ItemizeBullets.lyx +\family default + in the examples directory. +\layout Subsection + +Key Mappings +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Section + +K-O +\layout Subsection + +LaTeX Log +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Vie +\bar under +w +\bar default + LaTeX Log +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +w +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Displays the log file produced by LaTeX. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Scroll through the log file using either the cursor keys or the scrollbars. + The +\family sans +Update +\family default + button will refresh the popup with the log file contents. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +latex-view-log; +\layout Subsection + +LaTeX Options +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Math Panel +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Matrix +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Section + +P-Q +\layout Subsection + +Paper Layout +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Paragraph Layout +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Print +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Quotes +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Section + +S +\layout Subsection + +Screen Options +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Send Document to Command +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Spacing +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Spellchecker +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Spellchecker Options +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Section + +T-Z +\layout Subsection + +Table Layout +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left (or right). + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +Table of Contents +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +T +\bar under +a +\bar default +ble\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e t +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Displays the Table of Contents of the current document. + Also allows rapid browsing and movement between sections. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +You can move about the table of contents using either the scrollbar or your + cursor keys. + Only two buttons are provided. + A +\family sans +Close +\family default + button to close the popup and an +\family sans +Update +\family default + button to rebuild the table of contents. + If you click on an entry with your mouse or move the selector using the + cursor keys the document is moved so that that section is visible on screen. + This allows rapid and simple navigation through your documents. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Try it now. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +toc-insert; toc-view; +\emph on +Table of Contents +\emph default + in +\emph on +User Guide +\layout Chapter + +Bindable Functions +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{ch:functions} + +\end_inset + +We have some quick, last minute notes for you about this chapter. +\layout Standard + +If a particular piece of an entry is missing, it's equivalent to saying, + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +There is none. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + For example, if, under +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Default Bindings +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + there was no +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Menu +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + item, it means there is no menu binding. + Likewise, the guy who wrote the entry may have decided that the function's + purpose is self-explanatory. + So, there'd be no +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Purpose +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + section in the entry. +\layout Standard + +Hopefully, all of that is clear. +\layout Standard + +If you haven't noticed already, this is a +\emph on +huge +\emph default + chapter. + Your best bet for getting around in it is to open up the +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default + browser. + Select +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +able\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents... + +\family default + from the +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit +\family default + menu. +\layout Standard + +Lastly, some credits: +\layout Standard + + +\noun on +Alejandro Aguilar-Sierra +\noun default + wrote the math entries. +\layout Standard + + +\noun on +Rich Fields +\noun default + wrote most of the entries in here. +\layout Standard + + +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default + edited this chapter. +\layout Section + +A +\layout Subsection + +accent-acute +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To produce accented characters from the ISO-Latin-1 character set. +\layout Standard + +All of the commands of the form +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +accent-xxxxxx +\family default +, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + are of the same type. + Rather than repeat the same entry 17 times, we'll explain how all of the + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +accent-* +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + commands work. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +All of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +accent-* +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + commands work like a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Compose +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + key. + They add a particular accent to the next character typed. + There are two ways to use these commands: +\layout Enumerate + +Direct Execution: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Use the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +command-execute +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + key to enter the desired +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +accent-* +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + command in the minibuffer. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[See the entry for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +command-execute +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + if you don't know how to execute LyX commands directly.] +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Next, type the letter you wish to accent. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Dead Keys +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Bind the desired +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +accent-* +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + command to a keyboard key. + Typically, you bind the command to the key that looks like the accent. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +For example, you'd bind +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +accent-acute +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to the apostrophe key (the ' ) and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +accent-circumflex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + key (Shift-6 on a US keyboard). +\layout Standard + +[See the manual +\family typewriter +Customization.lyx +\family default + for information about binding keys.] +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Editor's Note: I may change this and put an entry to the bind command in + this manual. + -jw +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Restart LyX if it's already running, so that the new bindings can take effect. +\layout Enumerate + +Type the dead-key, followed by the letter you wish to accent. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Using our earlier example, if you type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + followed by the letter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +e +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, you'll produce the character +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ê +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +To produce the accent by itself, hit the Space key instead of a character. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \'{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with an acute accent: +\layout Standard + +á é í ó ú ý Á É Í Ó Ú Ý \i \'{s} + \i \'{z} + \i \'{S} + \i \'{Z} + \i \'{r} + \i \'{l} + \i \'{c} + \i \'{n} + \i \'{R} + \i \'{L} + \i \'{C} + \i \'{N} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +command-execute; +\layout Standard + +the key binding section in +\family typewriter +Customization.lyx +\family default + ; +\layout Standard + +accent-breve; accent-caron; accent-cedilla; accent-circle; accent-circumflex; + accent-dot; accent-grave; accent-hungarian-umlaut; accent-macron; accent-specia +l-caron; accent-tie; accent-tilde; accent-umlaut; accent-underbar; accent-underd +ot. +\layout Subsection + +accent-breve +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \u{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a breve accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \u{a} + \i \u{g} + \i \u{u} + \i \u{A} + \i \u{G} + \i \u{U} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-caron +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \v{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a caron accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \v{c} + \i \v{s} + \i \v{z} + \i \v{C} + \i \v{S} + \i \v{Z} + \i \v{d} + \i \v{l} + \i \v{n} + \i \v{r} + \i \v{t} + \i \v{D} + \i \v{L} + \i \v{N} + \i \v{R} + \i \v{T} + \i \v{e} + \i \v{E} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-cedilla +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \c{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a cedilla accent: +\layout Standard + +ç Ç \i \c{g} + \i \c{k} + \i \c{l} + \i \c{n} + \i \c{r} + \i \c{s} + \i \c{t} + \i \c{G} + \i \c{K} + \i \c{L} + \i \c{N} + \i \c{R} + \i \c{S} + \i \c{T} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-circle +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \r{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a circle accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \r{a} + \i \r{u} + \i \r{A} + \i \r{U} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-circumflex +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \^{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a circumflex accent: +\layout Standard + +â ê î ô û Â Ê Î Ô Û \i \^{c} + \i \^{g} + \i \^{h} + \i \^{\j} + \i \^{s} + \i \^{C} + \i \^{G} + \i \^{H} + \i \^{J} + \i \^{S} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-dot +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \.{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a dot accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \.{e} + \i \.{\i} + \i \.{E} + \i \.{I} + \i \.{c} + \i \.{g} + \i \.{z} + \i \.{C} + \i \.{G} + \i \.{Z} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-grave +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \`{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a grave accent: +\layout Standard + +à è ì ò ù À È Ì Ò Ù +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-hungarian-umlaut +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \H{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a hungarian umlaut accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \H{o} + \i \H{u} + \i \H{O} + \i \H{U} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-macron +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \={} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a macron accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \={a} + \i \={e} + \i \={\i} + \i \={o} + \i \={u} + \i \={A} + \i \={E} + \i \={I} + \i \={O} + \i \={U} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-special-caron +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +WARNING! THIS ACCENT COMMAND CURRENTLY CRASHES LyX! DO NOT USE! +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Standard + +Some letters with a special caron accent: +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-tie +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \t{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a tie accent: None. + Just the accent itself. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-tilde +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \~{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with a tilde accent: +\layout Standard + +ñ Ñ ã \i \~{\i} + õ \i \~{u} + à \i \~{I} + Õ \i \~{U} + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-umlaut +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \"{} + +\layout Standard + +Some letters with an umlaut accent: +\layout Standard + +ä ë ï ö ü ÿ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-underbar +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \b{} + +\layout Standard + +Some letters with an underbar accent: None. + Just the accent itself. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Subsection + +accent-underdot +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This command produces the following accent: +\layout Standard + +\i \d{} + +\layout Standard + +Valid letters with an underdot accent: None. + Just the accent itself. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute. +\layout Section + +B +\layout Subsection + +backward-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-Left +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Highlights a single character to the left of the current cursor location. + If the cursor is at the left screen margin the cursor moves to the end + of the previous line, and the whitespace in-between is selected. + The selected text will be in reverse-video. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-backward; +\layout Standard + +forward-select; up-select; down-select; word-forward-select; word-backward-selec +t; line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-up-select; screen-down-select; + buffer-begin-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Subsection + +break-line +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +S +\bar under +p +\bar default +ecial\SpecialChar ~ +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +inebreak +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-Return +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To forcibly split the current line without ending the current paragraph. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This command has several purposes, depending on context. + Its primary function is to manually end a line without ending the paragraph. + This should only be done when you need some fine-tuning. +\layout Standard + +In math-mode, the +\family typewriter +break-line +\family default + command automagically turns a one-line equation into a multiline expression, + inserting the new equation line as well as all alignment delimiters. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +break-paragraph; break-paragraph-keep-layout. +\layout Subsection + +break-paragraph +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Return +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To terminate the current paragraph. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This command does slightly different things, depending on context. + Typically, it ends the current paragraph, breaks the current line, and + starts a new paragraph in the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + paragraph environment on the next line. + It also typically removes all environment nesting. +\layout Standard + +If you are in the middle of a paragraph, +\family typewriter +break-paragraph +\family default + splits it in two. + If the paragraph is a list item, it creates a new list item in the process. +\layout Standard + +If you are at the end of a paragraph, +\family typewriter +break-paragraph +\family default + starts the new paragraph after the current one. + If you are at the beginning of a paragraph, the new paragraph starts +\emph on +before +\emph default + the current one. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +break-paragraph +\family default + may start the new paragraph in an environment other than +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, but the behavior is not consistent. + For example, if you move to the middle of an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list, to the end of one of the items or the beginning of the next item, + +\family typewriter +break-paragraph +\family default + will not change the paragraph environment. + It will still mess up the environment nesting, however. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +None. + Your best bet is to just play with hitting return until you build an intuition + for how this works. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +break-paragraph-keep-layout; break-line; +\layout Standard + +depth-decrement; depth-increment. +\layout Subsection + +break-paragraph-keep-layout +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-Return +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To terminate the current paragraph without changing the paragraph environment + or nesting depth. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Its usage is very much the same as +\family typewriter +break-paragraph +\family default +, with one important difference. + The new paragraph +\emph on +always +\emph default + has the same environment and nesting depth as the old one. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +break-paragraph; break-line; +\layout Standard + +depth-decrement; depth-increment. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-auto-save +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-x a +\family default + or +\family sans +C-x C-a +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default + only. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Forces an autosave on the current document. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Backward compatibility. + This function used to be the only way to undo any editing. + With the advent of a true undo/redo function in LyX, forcibly autosaving + a document doesn't have much use. + +\emph on +(The undo-mechanism has been limited to 100 steps in the beta-version.) +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +buffer-load-auto-save +\layout Subsection + +buffer-begin +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-Home +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Home +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Moves the cursor location to the top of the current buffer. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; line-begin; line-end; + tab-forward; up; down; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-begin-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-C-Home +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Highlights text from the current cursor location to the top of the current + buffer. + The selected text is shown in reverse-video. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +buffer-begin; +\layout Standard + +backward-select; forward-select; up-select; down-select; word-forward-select; + word-backward-select; line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-up-select; + screen-down-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-chktex +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +h +\bar default +eck TeX +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e h +\family default + (standard). +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Checks document for typographical errors. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This function runs +\family typewriter +ChkTeX +\family default + on the document and inserts error boxes with the results. + It is used to find common typographical errors. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +error-next; description in +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-close +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +lose +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f c +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-w +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\newline + +\family sans +C-x k +\family default +or +\family sans +C-x C-k +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Closes the current buffer. + If changes have been made since it was first opened, or since the last + +\family typewriter +buffer-save +\family default + or +\family typewriter +buffer-save-as +\family default + command, you will be asked if you want to save the buffer to its file before + closing the buffer. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +buffer-open. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-end +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-End +\family default + +\family roman +in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\newline + +\family sans +End +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Moves both the screen display and the current cursor location to the end + of the current buffer. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; line-begin; line-end; + tab-forward; up; down; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-begin. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-end-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-C-End +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Selects text from the current cursor location to the bottom of the current + buffer. + The selected text is shown in reverse-video. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +buffer-end-select; +\layout Standard + +backward-select; forward-select; up-select; down-select; word-forward-select; + word-backward-select; line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-up-select; + screen-down-select; buffer-begin-select. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-itemize-bullets-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +to bring up the +\series bold +Document\SpecialChar ~ +Layout +\series default + popup. +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Document\SpecialChar ~ +Layout: +\family sans +\bar under +B +\bar default +ullet Shapes +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + M-l d M-b +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +M-l i +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Opens the document's +\series bold +Itemize\SpecialChar ~ +Bullet\SpecialChar ~ +Selection +\series default + popup which allows you to change the bullets that appear at the various + levels of an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + layout. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Itemize Bullet Selection; +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Itemize Bullet Selection +\emph default + in +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default +; +\layout Subsection + +buffer-load-auto-save +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Loads the autosave file. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +To invoke this function, you must use the +\family typewriter +command-execute +\family default + key to enter +\family typewriter +buffer-load-autosave +\family default + in the minibuffer. +\layout Standard + +Invoking this command once loads the autosave file (which has the suffix + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.bak +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) in place of the current document. + Invoking it two times in a row loads the autosave backup file (which has + the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.bak~ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + suffix) in place of the current document. +\layout Standard + +You cannot change the time interval between autosaves on the fly. + The interval, in seconds, is set in the main +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + file or in the user's local +\family typewriter +${HOME}/.lyx/lyxrc +\family default +. + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +command-execute; +\layout Standard + +buffer-auto-save. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-new +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +ew +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f n +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-n +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-x d +\family roman +or +\family sans +C-x C-d +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Opens a new buffer for a new LyX document. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This function first opens a +\family sans +File Browser +\family default + window. + You must now specify a new filename for the new document. + You can use the +\family sans +File Browser +\family default + to choose the directory for the new file, but the file name itself must + be unique. + The file cannot already exist. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +File Browser; +\layout Standard + +LyX Template Files; +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Editor's Note: These first two will be added at a later date. + - jw +\layout Standard + +buffer-new-template; buffer-open; buffer-close; buffer-write; buffer-write-as. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-new-template +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New from +\bar under + t +\bar default +emplate +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f t +\family default +(standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-N +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Opens a new buffer for a new LyX document with a template document. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This function first opens a +\family sans +File Browser +\family default + window. + You must now specify a new filename for the new document. + You can use the +\family sans +File Browser +\family default + to choose the directory for the new file, but the file name itself must + be unique. + The file cannot already exist. +\layout Standard + +After you enter the filename and choose +\family sans +OK +\family default +, the +\family sans +File Browser +\family default + window opens again. + This time, it has the title +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Choose Template. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + If you wish to use a LyX template file for this new document, use the +\family sans +File Browser +\family default + to choose one. + Otherwise, hit the +\family sans +Cancel +\family default + button. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +File Browser; +\layout Standard + +LyX Template Files; +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Editor's Note: These first two will be added at a later date. + - jw +\layout Standard + +buffer-new; buffer-open; buffer-close; buffer-write; buffer-write-as. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-open +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + First button from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +File folder with an arrow. + +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f o +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-o +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-x f +\family roman +or +\family sans + C-x C-f +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Opens an existing file and places it in a new buffer. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This function opens a +\family sans +File Browser +\family default + window with the title +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Document to Open. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Choose the file to open and hit +\family sans +O +\family default +K\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +File Browser; [ +\emph on +Editor's Note: To be added. + - jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +buffer-open; buffer-close; buffer-write; buffer-write-as. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-previous +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-d p +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-x b +\family default +or +\family sans + C-x C-b +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Changes from the current document to another open and previously viewed + document. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory. +\layout Standard + +If only one document is open, +\family typewriter +buffer-previous +\family default + has no effect. +\layout Standard + +If more than two documents are open, +\family typewriter +buffer-previous +\family default + switches to whichever document you were last working on. +\layout Standard + +You can also switch between open documents using the +\family sans +Documents +\family default + menu. +\layout Standard + +Using +\family typewriter +buffer-previous +\family default + several times in a row switches back and forth between two documents. + This is useful for cutting and pasting between two different documents. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Documents Menu. + [ +\emph on +Ed. + Note - to be added. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Subsection + +buffer-print +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +rint +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button #3 from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +A stylized printer. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f p +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C- +\family default +p in +\family typewriter +cua. +\family default +bind. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Prints the current document. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This function opens the +\family sans +Print +\family default + panel, which allows print control via buttons and typed inputs; a buffer + can be printed either to a file or to a spooled print device. + When printing to a printer, the printer name you specify in the +\family sans +Printer +\family default + box must be configured for +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +This is explained in greater detail in +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\family default +. +\end_inset + + Most systems have +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as their default PostScript® printer, for which +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + comes preconfigured. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +The section on dvips in +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx; +\layout Standard + +Print panel; [ +\emph on +Ed. + Note - To be added. + - jw. +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +buffer-view; buffer-view-ps. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-typeset +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdate dvi +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f u +\family default +(standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-D +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-x r, C-x t, C-x C-r, +\family roman +or +\family sans + C-x C-t +\family default +in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Updates the dvi file for the current buffer (runs LaTeX). +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A LaTeX scratch file is created, based on the contents of the current buffer, + and the file is processed with LaTeX. + LaTeX messages are posted to the screen of the parent window, and approximate + LaTeX error locations are marked within the current buffer with an error + box; the text of the actual LaTeX error can be displayed by clicking on + the error-box. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +error-next; buffer-typeset-ps. + +\layout Subsection + +buffer-typeset-ps +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Updat +\bar under +e +\bar default + PostScript +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f e +\family default +(standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-T +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Updates the PostScript® file for the current buffer (runs LaTeX and dvips). +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A LaTeX scratch file is created, based on the contents of the current buffer, + and the file is processed with LaTeX. + Then, dvips is run to produce a PostScript® version scratch file. + LaTeX messages are posted to the screen of the parent window, and approximate + LaTeX error locations are marked within the current buffer with an error + box; the text of the actual LaTeX error can be displayed by clicking on + the error-box. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +error-next; buffer-typeset. + +\layout Subsection + +buffer-view +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +View\SpecialChar ~ +( +\bar under +x +\bar default +dvi) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f d +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-d +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-x p +\family default +or +\family sans + C-x C-p +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Views the current buffer with the +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + program. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A LaTeX scratch file is created and processed, and a +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + process window is then automatically created with which you can view the + resulting +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + file. + If +\family typewriter + +\family default +any of these programs are not installed on your system, the process stops + at that point and control is returned to LyX. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +buffer-print; buffer-view-ps. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-view-ps +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +View\SpecialChar ~ +( +\bar under +g +\bar default +hostview) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f g +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-t +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-x g +\family default +or +\family sans + C-x C-g +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Views the current buffer with the +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + program. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A LaTeX scratch file is created and processed, and +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +is run on the resulting +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +file to create a scratch PostScript® file. + A +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + process window is then automatically created in which you can view your + work essentially in the same form as if it were printed. + If +\family typewriter + +\family default +any of these programs are not installed on your system, the process stops + at that point and control is returned to LyX. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +buffer-print; buffer-view. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-write +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ave +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f s +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-s +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\newline + +\family sans +C-x s +\family default +or +\family sans +C-x C-x +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Writes (saves) the current document to the original filename. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +buffer-write-as. +\layout Subsection + +buffer-write-as +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +A +\bar default +s +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f a +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-x w +\family default +or +\family sans + C-x C-w +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Saves the current buffer to a different filename than that of the file originall +y opened. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This function opens an browser window that allows you to specify a new filename + for the document. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +buffer-write. +\layout Section + +C-E +\layout Subsection + +cancel +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Escape +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-g +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +General cancel. + Cancels the selection of a meta-key selection, a drop-down menu, or a pop-up + window. + Cancels entry of commands in the minibuffer. + Also leaves math-mode. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Cancel +\family default + is the primary method of leaving math mode. + Also, if a meta-key selection has been started, (for instance, +\family sans +M-c +\family default +), pressing the +\family typewriter +\series medium +cancel +\family default +\series bold + +\series medium +key will abort the selection. + Similarly, if a +\series default + +\family typewriter +find-replace +\family default + window is open, placi +\series medium +ng the cursor in the window and executing the +\family typewriter +cancel +\family default + function will close the window, or if a drop-down menu has been selected, + +\family typewriter +cancel +\family default + will close the menu. + Lastly, if you are entering a command in the minibuffer, +\family typewriter +cancel +\family default +\series default + will abort entry and leave the minibuffer. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +command-execute; find-replace; math-mode. +\layout Subsection + +char-backward +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Left +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-b +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Moves the cursor to the left by one character. + At the beginning of the line the cursor will move to the end of the previous + line. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; word-forward; word-backward; line-begin; line-end; tab-forward; + up; down; paragraph-up; paragraph-down; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-begin; + buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +char-forward +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Right +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-f +\family default +in +\family typewriter + emacs.bind. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Moves the cursor to the right by one character. + At the end of the line the cursor will move to the beginning of the next + line. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; line-begin; line-end; tab-forward; + up; down; paragraph-up; paragraph-down; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-begin; + buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +command-execute +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-x +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default + and +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Executes a LyX function. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +After you invoke +\family typewriter +command-execute +\family default +, a cursor will appear in the minibuffer. + Type the name of a LyX function. + If the function takes any arguments, you can type them in after the function + name, using a space to separate the two. + Then hit +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Return. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + You can use +\family sans +tab +\family default + to auto-complete commands. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Itemize + +Example #1: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Click on the minibuffer with the mouse. + Type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +accent-acute +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + followed by the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Return +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + key. + Now type the letter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + You should get the character +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ú +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize +\noindent +Example #2: Commands with Arguments: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard +\noindent +Type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M-x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Now type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +layout LyX-Code +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + followed by the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Return +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + key. + The current paragraph will now be in the LyX-Code environment. + You could have specified any other valid paragraph environment as an argument + to the +\family typewriter +layout +\family default + command. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +accent-acute; layout. +\layout Subsection + +command-prefix +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + ? +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + ? +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + ? +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +copy +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +o +\bar default +py +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Fifth button from the left. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Two pages with a + sign. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e o +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-c +\family default + or +\family sans +C-Insert +\family default +in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-w +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Places a copy of the previously selected text into the paste buffer. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Select text, either with the mouse cursor or by motion selection commands, + then either execute +\family typewriter +cut +\family default + by either following the menu commands or pressing the appropriate keystrokes. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +cut; paste. +\layout Subsection + +cut +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ut +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Sixth button from the left. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +An open pair of scissors. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e c +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-x +\family roman +or +\family sans + S-Delete +\family default +in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-w +\family default +in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Removes previously selected text and places the removed text into the copy + paste buffer. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Select text to be removed, either with the mouse cursor or by motion selection + commands, then execute +\family typewriter +copy +\family default + by either following the menu commands, selecting the toolbar icon, or pressing + the appropriate keystrokes. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +copy; paste. +\layout Subsection + +delete-backward +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + . +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Deletes the character to the left of the cursor. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory. + If the cursor is at the beginning of a paragraph, two things may happen. + First, if the previous and current paragraph have the same type of paragraph + environment, LyX joins the two paragraphs. + If the two have different environment types, LyX will most likely not +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +most likely not +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means that the action depends on the specific paragraph environments involved. + Play around and see what happens. +\end_inset + + join them and simply move the cursor to the end of the preceding line. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +delete-forward; word-delete-forward; word-delete-backward; line-delete-forward; + line-delete-backward. +\layout Subsection + +delete-forward +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (standard). +\newline + +\family sans +C-d +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Deletes the character to the right of the cursor. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory. + If the cursor is at the end of a paragraph, two things may happen. + First, if the next and current paragraph have the same type of paragraph + environment, LyX joins the two paragraphs. + If the two have different environment types, LyX will most likely not +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +most likely not +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means that the action depends on the specific paragraph environments involved. + Play around and see what happens. +\end_inset + + join them and simply move the cursor to the end of the preceding line. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +delete-backward; word-delete-forward; word-delete-backward; line-delete-forward; + line-delete-backward. +\layout Subsection + +depth-decrement +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-p Left +\family default +(standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-S-Left +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To decrease the paragraph environment depth. +\layout Standard +\noindent +To un-nest two nested paragraph environments. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +To change the depth of a single paragraph, simply move the cursor into that + paragraph and invoke +\family typewriter +depth-decrement +\family default +. + If you want to change the depth of a group of paragraphs, select the group + with the mouse and then invoke +\family typewriter +depth-decrement +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +This command +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +wraps. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Namely, if you reach the outermost environment depth, +\family typewriter +depth-decrement +\family default + move the paragraph to the innermost environment depth. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +depth-next; depth-increment. +\layout Subsection + +depth-increment +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change\SpecialChar ~ +En +\bar under +v +\bar default +ironment\SpecialChar ~ +Depth +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Fifth button from the right. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Icon indicates doubly indented text bounded by arrows. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-p Right +\family default +(standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-S-Right +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To increase the paragraph environment depth. +\layout Standard +\noindent +To nest two paragraph environments. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +To change the depth of a single paragraph, simply move the cursor into that + paragraph and invoke +\family typewriter +depth-increment +\family default +. + If you want to change the depth of a group of paragraphs, select the group + with the mouse and then invoke +\family typewriter +depth-increment +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +This command +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +wraps. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Namely, if you reach the innermost environment depth, +\family typewriter +depth-increment +\family default + move the paragraph to the outermost environment depth. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +depth-decrement; depth-next. +\layout Subsection + +depth-next +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l v +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +This command is simply an alias for +\family typewriter +depth-increment +\family default +. + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +depth-increment. +\layout Subsection + +down +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Down +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-n +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Moves the cursor down one line. + If the cursor starting-position is at the bottom of the screen-display, + the buffer scrolls upward to display the new current line about 1/4 of + the screen-height from the bottom of the screen. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; line-begin; line-end; + tab-forward; up; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-begin; buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +down-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-Down +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To select text from the current cursor position to the same position one + line down. + If the next line is shorter than the current line, the cursor simply moves + to the end of the next line. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +down; +\layout Standard + +backward-select; forward-select; up-select; word-forward-select; word-backward-s +elect; line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-up-select; screen-down-select; + buffer-begin-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Subsection + +drop-layouts-choice +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-p c +\family default + (standard). +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Opens up the combobox for selecting paragraph environments, which is to + the left of the toolbar. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Once the combobox is open, you can use the cursor keys to select a new paragraph + environment. + Hitting +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Return +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + chooses the paragraph environment currently highlighted. + Hitting +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Escape +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + cancels the operation and closes the combobox. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +layout. +\layout Subsection + +error-next +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Go\SpecialChar ~ +to\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +E +\bar default +rror +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e e +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-g +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Find the next LaTeX error in the buffer. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +You can only use this command under two conditions: +\layout Enumerate + +You've recently invoked +\family typewriter +buffer-typeset +\family default +, +\family typewriter +buffer-typeset-ps +\family default +, +\family typewriter +buffer-view +\family default +, +\family typewriter +buffer-view-ps +\family default +, +\family typewriter +buffer-chktex +\family default + or +\family typewriter +print +\family default + to run LaTeX on your document. +\layout Enumerate + +LaTeX found errors in the document. +\layout Standard + +If this happens, LyX will find the errors and mark them in the document + with a box containing the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Error +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +It's not easy to provide an example for this one. + If you don't know LaTeX, and never intend to insert any LaTeX code into + your LyX documents, you might not need to worry about this command. + It's here for those users who +\emph on +do +\emph default + know LaTeX and might enter incorrect LaTeX code into their documents. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +buffer-typeset; buffer-typeset-ps; buffer-view; buffer-view-ps; buffer-chktex; + print. +\layout Section + +F +\layout Subsection + +figure-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Fi +\bar under +g +\bar default +ure +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Second button from the right. +\newline +A picture embedded in text. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-i g +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Insert graphics in the current document. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This function opens the +\family sans +Figure +\family default + panel, which contains two options: +\layout Enumerate + +Encapsulated Postscript +\layout Enumerate + +Inlined EPS +\layout Standard + +You'll get slightly different behavior depending on which type you select. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +This panel previously had a third option, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +LaTeX or TeX +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, for inclusion of LaTeX graphics. + This function is now provided by means of the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Include File menu entry. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Placement is the difference in the two options. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Inlined EPS +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + inserts the graphics within the current line, as if it were a normal character. + This can have remarkably bizarre results on the line spacing if the imported + graphics is very tall. + The other option, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Encapsulated Postscript +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, breaks the current line on either side of the figure, separating it from + the text. +\layout Standard + +Note that this function merely creates a box for the appropriate graphics. + You must still choose the file to import. + For PostScript® files, double click on the box, which will initially contain + only the letter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +F +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, to open the +\family sans +EPS Figure +\family default + panel. + You can now use the options in the +\family sans +EPS Panel +\family default +to select and even display an encapsulated PostScript® file. + +\layout Standard + +\layout Paragraph +\added_space_bottom 0.3cm +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Currently, none provided. + This will change at some point in the future. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +EPS Figure panel. + [ +\emph on +Ed. + Note - To be added. + - jw. +\emph default +] +\layout Subsection + +find-replace +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +ind\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e f +\family default + (standard) +\newline + +\family sans +C-f +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family roman + or +\family typewriter + +\newline + +\family sans +C-s +\family default +and +\family sans +M-% +\family default + +\family roman +in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To search for text and, if desired, replace it with other text. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Invoking this command opens the +\family sans +Find\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\family default + panel. + All searches start at the current cursor position. + The target text is placed in the +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +find +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default + box. + The two arrow buttons choose the search direction. + If LyX finds the text, the cursor moves to the text and remains at the + new position. + The target text may be optionally replaced with alternate text placed in + +\family roman +the +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +replace +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default + box. +\layout Standard + +The search is not case sensitive unless you have checked the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +case sensitive +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + button. + If you check the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Match word +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + button, then the search will only match on complete words, so +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Manual +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will not be found, when searching for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Manuals +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +TBD\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Subsection + +font-bold +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +B +\bar default +old\SpecialChar ~ +Style +\family default + and +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +haracter... + +\family default + to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup +\layout Description + +Character\SpecialChar ~ +Layout: option +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Bold +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Series +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + list +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + [to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup] +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default +, or +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + (standard) +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-b +\family default +in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family sans +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Changes the font to an emboldened series or, if the font is already emboldened, + reverts to the default series. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Rather than repeat the same thing for all 9 font selection functions, we'll + describe the generic behavior of the font functions here. + Some of the font commands have a toolbar button, others have a menu selection. + All of them are in the +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + popup. +\layout Standard + +All of the font commands do the following to words: +\layout Enumerate + +If the cursor is in the middle of a word [between two whitespaces], the + entire word changes to the new font. +\layout Enumerate + +If the cursor is at the beginning or end of a word, the font commands only + affect any subsequently typed text. +\layout Enumerate + +You can also tack text in a different font onto a word. + Just move the cursor out of the word to shut off the font, otherwise, you'll + change the whole word into a single font. +\layout Standard + +You can also change the font of a block of text by selecting it with the + mouse [or with the keyboard] and then invoking the font command. +\layout Standard + +Eight of the font commands, +\family typewriter +font-code +\family default +, +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default +, +\family typewriter +font-roman +\family default +, +\family typewriter +font-sans +\family default +, +\family typewriter +font-size +\family default +, +\family typewriter +font-smallcaps +\family default +, +\family typewriter +font-underline +\family default +, and +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, are toggles. + They will remove a font if text is already in it and deactivate a font + if it's active. +\layout Standard + +LyX automatically uses the font of the word next to the cursor. + If the cursor is in the middle of a word, it uses the font of the text + to the right of the cursor. +\layout Standard + +One last thing: we've provided this function because LaTeX has a bold font + series. + We know that many users are used to using boldface for emphasis, and you + can make this the default emphasized font by putting the correct command + in the LaTeX preamble. + However, we suggest that you use +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default + to emphasize any text and only use +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + when appropriate. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +For example, to make reference to a vector in the body of the text, many + mathematician use a bold series. +\end_inset + + +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This is an example of a bold font series: +\layout Quotation + + +\series bold +This is bold text. +\layout Standard + +Suppose you have this sentence: +\layout Quotation + +Here is some text. +\layout Standard + +If you put the cursor in the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +some +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and invoke +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, you get: +\layout Quotation + +Here is +\series bold +some +\series default + text. +\layout Standard + +If you take the first example, select the words +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +This is, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and invoke +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, you get: +\layout Quotation + + +\series medium +This is +\series bold +bold text. +\layout Standard + +Now put the cursor at the end of the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +text. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Delete the period, invoke +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, and type in some text. + You'll get: +\layout Quotation + +This is +\series bold +bold text +\series medium + and this is not. +\layout Standard + +If you take the sentence, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Here is some text, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + put the cursor before the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +t +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +text +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, invoke +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, and type in some text, you'll get: +\layout Quotation + +Here is some +\series bold +newly added +\series default +text. +\layout Standard + +Now put the cursor after the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +d +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +added +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + funky +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [it's important that you type the spaces, too]. + You'll get: +\layout Quotation + +Here is some +\series bold +newly added funky +\series default +text. +\layout Standard + +Lastly, we'll demonstrate mixed fonts. + Again, start with the sentence, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Here is some text. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + We can do the following: +\layout Quotation + +Here is some +\series bold +thing +\series default + +\series bold +bold +\series default +text. +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +by 1) placing the cursor after the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +e +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +some +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +; 2) invoking +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +; 3) typing +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +thing +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +; 4) placing the cursor before the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +t +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +text +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +; 5) invoking +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +; 6) typing +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bold +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +; and 7) moving the cursor out of the word. + +\layout Standard + +The last step automatically shuts off the bold font. + LyX automatically uses the font of the current word [the word next to the + cursor]. + If you had not moved the cursor, but instead tried to turn off bold font + by invoking +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + again, +\layout Quotation + +Here is some +\series bold +thing +\series default + +\series bold +boldtext +\series default +. +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +would have been the result. + If you'd tried to turn off bold font by invoking +\family typewriter +font-default +\family default +, +\layout Quotation + +Here is some +\series bold +thing +\series default + boldtext. +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +would have been the result. + Now let's return to: +\layout Quotation + +Here is some +\series bold +thing +\series default + +\series bold +bold +\series default +text. +\layout Standard + +We'll try adding text in the middle of the words. + Put the cursor between the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +e +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +t +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +some +\series bold +thing +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ly +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, move the cursor between the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +d +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +t +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +bold +\series default +text +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +old +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + This is what you'll get: +\layout Quotation + +Here is some +\series bold +lything +\series default + +\series bold +bold +\series default +oldtext. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.78cm +Hopefully, these examples helped you understand how the font commands work. + All 9 commands listed below in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +See Also +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + work the same way, so the above examples hold for them, too. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Character Layout popup; [ +\emph on +Ed. + note - to be added. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +font-bold; font-code; font-default; font-emph; font-roman; font-sans; font-size; + font-smallcaps; font-underline. +\layout Subsection + +font-code +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +haracter... + +\family default + to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +CharacterLayout: option +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Typewriter +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Family +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + list +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + [to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup] +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default + (standard) +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-P +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Changes the font to the typewriter family, or, if the font is already in + this family, reverts to the default family. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A lot of the usage for +\family typewriter +font-code +\family default + works the same way as +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, so see the entry for +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + to get an idea for how to use +\family typewriter +font-code +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Note that +\family typewriter +font-code +\family default + shuts off +\family typewriter +font-roman +\family default + and +\family typewriter +font-sans +\family default + if either of these families is active. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Here is an example of the typewriter font family, which +\family typewriter +font-code +\family default + selects: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +This is Typewriter font. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Character Layout popup; [ +\emph on +Ed. + note - to be added. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +font-bold; font-roman; font-sans. +\layout Subsection + +font-default +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Space +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Changes the font to the default font. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A lot of the usage for +\family typewriter +font-default +\family default + works the same way as +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, so see the entry for +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + to get an idea for how to use +\family typewriter +font-default +\family default +. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Suppose you had this mess in your text: +\layout Quotation + +Hel +\family sans +lo I +\emph on +'m +\family typewriter +a re +\emph default +all +\series bold +y wei +\family sans +rd +\emph on +sent +\family default +\series default +\emph default +en +\emph on +ce and +\noun on +my na +\series bold +me +\series default +\emph default + is +\family sans +D +\series bold +e +\emph on +l +\family default +ir +\family typewriter +i +\series medium +u +\emph default +m +\family default +\series default +. +\layout Standard + +Select this text and invoke +\family typewriter +font-default +\family default +. + You'll change it to: +\layout Quotation + +Hello I'm a really weird sentence and my name is Delirium. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Character Layout popup; [ +\emph on +Ed. + note - to be added. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +font-bold. +\layout Subsection + +font-emph +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +E +\bar default +mphasize\SpecialChar ~ +Style +\family default + and +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +haracter... + +\family default + to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup +\layout Description + +CharacterLayout: option +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Italic +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Shape +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + list +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button #7 from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +An exclamation mark. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + [to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup] +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +e, +\family default +and +\family sans + M-l\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + (standard) +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-e +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Changes the font shape to the italic shape, or, if the font is already in + this shape, reverts to the default font shape. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A lot of the usage for +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default + works the same way as +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, so see the entry for +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + to get an idea for how to use +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Note that +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default + shuts off +\family typewriter +font-smallcaps +\family default + if that shape is active. +\layout Standard + +Many new users wonder why this isn't called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +font-italic, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and why boldface and underlined text don't have their own menu entries + or toolbar buttons. + LyX has adopted a convention from LaTeX: specify +\emph on +what +\emph default + you want to do and let the computer take care of how to do it. + The italic font shape is the standard way to emphasize text in typesetting. + LyX [and LaTeX] has also adopted this convention. + You can, of course, change which font is the emphasized font by making + the appropriate changes to the LaTeX preamble, although this will only + affect the final output. + There are also some interesting things that LaTeX will do to emphasized + text that LyX can't [yet] display. + It will still be in the final output. + For example, LaTeX does certain things for emphasized emphasized text automatic +ally. + If you used a specific font, you'd need to do the same thing manually, + using specific font changes. +\layout Standard + +In short, the LyX team +\emph on +strongly recommends +\emph default + that you use +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default + to emphasize any text [this includes book titles] and save any specific + font command for those few special cases where you need to specify exactly + how the text is typeset. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Here's an example of emphasized text: +\layout Quotation + + +\emph on +Always use +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default + instead of specific font names! +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Character Layout popup; [ +\emph on +Ed. + note - to be added. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +font-bold; font-smallcaps. +\layout Subsection + +font-free +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + None. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Changes the font settings to the most recent setting in the +\family sans +Character +\family default + pop-up. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +font-roman +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +haracter... + +\family default + to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +CharacterLayout: option +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Roman +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Family +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + list +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + [to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup] +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default + (standard). +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Changes the font to the roman family, or, if the font is already of this + family, reverts to the default font family. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A lot of the usage for +\family typewriter +font-roman +\family default + works the same way as +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, so see the entry for +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + to get an idea for how to use +\family typewriter +font-roman +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Note that +\family typewriter +font-roman +\family default + shuts off +\family typewriter +font-code +\family default + and +\family typewriter +font-sans +\family default + if either of these families is active. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Here is an explicit use of the roman font family: +\layout Quote + + +\family roman +This is Roman font. +\layout Standard + +Note that roman is the default font family. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Character Layout popup; [ +\emph on +Ed. + note - to be added. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +font-bold; font-code; font-roman; font-sans. +\layout Subsection + +font-sans +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +haracter... + +\family default + to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +CharacterLayout: option +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Sans Serif +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Family +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + list +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + [to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup] +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + (standard). +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Changes the font shape to the sans serif family, or, if the font is already + of this family, reverts to the default font family. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A lot of the usage for +\family typewriter +font-sans +\family default + works the same way as +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, so see the entry for +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + to get an idea for how to use +\family typewriter +font-sans +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Note that +\family typewriter +font-sans +\family default + shuts off +\family typewriter +font-code +\family default + and +\family typewriter +font-roman +\family default + if either of these families is active. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Here is an example of the Sans Serif font family: +\layout Quote + + +\family sans +This is the Sans Serif font family. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Character Layout popup; [ +\emph on +Ed. + note - to be added. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +font-bold; font-code; font-roman. +\layout Subsection + +font-size +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +haracter... + +\family default + to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +CharacterLayout: Any item from the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Size +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + list +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + The +\family sans +M-s +\family default + prefix, plus one of the following keys: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +t +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\family default + " +\family typewriter +font-size tiny +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +s +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\family default +" +\family typewriter +font-size small +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +n +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +3 +\family default +" +\family typewriter +font-size normal +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +l +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +4 +\family default +" +\family typewriter +font-size large +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-L +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +5 +\family default +" +\family typewriter +font-size larger +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-A +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +6 +\family default +" +\family typewriter +font-size largest +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +h +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +7 +\family default +" +\family typewriter +font-size huge +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +g +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-H +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +8 +\family default +" +\family typewriter +font-size giant +\family default +" +\layout Quote + +Also: +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + [to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup] +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Change the font size. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This command requires an argument, which is the font size. + You must provide the argument in the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bind +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + command if you use +\family typewriter +font-size +\family default + in a keybinding file, or in the minibuffer if you use +\family typewriter +command-execute +\family default + to invoke it. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Editor's note: Don't do this - there is a bug. + For some reason, +\family typewriter +font-size +\family default + crashes LyX at the moment. + - jw 10/6/96 +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LaTeX describes font sizes in relative values. + LyX uses the following terms: +\emph on +tiny, small +\emph default +, +\emph on +normal +\emph default +, +\emph on +large +\emph default +, +\emph on +larger +\emph default +, +\emph on +largest +\emph default +, +\emph on +huge +\emph default +, +\emph on +giant +\emph default +. + The +\emph on +normal +\emph default + size can be set to +\family typewriter +10pt +\family default +, +\family typewriter +11pt +\family default +, or +\family typewriter +12pt +\family default +, with the other sizes set proportionally. +\layout Standard + +A lot of the usage for +\family typewriter +font-size +\family default + works the same way as +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, so see the entry for +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + to get an idea for how to use +\family typewriter +font-size +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +You should avoid using +\family typewriter +font-size +\family default + unless you need to do some fine-tuning. + +\emph on +Never +\emph default + use +\family typewriter +font-size +\family default + to make titles or section headings; LyX already does this for you and in + a much better fashion. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Here are all eight font sizes: +\layout Quotation + + +\size tiny +tiny +\size default +, +\size small +small +\size default +, +\size normal +normal +\size default +, +\size large +large +\size default +, +\size larger +larger +\size default +, +\size largest +largest +\size default +, +\size huge +huge +\size default +, +\size giant +giant +\size default +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Character Layout popup; [ +\emph on +Ed. + note - to be added. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +command-execute; +\layout Standard + +font-bold. +\layout Subsection + +font-smallcaps +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +oun\SpecialChar ~ +Style +\family default + and +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +haracter... + +\family default + to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup +\layout Description + +CharacterLayout: option +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Small caps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Shape +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + list +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button #8 from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +A person. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + [to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup] +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + and +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + (standard) +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Changes the font shape to the small caps shape, or, if the font is already + of this shape, reverts to the default font shape. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A lot of the usage for +\family typewriter +font-smallcaps +\family default + works the same way as +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, so see the entry for +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + to get an idea for how to use +\family typewriter +font-smallcaps +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Note that +\family typewriter +font-smallcaps +\family default + shuts off +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default + if that shape is active. +\layout Standard + +The small caps shape is typically used for proper names. + Some countries use this convention more frequently than the US does, hence + its prominence in LyX. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Here's what the small caps shape looks like: +\layout Standard + + +\noun on +This is all in the Small Caps font shape. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Character Layout popup; [ +\emph on +Ed. + note - to be added. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +font-bold; font-emph . +\layout Subsection + +font-state +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + None. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +font-underline +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +haracter... + +\family default + to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +CharacterLayout: option +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Underbar +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Bar +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + list +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + [to open the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + popup] +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-u +\family default +or +\family sans + M-c u +\family default + (standard). +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Adds an underbar to subsequent or selected text +\family roman +. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +A lot of the usage for +\family typewriter +font-underline +\family default + works the same way as +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default +, so see the entry for +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + to get an idea for how to use +\family typewriter +font-underline +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +The LyX team has provided this function only for compatibility with LaTeX. + We know that many users are used to underlining text for emphasis or for + book titles. + While you might need to do this on a typewriter, LyX is not a typewriter, + nor should you use it like one. + Now, you could make this the default emphasized font by putting the correct + command in the LaTeX preamble. + However, we suggest that you use +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default + to emphasize any text, including book titles, and avoid using +\family typewriter +font-underline +\family default + at all. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +There is one - and only one - case that we can think of where you might + need to use +\family typewriter +font-underline +\family default +. + Suppose you're writing the bibliography of a journal article. + The journal you're submitting this article to typesets all volume numbers + in an underlined font, and wishes all submissions to do the same. + This is perhaps the only time you'd need to use +\family typewriter +font-underline +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Here's an example of the underbar font attribute: +\layout Quote + + +\bar under +Avoid using underlined text!!! +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Character Layout popup; [ +\emph on +Ed. + note - to be added. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +font-bold. + +\layout Subsection + +footnote-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +ootnote +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # 7 from the right. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +A page with an arrow pointing to lines at the bottom of the page. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +f +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To insert a footnote. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Use the keyboard, menu, or toolbar to insert a footnote. + A red box appears on the next line. + If you're in the middle of a line, the line appears to break around the + box [it doesn't really]. + Anything you enter in the box will be in the footnote. +\layout Standard + +To the left of the red box is another, smaller box with the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +foot +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + written in red on a grey background. + Click on this box once with the left mouse button to close the footnote. + A closed footnote looks like the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +foot +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + written as a superscript in red. +\layout Standard + +You can also open and close footnotes, as well as other types of notes and + labels, with the +\family typewriter +open-stuff +\family default + command. + See its entry for keybindings. +\layout Standard + +One last note: even though footnotes in LyX appear unnumbered, they are. + LaTeX does the numbering for you, as well as putting the footnote at the + bottom of the correct page, when it processes your file. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Hi! I'm a footnote! +\end_inset + + is a footnote. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +open-stuff; marginpar-insert; +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars +\emph default + in +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +forward-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-Right +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Highlight a single character to the right of the cursor. + If the cursor is at the end of a line, the cursor moves to the beginning + of the next line, and the whitespace in between is selected. + The selected text is shown in reverse-video. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; +\layout Standard + +backward-select; up-select; down-select; word-forward-select; word-backward-sele +ct; line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-up-select; screen-down-select; + buffer-begin-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Section + +G-K +\layout Subsection + +hfill-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pecial\SpecialChar ~ +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +H +\bar default +Fill +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-i +\family default +or +\family sans + M-i\SpecialChar ~ +h +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Insert a LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hfill +\family default + command. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +The LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hfill +\family default + stands for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +horizontal fill. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + As the name implies, an +\emph on +HFill +\emph default + fills in the current line with blank space. + You can put it at the beginning or end of a line, which will force the + line against the right or left margin, respectively. + However, an +\emph on +HFill +\emph default + is most useful in the middle of a line. + The example explains it best. + The +\emph on +HFill +\emph default + has pushed the text on either side of it to the left and right margins. +\layout Standard + +Important Note: by a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +margin, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + we do +\emph on +not +\emph default + mean the page margins. + We mean the environment margin. + For example, if your document has two columns per page, an +\emph on +HFill +\emph default + fills in the line to the left and right margin +\emph on +of the column +\emph default +, not the entire page. + If you're in a table cell, +\emph on +HFill +\emph default + fills to the cell borders, and so on. +\layout Standard + +You should only use +\family typewriter +hfill-insert +\family default + for fine tuning. + LyX has better ways to justify and format text. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +An +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hfill +\family default + command here +\hfill + has pushed this text apart. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Editor's Note: Eventually, vfills or the Paragraph popup. + -jw +\layout Subsection + +hyphenation-point-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pecial\SpecialChar ~ +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Hyphenation\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +P +\bar default +oint +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +Minus +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-Minus +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua-bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-h +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs-bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Insert a manual hyphenation point via the LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +- +\family default + command. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +While LaTeX is normally able to hyphenate most words, it has problems with + other words, especially non-English words and technical terms. + This command allows you to tell LaTeX to hyphenate a single instance of + a word that LaTeX would otherwise be unable to hyphenate. +\layout Standard + +To allow LaTeX to properly hyphenate +\emph on +gnomon +\emph default +, you type it as +\family typewriter +gno +\backslash +-mon +\family default +, where you insert the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + by means of the hyphenation command. + Use this command to do the same in LyX [see the example]. +\layout Standard + +Note: To tell LaTeX how to hyphenate +\emph on +all +\emph default + instances of a word in a document, insert a LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hyphenation{} +\family default + command in the preamble, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Edit the preamble from the menu by selecting +\family sans +Layout +\family default +, then +\family sans +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +Preamble +\family default + . +\end_inset + + where the argument is a space-delimited list of the words to be hyphenated, + with the hyphenation points noted by dashes, as in +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hyphenation{gno-mon gno-mons gno-mon-ly} +\family default +. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This is what +\emph on +gno\SpecialChar \- +mon +\emph default + looks like in LyX when hyphenated. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +index-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\family sans +\series default +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +In +\bar under +d +\bar default +ex\SpecialChar ~ +entry +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Add an entry that LaTeX can use to generate an index entry. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +LaTeX has the capability to compile an index based on keywords marked in + the text. + Within LyX, this is done using +\family typewriter +index-insert +\family default + immediately adjacent to the word or phrase to be placed in the index. + Note that leaving a space in between can occasionally result in the page + number appearing in the index to be off by one page. +\layout Standard + +When using +\family typewriter +index-insert +\family default + from the minibuffer, an argument can be used to give the text to use in + the index entry. + Regardless of how the entry was created in LyX, clicking on the index inset + gives an editable popup window to allow changes in the entry. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Here +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{example} + +\end_inset + + is what an index entry looks like. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +index-print +\layout Subsection + +index-print +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\family sans +\series default +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lists\SpecialChar ~ +and\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +T +\bar default +OC\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +ndex\SpecialChar ~ +list +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +t\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Instruct LaTeX to print the index. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +index-print +\family default + causes LaTeX to read index entries created by +\family typewriter +index-insert +\family default +, generate an index, and add it to the output document. + Within LyX, the only visible effect of +\family typewriter +index-print +\family default + is to create an inset labeled +\family sans +Print Index +\family default +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +index-insert +\layout Subsection + +inset-formula-latex-deletable-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +None. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +I don't know what this is used for, though it seems to go into a kind of + math-mode. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +inset-formula-latex-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +None. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +I don't know what this is used for, though it seems to go into a kind of + math-mode. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +inset-latex-deletable-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +None. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +inset-latex-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +None. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +keymap-off +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +K +\bar default +eyboard +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Key\SpecialChar ~ +Mappings: +\series medium + +\family sans +No\SpecialChar ~ +key\SpecialChar ~ +mapping +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-k\SpecialChar ~ +o +\family default +or +\family sans +M-k\SpecialChar ~ +x +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Turn off keyboard character keymapping. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +In addition to the default keymap, the keyboard can have a primary keymap, + a secondary keymap, or both. + If you have previously defined and selected either the primary or secondary + keymaps, you can turn-off this selection by issuing the +\family typewriter +keymap-off +\family default + command. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Editor's Note - We probably need to add some more info. + - jw +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +keymap-primary; keymap-secondary. +\layout Standard + +Keyboard keymapping is described in more detail in\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Subsection + +keymap-primary +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +K +\bar default +eyboard +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Key\SpecialChar ~ +Mappings: +\family sans +\series medium +Primary\SpecialChar ~ +key\SpecialChar ~ +mapping +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-k\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Select the primary keymap. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory. + See +\family typewriter +keymap-off +\family default + for more details about using multiple keymaps. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +keymap-off +\layout Subsection + +keymap-secondary +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +K +\bar default +eyboard +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Key\SpecialChar ~ +Mappings: +\family sans +\series medium +Secondary\SpecialChar ~ +key\SpecialChar ~ +mapping +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-k\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Select the secondary keymap. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory. + See +\family typewriter +keymap-off +\family default + for more details about using multiple keymaps. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +keymap-off +\layout Subsection + +keymap-toggle +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +K +\bar default +eyboard +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Key\SpecialChar ~ +Mappings +\series medium +: +\family sans +Mapping\SpecialChar ~ +Switch +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-k\SpecialChar ~ +t +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Allows you to toggle back and forth between the primary and secondary keymaps + (either of which can be set to a value of +\family typewriter +default +\family default +). +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory. + See +\family typewriter +keymap-off +\family default + for more details about using multiple keymaps. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +keymap-off +\layout Section + +L +\layout Subsection + +label-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert \SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +abel +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Input: (enter label name in input box) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +l +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Insert a label (and create a character string label key for it) for use + in a cross-reference to either the current environment entity or the printed + page number of the label location. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This command inserts a LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +label{key} +\family default + command into the document, which contains a case-sensitive alphanumeric + label +\family typewriter +key +\family default + that you define. + This command allows LaTeX to track the current environment and printed + page number for subsequent +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Actually, it doesn't need to be a subsequent reference. + You can reference a label +\emph on +before +\emph default + it is defined, but you must then run LaTeX multiple times to allow LaTeX + to resolve these types of references. +\end_inset + + cross-reference via the +\family typewriter +ref-insert +\family default + command. + The current environment is the section, table, figure, equation, enumerated + item, +\emph on +etc +\emph default +., that the label is within. + Note that the actual printed label is not displayed until you view or print + your document; LyX displays instead on the screen the symbolic label, which + is the character string label that you defined. + +\layout Standard + +Note that you can't define labels for math equations using this command. + LyX labels equations using a combination of the +\family typewriter +math-number +\family default + command and the actual LaTeX command +\family typewriter + +\backslash +label{key} +\family default +. + See the User's Guide for more information about labelling and numbering + equations. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +If the current environment is a section, as it is here at this point, you + can insert a label with the following result: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{test label} + +\end_inset + +. + This label can then be referenced, and the result will be the section number + for this section, as Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{test label} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +ref-insert; math-number. + +\layout Standard + +You can find further description of the LaTeX labeling and cross-referencing + method in the LyX User's Guide or any LaTeX user's guide. +\layout Subsection + +latex-view-log +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Vie +\bar under +w +\bar default + LaTeX Log +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +w +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Displays the log file produced by LaTeX. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory. +\layout Subsection + +layout +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Pull-down box at the left end of the toolbar. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-p +\family default +prefix plus one of the following: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Chapter +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Section +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +3 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Subsection +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +4 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Subsubsection +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +5 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Paragraph +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +6 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Subparagraph +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Abstract +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-A +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Author +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +M-a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Address +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +C-a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout RightAddress +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Itemize +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-B +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Bibliography +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout LyX-Code +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-C +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Comment +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +M-c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Caption +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +d +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Description +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-D +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Date +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Enumerate +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +f +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout ShortFoilhead +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-F +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Foilhead +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Itemize +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +l +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout List +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-L +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout LaTeX +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Enumerate +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +q +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Quote +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-Q +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Quotation +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout ShortRotatefoilhead +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-R +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Rotatefoilhead +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Standard +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Title +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +v +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Verse +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout LaTeX +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-at +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Section* +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-numbersign +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Subsection* +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +S-dollar +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +layout Subsubsection* +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To select a paragraph environment. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This function requires an argument, which is the name of the paragraph environme +nt to use. + Yes, we realize the nomenclature is confusing. + Unfortunately, we've changed our terminology but not the function names. +\layout Standard + +There are more possible arguments than those listed in the keybindings. + In fact, the possible arguments change depending on what document class + you're using. + In any case, there are so many different paragraph environments that we + couldn't go into detail about each one here. + [ +\emph on +Editor's Note- Maybe we need another chapter, just for the layouts? - jw +\emph default +] +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +The appropriate section of UserGuide.lyx. +\layout Subsection + +layout-character +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout \SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +haracter +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Character\SpecialChar ~ +Layout: (controls for character font settings) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Activates the +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + pop-up, which allows you to control the character family, series, shape, + size, and underlining font details. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +You can change the character appearance just once, for selected text, or + for all subsequently typed text. +\layout Standard + +Yes, we realize the nomenclature is confusing. + Unfortunately, we've changed our terminology but not the function names. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +layout-paragraph; layout-document. +\layout Subsection + +layout-document +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Document\SpecialChar ~ +Layout: (controls for document format settings) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +d +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Activates the +\family sans +Document Layout +\family default + pop-up, which allows you to control parameters affecting the entire document, + including: class, pagestyle, default font type and size, language, paper + size, number of paper sides and orientation, number of columns, paragraph + separation method and spacing, section numbering and table of contents + depth, and other parameters. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +layout-character; layout-paragraph. +\layout Subsection + +layout-paragraph +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragraph +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Paragraph\SpecialChar ~ +Layout: (controls for paragraph format settings) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +p +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Activates the +\family sans +Paragraph Layout +\family default + pop-up, which allows you to control parameters affecting the current paragraph, + including: alignment, vertical spacing above and below the paragraph, line + spacing, page breaking, indention, and label width (for appropriate paragraphs). + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +You may make changes either to the current paragraph or to a group of selected + paragraphs. + Changes made to the current paragraph [or the selected group] do not affect + other paragraphs. +\layout Standard + +Yes, we realize the nomenclature is confusing. + Unfortunately, we've changed our terminology but not the function names. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +layout-character; layout-document. +\layout Subsection + +layout-preamble +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX\SpecialChar ~ +Preamble +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +Preamble: (edit window for direct modification of the LaTeX preamble) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +l +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Activates the +\family sans +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +Preamble +\family default +pop-up, which allows you to directly make additions to the LaTeX preamble + that LyX inserts in the LaTeX version of the document. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +In the LaTeX preamble, you can insert non-standard LaTeX parameter settings + or LaTeX commands. + +\layout Standard + +Each document has its own preamble. + LyX currently adds certain commands to the preamble based on settings you've + chosen from within LyX. + Some things LyX just can't do yet, but LaTeX can. + Or, you may want to use some custom LaTeX macros. + The +\family sans +LaTeX Preamble +\family default + popup is where to do it. +\layout Paragraph + +Example: +\layout Standard + +The following is a typical preamble that changes default settings for twocolumn + mode, creates a simple custom LaTeX command for later use in this document, + and then reads in some other personal settings and/or macros from an external + file. + Remember, if you want your documents to be portable, you need to bundle + any such external files with the document file(s): +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +columnsep 10pt +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +columnseprule 2pt +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +astm}[2]{#1 +\backslash +,#2} +\layout LyX-Code + +% +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +input{ +\backslash +home +\backslash +homenode +\backslash +myname +\backslash +latex +\backslash +macros +\backslash +my_macros.def} +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +The appropriate chapter in LyX User's Guide. +\layout Subsection + +layout-quotes +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +Q +\bar default +uotes +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Quotes: (controls for setting desired quotation marks) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +q +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Activates the +\family sans +Quotes +\family default + pop-up, which allows you to set the type of quote marks used by LyX. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self explanatory. + Different languages use different symbols for the default quotes. + For example, French uses +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, not +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Selecting a different type of quote changes the behavior of the +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family default + and +\family sans +' +\family default + keys. + LyX supports a bunch of different quotes. + If you need a special one not present, contact +\family typewriter + lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org +\family default + and we'll see what we can come up with. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +line-begin +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Home +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-a +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Move the cursor to the beginning of the current line. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; line-end; tab-forward; + up; down; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-begin; buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +line-begin-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-Home +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Select (highlight) text from the current cursor location to the beginning + of the current line. + The selected text is shown in reverse video. + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +line-begin; +\layout Standard + +backward-select; forward-select; up-select; down-select; word-forward-select; + word-backward-select; line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-up-select; + screen-down-select; buffer-begin-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Subsection + +line-delete-forward +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-k +\family default + or +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Delete text from the current cursor location to the end of the screen line. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +If the cursor is at the end of the line there is no action. + If the cursor is at the beginning of the line, the text of the entire line + is deleted but the empty line is retained for insertion of new text. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +line-end +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +End +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-e +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Move the cursor to the end of the current line. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; line-end; tab-forward; + up; down; paragraph-up; paragraph-down; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-begin; + buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +line-end-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-End +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Select (highlight) text from the current cursor location right to the end + of the current line, in the current buffer. + The selected text is shown in reverse video. + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +line-end; +\layout Standard + +backward-select; forward-select; up-select; down-select; word-forward-select; + word-backward-select; line-begin-select; screen-up-select; screen-down-select; + buffer-begin-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Subsection + +lyx-quit +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +E +\bar under +x +\bar default +it +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family default + (standard). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-q +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-x\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family roman +or +\family sans + C-x\SpecialChar ~ +C-c +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Exit LyX and close all buffers and windows. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +After entering the command, a pop-up for each open and modified buffer appears, + asking you if you want to save that buffer. + This only happens if any open documents need saving. +\layout Standard + +At this point, one of two things happen. + If you executed +\family typewriter +lyx-quit +\family default + from the keyboard, LyX simply quits. + If you used +\family sans +Quit +\family default + from the +\family sans +File +\family default + menu, however, LyX asks you if you really want to quit. +\layout Standard + +If you decide to customize the keybinding for this one, choose a complicated + key sequence. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Section + +M +\layout Subsection + +marginpar-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +argin note +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button 6 from the right. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Text column on the left with a short text column on the right and an arrow + pointing upwards at the shorter text. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +\series default + M-i m +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Insert a margin note. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Use the keyboard, menu, or toolbar to insert a marginpar. + A red box appears on the next line. + If you're in the middle of a line, the line appears to break around the + box [it doesn't really]. + Anything you enter in the box will be in the marginpar. +\layout Standard + +To the left of the red box is another, smaller box with the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +margin +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + written in red on a grey background. + Click on this box once with the left mouse button to close the marginpar. + A closed marginpar looks like the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +margin +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + written as a superscript in red with an '!' in the left margin. +\layout Standard + +You can also open and close marginpars, as well as other types of notes + and labels, with the +\family typewriter +open-stuff +\family default + command. + See its entry for keybindings. +\layout Standard + +One last note: marginpars aren't supported in minipage environments so LyX + will warn you if you try to. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Marginpar +\end_inset + + is a marginpar. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +open-stuff; footnote-insert; +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars +\emph default + in +\emph on +Extended Features. +\layout Subsection + +mark-off +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e S-M +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Turns off selection marking. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +mark-on; mark-toggle; cut; copy; +\layout Subsection + +mark-on +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e m +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-@ +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +mark-off; mark-toggle; cut; copy; +\layout Subsection + +mark-toggle +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-m +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Toggles selection marking on/off. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +mark-off; mark-on; cut; copy; +\layout Subsection + +math-delim +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath Panel +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +MathPanel: Third button from left to right. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Two square brackets enclosing a blue rectangle. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To insert math delimiters [i. + e. + - parentheses, brackets, etc.]. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Requires two arguments, the left and right delimiters. + Each delimiter can be specified by either a LaTeX name or a valid character + . + Use only one space between items. +\layout Standard + +If you use this function from the +\family sans +Math Panel +\family default +, you'll get another popup that allows you to choose the left and right + delimiters. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +math-delim { rangle +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + result in +\begin_inset Formula $\left\{ \right\rangle $ +\end_inset + + with the cursor at the small rectangle. + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math. +\layout Subsection + +math-display +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar under +i +\bar default +splay +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +MathPanel: Rightmost button. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +A small blue rectangle with two horizontal lines below and above. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +In text mode, this is used to create a new displayed equation. + In math mode it changes the display status of a formula from inlined to + display and vice-versa. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-Explanatory +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This is a displayed equation: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +a=b+c\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math. +\layout Subsection + +math-greek +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-m g +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Enter a single Greek character. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +After invoking this function, the next character you type will be translated + to a Greek character. + Anything typed after that character will be a normal Latin character. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\Omega\alpha\beta$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math. +\layout Subsection + +math-greek-toggle +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-m S-G +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Turn on the math Greek keyboard. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Every typed Latin character is mapped to Greek until this command is invoked + again. + If you leave math mode, the Greek keyboard remains active. + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math. +\layout Subsection + +math-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + The +\family sans +M-m +\family default + prefix, plus one of the following keys: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family default +" +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +int +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +o +\family default + " +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +oint +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default + " +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +partial +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + " +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +S-S +\family default + " +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sum +\family default +" +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To insert math objects or symbols. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Requires an argument, which can be the LaTeX name of either a symbol or + an object. + The possible arguments are: +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +frac +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +int +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +oint +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +partial +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +sqrt +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +sum +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +int +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +frac +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math. +\layout Subsection + +math-limits +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-m l +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To change the appearance of the limits above and below an integral symbol, + a limit, a summation, etc. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Put the cursor +\emph on +before +\emph default + [i.e. + to the left] of the symbol with the limits, then invoke +\family typewriter +math-limits +\family default +. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This is a normal integral +\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \int_{0}^{\infty}}$ +\end_inset + + and this was changed with limits +\begin_inset Formula $\int_{0}^{\infty}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math. +\layout Subsection + +math-matrix +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath Panel +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +MathPanel: A grid of +\begin_inset Formula $3\times3$ +\end_inset + + small blue rectangles. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To insert a matrix. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This command requires as arguments the dimensions of the matrix (two integer + numbers separated by an space) and, optionally, the alignment. + The alignment is a word composed of the vertical alignment ( +\family typewriter +b +\family default +, +\family typewriter +c +\family default + or +\family typewriter +t +\family default +) and the horizontal alignments ( +\family typewriter +l +\family default +, +\family typewriter +c +\family default + or +\family typewriter +r +\family default +). +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +math-matrix 3 3 bccc +\family default +results in +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} +\\\\\end{array}$ +\end_inset + +, a +\begin_inset Formula $3\times3$ +\end_inset + + matrix with its bottom at the baseline and all columns centered. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math. +\layout Subsection + +math-mode +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath mode +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Second button from the right. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +A blue equation. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-c m +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Set math mode. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +In text mode you can insert a math expression. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Most of the entries for math functions have examples of math mode in them. + Here's another example: +\layout Standard + +Here is some text. + Now suppose I wanted an inlined equation, such as +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{A\cdot e^{x}}{x+1}$ +\end_inset + +, in my text. + I'd use math mode. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math. +\layout Subsection + +math-nonumber +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To suppress the number of a line in a numbered equation array. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +The cursor position must be at the line whose number will be suppressed. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This example contains a two-line, numbered equation. + Ordinarily, both lines get numbered, which makes no sense for this equation: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +(x+y)(x-y) & = & x^{2}-xy+xy-y^{2}\nonumber \\ + & = & x^{2}-y^{2}\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Notice that only the bottom line has a number. + The top line had its number suppressed using +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +math-nonumber +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math. +\layout Subsection + +math-number +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-m n +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Toggles the numbering status of an equation. + Changes the LaTeX environment automatically. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This is a numbered equation +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +x=2-y\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +And this is not +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y-2\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math. +\layout Subsection + +math-size +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-m ? +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Editor's Note - there may be no default binding for this command. + - jw +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To change arbitrarily the size used by math fonts inside a context. + Provides an interface to the LaTeX math mode font size commands. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Requires one argument. + Valid arguments are +\family typewriter +displaystyle +\family default +, +\family typewriter +textstyle +\family default +, +\family typewriter +scriptstyle +\family default + and +\family typewriter +scriptscriptstyle +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +As for how to use these arbitrary font sizes, see a good LaTeX book. + You should use this for fine-tuning only. + LyX [and LaTeX] will ordinarily set an appropriate font size for you. + +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This is the normal size of a fraction inside text +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + +, and this other +\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ +\end_inset + + is the result of using +\family typewriter +math-size displaystyle. + +\family default + [There's no visible difference between the two inside LyX, but there will + be a difference once you print.] +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +UserGuide, chapter Math; +\layout Standard + +any good LaTeX guide. +\layout Subsection + +melt +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Floats\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Insets\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Melt +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + This button is not activated as default. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +The icon shows two small +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blobs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + with an arrow between them pointing down towards a larger +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blob. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + No default keybinding +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To move the contents of a floating inset to the body at the location where + it appears in the LyX window. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Place the cursor inside the unfolded float. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +footnote-insert; open-stuff; marginpar-insert +\layout Standard + +Floats are described in detail in chapter 4 of the +\emph on +Userguide. +\layout Subsection + +menu-open +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Subsection + +meta-prefix +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file1.bind +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-S-M-W-key +\family default + in +\family typewriter +file2.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Description. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +Other entries or documents. + Separate many references by either a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +; +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or place in multiple paragraphs. +\layout Section + +N-R +\layout Subsection + +note-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +ote +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Creates at the current cursor position, and for screen interactive use only, + a LyX Note, which is visible by the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Note +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + within a bright-yellow box. + The box is tied to a pop-up, within which you can insert a message. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +After inserting the note at the desired text position, click on the note + to see bring-up the pop-up, and type-in your message. + Neither the box nor the message appear in the printed output. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +fields Wed Oct 9 13:57:36 1996 +\layout Standard + +You can move through the document, from note to note, via the +\layout Standard + +note-next command. +\end_inset + +To the immediate left is an inserted note. + Click on the box with your mouse to see the message. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +note-next; open-stuff. +\layout Subsection + +note-next +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Go +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +to +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +ote +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Move the current cursor and screen location to the next LyX +\family sans +Note +\family default + in the current buffer. + There is no action if there are no more notes in the document (or no notes + at all). +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +note-insert. +\layout Subsection + +open-stuff +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Floats\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsets\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen/Close +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-o +\family default + +\newline +(or use the appropriate mouse button action) +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Opens a LyX inset for editing or parameter modification. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Place the cursor to the left of the entity and execute the command. + Or, click on the center of the object with the mouse. + +\family sans +open-stuff +\family default +will open a math-mode block (left mouse button, single click), figure, note, + footnote or margin note (left mouse button, double-click). +\layout Standard + +Typically, the object you're opening is some sort of inset or float. + You can use +\family typewriter +melt +\family default + to remove the float and merge the text back into the body of the document. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +melt. +\layout Subsection + +paste +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aste +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button #6 from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Schematic of a clipboard with arrow to a document. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +p +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-v +\family default + or +\family sans +S-Insert +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\newline + +\family sans +C-y +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Paste the contents of the paste buffer into the current buffer, at the current + cursor location. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Upon starting LyX, the paste buffer is initially empty. + During a +\family typewriter +cut +\family sans + +\family default +or +\family typewriter +copy +\family sans + +\family default +operation, the selected text will be stored in the paste buffer, overwriting + anything previously stored in the buffer. +\layout Standard + +If a selection is highlighted at the current cursor location, LyX +\family typewriter +paste +\family sans + +\family default +inserts the paste buffer text +\emph on +after +\emph default + the selection. + It does not overwrite; it only operates in +\emph on +insert +\emph default +mode. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +cut; copy. +\layout Subsection + +prefix-arg +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + ? +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + ? +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +? +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + ? +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +protected-space-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +S +\bar under +p +\bar default +ecial +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Protected +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +\bar under +B +\bar default +lank +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-Space +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Insert an interword space at which a line break will not be allowed either + on the LyX screen or in the LaTeX output. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +The protected space is represented on the screen as a small, magenta, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +square cup +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + symbol, like this \SpecialChar ~ +, which if you are reading a printed copy looks something + like +\begin_inset Formula $\sqcup$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +This is sometimes also called a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hard space +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fixed space +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + because it is not resized like other whitespace. +\layout Standard + +Use the protected space for phrases that you don't want broken at the end + of a line, or to insert more than one word into certain kinds of headings. + For example, the +\family sans +Description +\family default + list always treats the first word of the paragraph as an item label and + boldfaces it. + If you wanted to use more than one word as an item label, use protected + space between the words. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Never +\emph default + use +\family typewriter +protected-space +\family default + as a substitute tab-stop! LyX has far, far better ways of formatting text, + so use them. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +This phrase, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +the\SpecialChar ~ +whole\SpecialChar ~ +nine\SpecialChar ~ +yards, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will not be broken at the end of a line. + And if we had a description list with multi-word labels: +\layout Description + +entry\SpecialChar ~ +#1 This is one. +\layout Description + +entry\SpecialChar ~ +#2 This is two. + Notice the protected space between the words in the item label. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +The User's Guide +\layout Subsection + +quote-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-q +\family roman +, +\family sans + S-C- +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family roman +, +\family sans + M-i\SpecialChar ~ +' +\family roman +, or +\family sans + M-i\SpecialChar ~ +S- +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Insert a typewriter-style double quote symbol, ", at the current cursor + location. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +On the default keyboard, the grave and apostrophe keys produce matching + single quote characters, and the double-quote key produces context-sensitive + anti-symmetric double quotes. + While it should normally be used only in rare situations, the +\family typewriter +quote-insert +\family sans + +\family default +command allows you to easily produce the +\family sans + +\family default +less esthetically pleasing typewriter-style double quote symbol. +\layout Standard + +This command also allows you to create a double-quote character when you've + changed the behavior of the +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family default + key using the +\family typewriter +layout-quotes +\family default + command. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +layout-quotes. +\layout Subsection + +redo +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +edo +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-Z +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Attempts to redo the last major editing command that was undone with the + +\family typewriter +undo +\family sans + +\family default +command. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory. + +\family typewriter +redo +\family default + may not always succeed, or it may redo more editing than you expected. + The only limit to how many times you can perform a +\family typewriter +redo +\family default + is the beginning of the undo buffer. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +undo. + +\layout Subsection + +ref-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert \SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross- +\bar under +R +\bar default +eference +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference: (cross-reference control panel) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +r +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Insert a cross-reference (using a character string label key), based on + a previously defined label. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +This command inserts either a LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +ref{key} +\emph on + +\family default +\emph default +or a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +pageref{key} +\family default + command, as appropriate, into the document. + The +\family typewriter +key +\family default + parameter is the case-sensitive alphanumeric label that you previously + defined using +\family typewriter +label-insert +\family default +. + Executing the +\family typewriter +ref-insert +\family sans + +\family default +command brings up the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + pop-up control panel, which shows you a selection list of previously defined + references. + Also on this panel, you are given the option of referencing either the + environment reference related to that label (like the section number) or + the page number at which the label is located. +\layout Standard + +The +\family typewriter + +\backslash +ref(key) +\family default + command allows LaTeX to track the specified key and substitute the appropriate + cross-reference. + The environment referenced can be a section, table, figure, equation number, + enumerated item, +\emph on +etc +\emph default +. + Note that the actual printed label is not displayed until you view or print + your document; LyX displays instead on the screen the symbolic label, which + is the character string label key that you defined. + +\layout Standard + +Note that labels defined in math mode don't become visible to the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + popup until after you close and reopen the document. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +See +\family typewriter +label-ref +\family sans + +\family default +for an example of referencing a section number. + That same label from that example can also be used to reference the page + number at that location; for example, the page number of that location + is Page\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{test label} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +label-insert; math-number. + +\layout Standard + +You can find further description of the LaTeX labeling and cross-referencing + method in the LyX User's Guide or any good LaTeX user's guide. +\layout Section + +S +\layout Subsection + +screen-down +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-v +\family roman +or +\family sans + C-x\SpecialChar ~ +] +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Moves the cursor down one screenful of text while maintaining the current + relative cursor screen position. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory. + Note that repeated +\family typewriter +screen-down +\family default + and +\family typewriter +screen-up +\family default + commands will not necessarily return the cursor to its previous location. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; line-begin; line-end; + tab-forward; up; down; screen-up; buffer-begin; buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +screen-down-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-PageDown +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Highlights (selects) the text between the starting and ending cursor positions + during a +\family typewriter +screen-down +\family sans + +\family default +move. + The highlighted text is shown in reverse video. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +screen-down; +\layout Standard + +backward-select; forward-select; up-select; down-select; word-forward-select; + word-backward-select; line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-up-select; + buffer-begin-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Subsection + +screen-recenter +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-l +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Repositions the screen so that it is centered on the current cursor location. + The position of the cursor in the text does not change. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +screen-up +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +PageUp +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-x\SpecialChar ~ +[ +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Moves the cursor up one screenful of text while maintaining the current + relative cursor screen position. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self-explanatory. + Note that repeated +\family typewriter +screen-down +\family default + and +\family typewriter +screen-up +\family default + commands will not necessarily return the cursor to its previous location. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; line-begin; line-end; + tab-forward; up; down; screen-down; buffer-begin; buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +screen-up-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-PageUp +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Highlights (selects) the text between the starting and ending cursor positions + during a +\family typewriter +screen-up +\family sans + +\family default +move. + The highlighted text is shown in reverse video. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +screen-up; +\layout Standard + +backward-select; forward-select; up-select; down-select; word-forward-select; + word-backward-select; line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-down-select; + buffer-begin-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Subsection + +self-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Main\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Item +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Button # from the left. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Brief description of button icon. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + None. +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Don't know what this does. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Subsection + +server-char-after +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +One of the functions for the LyX server. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Examples. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +server-get-font; server-get-latex; server-get-layout; server-get-name; server-ge +t-xy; server-notify; server-set-xy. +\layout Subsection + +server-get-font +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +One of the functions for the LyX server. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +server-char-after; server-get-latex; server-get-layout; server-get-name; + server-get-xy; server-notify; server-set-xy. +\layout Subsection + +server-get-latex +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +One of the functions for the LyX server. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +server-char-after; server-get-font; server-get-layout; server-get-name; + server-get-xy; server-notify; server-set-xy. +\layout Subsection + +server-get-layout +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +One of the functions for the LyX server. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +server-char-after; server-get-font; server-get-latex; server-get-name; server-ge +t-xy; server-notify; server-set-xy. +\layout Subsection + +server-get-name +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +One of the functions for the LyX server. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +server-char-after; server-get-font; server-get-latex; server-get-layout; + server-get-xy; server-notify; server-set-xy. +\layout Subsection + +server-get-xy +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +One of the functions for the LyX server. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +server-char-after; server-get-font; server-get-latex; server-get-layout; + server-get-name; server-notify; server-set-xy. +\layout Subsection + +server-notify +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +One of the functions for the LyX server. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +server-char-after; server-get-font; server-get-latex; server-get-layout; + server-get-name; server-get-xy; server-set-xy. +\layout Subsection + +server-set-xy +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +One of the functions for the LyX server. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +server-char-after; server-get-font; server-get-latex; server-get-layout; + server-get-name; server-get-xy; server-notify. +\layout Subsection + +set-color +\layout Standard + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Change the colors used by LyX. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +set-color required two arguments, the LyX color name (essentially the object + to be colours) and the display (currently X11) color name. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +The set-color section of the Customization guide. +\layout Subsection + +spellchecker +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit \SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pellchecker +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Spellchecker: (control panel for the spellchecker) +\newline +or +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pellchecker\SpecialChar ~ +Options +\layout Description + +Spellchecker\SpecialChar ~ +Options: +\family sans + +\bar under +S +\bar default +tart\SpecialChar ~ +Spellchecker +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Start spellchecker. +\layout Standard + +[ +\emph on +Author's Note: Need more detail here. + - +\emph default +] +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +spellcheck popup. + [ +\emph on +Editor's Note: To be added later - jw. +\emph default +] +\layout Subsection + +symbol-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +This command is simply an alias for the command +\family typewriter +math-mode +\family default +. + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +math-mode. + +\layout Section + +T-U +\layout Subsection + +tab-forward +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Move the cursor position forward to the left margin at the start of the + next paragraph or list item. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Note that although other motion commands have a text selection parallel, + +\family typewriter +tab-forward +\family default + does not; there is currently no +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +tab-forward-select +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + command in LyX. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; line-begin; line-end; + up; down; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-begin; buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +table-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +le\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +table +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Table: (table size and insertion control panel) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + First button on the right. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Table icon showing a four by four table with gridlines. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Inserts a LaTeX table ( +\family typewriter +tabular +\family default + environment) into the text. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Executing the command creates a pop-up table control panel that allows you + to set the initial number of rows and columns. + Hitting either the control panel +\family sans +OK +\family default + or +\family sans +Apply +\family default +buttons inserts the table at the current cursor location. + Text can then be inserted into any cell of a table by selecting the cell + and typing. + The table can be modified by placing the cursor anywhere in the table and + clicking the right mouse button, which brings up a table control menu. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +Executing the +\family typewriter +table-insert +\family default + function at the end of this sentence, and accepting the default values, + results in the following: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +5 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +A +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +x +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +y +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +B +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +x +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +y +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +C +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +y +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +x +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +D +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +y +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +x +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +We took the liberty of adding a little text to the table. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +TBD\SpecialChar \@. + We'll think of something, to be sure\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Subsection + +tex-mode +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +ex +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Style +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Toolbar\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + Fourth button from the right. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Button with TeX on the face +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family roman +or +\family sans + M-c\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family default + (standard) +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-l +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Enter LaTeX code. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +The +\family typewriter +tex-mode +\family default + command is a toggle function. + When first executed, +\family typewriter +tex-mode +\family default + begins accepting characters as a LaTeX command rather than text; when +\family typewriter +tex-mode +\family sans + +\family default +is executed again this action stops. + The result must be a valid and appropriate LaTeX command, or an error will + result when the file is processed with LaTeX. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +The characters accepted as a LaTeX command are shown on the screen in red, + as this example of the LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +relax +\family default + command shows: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +relax +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +math-mode. +\layout Subsection + +toc-insert +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lists and +\bar under +T +\bar default +OC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +of +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +ontents +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-i t c +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Inserts a +\family sans + table of contents in your document at the current cursor position. + +\family default + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +The standard location for a table of contents is straight after the title + page. + So insert it there for best results. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +toc-view; Table of Contents popup. +\layout Subsection + +toc-view +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +able +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +of +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Contents +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents: (table of contents control panel) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e t +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +This function brings up the +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default +pop-up. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +You can update the table of contents using the +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdate +\family default + button on the control panel, but the primary purpose of the +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default +pop-up is browsing. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +toc-insert; Table of Contents popup. +\layout Subsection + +toggle-cursor-follows-scrollbar +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To control the movement of the cursor when you use the scrollbar. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Use this switch to change the way the cursor is handled when you move the + scrollbar. + The default behaviour is for the cursor to remain at the last position + you were editing even if you scroll it off the screen. + The alternate behaviour is for the cursor to always be on screen with its + position limited by the topmost or bottommost visible line of text. +\layout Standard + +It is possible to set the alternate behaviour as the default by adding an + entry in your +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + file of the form: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cursor_follows_scrollbar true +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +toolbar-add-to +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Used in the +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + files to add a toolbar button. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +toolbar-push. +\layout Subsection + +toolbar-push +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: None. +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Used in the +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + files to add a toolbar button. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +? +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +toolbar-add-to. +\layout Subsection + +undo +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Menu\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +ndo +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +u +\family default + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-z +\family default + in +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\family default +. +\newline + +\family sans +C-x\SpecialChar ~ +u or C-~S-slash +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Undo the last major editing command. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self explanatory. + +\layout Standard + +Two things: first, +\family typewriter +undo +\family default + has unlimited depth. + +\emph on +(Except in the beta-version, where this feature has been limited to 100 + steps for safety). + +\emph default +You can keep invoking +\family typewriter +undo +\family default + until you run out of changes and the document is back in the state it was + in when you loaded it. +\layout Standard + +Second, +\family typewriter +undo +\family default + does not work everywhere. + You cannot undo changes to the document layout, for example. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +redo. + +\layout Subsection + +up +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +Up +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +C-p +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Moves the cursor down up line. + If the cursor starting-position is at the top of the screen-display, the + buffer scrolls downward to display the new current line about 1/4 of the + screen-height from the top of the screen. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; tab-forward; line-begi +n; line-end; down; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-begin; buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +up-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-Up +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +To select text from the current cursor position to the same position one + line up. + If the previous line is shorter than the current line, the cursor simply + moves to the end of the previous line. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +up; +\layout Standard + +backward-select; forward-select; down-select; word-forward-select; word-backward +-select; line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-up-select; screen-down-selec +t; buffer-begin-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Section + +W-Z +\layout Subsection + +word-backward +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-Left +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Moves the cursor backward by one word. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Self explanatory. + If you are already at the beginning of a word, the cursor moves to the + first letter of the previous word. + If you are in the middle or at the end of a word, the cursor moves to the + first letter of that word. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; tab-forward; line-begin; line-end; + up; down; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-begin; buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +word-backward-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-C-Left +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Highlights (selects) the text between the starting and ending positions + during a +\family typewriter +word-backward +\family default + move. + The highlighted text is shown in reverse video. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +word-backward; backward-select; forward-select; up-select; down-select; + word-forward-select; line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-up-select; + screen-down-select; buffer-begin-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Subsection + +word-capitalize +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Right +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Capitalizes the next character to the right of the current cursor, and moves + the cursor position to the beginning of the next word. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +No case change occurs for preselected text. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +If your current cursor location is immediately to the left of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +p +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the word +\emph on +description +\emph default + and you execute the +\family typewriter +word-capitalize +\family default + function, +\emph on +description +\emph default + will change to +\emph on +descriPtion. + +\emph default + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +word-lowcase; word-upcase. +\layout Subsection + +word-delete-backward +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-BackSpace +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Deletes the previous word. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +If the cursor is in between words (in whitespace), then the previous word + is deleted. + +\layout Standard + +If the cursor is in the middle of a word, then the beginning of the word + is deleted to the cursor location. + +\layout Standard + +If the cursor is at the beginning of a paragraph, then the last word of + the previous paragraph is deleted. + Also in this case, if both paragraph have the same environment, LyX will + join the two paragraphs. + +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +word-delete-forward. +\layout Subsection + +word-delete-forward +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-Delete +\newline +M-d +\family default + in +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Deletes the next word. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +If the cursor is in between words (in whitespace), then the next word is + deleted. + +\layout Standard + +If the cursor is in the middle of a word, then the end of the word is deleted + to the cursor location. + +\layout Standard + +If the cursor is at the end of a paragraph, one of two things can happen. + If the current and next paragraph have the same paragraph environment, + LyX merges the two paragraphs, but doesn't delete any words. + If the two paragraphs have different environments, nothing happens. + Note that this is different from the behavior of +\family typewriter +word-delete-backward +\family default +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +word-delete-backward. +\layout Subsection + +word-forward +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +C-Right +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Moves the cursor forward by one word. + +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Unlike +\family typewriter +word-backward +\family default +, this function always displays the same behavior. + It always moves the cursor to the beginning of the next word, no matter + where the starting cursor location may be. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +char-forward; char-backward; word-forward; word-backward; tab-forward; line-begi +n; line-end; up; down; screen-up; screen-down; buffer-begin; buffer-end. +\layout Subsection + +word-forward-select +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +S-C-Right +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Highlights (selects) the text between the starting and ending positions + during a +\family typewriter +word-forward +\family sans + +\family default +move. + The highlighted text is shown in reverse video. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +word-forward; +\layout Standard + +backward-select; forward-select; up-select; down-select; word-backward-select; + line-begin-select; line-end-select; screen-up-select; screen-down-select; + buffer-begin-select; buffer-end-select. +\layout Subsection + +word-lowcase +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Down +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Forces a word to all lowercase, then moves the cursor to the start of the + next word. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Only the portion of the word to the right of the cursor is affected. + No case change occurs for preselected text. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +If your current cursor location is immediately to the left of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +p +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the word +\emph on +DESCRIPTION +\emph default + and you execute the +\family typewriter +word-lowcase +\family default + function, +\emph on +DESCRIPTION +\emph default + will change to +\emph on +DESCRIption +\emph default +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +word-capitalize; word-upcase. +\layout Subsection + +word-upcase +\layout Description + +Default\SpecialChar ~ +Bindings: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +Keyboard\SpecialChar ~ +- +\series default + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Up +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Purpose: +\layout Standard + +Forces a word to all uppercase, then moves the cursor to the start of the + next word. +\layout Paragraph + +Usage: +\layout Standard + +Only the portion of the word to the right of the cursor is affected. + No case change occurs for preselected text. +\layout Paragraph + +Examples: +\layout Standard + +If your current cursor location is immediately to the left of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +p +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the word +\emph on +description +\emph default + and you execute the +\family sans +word-upcase +\family default + function, +\emph on +description +\emph default + will change to +\emph on +descriPTION +\emph default +. +\layout Paragraph + +See Also: +\layout Standard + +word-capitalize; word-lowcase. +\layout Chapter + +General Information +\layout Standard + + +\emph on + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{ch:misc} + +\end_inset + + Ed. + Note: This is otherwise known as The Dreaded Miscellaneous! It'll be a + pain to maintain, since I'll probably be splitting it every few months! + -jw +\layout Section* + +Reserved for Future Use. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/TOC_top/TOC_top.lyx b/lib/doc/TOC_top/TOC_top.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..332e4e031a --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/TOC_top/TOC_top.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language english +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +LyX Documentation Table of Contents +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/TOC_top/da_TOC_top.lyx b/lib/doc/TOC_top/da_TOC_top.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1c35b66756 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/TOC_top/da_TOC_top.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language danish +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize 10 +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage widemarginsa4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation skip +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language german +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Indholdsfortegnelse over LyX's dokumentation +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/TOC_top/de_TOC_top.lyx b/lib/doc/TOC_top/de_TOC_top.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3ab04d9627 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/TOC_top/de_TOC_top.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language german +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize 10 +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage widemarginsa4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation skip +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language german +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Inhaltsverzeichnis LyX Dokumentation +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/TOC_top/fr_TOC_top.lyx b/lib/doc/TOC_top/fr_TOC_top.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f017ee5b63 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/TOC_top/fr_TOC_top.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language french +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Plan de la documentation +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/TOC_top/ru_TOC_top.lyx b/lib/doc/TOC_top/ru_TOC_top.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4001d1d138 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/TOC_top/ru_TOC_top.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language russian +\inputencoding koi8-r +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +LyX Documentation Table of Contents +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/TOC_top/sl_TOC_top.lyx b/lib/doc/TOC_top/sl_TOC_top.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7c15b114b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/TOC_top/sl_TOC_top.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\options dvips +\language slovene +\inputencoding latin2 +\fontscheme default +\graphics dvips +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 1 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\headsep 0pt +\footskip 0pt +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation skip +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language german +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Kazalo dokumentacije LyXa +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ecefeac57b --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,4715 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language english +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +The LyX Tutorial +\layout Author + +by the LyX Team +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Principal maintainer of this file is +\noun on +Amir Karger +\noun default +. + If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX + Documentation mailing list, . +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introduction +\layout Section + +Welcome to LyX! +\layout Standard + +This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or don't + know it very well. + Now, don't panic - you won't need to learn LaTeX to use LyX. + That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG + interface to LaTeX. + There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use + LyX effectively. +\layout Standard + +Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to + put two spaces after a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or tried to put 3 blank lines between paragraphs. + After much frustration, you found you couldn't. + In fact, you'll find that most of the little tricks you're accustomed to + using in other word processors just won't work in LyX. + That's because most word processors you've used before allow you to manually + enter all spacings, font changes, and so on. + So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too. + LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you + focus on the important things, like the content of your writing. +\layout Standard + +So, bear with us and read on. + Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time. +\layout Section + +What the Tutorial +\emph on +is +\emph default + and What it +\emph on +isn't +\layout Standard + +Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of + something. + The +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + uses the notation outlined in the +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + If you came to this manual first, go read the +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + Yes, we mean now. +\layout Standard + +Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what + this +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + is for. +\layout Subsection + +Getting the Most out of the Tutorial +\layout Standard + +This tutorial consists of examples and exercises. + To get the most out of this document, you should read through the document, + typing all the silly little things we're telling you to type and trying + out all of the exercises to see if you get them right. + For convenience, you might want to print out the PostScript® version of + this document. +\layout Standard + +If you are familiar with LaTeX, you'll probably be able to read the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise. + However, LyX does have idiosyncrasies +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +or, more optimistically, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +features +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + you'll want to learn about. + Even if you don't feel like reading the rest of the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, you should definitely check out Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +, which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users. +\layout Subsection + +What You +\emph on +Won't +\emph default + Find: +\layout Itemize + +Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +What, you want the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + twice? +\layout Standard + +Seriously, though, we're here to get you up and running so that all you + need is the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default +. + If we tried to duplicate all of the information about all of LyX's features + in here, the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + would be redundant, too long, and forever out of date. + All we do here is introduce things; imagine there is a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +see the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at the end of every section. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Detailed explanations of LaTeX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Unnecessary. + If you're really curious about learning some of the neat tricks you can + do with LaTeX, you can always go get a LaTeX book. + There are several good ones on the market. + No need to reinvent the wheel, after all\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +So, brave soul, it's time to move onwards. + Time for your first document \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Getting Started with LyX +\layout Section + +Your First LyX Document +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + + OK\SpecialChar \@. + You're ready to start writing. + Before you do, though, there are a few things we need to mention, which + will hopefully make the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +more instructive, useful, and fun. + +\layout Standard + +Because there's lots of information that we won't be giving you, the +\emph on +first +\series medium +\emph default + thing that you need to do is find the +\series default +other +\series medium +help files. + Luckily, this is very simple. + +\series default + Start up LyX. + Choose the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + from the +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp +\family default + menu. + You may want to load the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + as well (if you're not reading it on screen already). + This way, you can read them while you're writing your own file +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of + LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Note that once you've got more than one document open, you can use the + +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocuments +\family default + menu to switch between them. + The +\emph on + Tutorial +\emph default + will not cover in detail subjects which are described in the other LyX + manuals. + This may make life a bit harder for you at the beginning, but it will keep + the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + short. + It will also get you in the habit of using the other manuals, which --- + in the long run --- will save you a lot of time. +\layout Standard + +In this +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, we're going to assume that you have a fully working version of LyX, as + well as LaTeX, +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + or some other dvi viewer, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + or some other way of converting +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + documents to PostScript® documents, and a working printer. + This is a lot to assume. + If any of this is not true, you (or a friendly system administrator) will + need to set up your system. + You can find information on setup in other manuals. +\layout Standard + +Finally, we've written a file to let you practice your LyX skills on. + It's called +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Imagine that it was typed by someone who didn't know about any of LyX's + great features. + As you learn new LyX functions, we'll suggest that you fix those parts + of +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + It also contains +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +subtle +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + hints about how to fix things +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +The hints are located in yellow +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Notes +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Access the text in a note by clicking on it. +\end_inset + +. + If you want to cheat (or check what you've done), there's also a file called + +\family typewriter +example_lyxified.lyx +\family default + which contains the same text as written and typeset by a LyX master. +\layout Standard + +The example files can be found in the +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default + directory, which you can get to by selecting +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen +\family default + and then clicking on the +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +xamples +\family default + button. + Open the raw document, and use +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save +\bar under +\SpecialChar ~ +A +\bar default +s +\family default + to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on. + As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect + the dvi output. +\layout Standard + +By the way, the +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default + directory contains lots of other examples files. + They will show you how to do various fancy things with LyX. + They are especially useful to display things that (due to length or other + reasons) won't fit in the documentation. + After you read the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, or when you're confused about how to do something fancy in LyX, take a + look at these files. +\layout Subsection + +Typing, Viewing, and Printing +\layout Itemize + +Open a new file with +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +ew +\layout Itemize + +Type a sentence like: +\family typewriter +This is my first LyX document! +\layout Itemize + +Save your document with +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +A +\bar default +s\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +Run LaTeX to create a +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + file, with +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + You may see things being printed in the window you ran the +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + command from. + These are messages from LaTeX, which you can ignore for now. + LyX will run +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (or some other +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + viewer), which will pop up a new window displaying what your document will + look like when printed. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +You can save time by leaving +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + running in the background. + Then, you can use +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default + and just click on the +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + window (or unminimize it) after LaTeX finishes running. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Print by using +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +rint +\family default + and hitting +\family sans +OK\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Congratulations! You've written and printed your first LyX document. + All of the rest is just details, which is covered in the rest of the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default +, and the +\emph on +Extended +\emph default + +\emph on +Features +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Simple Operations +\layout Standard + +LyX can of course do most of the things you're used to doing with a word + processor. + It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically. + Here's a quick description of how to do some simple actions. +\layout Description + +Undo LyX has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything + you've done since your current editing session started, by selecting +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +ndo +\family default + over and over again. + If you undo too much, just select +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +edo +\family default + to get it back. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps. + Undo also doesn't work for +\emph on +everything +\emph default +; for instance, changes to the document layout. + Each of these is really a LyX bug. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Cut/Paste/Copy Use +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cut +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under + E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Copy +\family default +, and +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paste +\family default + to cut, copy, and paste. + Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs) + with the +\emph on +middle mouse button +\emph default +. +\layout Description + +Find/Replace Use +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +ind\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\family default +for a search. + In the dialog, search with the +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ind +\family default + button, and use the +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +eplace +\family default + button to replace a word you've found +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Close the window when you're done. + Or leave it open if you find it more convenient. + Most dialog boxes in LyX --- including the +\family sans +Find\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\family default +, +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default +, and +\family sans +Layout +\family default + dialogs, as well as the various math dialogs can operate like this. + A few dialogs, like +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen +\family default +, won't let you type anything in the main LyX window until you actually + close the dialog. + Just be sure you have the right window focus when you're trying to type + in the main LyX window or give a command in some other LyX dialog. +\end_inset + +. + If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive, + or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through + the document. +\layout Description + +Character\SpecialChar ~ +Formatting You can +\emph on +emphasize +\emph default + text (which will generally put characters in italics), put it in +\series bold +bold face +\series default +, or in +\noun on +Noun Style +\noun default + (usually small caps, used for people's names) from the toggle buttons in + the +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +S +\bar default +tyle +\family default + dialog. +\layout Description + +Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow + you to do some of the more popular functions, such as +\family sans +Paste +\family default + and +\family sans +Print +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Of course, you haven't yet written enough to make most of these functions + useful. + As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc. +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX + handles whitespace. + As many times as you hit +\family sans +Return +\family default +, you'll only get one blank line. + As many times as you hit +\family sans +Space +\family default +, you'll only get one space. + On a blank line, LyX won't let you type even one space. + The +\family sans +Tab +\family default + key won't move you forward one tab stop; in fact there +\emph on +are +\emph default + no tab stops! There's no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs + or margins, either. +\layout Standard + +Many commercial word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You +\emph on +Mean +\emph default +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + You type what you mean, and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you, + so that the output looks nice. + A +\family sans +Return +\family default + grammatically separates paragraphs, and a +\family sans + Space +\family default + grammatically separates words, so there is no reason to have several of + them in a row; a +\family sans +Tab +\family default + has no grammatical function at all, so LyX does not support it. + Using LyX, you'll spend more of your time worrying about the +\emph on +content +\emph default + of your document, and less time worrying about the +\emph on +format. + +\emph default + See the +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default + for more information on the WYSIWYM concept. +\layout Standard + +LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document. + After all, LyX might not typeset +\emph on +exactly +\emph default + what you mean. + The +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default +has information about all that. + It includes +\family sans +HFill +\family default +s and vertical space --- which are more powerful and versatile than multiple + spaces or blank lines --- and ways to change font sizes, character styles, + and paragraph alignments by hand. + The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on + content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end. + With standard word processors, you'll be distracted by document formatting + throughout the writing process. +\layout Section + +Environments +\layout Standard + +Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts + +\emph on +environments +\emph default +. + Most of a document is made up of regular text. + Section (chapter, subsection, etc.) titles let the reader know that a new + topic or subtopic will be discussed. + Certain types of documents have special environments. + A journal article will have an abstract, and a title. + A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment + that gives the writer's address. +\layout Standard + +Environments are a major part of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Mean +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + philosophy of LyX. + A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting, + line spacing, and more. + This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen +t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for + section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified + type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and + bibliography formats can vary widely. + LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles. +\layout Standard + +The +\family sans +Environment +\family default + box is located on the left end of the toolbar (just under the +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile +\family default + menu). + It indicates which environment you're currently writing in. + While you were writing your first document, it said +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Standard, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + which is the default environment for text. + Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that + you can see how they work. + You'll do so with the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu, which you open by clicking on the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +down arrow +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + icon just to the right of the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + box. +\layout Subsection + +Sections and Subsections +\layout Standard + +Type the word +\family typewriter +Introduction +\family default + on the first line of your LyX file, and select +\family sans +Section +\family default + from the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +You don't have to +\emph on +select +\emph default + the line. + If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in + to the selected environment. + Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment + by selecting them before picking an environment. +\end_inset + +. + Be sure to use +\family sans +Section +\family default + and +\emph on +not +\emph default + +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, which will be covered below. + LyX numbers the section +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font. + Now hit +\family sans +Return +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Note that the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + box changes from +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + back to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type + +\family sans +Return +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Type the document introduction: +\layout LyX-Code + +This is an introduction to my first LyX document. +\layout Standard + +Hit +\family sans +Return +\family default + again, and select +\family sans +Section +\family default + from the +\family sans + Environment +\family default + menu again. + LyX writes a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and waits for you to type a title. + Type +\family typewriter +More Stuff +\family default +, and you'll see that LyX again sets it as a section title. +\layout Standard + +It gets better. + Go to the end of Section\SpecialChar ~ +1 again (after +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +my first LyX document +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) and hit +\family sans +Return +\family default + again, and select +\family sans +Section +\family default + from the +\family sans + Environment +\family default + menu again. + Again, LyX writes +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and waits for you to type a title. + Type +\family typewriter +About This Document +\family default +. + Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +More Stuff +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, which used to be Section\SpecialChar ~ +2, has been automatically renumbered to Section\SpecialChar ~ +3! + In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes + up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and + typesetting them. +\layout Standard + +Hit +\family sans +Return +\family default + to get back to the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment, and type the following five lines: +\layout LyX-Code + +Sections and subsections are described below. +\layout LyX-Code + +Section Description +\layout LyX-Code + +Sections are bigger than subsections. +\layout LyX-Code + +Subsection description +\layout LyX-Code + +Subsections are smaller than sections. +\layout Standard + +Click on the second line and select +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + from the +\family sans + Environment +\family default + menu. + LyX numbers the subsection +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller + than the section title. + Change the fourth line +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + environment as well. + As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If you put yet another section before Section\SpecialChar ~ +2, Section\SpecialChar ~ +2 will be renumbered + as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + +Further levels of sectioning include +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +, and +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. + We'll let you play with these on your own. + You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered + by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + to change this. + +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above +\family sans +Section +\family default +s, but you're only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes) of + LyX documents (see Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +). + +\layout Standard + +Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered. + There are environments for this as well. + If you change one of your section headings to the +\family sans + Section* +\family default + environment (you may have to scroll down in the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it + uses for a regular section, but it won't number that section. + There are corresponding +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +starred +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + heading environments for +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + and +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +. + Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments, + and note how the other sections' numbers are updated. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Fix the section and subsection headings in +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + +\layout Subsection + +Lists and sublists +\layout Standard + +LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists. + The various list environments free you from hitting +\family sans +Tab +\family default + a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list + when you want to add a point in the middle of the list, and lets you concentrat +e on the list content. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Yes, we're overemphasizing this point throughout the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + But it +\emph on +is +\emph default + the main philosophy of LyX, so please forgive us. +\end_inset + + Different types of documents logically require different list environments: +\layout Itemize + +A slide presentation might use the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment's bulleted lists to describe different points. + +\layout Itemize + +An outline would use the +\family sans + Enumerate +\family default + environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists). + +\layout Itemize + +A document describing several software packages could use the +\family sans +Description +\family default +environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word. + +\layout Itemize + +The +\family sans +List +\family default + environment --- not found in LaTeX --- is a slightly different form of + +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Let's write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors. + Somewhere in your document, type: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Lyx is better than other word processors because: +\layout Standard + +and hit +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Now select +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + from the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu. + LyX writes a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bullet +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (actually, an asterisk, which will be converted to a round circle on output) + on the line. + Type in your reasons: +\layout LyX-Code + +Typesetting is done for you. +\layout LyX-Code + +Math is WYSIWYG +\layout LyX-Code + +Lists are very easy to create! +\layout Standard + +List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Instead, LyX assumes you're going on to the next item in the list. + The above will therefore result in a three-item list. + If you want more than one paragraph within one list +\emph on +item +\emph default +, one way is to use the +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Break +\family default +, which you get by typing +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +. + In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment (or just use the keybinding, +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +You've got a beautiful itemized list. + You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out. + But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole + list +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX won't let you select the first bullet unless you also select the paragraph + +\emph on +before +\emph default +the list, which you probably don't want to do. + Similarly, you can't select the actual number in a numbered section title. + Don't worry about it. +\end_inset + + and choose +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + from the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu. + Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the + numbering. +\layout Standard + +While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme +nts, +\family sans +Description +\family default + and +\family sans +List +\family default +, in order to see what they look like. + For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which + is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of + the paragraph (until you hit +\family sans +Return +\family default +.) The term is either typeset in boldface ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +) or separated by a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Tab +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest + term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter +\family sans +Tab +\family default +. +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +List +\family default +) from the rest of the paragraph. + If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate + the words with +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Blank +\family default +s. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Typeset the list in +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Standard + +You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways. + An obvious example would be writing outlines. + Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting + schemes for sublists. + See the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + for details on the different sorts of lists, as well as examples which + use +\emph on +a lot +\emph default + of nesting. +\layout Subsection + +Other Environments: Verses, Quotations, and More +\layout Standard + +There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding + text: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + for short quotes and +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + for longer ones. + Computer code (the +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + environment, also used in the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + for the long typing examples) is written in a +\family typewriter +typewriter +\family default + font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you're allowed to + use multiple spaces to allow code indenting. + You can even write poetry using the +\family sans +Verse +\family default + style, using +\family sans +Return +\family default + to separate stanzas, and +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + to separate lines within a stanza. + See the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Correctly typeset the +\family sans +Quote, LyX-Code, +\family default + and +\family sans +Verse +\family default + in +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +linebreak +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Writing Documents +\layout Standard + +The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX. + It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the + powerful method of writing with environments. + Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers, + articles, books, manuals, or letters. + This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to + writing a complete document. + It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different + sorts of documents. + It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document, + such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables + of contents. +\layout Section + +Text classes +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently. + For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are + single-sided. + In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain + some environments --- such as the sender's address and the signature --- + which do not make sense in a book or article. + The LyX +\emph on +text class +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX document class +\end_inset + + +\emph default +takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of documents. + This +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, for example, was written in the +\family sans +Book +\family default + text class. + Text classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they tell + LyX how to typeset the document, so you don't need to know how. +\layout Standard + +Your document is probably being written in the +\family sans +Article +\family default + text class +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +That's usually the default text class +\end_inset + +. + Try changing to other text classes (using the +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default + dialog) to see how they are typeset differently. + If you change your document to the +\family sans +Book +\family default + text class and look at the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu, you'll see that most of the allowed environments are the same. + However, you can now use the +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + environment. + If you're ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given text + class, just consult the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu. +\layout Standard + +Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some + of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another. + As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting + electronic submissions, creating LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +style files +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles. + LyX is set up to support this as well. + For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the + American Mathematics Society journals using the +\family sans +Article\SpecialChar ~ +(AMS) +\family default +text class. +\layout Standard + +Here's a very quick reference to some of the text classes. + See the +\emph on +Special Document Classes +\emph default + section of the +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default + manual for many more details. +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Name +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Notes +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +one-sided, no chapters +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +layout & environments for American Math Society +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +longer than article, two-sided +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report + front and back matter +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +transparencies (also including FoilTeX) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Templates: Writing a Letter +\layout Standard + +One of the most popular text classes is +\family sans +Letter +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + One way to write a letter would be to open a new +\family sans + +\family default +file, and choose +\family sans +Letter +\family default + class in the +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default + dialog. + While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra + work. + Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address, + the address you're sending to, a body, a signature, etc. + LyX therefore has a +\emph on +template +\emph default + for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template, + you can just replace a couple parts of the letter with your text each time + you write a letter. +\layout Standard + +Open a new file with +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New\SpecialChar ~ +from\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +T +\bar default +emplate +\family default +. + Select +\family typewriter +letter.lyx +\family default + as the template. + Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset. +\layout Standard + +When you look at the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu, you'll see several environments, like the +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +environment, which don't even exist in most other text classes. + Others, like +\family sans +Quote +\family default +and +\family sans +Description +\family default +, are familiar. + You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments + work. + You'll notice for example that the +\family sans +Signature +\family default + environment has the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Signature: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + in red before the actual text of the signature. + This word doesn't show up in the actual letter, as you'll see if you try + printing the file. + It's just there to let you know where the signature goes. + Also, note that it doesn't matter where in the file the +\family sans +Signature +\family default + line is placed. + Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the +\family sans +Signature +\family default + environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the + signature should be at the end. +\layout Standard + +A template is just a regular LyX file. + This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file + as a new template. + From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template + to save time. + We probably don't have to suggest an actual +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +exercise +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + here; just write a letter to someone +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +One warning, if you're writing from a template. + If you erase all of the text in an environment --- for example, if you + erase the whole +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + field so that you can replace it with your own --- and then you move the + cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear. + This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them. + Just reselect the environment from the +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu to get it back. +\end_inset + +! +\layout Standard + +Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever + possible. + In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier + text classes. + Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring LyX for a bunch + of less computer-aware users. + When they're first learning LyX, it will be much less intimidating if they + have a letter template customized for their company, for example. +\layout Section + +Document Titles +\layout Standard + +LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title --- which may contain the actual title, + the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper --- to be a separate + part of the document. +\layout Standard + +Go back to your +\family typewriter +newfile.lyx +\family default +document and make sure it's using the +\family sans +Article +\family default +text class. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +You should not be using the letter any more, since the +\family sans +Letter +\family default + textclass doesn't allow titles. +\end_inset + + Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the +\family sans +Title +\family default + environment. + On the next line, type your name and change it to the +\family sans +Author +\family default +environment. + On the next line, write the date in the +\family sans +Date +\family default + environment. + Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment. + Now see how it looks when printed. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Fix the title, date, and author in +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Labels and Cross-References +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + +You can label a section (or subsubsection, or, more rarely, just a random + piece of text) in your document. + Once you do so, you can refer to this section in other parts of the document, + using cross-references. + You can refer either to the section's number, or to the page that the section + appears on. + As with sections and footnotes, LyX worries about the cross-references + for you. + Automatic labels and cross-references are one of the best advantages of + LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors. +\layout Subsection* + +Your first label +\layout Standard + +Let's mark our second section, whose title is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +About This Document +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Click at the end of the section title line, and select +\family sans +\bar under + I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +abel +\family default +. + A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion. + When you click on +\family sans +OK +\family default +, the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title. +\layout Standard + +By the way, you could have put the label right anywhere within the section + as well; section references will refer to the last section or subsection + whose heading comes before the label. + However, putting it on the same line as the section title (or, perhaps, + on the first line of the section's text) ensures that page references will + reference the beginning of the section. +\layout Standard + +So far you haven't done anything --- the +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + file will look exactly the same, since labels don't show up in the printed + document. + However, now that you've added a label, you can refer to that label with + cross-references. + We'll do that next. +\layout Subsection* + +Your first cross-references +\layout Standard + +Place the cursor somewhere in Section\SpecialChar ~ +2 of your document. + Type +\layout LyX-Code + +If you want to know more about this document, then see +\newline +Section , which can be found on page . +\layout Standard + +Now --- with the cursor after the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\family default +--- choose +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +R +\bar default +eference +\family default +. + The +\family sans +Reference +\family default + dialog pops up. + It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference. + At the moment, there should be only one, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec:aboutdocument +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Select it (it may be selected by default), and click +\family sans +Apply +\family default +. + Now put the cursor after the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and change the reference type to use the page number then click +\family sans +Apply +\family default +. + (To be really correct, you should put a +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Blank +\family default + in between the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and the reference. + Same for the page reference.) +\layout Standard + +LyX puts the references in a box right where the cursor was. + In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with either + the page or section number (depending on what you selected in the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + dialog). + Use +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +, and you'll see that on the last page we refer to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Page\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (or whatever page Section\SpecialChar ~ +2's title is on). +\layout Standard + +Conveniently, a cross-reference acts a hyperlink when you're editing a document + in LyX; clicking on it will pop up the +\family sans +Reference +\family default + dialog, clicking +\family sans +Go\SpecialChar ~ +to\SpecialChar ~ +reference +\family default + will move the cursor to the referenced label. +\layout Subsection* + +More fun with labels +\layout Standard + +We told you that LyX worries about numbering cross-references; now you can + test that. + Add a new section before Section\SpecialChar ~ +2. + Now rerun LaTeX, and --- voilà! --- the section cross reference changed + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +! Change +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +About this Document +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection\SpecialChar ~ +2.1 instead + of Section\SpecialChar ~ +3. + The page reference won't change unless you add a whole page of text before + the label, of course. + +\layout Standard + +If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label + where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere + in the document. + If you'll be inserting cross-references often (if, for example, you're + writing a journal article), it may be convenient to leave the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + window open. +\layout Standard + +If you want to make sure that the cross-referencing gets the pages right + even for larger documents, +\family sans +Copy +\family default + a couple pages of text from the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + to the clipboard, and +\family sans +Paste +\family default + the stolen text into your document +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters + aren't allowed in the article class. + If this happens, just delete the chapter title. + If you want to know why this happens, see Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Fix the references in +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Footnotes and Margin Notes +\layout Standard + +Footnotes can be added using the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default + button in the toolbar +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +The button shows an arrow pointing to red text, which is just below some + black text. +\end_inset + + or +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +ootnote +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Click at the end of the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + somewhere in your document and hit the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default + button. + A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote. + LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box. + Type +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX is a typesetting word processor. +\layout Standard + +Now click on the button labelled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + The footnote box disappears, leaving the button showing where the footnote + marker will be in the printed text; this is called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +folding +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + the footnote. + You can unfold the footnote at any time --- and re-edit its text, if you + want --- by clicking again on the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + button. +\layout Standard + +You may wonder why the footnote button is a word instead of a number. + The answer is that LyX worries about the footnote numbering for you in + the printed text. + You can see this yourself by looking at the +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + file (or printout). + If you add other footnotes, LyX will renumber the footnotes. + Since LyX (well, LaTeX, actually) takes care of the footnote numbering, + there's really no need to put the numbers in the LyX file. +\layout Standard + +A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text. + Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +It may be easier to select it using the keyboard. + You might accidentally open the footnote if you're trying to select the + marker itself with the mouse. +\end_inset + + and +\family sans +Cut +\family default + and +\family sans +Paste +\family default + it. + In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it + and hitting the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default + button; change a footnote to regular text by clicking the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default + button when the cursor is in a footnote. +\layout Standard + +Margin notes can be added using the toolbar button (the button shows an + arrow pointing to red text next to (i.e., in the margin of) black text, and + should be next to the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default + button in the toolbar.) or +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +arginal\SpecialChar ~ +Note +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Margin notes are like footnotes, except that: +\layout Itemize + +the on-screen boxes say +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + instead of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text +\layout Itemize + +margin notes are not numbered +\layout Standard + +Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin + note. + Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Fix the footnote in +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Bibliographies +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +Bibliographies (at least in the exact sciences) are similar to cross references. + The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document, + and they can be referenced from within the document. + Like section titles, LyX and LaTeX make your job easier by automatically + numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the items' + numbers change. +\layout Standard + +Go to the end of the document and switch to the +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment. + Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference. + Type +\family typewriter + The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX Documentation Team +\family default + as your first reference. + Note that LyX automatically puts a number in a box before each reference. + Click on the boxed reference number, and a +\family sans +Bibliography\SpecialChar ~ +item +\family default + dialog box appears. + You use the first field, the +\family sans +Key +\family default +, to refer to this reference within the LyX document. + By default, it is a number. + Change the +\family sans +Key +\family default + field to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lyxtutorial +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to make it easy to remember. +\layout Standard + +Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference. + Do so with +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +itation\SpecialChar ~ +Reference\SpecialChar \@. + +\family default + A +\family sans +Citation +\family default + dialog appears. + The right panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and + this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite. + Select +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lyxtutorial +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (right now, that's the only item in the bibliography), then use the left + arrow in the center to insert it. + (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number + of keys this way.) Now run LaTeX, and you'll see that the citation appears + in brackets in the text, referring to the bibliography at the end of the + document. +\layout Standard + +How are the other fields used? The +\family sans +Text\SpecialChar ~ +aft +\bar under +e +\bar default +r +\family default + field in the +\family sans +Citation +\family default + dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within + the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference. + If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed + output (for example, some journals would use +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +[Smi95] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +abel +\family default +field in the +\family sans +Bibliography\SpecialChar ~ +item +\family default + dialog. + As usual, you can see the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + for details. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise: +\series default +Fix the bibliography and citation in +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Table of Contents +\layout Standard + +You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document. + LyX makes this very easy to do. + Just hit +\family sans +Return +\family default + after your document title and before your first section title and choose + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List\SpecialChar ~ +/\SpecialChar ~ +T +\bar under +O +\bar default +C\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ontents +\family default +. + The words +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Table of Contents +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will appear in a button on the first line of the document. + +\layout Standard + +This may not appear to be very useful. + However, if you look at your +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + file, you will see that a table of contents has been generated, listing + the various sections and subsections in your document. + As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those + changes in the +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + file when you update it. + +\layout Standard + +The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document, + because you can't edit it anyway. + However, you can display the table of contents in a separate window by + clicking on the table of contents button, or by using +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +able\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default +. + The menu command will work even if you don't have a table of contents inset + in your document. + This is a very useful tool. + You can use the +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default + window to move around your document. + Clicking on a (sub)section title in the +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default + window will highlight that line and move the cursor (in the LyX editing + window) to that place in the document. + You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents. + You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout + editing sessions. + You can get similar functionality from the +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +avigate +\family default + menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically. +\layout Standard + +To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents + button just like any other text. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Fix the table of contents in +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Using Math +\layout Standard + +LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations, + avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation + editors. + Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations + in LaTeX is more like programming than writing. + Happily, LyX has WYSIWYM support for equations. + If you are used to LaTeX, you'll find that all of the usual LaTeX math + commands can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion. + If, on the other hand, you've never written in LaTeX, then the +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX can't check if the math you're writing is actually +\emph on +correct +\emph default +. + Sorry. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Math Mode +\layout Standard + +Somewhere in your LyX document, type: +\layout LyX-Code + +I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it's so simple. + +\layout Standard + +Now, that equation doesn't look very good, even in the +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + file; there's no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you'd + like to write an actual superscript for the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + That bad typesetting happened because we didn't tell LyX that we were writing + a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular old + text. +\layout Standard + +Instead, we create a formula that will get typeset properly. + In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button with +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + + written on it in blue. + LyX will insert a little blue square, which is an empty math formula. + LyX has placed the cursor in the blue square, so just type +\family typewriter +E=mc^2 +\family default + again. + The expression is typed in blue, and the blue square disappears as soon + as the formula is not empty. + Now type +\family sans +Esc +\family default + to leave the equation The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor + to the right of the expression, and now if you type something, it will + be regular text. +\layout Standard + +Run LaTeX and look at the +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + file. + Notice that the expression was typeset nicely, with spaces between the + letters and the equals sign, and a superscript +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics. + Numbers are just numbers. +\layout Standard + +This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy. + In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +; this can be frustrating, because you can't see what an expression looks + like until you LaTeX the file, and may have to spend time to find missing + brackets or other +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bugs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + On the other hand, LyX doesn't attempt to get the expression to look perfect + (WYSIWYG), but it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression + will look like. + LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting. + 99% of the time, you won't have to make any changes to the font sizes or + spacing that LaTeX outputs. + This way (sorry to be so repetitive) you can focus on the +\emph on +content +\emph default + of your mathematical expressions, not their format. +\layout Section + +Navigating an Equation +\layout Standard + +Now let's change +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression. + Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let + you know you're editing math. + Now you can use +\family sans +Left +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\family default + to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1+ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Again, you can use the arrow keys or +\family sans +Esc +\family default + to leave the formula\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like + editing regular text. + Use +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (or +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +) to delete things. + Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse. + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +ndo +\family default + works in math mode, as does cutting and pasting. + One thing to be careful of: if you're right outside a formula and you type + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (or +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +), it will delete the whole expression. + Luckily, you can just use +\family sans +Undo +\family default + to get it back. +\layout Standard + +What if you want to change +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + +? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place. + However, you can also use the arrow keys. + If the cursor is just after the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + but before the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, then typing +\family sans +Up +\family default + will move the cursor to the level of the superscript, just before the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Add the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +.5 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Now, hitting +\family sans +Down +\family default + will move the cursor back to the regular level. + In fact, if you hit +\family sans +Down +\family default + from anywhere within the superscript, the cursor will be placed just +\emph on +after +\emph default + the superscript (so that you can then type the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Section + +Exponents and Indices +\layout Standard + +An exponent can be entered from the +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + (see below), but it's actually simpler just to type the caret key, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever + you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size. + Everything you type until you hit a +\family sans +Space +\family default + (or +\family sans +Esc +\family default + to exit Mathed entirely) will be in the superscript. +\layout Standard + +Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy --- start one by typing the + underscore key, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +. + You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like + this: +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Put equation 1 of +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + into math mode. +\layout Section + +The +\family sans +Math Panel +\layout Standard + +The +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + is a convenient way to enter symbols or to perform many complicated Mathed + functions. + Many of these functions can be accomplished from the keyboard or the +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath +\family default + or +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar default +Mat +\bar under +h +\family default +\bar default + menus. + However, we're going to concentrate on using the +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +, just to let you know what's out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts + later, from other manuals. + So open it using +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar default +Mat +\bar under +h +\bar default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Pane +\bar under +l +\family default +\bar default + now and leave it open while reading this section. +\layout Standard + +Right-clicking on a formula will open the +\family sans +Math Panel +\family default + for you. +\layout Subsection + +Greek and symbols +\layout Standard + +The +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + which allow you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: various + arrows, relations, operators, and sums and integrals. + Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper + limits on sums and integrals. + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Nothing you can do that can't be done\SpecialChar \ldots{} + All you need is +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Square roots, accents, and delimiters +\layout Standard + +To type a square root, just click on the button with a square root sign + on it. + The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside + the square root. + You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever + you want. + LyX will automatically resize the square root to fit what's inside. +\layout Standard + +Accenting a character ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +) or group of characters ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +) is done the same way. + The +\family sans +Decoration +\family default + types are available from the panel. + Click on a decoration, and LyX will insert that decoration with an insertion + point under (or over) it. + Just type what you want in the insertion point. + There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you + type, and those that have fixed size, and are most appropriate for a single + letter. + +\layout Standard + +Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but + are a bit more complicated. + Hit the +\family sans +Delimiter +\family default + button, which features a blue square surrounded by brackets, to pop up + the +\family sans +Delimiter +\family default + dialog. + Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box. + It's a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces, + a brace and a parenthesis, or even choose the empty square to have something + like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in LyX, but won't show + up in the output). +\layout Standard + +If you're lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than + using the +\family sans +Delimiter +\family default + window. + However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which + will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses. + Using the +\family sans +Delimiter +\family default + window will guarantee that the delimiters are sized based on what's inside + them. +\layout Standard + +You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already + existing text. + Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click + on the button you want from the +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +. + Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form + ( +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + Once you've learned about matrices, this is how you'll put parentheses + or brackets around them. +\layout Subsection + +Fractions +\layout Standard + +Fractions are very simple in Mathed. + Just click on the +\family sans +Fraction +\family default + button in the +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +, which shows a fraction with blue squares in the numerator and the denominator. + LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction. + As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around + a fraction. + Click on the top square and type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Now hit +\family sans +Down +\family default + and type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + You've made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of + the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions, + whatever. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Put equation 2 of +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + into math mode. +\layout Subsection + +TeX mode: Limits, log, sin and others +\layout Standard + +Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in math mode, LyX thinks you're typing the product of the three variables + +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + +. + The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted + was the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + typeset in Roman. + In addition, LyX won't put a space between the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (typing +\family sans +Space +\family default + will just exit math mode). + So how do you get +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + instead of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Click on +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the +\family sans +Functions +\family default + list in the +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +. + The word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is written in black, in upright roman type. + The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +, it will delete the whole word. + Now type +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in Mathed. + In the +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + file, the expression will be correctly typeset. + Try it. +\layout Standard + +Other commands you need to type in TeX mode using the +\family sans +Functions +\family default + box include other trigonometric functions and their inverses, hyperbolic + functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others. + These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Put equation 3 of +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + into math mode. +\layout Subsection + +Matrices +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +Click on the +\family sans +Matrix +\family default + button in the +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +. + The dialog has two sliding bars which allow you to choose how many rows + and columns you want in your matrix. + Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit +\family sans +Apply +\family default + or +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + LyX prints 6 insertion points in a +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + + matrix. + As usual, you can put any sort of Mathed expression (a square root, another + matrix, etc.) in each insertion point. + You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix. + Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting +\family sans +Right +\family default + at the end of one box will move to the next box, +\family sans +Down +\family default + will move to the next row, etc. +\layout Standard + +If you suddenly need more rows or columns, use +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Add\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +R +\bar default +ow +\family default + and +\family sans +Add\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +C +\bar default +olumn +\family default +. + They add a row or column just after the current position. + Overdid it? Use +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +elete\SpecialChar ~ +Row +\family default + and +\family sans +D +\bar under +e +\bar default +lete\SpecialChar ~ +Column +\family default + from the same menu. +\layout Standard + +See the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column, + and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix. + Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use + LyX' wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix. +\layout Subsection + +Display mode +\layout Standard + +All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line + as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline + expressions. + This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger + ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need + to write them in display mode. + In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see + the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default +), and multi-line equations (see Sec. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +) must be in display mode. +\layout Standard + +Click on the +\family sans +Display +\family default + button in the +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +, which represents a couple lines of text before and after a centered blue + box. + LyX inserts a formula, but the insertion point is on a new line, and it's + centered within that line. + Now type an expression and run LaTeX to see how it looks. + The +\family sans +Display +\family default + button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple of your expressions + to display mode and back. + +\layout Standard + +Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode: +\layout Itemize + +The default font is larger for a few symbols, like +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are + written under rather than next to the symbols +\layout Itemize + +Text is centered +\layout Standard + +Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio +ns are very similar. +\layout Standard + +One final note about the way displayed formulae are typeset: be careful + about whether you're putting your equation into a new paragraph or not. + If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then don't + press +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Doing so will cause the text +\emph on +after +\emph default + the formula to start a new paragraph. + That text will therefore be indented, which is probably not what you want. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Put the various equations in +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + into display mode, and see how they're typeset differently. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercise +\series default +: Using various tools you've learned in this section, you should be able + to write an equation like +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +After you've done it the hard way, why don't you give +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mat +\bar under +h +\bar default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ases\SpecialChar ~ +environment +\family default + a try? +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +More Math Stuff +\layout Standard + +Mathed can do plenty more. + By now, you're familiar with the basics, so we'll just refer to the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + for tips on how to: +\layout Itemize + +Labeling and numbering expressions +\layout Itemize + +Multi-line equations +\layout Itemize + +Change typefaces, e.g., to write bold-face text in an expression. +\layout Itemize + +Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression. + (Don't worry about this until your final draft!) +\layout Itemize + +Write macros. + These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of + the document, and then you can use them throughout the document. + If you change the macro definition, the references to the macro will be + changed throughout the document. + Macros can even take arguments. +\layout Itemize + +Do lots of other things we didn't have time to mention in this +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout Chapter + +Miscellaneous +\layout Section + +Other Major LyX Features +\layout Standard + +We haven't gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we aren't + planning on it. + As usual, see the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + for more information. + We'll just mention a couple more major things LyX can do\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Itemize + +LyX has WYSIWYM support for tables. + Use the +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +able +\family default + to get a table. + Click on the table with the +\emph on +right button +\emph default + to get a +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +Settings +\family default + dialog box which allows extensive table editing. +\layout Itemize + +LyX also supports including pictures in a number of formats (including JPEG + and other bitmap formats, PostScript® and raw LaTeX) within documents. + (You guessed it: +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +G +\bar default +raphics +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Then click on the figure to choose the file to include, rotate or scale + it, etc.) Tables and figures can have captions, and LyX will automatically + generate lists of figures and/or tables. +\layout Itemize + +Version control is supported, using RCS ( +\family typewriter +man rcsintro +\family default + for more info). +\layout Itemize + +LyX is heavily configurable. + Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can + be configured in a number of ways. + Much configuration is done through +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default +. + For more information on this, check out +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ustomization\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents. + Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch, + German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{} +) than many word processors. + Even some right-to-left languages like Hebrew or Arabic are supported. + You can write documents in other languages, but you can also configure + LyX to show its menus and error messages in other languages. + +\layout Itemize + +The LyX menus feature keybindings. + This means that you can do +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen +\family default + by typing +\family sans +M-F +\family default + followed by +\family sans +O +\family default + or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (C-O by default). + Keybindings are also configurable. + For information on this, check out +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ustomization\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +LyX can read in LaTeX documents. + See Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Spellchecking and thesaurus facilities are available. +\layout Itemize + +The text box near the bottom of the LyX window is called the minibuffer + (after a similar feature in +\family typewriter +emacs +\family default +). + This gives you access to all sorts of interesting functionality, including + functionality which could break your document. + In other words, don't type in the minibuffer unless you know what you're + doing. +\layout Section + +LyX for LaTeX Users +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +If you don't know anything about LaTeX, you don't have to read this section. + Actually, you might want to +\emph on +learn +\emph default + about LaTeX, and then read this chapter. + However, many people who begin to use LyX will be familiar with LaTeX. + If you are such a person, you may be wondering if LyX can really do everything + LaTeX can do. + The short answer is that LyX can do pretty much everything LaTeX can do + in one form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing + a LaTeX document. + Currently, there may be some annoyance in converting old LaTeX documents + and in a couple other areas, but later releases of LyX will get rid of + these problems. +\layout Standard + +Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that + new LyX users will most likely be interested in. + In the interests of keeping the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + short, we will give only minimal information here. + The +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default + manual, specifically the +\emph on +Secrets of the LaTeX Masters +\emph default + chapter, has a great deal of information on differences between LyX and + LaTeX, and how to do various LaTeX tricks in LyX. +\layout Subsection + +TeX Mode +\layout Standard + +Anything that you enter in TeX mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and + will be displayed in red on the screen. + You can use TeX commands in LyX by choosing +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Te +\bar under +X +\family default +\bar default +. + This creates a text box, and everything within it is passed straight to + LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +In a math formula, TeX mode is handled a bit differently. + Enter TeX mode by typing a backslash. + The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will + be in red. + You exit TeX mode by typing +\family sans +Space +\family default + or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret, + or parenthesis. + Once you exit TeX mode, if LyX knows the TeX command you've typed in, it + will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@. + So if, in a formula, you type +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default +, then when you type +\family sans +Space +\family default +, LyX will change the red +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +gamma +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to a blue +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros. + This may be faster than using the +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +, and will be especially convenient for experienced LaTeX users. +\layout Standard + +As a special case, if you type a brace in TeX mode, then the beginning +\emph on +and +\emph default + ending braces will be inserted in red, then take you +\emph on +out +\emph default + of TeX mode and place the cursor between the braces. + This makes it more convenient to type commands that LyX doesn't know which + take an argument. +\layout Standard + +LyX can't do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do (yet?). + Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but aren't + WYSIWYM. + TeX mode allows users to get the full flexibility of LaTeX, while having + all the convenient features of LyX, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing. + LyX could never support every LaTeX package. + However, by typing +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{foo} +\family default + in the preamble (see Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +), you can use any package you want --- although you won't have WYSIWYM + support for that package's features. +\layout Subsection + +Importing LaTeX Documents--- +\family typewriter +reLyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX +\family default + command in LyX. + This will call a Perl script called +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +---which will create a file +\family typewriter +foo.lyx +\family default + from the file +\family typewriter +foo.tex +\family default +---and then open that file. + If the translation doesn't work, you can try calling +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + from the command line +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +When LyX is installed, a separate executable called +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + will be placed in the same folder as the +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + executable (e.g., +\family typewriter +/usr/local/bin/reLyX +\family default +). + +\family typewriter + reLyX +\family default + requires Perl (version 5.002 as of this writing). +\end_inset + +, possibly using fancier options. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + will translate most legal LaTeX, but not everything. + It will leave things it doesn't understand in TeX mode, so after translating + a file with +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +, you can look for red text and hand-edit it to look right. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + has its own manpage. + Read it to find out about which LaTeX commands and environments aren't + supported, bugs (and how to get around them), and how to use the various + options. +\layout Subsection + +Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX +\layout Standard + +You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file. + For example, a co-worker or co-author who doesn't have LyX might want to + read it. + This is very easy to do with LyX. + Select +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +E +\bar default +xport\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX +\family default +. + This will create a file +\family typewriter +whatever.tex +\family default + from the +\family typewriter +whatever.lyx +\family default + file you are editing. + LyX always creates temporary LaTeX files when viewing or printing files, + so it is very good at generating LaTeX. +\layout Subsection + +LaTeX Preamble +\layout Subsubsection + +Document Class +\layout Standard + +The +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default + dialog takes care of many of the options that you would input in a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + command. + Change the class, default font size and paper size here. + Put any extra options to the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + command in the +\family sans +E +\bar under +x +\bar default +tra\SpecialChar ~ +Options +\family default + area. +\layout Subsubsection + +Other Preamble Matter +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a LaTeX file, you + can use them in a LyX document as well. + Select +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +P +\bar default +reamble +\family default + and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending + on the frontend). + Anything you type will (like with TeX mode) be sent directly to LaTeX. +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic +al references to be used in multiple documents. + Select +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List\SpecialChar ~ +/\SpecialChar ~ +T +\bar under +O +\bar default +C\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +B +\bar default +ibTeX\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default +to include a +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + file. + Click on the resulting +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +BibTeX\SpecialChar ~ +Generated\SpecialChar ~ +References +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + button, and you will get a +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +dialog. + In the +\family sans +Database +\family default + field, type what you would type inside the braces of a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\family default + command +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Like in regular LaTeX, multiple bibliographies should be separated by commas, + with no whitespace. +\end_inset + +. + Similarly, in the +\family sans +Style +\family default +field, type what you would type inside the braces of a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default + command. +\layout Standard + +After you've done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies you're + including with +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +itation\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + (see Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +). + LyX will take care of running BibTeX. + The box in the +\family sans +Citation +\family default + dialog will show a list of all the references in your +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + file. +\layout Section + +Errors! +\layout Standard + +Sometimes when you LaTeX a document, there will be errors, things that LyX + or LaTeX can't understand. + When this happens, LyX will create an error box (a box with the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +error +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in it). + Clicking on this box will pop up a window showing what the error was. + LyX will just include the error message that LaTeX gave. + Note that the placement of these errors in often not accurate. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/cs_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/cs_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..382686138a --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/cs_Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,4737 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language english +\inputencoding latin2 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language german +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle plain + +\layout Title + +Prùvodce programem LyX +\layout Author + +napsal Amir Karger a LyX Team +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Part + +Úvod +\layout Section + +Vítejte v LyXu! +\layout Standard + +Tento soubor je urèen v¹em, kteøí dopusud nesly¹eli o LaTeXu èi jej dobøe + neznají. + Ale teï není tøeba panikaøit - pro pou¾ívání LyXu se nemusíte uèit LaTeX. + To je, konec koncù, celý vtip LyXu: vytvoøit WYSIWYG rozhraní pro LaTeX. + Na druhé stranì je tøeba øíci, ¾e se nìco nauèit musíte, abyste mohli pou¾ívat + LyX efektivnì. +\layout Standard + +Nìkteøí z vás si mo¾ná otevøeli tento dokument poté, co jste napsali dvì + mezery za teèkou, èi se sna¾ili vlo¾it tøi prázdné øádky na oddìlení odstavcù. + Po nìkolika pokusech jste pravdìpodobnì zjistili, ¾e to nejde. + Ve skuteènosti zjistíte, ¾e vìt¹ina malých trikù, které jste pou¾ívali + v jiných textových procesorech prostì v LyXu nefunguje. + To je proto, ¾e vìt¹ina textových procesorù, které jste dosud pou¾ívali, + vy¾aduje ruèní nastavování velikosti, typu písma a podobnì. + Tak¾e najednou nejenom pí¹ete, ale i formátujete. + LyX formátuje za vás, a to konzistentnì v celém dokumentu, tak¾e se vy + mù¾ete plnì koncentrovat na dùle¾itìj¹í vìci, jako napøíklad na obsah textu. +\layout Standard + +Pokraèujte ve ètení. + Rozhodnì to stojí za to. +\layout Section + +O tomto dokumentu +\layout Standard + +Ne¾ zaèneme, rádi bychom øekli nìco o tomto dokumentu. + Na rozdíl od jiných manuálù my pøedpokládáme, ¾e vy, jako u¾ivatel, +\series bold +\emph on +NEJSTE +\series default +\emph default + hlupák. + Pøedpokládáme, ¾e víte, jak se pracuje s klávesnicí, umíte najít v¹echny + klávesy, víte jak pracovat s my¹í, víte jak se orientovat v grafickém prostøedí + atd. + Pøedpokládáme také, ¾e nevíte absolutnì nic o LaTeXu. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Prùvodce +\emph default + pou¾ívá znaèení popsané v sekci +\emph on +Úvod +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + Jestli¾e jste se sem dostali døíve, pøeètìte si nejprve +\emph on +Úvod +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + Tím myslíme skuteènì teï. +\layout Standard + +Teï, kdy¾ víte, co znamená který font, rádi bychom vám øekli nìco o úèelu + +\emph on +Prùvodce +\emph default +. +\layout Section + +O èem prùvodce +\emph on +je +\emph default + a o èem +\emph on +není +\layout Subsection + +Jak èíst prùvodce +\layout Standard + +Tento prùvodce sestává z pøíkladù a cvièení. + Abyste správnì porozumìli a získali pøi ètení maximum informací, je tøeba + abyste pøeèetli celý dokument, napsali v¹echna cvièení, která po vás chceme, + a vyzkou¹eli si v¹echna cvièení, aby vám byla úplnì jasná. + Pro pøehlednost si samozøejmì mù¾ete celý dokument vytisknout do Postscriptu. +\layout Standard + +Jestli¾e ovládáte LaTeX, pravdìpodobnì budete schopen pøeèíst +\emph on +Prùvodce +\emph default + o nìco rychleji, proto¾e mnoho postupù v LyXu je vlastnì pøevzato z LaTeXu. + Aèkoli, LyX má idosynkracie, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +nebo optimistiètìji +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +schopnosti +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + které se budete chtít nauèit. + I kdy¾ byste nechtìli èíst zbytek +\emph on +Prùvodce +\emph default +, urèitì si prohlédnìte sekci +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +, která je urèena speciálnì pro zku¹ené u¾ivatele LaTeXu. +\layout Standard + +Sekce +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + je pozùstatek z pøedchozí verze Prùvodce a je trochu neaktuální. + Je to v¹ak stále pìkný úvod +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +psaný z povzdálí +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + do LyXu, tak¾e si jej mù¾ete pøeèíst, abyste získali pocit, o èem LyX je. +\layout Subsection + +Co zde +\emph on +ne +\emph default +najdete +\layout Itemize + +Instrukce, jak pou¾ívat my¹ a klávesnici. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Jestli¾e s tìmito vìcmi nemáte zku¹enosti, neumíme vám pomoci. + Pøedpokládáme, ¾e vy, u¾ivatel, +\series bold +\emph on +NEJSTE +\series default +\emph default +hlupák. + Mo¾ná ztracený èi zmatený, ale ne hloupý. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Detailní popis v¹ech vlastností LyXu. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Vy snad chcete mít +\emph on +U¾ivatelskou pøíruèku +\emph default + dvakrát? +\layout Standard + +Teï vá¾nì, jsme tu proto, abychom vás nastartovali a umo¾nili vám pokraèovat, + tak¾e posléze ji¾ budete potøebovat jen +\emph on +U¾ivatelskou pøíruèku +\emph default +. + Jestli¾e se pokusíme zduplikovat ve¹keré informace, +\emph on +Prùvodce +\emph default +bude nadbyteèný, zbyteènì dlouhý a vìènì zastaralý. + V¹e, co zde dìláme, je úvod, domyslete si odkazy na +\emph on +U¾ivatelskou pøíruèku +\emph default +na konci ka¾dé sekce. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Detailní výklad LaTeXu. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Není nutný. + Jestli vás to skuteènì zajímá a chcete se nauèit mo¾nosti programu LaTeX, + kupte si nìm kní¾ku. + Na trhu jich je nìkolik velice dobrých. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +No a teï je èas trochu pokroèit. + Mù¾ete si projít malou exkurzí v následující sekci nebo pou¾ít odkaz na + sekci +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Co je LyX? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Úvodem +\layout Standard + +Jeden z podnìtù pro pou¾ívání LyXu vychází ze zmìny, kterou vy jako u¾ivatel + musíte projít. + Kdysi dávno, kdy¾ jsme v¹e psali na psacím stroji, v¹ichni jsme se nauèili, + jak obejít jejich omezení. + Podtrhávání je pøece jenom pøetiskávání podtr¾ítkem a je metodou jak zvýraznit + text. + Pro vytvoøení tabulky potøebujeme dopøedu vìdìt, jak ¹iroké budou sloupce, + abychom mohli správnì nastavit tabelátory. + Rozdìlování slov na konci øádku vy¾aduje pozorné oèi a pøedstavivost. +\layout Standard + +Jinými slovy, v¹ichni jsme byli nauèeni starat se o tyto malé detaily, jako + napøíklad který znak pøijde kam. +\layout Standard + +Logicky témìø v¹echny textové procesory pøevzaly tuto mentalitu. + Stále pou¾ívají tabelátory pro vkládání mezer. + Musíte se starat o to, kde se co na stránce objeví. + Zdùraznìní textu je jen zmìnou fontu, podobnì jako výmìna koleèka na psacím + stroji. + Myslím, ¾e na ukázku to staèí. +\layout Standard + +A právì tady se LyX li¹í od bì¾ných textových procesorù. + Nestaráte se o to, kam který znak napsat. + Øíkáte LyXu +\emph on +co pí¹ete +\emph default + a LyX se stará o zbytek, poslu¹en souboru pravidel, zvaným +\emph on +styl +\emph default +. + Podívejme se na malý pøíklad: +\layout Standard + +Pøedpokládejme, ¾e pí¹ete zprávu. + Na zaèátek chcete umístit sekci zvanou Úvod. + Tak¾e si otevøete menu a zmìníte velikost fontu. + Zapnete ztuènìní. + Potom napí¹ete +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1.__Úvod +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Jestli¾e se pozdìji rozhodnete, ¾e tato sekce patøí jinam v dokumentu, + nebo pøed ni vlo¾íte jinou sekci, musíte zmìnit èíslování v celém dokumentu, + stejnì tak jako jeho obsah. + +\layout Standard + +V LyXu, otevøete nabídku vlevo, vyberete +\family sans +Section +\family default +, a napí¹ete +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Úvod\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ano, to je v¹e. + Jestli¾e pøesunete sekci pomocí funkcí vystøihni a vlo¾, èíslování bude + automaticky zmìnìno - a to kdekoli v textu. + Dokonce existuje mo¾nost, ¾e LyX automaticky obnoví v¹echny odkazy uvnitø + dané sekce. +\layout Standard + +Také je zde problém s konzistencí. + Po pìti dnech, kdy¾ znovu otevøete svoji zprávu zaènete psát sekci 4. + Zapomenete ov¹em, ¾e jste pou¾ili tuèné písmo o velikost 18 bodù místo + 16, tak¾e napí¹ete titulek sekce 4 v jiném písmu ne¾ sekci 1. + Toto se vám v LyXu nemù¾e stát. + Poèítaè pøevezme starost a zapamatuje si v¹echny tyto únavné detaily jako + je velikost písma. + Konec koncù, v tomto jsou poèítaèe dobré. +\layout Standard + +Tady je dal¹í pøíklad. + Pøedpokládejme, ¾e dìláte seznam. + V textovém procesoru je seznam vlastnì hromada znakù nový øádek a tabelátor. + Vy musíte urèit, kam dát nadpisy, co v nich má být, jak mnoho prázdných + øádek je tøeba, apod. + V LyXu je tøeba vìdìt jen dvì vìci: co je to za seznam a co do nìj chcete + dát. + To je v¹e. +\layout Standard + +Tak¾e, základní my¹lenkou LyXu je: øíkej mi co dìlá¹ a nikoli jak je to + tøeba udìlat. + Místo modelu +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +what you see is what you get, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +co vidí¹ to dostane¹ +\end_inset + + je heslem LyXu +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +what you see is what you +\emph on +mean +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (WYSIWYM) +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +vidí¹ to, co jsi myslel +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Rozdíly mezi LyXem a jinými textovými procesory +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ne, my nechceme zaèít (nebo vyhrát) svatou válku o textové procesory. + Ale domníváme se, ¾e je dùle¾ité popsat mo¾nosti a vlastnosti LyXu. + A jedna z jeho vlastností, WYSIWYM, je od základù jiný koncept ne¾ zná + 99% u¾ivatelù textových procesorù. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Zde je seznam toho, co v LyXu nenajdete: +\layout Itemize + +Pravítko nad stránkou dokumentu +\layout Itemize + +Zará¾ky tabelátoru +\layout Itemize + +Mezery navíc [t.j. + znaky +\family sans +Nový øádek +\family default +èi +\family sans +Mezera +\family default +vícekrát za sebou] +\layout Standard + +Jak zará¾ky tabelátoru, tak i pravítko, podle kterého poznáte svoji polohu + na stránce jsou v LyXu zbyteèné.To je starostí programu, kam které vìci + vytisknout, ne va¹í. + S mezerami navíc je to obdobné; LyX je pøidá, pokud jsou v daném kontextu + potøeba. + Nemo¾nost napsat dva prázdné øádky za sebou vás mo¾ná nepotì¹í, ale je + velice výhodná, pokud uva¾ujete v termínech WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +Zde je nìkolik termínù, jejich¾ pou¾ití v LyXu se li¹í od tzv. + obvyklého: +\layout Itemize + +Øízení odsazení +\layout Itemize + +Pøechod na novou stránku +\layout Itemize + +Vý¹ka øádku [øádkování jednoduché, dvojité atd.] +\layout Itemize + +Mezera, vodorovná a svislá +\layout Itemize + +Písmo a velikost písma +\layout Itemize + +Poloøezy [tuèné, kurzíva, podtr¾ené atd..] +\layout Standard + +Aèkoli tyto parametry lze v LyXu nastavit, ve skuteènosti je nepotøebujete. + LyX si pøebírá starost o jejich správné nastavení na sebe, pøièem¾ se rozhoduje + podle toho, co zrovna dìláte. + Rùzné èásti dokumentu mají automaticky nastaveny rùzné poloøezy a velikosti + písma. + Odsazení odstavcù také závisí na kontextu: rùzné typy odstavcù jsou rùznì + odsazovány. + Stejnì tak je automatické rozdìlování stránek. + Obecnì lze øíci, ¾e vzdálenosti mezi slovy, øádky a odstavci se li¹í, a + jsou nastavovány LyXem. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Jsou zde cesty jak tyto hodnoty nastavit (zde je tøeba mít men¹í znalost + LaTeXu), a to jak pro celý dokument, tak i pro jeho specifickou èást. + Viz +\emph on +U¾ivatelská pøíruèka. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Nakonec nìkolik oblastí, v nich¾ je LyX [a LaTeX] lep¹í ne¾ vìt¹ina textových + procesorù: +\layout Itemize + +Rozdìlování slov +\layout Itemize + +Seznamy +\layout Itemize + +Matematika +\layout Itemize + +Tabulky +\layout Itemize + +Køí¾ové odkazy +\layout Standard + +Je pravda, ¾e mnoho moderních textových procesorù umo¾òuje pracovat s matematick +ými symboly, tabulkami, dìlením slov, nìkteré dokonce zvládají styly a koncept + WYSIWYM. + Na druhé stranì tyto výhody jsou zde zapracovány pomìrnì nedávno, zatímco + LyX je postaven nad systémem pro pøípravu dokumentù LaTeX. + LaTeX ji¾ existuje více ne¾ deset let a +\emph on +funguje +\emph default +. + V¹echny jeho chyby jsou ji¾ dávno opraveny. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +OK, víme, ¾e v¹e není perfektní, ale LaTeX má jen tak málo chyb, kolik jen + poèítaèový program mù¾e mít. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Co to +\emph on +je +\emph default + LaTeX? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX je systém pro pøípravu dokumentù navr¾ený Leslie Lamportem v roce + 1985. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Zdroj této informace pochází ze sekce +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\emph default +, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Helmuta Kopka a Patricka Dalyho, která je zmiòována v odkazech do literatury + v +\emph on +U¾ivatelské pøíruèce +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + + Tento systém je postaven nad sázecím jazykem zvaným TeX, vytvoøeným Donaldem + Knuthem roku 1984. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + se vyslovuje jako +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tech! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Mnoho lidí v¹ak neví, co TeX ve skuteènosti je. + TeX dostává sekvenci tiskových pøíkazù, napsaných jako skript v textovém + souboru, a vykoná je. + Výsledkem je soubor +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +nezávislý na zaøízení +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + nebo kratèeji +\family typewriter + dvi +\family default +. + Nyní lze tento soubor poslat jakémukoli programu, který +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + rozumí, èi jej pøevést do jiných formátù, jako je PostScript. + +\layout Standard + +Kdyby neumìl TeX více, byl by jen procesorem na sázení textu. + TeX v¹ak umo¾òuje definovat makra. + A zde celá akce zaèíná. + +\layout Standard + +Vìt¹ina u¾ivatelù TeXu ve skuteènosti pou¾ívá sady maker, které napsal Knuth + pro ukrytí mnoha detailù sázení. + O tom mluví u¾ivatelé, kdy¾ mluví o TeXu. + Bì¾ní u¾ivatelé nepracují se syrovým TeXem, který obsahuje jen základní + pøíkazy pro sázení, to obstarávají lidé, pí¹ící nové balíky maker. + A zde Leslie Lamport vstoupil do na¹eho pøíbìhu. + Chtìl mít balíèek maker více orientovaný na u¾ivatele a ménì na tiskové + pøíkazy; sadu pøíkazù, které umo¾ní konzistentní sazbu vìcí jako jsou sekce, + tabulky èi matematické formule s minimálními vstupy u¾ivatele. + Takto vznikl LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Nyní, soubì¾nì s vývojem a roz¹iøováním LaTeXu vytváøejí jiní lidé pro svoje + vlastní potøeby balíèky pro TeX. + Nìkteré pou¾ívali èistý TeX, jiné modifikovali LaTeX. + Jako pokus o sjednocení, tým LaTeX-nikù, [vèetnì Lamporta] zaèal koncem + roku 1980 pracovat na LaTeX2e, souèasné verzi LaTeXu. + Tato nová verze LaTeXu má pøíkazy, které jsou jednodu¹eji pou¾itelné pro + u¾ivatele ne¾ jsou pøíkazy TeXu je mo¾no pou¾ívat nová písma atd. + Ve skuteènosti, LaTeX je roz¹iøitelným jazykem sám o sobì! U¾ivatelé na + celém svìtì vytváøejí balíèky, které roz¹iøují mo¾nosti LaTeXu. +\layout Standard + +Jsou dvì cesty, jak roz¹íøit LaTeX: tøídy a styly. + +\emph on +Tøída +\emph default + je skupina maker v LaTeXu [a TeXu], která popisuje nový typ dokumentu, + jako je kniha èi èlánek. + Jsou zde tøídy pro slidy, fyzikální a matematické èasopisy\SpecialChar \ldots{} + Nìkteré univerzity + dokonce mají tøídy pro diplomové práce. + +\emph on +Styl +\emph default + se li¹í od tøídy tím, ¾e nepopisuje nový typ dokumentu, ale nový typ +\emph on +vzhledu +\emph default +, které mù¾e dokument pou¾ít. + Napøíklad, LyX øídí zará¾ky stránek a øádkování dvìma rùznými styly LaTeXu + vytvoøenými pro tento pøípad. + Jsou zde styly pro v¹echny parametry: tisk nálepek èi obálek, zmìna odsazování, + pøidávání nových písem, pro vkládání grafiky, vytváøení hlavièek a patièek + na stránce, rejstøíky, zmìny umístìní a vzhledu poznámek pod èarou, tabulek, + seznamù atd. +\layout Standard + +Zde je seznam: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Jazyk pro sazbu s mo¾ností roz¹íøení makry. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Balíèek maker nad TeXem\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +tøídy: Popis typù dokumentù pomocí LaTeXu\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +styly: Zmìna chování LaTeXu v nìkterém smìru. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Vizuální, WYSIWYM textový procesor pou¾ívající LaTeX v celé jeho kráse + pro tisk. +\layout Standard + +My¹lenkou této sekce je pokus vysvìtlit, +\emph on +proè +\emph default + LyX pracuje trochu jinak ne¾ ostatní textové procesory. + Dùvod je jednoduchý: LyX pou¾ívá LaTeX jako jeho tiskový výstup. + Tak jako LaTeX se LyX soustøeïuje na kontext va¹eho dokumentu --- +\emph on +co +\emph default + pí¹ete. + Poèítaè pak urèuje, jak to bude vypadat. +\layout Standard + +Oh --- je¹tì jedna vìc. + LaTeX se vyslovuje stejnì jako TeX. + Rýmuje se to a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +lej tech. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +nebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +la tech +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + nebo\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Part + +Zaèínáme s LyXem +\layout Section + +Vá¹ první dokument v LyXu +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + + OK\SpecialChar \@. + Teï jste pøipraveni zaèít psát. + Ne¾ zaènete, máme zde nìkolik vìcí, které chceme zmínit, a které vám, jak + doufáme, pomohou porozumìt +\emph on +Prùvodci +\emph default +. + +\layout Standard + +Proto¾e zde zámìrnì neuvádíme v¹echny informace, +\series bold +nejprve +\series default +si najdìte ostatní soubory s nápovìdou. + Na¹tìstí je to velmi jednoduché. + Nastartujte LyX. + Vyberte +\emph on +Prùvodce +\emph default +z nabídky +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +ápovìda +\family default +. + Také si mù¾ete pøeèíst +\emph on +Úvod +\emph default +(pokud jej ji¾ nemáte na obrazovce). + Takto si mù¾ete èíst, zatímco pí¹ete svùj vlastní dokument +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Toto také dává pìknou ukázku jak pou¾ívat LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Pov¹imnìte si, ¾e mù¾ete pou¾ívat nabídku +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +okumenty +\family default + pro pøepínání mezi nimi. + +\emph on +Prùvodce +\emph default + neuvádí v¹echny detaily v plné ¹íøi, tak jak jsou popsány v jiných manuálech + k LyXu. + Toto vám mo¾ná na zaèátku znepøíjemní ¾ivot, ale významnì to zkracuje délku + +\emph on +Prùvodce. + +\shape italic +\emph default + +\shape default +Také vás to nauèí pou¾ívat jiné manuály, co¾ vám --- v del¹ím èasovém horizontu + --- u¹etøí mnoho èasu. +\layout Standard + +V tomto +\emph on +Prùvodci, +\emph default + budeme pøedpokládat, ¾e máte plnì funkèní verzi LyXu, stejnì jako LaTeXu, + +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + nebo jiného prohlí¾eèe dvi, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + èi jinou metodu konverze dokumentù +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + do PostScriptu, a funkèní tiskárnu. + To je mnoho pøedpokladù. + Jestli¾e nìkterý z nich není splnìn, vy (nebo systémový administrátor) + musí nainstalovat èi nastavit chybìjící komponenty. + Informace, jak to udìlat, najdete v jiných manuálech. +\layout Standard + +A v neposlední øadì, napsali jsme pro vás soubor na vyzkou¹ení va¹í znalosti + LyXu. + Jmenuje se +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Pøedstavte si, ¾e byl napsán nìkým, kdo neznal ¾ádnou z velkých výhod LyXu + a my vám doporuèujeme, abyste jej opravili. + Soubor obsahuje nápovìdu, jak to udìlat. + Jestli chcete napovídat (nebo si ovìøit va¹e výsledky), je zde také soubor + +\family typewriter +example_lyxified.lyx +\family default +, který obsahuje tentý¾ text napsaný zku¹eným u¾ivatelem LyXu. +\layout Subsection + +Psaní, prohlí¾ení a tisk +\layout Itemize + +Otevøete nový soubor pomocí +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor-> +\bar under +N +\bar default +ový +\layout Itemize + +Napi¹te vìtu jako: +\family typewriter +Toto je mùj první dokument v LyXu! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Dobøe. + V skuteènosti mù¾ete napsat cokoli chcete. + Na tom opravdu nezále¾í. + Omlouváme se stupiditu této vìty, stejnì jako za dal¹í podobné, které po + vás budeme chtít psát v budoucnu. + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Ulo¾te vá¹ dokument pøíkazem +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor->Ulo¾it\SpecialChar ~ +jako\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +Spus»te LaTeX pro vytvoøení souboru +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, pøíkazem +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor->Náhled\SpecialChar ~ +dvi +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + V oknì, z nìho¾ jste LyX spustili, mù¾ete vidìt nìjaké výstupy. + To jsou zprávy LaTeXu, které teï mù¾ete ignorovat. + LyX spustí +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (nebo jiný prohlí¾eè +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +), který otevøe nové okno, v nìm¾ zobrazí náhled va¹eho dokumentu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Mù¾ete u¹etøit èas spu¹tìním pøíkazu +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + na pozadí. + Poté mù¾ete pou¾ít pøíkaz +\family sans +\bar under + S +\bar default +oubor->Obnov\SpecialChar ~ +dvi +\family default + a jen aktivujte okno s +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (nebo jej obnovte) po ukonèení pøíkazù LaTeXu. +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Itemize + +Soubor vytisknete pøíkazem +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor-> +\bar under +T +\bar default +isk +\family default +stiskem +\family sans +OK\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Gratulujeme! Napsali a vytiskli jste svùj první dokument v LyXu. + V¹e ostatní jsou jen detaily, které jsou popsány ve zbytku +\emph on +Prùvodce +\emph default +, +\emph on +U¾ivatelské pøíruèce +\emph default +a v +\emph on +Referenèní pøíruèce. +\layout Subsection + +Jednoduché operace +\layout Standard + +LyX samozøejmì zvládá vìt¹inu vìcí, které jste zvyklí dìlat s textovými + procesory. + Bude pøesouvat slova mezi øádky a automaticky odsazovat odstavce. + Prohlédnìte si nìkolik nabídek +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Jestli jste jako vìt¹ina u¾ivatelù +\noun on +unixu +\noun default +, jistì jste tak ji¾ uèinili pøed otevøením +\emph on +Prùvodce +\emph default +. +\end_inset + + a uvidíte vìt¹inu jednoduchých pøíkazù (napø., +\family sans +Konec, +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾it, +\bar under +T +\bar default +isk) +\family default +, jejich¾ jména ji¾ asi znáte, a které dìlají to, co od nich oèekáváte. + Zde je struèný návod, jak nìkteré jednoduché akce pou¾ít. +\layout Description + +Zpìt LyX má +\emph on + schopnost +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +nekoneèného návratu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, co¾ znamená, ¾e se mù¾ete vrátit ke kterémukoli stavu od zaèátku editování + souboru volbou +\family sans +Úpravy-> +\bar under +Z +\bar default +pìt +\family default + znovu a znovu. + Jestli jste pøeskoèili pøíli¹ daleko, zvolte pouze +\family sans +Úpravy-> +\bar under +O +\bar default +pakovat +\family default + pro krok zpátky. + +\emph on +V tuto chvíli --- v beta-verzi --- je poèet krokù zpìt omezen na 100, do + doby kompletního ovìøení funkènosti mechanismu návratu. + Zpìt také nebude funkèní pro +\emph default +v¹echny akce +\emph on +, napøíklad pro zmìny vzhledu dokumentu. +\layout Description + +Vystøihni/Vlo¾/Kopíruj Pou¾ijte +\family sans +Úpravy->Vystøihni +\family default + +\family sans +Úpravy->Vlo¾ +\family default +, a +\family sans +Úpravy->Kopíruj +\family default + pro vystøi¾ení, vlo¾ení a kopírování. + Nebo automaticky vlo¾te oznaèený text pomocí +\emph on +prostøedního tlaèítka my¹i. +\layout Description + +Hledej/Nahraï Pou¾ijte +\family sans +Úpravy->Hledání\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +nahrazení +\family default +pro hledání s rozli¹ením malých a velkých písmen. + V novì otevøeném dialogu pokraèujte v hledání pomocí ¹ipek dopøedu a zpìt, + èi pou¾ijte tlaèítko +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +ahraï +\family default + pro výmìnu slova, je¾ bylo nalezeno. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Zavøete dialog po ukonèení hledání. + Nebo jej nechte otevøené, vyhovuje-li vám to více. + Vìt¹ina dialogù v LyXu --- vèetnì +\family sans +Hledání\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +nahrazení, +\family sans +Obsah +\family default + a +\family sans +Vzhled +\family default +, stejnì jako rùzné matematické dialogy --- mohou být zmen¹eny stejnì jako + zavøeny. + Nìkteré dialogy jako +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor-> +\bar under +O +\bar default +tevøít +\family default +, vám nedovolí napsat nic v hlavním oknì LyXu dokud neuzavøete dialog. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Formátování\SpecialChar ~ +znakù Znaky mù¾ete +\emph on +zvýraznit +\emph default + (co¾ typicky zmìní znaky do kurzívy), nebo je +\series bold +ztuènit +\series default +, èi pou¾it +\noun on +Styl pro jména +\noun default + (obvykle kapitálky, pou¾ívají se pro jména lidí)pomocí pøepínaèù v nabídce + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormát +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Li¹ta Tlaèítka na li¹tì (tìsnì pod nabídkou) vám zpøístupòují nìkteré bì¾né + funkce jako +\family sans +Vlo¾ +\family default + a +\family sans +Tiskni +\family default +. + Jestli¾e podr¾íte ukazovátko my¹i chvilku nad tlaèítkem, objeví se ¾lutá + vysvìtlivka jeho funkce. +\layout Standard + +Samozøejmì jste zatím nenapsali dost, abyste docenili význam tìchto funkcí. + A¾ napí¹ete více, vyzkou¹ejte si funkce zpìt, vkládání atd. + +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM: Mezery v LyXu +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +Jedna z nejtì¾¹ích vìcí pro nové u¾ivatele je metoda jakou LyX zpracovává + mezery. + Aèkoli tisknete +\family sans +Return +\family default + mnohokrát, dostanete jen jeden prázdný øádek. + Stejnì tak mnoho stiskù +\family sans +Mezerníku +\family default + vede k získání jen jedné mezery. + Na prázdné øádce nelze napsat ¾ádnou mezeru. + Klávesa +\family sans +Tab +\family default + vás nepøesune k dal¹í zará¾ce; ve skuteènost, zde +\emph on +nejsou +\emph default + ¾ádné zará¾ky! Navíc, na vrchní èásti okna nenajdete mìøítko se zará¾kami. +\layout Standard + +Mnoho komerèních textových procesorù je zalo¾eno na principu WYSIWYG: +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get --- Co vidí¹, to dostane¹ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Na druhé stranì je LyX zalo¾en na principu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You +\emph on +Mean +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Vy se staráte o obsah a LyX se stará o to, aby výstup dobøe vypadal. + Klávesa +\family sans + Return +\family default + oddìluje odstavce a +\family sans + Mezera +\family default + oddìluje slova, tak¾e zde není dùvod napsat jich nìkolik za sebou; klávesa + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + nemá ¾ádný gramatický význam, tak¾e ji LyX nevyu¾ívá. + Pøi pou¾ívání LyXu strávíte více èasu starostí o +\emph on +obsah +\emph default + va¹eho dokumentu a ménì èasu starostí o jeho +\emph on +formát. + +\emph default + Viz sekce +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + pro více informací o konceptu WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +LyX má mnoho cest jak jemnì doladit vzhled va¹eho dokumentu. + Konec koncù, LyX nemusí vysázet +\emph on +pøesnì +\emph default + to, co jste chtìli. + +\emph on +U¾ivatelská pøíruèka +\emph default +vám o tom øekne mnohem víc +\emph on +. + +\emph default + Tam jsou informace o +\family sans +HFill +\family default +s a o svislých mezerách --- které jsou mnohem univerzálnìj¹í ne¾ nìkolik + mezer èi prázdných øádkù --- a o cestì, jak ruènì zmìnit velikost písma, + poloøezy, stejnì tak jako zarovnání odstavcù. + Ale základem je, ¾e v dobì psaní dokumentu se zamìøujete na obsah a toto + dolaïování provádíte a¾ nakonec. + Bì¾ný textový procesor vás nutí starat se o tyto detaily v prùbìhu psaní. +\layout Section + +Styl +\layout Standard + +Rùzné èásti dokumentu mají rùzná urèení, my tyto èásti nazýváme +\emph on +prostøedí. + +\emph default + Vìt¹ina dokumentu je obyèejný text. + Názvy oddílù (kapitoly, paragrafy atd.) umo¾òují ètenáøi oddìlit ètenáøi + jednotlivá témata od sebe. + Ka¾dý typ dokumentu má své zvlá¹tní prostøedí. + Èasopisový èlánek obsahuje shrnutí a titulek. + Naproti tomu dopis nemá ani titulek ani shrnutí, av¹ak pravdìpodobnì obsahuje + odesilatelovu adresu. +\layout Standard + +Styly jsou nejvýznamnìj¹í èástí filozofie +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Mean +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Dané prostøedí má urèitý typ písma, odsazení, øádkování apod. + Ve skuteènosti je to je¹tì slo¾itìj¹í, nebo» pøesná pravidla pro formátování + se mohou li¹it: jeden èasopis mù¾e pou¾ívat tuèné, 18 bodù vysoké, vystøedìné + titulky kapitol, zatímco jiný pou¾ívá 15 bodù vysokou kurzívu, zarovnanou + doleva; rùzné jazyky mohou mít rùzné zvyklosti pro odsazování; formátù + pro rejstøík mù¾e existovat skuteènì mnoho. + LyX vás opro¹»uje od nutnosti toto v¹echno znát. +\layout Standard + +Indikátor souèasného +\family sans +Stylu +\family default + je umístìn na li¹tì vlevo (pøímo pod nabídkou +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor +\family default +). + Kdy¾ pí¹ete svùj první dokument, je nastaven na hodnotu Standard, co¾ je + implicitní hodnota pro bì¾ný text. + Nyní si vyzkou¹íte pou¾ít rùzná prostøedí ve va¹em novém dokumentu, tak¾e + uvidíte, jak se zmìna stylu projeví. + Styl se nastavuje pomocí nabídky, kterou zobrazíte kliknutím na ¹ipku dolù + hned vedle indikátoru +\family sans +Styl +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Oddíly a kapitoly +\layout Standard + +Napi¹te slovo +\family typewriter +Úvod +\family default + na první øádku va¹eho souboru v LyXu, vyberte +\family sans +Section +\family default + z nabídky +\family sans +Styl +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Není tøeba +\emph on +zvýrazòovat +\emph default +tento øádek. + Není-li nic zvýraznìno, LyX pøenastaví souèasný odstavec. + Na druhé stranì, pokud zvýrazníte nìkolik odstavcù, bude zmìna uplatnìna + na v¹ech zvýraznìných. +\end_inset + +. + LyX èísluje oddíly od jedné a sází hlavièku oddílu (nadpis) vìt¹ím písmem. + (Pochopitelnì, v¹echno bude vysazeno korektnì i pøípadì +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + èi tisku.) Nyní stisknìte tlaèítko +\family sans +Return +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Pov¹imnìte si, ¾e indikátor +\family sans + Styl +\family default + se zmìnil ze Section zpìt na Standard. + Nadpisy oddílù jsou ve vìt¹inì prostøedí ukonèeny znakem +\family sans +Return +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +U¾ivatelská pøíruèka +\emph default + popisuje, jak psát nadpisy s více øádky. + Styl +\family sans +Standard +\family default + samozøejmì pokraèuje i v následujícím odstavci. + Rùzné styly pro seznamy (viz dále) také nejsou ukonèeny ukonèením øádku. + Za v¹ech okolností jste schopni rozpoznat souèasný styl pohledem na indikátor + +\family sans +Stylu +\family default +. +\end_inset + + Napi¹te na úvod va¹eho dokumentu: +\layout LyX-Code + +Toto je úvod do mého prvního dokumentu v LyXu. +\layout Standard + +Znovu stisknìte +\family sans +Return +\family default + a zvolte znovu +\family sans +Section +\family default + z nabídky +\family sans + Styl +\family default +. + LyX napí¹e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a èeká, a¾ napí¹ete nadpis. + Napi¹te +\family typewriter + Dal¹í text +\family default + a uvidíte, ¾e LyX znovu nastavil tento text jako nadpis kapitoly. +\layout Standard + +Teï to bude lep¹í. + Pøejdìte na konec první kapitoly (za mùj první dokument v LyXu) a stisknìte + znovu +\family sans +Return +\family default + , zvolte znovu +\family sans +Section +\family default + z nabídky +\family sans + Styl +\family default +. + A znovu, LyX napí¹e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a èeká, a¾ napí¹ete nadpis. + Napi¹te +\family typewriter +O tomto dokumentu +\family default +. + Oddíl +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Dal¹í text +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, který byl døíve kapitolou 2, se automaticky stal kapitolou 3! Ve skuteèném + prostøedí WYSIWYM je tøeba jen øíci, co jsou nadpisy kapitol, a LyX se + postará o jejich èíslování a vysázení. +\layout Standard + +Stisknìte +\family sans +Return, +\family default +abyste znovu zapnuli styl +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, a napi¹te tìchto pìt øádek: +\layout LyX-Code + +Oddíly a kapitoly jsou popsány ní¾e. +\layout LyX-Code + +Popis oddílu +\layout LyX-Code + +Oddíly jsou vìt¹í ne¾ kapitoly. +\layout LyX-Code + +Popis kapitoly +\layout LyX-Code + +Kapitoly jsou men¹í ne¾ oddíly. +\layout Standard + +Kliknìte na druhou øádku a zvolte +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + z nabídky +\family sans +Styl. + +\family default +LyX oèísluje kapitolu jako 2.1 a zvolí písmo vìt¹í ne¾ bì¾né, ale men¹í ne¾ + pro nadpis oddílu. + Zmìòte také ètvrtý øádek na +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +. + Jak jste asi oèekávali, LyX mu pøiøadil èíslo 2.2. + Jestli¾e vlo¾íte dal¹í oddíl pøed oddíl 2, bude pøeèíslován na 3 a kapitoly + pak na 3.1 a 3.2. +\layout Standard + +Dal¹í úrovnì èlenìní textu jsou +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +, a +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. + Vyzkou¹ejte si je. + Pov¹imnìte si, ¾e paragrafy a ni¾¹í nejsou implicitnì èíslovány; návod + na zmìnu najdete v +\emph on +U¾ivatelské pøíruèce +\emph default +. + Hlavièky knih ( +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +) jsou nejvy¹¹í úrovní, ale je mo¾no je pou¾ít jen v urèitých dokumentech + LyXu.(viz +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +). + +\layout Standard + +Mù¾ete po¾adovat, aby se názvy oddílù a pododdílù neèíslovali. + Také na to jsou zde styly. + Jestli¾e zmìníte styl jednoho z nadpisù oddílu na +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, (budete se potøebovat posunout v oknì se styly), LyX pou¾ije toté¾ písmo + i velikost jako pro normální nadpis oddílu, ale nebude jej èíslovat. + Obdobnì ohvìzdièkované styly jsou zde i pro +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + a +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +. + Zkuste si zmìnit nìkteré styly ve va¹em dokumentu na ohvìzdièkované a pov¹imnìt +e si, jaký to má vliv na èíslování. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Opravte nadpisy oddílù a pododdílù v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Tento dokument najdete v adresáøi +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default +, který zvolíte pomocí nabídky +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor-> +\bar under +O +\bar default +tevøít +\family default + a pak stisknutím tlaèítka +\family sans +Pøíklady +\family default +. + Otevøete dokument, a pou¾ijte +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor->Ulo¾it jako +\family default + pro ulo¾ení kopie tohoto dokumentu do va¹eho adresáøe. +\layout Subsection + +Seznamy a podseznamy +\layout Standard + +LyX má nìkolik rùzných stylù pro sázení seznamù. + Toto vám u¹etøí asi tak milion stiskù klávesy +\family sans +Tab +\family default +, kdy¾ pí¹ete do tabulky, èi od pøeèíslovávání, kdy¾ chcete pøidat polo¾ku + doprostøed, a dovoluje vám se tak soustøedit na obsah. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ano toto zdùrazòujeme v celém +\emph on +Prùvodci +\emph default +. + Ale toto +\emph on +je +\emph default + hlavní filozofie LyXu, tak nám to odpus»te. +\end_inset + + Rùzné typy dokumentù logicky vy¾adují rùzné typy stylù: +\layout Itemize + +Prezentace na slidy mù¾e pou¾ívat styl +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + pro popis jednotlivých bodù. + +\layout Itemize + +Vnoøené èíslované (èísly i písmeny) seznamy vznikají stylem +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + . + +\layout Itemize + +Dokument popisující nìkolik balíèkù programù mù¾e pou¾ít styl +\family sans +Description +\family default +, který ztuèòuje první slovo ka¾dé polo¾ky seznamu. + +\layout Itemize + +Styl +\family sans +List +\family default + --- není obsa¾en v LaTeXu --- je jinou formou stylu +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Zkusme tedy napsat seznam dùvodù, proè je LyX lep¹í ne¾ jiné textové procesory. + Nìkde ve va¹em dokumentu napi¹te: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Lyx je lep¹í ne¾ jiné textové procesory, proto¾e: +\layout Standard + +a stisknìte +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Nyní zvolte +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + +\family sans +z nabídky Environment +\family default +. + LyX napí¹e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +kouli +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (ve skuteènosti hvìzdièku, která se na výstupu zmìní na kouli) na novou + øádku. + Napi¹te va¹e dùvody: +\layout LyX-Code + +Sázení je udìláno za vás. +\layout LyX-Code + +Matematika je WYSIWYG. +\layout LyX-Code + +Seznamy se pí¹í tak jednodu¹e! +\layout Standard + +Styly seznamù, na rozdíl od nadpisù, nekonèí znakem +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Naproti tomu LyX pøedpokládá, ¾e chcete psát dal¹í polo¾ku seznamu. + Pøedchozí seznam sestává ze tøí jednoodstavcových polo¾ek. + Jestli¾e chcete napsat polo¾ku, která sestává z více odstavcù, jednou z + cest je pou¾ít tzv. + +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Return +\family default +, který získáte stiskem +\family sans + C-Return +\family default +. + Abyste ukonèili psaní seznamu, musí nastavit zpátky styl +\family sans +Standard +\family default + (buï z nabídky nebo stiskem klávesové kombinace +\family sans + M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Získali jste pìknì vysázený seznam. + Nyní si prohlédnìte, jak bude vypadat vyti¹tìný. + Chcete si polo¾ky oèíslovat? Oznaète si celý seznam +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX vám nedovolí oznaèit první kulièku pokud souèasnì neoznaèíte odstavec + +\emph on +pøed +\emph default + seznamem, co¾ si pravdìpodobnì nepøejete. + Obdobnì se vám nepodaøí oznaèit èíslo polo¾ky. + Tak je to v poøádku. +\end_inset + + a zvolte z nabídky styl +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. + Jak jsme ji¾ zmínili, kdy¾ pøidáte èi odstraníte polo¾ku ze seznamu, LyX + jej pøeèísluje. +\layout Standard + +Kdy¾ u¾ máte celý seznam oznaèený, prohlédnìte si také, jak vypadají ostatní + dva styly pro seznam, +\family sans +Description +\family default + a +\family sans +List +\family default +. + Pro tyto dva styly, je se ka¾dá polo¾ka skládá ze dvou èástí: termínu, + co¾ je první slovo, a definice, co¾ je zbytek polo¾ky a¾ do konce odstavce. + (do stisku +\family sans +Return +\family default +.) Termín je vysázen tuènì ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +) nebo oddìlen od zbytku polo¾ky tabulátorem +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tohle je sázecí zará¾ka, která mìní svou velikost podle nejdel¹ího termínu, + nikoli nemìnná a pevnì pøeddefinovaná jako na psacím stroji. +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +List +\family default +). + Jestli¾e se termín skládá z nìkolika slov, oddìlte je pomocí pevných mezer + +\family sans +(Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Space +\family default +s), které získáte stiskem +\family sans +C-Mezera, +\family default + a které se zobrazí jako malá fialová u. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Vysázejte seznam v souboru +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx. +\layout Standard + +Seznamy mù¾ete libovolnì vnoøovat. + Lze vnoøovat a kombinovat rùzné typy èíslovaných i neèíslovaných seznamù. + V +\emph on +U¾ivatelské pøíruèce +\emph default +najdete mnoho rùzných typù seznamù, stejnì jako pøíklady s +\emph on +mnoha +\emph default + úrovnìmi vnoøení. +\layout Subsection + +Ostatní styly: Ver¹e, citace, a jiné +\layout Standard + +LyX pøeddefinovává dva styly pro odli¹ení citace od okolního textu: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + pro krat¹í a +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + pro del¹í. + Programy (styl +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, pou¾itý v +\emph on + Prùvodci +\emph default + pro sázení del¹ích pøíkladù) je napsán v písmu +\family typewriter +psacího stroje +\family default +; pouze v tomto stylu vám LyX dovolí napsat nìkolik mezer za sebou, aby + bylo mo¾no odsazovat. + Dokonce mù¾ete psát i poezii +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +pøedpokládáme, ¾e jste tak dobrý básník, ¾e pí¹ete poezii zpatra. +\end_inset + + ve stylu +\family sans +Verse +\family default +, pøièem¾ +\family sans +Return +\family default + oddìluje strofy a +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + oddìluje jednotlivé ver¹e. + Viz +\emph on +U¾ivatelská pøíruèka +\emph default + pro detailní popis v¹ech stylù LyXu. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Opravte sázení +\family sans +Quote, LyX-Code +\family default + a +\family sans +Verse +\family default + v +\family typewriter + example_raw.lyx. +\layout Part + +Psaní dokumentù +\layout Standard + +Pøedchozí èást vám umo¾nila získat první zku¹enosti s psaním v LyXu. + Popsala vám základní úkony pøi zpracování textu, stejnì tak jako vás seznámila + s problematikou stylù. + Drtivá vìt¹ina lidi, kteøí pou¾ívají LyX, chce psát rùzné dokumenty: zprávy, + èlánky, knihy, návody èi dopisy. + Tato èást si klade za cíl vám popsat cestu od psaní textu a¾ po vytvoøení + celého dokumentu. + Seznámí vás s textovými tøídami, které vám umo¾òují psát rùzné typy dokumentù. + Také popisuje mnoho dodatkù, které mìní holý text v dokument, jako jsou + nadpisy, poznámky pod èarou, odkazy, seznamy literatury èi obsahy. +\layout Section + +Textové tøídy a ¹ablony: psaní dopisù +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +Rùzné typy dokumentù je tøeba vysázet rùznì. + Napøíklad, knihy jsou vìt¹inou sázeny na obì strany papíru, zatímco zprávy + pouze jednostrannì. + Navíc nìkteré dokumenty obsahují speciální èásti: dopisy vy¾adují speciální + styly --- jako odesilatelova adresa a podpis --- které nejsou v knize èi + èlánku potøeba. + +\emph on +Textové tøídy +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pro u¾ivatele LaTeXu: toto je toté¾ jako v LaTeXu documentclass. +\end_inset + + se starají o tyto rozdíly mezi rùznými typy dokumentù. + Tento Prùvodce +\emph default +, napøíklad, byl napsán s pou¾itím textové tøídy +\family sans +Book +\family default +. + Textové tøídy jsou dal¹í významnou èástí konceptu WYSIWYM; øíkají LyXu + jak sázet dokument, tak¾e vy to vìdìt nemusíte. +\layout Standard + +Vá¹ dokument je pravdìpodobnì napsán v textové tøídì +\family sans +Article +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Toto je obvykle implicitní textová tøída, lze ji pøednastavit ve va¹em souboru + +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + Zkuste ji zmìnit na jinou (pou¾ijte nabídku +\bar under +T +\bar default +øída +\family default + v dialogu +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormát-> +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default +) a pov¹imnìte si, jak se li¹í. + Zmìníte-li tøídu va¹eho dokumentu na +\family sans +Book +\family default + a podíváte se na nabídku +\family sans +Environment +\family default +, zjistíte, ¾e vìt¹ina stylù se neli¹í. + Aèkoli, pøibyl vám styl +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +. + Jestli si nejste jistí, které styly mù¾ete v dané tøídì pou¾ít, prostì + se podívejte do její nabídky +\family sans +Environment +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Velikost písma, jedno èi dvousloupcový tisk a hlavièky stránek jsou právì + ty rozdíly, kterými se jeden èasopis li¹í od jiného. + A tak jak postupuje poèítaèový vìk, èasopisy vám dovolují posílat va¹e + èlánky v LaTeXu, jestli¾e pou¾ijete jejich textovou tøídu. + LyX toto podporuje také. + Napøíklad LyX podporuje sazbu (a speciální styly) pro èasopisy American + Mathematics Society pomocí textové tøídy +\family sans + Article\SpecialChar ~ +(AMS) +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Zde je rychlá reference pro jednotlivé styly. + Jako obvykle, detaily najdete v +\emph on +U¾ivatelské pøíruèce. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Jméno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Poznámka +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +jednostrannì, nemá kapitoly +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +vzhled & styly pro American Math Society +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +del¹í ne¾ èlánek, oboustranný +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +zpráva + pøední a zadní obálka +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +prùhlednost (vèetnì FoilTeX) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +mnoho speciálních stylù pro adresu, podpis\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +©ablony: psaní dopisu +\layout Standard + +Jednou z nejpopulárnìj¹ích textových tøíd je +\family sans +Letter +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Jednou z cest jak napsat dopis je vytvoøit +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +ový +\family default +soubor, zvolit +\family sans +Letter +\family default + z nabídky +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +øída +\family default + v dialogu +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormát-> +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default +. + Oproti obvyklé cestì jak psát dopis to vypadá jako práce navíc. + Kdykoli pí¹ete obchodní dopis, chcete tam mít svoji adresu, adresáta, text, + podpis a podobnì. + Proto má LyX +\emph on +¹ablonu +\emph default + pro dopisy, která obsahuje jednoduchý dopis; kdy¾ máte jednou ¹ablonu, + mù¾ete jen nahrazovat text v ¹ablonì textem, který chcete napsat. +\layout Standard + +Otevøete nový soubor z nabídky +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor->Nový\SpecialChar ~ +podle\SpecialChar ~ +¹ablony +\family default +. + Po zadání jména, zvolte +\family typewriter +latex_letter.lyx +\family default + nabídky +\family sans +©ablony +\family default +. + Ulo¾te a prohlédnìte si, jak jsou jednotlivé èásti souboru ti¹tìny. +\layout Standard + +Kdy¾ se podíváte na nabídku +\family sans +Environment +\family default +, uvidíte nìkolik rùzných stylù, jako napøíklad +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +, který neexistuje ve vìt¹inì jiných textových tøíd. + Jiné, jako napøíklad +\family sans +Quote +\family default +a +\family sans +Description +\family default +, jsou vám ji¾ známé. + Mù¾ete si s tím pohrát, abyste vidìli jak rùzné styly pracují. + Pov¹imnìte si napøíklad, ¾e styl +\family sans +Signature +\family default + obsahuje slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Signature: +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + napsané èervenì pøed vlastním textem podpisu. + Toto slovo se nevytiskne (o èem¾ se mù¾ete snadno pøesvìdèit), jen vás + upozoròuje, ¾e se v dopise bude podpis nacházet. + Také nezále¾í na tom, kde je øádka s podpisem. + LyX je WYSIWYM; mù¾ete dát tuto øádku kamkoli, ale LyX ví, ¾e podpis má + být na konci. +\layout Standard + +©ablona je obyèejný dokument v LyXu. + To znamená, ¾e mù¾ete ulo¾it svou adresu a podpis do nové ¹ablony. + A od teï, chcete-li psát dopis, mù¾ete pro úsporu èasu pou¾ít svou novou + ¹ablonu. + Pravdìpodobnì zde nemusíme doporuèovat skuteèné cvièení; prostì nìkomu + napi¹te dopis +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Jedno varování, pokud mìníte ¹ablonu. + Jestli¾e sma¾ete celý text dokumentu --- napøíklad, sma¾ete-li celé pole + +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +, abyste jej mohli nahradit svým --- a pak posunete kurzor bez psaní textu, + styl mù¾e zmizet. + To proto, ¾e styl nemù¾e existovat bez napojení na text. + Obnovíte jej ruèním znovunastavením z nabídky +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu. +\end_inset + +! +\layout Section + +Nadpisy dokumentu +\layout Standard + +LyX (stejnì jako LaTeX) oddìluje titulek --- který mù¾e obsahovat nadpis, + autora, datum a dokonce shrnutí obsahu --- a vlastní text dokumentu. +\layout Standard + +Vra»te se zpìt k va¹emu dokumentu +\family typewriter +newfile.lyx +\family default +a pøesvìdète se, ¾e pou¾ívá textovou tøídu +\family sans +Article +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Zde byste ji¾ nemìli pou¾ívat tøídu +\family sans +Letter +\family default +, proto¾e ta nedefinuje titulky. +\end_inset + + Napi¹te titulek na první øádku a nastavte styl na +\family sans +Title +\family default +. + Na dal¹í øádek napi¹te svoje jméno a zmìòte styl na +\family sans +Author +\family default +. + Na dal¹í øádku napi¹te datum a nastavte styl na +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Napi¹te jeden nebo dva odstavce o obsahu va¹eho dokumentu a nastavte na + styl +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +. + Nyní se podívejte, jak se to vytiskne. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Opravte sázení titulku, data a autora v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx. +\layout Section + +Znaèky a odkazy +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + +Máte mo¾nost oznaèit znaèkou jakoukoli sekci va¹eho dokumentu (v podstatì + libovolný výsek textu). + Jakmile to udìláte, máte mo¾nost se na ni odkázat odkudkoli z dokumentu + pomocí odkazu, a to vèetnì èísla oddílu èi strany, na které se nachází. + Stejnì tak jako s oddíly èi poznámkami pod èarou, LyX obhospodaøuje odkazy + pro vás. + Automatické znaèky a odkazy na nì jsou nejsilnìj¹í zbraní LyXu (a LaTeXu) + proti obvyklým textovým procesorùm. +\layout Subsection* + +Va¹e první znaèka +\layout Standard + +Oznaème si druhou èást tohoto dokumentu (jmenuje se O tomto dokumentu). + Kliknìte na konec øádky s titulkem a zvolte +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾ení-> +\bar under +Z +\bar default +naèka +\family default +. + Objeví se dotaz na jméno nové znaèky. + Napi¹te +\family typewriter +sec:aboutdocument +\family default +, co¾ je docela dobrý popis, který se nesplete s jinými znaèkami, které + mù¾ete v budoucnu pøidat. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pí¹eme +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sec: +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + proto¾e také mù¾ete oznaèit rovnice, tabulky èi obrázky. +\end_inset + + Kdy¾ kliknete na +\family sans +OK +\family default +, bude vámi zadaná znaèka zobrazena v obdélníèku na konci øádku. +\layout Standard + +Mimochodem, znaèku mù¾ete umístit kdekoli uvnitø sekce, odkazy pak budou + míøit na nejbli¾¹í pøedcházející titulek sekce nebo podsekce pøed znaèkou. + Ale jestli¾e zadáte znaèku do titulku (èi na první øádku textu pod titulkem), + budou odkazy v rejstøíku odkazovat na správné místo v textu. +\layout Standard + +Zatím jste v¹ak nevytvoøili nic --- soubor +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + bude vypadat úplnì stejnì. + Pøidali jste v¹ak znaèku, na kterou se mù¾ete odkazovat tzv. + odkazem. + Viz ní¾e. +\layout Subsection* + +Va¹e první odkazy +\layout Standard + +Umístìte kurzor nìkam do sekce 2 ve va¹em dokumentu. + Napi¹te +\layout LyX-Code + +Jestli¾e chcete vìdìt více o tomto dokumentu, tak se podívejte na sekci, + která je na stranì . +\layout Standard + +Nyní --- s kurzorem za slovem +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sekce +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + --- zvolte +\family sans +\bar under + V +\bar default +lo¾ení-> +\bar under +O +\bar default +dkaz +\family default +. + Objeví se dialog +\family sans + Vlo¾te\SpecialChar ~ +odkaz +\family default +. + V nìm se objeví seznam v¹ech znaèek, na které se mù¾ete odkázat. + V tuto chvíli je zde jen jeden --- sec:aboutdocument. + Oznaète jej (není-li ji¾ oznaèen) a kliknìte na +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾te\SpecialChar ~ +odkaz +\family default +. + Nyní posuòte kurzor za slovo stránce a kliknìte na +\family sans +Vlo¾te\SpecialChar ~ +èíslo\SpecialChar ~ +strany +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX umístí odkazovací obdélníèek na místo, kde byl kurzor. + Pøi tisku se odkaz zmìní na skuteèné èíslo sekce èi jeho stranu (podle + toho, co jste zvolili v dialogu). + Odkaz pøi editaci dokumentu funguje jako hyperlink; kliknutí na nìj vás + pøesune na odkazované místo. + Zvolte +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor-> +\bar under +O +\bar default +bnov\SpecialChar ~ +dvi +\family default +, a uvidíte odkaz na sekci 2 a stranu 1 (nebo na tu, kde sekce 2 momentálnì + je). +\layout Subsection* + +Dal¹í mo¾nosti znaèek +\layout Standard + +Ji¾ jsme øekli, ¾e LyX se stará o èíslování odkazù; vyzkou¹ejme si to. + Pøidejte novou sekci pøed sekci 2. + Nyní nechte probìhnout LaTeX, a --- kupodivu --- èíslo sekce se zmìnilo + na 3! Zmìòte O tomto dokumentu na subsekci, a odkaz bude nyní na 2.1 místo + 3. + Èíslo stránky se nezmìní (samozøejmì pokud jste nepøidali celou stranu + textu). +\layout Standard + +Jestli si chcete znaèky procvièit více, tak zkuste vlo¾it znaèku sec:myfirstlabe +l na místo, kde byl vá¹ odkaz, a odka¾te se na nìj odjinud z dokumentu. + Jestli¾e bude vkládat odkazy èasto (napøíklad, pí¹ete-li èlánek do èasopisu), + mù¾ete si nechat dialog pro vlo¾ení odkazu otevøený. +\layout Standard + +Jestli¾e si chcete být jist, ¾e èísla stránek v odkazech budou správnì i + ve velkém dokumentu, +\family sans +\bar under +K +\bar default +opírujte +\family default + nìkolik stránek z +\emph on +U¾ivatelské Pøíruèky +\emph default + a +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾te +\family default + jej do va¹eho dokumentu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Mimochodem, kopírování nadpisu kapitoly mù¾e zpùsobit chybu v LyXu, proto¾e + názvy kapitol nejsou povoleny pro èlánky. + Jestli¾e se to stalo, pak prostì onen nadpis vyma¾te. + Jestli chcete znát dùvod, podívejte se na kapitolu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Opravte odkazy v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx. +\layout Section + +Poznámky pod èarou a poznámky na okraji +\layout Standard + +Poznámky pod èarou mù¾ete vkládat pomocí tlaèítka vlo¾te poznámku pod èarou + na li¹tì +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tlaèítko má na sobì ¹ipku, ukazující na èervený text pod èerným textem. +\end_inset + + nebo +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾ení-> +\bar under +P +\bar default +oznámka\SpecialChar ~ +pod\SpecialChar ~ +èarou +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Kliknìte na slovo LyX kdekoli ve va¹em dokumentu a stisknìte tlaèítko pro + vlo¾ení poznámky pod èarou. + Øádka pro text poznámky se objeví pod øádkou, na kterou teï pí¹ete. + Nalevo je slovo foot napsané èervenì v ¹edém obdélníku. + Zbytek øádky je èervenì orámován. + LyX posune kurzor na zaèátek øádky s poznámkou. + Napi¹te +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX je textový procesor. +\layout Standard + +Nyní kliknìte na slovo foot. + Øádka s poznámkou byla nahrazena slovem foot, napsaným èervenì v horním + indexu na místì, kde se bude na poznámku odkazovat; toto se nazývá zabalením + poznámky. + Tuto poznámku je mo¾no rozbalit --- a opravit, je-li tøeba --- kliknutím + na èervený nápis foot. +\layout Standard + +Mo¾ná se ptáte, proè LyX ukazuje slovo místo èísla. + Odpovìï je jednoduchá, proto¾e èíslování poznámek se dìje a¾ pøi tisku + LaTeXem, co¾ mù¾ete vidìt v souboru +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + nebo na výtisku, tak¾e skuteènì není tøeba tato èísla ukazovat v LyXu. +\layout Standard + +Poznámku lze vystøihnout a vlo¾it tak, jako normální text. + Zkuste si to. + V¹e, co tøeba, je oznaèit znaèku pro poznámku +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Mo¾ná je jednodu¹¹í oznaèit ji pomocí klávesnice. + Mù¾ete toti¾ poznámku rozbalit místo jejího oznaèení jestli¾e se nestrefíte + pøesnì. +\end_inset + + a +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +ystøihnout +\family default + a +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾it +\family default + ji. + Navíc, mù¾ete zmìnit normální text na poznámku oznaèení textu a stiskem + tlaèítka +\family sans + Vlo¾te \SpecialChar ~ +poznámku +\family default +; zmìòte poznámku na normální text opìtovným stiskem tlaèítka +\family sans +Vlo¾te \SpecialChar ~ +poznámku +\family default +, kdy¾ máte kurzor na poznámce. +\layout Standard + +Poznámky po stranì lze vkládat pomocí tlaèítka +\family sans + Vlo¾te\SpecialChar ~ +poznámku\SpecialChar ~ +po\SpecialChar ~ +stranì +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tlaèítko ukazuje ¹ipku ukazující na èervený text po stranì od èerného. +\end_inset + + nebo z nabídky +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾ení->Poznámka\SpecialChar ~ +na\SpecialChar ~ +okraji +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Poznámky na okraji se chovají jako poznámky pod èarou vyjma: +\layout Itemize + +na obrazovce se objeví margin místo foot +\layout Itemize + +poznámky se objeví po stranì místo pod textem +\layout Itemize + +poznámky po stranì nejsou èíslovány +\layout Itemize + +kdy¾ je poznámka zabalená, zobrazí se po stranì vykøièník. + Tento vykøièník se netiskne. +\layout Standard + +Zmìòte va¹i poznámku pod èarou na text a pak na poznámku po stranì. + Prohlédnìte si výstup z LaTeXu. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Opravte poznámky pod èarou v souboru +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx. +\layout Section + +Citace +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +Citace jsou podobné odkazùm. + Citace obsahuje seznam odkazù na konci dokumentu, které mohou být zmiòovány + v textu dokumentu. + Tak jako nadpisy sekcí, LyX a LaTeX vám ulehèuje ¾ivot automatickým èíslováním + citací, pøièem¾ mìní èísla, zmìní-li se jejich poèet nebo poøadí. +\layout Standard + +Jdìte na konec dokumentu a pøepnìte se +\family sans +na styl Bibliography +\family default +. + Nyní je ka¾dý odstavec jednou citací. + Napi¹te +\family typewriter +The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX DocTeam +\family default + jako va¹i první citaci. + Pov¹imnìte si, ¾e LyX automaticky oèísluje ka¾dou citaci. + Kliknìte na obdélník s èíslem a objeví se dialog +\family sans +Polo¾ka\SpecialChar ~ +bibliografie +\family default +. + První pole, +\family sans +Key +\family default +, se pou¾ívá jako reference uvnitø dokumentu v LyXu. + Implicitnì se jedná o èíslo. + Zmìòte jeho hodnotu na lyxtutorial, abyste si jej mohli lépe zapamatovat. +\layout Standard + +Nyní zvolte místo ve va¹em dokumentu, kam chcete vlo¾it citaci. + To se provede pomocí +\family sans +Vlo¾ení->Citace\SpecialChar \@. + +\family default + LyX nakreslí ¹edivý obdélník s otazníkem v závorce a objeví se dialog pro + vlo¾ení citace. + První pole se také jmenuje +\family sans +Key +\family default +, a v tomto poli zvolte, co chcete citovat +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Zde je vidìt, proè je vhodné pojmenovávat citace namísto jejich automatického + èíslování. +\end_inset + +. + Kliknìte na ¹ipku, rozbalí se nabídka, a v ní zvolte lyxtutorial (momentálnì + jediná polo¾ka v citacích). + Nyní spus»te LaTeX, a podívejte se jak se citace zobrazí. +\layout Standard + +Jak se pou¾ívají ostatní pole? +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +oznámka +\family default + v +\family sans +Citacích +\family default + vlo¾í za citaci seznam stránek, kde je tato citace odkazována. + Jestli¾e chcete, aby byly citace zobrazovány jako text místo èísla (napøíklad + [Smi95] jako odkaz na èlánek od Smithe z roku 1995), pou¾ijte pole +\family sans +Label +\family default +. + Jako obvykle, detaily najdete v +\emph on +U¾ivatelské pøíruèce. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení: +\series default +Opravte citace v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx. +\layout Section + +Obsah +\layout Standard + +Mo¾ná chcete vlo¾it obsah na zaèátek dokumentu. + LyX tento po¾adavek hravì splní. + Staèí stisknout +\family sans +Return +\family default + po nadpisu va¹eho dokumentu a pøed nadpisem první sekce +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nezkou¹ejte mazat èíslo sekce. + Nepùjde to. + LyX toti¾ èísluje za vás. +\end_inset + + a zvolte +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾ení->Seznamy \SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +Obsah->Obsah +\family default +. + Slovo obsah se objeví na první øádce dokumentu. + +\layout Standard + +Toto nemusí být velmi úèelné. + Podíváte-li se v¹ak na vá¹ soubor +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, uvidíte, ¾e obsah byl vygenerován jako seznam v¹ech sekcí a podsekcí. + Jako obvykle, pøesunete-li sekce, uvidíte tyto zmìny po obnovení +\family typewriter +dvi. +\layout Standard + +Obsah není zobrazen na obrazovce, proto¾e jej stejnì nemù¾ete upravovat. + Na druhé stranì mù¾ete zobrazit dialog s obsahem pomocí nabídky +\family sans +Ú +\bar under +p +\bar default +ravy-> +\bar under +O +\bar default +bsah +\family default +. + Toto je velmi u¾iteèná pomùcka. + Lze ji pou¾ít pro pohyb v dokumentu. + Kliknutím na jméno sekce èi podsekce se pøesunete kurzorem na odpovídající + místo v dokumentu. + Pro pohyb v obsahu mù¾ete také pou¾ít ¹ipky. + Toto okno lze také nechat otevøené celou dobu práce s dokumentem. +\layout Standard + +Obsah lze vymazat jako jakýkoli jiný (obyèejný) znak. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Opravte obsah v souboru +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx. +\layout Part + +Pou¾ití matematického re¾imu +\layout Standard + +LaTeX je pou¾íván mnoha vìdci, proto¾e umí tisknout velmi dobøe vypadající + rovnice bez nutností pou¾ívat speciální øídící znaky textových procesorù + a jejich editorù rovnic. + Na druhé stranì mnoho z tìchto vìdcù je nespokojených, proto¾e psaní rovnic + v LaTeXu je spí¹e programování ne¾ psaní. + Na¹tìstí LyX podporuje WYSIWYM pro rovnice. + Jestli¾e ovládáte LaTeX, mù¾ete zde pøímo psát v¹echny obvyklé matematické + pøíkazy, ale uvidíte je jako WYSIWYM. + Jestli¾e naopak, jste nikdy v LaTeXu nepsali, tak potom vám +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + umo¾ní psát profesionálnì vypadající text jednodu¹e a rychle +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX pochopitelnì neumí kontrolovat, zda to, co jste napsali, je +\emph on +dobøe +\emph default +. + Je nám líto. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Matematický re¾im +\layout Standard + +Nìkde ve va¹em dokumentu napi¹te: +\layout LyX-Code + +Líbí se mi to Einsteinovo E=mc^2, proto¾e je to jednoduché. + +\layout Standard + +Tohle nevypadá nejlépe, dokonce i v +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +; není zde mezera mezi znaky a rovnítkem, a navíc jste chtìli napsat dvojku + jako mocninu. + Takto to dopadlo, proto¾e jste LyXu neøekli, ¾e pí¹ete matematický výraz, + tak¾e toto napsal jako obyèejný text. +\layout Standard + +Matematika se pí¹e v Mathedu, jinak té¾ v matematickém re¾imu. + Pro vstup do tohoto re¾imu, stisknìte modré tlaèítko oznaèené +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + +. + LyX otevøe malý modrý obdélníèek s fialovým okrajem. + Modrý obdélníèek je +\emph on +bod pro vkládání +\emph default +, který øíká, ¾e Mathed èeká na vá¹ vstup, a obdélníèek vám oznamuje, ¾e + se nacházíte v Mathedu. + LyX posunul kurzor dovnitø modrého obdélníka, tak¾e znovu napi¹te E=mc +\family typewriter +^2 +\family default +. + Výraz se napí¹e modøe a modrý obdélníèek zmizí, jakmile není bod pro vkládání + prázdný. + Nyní stisknìte +\family sans +Esc +\family default + pro opu¹tìní Mathedu. + (Poznámka: opìtovné kliknutí na tlaèítko +\family sans +math +\family default + nezpùsobí +\emph on +opu¹tìní +\emph default + Mathedu). + Zmizí fialový obdélník a jestli teï nìco napí¹ete, bude to obyèejný text. +\layout Standard + +Spus»te LaTeX a prohlédnìte si soubor +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Pov¹imnìte si, ¾e výraz je vysázen lépe, jsou zde mezery u rovnítka a dvojka + je v exponentu. + Písmenka v matematickém re¾imu se pova¾ují za promìnné (proto jsou v kurzívì) + a èísla jsou prostì èísla. +\layout Standard + +Mathed je dal¹ím pøíkladem filozofie WYSIWYM. + V LaTeXu pí¹ete matematický výraz pomocí textu a pøíkazù jako +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +; toto mù¾e být velice nepøíjemné, proto¾e dokud nespustíte LaTeX nevidíte + jak bude vypadat výstup, abyste pak na¹li chybìjící závorky èi jiné chyby. + Na druhé stranì LyX vám na obrazovce neuká¾e výraz úplnì perfektnì (WYSIWYG), + ale dá vám dostateènì dobrou pøedstavu jak bude vypadat po vysázení. + LaTeX se pak postará o profesionální vysázení. + V 99% pøípadù není tøeba mìnit na výstupu z LaTeXu nic. + Takto (omlouváme se za mentorování) se mù¾ete soustøedit na +\emph on +obsah +\emph default + va¹eho výrazu, nikoli na jeho vzhled. +\layout Section + +Pohyb kurzoru v rovnici +\layout Standard + +Nyní zmìòme +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Pou¾ijte ¹ipky pro pohyb uvnitø výrazu. + Kdy¾ procházíte výrazem, objeví se opìt fialový obdélníèek, proto¾e jste + opìt v Mathedu. + Nyní pou¾ijte klávesy +\family sans +Vlevo +\family default + a +\family sans +Vpravo +\family default + pro pøesun za rovnítko a napi¹te 1+. + Znovu, mù¾ete tento re¾im opustí ¹ipkami nebo klávesou +\family sans +Esc +\family default + a fialový obdélníèek zmizí. + Mnoho lidí bude pou¾ívat ¹ipky, ale stejnì dobøe mù¾ete kliknout doprostøed + výrazu a zaèít upravovat. +\layout Standard + +S výjimkou speciálních kláves popsaných ní¾e, je psaní v Mathedu podobné + jako psaní normálního textu. + Pou¾ijte +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (èi +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +) pro mazaní. + Oznaèujte pomocí ¹ipek nebo my¹i. + +\family sans +Ú +\bar under +p +\bar default +ravy->Zpìt +\family default + v matematickém re¾imu funguje, stejnì jako vystøihování a vkládání. + Jen na jedno je tøeba dát si pozor: jste-li mimo výraz, pak +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (èi +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +) sma¾e celý tento výraz. + Na¹tìstí mù¾ete pou¾ít +\family sans +Undo +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Co kdy¾ chcete zmìnit +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + +? Mù¾ete kliknout na správné místo nebo si tam dojít ¹ipkami. + Je-li kurzor za c, ale pøed 2, stisknìte +\family sans +Nahoru +\family default + a posunete se do horního indexu (v tomto pøípadì se jedná o mocninu) pøesnì + pøed dvojku. + Pøidejte .5. + Stiskem +\family sans + Dolù +\family default + se pøesunete zpìt na základní úroveò a kurzor bude +\emph on +za +\emph default + mocninou (tak¾e teï napi¹te +1). +\layout Standard + +K pohybu po výrazu také mù¾ete pou¾ít +\family sans +Mezeru. + +\family default + Jestli¾e jste uvnitø struktury v Mathedu (jako je index, mocnina, zlomek, + oddìlovaè èi matice, které jsou popsány v dal¹ích oddílech), +\family sans +Mezera +\family default + vás pøesune za strukturu, ale stále zùstáváte uvnitø Mathedu. + Tak¾e, jste-li v mocninì, pak vás +\family sans +Mezera +\family default + pøesune na základní úroveò za tuto mocninu. + To znamená, ¾e výraz +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{1+x}-2$ +\end_inset + + lze napsat bez pou¾ití my¹i +\emph on +i +\emph default + ¹ipek, co¾ je cesta, kterou budete pozdìji pravdìpodobnì pou¾ívat. + V místì, kde by tato akce nemìla smysl (napøíklad mezi m a c), +\family sans +Mezera +\family default + neudìlá nic +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Space +\family default + a +\family sans +Tab +\family default + +\series bold +nelze +\series default + pou¾ít pro pøidávání mezer dovnitø výrazu. + Mezery jsou vìcí sázení, tak¾e jsou plnì v kompetenci LyXu (LaTeXu) (viz + sekce +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +). + Jestli¾e nejste s vysazením spokojeni, jsou zde cesty, jak jej jemnì doladit, + co¾ je popsáno v +\emph on +U¾ivatelské pøíruèce +\emph default + --- nestarejte se o to, dokud nedopí¹ete celý dokument. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Pov¹imnìte si, ¾e pokud ukonèíte výraz stiskem +\family sans +Esc +\family default +, nebude za ním ¾ádná mezera, tak¾e budete-li ji vy¾adovat, musíte ji sami + napsat. + Napí¹ete-li v¹ak +\family sans +Mezeru +\family default + jako poslední znak v Mathedu, pak jej takto ukonèíte +\emph on +a +\emph default + napí¹ete tuto mezeru za výrazem. + Takto tedy lze psát +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + je moje oblíbená rovnice +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + místo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + +je moje oblíbená rovnice +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Exponenty a indexy +\layout Standard + +Exponent lze vlo¾it z nabídky +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematika +\family default +, ale je daleko jednodu¹¹í napsat støí¹ku, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + LyX umístí vkládací bod (modrý obdélníèek, pamatujete se?) na místo exponentu, + tak¾e cokoli teï napí¹ete, bude umístìno nahoøe a bude vysázeno v men¹í + velikosti písma; a to a¾ do stisku +\family sans +Mezery +\family default + (nebo +\family sans +Esc +\family default + pro úplné opu¹tìní mathedu). + Psaní indexù je také tak jednoduché --- napi¹te podtr¾ítko, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Indexy a exponenty lze libovolnì kombinovat, napøíklad i takto: +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Pøedìlejte rovnici 1 z +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + do matematického re¾imu. +\layout Section + + +\family sans +Panel Math +\family default + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + je jednoduchá cesta pro vkládání symbolù a vyu¾ívání komplikovaných funkcí + Mathedu. + Vìt¹inu z tìchto funkcí lze také vyvolat z klávesnice nebo z nabídky +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath +\family default +. + Ale nyní se soustøedíme na pou¾ívání +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panelu +\family default +, abyste vìdìli, co tam mù¾ete najít; klávesové zkratky se mù¾ete nauèit + pozdìji z ostatních manuálù. + Tak teï si otevøete +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + a nechte jej otevøený dokud budete èíst tuto kapitolu. +\layout Subsection + +Øecká písmena a symboly +\layout Standard + +Jestli¾e kliknete na tlaèítko oznaèené +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, otevøe se nabídka, ze které mù¾ete vybrat øecké písmeno, které se vlo¾í + na místo kurzoru. + Pov¹imnìte si, ¾e je zde nìkolik variant epsilonu, psí, theta a sigma. + Jako zkratka, zatímco pí¹ete text a zvolíte nìco z +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panelu +\family default +, Mathed se automaticky otevøe. + +\layout Standard + +Dal¹í ètyøi tlaèítka na +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panelu +\family default + vám umo¾òují napsat rùzné symboly pou¾ité v matematických výrazech: ¹ipky, + relace, operátory, sumy a integrály. + Poznamenejme, ¾e indexy a exponenty vám umo¾òují psát meze sum a integrálù. + Poslední tlaèítko má oznaèení rùzné. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Nic není nemo¾né\SpecialChar \ldots{} + V¹e co potøebuje¹ je +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Mocniny, zvýraznìní a oddìlovaèe +\layout Standard + +Pro napsání odmocniny staèí kliknout na symbol odmocniny. + Objeví se odmocnina a vkládací bod se pøesune dovnitø, kam mù¾ete psát + promìnné, èísla, jiné odmocniny, zlomky, prostì cokoli chcete. + LyX bude automaticky mìnit velikost odmocniny podle jejího argumentu. +\layout Standard + +Akcentování znaku ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +) nebo skupiny znakù ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +) se dosáhne stejnì. + Stisknìte tlaèítko s akcentací, které je oznaèeno modrým obdélníèkem nahoøe + s èernou vlnovkou\SpecialChar ~ +(~). + Po kliknutí LyX otevøe akcentaci s bodem pro vkládání pod (nebo nad) akcentem. + Jen kliknìte na typ akcentu, vlo¾te obsah a poté stisknìte +\family sans +Mezeru +\family default + pro ukonèení mathedu. +\layout Standard + +Oddìlovaèe jako závorky v¹ech tvarù fungují podobnì, ale trochu slo¾itìji. + Stisknìte tlaèítko s oddìlovaèi, co¾ je modrý obdélníèek s hranatými závorkami + kolem, a objeví se dialog s oddìlovaèi. + Kliknìte na levý oddìlovaè +\emph on +levým tlaèítkem my¹i +\emph default + a na pravý oddìlovaè +\emph on +pravým tlaèítkem my¹i +\emph default +. + +\layout Standard + +(Alternativnì lze pou¾ít tlaèítka +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\bar under +L +\bar default +evý +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\bar under + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +P +\bar default +ravý +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + a potom kliknout na oddìlovaèe +\emph on +levým tlaèítkem my¹i. +\emph default +) Vá¹ souèasný výbìr je zobrazen nahoøe v dialogu. + Implicitnì je to nastaveno na pár kulatých závorek, ale toto mù¾ete zmìnit + na jakoukoli kombinaci, dokonce mù¾ete zvolit prázdný obdélníèek, abyste + získali nìco jako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (prázdný oddìlovaè se v LyXu zobrazí jako pøeru¹ená vertikální èerná èára, + která se pøi tisku nezobrazuje). +\layout Standard + +Jakmile jednou vyberete va¹e oddìlovaèe, kliknìte na +\family sans +OK, +\family default +a tím vlo¾íte va¹i selekci na místo kurzoru (nebo stisknìte +\family sans +Pou¾ij +\family default +, chcete-li nechat toto okno otevøené pro pøí¹tì). + Jste-li líní, mù¾ete psát závorky pøímo v matematickém re¾imu místo pou¾ití + dialogu s oddìlovaèi. + Na druhé stranì takto napsané oddìlovaèe budou mít stejnou velikost jako + text, který zrovna pí¹ete, co¾ nevypadá dobøe, je-li uvnitø velký zlomek + èi matice. + Pou¾ití dialogu +\family sans +Oddìlovaèe +\family default + vám zajistí, ¾e budou vysázeny v odpovídající velikosti. +\layout Standard + +Také mù¾ete vlo¾it oddìlovaèe kolem textu, který je ji¾ napsán. + Oznaète jej a kliknìte na oddìlovaèe, které si pøejete vlo¾it. + Zkuste zmìnit Newtonùv druhý zákon ze skalárního na vektorový tvar (z +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + Jakmile se nauèíte psát matice, tak ji¾ budete vìdìt, jak kolem udìlat + závorky. +\layout Subsection + +Zlomky +\layout Standard + +Zlomky jsou v mathedu jednoduché. + Kliknìte na tlaèítko +\family sans +zlomek +\family default + v +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panelu +\family default +, které je oznaèeno zlomkem se dvìma modrými obdélníèky místo èitatele i + jmenovatele. + LyX vytvoøí dva vkládací body ve zlomku. + Tak, jak byste oèekávali, mù¾ete se po zlomku pohybovat my¹í i ¹ipkami. + Kliknìte na èitatele a napi¹te +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Nyní stisknìte +\family sans +Dolù +\family default + a stisknìte +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + No a napsali jste zlomek! Samozøejmì, ¾e místo èísel mù¾ete napsat cokoli: + promìnné s exponenty, odmocniny èi jiné zlomky, skuteènì cokoli. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Pøedìlejte rovnici 2 z +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + do matematického re¾imu.. +\layout Subsection + +Re¾im TeX : Limity, log, sin a jiné +\layout Standard + +Proto¾e jsou písmena v matematickém re¾imu pova¾ována za promìnné, napí¹ete-li + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, bude si LyX myslet, ¾e pí¹ete souèin +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + +, a +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + +. + Tato tøi písmena se napí¹ou kurzívou, zatímco jste ve skuteènosti oèekávali + slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + napsané normálním písmem. + Navíc, LyX neumístí mezeru mezi +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +Mezera +\family default + pouze ukonèuje mathed). + Tak¾e jak dostanete +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +namísto +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Kliknìte na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + v nabídce +\family sans +Funkce +\family default + na +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panelu. + +\family default + Slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + je nyní napsáno èervenì a normálním písmem, jinak té¾ v tzv. + TeX módu. + Celé slovo se chová jako jeden symbol, tak¾e jedno stisknutí +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + jej celé vyma¾e. + Nyní stisknìte +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a to se napí¹e v modré kurzívì, tak, jak byste oèekávali. + A v souboru +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + bude v¹e vysázeno korektnì. + Zkuste si to. +\layout Standard + +Mezi dal¹ími pøíkazy, které pí¹ete v TeXu pomocí nabídky +\family sans +Funkce +\family default + zahrnují dal¹í trigonometrické funkce a jejich inverze, hyperbolické funkce, + logaritmy, limity a dal¹í. + Tyto funkce lze také oindexovat a umocòovat, jako napøíklad pro +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Pøedìlejte rovnici 3 z +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + do matematického re¾imu. +\layout Subsection + +Matice +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +Kliknìte na tlaèítko +\family sans +matrix +\family default + na +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panelu +\family default +. + V dialogu matice najdete dva jezdce pro nastavení poètu sloupcù a øádkù. + Zvolte dva øádky a tøi sloupce a stisknìte buï +\family sans +Pou¾ít +\family default + nebo +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + LyX vytiskne 6 bodù pro vkládání v matici +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + +. + Na ka¾dou pozici v matici mù¾ete samozøejmì vlo¾it jakýkoli výraz (odmocninu, + jinou matici atd.). + Také mù¾ete nechat nìkteré pozice úplnì prázdné. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + lze pou¾ít pro pøesunutí mezi sloupci matice. + Alternativnì mù¾ete pou¾ít pro pohyb ¹ipky - stiskem +\family sans +Vpravo +\family default + na konci jednoho obdélníèku se pøesunete do dal¹ího, +\family sans +Dolù +\family default + vás pøesune na následující øádek apod. +\layout Standard + +Viz +\emph on +U¾ivatelská pøíruèka +\emph default + pro informace o tom, jak zmìnit vodorovné zarovnávání sloupcù a jak zmìnit + svislou pozici celé matice. + Jestli¾e chcete psát tabulku obsahující text, pak vám doporuèujeme pou¾ít + tabulkovou podporu LyXu namísto snahy psát text dovnitø matice. +\layout Subsection + +Re¾im zobrazení +\layout Standard + +V¹echny výrazy, které jsme doposud napsali se nacházeli na jedné øádce spolu + s textem, který je obklopoval. + Tohle je výhodné pro jednoduché výrazy, ale jestli¾e chcete psát komplikovanìj¹ +í výrazy nebo je chcete umístit mimo text, potøebujete je napsat v tzv. + re¾imu zobrazení. + Navíc, jen takto napsané výrazy lze oznaèit znaèkou a èíslovat (viz +\emph on +U¾ivatelská pøíruèka +\emph default +), toto je jediný zpùsob jak psát víceøádkové rovnice (viz +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Kliknìte na tlaèítko +\family sans +zobrazení +\family default +na +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panelu +\family default +, který je zobrazen jako nìkolik øádek nad a pod modrým obdélníèkem. + LyX vytvoøí vkládací bod, který se nachází na nové øádce a je na ní vystøedìn. + Nyní napi¹te výraz a spus»te LaTeX, abyste se podívali, jak to bude vypadat. + Tlaèítko +\family sans +zobrazení +\family default +je ve skuteènosti pøepínaè; zkuste ho pou¾ít na pøepnutí nìkolika výrazù + do a z re¾imu zobrazení. +\layout Standard + +Tento re¾im má nìkolik rozdílù oproti regulérnímu Mathedu: +\layout Itemize + +Nìkteré symboly mají trochu men¹í velikost, napøíklad +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Exponenty a indexy pro limity a sumy (nikoli pro integrály) se vysadí pod + a nad operaci, ne a¾ za ní. +\layout Itemize + +Text je vystøedìn +\layout Standard + +A¾ na tyto drobnosti jsou oba re¾imy zobrazení velice podobné. +\layout Standard + +Jedna poznámka nakonec: dávejte si pozor, zda je vá¹ výraz na novém øádku + nebo ne. + Jestli¾e se vá¹ výraz nachází uprostøed vìty (nebo odstavce), neukonèujte + jej klávesou +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Toto by toti¾ vytvoøilo nový odstavec z textu +\emph on +za +\emph default + výrazem, co¾ pravdìpodobnì není to, co jste chtìli. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Zmìòte re¾im zobrazení pro rùzné rovnice v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + a prohlédnìte si rozdíly. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièení +\series default +: Zkuste si sami s pou¾itím právì nabytých znalostí napsat výraz, jako je + tento: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Víceøádkové rovnice +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +Zkuste si napsat následující rovnice a podívejte se na soubor +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Re¾im zobrazení musíte pøepnout pro ka¾dý øádek zvlá¹». +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y+y+y+y+y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +=5y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +To vùbec nevypadá dobøe. + Jestli¾e pí¹ete dvì a více rovnic pod sebou, vypadají podstatnì lépe, jsou-li + rovnítka zarovnána pod sebou; zvlá¹», nemá-li druhá rovnice levou stranu. + LyX umo¾òuje psát víceøádkové rovnice s øízením jejich zarovnání. +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\ + & = & 5y\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Tohle vypadá +\emph on +daleko +\emph default + lépe. + Rovnítka jsou pod sebou a rovnice jsou blí¾e u sebe. +\layout Standard + +Víceøádkovou rovnici napí¹ete pomocí mathedu v re¾imu zobrazení, kdy¾ stisknete + +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +. + LyX vypí¹e dvì øádky, ka¾dou se tøemi vkládacími body. + Pohybovat se mezi nimi mù¾ete stejnì jako v matici: my¹í, ¹ipkami nebo + klávesou +\family sans +Tab +\family default +. + Zkuste si nyní pøepsat pøedchozí rovnice. + Pov¹imnìte si, ¾e je mo¾no nechat jeden i více vkládacích bodù prázdných. + To je výhodné pro rovnice podobné tìm nahoøe nebo pro zápis velmi dlouhých + výrazù, jako napøíklad: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & a+b+c+d\\ + & & +e+f+g\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX zarovná druhé (støední) pole na ka¾dé øádce, tak¾e obvykle toto pole + obsahuje rovnítko èi jiný relaèní operátor, i kdy¾ tam mù¾ete napsat jakýkoli + výraz. + Nepou¾ívejte víceøádkové rovnice pro vysázení polí, pro tento úèel pou¾ijte + matice (viz +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Jestli¾e chcete napsat del¹í sadu rovnic, stisknìte znovu +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +, a dostanete dal¹í tøi vkládací body. + Jestli¾e jste nebyli na konci øádky, text a¾ do konce øádky se pøesune + na novou. + Jestli¾e jste stiskli +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + kdy¾ jste psali jednoøádkovou rovnici, celá rovnice bude v prvním poli. + Umístìte kurzor pøed rovnítko a stisknìte +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default + pro pøesun do druhého pole. + Pak se pøesuòte za rovnítko a stisknìte +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default + znovu pro pøesun pravé èásti do tøetího pole. + Zkuste zmìnit +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +E & = & mc^{2}\\ + & = & mc\times c\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Jestli¾e jste napsali pøíli¹ mnoho øádek, posuòte kurzor na konec øádky + a pou¾ijte +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + pro smazání následující øádky. + Tato klávesová kombinace vyma¾e znak konce øádku a pøipojí obsah v¹ech + vkládacích bodù na konec pøedchozího øádku. + Byli-li tyto body prázdné, pak je pouze vyma¾e. + Varování: stisk +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + kdy¾ nejste na konci øádku nemusí v¾dy dopadnout ¹»astnì. +\layout Section + +Více matematiky +\layout Standard + +Mathed umí je¹tì mnohem více. + Nyní, kdy¾ jsme se seznámili se základy, se podívejte do +\emph on +U¾ivatelské pøíruèky +\emph default + na: +\layout Itemize + +Oznaèování a èíslování výrazù +\layout Itemize + +Zmìny poloøezu, tj. + ztuèòování. + Poznamenejme, ¾e kliknutí na tlaèítko +\family sans +matematika +\family default + na li¹tì zmìní typ písma z kurzívy na normální a¾ do stisku mezerníku. +\layout Itemize + +Jemné doladìní velikostí znakù a mezer (tohle a¾ pøi finalizaci dokumentu) +\layout Itemize + +Psaní maker. + Toto je velmi silná technika, proto¾e je jednou napí¹ete na zaèátku dokumentu + a mù¾ete jej pak pou¾ít kdekoli v nìm. + Jestli¾e zmìníte jeho definici, zmìní se i v¹echny odkazy na nìj. + Makra mohou mít argumenty. +\layout Itemize + +Mnoho dal¹ích vìcí, na které v tomhle +\emph on +Prùvodci +\emph default + nemáme èas se ani zmínit. +\layout Part + +Rùzné +\layout Section + +Dal¹í významné mo¾nosti LyXu +\layout Standard + +Nepro¹li jsme v¹echny mo¾né pøíkazy v LyXu, co¾ jsme ani neplánovali. + Jako obvykle vás odkazujeme na +\emph on +U¾ivatelskou pøíruèku +\emph default +pro dal¹í informace. + Pøesný popis ka¾dého pøíkazu najdete v +\emph on +Referenèní pøíruèce. + +\emph default +Zde chceme jen zmínit nìkteré dùle¾itìj¹í schopnosti LyXu\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Itemize + +LyX má WYSIWYG podporu pro tabulky. + Pou¾ijte +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾ení->Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +ulka +\family default +. + Kliknìte na tuto tabulku +\emph on +pravým +\emph default + tlaèítkem a otevøe se dialog +\family sans +Vzhled\SpecialChar ~ +tabulky, +\family default +který má ¹iroké mo¾nosti zmìny vzhledu a chování tabulky. +\layout Itemize + +LyX také podporuje vkládání PostScriptových (a LaTeXových) obrázkù. + (Jak jste asi odhadli: +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾ení->Obrázek. + +\family default +Pak kliknìte na obrázek, který chcete vlo¾it, mù¾ete jej otoèit, zmen¹it + èi zvìt¹it atd.) Tabulky a obrázky lze pojmenovat a LyX automaticky vygeneruje + seznamy obrázkù èi tabulek. +\layout Itemize + +LyX podporuje program pro správu verzí RCS ( +\family typewriter +man rcsintro +\family default + pro dal¹í informace). +\layout Itemize + +LyX je velmi konfigurovatelný. + V¹e od vzhledu oken LyXu po výstup lze mnoha zpùsoby mìnit. + Pro informaci kliknìte na +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +ápovìda-> +\bar under +K +\bar default +onfigurace\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +LyX je vyvíjen týmem programátorù na pìti kontinentech. + Proto má LyX lep¹í podporu pro neanglické (Holanïany, Nìmce, Øeky, Èechy, + Turky, \SpecialChar \ldots{} +) jazyky ne¾ mnoho jiných textových procesorù. + A navíc, tato podpora se stále zlep¹uje. +\layout Itemize + +LyX umí èíst dokumenty v LaTeXu. + Viz kapitola +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Pravopis lze kontrolovat pomocí +\family sans +Úpravy->Kontrola\SpecialChar ~ +pravopisu +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Kontrola se dìje v¾dy od pozice kurzoru do konce dokumentu. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +LyX pro u¾ivatele LaTeXu +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +Jestli¾e nevíte nic o LaTeXu, nemusíte èíst tento oddíl. + Mù¾ete se v¹ak +\emph on + chtít +\emph default + nauèit nìco o LaTeXu a pøeèíst si tuto sekci. + Na druhé stranì mnoho nových u¾ivatelù LyXu má ji¾ s LaTeXem své zku¹enosti. + Jestli je to vá¹ pøípad, pak se mo¾ná chcete pøesvìdèit, zda jsou mo¾nosti + LyXu stejné jako mo¾nosti LaTeXu. + Krátká odpovìï øíká, ¾e LyX umí toté¾ jako LaTex, a» u¾ tak èi onak, a + rozhodnì zjednodu¹uje vìt¹inu fází psaní dokumentu v LaTeXu. + Nyní sice vznikají nìkteré problémy s pøenosem starých dokumentù z LaTeXu, + a i nìkde jinde, nicménì následující verze LyXu postupnì tyto problémy + vyøe¹í. +\layout Standard + +Proto¾e toto je +\emph on +Prùvodce +\emph default +, omezíme se na vìci, které zajímají zaèínající u¾ivatele LyXu. + Proto¾e nechceme prodlu¾ovat tento dokument, najdete zde jen skuteèné minimum + informací. + +\emph on +U¾ivatelská pøíruèka +\emph default +obsahuje mnoho informací o rozdílech LyXu a LaTeXu, a také tipy, jak pou¾ít + nìkteré triky LaTeXu v LyXu. +\layout Subsection + +Re¾im TeX +\layout Standard + +Cokoli napí¹ete v re¾imu TeX, bude zasláno pøímo do LaTeXu, a bude zobrazeno + na obrazovce èervenì. + Do re¾imu TeX se dostanete pomocí nabídky +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormát-> +\bar under +T +\bar default +ex +\family default + nebo kliknutím na tlaèítko na li¹tì. +\layout Standard + +V mathedu je TeX pou¾it trochu jinak. + Do re¾imu TeX se dostanete stiskem zpìtného lomítka. + To se nezobrazí, ale v¹e, co pí¹ete, se zobrazí èervenì. + Re¾im TeX ukonèíte +\family sans +Mezerou +\family default + nebo nìjakým nepísmenným znakem, jako je èíslo, støí¹ka èí závorka. + Jakmile opustíte re¾im TeX a LyX zná pøíkaz, který byl napsán, pøevede + jej do WYSIWYM. + Tak¾e kdy¾ napí¹ete v mathedu +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default +, a potom hned +\family sans +Mezeru +\family default +, LyX zmìní èervené gamma na modrou +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + +. + Toto bude fungovat pro vìt¹inu nekomplikovaných maker (ale napøíklad funkce + jako +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sin +\family default + zùstanou èervené, proto¾e ji¾ jsou WYSIWYM). + Toto mù¾e být rychlej¹í ne¾ pou¾ití +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panelu +\family default +, zvlá¹tì pro zku¹ené u¾ivatele LaTeXu. +\layout Standard + +Jako zvlá¹tní pøípad, napí¹ete-li závorku v re¾imu TeX, mathed napí¹e otevírací + +\emph on +i +\emph default + uzavírací závorku èervenì a umístí kurzor mezi nì. + Takto lze pak jednodu¹e napsat pøíkazy, kterým mathed nerozumí nebo nezná + jejich argumenty. +\layout Standard + +LyX neumí absolutnì v¹echno, co LaTeX (zatím?). + Nìkteré funkce nejsou podporovány vùbec, nìkteré fungují, ale nejsou WYSIWYG. + Re¾im TeX dává u¾ivateli plnou flexibilitu LaTeXu a pøitom zachovává pøednosti + LyXu, jako je WYSIWYG matematika, tabulky a upravování. + LyX nebude nikdy podporovat ¾ádný balíèek LaTeXu. + Aèkoli jej mù¾ete pou¾ívat pomocí +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{foo} +\family default + v preambuli (viz +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +) --- nebudete pro nìj mít k dispozici WYSIWYG podporu. +\layout Subsection + +Import dokumentù v LaTeXu--- +\family typewriter +reLyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +Soubor v LaTeXu lze do LyXu dovézt pomocí +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +oubor->Import->LaTeX +\family default + v nabídce LyXu. + Tento pøíkaz vyvolá skript v Perlu jménem +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +---který vytvoøí soubor +\family typewriter +foo.lyx +\family default + ze souboru +\family typewriter +foo.tex +\family default +---a otevøe jej. + Jestli¾e pøevod nebude fungovat, zkuste zavolat +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + z pøíkazové øádky +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Kdy¾ je LyX instalován, do tého¾ adresáøe jako je program +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + se ulo¾í skript +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + (napø., +\family typewriter +/usr/local/bin/reLyX +\family default +). + +\family typewriter + reLyX +\family default + vy¾aduje Perl (verze 5.002 v dobì psaní tohoto dokumentu). +\end_inset + + mo¾ná s jinými parametry. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + pøelo¾í vìt¹inu legálních konstrukcí LaTeX, ale ne v¹echno, V¹e, èemu nerozumí, + ponechá v re¾imu TeX, tak¾e po dovezení souboru pomocí +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +, mù¾ete hledat èervený text a ruènì jej upravit. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + má vlastní manuálovou stránku, na které si mù¾ete pøeèíst, co z LaTeXu + není LyXem podporováno, chyby (a jejich obcházení) a pou¾ití rùzných pøepínaèù. +\layout Subsection + +Konverze dokumentù v LyXu do LaTeXu +\layout Standard + +Mù¾ete také po¾adovat konverzi z LyXu do LaTeXu. + Napøíklad, vá¹ kolega, který nemá LyX mù¾e chtít èíst vá¹ dokument. + To je velmi jednoduché. + Zvolte +\family sans +\bar under + S +\bar default +oubor->Export->jako\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default +. + Toto vytvoøí soubor +\family typewriter +cokoli.tex +\family default + ze souboru +\family typewriter +cokoli.lyx +\family default + --- ze souboru, který máte právì otevøený. + LyX v¾dy vytváøí doèasné soubory v LaTeXu pro náhled a tisk, tak¾e umí + generovat LaTeX docela dobøe. +\layout Subsection + +Preambule LaTeX +\layout Subsubsection + +Tøída Document +\layout Standard + +Dialog +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormát-> +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default + obsahuje mnoho voleb, které jsou parametry pøíkazu +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +. + Zmìòte tøídu, implicitní typ písma a velikost papíru. + Nestandardní volby pro +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + vlo¾te do políèka +\family sans +Dal¹í\SpecialChar ~ +volby +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Více o preambuli +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +Jestli¾e chcete umístit speciální pøíkazy do preambule LaTeXu, mù¾ete je + pou¾ít i v LyXu. + Zvolte +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormát->Preambule\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeXu +\family default + a pi¹te do dialogu. + Cokoli napí¹ete, bude posláno (tak jako v re¾imu TeX) pøímo do LaTeXu. +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX má dobrou, i kdy¾ ne úplnou podporu, pro BibTeX, který umo¾òuje budovat + databázi bibliografických odkazù pro pou¾ití v mnoha dokumentech. + Zvolte +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾ení->Seznamy\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +obsahy->Citace\SpecialChar ~ +z\SpecialChar ~ +BibTeXu +\family default +pro vlo¾ení souboru +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +. + Kliknìte na výsledné +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Odkazy vygenerované BibTeXem +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a objeví se dialog BibTeX. + Cokoli napí¹ete v poli +\family sans +Databáze +\family default +, jakoby jste napsali uvnitø závorek pøíkazu +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Jako v obyèejném LaTeX, vícenásobné odkazy budou oddìleny èárkami bez mezer. +\end_inset + +. + Obsah pole +\family sans +Styl +\family default + se objeví uvnitø závorek pøíkazu +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Poté mù¾ete pou¾ívat citace z jakékoli bibliografie pomocí +\family sans +Vlo¾ení->Citace +\family default + (viz kapitola +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +). + LyX se postará o spu¹tìní BibTeXu. + Dùvod, proè podpora pro BibTeX není úplná, je v tom, ¾e LyX neumí generovat + soubory +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +, a proto, ¾e nelze zobrazit seznam v¹ech citací v dialogu +\family sans +Citace +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Rùzné +\layout Standard + +Pevnou mezeru vlo¾íte kombinací +\family sans +C-mezera +\family default +. + Ta se zobrazí na monitoru jako malé fialové u. + V +\emph on +Prùvodci +\emph default +jich najdete mnoho. + V nabídce +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾ení-> +\bar under +S +\bar default +peciální\SpecialChar ~ +znak +\family default + najdete dal¹í speciální znaky, jako jsou tøi teèky, pevné ukonèení øádku + a oddìlovací teèku. +\layout Section + +Chyby! +\layout Standard + +Nìkdy pøi spu¹tìní LaTeXu se objeví chyby, vìci, kterým LyX nebo LaTeX nerozumí. + Kdy¾ se to stane, LyX vytvoøí chybový obdélníèek (uvnitø se slovem error). + Kliknutím na nìj se objeví okénko s vysvìtlením chyby. + Jestli¾e jste udìlali nìco ¹patnì v LyXu, pùjde o chybu LyXu. + Tyto by mìly být velice øídké. + Jestli¾e se problém objevil v LaTeXu (obvykle chyba v re¾imu TeX), LyX + zobrazí chybovou zprávu LaTeXu. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/da_Intro.lyx b/lib/doc/da_Intro.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d5f9c64724 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/da_Intro.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,1771 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language danish +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 2 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language swedish +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Introduktion til LyX +\layout Author + +af John Weiss og LyX-holdet +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +LyX-filosofien +\layout Section + +Hvad er LyX? +\layout Standard + +LyX er et system til at udfærdige dokumenter\SpecialChar \@. + Det udmærker sig ved at kunne + lave komplekse tekniske og videnskabelige artikler med formler, krydshenvisning +er, litteraturhenvisninger, indekser m.m\SpecialChar \@. + Det er glimrende til dokumenter + af enhver længde, hvor teksthåndterings-funktionaliteter er påkrævede: + automatisk afsnits- og sidenummerering, stavekontrol o.s.v\SpecialChar \@. + Det kan også bruges + til at skrive et brev til Mor, men det skal indrømmes at der nok findes + enklere programmer til sådan noget\SpecialChar \@. + Det er absolut ikke det bedste værktøj + til at lave plakater, flyers eller reklamemateriale (vi kommer tilbage + til hvorfor), selvom den slags også kan laves med en ekstra indsats\SpecialChar \@. + Eksempler + på, hvad det er brugt til: breve, eksamensprojekter, afhandlinger, lærebøger + og -noter, seminarmateriale, konference-proceedings, programdokumentation, + bøger (om PostgreSQL, overvågning, kryptologi, fiktionslitteratur, poesi + og selv en børnebog eller to), artikler i videnskabelige tidsskrifter, + filmmanuskripter, forretningsplaner\SpecialChar \ldots{} + og meget mere. +\layout Standard + +LyX er et program, der har en moderne tilgang til dokumentskrivning på computer + med et markeringsparadigme, en tilgang, der bryder med det gammeldags +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +skrivemaskine-koncept +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + Det er lavet til tekstforfattere, der hurtigt vil have et professionelt + resultat med en minimal indsats uden at skulle være specialister i tekstopsætni +ng\SpecialChar \@. + Arbejdet med tekstopsætning klares hovedsageligt af computeren, ikke + forfatteren; med LyX kan forfatteren koncentrere sig om indholdet\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +En af de udfordringer du kommer ud for, når du tager LyX i brug, er den + anderledes tænkemåde, du er nødt til at lægge for dagen\SpecialChar \@. + Engang for længe + siden var gammeldags skrivemaskiner det eneste man havde til at skrive + dokumenter på, så vi lærte os allesammen små trick til at komme udenom + deres begrænsninger\SpecialChar \@. + Understregning, som ikke er andet end at overskrive + med +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +-tegnet, blev en måde at lægge tryk på ord og sætninger\SpecialChar \@. + Du var nødt til + at lære dig søjlebredder og tabulatorstop --- og sætte disse inden du lavede + en tabel\SpecialChar \@. + Det samme gjaldt for breve og andre højrejusterede tekster\SpecialChar \@. + Orddeling + ved linjeskift krævede et trænet øje og en den fremsynethed\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Med andre ord er blev vi alle trænet op til at bekymre os om små detaljer + om, hvilket tegn der skulle placeres hvor\SpecialChar \@. + Derfor har alle tekstbehandlingsprogr +ammer overtaget denne måde at tænke på\SpecialChar \@. + De bruger stadig tabulatorstop til + at lave afstande mellem teksterne\SpecialChar \@. + Du skal stadig tænke over, præcis hvor + på siden de forskellige elementer bliver placeret\SpecialChar \@. + Når tekster skal fremhæves + gøres det ved at vælge en anden skrifttype svarende til at udskifte skrivemaski +nens skrifttypehjul\SpecialChar \@. + Dette er filosofien bag WYSIWYG-tekstbehandling: +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (Du ser, hvad du får). + Desværre er resultatet oftest +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Du får ikke mere end det, du ser +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Det er her, LyX afviger fra almindelig tekstbehandling\SpecialChar \@. + Du skal ikke bekymre + dig om, hvor tegnene placeres på arket\SpecialChar \@. + Du fortælle LyX +\emph on +hvad det er, du laver +\emph default + og LyX klarer resten efter et regelsæt kaldet en +\emph on +stil +\emph default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Retfærdigvis skal det siges, at de nyeste udgaver af de mest populære kontorprog +rammer har fået en slags stilark, som kan marker teksten på en lignende + måde\SpecialChar \@. + De bruges dog sjældent i praksis\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + Lad os se på et lille eksempel: +\layout Standard + +Du er ved at skrive en rapport\SpecialChar \@. + I begyndelsen af rapporten vil du have et + afsnit kaldet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Introduktion +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +, så du bruger menuen i dit tekstbehandlingsprogram til ændring af skriftstørrel +ser og vælger en ny skriftstørrelse\SpecialChar \@. + Så aktiverer du fed skrift og skriver + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +1.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +Introduktion +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + Hvis du senere vil flytte afsnittet til et andet sted i dokumentet eller + indsætter et nyt afsnit før dette, er du naturligvis nødt til at ændre + nummereringen for denne og alle efterfølgende sektioner samt i indholdsfortegne +lsen\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +I LyX vælger du +\family sans +Sektion +\family default + i menuen til venstre for menuknapperne og skriver +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Introduktion +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Det er det hele\SpecialChar \@. + Hvis du flytter rundt på afsnittene vil de automatisk få + nye numre --- overalt\SpecialChar \@. + Og hvis du indsætter referencer til afsnittet korrekt + (ved at indsætte krydsreference-mærker), vil LyX automatisk opdatere dem + i hele filen, så du altid nogensinde skal skrive et afsnitsnummer selv\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Lad os kigge på problematikken omkring konsistens\SpecialChar \@. + Fem dage senere åbner + du igen rapporten og begynder at skrive sektion\SpecialChar ~ +4\SpecialChar \@. + Nu glemmer du at du brugte + 18-punkts fed skrift i stedet for 16-punkts, så titlen på sektion\SpecialChar ~ +4 står + nu med en anden skrift end den du brugte til sektion\SpecialChar ~ +1\SpecialChar \@. + Dette problem findes + ganske enkelt ikke i LyX\SpecialChar \@. + Maskinen holder styr på alle detaljerne om, hvilke + ting der har hvilken skriftstørrelse for dig\SpecialChar \@. + Sådan noget er computere trods + alt ret gode til\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Endnu et eksempel: Du laver en liste\SpecialChar \@. + I andre tekstbehandlingsprogrammer + er en liste blot en masse tabulatorstop og linjeskift\SpecialChar \@. + du skal selv sørge + for at placere et mærke ud for hvert punkt på listen, hvilket mærke det + skal være, hvor mange tomme linjer der skal mellem hvert punkt og så videre\SpecialChar \@. + + I LyX skal du kun tænke på to ting: hvilken slags liste er det og hvad + skal der stå i den\SpecialChar \@. + Det er det hele\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Så den grundlæggende idé bag LyX er: angiv +\emph on +hvad +\emph default + du laver, ikke +\emph on +hvordan +\emph default + du gør det\SpecialChar \@. + I stedet for +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Du ser, hvad du får +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + er LyX-filosofien +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Du ser, hvad du +\emph on +mener +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + (What You See Is What You Mean, WYSIWYM)\SpecialChar \@. + Den gør det meget simplere at + skrive dokumenter\SpecialChar \@. + Det er også derfor LyX ikke er ret godt til at lave plakater + og flyers --- i disse tilfælde vil du netop +\emph on +gerne +\emph default + bestemme præcis hvor alt skal stå, fordi der ikke findes funktionsbestemte + enheder som afsnit, sektioner o.s.v\SpecialChar \@. + Det betyder ikke at LyX mangler en bestemt + funktion, snarere at det ganske enkelt ikke er det rigtigt værktøj til + dette --- du bruger heller ikke en skruetrækker til at hamre søm i med + (medmindre din skruetrækker har livsvarig garanti)\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Section + +Forskelle mellem LyX og anden tekst\SpecialChar \- +behandling +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Nej, vi prøver ikke på at starte (eller vinde) en fundamentalistisk tekstbehandl +ingskrig, men vi mener at det er vigtigt at beskrive LyX's egenskaber\SpecialChar \@. + Og + en af LyX's vigtigste egenskaber, WYSIWYM adskiller sig grundlæggende fra, + hvad 99% af alle mennesker kender\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Dette finder du ikke i LyX: +\layout Itemize + +Linealen +\layout Itemize + +Tabulatorstop +\layout Itemize + +Ekstra mellemrum (f.eks. + at indsætte +\family sans +Enter +\family default + eller +\family sans +Space +\family default + to eller flere gange efter hinanden) +\layout Standard + +Tabulatorstop er sammen med linealen, der viser hvor ting er placeret på + siden, ubrugelige i LyX\SpecialChar \@. + Programmet tager sig selv af, hvor på siden tingene + placeres\SpecialChar \@. + Det samme gælder ekstra mellemrum; LyX tilføjer det efter behov + afhængigt af konteksten\SpecialChar \@. + I starten kan det være irriterende ikke at kunne + indsætte to tomme linjer efter hinanden, men det giver mening, når du tænker + i WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Her er nogle ting, der findes i LyX, men bruges på en anden måde, end man + skulle tro: +\layout Itemize + +Indrykningsstyring +\layout Itemize + +Sideskift +\layout Itemize + +Linjeafstand (f.eks. + enkelt, dobbelt o.s.v.) +\layout Itemize + +Afstand, vandret og lodret +\layout Itemize + +Skrifttyper og -størrelser +\layout Itemize + +Skriftjustering (fed, skråtstillet, understreget o.s.v.) +\layout Standard + +Selvom de findes i LyX, har du normalt ikke brug for dem\SpecialChar \@. + LyX tager sig af + disse ting for dig afhængigt af, hvad du er i gang med\SpecialChar \@. + Forskellige dele + af dokumentet sættes automatisk med en anden skrifttype og -størrelse\SpecialChar \@. + Afsnitsin +drykning afhænger af konteksten; forskellige afsnitstyper indrykkes forskelligt\SpecialChar \@. + + Sideskift håndteres også automatisk\SpecialChar \@. + Normalt er afstanden mellem ord, linjer + og afsnit fleksibel, styret af LyX\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Det er muligt selv at finjustere disse (hvoraf enkelte kræver kendskab til + LaTeX), i hele dokumentet eller dele heraf\SpecialChar \@. + Se detaljerne i manualen +\emph on +Brugermanualen +\emph default + og/eller +\emph on +Udvidede funktioner +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Til sidste er der nogle områder, hvor vi mener at LyX (og LaTeX) overgår + mange tekstbehandlingsprogrammer: +\layout Itemize + +Orddeling +\layout Itemize + +Alle former for lister +\layout Itemize + +Matematik +\layout Itemize + +Tabeller +\layout Itemize + +Krydsreferencer +\layout Standard + +Godt nok kan mange nyere tekstbehandlingsprogrammer håndtere matematiske + symboler, tabeller og orddeling --- og mange har bevæget sig mod stildefinition +er og WYSIWYM-filosofien. + Det er dog først for nylig at dette er sket, hvorimod LyX bygger på do + kuementudviklingssystemet-LaTeX, der har eksisteret i mere end 15 år og + +\emph on +virker +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + Alle fejlene er luget ud +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Okay, vi ved godt at intet er helt perfekt, men LaTeX er så tæt på at være + fejlfrit, som et program kan komme\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Section + +Hvad +\emph on +er +\emph default + LaTeX (og hvad rager det mig)? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX er et dokumentudviklingssystem, der blev lavet af Leslie Lamport tilbage + i 1985 +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Oplysningerne i dette afsnit kommer fra +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\emph default +, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + af Helmut Kopka og Patrick Daly, som er nævnt i +\emph on +Brugermanualen +\emph default +s litteraturliste\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + Det er igen bygget op omkring et tekstopsætningssprog kaldet TeX (udtales + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +tæk +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +), som Donald Knuth lavede i 1984. + Dog er det de færreste, der ved nøjagtig hvad TeX er\SpecialChar \@. + TeX udfører en række + skriftopsætningskommandoer fra en ren tekstfil\SpecialChar \@. + Det er en smule mere indviklet + end en skrivemaskine, men ikke nær så involveret i selve udskriftsprocessen\SpecialChar \@. + + Dog er mange af pressens udskrifts-trick blevet omsat til algoritmer af + Knuth og inkorporeret i TeX, hvilket er skyld i det fremragende udseende + af udskrifter fra TeX\SpecialChar \@. + I alle tilfælde er det, der kommer fra TeX en såkaldt + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +enhedsuafhængig +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + fil, +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Du kan sende +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-filen til alt hvad der forstår +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + eller omsætter +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + til andre formater såsom PostScript®, PDF, m.m\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Hvis ikke det var for én yderligere funktion, ville TeX kun være et program + til opsætning af tekst\SpecialChar \@. + TeX giver imidlertid mulighed for at definere makroer\SpecialChar \@. + + Det er her, det bliver spændende\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +De fleste brugere at TeX bruger i virkeligheden en makropakke, som Knuth + lavede for at skjule en del af detaljerne omkring opsætningen af tekst\SpecialChar \@. + + Det er det, de fleste kender som TeX\SpecialChar \@. + Almindelige brugere arbejder ikke + med rå TeX, som udelukkende er kommandoer til opsætning af tekst\SpecialChar \@. + Kun folk, + der laver nye makropakker gør det\SpecialChar \@. + Det er her, Lesslie Lamport kommer ind + i historien\SpecialChar \@. + Han ville have en makropakke, der var mere bruger\SpecialChar \- +orienteret + og mindre skrivemaskine\SpecialChar \- +orienteret\SpecialChar \@. + Et kommandosæt, der kunne sætte tekst, + sektioner, tabeller og matematiske formler op på en ensartet, sammenhængende + måde\SpecialChar \@. + Sådan blev LaTeX født\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Sideløbende med udviklingen af LaTeX lavede andre deres egne makropakker + til TeX til at lave slides eller artikler til matematik-tidsskrifter o.s.v\SpecialChar \@. + + Nogle brugte det rå TeX-funktioner til dette, mens andre begyndet at ændre + i LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. + I et forsøg på at rydde op i dette rod, begyndte et hold af LaTeX-folk + (heriblandt Lamport, naturligvis) sidst i 80'erne at arbejde på LaTeX2e, + den nuværende udgave af LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. + Denne nye udgave af LaTeX har kommandoer, + der gør det lettere at oprette TeX-makroer, bruge nye skrifttyper m.m\SpecialChar \@. + Faktisk + er LaTeX et ret omfattende selvstændigt sprog! Brugere verden over har + lavet deres egne tilføjelser til LaTeX ud over de almindelige\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Der er to måder at udvide LaTeX: klasser og stile\SpecialChar \@. + En +\emph on +klasse +\emph default + er en samling LaTeX- og TeX-makroer, der beskriver en bestemt slags dokument, + såsom en bog eller artikel\SpecialChar \@. + Der er klasser til slides, fysiske eller matematiske + tidsskrifter\SpecialChar \ldots{} + mange universiteter har ligefrem sine egne klasse sine eksamenspro +jekter og afhandlinger! En +\emph on +stil +\emph default +afviger fra en klasse ved at den ikke definerer en ny dokumenttype, men + en anden +\emph on +opførsel +\emph default +, ethvert dokument kan have\SpecialChar \@. + For eksempel styrer LyX sidens margin og linjeafstan +d med to LaTeX stil-filer\SpecialChar \@. + Der er stil-filer til en lang række ting: udskrivning + af labels eller konvolutter, ændring af indrykningsopførsel, tilføjelse + af nye skrifttyper, håndtering af grafik, design af nye tjekkede sidehoveder, + justering af litteraturlister, ændring af fodnoters, tabellers og figurers + placering og fremtræden, opsætning af lister o.s.v., o.s.v\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Her er en opsummering: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Skriftopsætningssprog med makrofunktionalitet. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Makropakke, der bygger på TeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +klasser: Beskrivelser af en dokumenttype ved brug af LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +stile: Ændrer LaTeX's standardopførsel på en eller anden måde. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Visuel, WYSIWYM-tekstbehandling, der bruger LaTeX-systemet til udskrifterne. +\layout Standard + +Formålet med dette afsnit var at prøve at forklare +\emph on +hvorfor +\emph default + LyX er anderledes end andre tekstbehandlingsprogrammer\SpecialChar \@. + Forklaringen er + enkel: LyX bruger LaTeX til sine udskrifter\SpecialChar \@. + Ligesom LaTeX fokuserer LyX + på konteksten af det, du skriver --- +\emph on +hvad +\emph default + du er ved at skrive. + Maskinen styrer derefter, +\emph on +hvordan +\emph default +det skal se ud. +\layout Chapter + +Dokumentationen +\layout Standard + +For at gøre det nemmere at svare på dine spørgsmål og beskrive alle LyX's + funktioner, er dokumentationen delt op i flere filer\SpecialChar \@. + De tjener hvert sit + formål som beskrevet herunder\SpecialChar \@. + Du bør læse dette afsnit nøje før du pløjer + dig gennem dem\SpecialChar \@. + Det indeholder en masse nyttige oplysninger og kommentarer, + der kan spare din tid\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Noget af dokumentationen kan være mangelfuld eller forældet, selvom vi forsøger + hårdt på at følge med\SpecialChar \@. + Som resten af LyX er manualerne udarbejdet af frivillige, + der har +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +virkelige job +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +, familier, opvask, kattebakker der skal tømmes o.s.v\SpecialChar \@. + Vi gør vores bedste + for at holde manualerne i tip-top stand, men det lykkes ikke altid, da + udviklerne ynder at tilføje nye funktioner mens vi skriver om det gamle! + (Hvis du vil hjælpe med at rette op på dette, skal du endelig læse kapitel\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{kap:Bidrag} + +\end_inset + +)\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Gør os i øvrigt en tjeneste --- hvis der er noget i manualerne, der forvirrer + dig, er uklart eller forkert, må du endelig lade os det vide! Du kan kontakte + de nuværende vedligeholdere af manualerne ved at skrive på engelsk til + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + Hvis du har spørgsmål, der ikke åbenlyst besvares af dokumentationen og + skal bruge hurtig hjælp, kan du benytte dig af postlisten for LyX-brugere, + som du kan nå på +\family typewriter +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Formatet +\layout Standard + +Nogen trykker manualerne, mens andre læser dem på skærmen med LyX\SpecialChar \@. + Fremtoningen + på skærmen afviger på flere punkter fra den trykte version\SpecialChar \@. + For det første + er titlen i dokumentets top, ikke på en separat side, som den er på visse + trykte versioner\SpecialChar \@. + Hverken fodnoter eller indholdsfortegnelse er synlig\SpecialChar \@. + Fodnoter + ser således ud +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Hej! +\layout Standard + +Klik på den grå firkant til venstre ovenpå denne boks\SpecialChar \@. + Den der står +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +fodnote +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + på\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + Klik på den med venstre museknap for at åbne den\SpecialChar \@. + For indholdsfortegnelsen + kan du enten klikke på den grå firkant eller kigge i menuen +\family sans +Navigér +\family default +, hvor indholdsfortegnelsen vises automatisk\SpecialChar \@. + (Prøv det af!) +\layout Standard + +I de trykte manualer optræder alle krydsreferencer som kapitelnumre, sektionsnum +mer, undersektionsnumre o.s.v\SpecialChar \@. + På skærmen vil krydsreferencer derimod være + grå bokse som denne: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{kap:Bidrag} + +\end_inset + +. + (De trykte manualer viser blot et nummer.) Hvis du klikker på firkanten + med venstre museknap, vil du få et vindue med listen over alle krydsreferencer + i dokumentet\SpecialChar \@. + Denne introduktion har kun en enkelt, kaldet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +kap:Bidrag +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Du kan hoppe til dette kapitel blot ved at klikke på knappen +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Gå til reference +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + Det er ligeså nemt at hoppe tilbage hvor du kom fra\SpecialChar \@. + Klik på +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Gå tilbage +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + eller tryk +\family sans +C-< +\family default + for at komme tilbage til din tidligere placering. + (Hvad +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C-< +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + betyder? Se herunder)\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Nu, hvor vi har afklaret nogle af forskellene mellem den udskrevne version + og den på skærmen, kan vi starte med at se på dette dokuments format\SpecialChar \@. + Du + vil støde på ord i forskellige skrifter: +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Fremhævet stil +\emph default + bruges til generel fremhævning, bogtitler, titler på andre afsnit i manualerne + og noter fra forfatterne\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Skrivemaskine +\family default + bruges til program- og filnavne, LaTeX-, og LyX-koder og funktioner. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Grotesk +\family default + bruges til navne på menuer, knapper, vinduer og tastaturknapper. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Kapitæler +\noun default + bruges til personnavne. +\layout Standard + +For genvejstaster henvises du nok til afsnittet +\emph on +Key Bindings +\emph default + i +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Avancerede funktioner +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (filen +\family typewriter +Extended.lyx +\family default +). + Når vi skal beskrive taster, bruger vi følgende konventioner: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +C- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + betyder +\family sans +Control- +\family default + tasten. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + betyder +\family sans +Skifte- +\family default + tasten. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + betyder +\family sans +Meta- +\family default + tasten, som på de fleste tastaturer er +\family sans +Alt- +\family default + tasten. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + er funktionstasterne. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + er escape-tasten. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Venstre +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Højre +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Op +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Ned +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: piletaster. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Insert +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Delete +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Home +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +End +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +: Det er de 6 taster, der er placeret lige over piletasterne på mange PC-tastatu +rer. + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + og +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + kaldes +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Prior +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + og +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Next +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + på visse tastaturer. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Retur +\family default + og +\family sans +Enter +\family default + refererer til samme tast. + Nogle tastaturer har navngivet +\family sans +Retur +\family default +-tasten +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Return +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, andre som +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Enter, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + atter andre har to taster. + LyX behandler dem alle som samme tast, og kalder den både +\family sans +Retur +\family default + og +\family sans +Enter +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Du kan også støde på fraser som +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +(Se +\emph on +'Avancerede funktioner +\emph default +') +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + Vi har vist de mulige standard-genvejstaster for en funktion i dens beskrivelse + i manualen +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Avancerede funktioner +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, så kig også der\SpecialChar \@. + Bemærk, at der er to forskellige tastaturudlægninger, + der benyttes kan bruges i LyX: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +CUA +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +-typen er den normale og bekendt for de fleste PC-brugere\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +emacs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +-typen er den almindelige for dem, der +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +voksede op +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + med Unix-systemer og brugte Emacs til tekstredigering\SpecialChar \@. + Medmindre andet er + angivet, vil dokumentationen referere til CUA-typen\SpecialChar \@. + Hvis du kender Emacs, + kan du nok selv læse dokumentationen og finde genvejstasterne selv\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Section + +Manualerne +\layout Standard + +Den følgende liste beskriver indholdet af dokumentationens filer\SpecialChar \@. + Bemærk, + at ikke alle er oversat til dansk: +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Introduktion +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Denne fil. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Selvstudium (Tutorial) +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Hvis du ikke kender LyX i forvejen og ikke har brugt LaTeX, bør du starte + her\SpecialChar \@. + Hvis du tror, at LaTeX er et fleksibelt plastikmateriale, skal du helt + sikkert læse +\emph on +Selvstudium +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + Bemærk at du efter at have læst +\emph on +Selvstudium +\emph default + muligvis stadig vil tro, at LaTeX er et elastisk materiale --- men du vil + vide, hvordan du bruger LyX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Hvis du +\emph on +har +\emph default + prøvet at bruge LaTeX før, kan du læse +\emph on +Selvstudium +\emph default + fra starten af afsnittet +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX for LaTeX-brugere +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + (Det vil heller ikke skade et skimme resten af dokumentet) +\layout Standard + +Hvis du på noget tidspunkt føler dig på dybt vand, bør du tjekke +\emph on +Selvstudium +\emph default + inden du dykker ned i de andre manualer\SpecialChar \@. + Den er et godt springbrædt\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Brugermanual (User's\SpecialChar ~ +Guide) +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Den primære dokumentation\SpecialChar \@. + Vi vil dække +\emph on +de fleste +\emph default + af de grundlæggende LyX-funktioner her\SpecialChar \@. + Brugermanualen vil gå ud fra, at + du har læst +\emph on +Selvstudium +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Avancerede\SpecialChar ~ +funktioner (Extended\SpecialChar ~ +Features) +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +En udvidelse af +\emph on +Brugermanual +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + Dokumenterer hvordan du bruger de gå LaTeX-kommandoer, yderligere layout, + redigeringsfunktioner til bestemte formål --- og viser nogle af de (noget + bizarre men snedige) trick, LaTeX-kendere har adgang til\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Tilpasning (Customization) +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +En beskrivelse af avancerede LyX-funktioner, herunder hvordan du tilpasser + LyX's generelle opførsel til dine behov\SpecialChar \@. + Det omfatter tastaturudlægninger, + sprogtilpasning og konfigurationsfiler\SpecialChar \@. + Du skal end ikke tænke på at kigge + her, før du har læst +\emph on +Selvstudium +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +LaTeX-konfiguration (LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +configuration) +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +LyX undersøger dit system ved installationen\SpecialChar \@. + Denne fil indeholder de oplysninger +, LyX fandt frem til om dit system\SpecialChar \@. + Tjek her for at se, om du mangler noget, + du muligvis gerne ville have\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Disse filer vil referere til hinanden, når det er nødvendigt\SpecialChar \@. + For eksempel + indeholder +\emph on +Brugermanual +\emph default + nogen information om installation og tilpasning, men henviser læseren til + +\emph on +Tilpasning +\emph default + for mere information\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Vi vil lige gentage en vigtigt pointe: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom bigskip \align center +Læs +\emph on +Selvstudium +\emph default + nu, hvis du ikke kender LyX i forvejen\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Ellers vil du frustrere dig selv unødigt\SpecialChar \@. + LyX kan rigtigt meget, men kræver + en anden angrebsvinkel\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Chapter + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{kap:Bidrag} + +\end_inset + +Bidrag til LyX-projektet +\layout Section + +At bidrage til LyX +\layout Standard + +LyX er hovedsageligt skrevet i C++ (LaTeX-indlæseren er skrevet i Perl). + Det er et stort projekt og er derfor ikke uden fejl eller behov for forbedringe +r i kildeteksten. +\layout Subsection + +Rapportér fejl +\layout Standard + +Under brugen af LyX kan det ske at du finder noget, du anser for at være + en fejl\SpecialChar \@. + Nedbrud, om end de er sjældne, kan forekomme\SpecialChar \@. + Fejl i brugerfladen + opfattes af LyX-udviklerne som alvorlige fejl: det er især en hjælp, at + få at vide, hvis der er dele af brugerfladen, du synes er forvirrende eller + uklare\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +LyX har et fejlsporingssystem, som du finde på +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[LyX fejlsporing]{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Du bar tjekke dette inden du indrapporterer en fejl, så du undgår at den + allerede er anmeldt\SpecialChar \@. + Hvis du har kommentarer til en eksisterende fejl eller + vil rapportere en ny fejl, kan du enten bruge fejlsporingssystemet eller + sende et engelsksproget brev til udviklingslisten på +\family typewriter +lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + Du finder arkivet fra denne liste på LyX's hoved-webside, +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[LyX webside]{http://www.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +En god (brugbar) fejlrapport fortæller som minimum hvilken udgave af LyX, + du har problemer med\SpecialChar \@. + Nøjagtige, detaljerede beskrivelser foretrækkes --- + jo mere tid udviklerne skal bruge på at udpege kilden til en fejl, des + mindre tid har de til andre forbedringer\SpecialChar \@. + Nævn hvilket system du kører LyX + på\SpecialChar \@. + Oplys versionerne på de biblioteker, du har installeret på dit system + og, hvis det er relevant, udgaverne af de eksterne programmer, LyX benytter\SpecialChar \@. + + Hvis det er et problem med oversættelsen af kildekoden, skal du vedlægge + filen +\family typewriter + config.log +\family default +, og nævne hvilken oversætter, du bruger. + +\layout Standard + +Hvis du får LyX til at bryde ned, vil vi bede dig om at tage dig tid til + at spore fejlen med gdb\SpecialChar \@. + Kun LyX fra gdb ved for eksempel at skrive +\family typewriter +\size small + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +gdb /users/steve/lyx-1.0.x/src/lyx +\family default +\size default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + og derefter +\family typewriter +\size small + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +run +\family default +\size default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Få LyX til at bryde ned, hvorefter du går tilbage til gdb\SpecialChar \@. + Brug kommandoen + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +\size small +bt +\family default +\size default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + til at lave en +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +backtrace +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +-fil og medtag indholdet i din fejlrapport +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +hvis du vil være grundig, kan du bruge kommandoerne +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +info locals +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + og +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +up +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + til at udskrive indholdet af lokale variable og nogle få stakniveauer\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + +. + Hvis det er muligt, er en beskrivelse af hvordan man kan fremprovokere + fejlen vigtigere end en +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +backtrace +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +-fil, fordi vi så selv har mulighed for at undersøge fejlen\SpecialChar \@. + Hvis fejlen + ikke er let at reproducere er +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +backtrace +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +-filen essentiel, da den i så tilfælde er alt hvad vi har at gå ud fra. +\layout Subsection + +Bidrag med fejlrettelser og nye funktioner +\layout Standard + +Hvis du har lavet ændringer i LyX's kildetekst, som du synes bør indføres + i LyX, kan du sende dine ændringer som en diff-fil (i 'unified' format) + til udviklingslisten, der blev nævnt ovenfor, sammen med en beskrivelse + af ændringen og hvad den gør. +\layout Section + +Bidrag til dokumentationen +\layout Standard + +LyX's dokumentation er omfattende\SpecialChar \@. + Alligevel er LyX under konstant udvikling, + og hver ny udgave tilføjer nye funktioner\SpecialChar \@. + Du kan komme ud for at noget + af dokumentationen trænger til en opdatering\SpecialChar \@. + Dette afsnit beskriver hvad + du gør, hvis du finder en fejl eller har forslag til forbedring af dokumentatio +nen. +\layout Subsection + +Rapportér fejl i manualerne +\layout Standard + +Send et engelsksproget brev til postlisten +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +, hvis du finder fejl i dokumentationen\SpecialChar \@. + Dokumentationsholdet vil tage sig + af de nødvendige rettelser\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Subsection + +Deltag i dokumentationsholdet. +\layout Standard + +Ligesom alt andet i LyX-projektet, kan LyX's dokumentationsprojekt altid + bruge hjælp! Hvis du er interesseret i at bidrage til dokumentationsprojektet, + skal du +\emph on +først +\emph default + gennemføre følgende registrering: +\layout Enumerate + +Hent den seneste kildetekst til LyX\SpecialChar \@. + Udpak den +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +De mere eventyrlystne kan hente den seneste kildtekst fra LyX's CVS-arkiv + --- den ligger i modulet +\family typewriter +lyxdoc +\family default +. +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \@. + Du vil finde et katalog inden i hovedkataloget kaldet +\family typewriter +lib/doc/ +\family default +. + Inden i dette katalog ligger filen +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Læs den, det er dokumentationens skabelon\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Enumerate + +Tag et par dages pause og læs derefter +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + igen\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Enumerate + +Læs derefter +\emph on +Brugermanual +\emph default + og +\emph on +Selvstudium +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Meningen med denne øvelse er, at give dig idéer\SpecialChar \@. + +\emph on +Selvstudium +\emph default + og +\emph on +Brugermanualen +\emph default + vil altid være de mest opdaterede filer i dokumentationen\SpecialChar \@. + Du vil kunne + få et godt indtryk af, hvordan vi vil have manualerne til at se ud og virke\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Kontakt holdet på engelsk på: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\layout Standard + +og beskriv de ændringer, du foreslår og gå noget respons på dem\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +De ændringer, du kan foreslå at lave kan være alt lige fra at øge forståelighede +n af teksten til at lave større omstruktureringer af dokumentationen. + Alle forbedringer modtages med tak\SpecialChar \@. + +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/de_FAQ.lyx b/lib/doc/de_FAQ.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9eb8ebc195 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/de_FAQ.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,1679 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language german +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage widemarginsa4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation skip +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language german +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +LyX: Häufig gestellte Fragen mit Antworten +\newline +Version 0.3.6 +\layout Author + +vom LyX Team +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard +\noindent +Diese Datei wird derzeit von +\noun on +Mike Ressler +\noun default + betreut. + Deutsche Übersetzung +\noun on +Peter Sütterlin. + +\noun default + Wenn Sie Kommentare oder Fehlermeldungen haben schicken Sie diese bitte + an die LyX Dokumentations Mailing-Liste, +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Date + +7.\SpecialChar ~ +September 2002 +\layout Abstract +\pagebreak_bottom \noindent +Dies ist eine Zusammenstellung der Häufig gestellten Fragen zu LyX, dem + Open Source Dokumentenbearbeitungssystem, das eine WYSIWYM-Oberfläche zur + Erstellung hochwertiger Texte bietet. + Für weitergehende Hilfestellungen wenden Sie sich bitte an die Mailing + Liste der LyX User Group, +\family typewriter +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org +\family default +, +\emph on +nachdem +\emph default + Sie die Dokumentation gelesen haben. +\layout Abstract + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Einleitung und generelle Informationen +\layout Subsection + +Was ist LyX? +\layout Standard + +LyX ist ein Programm, das einen sehr modernen Ansatz verfolgt, um mit einem + Computer Dokumente zu erstellen; dieser Ansatz bricht mit der althergebrachten + Tradition des Schreibmaschinenkonzeptes. + Er ist ausgelegt für Autoren, die mit einem Minimum an Aufwand professionelles + Aussehen ihrer Dokumente erhalten wollen, ohne dafür Spezialisten im Schriftsat +z zu werden. + Diese Aufgabe des Schriftsatzes wird fast vollständig vom Computer übernommen, + mit LyX kann sich der Autor auf den Inhalt seines Textes konzentrieren. +\layout Standard + +LyX bietet dazu eine +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fast-WYSIWYG +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Darstellung des Textes. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Fast +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + bedeutet dabei, daß Zeilen- und Seitenumbrüche nicht so gezeigt werden, + wie sie im späteren Dokument erscheinen werden, aber das ist eigentlich + auch nicht wirklich notwendig, da LyX ein externes Programm (mit Namen + LaTeX) verwendet, um den Text letztendlich zu formatieren. + Während LyX also alles enthält, was es ihnen einfach und bequem ermöglicht, + den Text zu editieren, enthält das Schriftsatzprogramm alles was notwendig + ist, um den Text zu formatieren - und das tut es sehr, sehr gut. +\layout Standard + +Aus diesem Grund brauchen Sie sich um Zeilen- und Seitenumbrüche nicht mehr + zu kümmern. + Sie müssen auch nicht mehr daran denken, welche Nummer denn nun das nächste + Unterkapitel haben muß. + Sie wissen nicht mehr, welchen Zeichensatz Sie für Überschriften verwendet + hatten? Brauchen Sie auch nicht mehr. + Sie sagen LyX (und damit auch LaTeX) lediglich, um was für eine +\emph on +Art +\emph default + von Dokument es sich handelt, und von welchem +\emph on +Typ +\emph default + der gerade bearbeitete Absatz ist, und der Computer kann ihn dann dementspreche +nd setzen. + Selbstverständlich können Sie weiterhin selbst in die Formatierung eingreifen, + aber der 'saubere' Weg ist es, dem Computer nur zu sagen, um welche Art + von Text es sich handelt und nicht, wie er aussehen sollte. + Aus diesem Grunde wird LyX auch als WYSIWYM +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +What You See Is What You Mean - Was Sie sehen ist, was sie meinen/wollen. +\end_inset + + Editor bezeichnet. +\layout Subsection + +Schön, aber ist das nützlich? +\layout Standard + +Absolut. + Die folgenden Arten von Dokumenten wurden bereits sehr erfolgreich mit + LyX erstellt: +\layout Itemize + +Memos +\layout Itemize + +Briefe +\layout Itemize + +Dissertationen (260 Seiten in einem einzelnen Dokument, längere unter Verwendung + von eingebundenen Dateien) +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Beispiel: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.fee.uva.nl/scholar/mdw/leuven/thesis.pdf} + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Vorlesungsskripte (133 Seiten, 27 Abbildungen --- auf einem 486-er Rechner + mit 33 +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +, +\end_inset + +MHz) +\layout Itemize + +Seminar-Mitschriften (500+ Seiten) +\layout Itemize + +Proceedings von Konferenzen (Proceedings of the Second Continental Workshop + on the Geoid in Europe, (Finnish Geodetic Institute Report 98:4), 292 Seiten) +\layout Itemize + +Software Dokumentation (Das +\emph on +Benutzerhandbuch +\emph default + hat etwa 120 Seiten) +\layout Itemize + +Bücher +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +siehe +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html} + +\end_inset + +, ein Beispiel zu PostgreSQL +\layout Itemize + +Donnay, J-P., Barnsley, M.J., and Longley, P.A., eds., 2001, Remote Sensing and + Urban Analysis (Taylor and Francis: London). +\layout Itemize + +Herbert Voss: Praktische Kryptologie mit Java 286 Seiten, jede Menge Gleichungen +, Tabellen und Abbildungen. + ISBN 3-8311-1458-7 +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Artikel, die in den folgenden referierten Journalen veröffentlicht wurden: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Astronomy and Astrophysics (Sütterlin, P. + 1998, A&A 333, 305; Sütterlin, P. + & Wiehr, E. + 1998, A&A 336, 367) +\layout Itemize + +Astronomical Journal (Ressler, M. + E. + & Barsony, M. + 2001, AJ, vorgesehen für die Feb. + 2001 Ausgabe) +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Novellen (mehr als 400 Seiten, soll im September 2000 erscheinen; eine weitere + mit 836 Seiten ist derzeit beim Agenten) +\layout Itemize + +Drehbücher für Schauspiele und Filme +\layout Itemize + +Wirtschaftliche Proposals für > $1 M (US) +\layout Subsection + +Womit fange ich an? +\layout Standard + +Die Website +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + ist der erste Anlaufpunkt für alles, was mit LyX zu tun hat: Neuigkeiten, + Beispiele, Herunterladbare Dateien und viele weitere Dinge. + Wenn Sie LyX installiert haben, sollten Sie als erstes das +\emph on +Tutorium +\emph default + lesen ( +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +ilfe\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +utorium +\family default +). + Das ist ein ernstgemeinter Rat! +\layout Standard + +Einen weiteren einführenden Leitfaden finden Sie auf +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.bilkent.edu.tr/~robin/lyxguide.pdf} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Läuft LyX auch auf meinem Computer? +\layout Standard + +Derzeit benötigen Sie das X Window System, um LyX benutzen zu können. + Es existieren Portierungen für OS/2 und Win32, aber auch hier muß auf dem + System ein X Server installiert sein und auch funktionieren. + LyX läuft sicher auf folgenden Plattformen (und vermutlich noch einer Unmenge + weiterer): +\layout Itemize + +Linux: RedHat 4.2, 5.0, 5.1, 6.0, 6.1, +\newline +SuSE 5.x, 6.x, 7.x, +\newline +Mandrake 7.0, 7.2 +\layout Itemize + +SparcLinux: RedHat 6.0 +\layout Itemize + +Sun Solaris 2.6, 2.7 +\layout Itemize + +Tru64 Unix 4.0f +\layout Itemize + +HP-UX +\layout Itemize + +OSF1 flore V4.0 1091 alpha +\layout Subsection + +Wieviel Festplattenplatz benötigt LyX? +\layout Standard + +Auf meinem System hat die Binärdatei von LyX knapp 4 +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +, +\end_inset + +MB, die restlichen Dateien belegen weitere 11.5 +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +, +\end_inset + +MB (9.3 +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +, +\end_inset + +MB davon sind Dokumentation! Sie können, um Platz zu sparen, von Ihnen nicht + benötigte Übersetzungen löschen). + Allerdings benötigen Sie darüberhinaus ein funktionierendes LaTeX wie etwa + teTeX, das etwa 120 +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +, +\end_inset + +MB belegt, außerdem Ghostscript, das nochmals 10 +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +, +\end_inset + +MB hinzufügt. +\layout Subsection + +Ist LyX wirklich Open Source? +\layout Standard + +Ja. + Zwar gibt es Leute die behaupten, da das von LyX verwendete freie X Toolkit, + XForms, derzeit 'Closed Source' ist, sei LyX nicht völlig rein und heilig + --- das ist Unsinn. + LyX selber wird unter einer leicht veränderten Version der GPL vertrieben + und erfüllt deshalb die OS Bedingungen. + Darüberhinaus arbeiten die Entwickler derzeit daran, das Programm unabhängig + vom verwendeten Toolkit zu machen; dadurch sind bald auch Versionen mit + Gtk, Qt oder vielleicht sogar ncurses möglich. + Wie auch immer - der Entwickler von XForms hat angekündigt, das Toolkit + mit dem Erscheinen von Version 0.90 oder 1.0 (derzeit aktuell ist 0.89) in + ein Open Source Projekt umzuwandeln. +\layout Section + +Quellen im Internet +\layout Subsection + +Wo soll ich im World Wide Web nach LyX suchen? +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.devel.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +, wenn Sie an den Interna interessiert sind. +\layout Itemize + +Bekannte Spiegelungen sind: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.mx.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.no.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.it.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Subsection + +Wo kann ich LyX via FTP bekommen? +\layout Itemize + +ftp.lyx.org in /pub/lyx (auch unter der Adresse ftp.via.ecp.fr erreichbar) +\layout Subsection + +Welche Mailing Listen gibt es? +\layout Itemize + +lyx-announce@lists.lyx.org (sehr wenige Mails), für Ankündigungen rund um + LyX +\layout Itemize + +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org (mittel viele Mails), Benutzerfragen zu LyX +\layout Itemize + +lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org (sehr viele Mails), Entwicklerdiskussionen und Fehlermeldu +ngen +\layout Itemize + +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org (unerfreulich wenige Mails), alles was mit der Dokumentatio +n zu tun hat +\layout Standard + +Generell müssen Sie eine Mail an die Adresse +\family typewriter +lyx-foo-subscribe@lists.lyx.org +\family default + beziehungsweise +\family typewriter +lyx-foo-unsubscribe@lists.lyx.org +\family default + schreiben, um die Liste +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foo +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (Platzhalter für +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +announce +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +users +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +devel +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + oder +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +docs +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +) zu abonnieren bzw. + abzubestellen. + Lesen Sie aber in jedem Fall +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org/internet/mailing.php3} + +\end_inset + +, dort steht alles genau. +\layout Subsection + +Werden die Mailing Listen irgendwo archiviert? +\layout Standard + +Ja. + :-) +\layout Subsection + +Schlaumeier. + Also, Wo werden sie archiviert? +\layout Itemize + +Announce: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.mail-archive.com/lyx-announce@lists.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Users: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.mail-archive.com/lyx-users@lists.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Devel: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.mail-archive.com/lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Kompatibilität mit anderen Text/Dokumenten\SpecialChar \- +systemen +\layout Subsection + +Kann ich LaTeX Dateien lesen/schreiben? +\layout Standard + +Ja. + LyX kann LaTeX Code sowohl optimiert für menschliche Leser als auch für + den Computer erzeugen. + Das Programm reLyX, das Bestandteil des LyX Paketes ist, kann recht gut + vorhandene LaTeX Dateien nach LyX konvertieren. + Es ist zwar nicht perfekt, ist aber in etwa 95% der Fälle erfolgreich. +\layout Subsection + +Kann ich Word Dateien lesen/schreiben? +\layout Standard + +Das ist nicht trivial. + Manche Leute hatten Erfolg mit dem folgenden Vorgehen LyX +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +RTF +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +Word bzw. + umgekehrt. + Allerdings verwendet Word intern keine sogenannte +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Markup Sprache +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + wie LyX und LaTeX das tun, deshalb sind die Umwandlungen normalerweise + schwierig und oft ziemlich sinnlos. +\layout Standard + +Hier dennoch einige Vorschläge: +\layout Description + +word2x erzeugt LaTeX, HTML und normale Textausgabe. + Der so erstellte LaTeX-Code kann im Prinzip importiert werden (es ist recht + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sauberer +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + Code), aber oft ist es einfacher, die Textversion einzubinden und die Formatier +ung von Hand in LyX vorzunehmen (dazu muß man natürlich wissen, wie diese + Formatierung aussah). + Die letzte Version kann noch nicht mit Office 2000 Dokumenten umgehen. +\layout Description + +wvware (zu finden auf www.wvware.com oder im CVS Repositorium von abi\SpecialChar \- +source). + Dieses Programm hieß früher msWordView. + Es funktioniert sehr gut, erzeugt aber oft visuell formatiertes LaTeX/HTML. + Es ist jedoch hochgradig konfigurierbar: Eine Datei wvLaTeX.xml steuert + den Übersetzungsprozess. + Kann auch mit den neuesten Office Formaten umgehen. +\layout Description + +Ted Dies ist der Editor der Wahl, wenn ihnen jemand eine von Word erzeugte + RTF Datei schickt. + Sehr nettes Produkt, schickt die konvertierte Version per Email (Text oder + HTML). +\layout Standard + +Als letzte Möglichkeit, wenn alles andere nicht funktioniert, verwenden + Sie eine Textverarbeitung, die das Word Format versteht (WordPerfect, StarOffic +e, ...). + Exportieren Sie die Datei im Textformat und formatieren Sie in LyX von + Hand. + Dies ist oft schneller als die (manchmal missglückten) Versuche einer automatis +chen Formatierung wieder zu löschen, auch wenn dieses Vorgehen nicht sehr + befriedigend ist. +\layout Subsection + +Kann ich HTML Dateien lesen/schreiben? +\layout Standard + +HTML Dateien können unter anderem mit dem Programm +\family typewriter +tth +\family default + erstellt werden. + Möglicherweise gibt es auch Programme um umgekehrt HTML Dateien nach LaTeX + zu konvertieren. +\layout Section + +Bezug und Compilierung von LyX +\layout Subsection + +Was wird benötigt? +\layout Itemize + +LyX Source Code: lyx-1.x.x.tar.gz +\layout Itemize + +XForms library: xforms-0.88 oder neuer +\layout Itemize + +Eine LaTeX Installation: Die Empfehlung ist teTeX-1.0 oder neuer +\layout Itemize + +Ein PostScript® Interpreter: ghostscript-5.10 oder neuer +\layout Itemize + +Ein relativ moderner C++ Compiler. + gcc-2.7.2.3 funktioniert (unter Solaris 2.6) für lyx-1.1.4, aber lyx-1.1.5 benötigt + möglicherweise gcc-2.8.1 oder egcs 2.95.x (DEC cxx 6.1 für OSF Rechner) +\layout Subsection + +Wie compiliere ich es? +\layout Itemize + +./configure +\layout Itemize + +make +\layout Itemize + +make install (normalerweise als root, das kann man aber mit Optionen für + den +\family typewriter +configure +\family default + Befehl umgehen) +\layout Standard + +Die Datei INSTALL enthält weitere Details. +\layout Subsection + +Ich hasse Compilieren. + Wo sind die vorkompilierten Pakete? +\layout Standard + +Die meisten der oben genannten Pakete sind für eine große Zahl an Linux-Systemen + (und vermutlich auch andere) als Binärversion erhältlich. + Die LyX-Binärpakete in Form von RPMs sowie einigen anderen Formaten finden + Sie auf +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.sylvan.com/pub/lyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Die Windows-Portierung ist hier erhältlich: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.fh-hannover.de/mbau/tim/hentschel/lyx/index.html} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Was ist +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Evil Red Text +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +? (Wichtig!) +\layout Standard + +ERT (Evil Red Text, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +übler roter Text +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +) bezeichnet +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +rohe +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + LaTeX Befehle, die in LyX Dokumente eingefügt werden. + Einige der Entwickler erfanden diesen Begriff, als sie sich über das schlechte + Aussehen der Texte beschwerten, zu dem diese Einfügungen führen. + Anderen ist klar, daß es sich um eine sehr nützliche Fähigkeit handelt, + die man höchstens mit dem Terminus URT (Ugly Red Text -- häßlicher roter + Text) bezeichnen sollte, doch ERT ist irgendwie hängengeblieben. + Doch lassen wir die ästhetischen Gesichtspunkte mal beiseite: Viele der + Antworten in diesem Text verlangen die Verwendung von solchem ERT; wann + immer es also heißt +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +fügen Sie den folgenden LaTeX code ein +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, müssen Sie folgendes tun: +\layout Enumerate + +Klicken Sie auf die Schaltfläche TeX in der Werkzeugleiste oder benutzen + Sie +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +infügen\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +e +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +{} +\end_inset + +X +\family default +. + Es öffnet sich eine Einfügung (ähnlich einer Fußnote) +\layout Enumerate + +Geben Sie die Befehle in dem rot umrandeten Feld ein +\layout Enumerate + +Um die Einfügung zu schließen (oder öffnen) klicken Sie auf die graue Fläche +\layout Standard + +Der so eingegebene Befehl wird unverändert an LaTeX weitergeleitet. +\layout Standard + +LaTeX Befehle können auch in den +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +LaTeX Vorspann +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + eingefügt werden, eine Liste, die von LyX ebenfalls unverändert in die + LaTeX Datei eingefügt wird. + Dies ist insbesondere wichtig um vom Standard abweichende LaTeX Pakete + einzubinden, globale Abkürzungen zu definieren usw. +\layout Section + +Fragen zur Benutzung von LyX +\layout Standard + +In diesem Abschnitt versuchen wir, die wirklich andauernd gestellten Fragen + zu beantworten. + Einen breiteren Bereich an nicht ganz so oft gestellten Fragen, sowie viele + Fragen der Form +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Wie mache ich das? +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + finden Sie auf der ungemein hilfreichen Zusammenstellung von Herbert Voss + unter +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.educat.hu-berlin.de/~voss/lyx} + +\end_inset + +. + Sie leisten sich selbst einen Bärendienst, wenn Sie diese Seite nicht ansehen, + bevor Sie auf einer der Mailing-Listen eine Frage stellen! +\layout Subsection + +Generelle Fragen +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie ändere ich die Abstände in eine Liste (Itemize/\SpecialChar \- +Enumerate/ Description)? +\layout Standard + +Dies müssen Sie von Hand tun: Fügen Sie in der betreffenden Liste zu Beginn + den folgenden LaTeX Code ein: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +itemsep}{0mm} +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie kann ich Gleichungen Kapitelweise numerieren? +\layout Standard + +Fügen Sie das folgende im LaTeX Vorspann ein: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +@addtoreset{equation}{section} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +thesection. +\backslash +arabic{equation}} +\layout Subsubsection + +Ist das auch für Abbildungen und Tabellen möglich? +\layout Standard + +Ersetzen Sie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +theequation +\family default + durch +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thetable +\family default + oder +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thefigure +\family default + sowie +\family typewriter +equation +\family default + durch +\family typewriter +table +\family default + oder +\family typewriter +figure +\family default +, letzteres auch im +\family typewriter + +\backslash +@addtoreset +\family default + Befehl. +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie ändere ich die Fußnotenzählung in Symbole (Stern, Dagger usw.)? +\layout Standard + +Fügen Sie im LaTeX Vorspann die Zeile +\family typewriter +{ +\backslash +thefootnote}{ +\backslash +fnsymbol{footnote}} +\family default + ein. +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie vermeide ich Witwen und Schusterjungen? +\layout Standard + +Diese Begriffe aus dem Schriftsetzermetier bezeichnen erste Zeilen eines + neuen Absatzes am Ende einer Seite bzw. + letzte Zeilen eines Absatzes oben auf einer neuen Seite. + Um sie zu entfernen geben Sie im LaTeX Vorspann die Zeilen +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +widowpenalty=10000 +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +clubpenalty=10000 +\layout Standard + +und eventuell +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +raggedbottom +\layout Standard + +ein. +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie bekomme ich eine formatierte Liste, die z. +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +, +\end_inset + +B. + mit 1.a) beginnt? +\layout Standard + +Wenn Sie eine Aufzählung wie etwa diese hier haben wollen: +\layout LyX-Code + +1. + a) Erste Alternative +\layout LyX-Code + + b) Zweite Alternative +\layout LyX-Code + + c) Dritte Alternative +\layout Standard + +dann versuchen Sie folgendes: +\layout LyX-Code + +1. + {} +\layout LyX-Code + + a) Erste Alternative +\layout LyX-Code + + b) Zweite Alternative +\layout LyX-Code + + c) Dritte Alternative +\layout Standard + +Wählen Sie den Umgebungstyp +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + und geben Sie die Klammern {} als ERT ein (das ergibt einen Platzhalter, + der keine Ausgabe erzeugt). + Ändern Sie nun die Umgebungstiefe und fügen Sie die anderen drei Einträge + hinzu (die Zählung wird von LyX automatisch hinzugefügt). +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie kann ich in LyX Worte zählen? +\layout Standard + +Starten Sie die Rechtschreibprüfung. + Am Ende wird die Anzahl der überprüften Worte ausgegeben. + Stellen Sie dabei sicher daß sich der Cursor am Anfang des Dokumentes befindet, + damit auch alle Worte berücksichtigt werden. +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie kann ich einen definierten horizontalen Abstand einfügen? +\layout Standard + +Es gibt dafür einige ERT-Befehle: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +enspace +\family default + (1/2 em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thinspace +\family default + (1/6 em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +negthinspace +\family default + (-1/6 em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +quad +\family default + (1 em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +qquad +\family default + (2 em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace{ +\emph on +länge +\emph default +} +\family default +, usw. + Ein +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +em +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ist etwa die Breite des Buchstaben +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + im gegenwärtigen Zeichensatz. + Als Argument für den +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace +\family default +-Befehl sind alle gültigen TeX-Längen erlaubt. + Einheiten können Millimeter (mm), Zentimeter (cm), Inch (in), Points (pt; + 1pt = 1/72 in) M-Breiten (em) oder x-Höhen (ex; Höhe des Buchstaben +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +) sein. + Beispiele: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace{1in} +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace{2.5em} +\family default +, usw. +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie kann ich Zitate in der Form [1,2,3,6] oder [1-3,6] anstelle von [1][2][3][6] + erhalten? +\layout Standard + +Fügen Sie den Befehl +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{cite} +\family default + in den LaTeX-Vorspann ein. + Dieses Paket sollte Bestandteil der meisten LaTeX-Pakete sein. + LyX unterstützt dieses Paket, wenn Sie im Zitat-Dialog mehrere, durch Komma + getrennte Verweise angeben [Smalley_JCP,Jarrold_Sci], anstatt sie einzeln + als Zitate hintereinander einzugeben: [Smalley_JCP] [Jarrold_Sci]. +\layout Subsection + +Fragen zu Abbildungen +\layout Subsubsection + +Was ist der Unterschied zwischen einer +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Abbildung +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + und einer +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Float Abbildung +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Dies ist ein Beispiel für eine unglückliche Wortwahl. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Abbildung +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + bedeutet eigentlich Grafik, bezeichnet also einfügen einer Bilddatei. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Float Abbildung +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + entspricht dem, was man i. +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +, +\end_inset + +a. +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash + +\end_inset + + meint, wenn man eine Abbildung in einen Text einfügt, umfasst also die + Grafik, den Bildtext, die Abbildungsnummer usw\SpecialChar \@. + Normalerweise sollten Sie + also eine Float Abbildung einfügen und darin dann die Abbildung plazieren. +\layout Standard + +Dasselbe gilt auch für Tabellen: fügen Sie eine Float Tabelle ein und darin + dann die eigentliche Tabelle. +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie bekomme ich LyX dazu, eine Abbildung genau dort einzufügen, wo ich sie + haben will? +\layout Standard + +Öffnen Sie den Dialog +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default +. + Im Feld +\family sans +Plazierung\SpecialChar ~ +v.\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +F +\bar default +loats +\family default + geben Sie +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +!htp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ein. + Dadurch teilen Sie LaTeX mit, unbedingt zu versuchen, die Float Abbildung + an der angegebenen Stelle unterzubringen, dann erst oben auf der Seite + und, falls auch das nicht geht, auf einer eigenen Seite. + Dies ist eine globale Einstellung, von der alle Float Abbildungen betroffen + sind. +\layout Standard + +Wenn Sie dieses Verhalten nur für einzelne Abbildungen festlegen wollen, + lassen Sie das angegebene Feld leer und fügen stattdessen die Zeichen +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +[!htp] +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + als allerersten Eintrag in der Abbildung ein. + Dies ist ein schmutziger Trick, aber er erreicht, daß von LyX ein Befehl + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{figure}[!htp] +\family default + ausgegeben wird, und dies ist der korrekte Weg, das in LaTeX zu tun. +\layout Subsubsection + +Was bedeutet +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Too many unprocessed floats +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX kann zu jedem Zeitpunkt nur eine begrenzte Anzahl an Float Objekten + verwalten, die noch keine feste Position zugewiesen haben. + Paßt beispielsweise Abbildung\SpecialChar ~ +4 anhand der Standardvorgabe +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +erst oben auf der Seite versuchen, dann unten, dann auf eine eigene Seite +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + noch an keine gute Stelle, im Text erscheint aber bereits Abbildung\SpecialChar ~ +5, bleiben + zunächst beide +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +schwebend +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, bis eine gute Stelle zum Einfügen auftaucht. + Wird eine solche nicht gefunden, werden die Floats am Ende des Dokumentes + eingefügt. + Tauchen zu viele dieser Floats auf, läuft in LaTeX ein Zähler über und + obige Meldung wird ausgegeben. + Das ist kein wirklicher Fehler in LaTeX, Sie haben einfach zu viele Abbildungen + im Text :-) +\layout Standard + +Der einfachste Weg, diese Fehlermeldung zu vermeiden ist es, an einer Stelle + im Text, an der ein Seitenumbruch angemessen ist, den LaTeX Befehl +\family typewriter + +\backslash +clearpage +\family default + einzufügen. + Im Gegensatz zu einem normalen Seitenumbruch veranlaßt das +\family typewriter + +\backslash +clearpage +\family default + LaTeX auch dazu, noch nicht verarbeitete Floats auszugeben und dann eine + neue Seite zu beginnen. + Dadurch entsteht zwar mitten in ihrem Text eine häßliche Ansammlung von + Abbildungen, Sie können aber mehrere dieser +\family typewriter + +\backslash +clearpage +\family default + Befehle verwenden, um die Abbildungen besser zu verteilen. +\layout Subsection + +Fragen zum Mathematik-Modus +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie kann ich in einer mathematischen Gleichung normalen Text eingeben? +\layout Standard + +Tippen Sie innerhalb der Gleichung +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +M-m m +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +; dadurch wechseln Sie in den +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +mathematischen Text Modus +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Wie erzeuge ich eine Kubikwurzel (oder höhere)? +\layout Standard + +Mit der Tastenkombination +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +M-m r +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + fügen Sie eine +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Wurzel-Box +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ein; sie können darin mit den Cursortasten navigieren. +\layout Section + +Fragen zur Benutzung von LyX +\layout Subsection + +Wie konvertiere ich mit einem Kommandozeilen\SpecialChar \- +Befehl eine LyX-Datei nach LaTeX? +\layout Standard + +Der normale Weg ist es, einfach +\family typewriter +lyx --export latex .lyx +\family default +. + Diese Methode setzt allerdings voraus, daß X läuft. + Falls Sie den Befehl +\family typewriter +Xvfb +\family default + verwenden können, ist auch folgender, zugegebenermassen etwas umständliche + weg möglich (Bash-Syntax): +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +(Xvfb :1 -once -terminate &); rm .tex; lyx -display :1 +\newline +--export latex .lyx +\layout Standard + +In csh/tcsh-Syntax sieht das so aus: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Xvfb :1 -once -terminate &; rm .tex; lyx -display :1 +\newline +--export latex .lyx +\layout Standard + +Das sollte überall funktionieren, unabhängig davon, ob ein X-Server läuft + oder nicht. +\layout Subsection + +Wie erzeuge ich aus meinem LyX-Dokument eine PDF-Datei? +\layout Standard + +Lesen Sie Abschnitt 5.3.6 der +\emph on +Profi-Tips +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Warum sehen die Zeichensätze meines Textes in +\family typewriter +acroread +\family default + so schlecht aus? +\layout Standard + +Auch dieses Problem und seine Lösung sind in den +\emph on +Profi-Tips +\emph default + in Abschnitt 5.3.6 beschrieben. +\layout Subsection + +Warum kann meine tolle neue Ghostscript-Version die eingebundenen EPS-Abbildunge +n nicht richtig verarbeiten? +\layout Standard + +Einige Nutzer haben berichtet, daß mit den aktuellsten Versionen von Ghostscript + die eingebundenen Abbildungen in LyX nicht angezeigt werden können. + Dies scheint ein Fehler in Ghostscript zu sein: +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?func=detailbug&bug_id=124957&group_id=1897} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Dieser Fehler betrifft Ghostscript ab Version 6.22. + Wenn sie den angegebenen Patch anwenden, funktioniert die Darstellung in + LyX wieder. +\layout Section + +Fragen zu LyX unter Windows +\layout Subsection + +Warum flackern Menüs und die Werkzeugleiste? +\layout Standard + +Vermutlich verwenden Sie den X-Server XWin32: Die ist ein Fehler in diesem + Programm. + Sie können ihn umgehen, indem Sie die Option +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Use Reserved Colors +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + von XWin32 deaktivieren und einen anderen Farbmodus als Pseudo-Color verwenden. +\layout Section + +Wo bekomme ich weitere Hilfe? +\layout Subsection + +Meine Frage ist immer noch nicht beantwortet... +\layout Standard + +Dann gilt: RTFM, insbesondere das +\emph on +Tutorium +\emph default +. + Die Dokumentation von LyX ist wirklich sehr gut. + Wenn Sie vermuten, daß das Problem mit LaTeX zu tun hat, sehen Sie im Buch + von Leslie Lamport, +\emph on +LaTeX, A Document Preparation System, 2nd Ed. +\emph default +, von Leslie Lamport (1994) nach. + Außerdem gibt es unzählige Beispieldokumente zu unterschiedlichen Dingen; + versuchen Sie es mit +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atei\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Öffnen\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Beispiele +\layout Subsection + +Ich will jemandem via Mail von meinem Problem berichten +\layout Standard + +Schicken Sie eine Mail an die LyX Benutzer Liste, +\family typewriter +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + Wenn LyX abstürzt oder auf andere Weise Fehlfunktionen zeigt, schreiben + Sie bitte an die Entwickler-Liste, +\family typewriter +lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Was soll ich in einer Hilfeanfrage alles angeben? +\layout Standard + +Geben Sie an, welche Version von LyX Sie verwenden, zusammen mit einer genauen + Beschreibung was Sie tun wollen (die auch zeigen sollte, daß Sie die Dokumentat +ion bereits gelesen haben..). + +\layout Standard + +Im Falle einer Fehlfunktion von LyX geben Sie die Version von LyX an, welches + Betriebssystem Sie verwenden, die Version von xforms (falls es ein Problem + der Bildschirmdarstellung ist) sowie eine genaue Beschreibung ihres Vorgehens, + als der Fehler auftrat. + Je einfacher die Entwickler den Absturz nachvollziehen können, desto eher + wird der Fehler behoben. + Wenn Sie mutig sind und sich mit dem Programmieren ein wenig auskennen, + verwenden Sie +\family typewriter +gdb +\family default +, um ein Backtrace zu erzeugen und hängen Sie diese Ausgabe an die Mail + an. + Und wenn Sie keine Ahnung haben, was da gerade beschrieben wurde --- geben + Sie einfach so viel an wie möglich. +\layout Section + +Administrative Information und Danksagung +\layout Subsection + +Feedback ist willkommen +\layout Standard + +Senden Sie Vorschläge für weitere Einträge, erstellte Rekordlängendokumente + usw. + an die LyX Dokumentations Mailingliste +\family typewriter +lyxdoc@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Formate, in denen dieser Text erhältlich ist +\layout Standard + +Die originale LyX Datei ist Bestandteil der LyX Installation; nach HTML + und ASCII konvertierte Versionen sollten bald auf der LyX Seite im WWW + zu finden sein. +\layout Subsection + +Autor und Danksagung +\layout Standard + +Bernhard Iselborn, David Johnson und Paul Evans waren für diesen Text bis + zur Version 0.2.2 verantwortlich, die LyX Version 0.10.7 beschrieb. + Mit der Version 0.3.0 wurde es komplett neu erstellt und behandelt ausschließlich + die 1.x Versionen von LyX. + Viele Personen haben Teile zu diesem Text beigetragen; Mike Ressler ( +\emph on +mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu +\emph default +) vom Dokumentationsteam sammelt sie in diesem Dokument. +\layout Subsection + +Ausschluß und Copyright +\layout Standard + +Nichts in diesem Text ist genauer als ein Faktor +\begin_inset Formula $\pi$ +\end_inset + +. + Außerdem bin ich Astronom, und die setzen gerne +\begin_inset Formula $c=h=k=\pi=1$ +\end_inset + +. + Wenn eine Antwort falsch ist, werden einfach die Einheiten neu definiert. + Dieser Text wird in der Hoffnung verteilt, daß er hilfreich ist, aber unter + AUSSCHLUSS JEGLICHER GEWÄHRLEISTUNG; sogar ohne inbegriffene GARANTIE DER + MARKTTAUGLICHKEIT oder EIGNUNG FÜR EINEN BESTIMMTEN ZWECK. + Für weitere Details lesen Sie die GNU General Public License. + Oder, in anderen Worten: Es ist nicht meine Schuld, wenn Sie in der Nacht + vor der Abgabe ihre Dissertation verlieren, weil Sie vor lauter Nachdenken + darüber, wie Sie eine Konstante statt in +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{m s}^{-1}$ +\end_inset + + auch in +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{kg m s}^{-2}\textrm{ K}^{-1}$ +\end_inset + + darstellen können, vergessen haben, ein Backup zu machen, als der Strom + ausfiel. +\layout Standard + +Dieser Text ist Copyright© 2000 Mike Ressler für das LyX Dokumentations + Team. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/es_Intro.lyx b/lib/doc/es_Intro.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7d56626dc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/es_Intro.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,886 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language spanish +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Introducción a LyX +\newline +o +\newline +Cómo usar esta documentación +\layout Author + + +\series bold +por John Weiss y el Equipo de LyX +\series default + +\newline +traducción al castellano: Sergio G. + Reus +\layout Date + +Marzo de 1999 +\layout Section + +Navegando por la documentación +\layout Standard + +¡Bienvenido a LyX! +\layout Standard + +Para responder más fácilmente a tus preguntas y describir todas las característi +cas de LyX, la documentación ha sido dividida en varios ficheros. + Cada uno tiene un propósito concreto, como se verá más adelante. + Sin embargo, antes de que te topes con alguno de estos ficheros, deberías + leer éste en primer lugar, ya que contiene mucha información y comentarios + útiles que te pueden ahorrar tiempo. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \align center +¡¡¡¡¡ATENCIÓN!!!!! ¡¡¡¡¡ATENCIÓN!!!!! ¡¡¡¡¡ATENCIÓN!!!! +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip \align center +¡Peligro, Will Robinson, Peligro! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Referencia a una antigua teleserie norteamericana, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Perdidos en el espacio +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, donde un robot avisaba siempre a su dueño de esta manera en situaciones + de peligro. + (N. + del T.) +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Aunque LyX está ya en su versión 1.0 (o mayor), parte de la documentación + puede estar incompleta o desfasada. + Como el resto de LyX, los manuales son trabajo de un grupo de voluntarios + que tienen +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +verdaderos trabajos +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, familias, platos que fregar, cestos del gato que limpiar, etc, etc, etc. + Hacemos el mayor esfuerzo posible por mantener los manuales en buena forma, + pero no siempre podemos lograrlo. + (Si quieres ayudar, asegúrate de leer la sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +, además del resto del documento). +\layout Standard + +También puedes hacernos otro favor: si cualquer cosa de estos manuales te + parece confusa, poco clara o errónea, ¡no dudes en hacérnoslo saber! Puedes + ponerte en contacto con los actuales encargados de mantener la documentación + escribiendo a +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. +\layout Section + +El formato de los manuales +\layout Standard + +Algunos de vosotros habreis impreso el manual (o manuales). + Otros podeis estar leyéndolos +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +en pantalla +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, desde LyX. + Existen algunas diferencias entre la versión impresa y el fichero LyX. + En primer lugar, el título está simplemente al principio del documento + y no separado del resto (en la primera página) como en algunas de las versiones + impresas. + Ni las notas a pie de página ni el índice se encuentran visibles. + Existe una opción de menú para poder ver el índice. + Para ello elige +\family sans +Índice general +\family default + en el menú +\family sans +Edición +\family default +. + Para acceder a una nota a pie de página, que aparece de esta forma, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +¡Hola! +\end_inset + + pulsa el botón izquierdo del ratón estando sobre ella. +\layout Standard + +Ahora que hemos aclarado algunas de las diferencias entre las versiones + impresas y en pantalla de este fichero, podemos empezar con el formato + de este documento. + De vez en cuando encontrarás cosas en diferentes fuentes de letra: +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +El estilo resaltado +\emph default + se usa para énfasis en general, razonamientos genéricos, títulos de libros, + secciones de otros manuales, y notas de los autores. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +La fuente máquina de escribir +\family default + se usa para programas y nombres de fichero, código LaTeX, y código y funciones + de LyX. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +La fuente Sans Serif +\family default + se usa para menús, botones, o nombres de menús emergentes, así como nombres + y combinaciones de teclas. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +El Estilo Nombre +\noun default + se usa para nombres propios de personas. +\layout Standard + +Respecto a las teclas y sus combinaciones, probablemente serás enviado a + la sección +\emph on +Combinaciones de teclas asociadas +\emph default + del +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Manual de referencia +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (fichero +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\family default +). + Cuando necesitemos hacer referencia a asociaciones de teclas, usaremos + la siguiente convención: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + indica la tecla +\family sans +Control +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + indica la tecla +\family sans +Shift +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + indica la tecla +\family sans +Meta +\family default +, que en la mayoría de los teclados será la tecla +\family sans +Alt +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + serán las teclas de función. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + será la tecla de escape. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Izquierda +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Derecha +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Arriba +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Abajo +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: autoexplicativas (también llamadas teclas de dirección o cursores). +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Insert +\family default +ar +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Suprimir +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Inicio +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Fin +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Página Arriba +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Página Abajo +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: serán las 6 teclas que aparecen sobre los cursores en la mayoría de los + teclados de PC. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Página Arriba +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Página Abajo +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + son llamadas +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Prior +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Next +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en algunos teclados. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\family default + e +\family sans +Intro +\family default + se refieren ambas a la misma tecla. + Algunos teclados la etiquetan como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Return, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + otros como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Enter, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + incluso algunos tienen dos teclas. + LyX trata a todas como la misma tecla, así que usaremos +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\family default + e +\family sans +Intro +\family default + indistintamente. +\layout Standard + +También te encontrarás de tanto en tanto con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +(Ver +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + +Manual de referencia +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Hemos listado las asociaciones de teclas por defecto posibles para cada + función en su correspondiente entrada en el +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Manual de referencia +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, así que busca también allí. +\layout Section + +Los manuales +\layout Standard + +La siguiente lista describe el contenido de cada uno de los ficheros de + la documentación: +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Introducción \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Este fichero. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Tutorial \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Si eres nuevo usando LyX, y nunca antes has usado ni oído hablar de LaTeX, + entonces debes empezar aquí. + Si ya +\emph on +has +\emph default + usado LaTeX, deberías leer aún así la sección +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX para usuarios de LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (y hojear el resto del documento no te haría daño). +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Guía\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +Usuario \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +La documentación principal. + Intentaremos cubrir aquí la mayor parte de las opciones y características + básicas de LyX. + El manual principal asume que ya tienes algunos conocimientos de LaTeX, + o que has leído el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Características\SpecialChar ~ +Extendidas \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline + +\emph default +Ampliación de la Guía del Usuario. + Documenta los formatos adicionales y características de edición de propósito + específico, incluyendo algunos trucos de expertos en LaTeX. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Personalización \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Una descripción de características avanzadas de LyX, entre las que se incluyen + cómo personalizar el comportamiento global del programa: cosas tales como + asociaciones de teclas, internacionalización y ficheros de configuración. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Manual\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Referencia \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Contiene una descripción detallada y exhaustiva de las características de + LyX, pero sin los útiles trucos y descripciones de uso de la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + u otros manuales. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Errores\SpecialChar ~ +conocidos \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Este fichero contiene una lista de errores detectados en LyX, así como informaci +ón sobre lo que deberías hacer si encuentras un error en el programa. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Configuración\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +LyX explora tu sistema durante la instalación. + Este fichero contiene la información que LyX ha aprendido de tu instalación. + Examínalo si echas en falta algo que deberías tener. +\layout Standard + +Estos ficheros harán referencia unos a otros cuando sea necesario. + Por ejemplo, la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + habla +\emph on +algo +\emph default + sobre la instalación y personalización, pero envía al lector al +\emph on +Manual de Personalización +\emph default + para más información. +\layout Standard + +De nuevo, destacamos un punto importante: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.51cm \added_space_bottom 0.51cm \align center +Si nunca antes has usado u oído hablar de LaTeX, lee el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + Ahora\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Si no, LyX te parecerá bizantino e imposible de utilizar. +\layout Section + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +Contribuir al proyecto de documentación +\layout Subsection + +Informar de errores en los manuales +\layout Standard + +Ésta es una tarea bastante fácil de realizar. + Puedes mandar un mensaje bien a la Lista de Correo de Desarrolladores, + bien a la Lista de Correo de Usuarios. + No obstante, el Equipo de Documentación preferiría que lo mandases a +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + Si los arreglos son pequeños, alguien los hará. + Si son grandes, sugerimos que te unas a la lista de correo y hables con + nosotros antes de hacer nada. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 1.06cm \added_space_bottom 1.06cm \align center + +\emph on +¡Nunca realices cambios en ninguno de los manuales sin el consentimiento + previo del Equipo de Documentación! +\layout Standard + +Cualquiera de estos cambios arbitrarios no se verán reflejados finalmente + en la documentación, ya que el Equipo de Documentación mantiene las copias + maestras a través del árbol de versiones CVS. +\layout Subsection + +Unirse al Equipo de Documentación +\layout Standard + +El Equipo de Documentación de LyX, como todo lo demás en el projecto de + LyX, puede aprovechar tu ayuda siempre. + Si estás interesado en contribuir al Projecto de Documentación, +\emph on +primero +\emph default + necesitas hacer lo siguiente: +\layout Enumerate + +Consigue el último código fuente de LyX. + Descomprímelo. + Encontrarás un directorio en el árbol principal llamado +\family typewriter +development +\family default +. + Dentro de ese directorio hay un fichero llamado +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +. + Léelo; se trata de las condiciones de estilo de la documentación. +\layout Enumerate + +Tómate un descanso de un día o dos, y vuelve a leerlo. +\layout Enumerate + +Después, lee la +\emph on +Guía +\emph default + +\emph on +del +\emph default + +\emph on +Usuario +\emph default + y el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +El objetivo de este ejercicio es darte ideas. + El +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + y la +\emph on +Guía +\emph default + +\emph on +del +\emph default + +\emph on +Usuario +\emph default + serán siempre lo más actualizado de la documentación. + Deberías ser capaz de hacerte una idea de cómo queremos que sean los manuales. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Lee +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + una vez más. +\layout Enumerate + +Por último, contacta con el equipo: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Queremos estar seguros de que entiendes las condiciones de estilo +\emph on +antes +\emph default + de que empieces a escribir. + De lo contrario, te haremos reescribir tu trabajo. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +No +\emph default + se te ocurra +\emph on + +\emph default +empezar a escribir nada hasta que hablemos vía correo electrónico. + Puedes revisar el progreso de cualquier actividad relacionada con los documento +s en la página web del Equipo de Documentación (una vez que la tengamos) + o a través de los archivos de la lista de correo en +\family typewriter +www.lyx.org +\family default +. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/es_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/es_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b4f6776d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/es_Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,5745 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language spanish +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 1 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +Tutorial de LyX +\layout Author + + +\series bold +por Amir Karger y el Equipo de LyX +\series default + +\newline +traducción al castellano: Sergio García Reus +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introducción +\layout Section + +¡Bienvenido a LyX! +\layout Standard + +Este fichero ha sido diseñado para todos aquellos que nunca han oído hablar + de LaTeX, o no lo conocen muy bien. + No tengas miedo, no tendrás que aprender LaTeX para poder usar LyX. + Ese es, al fin y al cabo, el punto fuerte de LyX: proporcionar un interfaz + casi WYSIWIG ( +\emph on +What You See Is What You Get +\emph default +) para LaTeX. + Sin embargo, hay algunas cosas que necesitarás aprender para usar LyX de + forma eficiente. +\layout Standard + +Probablemente has acabado consultando este documento porque has intentado + poner dos espacios después de un punto, o tres líneas en blanco entre dos + párrafos. + Tras mucha frustración, has comprobado que no se puede. + De hecho, descubrirás que la mayoría de los pequeños trucos que estabas + acostumbrado a usar con otros procesadores de texto no funcionan en LyX. + La razón es que la mayoría de los procesadores de texto que has usado hasta + ahora necesitaban que el usuario hiciera a mano todo el espaciado, los + cambios de tipo de letra, etc. + Así, no sólo se escribía el documento, sino que además se acababa realizando + todo el trabajo de formato y composición. + LyX realiza este trabajo por tí de forma consistente, dejando que te centres + en lo más importante: el contenido del documento. +\layout Standard + +Así pues, ten paciencia con nosotros y sigue leyendo. + Merece la pena que leas este tutorial. +\layout Section + +Qué +\emph on +es +\emph default + este tutorial y qué +\emph on +no +\emph default + +\emph on +es +\layout Standard + +Antes de que empecemos con esta sección, queremos hacer un pequeño apunte. + El +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + usa la notación señalada en la +\emph on +Introducción +\emph default +. + Si has llegado a este manual primero, ve y lee la +\emph on +Introducción +\emph default +. + Sí, ahora. +\layout Standard + +Una vez que ya sabes qué significa cada tipo de letra, vamos a hablar un + poco sobre la finalidad de este +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Para aprovechar al máximo el tutorial +\layout Standard + +Este +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + se compone de ejemplos y ejercicios. + Para obtener el máximo provecho de este documento, deberías leerlo todo, + tecleando todos los pequeños detalles que te vayamos explicando (por simples + que sean) e intentando hacer todos los ejercicios para comprobar que lo + entiendes. + Por comodidad, puede interesarte imprimir la versión PostScript® de este + documento. +\layout Standard + +Si estás familiarizado con LaTeX, probablemente podrás leer el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + más deprisa, ya que muchas de las ideas de LyX son realmente ideas de LaTeX + disfrazadas. + No obstante, LyX no tiene peculiaridades +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +o dicho de manera más optimista, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +características +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + que tengas que aprender. + Incluso aunque no te apetezca leer el resto del +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, harías bien en mirar la sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +, que ha sido escrita específicamente para usuarios experimentados de LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +La sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + ha quedado sin actualizar de una versión anterior del +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, y es un poco general. + Aún así, es una buena introducción +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +panorámica +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + a LyX, así que deberías echarle un vistazo para ir haciéndote una idea + sobre él. +\layout Subsection + +Qué +\emph on +no +\emph default + vas a encontrar +\layout Itemize + +Las lecciones masticadas y dadas de comer con cuchara. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +La tendencia actual +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nota de +\noun on +John +\noun default +Weiss: \SpecialChar \ldots{} +bueno, al menos en Estados Unidos, donde reducimos todo al mínimo + común denominador\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + en la literatura autodidacta informática parece ser: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Se asume que el usuario tiene el coeficiente intelectual de un mosquito +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Nosotros no vamos a hacer eso. + +\layout Standard + +Por otro lado, somos conscientes de que la mayoría de los usuarios acuden + a un manual, especialmente a un tutorial, cuando se encuentran perdidos. + Así pues, asumiremos que tú, el usuario, +\emph on +no +\emph default + eres estúpido, pero entenderemos que puedas estar un poco despistado o + confuso. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Instrucciones de cómo usar el ratón o el teclado. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Si todavía no has aprendido a usar tu ordenador no podemos ayudarte, está + más allá del alcance de estos manuales. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Además de que, si estás usando LyX para empezar, seguramente tienes más + de medio cerebro en la cabeza. +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Explicación detallada de todas las características de LyX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +¿Qué? ¿quieres la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + dos veces? +\layout Standard + +Hablando en serio, nuestro objetivo con este tutorial es prepararte para + que sólo necesites la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default +. + Tratar de duplicar toda la información sobre las características de LyX + aquí sería redundante, demasiado largo y estaría siempre obsoleto. + Todo lo que pretendemos es introducir las cosas; como puedes imaginar, + hay un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ver +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + al final de cada sección. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Explicación detallada de LaTeX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Innecesario. + Si de verdad tienes curiosidad por aprender algunos de los trucos que puedes + hacer con LaTeX, siempre puedes conseguir un libro específico. + Hay varios libros buenos sobre el tema en el mercado. + Después de todo, no hay necesidad de volver a inventar la rueda\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Así pues, espíritu intrépido, es hora de seguir adelante. + Puedes hacer una breve excursión por la siguiente sección, o puedes continuar + con la sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +¿Qué es LyX? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Visión general +\layout Standard + +Parte del reto inicial de usar LyX surge del cambio en la manera de pensar + que tú, el usuario, debes hacer. + En su momento, todo lo que teníamos para crear documentos eran máquinas + de escribir, así que aprendimos verdaderas artimañas para evitar sus limitacion +es. + Subrayar, que es poco más que sobreescribir con el carácter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, se convirtió en un forma de resaltar texto. + Para crear una tabla, establecías a mano el ancho de cada columna y ponías + las tabulaciones necesarias. + Lo mismo se aplicaba para cartas y otros textos sangrados a la derecha. + Además, la ruptura de palabras al final de línea requería ser muy cuidadoso + y previsor. +\layout Standard + +En otras palabras, todos hemos sido entrenados para preocuparnos por los + pequeños detalles de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +qué caracter va en qué lugar +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Como consecuencia, casi todos los procesadores de texto se basan en esta + mentalidad. + Todavía usan tabuladores para añadir espacios en blanco. + Todavía te tienes que preocupar de en qué parte exacta de la página saldrá + cada cosa. + Resaltar texto significa cambiar el tipo de letra, similar a cambiar la + rueda de una máquina de escribir. +\layout Standard + +Aquí es donde LyX difiere de un procesador de texto corriente. + No te tienes que preocupar de que una letra vaya en un sitio determinado. + Le dices a LyX +\emph on +lo que estás haciendo +\emph default + y él se preocupa de todo lo demás, siguiendo un conjunto de reglas llamado + estilo. + Veamos un pequeño ejemplo. +\layout Standard + +Supón que estás realizando un informe. + Quieres que comience con una sección llamada +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Introducción +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Así pues, te diriges a cualquiera que sea el menú de tu procesador de texto + que cambia el tamaño de fuente y eliges un nuevo tamaño. + Después cambias también a negrita. + Seguidamente escribes: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1._Introducción +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Por supuesto, si más tarde decides que esta sección pertenece a alguna + otra parte del documento, o bien insertas una nueva sección anterior a + ésta, tienes que cambiarle la numeración a ella y a todas las posteriores, + además de las correspondientes entradas en el índice. +\layout Standard + +En LyX, te diriges a la lista situada a la derecha de todos los botones + y eliges +\family sans +Sección +\family default +, y escribes +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Introducción +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Eso es todo. + Si cortas y pegas la sección en otra parte, todo es renumerado automáticamente. + Se puede hacer incluso que LyX actualice cualquier referencia a la sección + que esté dentro del fichero. +\layout Standard + +Con el procesador de texto tradicional hay problemas de consistencia. + Cinco días más tarde, abres tu informe y comienzas la sección 4. + Sin embargo, has olvidado que estabas usando la letra en negrita de 18 + puntos, y usas la de 16, así que acabas escribiendo el encabezado de la + sección 4 con un tipo de letra distinto al que usaste para la sección 1. + Este problema ni siquiera existe en LyX. + El ordenador se encarga de todo el tedioso trabajo de llevar la cuenta + de tamaños y fuentes, no tú. + Al fin y al cabo, para eso está hecho. +\layout Standard + +Otro ejemplo. + Supón que estás haciendo una lista. + En otros procesadores de texto una lista es sólo una mera secuencia de + tabuladores y saltos de línea. + Necesitas pensar dónde poner la etiqueta de cada elemento de la lista, + qué debe ser esa etiqueta, cuántas líneas en blanco hay que poner entre + cada elemento, etc. + Con LyX, sólo tienes dos preocupaciones: qué clase de lista es, y qué vas + a poner en ella. + Eso es todo. +\layout Standard + +Así pues, la idea esencial detrás de LyX es especificar lo que se está haciendo, + no cómo hacerlo. + En lugar de un procesador +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lo que ves es lo que obtienes +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (WYSIWIG, What You See Is What You Get), el modelo de LyX es +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lo que ves es lo que quieres decir +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (WYSIWIM, What You See Is What You Mean). +\layout Subsection + +Diferencias entre LyX y los procesadores de texto usuales +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +No, no estamos intentando empezar (o ganar) una guerra santa. + Pero pensamos que es importante describir las características de LyX, y + una de las principales, WYSIWIM, es un concepto radicalmente diferente + del que el 99% de la gente tiene del proceso de texto. + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +He aquí una lista de cosas que no encontrarás en LyX: +\layout Itemize + +La regla (para medir márgenes) +\layout Itemize + +Tabuladores +\layout Itemize + +Espacios en blanco adicionales (i.e. + pulsar +\family sans +Intro +\family default + o +\family sans + Espacio +\family default + dos o más veces) +\layout Standard + +Los tabuladores, así como la regla (que te muestra la posición de cada elemento + en la página), son inútiles en LyX. + El programa se preocupa de dónde tiene que ir cada cosa, no tú. + Con los espacios en blanco adicionales ocurre lo mismo; LyX los añade conforme + son necesarios, según el contexto. + Al principio puede resultar molesto no poder escribir dos líneas en blanco + seguidas, pero cobra mucho más sentido una vez que empiezas a pensar en + términos WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +Y aquí tienes algunas cosas que presenta LyX pero que no se usan como podrías + pensar: +\layout Itemize + +Controles de sangrado +\layout Itemize + +Saltos de página +\layout Itemize + +Espaciado entre líneas (i.e. + espaciado simple, doble, etc.) +\layout Itemize + +Espacio en blanco, horizontal y vertical +\layout Itemize + +Tipos de letra y tamaño +\layout Itemize + +Estilo de letra (negrita, cursiva, subrayado, etc.) +\layout Standard + +Aunque aparecen en LyX, no se necesitan normalmente. + El programa se preocupa de estas cosas por tí, actuando en consecuencia + según lo que estés haciendo. + Diferentes partes del documento son automáticamente puestas en diferente + tamaño y estilo. + El sangrado de cada párrafo es dependiente del contexto; cada tipo de párrafo + se sangra de manera diferente. + Los saltos de página se manejan también de forma automática. + En general, el espacio entre líneas, entre palabras y entre párrafos es + variable, elegido por LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Se pueden ajustar todas estas características (sólo el ajuste de unas pocas + requiere conocimientos de LaTeX), tanto para todo el documento como para + una parte concreta. + Ver Guía del Usuario para más detalles. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Por último, éstas son las áreas en las que LyX (y LaTeX) sobrepasan a muchos + procesadores de texto: +\layout Itemize + +Separación de palabras a final de línea +\layout Itemize + +Listas de cualquier tipo +\layout Itemize + +Matemáticas +\layout Itemize + +Tablas +\layout Itemize + +Referencias cruzadas +\layout Standard + +Por supuesto, muchos procesadores de texto modernos manejan símbolos matemáticos +, tablas, separación de palabras a final de línea, e incluso comienzan a + aproximarse a las definiciones de estilo y el concepto WYSIWYM. + Sin embargo, acaban de empezar a incluir estas características, mientras + que LyX está construido sobre el sistema de proceso de documentos LaTeX. + Éste lleva más de 10 años con ellas, y +\emph on +funciona +\emph default +. + Todos los errores han sido subsanados hace tiempo. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +De acuerdo, nada es perfecto, pero LaTeX es lo más cercano a un programa + libre de errores que se puede conseguir. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +¿Qué diablos es LaTeX? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX es un sistema de preparación de documentos diseñado por Leslie Lamport + en 1985. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +La información de esta sección ha sido extraída de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, de Helmut Kopka y Patrick Daly, documento incluido en la bibliografía + de la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default +. +\end_inset + + Fue construido gradualmente sobre un lenguaje de composición de documentos + llamado TeX, creado por Donald Knuth en 1984. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + se pronuncia como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blech +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en inglés +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +El ruido que se hace cuando se come algo con mal sabor, especialmente los + niños pequeños cuando no les gusta la comida. + (N. + del T.) +\end_inset + +. + Sin embargo, muchos no comprenden qué es exactamente. + TeX toma una secuencia de órdenes de composición escritos en un fichero + ASCII, y los ejecuta. + Es más complicado que una máquina de escribir, pero sin llegar a la especializa +ción y complejidad de una auténtica imprenta. + En cualquier caso, produce como salida un fichero de formato llamado +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +independiente de dispositivo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, o +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + para abreviar. + El fichero +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + puede ser leído depués por otro programa que acepte este formato, o convertido + a otros formatos, como PostScript®. +\layout Standard + +Si no tuviera más característica que ésta, sería un mero motor de composición. + Sin embargo, TeX también permite definir macros. + Aquí es donde comienza la acción. +\layout Standard + +La mayoría de la gente que usa TeX está usando realmente un conjunto de + macros que Knuth creó para ocultar muchos de los detalles de composición. + Esto es en lo que piensa la gente cuando habla de TeX. + Los usuarios normales no trabajan con TeX puro, un esqueleto desnudo formado + únicamente por comandos de composición. + Sólo aquéllos que crean conjuntos de macros lo hacen. + Y aquí es donde Leslie Lamport entra en nuestra historia. + Él quería macros que fueran más orientadas al usuario y menos a la composición, + un conjunto de comandos que sirvieran para componer secciones, tablas o + fórmulas matemáticas de una forma consistente y uniforme, sin demasiadas + complicaciones. + Así nació LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Ahora, de manera simultánea al desarrollo y crecimiento de LaTeX, otras + personas están creando sus propios paquetes personalizados de macros para + TeX, algunos para realizar trabajos en publicaciones matemáticas y cosas + así. + Unos usaron TeX directamente, otros comenzaron a modificar LaTeX. + Para tratar de unificar este lío, un equipo de expertos en LaTeX (incluyendo + a Lamport, por supuesto), empezaron a trabajar en LaTeX2e, la versión actual + del programa, a finales de los ochenta. + Esta nueva versión posee comandos que proporcionan una interfaz más fácil + para la creación de macros, ayuda para usar las nuevas fuentes, y más mejoras. + De hecho, LaTeX es en sí mismo un vasto lenguaje por derecho propio. + Usuarios de todo el mundo han estado creando sus propios añadidos para + LaTeX, además de los estándar. +\layout Standard + +Existen dos formas de extender LaTeX: las clases y los estilos. + Una +\emph on +clase +\emph default + es un conjunto de macros de LaTeX (y de TeX) que describen un nuevo tipo + de documento, como un libro o un artículo. + Hay clases para transparencias, para publicaciones de física y matemáticas\SpecialChar \ldots{} + + ¡algunas universidades tienen incluso una clase para su propio formato + de tesis! Un +\emph on +estilo, +\emph default + a diferencia de una clase, no define un nuevo tipo de documento, sino un + nuevo tipo de +\emph on +comportamiento +\emph default +, que puede ser utilizado por cualquier documento. + Por ejemplo, LyX controla los márgenes de página y el espaciado entre líneas + usando dos ficheros de estilo diferentes de LaTeX, diseñados para este + fin. + Hay ficheros de estilo para gran cantidad de cosas: imprimir etiquetas + o sobres, cambiar el sangrado normal del texto, añadir nuevos tipos de + letra, manipular gráficos, diseñar elaborados encabezados de página, personaliz +ar bibliografías, alterar la posición y apariencia de notas a pie de página, + tablas y figuras, personalizar listas, etc, etc. +\layout Standard + +Aquí tienes un resumen: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Lenguaje de composición con capacidad para uso y creación de macros. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Paquete de macros construido sobre TeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +clases: Descripciones de un tipo de documento, usando LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +estilos: Alteran algún aspecto del comportamiento normal de LaTeX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Procesador de texto visual, WYSIWYM, que usa toda la potencia de LaTeX + para realizar el trabajo de composición. +\layout Standard + +La idea de esta sección ha sido tratar de explicarte +\emph on +por qué +\emph default + LyX funciona de manera diferente a otros procesadores de texto. + La razón es simple: usa LaTeX como motor de composición. + Como este último, se centra en el contexto de tu escritura +\emph on +(lo que +\emph default + estás escribiendo). + El ordenador se encarga entonces de cómo debe aparecer. +\layout Standard + +Ah, una cosa más. + LaTeX se pronuncia como TeX. + Rima con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hey blech +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Estos detalles de pronunciación no son relevantes para hispanohablantes. + TeX, LaTeX y LyX tienen pronunciación directa en español (N. + del T.) +\end_inset + + Lamport, sin embargo, dice en su libro que +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +lay +\emph default +-tecks también es posible +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Por otro lado, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + se pronuncia como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +licks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lucks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +looks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, dependiendo de la pronunciación de cada país\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Empezando con LyX +\layout Section + +Tu primer documento LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + + Muy bien\SpecialChar \@. + Ya estás listo para empezar a escribir. + Sin embargo, antes de que lo hagas hay un par de cosas que debemos decir, + y que esperamos harán el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + más instructivo, útil y divertido. +\layout Standard + +Como hay mucha información que no te vamos a dar aquí, lo primero que tienes + que hacer es encontrar los otros ficheros de ayuda. + Afortunadamente, esto es muy simple. + Arranca LyX. + Elige la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + en el menú +\family sans +A +\bar under +y +\bar default +uda +\family default +. + También puedes cargar el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + (si es que no lo estás leyendo ya desde ahí). + De esta forma, puedes leerlos mientras escribes tu propio fichero +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +También pueden servir como buenos ejemplos de uso de las características + de LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Ten en cuenta que, una vez que tienes más de un documento abierto, puedes + usar el menú +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumentos +\family default + para alternar entre ellos. + El +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + no va a cubrir en detalle aquellos temas que sean tratados en otros manuales + de LyX. + Esto puede complicarte la vida al principio, pero evita que el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + se haga muy extenso. + Te acostumbrará también a usar los demás manuales, lo cual ---a largo plazo--- + te ahorará mucho tiempo. +\layout Standard + +En este +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, vamos a asumir que tienes instalada una versión de LyX funcionando perfectamen +te, así como LaTeX, +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + o cualquier otro visor de ficheros dvi, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + o alguna otra forma de convertir documentos +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + a PostScript®, y una impresora. + Esto es asumir mucho. + Si alguna de estas condiciones no se cumple, tú mismo deberás configurar + aquello que falte (o bien tu administrador del sistema). + Encontrarás información sobre configuración en otros manuales. +\layout Standard + +Finalmente, hemos preparado un fichero para que practiques tus habilidades + con LyX en él. + Se llama +\family typewriter + es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\family default +. + Imagina que fue escrito por alguien que no conoce ninguna de las magníficas + características de LyX. + Conforme vayas aprendiendo nuevas funciones te iremos sugiriendo que corrijas + las partes correspondientes del fichero +\family typewriter + es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\family default +. + Además, contiene +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sutiles +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + trucos sobre cómo arreglar las cosas +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Los trucos se encuentran en +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +notas +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + amarillas. + Puedes leerlas pulsado con el ratón sobre ellas. +\end_inset + +. + Si quieres hacer trampa (o comprobar lo que has hecho), hay también un + fichero llamado +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_con_lyx.lyx +\family default + que contiene el mismo texto, pero escrito por un experto en LyX. +\layout Standard + +Los ficheros de ejemplo se pueden encontrar en el directorio +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default +, que puedes conseguir seleccionando +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +brir +\family default + y pulsando el botón +\family sans +Ejemplos +\family default +. + Abre el documento sin procesar ( +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\family default +), y usa el menú +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Guardar +\bar under +C +\bar default +omo +\family default + para guardar una copia en tu propio directorio para que puedas trabajar + con él. + Conforme vayas arreglando el documento, comprueba cómo los cambios afectan + a la salida dvi ( +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ver dvi +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Por cierto, el directorio +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default + contiene muchos otros ficheros de ejemplo que te enseñarán cómo hacer con + LyX algunas cosas bastante elaboradas. + Son especialmente útiles para mostrar aquello que no cabría en la documentación + (por su extensión u otras razones). + Después de leer el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, o cuando estés confundido a la hora de hacer algo complicado con LyX, + echa un ojeada a estos ficheros. +\layout Subsection + +Escribiendo, viendo e imprimiendo +\layout Itemize + +Abre un fichero nuevo con +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +uevo +\layout Itemize + +Escribe una frase: +\family typewriter +¡Este es mi primer documento LyX! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +De acuerdo. + Realmente puedes escribir lo que quieras. + No importa. + Nos disculpamos por la estupidez de esta frase, y de todas las que te vamos + a pedir que escribas de aquí en adelante. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Guarda el documento con +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Guardar +\bar under +C +\bar default +omo\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +Ejecuta LaTeX para crear un fichero +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, con +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ver dvi +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Puedes ver que se imprimen algunas líneas en la ventana desde la que has + ejecutado el comando lyx. + Se trata de mensajes de LaTeX, que por ahora puedes ignorar. + LyX lanzará el programa +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (o algún otro visualizador de ficheros +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +), que abrirá una nueva ventana mostrándote el aspecto de tu documento cuando + esté impreso. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Puedes ahorrar tiempo dejando que +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + se ejecute en segundo plano. + De esta forma, puedes usar +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo->Actualizar dvi +\family default +y simplemente pulsar sobre la ventana de +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (o restaurarla) cuando LaTeX termine de ejecutarse. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Imprime con +\family sans + +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Im +\bar under +p +\bar default +rimir +\family default + y pulsa +\family sans +OK\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +¡Enhorabuena! Has escrito e impreso tu primer documento LyX. + Todo lo demás son detalles, a cubrir por el resto del +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + y el +\emph on +Manual de Referencia +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Operaciones sencillas +\layout Standard + +Por supuesto, LyX puede realizar la mayoría de las cosas a las que estás + acostumbrado con tu procesador de texto. + Separará las palabras y justificará los párrafos automáticamente. + Basta que accedas a un par de menús +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Si eres como tantos usuarios de +\noun on +unix +\noun default +, lo habrás hecho ya mucho antes de empezar a leer el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\end_inset + + para que veas cómo la mayor parte de los comandos simples (i.e., +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Salir, +\bar under +E +\bar default +dición\SpecialChar \menuseparator +P +\bar under +e +\bar default +gar, +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Im +\bar under +p +\bar default +rimir) +\family default +tienen los nombres que esperas que tengan, están en el menú donde esperas + que estén, y funcionan tal y como esperas que funcionen. + A continuación tienes una descripción rápida de cómo realizar algunas acciones + sencillas. +\layout Description + +Deshacer LyX tiene capacidad para +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +deshacer infinitas veces +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, lo que significa que puedes deshacer todo lo que lo que hayas hecho desde + que empezaste la sesión actual, aplicando una y otra vez +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dición\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Deshacer +\family default +. + Si deshaces demasiado, elige simplemente +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dición\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +ehacer +\family default + para recuperar los cambios. + Actualmente, el comando deshacer está +\emph on +limitado a 100 pasos. + +\emph default +Tampoco funciona +\emph on +para todo +\emph default + (por ejemplo, en los cambios de formato de documento). +\layout Description + +Cortar/Pegar/Copiar Utiliza +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dición\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ortar +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dición\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +egar +\family default +, y +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dición\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +o +\bar default +piar +\family default + para cortar, pegar y copiar. + O pega automáticamente el texto seleccionado con el botón central del ratón. +\layout Description + +Buscar/Reemplazar Utiliza +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dición\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +B +\bar default +uscar\SpecialChar ~ +y\SpecialChar ~ +Reemplazar +\family default +para realizar una búsqueda sensible a las mayúsculas. + En el menú que se despliega a tal efecto, puedes desplazarte hacia delante + y hacia atrás en la búsqueda mediante las flechas, y reemplazar aquellas + palabras que hayas encontrado con el botón +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +eemplazar +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Cierra la ventana cuando hayas acabado, o déjala abierta si lo encuentras + más conveniente. + La mayoría de los menús contextuales de LyX (incluyendo los de +\family sans +\bar under +B +\bar default +uscar\SpecialChar ~ +y\SpecialChar ~ +Reemplazar, Índice\SpecialChar ~ +Gener +\bar under +a +\bar default +l +\family default + y +\family sans +\bar under +F +\family default +\bar default +ormato, así como los de matemáticas) son ventanas que pueden ser apartadas, + en vez de cerradas. + Unos pocos menús como +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +brir +\family default +, no te dejarán escribir nada en la ventana principal hasta que los cierres. + Asegúrate de que el foco está en la ventana correcta cuando estés tratando + escribir en la ventana principal de LyX o introduciendo un comando en alguna + ventana de diálogo. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Formato\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +caracteres Puedes +\emph on +resaltar +\emph default + texto (lo que normalmente significa poner los caracteres en cursiva), ponerlo + en +\series bold +negrita +\series default +, o en +\noun on + Estilo Nombre +\noun default + (habitualmente en minúsculas, para nombres propios de personas) desde los + botones interruptor en el menú +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormato +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Barra\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +herramientas Sus botones (justo debajo de los menús) te permiten + realizar las funciones más usuales, como +\family sans +Pegar +\family default + e +\family sans +Imprimir +\family default +. + Si mantienes el cursor del ratón sobre alguno de los botones de la barra, + una pequeña nota amarilla te informará sobre la función concreta del botón. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Minibuffer +\emph default + La franja gris en la parte de abajo de la ventana de LyX recibe el nombre + de +\emph on +minibuffer +\emph default +. + Se encarga de mostrarte toda clase de información útil. + Por ejemplo, cuando guardas, te dice el nombre del fichero que acabas de + guardar. + También muestra algunos mensajes de error. + Observa que puedes escribir en él. + Esto te ofrece una gran funcionalidad, incluyendo la posibilidad de estropear + el documento. + En otras palabras, no escribas en el +\emph on +minibuffer +\emph default + a menos que sepas lo que estás haciendo. +\layout Standard + +Por supuesto, todavía no has escrito suficiente para encontrar útiles todas + estas funciones. + Conforme vayas escribiendo más, prueba a deshacer, copiar, pegar, etc. +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM: el espacio en blanco en LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +Una de las cosas más difíciles para los nuevos usuarios es acostumbrarse + a la forma en que LyX maneja el espacio en blanco. + Por mucho que pulses +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\family default +, sólo conseguirás una única línea en blanco. + Por mucho que pulses la +\family sans +Barra espaciadora +\family default +, sólo conseguirás un único espacio en blanco. + En una línea vacía LyX no te dejará poner ni siquiera un espacio. + El +\family sans +Tabulador +\family default +no te adelantará ningún espacio, ¡de hecho no hay tabulación! Tampoco hay + ninguna regla en la parte superior de la página que te permita definir + tabulaciones o márgenes. +\layout Standard + +Muchos procesadores de texto comerciales están basados en el principio WYSIWYG: + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lo que ves es lo que obtienes +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX, por el contrario, está basado en el principio +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lo que ves es lo que quieres decir +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Escribes lo que quieres decir, y LyX se preocupará de la composición por + tí para que el resultado final quede bien. + Un +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\family default + gramaticalmente separa párrafos, y de la misma forma un +\family sans + espacio +\family default + separa palabras, así que no hay ninguna razón para poner varios seguidos; + un +\family sans + Tabulador +\family default + no tiene función gramatical alguna, así que LyX no los usa. + Con LyX emplearás más tiempo en el contenido del documento, y menos en + la forma. + Ver Sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + para más información sobre el concepto WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +LyX tiene (muchas) formas de ajustar al detalle el formato del documento. + Después de todo, podría no imprimirse exactamente lo que querías decir. + La +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + contiene información sobre eso. + Incluye espaciado vertical y horizontal ---mucho más potentes y versátiles + que múltiples espacios o líneas en blanco--- y formas de cambiar tamaño + y estilo de letra y alineación de párrafos a mano. + La idea es que puedas escribir todo el documento concentrándote en el contenido +, y solamente te preocupes de ajustar los detalles al final. + Con los procesadores de texto convencionales, el formato te distrae continuamen +te. +\layout Section + +Entornos +\layout Standard + +Las diferentes partes de un documento tienen propósitos diferentes; llamaremos + a estas partes +\emph on +entornos +\emph default +. + La mayor parte del documento está formada por texto normal. + Los títulos de sección (capítulos, subsecciones, etc.) permiten al lector + saber que se va a tratar un nuevo concepto o idea. + Ciertos tipos de documentos tienen entornos especiales. + Un artítculo de periódico tendrá un resumen y un título. + Una carta no tendrá nada de eso, pero probablemente contendrá un entorno + para la dirección del remitente. +\layout Standard + +Los entornos son una parte importante en la filosofía +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lo que ves es lo que quieres decir +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + de LyX. + Un entorno dado puede requerir un cierto estilo o tamaño de letra, sangrado, + espaciado y otras características. + Este problema se agrava cuando el formato exacto de un entorno puede cambiar: + un periódico puede usar letra en negrita, de 18 puntos con párrafos centrados + para los títulos, mientras que otros pueden usar párrafos justificados + con letra cursiva de 15 puntos; idiomas distintos pueden tener diferentes + convenios para el sangrado; y los formatos de bibliografía pueden variar + ampliamente. + LyX te evita tener que aprender todos los diferentes estilos de formato. +\layout Standard + +La caja de +\family sans +Entorno +\family default + se sitúa al final a la izquierda en la barra de herramientas (justo debajo + del menú +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo +\family default +). + Indica qué entorno estás usando en cada momento. + Mientras escribías tu primer documento, decía +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (normal), que es el entorno por defecto para texto. + Ahora vas a usar varios entornos en el nuevo documento para que puedas + ver cómo funcionan. + Lo harás con el menú +\family sans +Entorno, +\family default + que puedes abrir pulsando sobre el icono con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +la flecha hacia abajo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + justo a la derecha de la caja de +\family sans +Entorno. +\layout Subsection + +Secciones y subsecciones +\layout Standard + +Escribe la palabra +\family typewriter +Introducción +\family default + en la primera línea de tu fichero LyX, y elige +\family sans +Section +\family default + (sección) en el menú de entorno +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +No tienes que seleccionar la línea. + Si no hay nada seleccionado, LyX cambia el párrafo en el que estás escribiendo + ahora al entorno elegido. + Alternativamente, puedes cambiar varios párrafos seleccionándolos antes + de elegir el nuevo entorno. +\end_inset + +. + LyX numera la sección como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y escribe el encabezado (título ) en un tipo de letra mayor (por supuesto, + el encabezado aparecerá de esta forma en el fichero +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + y en el documento impreso). + Ahora pulsa +\family sans +Retorno de carro. + +\family default + Observa que la caja de entorno cambia de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Se asume que los títulos de sección, como muchos entornos, terminan cuando + introduces un +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ver +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + para poder escribir títulos de más de una línea. + Desde luego, el entorno +\family sans +Standard +\family default + puede continuar a lo largo de varios párrafos. + Los entornos de listas (ver más adelante) tampoco terminan con +\family sans +Retorno de carro. + +\family default + Siempre puedes saber el entorno en el que estás mirando la caja de +\family sans +Entorno. +\end_inset + +. + +\family default + Escribe la introducción del documento: +\layout LyX-Code + +Esto es una introducción a mi primer documento LyX. +\layout Standard + +Pulsa +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\family default + otra vez, y elige de nuevo +\family sans +Section +\family default + en el menú entorno. + LyX escribe un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y espera que intoduzcas un título. + Escribe +\family typewriter +Más cosas +\family default +, y verás que de nuevo lo establece como título de sección. +\layout Standard + +La cosa mejora. + Ve al final de la sección 1 otra vez (tras +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +mi primer documento LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), pulsa +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\family default +, y selecciona +\family sans +Section +\family default + en el menú +\family sans + Entorno +\family default +. + Una vez más, LyX escribe +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y espera a que introduzcas un título. + Escribe +\family typewriter +Acerca de este documento +\family default +. + La sección +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Más cosas +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, que antes era la sección 2, ¡ha sido automáticamente renumerada a sección + 3! De una forma verdaderamente WYSIWYM, sólo necesitas identificar los + títulos de las distintas partes de que se compone el texto, y LyX se encarga + de la numeración de secciones y su formato. +\layout Standard + +Pulsa +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\family default + para volver al entorno +\family sans +Standard +\family default + y escribe las siguientes cinco líneas: +\layout LyX-Code + +Secciones y subsecciones se describen más adelante. +\layout LyX-Code + +Descripción de sección +\layout LyX-Code + +Las secciones son mayores que las subsecciones. +\layout LyX-Code + +Descripción de subsección +\layout LyX-Code + +Las subsecciones son menores que las secciones. +\layout Standard + +Colócate en la segunda línea y elige +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + (subsección) en el menú +\family sans + Entorno +\family default +. + LyX numera la sección como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, y la escribe con un tamaño de letra mayor que el de texto regular pero + menor que el de un título de sección. + Cambia también el entorno de la cuarta línea a +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +. + Como probablemente esperabas, LyX la numera automáticamente como sección + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Si pones una sección más antes de la sección 2, ésta será renumerada como + sección 3, y sus subsecciones corespondientes como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Niveles más profundos de sección son la subsubsección ( +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +), el párrafo ( +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +), y el subpárrafo ( +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +). + Dejaremos que juegues tú mismo con ellos. + Notarás que los títulos de párrafo y de subpárrafo no están numerados por + defecto, y que los subpárrafos están sangrados; ver +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + para cambiar esto. + Los encabezados de capítulo ( +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +) son realmente el nivel más alto de la jerarquía, por encima de las secciones, + pero solamente se pueden utilizar en ciertos tipos (clases) de documentos + (ver Sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +). + +\layout Standard + +Finalmente, puede que quieras usar secciones y subsecciones sin numerar. + Existen entornos para esto también. + Si cambias uno de los encabezados de sección al entorno +\family sans +Section* +\family default + (puede que tengas que bajar en el menú +\family sans +Entorno +\family default + para encontralo), LyX usará el mismo tamaño de letra que en las secciones + normales, pero no la numerará. + También están los entornos +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +no numerados +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + correspondientes a +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + y +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +. + Intenta cambiar alguna de tus secciones o subsecciones a entornos no numerados, + y comprueba cómo los demás números de sección se actualizan. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Arregla los encabezados de sección y subsección del fichero +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\family default +. + +\layout Subsection + +Listas y sublistas +\layout Standard + +LyX tiene diferentes entornos para componer listas. + Los variados entornos de listas te evitan tener que pulsar el +\family sans +Tabulador +\family default + un millón de veces cuando estás escribiendo un esquema, o de renumerar + toda la lista cuando quieres añadir un nuevo punto en mitad de ella. + Así puedes concentrarte en el contenido de la lista +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Sí, estamos recalcando una y otra vez este punto a lo largo de todo el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + Pero +\emph on +es +\emph default + la principal filosofía de LyX, así que por favor, discúlpanos. +\end_inset + +. + Distintos tipos de documentos requieren, lógicamente, entornos de lista + diferentes: +\layout Itemize + +Una exposición de diapositivas podría usar las listas simples (etiquetadas + con bolos) del entorno +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + para describir los diferentes puntos. +\layout Itemize + +Un esquema usaría las listas numeradas (y sublistas etiquetadas con letras) + del entorno +\family sans + Enumerate +\family default + (enumeración). + +\layout Itemize + +Un documento que describa varios paquetes de software usaría el entorno + +\family sans +Description +\family default +(descripción), en el que cada elemento de la lista comienza con una palabra + en negrita. + +\layout Itemize + +El entorno +\family sans +List +\family default + (que no existe en LaTeX) es ligeramente diferente al entorno +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vamos a escribir una lista de razones por las que LyX es mejor que otros + procesadores de texto. + En cualquier parte de tu documento escribe: +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX es mejor que otros procesadores de texto porque: +\layout Standard + +y pulsa +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\family default +. + Ahora elige +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + en el menú de +\family sans +Entorno +\family default +. + LyX pondrá un bolo (realmente un asterisco, que se convertirá en un círculo + en la salida final) en la línea. + Introduce tus razones: +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX realiza la composición por tí. +\layout LyX-Code + +Las matemáticas son WYSIWYG +\layout LyX-Code + +¡Las listas son muy fáciles de crear! +\layout Standard + +Los entornos de listas, al contrario que los encabezados, no terminan cuando + introduces un +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\family default +. + En vez de eso, LyX asume que vas a introducir el siguiente elemento de + la lista. + La anterior resultará ser una lista de tres elementos. + Si deseas más de un párrafo en un solo +\emph on +elemento +\emph default + de la lista, una forma de conseguirlo es mediante un +\family sans +Retorno de carro protegido +\family default +, pulsando +\family sans +C-Retorno de carro +\family default +. + Para salir de la lista tienes que volver a seleccionar el entorno +\family sans +Standard +\family default + (o usar la combinación de teclas +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Has conseguido una bonita lista simple. + Puedes ejecutar LaTeX para ver cómo aparece en la salida impresa. + Pero, ¿y si querías numerar las razones? Bien, simplemente selecciona toda + la lista +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX no te dejará seleccionar el primer bolo a menos que selecciones el párrafo + anterior a la lista, que probablemente no es lo que quieres hacer. + De forma similar, no puedes seleccionar el número en el título de una sección. + No te preocupes de eso. +\end_inset + + y elige el entorno +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + en el menú. + ¡Increíble! Como ya dijimos, si añades o borras un elemento de la lista, + LyX arregla la numeración. +\layout Standard + +Mientras la lista esté selecionada, puedes cambiar a los otros dos entornos, + +\family sans +Description +\family default + y +\family sans +List +\family default +, para ver cómo son. + Para ambos, cada elemento de la lista está compuesto por un término, que + es la primera palabra del elemento, seguido de una definición, que es el + resto del párrafo (hasta que pulses +\family sans +Retorno de carro +\family default +). + El término se escribe en negrita ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +) o separado por un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Tabulador +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pero un tabulador de composición, que cambiará para ajustarse al tamaño + del mayor término de la lista, no un rígido, inmutable y patético +\family sans +Tabulador +\family default + de máquina de escribir. +\end_inset + +( +\family sans +List +\family default +) del resto del párrafo. + Si quieres más de una palabra en el término, separa las palabras con +\family sans +Espacios\SpecialChar ~ +protegidos +\family default +, que se obtienen al pulsar +\family sans +C-Espacio +\family default + y aparecen como pequeñas +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ues +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + rosas. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Escribe correctamente la lista en el fichero +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\layout Standard + +Puedes anidar listas unas dentro de otras en toda clase de formas interesantes. + Un ejemplo sería escribir esquemas. + Las listas simples y numeradas tendrán diferentes tipos de bolos y diferente + numeración en las sublistas. + Ver +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + para los detalles de los distintos tipos de listas, así como ejemplos de + cómo usar +\emph on +mucho +\emph default + anidamiento. +\layout Subsection + +Más entornos: estrofas, citas y otros +\layout Standard + +Hay dos entornos para separar las citas del texto que las rodea: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + para citas cortas y +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + para las más largas. + El código de ordenador (el entorno +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, usado también en este +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + para ejemplos largos) se escribe en letra de +\family typewriter +máquna de escribir +\family default +; este entorno es el único sitio en LyX donde se permite usar varios espacios + seguidos para permitir el sangrado del código. + Puedes incluso escribir poesía +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +suponiendo que seas lo suficientemente creativo para comenzar escribiendo + poesía. +\end_inset + + mediante el entorno +\family sans +Verse +\family default + (estrofa), usando +\family sans +Retornos de carro +\family default + para separar los versos, y +\family sans +C-Retorno de carro +\family default + para separar líneas dentro de un verso. + Ver Guía del Usuario para una descripción más completa de todos los entornos + disponibles en LyX. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Usa los entornos +\family sans +Quote, LyX-Code, +\family default + y +\family sans +Verse +\family default + donde corresponda en el fichero +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Escribiendo documentos +\layout Standard + +Esperamos que el capítulo anterior te haya servido para acostumbrarte a + esribir con LyX. + Te hemos presentado las operaciones básicas de edición, así como el potente + método de escribir con entornos. + Sin embargo, la mayoría de la gente que usa LyX querrá escribir documentos: + periódicos, artículos, libros, manuales o cartas. + Este capítulo pretende que pases de escribir simple texto a escribir un + documento completo. + Te presentará las clases de texto, que te permiten crear distintos tipos + de documentos, y te describirá muchas características nuevas que convierten + texto en un documento, como títulos, notas a pie de página, referencias + cruzadas, bibliografías e índices. +\layout Section + +Clases de texto y modelos +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +Diferentes tipos de documentos deben componerse de forma diferente. + Por ejemplo, normalmente los libros se imprimen a doble cara, mientras + que los artículos se imprimen a simple. + Además, muchos documentos contienen entornos especiales: las cartas tienen + entornos (como la dirección del remitente o la firma) que no tienen sentido + en un libro o un artículo. + Las +\emph on +clases de texto +\emph default + de LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Para usuarios de LaTeX: equivalente a las clases de documento de LaTeX ( +\emph on +documentclass +\emph default +). +\end_inset + + se encargan de estas grandes diferencias entre cada tipo de documento. + Este Tutorial, por ejemplo, se ha escrito con la clase de texto +\family sans +Book +\family default + (libro). + Estas clases son otro de los grandes pilares de la filosofía WYSIWYM; le + dicen a LyX cómo tiene que componer el documento, así que tú no necesitas + saberlo. +\layout Standard + +Tu documento se está escribiendo seguramente con la clase +\family sans +Article +\family default + (artículo) +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Normalmente el artículo es la clase de texto por defecto, aunque puedes + establecerla en tu fichero de configuración +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + Prueba a cambiar a otras clases (usa el menú +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +lase +\family default + dentro de +\family sans +\bar under + F +\bar default +ormato\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento +\family default +) para ver cómo se compone cada una de ellas. + Si la cambias a +\family sans +Book +\family default + y miras en el menú +\family sans +Entorno +\family default +, verás que la mayoría de entornos permitidos son los mismos. + Sin embargo, ahora puedes utilizar el entorno +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + (capítulo). + Si alguna vez no estás seguro de cuáles tienes disponibles en una clase + de texto dada, sólo tienes que consultar el menú +\family sans +Entorno +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +El tamaño de letra, la impresión a una o dos columnas, o los encabezados + de página son sólo algunas de las cosas en las que difiere el formato de + composición de los distintos periódicos. + Conforme la Era Digital ha ido madurando, éstos han empezado a aceptar + presentaciones electrónicas, creando +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ficheros de estilo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + LaTeX para que los autores puedan enviar sus artículos correctamente maquetados. + LyX también está preparado para esto. + Así por ejemplo, ofrece soporte para composición (y entornos adicionales) + para los periódicos de la Sociedad Americana de Matemáticas mediante la + clase de texto +\family sans +Article\SpecialChar ~ +(AMS). +\layout Standard + +A continuación te damos una breve referencia rápida de algunas clases de + texto. + Como siempre, dirígete a la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + para más detalles. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nombre +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Comentarios +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +artículo --- simple cara, sin capítulos +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +formato y entornos de la Sociedad Americana de Matemáticas +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +informe --- más extenso que el artículo, doble cara +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +libro --- informe + portada y contraportada +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +transparencias (incluyendo FoilTeX) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +carta --- entornos adicionales para la dirección, la firma\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Modelos: escribir una carta +\layout Standard + +Una de las clases de texto más populares es la carta. + Una forma de escribir una carta sería abrir un +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +uevo +\family default +fichero, y elegir +\family sans +Letter +\family default + en el menú +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +lase +\family default + dentro de +\family sans +\bar under + F +\bar default +ormato\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento +\family default +. + Aunque esta es la manera más obvia de hacerlo, supone trabajo de más. + Cada vez que escribes una carta de negocios pones tu dirección, la del + destinatario, el cuerpo, la firma, etc. + Por tanto, LyX ofrece un +\emph on +modelo +\emph default + para cartas, que contiene un ejemplo de carta; una vez que tienes el modelo, + sólo tienes que sustituir un par de cosas cada vez que quieras escribir + una nueva carta. +\layout Standard + +Abre un archivo nuevo con +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nuevo\SpecialChar ~ +basado\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Modelo +\family default +. + Tras decidir un nombre para el nuevo fichero, elige +\family typewriter +latex_letter.lyx +\family default + en el menú +\family sans +Seleccionar\SpecialChar ~ +Modelo +\family default +. + Guarda e imprime el fichero para ver cómo se componen los distintos entornos. +\layout Standard + +Si te fijas en el menú +\family sans +Entorno +\family default +, verás algunos entornos, como +\family sans + My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + (dirección del remitente), que no están disponibles en otras clases. + Otros, como +\family sans +Quote +\family default +y +\family sans +Description +\family default +, son familiares. + Puedes jugar con ellos para ver cómo funcionan. + Comprobarás, por ejemplo, que en el entorno +\family sans +Signature +\family default + (firma) la palabra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Signature: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + en rojo antecede al texto de la firma. + Esta palabra no se muestra en la verdadera carta, como podrás ver si imprimes + el fichero. + Sólo está ahí para que sepas dónde va la firma. + Ten en cuenta también que no importa dónde esté situada la línea +\family sans +Signature +\family default +. + Recuerda que LyX es WYSIWYM, así que puedes poner el entorno +\family sans +Signature +\family default + en el lugar que quieras, él sabe que en la salida impresa la firma debe + ir al final. +\layout Standard + +Un modelo es simplemente un fichero de LyX. + Esto quiere decir que puedes completarlo con tu dirección y tu firma y + guardarlo como un nuevo modelo. + A partir de ahora, siempre que quieras escribir una carta ahorrarás tiempo + usando tu nueva plantilla. + Probablemente no necesitamos sugerirte que hagas un verdadero +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ejercicio +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, ¡escribe una carta a alguien! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Una advertencia si estás escribiendo a partir de un modelo. + Si borras todo el texto de un entorno ---por ejemplo, si borras todo el + campo +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + para poder poner tu propia dirección--- y entonces mueves el cursor sin + escribir nada, el entorno podría desaparecer. + Esto se debe a que muchos entornos no pueden existir sin contener texto + alguno. + Para restituirlo, solamente tienes que volver a seleccionarlo en el menú +\family sans + Entorno +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Los modelos pueden ahorrar muchísimo tiempo, así que te instamos a que los + uses siempre que puedas. + Además, te pueden ayudar a usar algunas de las clases de texto más elaboradas + y complejas. + Finalmente, pueden ser útiles para alguien que quiera configurar LyX para + un grupo de usuarios poco experimentados con los ordenadores. + A la hora de empezar a trabajar con LyX, resulta mucho menos intimidatorio + tener, por ejemplo, un modelo de carta personalizado para tu empresa. +\layout Section + +Título del documento +\layout Standard + +LyX (al igual que LaTeX) considera el título ---que puede incluir el título + propiamente dicho, el autor, la fecha e incluso el resumen del documento--- + como una parte independiente. +\layout Standard + +Vuelve a tu documento +\family typewriter +nuevo-archivo.lyx +\family default + y asegúrate de que está usando la clase de texto +\family sans +Article +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +No debes usar la clase carta, ya que ésta no permite títulos. +\end_inset + + Escribe un título en la primera línea, y cámbiala al entorno +\family sans +Title +\family default + (título). + En la siguiente línea escribe tu nombre y cámbiala a entorno +\family sans +Author. + +\family default +En la siguiente escribe la fecha con el entorno +\family sans +Date +\family default + (fecha). + Escribe un párrafo o dos resumiendo el contenido de tu documento y usa + el entorno +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + (resumen). + Ahora mira cómo queda una vez impreso. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Arregla el título, la fecha y el autor en +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\layout Section + +Etiquetas y referencias cruzadas +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + +Puedes etiquetar una sección de tu documento (o una subsección, o incluso, + con menos frecuencia, un fragmento de texto cualquiera). + Una vez que lo hagas puedes hacer referencia a esta sección desde otras + partes del documento mediante referencias cruzadas. + Puedes referirte al número de sección o bien a la página donde aparece. + Como sucedía con las secciones y las notas a pie de página, el propio LyX + se encarga también de las referencias. + La gestión automática de etiquetas y referencias cruzadas es una de las + mayores ventajas de LyX (y LaTeX) sobre los procesadores de texto convencionale +s. +\layout Subsection* + +Tu primera etiqueta +\layout Standard + +Vamos a marcar nuestra segunda sección, cuyo título es +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Acerca de este documento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Pincha al final de la línea del título, y selecciona en el menú +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Etiqueta +\family default +. + Se deplegará una ventana de diálogo preguntándote el nombre de la etiqueta. + Escribe +\family typewriter +sec:acercadeldocumento +\family default +, que parece una etiqueta suficientemente descriptiva para evitar confusiones + con otras que podamos añadir más adelante +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Escribimos +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + porque también podemos etiquetar ecuaciones, tablas y figuras. +\end_inset + +. + Cuando pulses el botón +\family sans +OK +\family default +, el nombre de la etiqueta se situará en un recuadro cerca del título de + la sección. +\layout Standard + +Por cierto, también puedes colocar la etiqueta en cualquier lugar de la + sección; las referencias a sección se referirán a la última cuyo encabezado + vaya antes que la etiqueta. + Sin embargo, ponerla en la misma línea que el título (o bien en la primera + línea de texto) asegura que las referencias a página se refieran al comienzo + de la sección. +\layout Standard + +Hasta ahora no hemos hecho nada (el fichero +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + tiene el mismo aspecto, ya que las etiquetas no se muestran en el documento + impreso). + Pero has añadido una, y ahora puedes hacer referencia a ella. + Vamos a hacerlo a continuación. +\layout Subsection* + +Tu primera referencia +\layout Standard + +Sitúa el cursor en algún lugar de la sección 2 de tu documento. + Escribe +\layout LyX-Code + +Si quieres saber más acerca de este documento, ve a mirar +\newline +la sección , que se puede encontrar en la página . +\layout Standard + +Ahora ---con el cursor tras la palabra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sección +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +--- elige +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Refe +\bar under +r +\bar default +encia\SpecialChar ~ +Cruzada +\family default +. + Aparecerá la ventana +\family sans + Insertar\SpecialChar ~ +referencia +\family default +. + Ésta muestra una lista de etiquetas posibles a las que puedes hacer referencia. + Por el momento sólo hay una, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec:acercadeldocumento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Selecciónala (estará seleccionada por defecto) y pulsa el botón +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar ~ +refe +\bar under +r +\bar default +encia +\family default +. + Ahora sitúa el cursor tras la palabra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +página +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, y pulsa el botón +\family sans +Insertar número\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +p +\bar default +ágina +\family default +en la misma ventana. +\layout Standard + +LyX coloca las referencias dentro de un recuadro en el lugar donde estaba + el cursor. + En el documento impreso, cada marcador de referencia será reemplazado por + el número de página o de sección (según lo que hayas elegido en el menú + +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar ~ +referencia +\family default +). + De manera muy práctica, las referencias actúan como enlaces hipertexto + cuando estás editando el documento con LyX; pinchar sobre una de ellas + moverá el cursor hasta la etiqueta referenciada. + Utiliza +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Actualizar\SpecialChar ~ +dvi +\family default +, y verás como en la última página hacemos referencia a la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sección 2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +página 1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (o cualquiera que sea la página en donde aparezca el título de la sección + 2). +\layout Subsection* + +Más diversión con etiquetas +\layout Standard + +Te hemos dicho que LyX se encarga él solo de la numeración de las referencias + cruzadas; ahora podrás comprobarlo. + Añade una nueva sección antes de la sección 2. + Ahora vuelve a ejecutar LaTeX, y ---voilà!--- la referencia ha cambiado + a la sección 3. + Convierte +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Acerca de este documento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en una subsección, y la referencia indicará ahora la subsección 2.1 en lugar + de la sección 3. + Por supuesto, la referencia de página no cambiará a menos que añadas una + página entera antes de la etiqueta. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Si quieres practicar algo más con las etiquetas, prueba a poner otra, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec:miprimeraetiqueta +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, donde estaba la primera referencia cruzada, y haz referencia a aquélla + desde cualquier parte del documento. + Si vas a usar las referencias a menudo (si, por ejemplo, estás escribiendo + un artículo de prensa), puede ser conveniente que dejes la ventana +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar ~ +referencia +\family default + abierta. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Si quieres asegurarte de que las referencias a página se mantienen correctas + incluso en documentos extensos, usa +\family sans +C +\bar under +o +\bar default +piar +\family default + para llevar un par de páginas de la Guía del Usuario al portapapeles, y + usa +\family sans +P +\bar under +e +\bar default +gar +\family default + para inserrtar el texto robado en tu documento +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Por cierto, copiar un capítulo causará un error de LyX, ya que los capítulos + no se permiten en la clase artículo. + Si te sucede, borra simplemente el título de capítulo. + Si quieres saber por qué ocurre esto, ve a la sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Arregla las referencias en el fichero +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\layout Section + +Notas a pie de página y notas al margen +\layout Standard + +Las notas a pie de página se pueden añadir usando el botón +\family sans +Insertar Nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +pie +\family default +en la barra de herramientas +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +El botón muestra una flecha señalando texto en rojo, justo debajo de texto + en negro. +\end_inset + + o bien accediendo en el menú a +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nota\SpecialChar ~ +al\SpecialChar ~ +pie +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Pincha al final de la palabra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en cualquier parte de tu documento y pulsa el botón +\family sans +Insertar Nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +pie +\family default +. + Una línea de pie de página se abrirá debajo de la línea en la que estabas + escribiendo. + En el extremo izquierdo verás la palabra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (pie) escrita en rojo sobre fondo gris. + El resto de la línea está enmarcada en rojo; aquí es donde escribirás la + nota. + LyX sitúa el cursor al principio de la línea. + Escribe: +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX es un procesador de texto de composición. +\layout Standard + +Ahora pulsa en la palabra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + La línea de la nota desaparece, dejando +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\emph default + subrayada en rojo, mostrando el sitio donde aparecerá el marcador de la + nota en el texto impreso. + A esto se le denomina +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +plegar +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + la nota. + Puedes desplegar la nota en cualquier momento ---y volver a editar el texto + si quieres--- pulsando de nuevo en el marcador rojo. +\layout Standard + +Te preguntarás por qué el marcador de nota es una palabra en vez de un número. + La respuesta es que LyX se encarga también de la numeración de las notas + en el texto impreso. + Puedes comprobarlo tú mismo mirando la salida +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + o impresa. + Si añades más notas, LyX las renumera. + Como LyX (bueno, realmente LaTeX) se preocupa de esto, no hay necesidad + de poner los números en el fichero LyX. +\layout Standard + +Una nota al pie puede ser cortada y pegada como texto normal. + Adelante, ¡inténtalo! Todo lo que necesitas es seleccionar el marcador +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Puede serte más fácil seleccionarla con el teclado, ya que puedes abrir + sin querer la nota si estás intentando seleccionar el marcador con el ratón. +\end_inset + +, +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +ortar +\family default +lo y +\family sans +P +\bar under +e +\bar default +gar +\family default +lo. + Además, puedes convertir texto normal en una nota, basta que lo selecciones + y pulses el botón +\family sans +Insertar Nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +pie +\family default +; convierte una nota en texto normal pulsando el mismo botón cuando el cursor + esté dentro de la nota. +\layout Standard + +Las notas al margen se pueden añadir mediante el botón +\family sans +Insertar Nota\SpecialChar ~ +al\SpecialChar ~ +margen +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +El botón muestra una flecha apuntando a texto en rojo, al lado de (al margen + de) texto en negro, y se encuentra cerca del botón +\family sans +Insertar Nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +pie +\family default +; en la barra de herramientas. +\end_inset + + o bien el menú +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nota\SpecialChar ~ +al\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +M +\bar default +argen +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Son como las notas a pie de página, salvo que: +\layout Itemize + +los marcadores en pantalla dicen +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +margin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (margen) en vez de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +las notas se sitúan en el margen de la página, en vez de bajo el texto. +\layout Itemize + +no se numeran +\layout Itemize + +cuando una nota es plegada, se sitúa un signo de admiración en el margen, + que no se verá en el texto impreso. +\layout Standard + +Convierte ahora tu nota al pie en texto, selecciónala y conviértela en una + nota al margen. + Ejecuta LaTeX de nuevo para ver su aspecto. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Arregla la nota a pie de página en +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\layout Section + +Bibliografía +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +Las bibliografías funcionan de manera similar a las referencias cruzadas. + La bibliografía contiene una lista de referencias al final del documento + que pueden ser referenciadas desde cualquier parte del texto. + Al igual que los títulos de sección, LyX y LaTeX hacen tu trabajo más fácil + numerando automáticamente los elementos de la bibliografía y modificando + las referencias cuando la numeración cambia. +\layout Standard + +Ve al final del documento y activa el entorno +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +. + Ahora, cada párrafo que escribas será una referencia. + Escribe +\family typewriter +El Tutorial de Lyx, por el equipo documentación de LyX +\family default +como primera referencia. + Observa que LyX pone automáticamente un número encerrado en un recuadro + antes de cada referencia. + Pincha con el ratón en el recuadro, y se abrirá una ventana de diálogo + +\family sans +Elemento\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Bibliografía +\family default +. + El primer campo, la clave, te sirve para referirte a esta entrada desde + el documento LyX. + Por defecto es un número. + Cambia la clave a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tutorialdelyx +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + para que sea fácil de recordar. +\layout Standard + +Ahora escoge un lugar cualquiera del documento donde querrías insertar una + referencia. + Hazlo con +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Referenc +\bar under +i +\bar default +a\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +Cita\SpecialChar \@. + +\family default + El programa dibuja un recuadro gris con tres signos de interrogación entre + corchetes, y aparece una ventana +\family sans +Cita +\family default +. + El primer campo también se llama +\family sans +Clave +\family default +, y te permite elegir la entrada bibliográfica que quieres citar +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Esta es la razón por la que es una buena idea dar a las claves nombres únicos + y lógicos, en lugar de dejar el número por defecto. +\end_inset + +. + Con ayuda de la flecha hacia abajo a la derecha del campo +\family sans +Clave +\family default +, selecciona +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tutorialdelyx +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (en este momento es el único elemento de la bibliografía). + Ahora ejecuta LaTeX, y verás que la cita aparece entre corchetes en el + texto, referenciando a la bibliografía al final del documento. +\layout Standard + +¿Cómo se usan los demás campos? El campo +\family sans +Comenta +\bar under +r +\bar default +io +\family default + en la ventana de +\family sans +Cita +\family default +pondrá un comentario (como una referencia a una página o capítulo del libro + o artículo) entre corchetes tras la referencia. + Si quieres que las referencias tengan etiquetas en vez de números en la + salida impresa (por ejemplo, algunos periódicos usarían +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +[Smi95] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + para hacer referencia a un artículo escrito por Smith en 1995), utiliza + el campo +\family sans +Label +\family default +(etiqueta) en la ventana +\family sans +Elemento\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Bibliografía +\family default +. + Como siempre, puedes obtener más información en la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio: +\series default +Arregla la bibliografía y las citas en +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\layout Section + +Índice general +\layout Standard + +Puede que quieras poner un índice al principio de tu documento. + LyX hace que sea algo muy fácil. + Simplemente pulsa +\family sans +Intro +\family default + después del título del documento y antes del título de la primera sección +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +No te desesperes tratando de pinchar o borrar un número de sección. + No funcionará. + No se permite editar el número de sección de ninguna forma, ya que LyX + controla el numerado de secciones. +\end_inset + +, y elige en el menú +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Listas\SpecialChar ~ +e\SpecialChar ~ +Índice\SpecialChar ~ +gral.\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Índice\SpecialChar ~ +general +\family default +. + Aparecerá una caja (también conocida como recuadro) con las palabras +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Índice general +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en la primera línea del documento. +\layout Standard + +Esto puede no parecer muy útil. + Sin embargo, si observas el fichero +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, verás que se ha generado un índice con todas las secciones y subsecciones + de tu documento. + Una vez más, si reordenas las secciones o añades alguna, estos cambios + se verán reflejados en el fichero +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + cuando lo actualices. +\layout Standard + +El índice no se imprime en la versión en pantalla del documento porque no + puedes editarlo de ninguna manera. + Sin embargo, puedes mostrarlo en una ventana separada pinchado con el ratón + en el recuadro del índice o bien mediante +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +ditar\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +ndice\SpecialChar ~ +gener +\bar under +a +\bar default +l +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +El comando del menú funcionará incluso si no tienes recuadro de índice en + tu documento. +\end_inset + +. + Esta ventana es una herramienta muy práctica. + Puedes usarla para moverte a través de tu documento. + Pulsando en una (sub)sección del índice se resaltará esa línea y el cursor + se moverá a ese lugar del documento en la ventana de edición de LyX. + También puedes usar los cursores para moverte arriba y abajo en el índice. + Puede que te resulte conveniente dejar esta ventana abierta a lo largo + de las sesiones de edición. +\layout Standard + +Para deshacerte del índice, puedes borrar su marcador como cualquier otro + carácter. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Arregla el índice en +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Usando las matemáticas +\layout Standard + +LaTeX es utilizado por muchos científicos porque ofrece una gran calidad + en el aspecto de las ecuaciones, evitando los caracteres de control usados + por otros procesadores de texto y sus editores de ecuaciones. + Sin embargo, muchos de estos científicos se sienten frustrados porque escribir + ecuaciones con LaTeX se parece más a programar que a escribir. + Afortunadamente, LyX tiene soporte WYSIWYM para las ecuaciones. + Si estás acostumbrado a LaTeX, verás que sus comandos matemáticos usuales + se pueden introducir normalmente, aunque se muestran de forma WYSIWYM. + Por el contrario, si nunca has usado LaTeX, el +\family sans +Panel\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Fórmulas +\family default + te permitirá escribir matemáticas de apariencia profesional de una forma + rápida y fácil +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Lyx no puede comprobar si los resultados matemáticos que escribes son realmente + +\emph on +correctos +\emph default +. + Lo sentimos. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +El modo matemático +\layout Standard + +Escribe en cualquier parte de tu documento: +\layout LyX-Code + +Me gusta lo que dijo Einstein, E=mc^2, porque es tan simple. + +\layout Standard + +Ahora la ecuación no tiene muy buen aspecto, incluso en el fichero +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +; no hay ningún espacio entre las letras y el signo igual, y te gustaría + escribir el +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + como un verdadero exponente. + Esta composición tan mala se debe a que no le hemos dicho a LyX que estamos + escribiendo una expresión matemática, así que la compone como texto normal. +\layout Standard + +Las expresiones matemáticas se escriben en modo matemático o de fórmulas. + Para entrar en dicho modo, sólo tienes que pinchar en el botón de la barra + de herramientas con un +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + + escrito en azul. + LyX abrirá un pequeño cuadro azul, con un rectángulo magenta a su alrededor. + El cuadrado azul es el punto de inserción, que te indica que está esperando + a que insertes algo, y el rectangulo indica que estás en el modo matemático. + LyX ha situado el cursor en el cuadro azul, así que introduce de nuevo + +\family typewriter +E=mc^2 +\family default +. + La expresión se escribe en azul, y el cuadro azul desaparece tan pronto + como el punto de inserción deja de estar vacío. + Ahora pulsa +\family sans +Esc +\family default +para dejar el modo matemático (nota: pinchar en el botón modo de fórmulas + otra vez no te servirá). + El rectángulo magenta desaparece, dejando el cursor a la derecha de la + expresión y ahora si escribes algo será texto normal. +\layout Standard + +Ejecuta LaTeX y mira el fichero +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Observa que la expresión se ha impreso bien, con espacios entre las letras + y el signo igual, y el +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + como superíndice. + Se asume que en modo matemático las letras son variables, y por tanto vienen + en cursiva. + Los números son sólo números y no van en cursiva. +\layout Standard + +Este nuevo modo es otro ejemplo de la filosofía WYSIWYM. + En LaTeX, escribes una expresión matemática mediante texto y comandos como + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +; esto puede ser desesperante, ya que no puedes ver cómo queda la expresión + hasta que ejecutas LaTeX, y puedes perder mucho tiempo buscando algún paréntesi +s que falte u otros fallos. + Por el contrario, LyX no pretende que la expresión aparezca perfecta en + la pantalla (WYSIWYG), pero te da una buena idea de cuál será su aspecto + impreso. + LaTeX se encarga de la composición profesional. + El 99% del tiempo no tendrás que preocuparte de cambiar tamaños de letra + o espaciado alguno. + De esta forma (sentimos ser tan repetitivos) puedes concentrarte en el + +\emph on +contenido +\emph default + de la expresión matemática, no en su formato. +\layout Section + +Navegando por una ecuación +\layout Standard + +Ahora vamos a cambiar +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Usa los cursores para introducirte en la expresión. + Observa que cuando entras en la expresión el rectángulo magenta aparece + para informarte de que estás de nuevo en modo de fórmulas. + Ahora puedes utilizar las teclas +\family sans +Izquierda +\family default + y +\family sans +Derecha +\family default + para mover el cursor tras el signo de igualdad, y escribir +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1+ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + De nuevo, utiliza los cursores o +\family sans +Esc +\family default + para salir de la expresión, desapareciendo así el rectángulo magenta. + Mucha gente encuentra apropiadas las teclas de dirección, pero también + puedes pichar con el ratón en cualquier parte de la expresión para situar + el cursor ahí y empezar el modo matemático. +\layout Standard + +Salvo para las teclas especiales descritas más adelante, escribir en el + modo matemático es como editar texto normal. + Usa +\family sans +Suprimir +\family default + (o +\family sans +Retroceso +\family default +) para borrar. + Selecciona texto tanto con los cursores como con el ratón. + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dición\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Deshacer +\family default + funciona de la misma forma, al igual que cortar y pegar. + Hay una cosa con la que debes tener cuidado: si estás fuera de la expresión + y pulsas +\family sans +Suprimir +\family default + (o +\family sans +Retroceso +\family default +) la borrarás entera. + Afortunadamente puedes +\family sans +Deshacer +\family default + para recuperarla. +\layout Standard + +¿Y qué ocurre si quieres cambiar +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + +? Una vez más, puedes utilizar el ratón para pinchar en el sitio que vas + a modificar. + También puedes utilizar las teclas de dirección. + Si el cursor se encuentra detrás de la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y delante del +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, pulsando +\family sans +Arriba +\family default + moverás el cursor al nivel del superíndice, justo antes del +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Añade el +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +.5 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Ahora, pulsando +\family sans +Abajo +\family default + devolverás el curso al nivel normal. + De hecho, si pulsas +\family sans +Abajo +\family default + desde cualquier parte del superíndice, el cursor se sitúa justo +\emph on +tras +\emph default + éste (de manera que puedes introducir el +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +También puedes usar la +\family sans +Barra espaciadora +\family default + para recorrer una expresión. + Si ya estás en una estructura matemática (un subíndice, superíndice, fracción, + raíz cuadrada, delimitadores o matriz, todo lo cual se describe en las + siguientes secciones), pulsando +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + moverás el cursor detrás de la estructura, permaneciendo en modo matemático. + Así, si el cursor está en cualquier parte del superíndice, pulsando +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + el cursor volverá al nivel normal y justo detrás del superíndice. + Esto quiere decir que puedes escribir +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{1+x}-2$ +\end_inset + + sin usar el ratón o las teclas de dirección, un método que seguramente + preferirás una vez que vayas cogiendo práctica. + Ten cuidado y no pulses +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + estando entre el +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y el signo más, o saldrás del superíndice. + En aquellos sitios donde estas acciones no tienen sentido (por ejemplo, + entre la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), la +\family sans +Barra espaciadora +\family default + no tiene efecto alguno +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +El +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + y el +\family sans +Tabulador +\family default + +\emph on +no +\emph default + se utilizan para introducir espacios entre los elementos de una ecuación. + Este espacio es parte de la composición, lo que significa de debes dejar + que LyX se preocupe de él (ver Sec. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +). + Si este espaciado no te satisface del todo, hay maneras para ajustarlo, + para lo cual puedes mirar en la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + (pero no te molestes en hacer ajustes hasta que hayas escrito todo el documento +). +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Observa que si introduces una expresión y sales con +\family sans +Esc +\family default +, no habrá ningún espacio tras ésta. + Esto viene bien si vas a escribir un punto o una coma, pero si lo que quieres + es escribir una palabra tras la fórmula, tienes que introducir el +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + explícitamente después de salir de ella. + Un atajo consiste en pulsar +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + justo al final de la fórmula, lo cual te saca de ella +\emph on +y +\emph default + además añade un espacio. + Así, puedes escribir +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + es mi ecuación favorita +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en vez de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + +es mi ecuación favorita +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Exponentes e índices +\layout Standard + +Un exponente se puede introducir desde el menú +\family sans +Fór +\bar under +m +\bar default +ulas +\family default +, pero es más sencillo pulsar la tecla del acento circunflejo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX coloca un punto de inserción (el recuadro azul, ¿recuerdas?) en el + superíndice para que lo siguiente que introduzcas sea superíndice, con + un tamaño de letra menor. + Todo lo que escribas hasta que pulses +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + (o +\family sans +Esc +\family default + para salir completamente de la expresión) será puesto en superíndice. +\layout Standard + +Escribir un subíndice es igual de fácil: para comenzar uno pulsa la tecla + de subrayado, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Puedes introducir subíndices y superíndices tanto en subíndices como en + superíndices, como en esta fórmula: +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Pon la ecuación 1 del fichero +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\family default + en modo matemático. +\layout Section + +El +\family sans +Panel de Fórmulas +\layout Standard + +El +\family sans +Panel de Fórmulas +\family default +es una forma práctica de introducir símbolos o realizar complicadas funciones + matemáticas. + Muchas de estas funciones pueden llevarse a cabo con el teclado o con el + menú +\family sans +Fór +\bar under +m +\bar default +ulas +\family default +. + Sin embargo, nos vamos a centrar en el uso del panel para que conozcas + todo lo que hay; podrás aprender atajos con el teclado más tarde en otros + manuales (esto es una indirecta). + Así que abre el +\family sans +Panel de Fórmulas +\family default + y déjalo abierto durante toda la sección. +\layout Subsection + +Símbolos y letras griegas +\layout Standard + +Si pinchas en el botón +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + del panel, obtendrás un menú desde el que podrás elegir una letra griega. + Ésta aparecerá allí donde esté situado el cursor. + Observa que hay un par de variantes de epsilon, pi, theta, y sigma. + Un atajo: si estás escibiendo texto normal e insertas algo desde el panel, + entras automáticamente en modo matemático. +\layout Standard + +Otros cuatro botones en la parte de abajo del panel te permiten seleccionar + en una matriz gran cantidad de símbolos usados en matemáticas: flechas, + relaciones, operadores, sumas e integrales. + Ten en cuenta que los superíndices y los subíndices te permiten establecer + los límites superior e inferior en estas últimas. + El último botón es el cajón desastre, llamado +\family sans +Varios +\family default +. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +No hay nada que no puedas hacer\SpecialChar \ldots{} + Todo lo que necesitas es +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Raíces cuadradas, tildes y delimitadores +\layout Standard + +Para escribir una raíz cuadrada sólo tienes que pulsar el botón con su símbolo. + La raíz aparece, y el cursor va a un nuevo punto de inserción dentro de + ella. + Aquí puedes introducir variables, números, otras raíces cuadradas, fracciones + y todo lo que quieras. + LyX irá cambiando automáticamente el tamaño de la raíz para que se ajuste + a su contenido. +\layout Standard + +La colocación de tildes en una letra ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +) o grupo de letras ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +) se realiza de la misma forma. + Pulsa el botón que tiene un cuadro azul con una tilde negra (~) encima. + Aparecerá la ventana de +\family sans +Decoración +\family default +. + Pincha en una de las decoraciones, y LyX la imprimirá con un punto de inserción + debajo (o encima). + Escribe lo que quieras y pulsa +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + para +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +salir +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + de ella. +\layout Standard + +Los delimitadores (como paréntesis, corchetes y llaves) funcionan de forma + similar, pero son un poco más complicados. + Pulsa el botón con un cuadro azul entre corchetes para abrir la ventana + +\family sans +Delimitador +\family default +. + Pincha en un delimitador izquierdo con el +\emph on +botón izquierdo del ratón +\emph default + y en un delimitador derecho con el +\emph on +botón derecho +\emph default +. + (De forma alternativa, puedes usar sólo el botón izquierdo utilizando los + selectores etiquetados como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\bar under +I +\bar default +zq. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\bar under +D +\bar default +cha +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + al elegir cada delimitador). + En cada instante, tu selección de delimitadores aparece en un recuadro + en la parte de arriba de la ventana. + Por defecto es un par de paréntesis, pero con este método de selección + puedes elegir un par de llaves, una llave y un paréntesis, o incluso elegir + el delimitador vacío para obtener algo así: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (el delimitador vacío se muestra como una línea negra discontinua en LyX, + pero no aparece en la salida). +\layout Standard + +Una vez que has elegido tus delimitadores, pulsa +\family sans +OK +\family default + para que aparezcan en la expresión (o pulsa +\family sans +Aplicar +\family default + si quieres dejar la ventana abierta). + Si eres un poco vago, puedes escribir los paréntesis normales desde el + teclado en modo matemático, en vez de usar la ventana +\family sans +Delimitador +\family default +. + Sin embargo, estos paréntesis tendrán el mismo tamaño que el texto normal, + lo cual quedará bastante mal si encierran una fracción o una matriz grande. + Usar la ventana +\family sans +Delimitador +\family default + te garantiza que los delimitadores se ajusten de forma precisa a aquello + que encierren. +\layout Standard + +También puedes poner delimitadores, o una raíz cuadrada o una tilde sobre + texto ya existente. + Selecciona la porción de fórmula que quieres ajustar, y pulsa el botón + que quieras del +\family sans +Panel de Fórmulas +\family default +. + Prueba a hacer esto para cambiar la segunda ley de Newton de forma escalar + a forma vectorial ( +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + Una vez que hayas aprendido a hacer matrices, esta será la manera de encerrarla +s entre paréntesis o corchetes. +\layout Subsection + +Fracciones +\layout Standard + +Las fracciones son muy sencillas en modo matemático. + Pincha en el botón +\family sans +Fracción +\family default + del panel (el que tiene un par de cuadros azules a modo de numerador y + denominador). + LyX coloca dos puntos de inserción. + Como cabría esperar, puedes usar los cursores o el ratón para moverte a + través de la fracción. + Pincha en el cuadro de arriba y escribe +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Después pulsa +\family sans +Abajo +\family default + y escribe +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + ¡Acabas de hacer una fracción! Por supuesto, puedes escribir cualquier + cosa dentro de cada uno de los dos cuadros: variables con exponentes, raíces + cuadradas, otras fracciones, cualquier cosa. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Pon la ecuación 2 en el fichero +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\family default + en modo matemático. +\layout Subsection + +Modo TeX: Límites, logaritmos, senos y otros +\layout Standard + +Como las letras en modo de fórmulas se consideran variables, si introduces + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + LyX cree que estás escribiendo el producto de tres variables +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + +, y +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + +. + Las tres se imprimirán en cursiva, cuando lo que realmente querías era + la palabra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + escrita en letra normal. + Además, no se pondrá espacio alguno entre +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (pulsar +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + saldrá del modo matemático). + Así que, ¿cómo conseguir +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en vez de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Pincha en +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en la lista +\family sans +Funciones +\family default + del +\family sans +Panel de Fórmulas +\family default +. + La palabra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + se escribe en rojo, en tipo normal, también llamado modo TeX. + La palabra completa se trata como un único símbolo, de manera que si pulsas + +\family sans +Suprimir +\family default +, la borrarás entera. + Ahora escribe +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, que aparecerá azul y en cursiva, como es de esperar en modo matemático. + En el fichero +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, la expresión se verá correctamente. + Inténtalo. +\layout Standard + +Más comandos que necesitas escribir en modo TeX usando la lista de +\family sans +Funciones +\family default + incluyen otras funciones trigonométricas y sus inversas, funciones hiperbólicas +, logaritmos, límites, y unas pocas más. + Todas aceptan subíndices y superíndices, lo cual es importante para poder + escribir +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Pon la ecuación 3 del fichero +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\family default + en modo matemático. +\layout Subsection + +Matrices +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +Pulsa en el botón +\family sans +Matriz +\family default + del panel. + Se abrirá una ventana del mismo nombre , con dos barras deslizantes para + que elijas cuántas filas y columnas quieres que tenga tu matriz. + Selecciona 2 filas y 3 columnas y pulsa +\family sans +Aplicar +\family default + u +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + LyX imprime seis puntos de inserción formando una matriz +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + +. + Como siempre, puedes introducir cualquier clase de expresión matemática + (un raíz cuadrada, otra matriz, etc) en cada uno de ellos. + También puedes dejar alguno vacío si quieres. +\layout Standard + +Puedes usar el +\family sans + Tabulador +\family default + para moverte horizontalmente entre las columnas de la matriz. + De manera alternativa, puedes usar las teclas de dirección para desplazarte + (pulsando +\family sans +Derecha +\family default + al final de un cuadro moverá el cursor al siguiente, +\family sans +Abajo +\family default + lo moverá a la siguiente fila, etc). +\layout Standard + +Mira la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + para obtener información sobre cómo cambiar la alineación de cada columna + y la posición vertical de la matriz completa. + Si lo que quieres es escribir una tabla que contenga texto, deberías usar + el magnífico soporte de tablas de LyX, en lugar de tratar de escribir texto + en una matriz. +\layout Subsection + +El modo demostración +\layout Standard + +Todas las expresiones que hemos escrito hasta ahora estaban en la misma + línea que el texto que las rodeaba. + Reciben pues el nombre de expresiones en línea. + Están bien para expresiones cortas y sencillas, pero si quieres escribir + cosas más extensas, o si quieres que queden separadas del texto, tienes + que escribirlas en modo demostración. + Además, sólo las expresiones en este modo pueden ser etiquetadas o numeradas + (ver +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default +). + Por último, las ecuaciones de varias líneas (ver Sec. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +) también deben estar en modo demostración. +\layout Standard + +Pincha en el botón +\family sans +Mostrar +\family default + del +\family sans +Panel de Fórmulas +\family default +, que representa un par de líneas de texto rodeando un cuadro azul. + LyX abre un punto de inserción, pero lo coloca en una nueva línea y centrado. + Ahora escribe una expresión y ejecuta LaTeX para ver el resultado. + El botón +\family sans +Mostrar +\family default + actúa como un conmutador entre modo demostración y modo matemático normal; + úsalo ahora para cambiar un par de expresiones a modo demostración y viceversa. +\layout Standard + +Este modo tiene un par de diferencias con respecto al modo normal: +\layout Itemize + +El tipo de letra por defecto es de menor tamaño para unos pocos símbolos, + como +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Los subíndices y superíndices en las sumas y límites (no en las integrales) + se escriben debajo, en lugar de seguir a los símbolos +\layout Itemize + +El texto se centra +\layout Standard + +Aparte de estas diferencias, las expresiones en línea y en modo demostración + son muy similares. +\layout Standard + +Un último apunte acerca del modo en que se componen las ecuaciones en este + modo: presta atención a si lo que quieres es poner una ecuación en un nuevo + párrafo o no. + Si ésta se encuentra en mitad de de una frase o de un párrafo, no pulses + +\family sans +Intro +\family default +. + De lo contrario harás que el texto tras la ecuación comience en un nuevo + párrafo. + Este texto será por tanto sangrado, que probablemente no es lo que querías. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Pon las ecuaciones del fichero +\family typewriter +es_ejemplo_sin_lyx.lyx +\family default + en modo demostración, y comprueba que se componen de manera diferente. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Ejercicio +\series default +: Utilizando las herramientas que has aprendido en esta sección, deberías + de ser capaz de escribir una ecuación como ésta: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Ecuaciones de varias líneas +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +Intenta escribir las siguientes ecuaciones y observa el resultado en el + fichero +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Tendrás que introducir dos ecuaciones distintas en modo demostración. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y+y+y+y+y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +=5y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +¡No queda bien! Al escribir dos o más ecuaciones seguidas, quedan mucho + mejor si sus signos de igualdad están alineados; esto se hace especialmente + patente si la segunda ecuación no tiene parte izquierda. + LyX te permite escribir ecuaciones de varias líneas con cierto control + sobre su alineación. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\ + & = & 5y\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +¡Esto es otra cosa! Los signos de igualdad están alineados, y hay menos + espacio entre las ecuaciones. +\layout Standard + +Para empezar a escribir una ecuación de varias líneas, abre una expresión + en modo demostración y pulsa +\family sans +C-Retorno de carro +\family default +. + LyX imprimirá dos líneas, cada una con tres puntos de inserción. + Al igual que en las matrices, puedes usar el el ratón, los cursores o el + +\family sans +Tabulador +\family default + para desplazarte a través de ellos. + Intenta reproducir la ecuación anterior. + Ten en cuenta que es legal dejar uno o más puntos de inserción vacíos. + Esto es útil para ejemplos como el de arriba, o para separar ecuaciones + muy largas, como: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & a+b+c+d\\ + & & +e+f+g\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX alineará el segundo campo de cada línea, donde usualmente pondrás signos + de igualdad u otros operadores; de hecho, puedes poner cualquier cosa. + Pero no uses una ecuación de varias líneas para escribir una matriz. + Para eso ya está la herramienta apropiada (see Sec. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Si quieres un conjunto mayor de ecuaciones, usa +\family sans + C-Retorno de carro +\family default + para añadir nuevas líneas con tres puntos de inserción vacíos. + Si no estás al final de la línea cuando lo hagas, lo que quede de línea + será llevado a la siguiente. + Si pulsas +\family sans +C-Retorno de carro +\family default + cuando ya has escrito una ecuación (de una línea), la ecuación entera quedará + en el primer campo. + Sitúa el cursor antes del signo igual y pulsa +\family sans +C-Tabulador +\family default + para moverlo al segundo campo. + Colócate pasado el signo y pulsa de nuevo +\family sans +C-Tabulador +\family default + para mover el resto de la ecuación al tercer campo. + Prueba a cambiar tu ecuación +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + a: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +E & = & mc^{2}\\ + & = & mc\times c\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Si has escrito demasiadas líneas, sitúa el cursor al final de una de ellas + y usa +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + para borrar la siguiente. + Se eliminará la alimentación de línea, concatenando la línea siguiente + (los tres puntos de inserción) con el final de línea en la que estás. + Si aquélla está vacía, simplemente la borrará. + Aviso: usar +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + cuando no estás al final de la línea puede llevar a comportamientos extraños. +\layout Section + +Más cosas sobre matemáticas +\layout Standard + +El modo matemático puede hacer muchas cosas más. + Por ahora te has familiarizado con lo básico, así que dirígete a la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + si quieres buscar trucos para: +\layout Itemize + +Etiquetar y numerar expresiones. +\layout Itemize + +Cambiar el tipo de letra (i.e., escribir texto en negrita dentro de una expresión). + Aprovechamos para decirte que pulsando en el botón +\family sans +Modo\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Fórmulas +\family default + de la barra de herramientas dentro de una expresión te permitirá escribir + con tipo de letra normal hasta que introduzcas un espacio (no protegido). +\layout Itemize + +Ajustar los tamaños de letra y el espaciado en una expresión. + (No te preocupes de estas cosas hasta el borrador final). +\layout Itemize + +Escribir macros. + Son muy potentes, ya que te permiten definirlas al principio del documento, + y usarlas en cualquier parte de él. + Si cambias la definición de una macro, las referencias a ella cambiarán + en todo el documento. + Las macros pueden incluso tomar parámetros. +\layout Itemize + +Hacer un montón de cosas más que no tenemos tiempo de contarte en este +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout Chapter + +Misceláneo +\layout Section + +Otras características importantes de LyX +\layout Standard + +No hemos tratado todos los posibles comandos de LyX, y no tenemos intención + de hacerlo. + Como siempre, ve a la +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + para más información. + La función exacta de cada comando del menú se describe en el +\emph on +Manual de Referencia +\emph default +. + Sólo mencionaremos un par más de cosas importantes que LyX puede hacer\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Itemize + +LyX posee soporte WYSIWYG para tablas. + Usa el comando +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +la +\family default + para crear una. + Pincha en la tabla con el +\emph on +botón derecho +\emph default + para que aparezca la ventana de Formato de +\family sans +Tabla +\family default +, que te ofrece extensas posibilidades de edición de la tabla. +\layout Itemize + +LyX también permite incluir gráficos PostScript® (o LaTeX puro). + Lo adivinaste: +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Fi +\bar under +g +\bar default +ura +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Después pincha en la figura para elegir el fichero que quieres incluir, + rotarla, escalarla, etc. + Tanto las tablas como las figuras tienen etiqueta, y LyX genera automáticamente + listas de figuras y/o de tablas. +\layout Itemize + +Soporte de control de versiones, usando RCS ( +\family typewriter +man rcsintro +\family default + para más información). +\layout Itemize + +LyX es altamente configurable. + Todo, desde el aspecto de la ventana hasta la forma de la salida, puede + ser configurado de múltiples maneras. + Gran parte de la configuración se lleva a cabo editando el fichero +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Actualmente, tienes que editar el fichero +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + con un editor de texto. + Los programadores esperan crear una interfaz para la configuración dentro + de LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Para más información sobre esto, echa un vistazo a +\family sans +A +\bar under +y +\bar default +uda\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Personalización\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +LyX está siendo desarrollado por un equipo de programadores en los cinco + continentes. + De esta forma, tiene mejor soporte para otros idiomas además del inglés + (como holandés, alemán, griego, checo, turco, \SpecialChar \ldots{} +) que muchos procesadores + de texto. + Puedes escribir documentos en otros idiomas, pero también puedes configurar + LyX para que muestre los menús y los mensajes de error en otras lenguas. +\layout Itemize + +Los menús de LyX tienen asociadas combinaciones de teclas. + Esto significa que puedes hacer +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +brir +\family default + tecleando +\family sans +M-F +\family default + seguido de +\family sans +O +\family default +. + Las asociaciones de teclas también son configurables (y puede haber asociacione +s incluso para algunos de los menús traducidos del inglés). + Para más información, busca en +\family sans +A +\bar under +y +\bar default +uda\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Personalización\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +LyX puede leer documentos LaTeX. + Ver Sec. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Corrige los errores ortográficos de tu documento con +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dición\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ortografía +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ten en cuenta que el corrector ortográfico sólo comprueba desde el cursor + hasta el final del documento. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +LyX para usuarios de LaTeX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +Si no sabes nada de LaTeX, no tienes que leer esta sección. + Realmente, puede que quieras +\emph on +aprender +\emph default + algo sobre LaTeX, y entonces leas este capítulo. + Sin embargo, a mucha gente que empieza a usar LyX, LaTeX le será familiar. + Si ese es tu caso, te estarás preguntando si verdaderamente LyX puede hacer + todo lo que hace LaTeX. + La respuesta corta es que, de una forma u otra, puede hacer prácticamente + todo lo que hace éste, simplificando en gran medida el proceso de escritura + de un documento mediante LaTeX. + Actualmente hay algunos problemas convirtiendo antiguos documentos LaTeX + y en un par de cosas más, pero las versiones posteriores subsanarán esto. +\layout Standard + +Como sólo se trata de un tutorial, vamos a mencionar únicamente aquellas + cosas que los nuevos usuarios de LyX vayan a encontrar interesantes. + Para mantener corto el +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, vamos a dar información mínima. + La +\emph on +Guía del Usuario +\emph default + ya posee una gran cantidad de información sobre las diferencias entre LyX + y LaTeX, y de cómo hacer varios trucos de LaTeX en LyX. +\layout Subsection + +Modo TeX +\layout Standard + +Todo lo que introduzcas en modo TeX se imprimirá en rojo en la pantalla, + y será pasado directamente a LaTeX. + Entra en este modo con +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormato\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Estilo\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +T +\bar default +eX +\family default + o pinchando en el botón con TeX escrito en rojo de la barra de herramientas. +\layout Standard + +En el modo matemático, el modo TeX se maneja de forma ligeramente diferente. + En este caso para entrar tienes que introducir una contrabarra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\backslash + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Esta no saldrá en pantalla, pero todo lo que escribas de ahí en adelante + aparecerá en rojo. + Para salir pulsa +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + o cualquier otro carácter no alfabético, como un número, el subrayado, + el circunflejo o el paréntesis. + Una vez que salgas del modo TeX, si LyX conoce el comando que acabas de + introducir lo convertirá a formato WYSIWYM. + Así, si en modo matemático escribes +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default +, cuando pulses +\family sans +Espacio +\family default +, LyX convertirá el texto en rojo en una +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + de color azul. + Esto funcionará para casi todas las macros matemáticas que no sean muy + complejas (aunque debes tener en cuenta que funciones como +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sin +\family default + permanecen en rojo, ya que esa es su forma WYSIWYM). + Este sistema puede ser más rápido que usar el +\family sans +Panel de Fórmulas +\family default +, especialmente para usuarios experimentados de LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Como caso particular cabe comentar que si escribes una llave en modo TeX + dentro de una expresión matemática, aparecerán en rojo tanto la llave de + apertura como una de cierre, se te sacará +\emph on +fuera +\emph default + del modo TeX y se situará el cursor entre las llaves. + Esto hace que sea más práctico para escribir comandos LaTeX que el modo + matemático no conoce y que toman un parámetro. +\layout Standard + +LyX no puede hacer absolutamente todo lo que hace LaTeX (¿todavía no?). + Algunas funciones muy elaboradas no están soportadas, mientras que algunas + funcionan pero no son WYSIWYG. + El modo TeX permite a los usuarios disponer de la completa flexibilidad + de LaTeX, a la vez que gozan de las útiles características de LyX, como + las matemáticas WYSIWYG, las tablas y la edición de texto. + LyX no podría abarcar nunca todos los paquetes de LaTeX. + Sin embargo, escribiendo +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{nombre_paquete} +\family default + en el preámbulo (ver Sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +), puedes utilizar el paquete que quieras (aunque no tendrás soporte WYSIWYG + para las características de ese paquete). +\layout Subsection + +Importar documentos LaTeX: +\family typewriter +reLyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +Puedes importar un fichero LaTeX usando el comando +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +mportar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaTeX +\family default +. + Éste llamará a un programa Perl llamado reLyX, que creará un fichero +\family typewriter +fich.lyx +\family default + a partir del fichero +\family typewriter +fich.tex +\family default + y lo abrirá. + Si la traducción no funciona, puedes probar a ejecutar +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + desde la línea de comandos +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Cuando LyX se instala, se crea un fichero ejecutable separado llamado +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + en el mismo directorio que el propio +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + (i.e., +\family typewriter +/usr/local/bin/reLyX +\family default +). + +\family typewriter + reLyX +\family default + requiere Perl (versión 5.002 en el momento de escribir esto). +\end_inset + +, posiblemente usando opciones más complejas. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + traducirá la mayoría de los comandos legales de LaTeX, pero no todo. + Dejará lo que no entienda en modo TeX, así que después de la traducción + puedes buscar el texto en rojo y editarlo a mano para tratar de arreglarlo. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + tiene su propia página del manual. + Léela si quieres conocer los comandos y entornos de LaTeX que no admite, + fallos (y cómo evitarlos), y cómo usar las distintas opciones. +\layout Subsection + +Convertir documentos LyX a LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Puede que desees convertir un documento LyX en un fichero LaTeX. + Por ejemplo, un compañero de trabajo o colaborador que no tiene LyX puede + querer leerlo. + Esto se soluciona muy fácilmente con LyX. + Selecciona +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +rchivo\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +E +\bar default +xportar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +como\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default +. + Se creará un fichero +\family typewriter +cualquiera.tex +\family default + a partir del fichero +\family typewriter +cualquiera.lyx +\family default + que estés editando. + Al fin y al cabo, el programa siempre genera ficheros temporales LaTeX + cuando visualiza o imprime los documentos, así que no tiene ningún problema + para hacer esto. +\layout Subsection + +Preámbulo LaTeX +\layout Subsubsection + +Clase de documento +\layout Standard + +El menú +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormato\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento +\family default + se encarga de muchas de las opciones que introducirías en un comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +. + Cambia aquí la clase del documento, el tamaño de letra por defecto y el + tamaño del papel. + Pon cualquier opción adicional en la zona de +\family sans +Opciones\SpecialChar ~ +e +\bar under +x +\bar default +tra +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Otros aspectos del preámbulo +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +Si tienes que poner comandos especiales en el preámbulo de un fichero LaTeX, + también puedes hacerlo en un documento de LyX. + Elige +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormato\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preámbulo\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +L +\bar default +atex +\family default + y escribe en la ventana que aparecerá. + Todo lo que introduzcas se le pasará directamente a LaTeX (como el modo + TeX). +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX tiene un soporte de BibTeX bueno pero incompleto, el cual te permite + construir bases de datos de referencias bibliográficas que pueden usarse + en múltiples documentos. + Selecciona en el menú +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Listas\SpecialChar ~ +e\SpecialChar ~ +Índice\SpecialChar ~ +gral.\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Referencia\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +B +\bar default +ibTeX +\family default +para incluir un fichero +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +. + Pincha en el cuadro resultante de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Referencias BibTeX generadas +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + y obtendrás un menú +\family sans + BibTeX +\family default +. + En el campo +\family sans +Base\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Datos +\family default + escribe aquello que pondrías dentro de las llaves del comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Como en LaTeX normal, dos o más bibiografías deben separarse por comas, + sin espacios en blanco. +\end_inset + +. + En el campo de +\family sans +Estilo +\family default +, escribe aquello que corresponda al comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Después de hacer esto, puedes hacer referencia a cualquier entrada de las + bibliografías que hayas incluido mediante +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Referenc +\bar under +i +\bar default +a\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +Cita +\family default + (ver Sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +). + El programa se preocupará de ejecutar BibTeX. + La razón por la que decimos +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +soporte bueno pero incompleto +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + es que LyX no es capaz de crear ficheros +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +, y además no te ofrece la lista con las referencias de tu fichero +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + en la ventana +\family sans +Cita +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Misceláneo +\layout Standard + +Inserta un espacio protegido con +\family sans +C-espacio +\family default +. + Aparecerá en pantalla como una pequeña +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + rosa. + Hay montones a lo largo de este +\emph on +Tutorial\SpecialChar \@. + +\emph default +En el menú +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Carácter\SpecialChar ~ +Especial +\family default + verás otros caracteres especiales, incluyendo puntos suspensivos, salto + de línea forzoso y punto de ruptura de palabra. +\layout Section + +¡Errores! +\layout Standard + +A veces, al ejecutar LaTeX habrá errores, cosas que LyX o el propio LaTeX + no entienden. + Cuando esto sucede, LyX crea un recuadro de error (con la palabra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +error +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dentro). + Pulsando sobre el recuadro se abrirá una ventana que muestra el mensaje + de error concreto. + Si se trata de algo que has hecho mal con LyX, será un error de LyX. + Estos errores son muy raros. + Si el problema es de LaTeX (la mayoría de las veces ocurre con cosas que + has escrito en modo TeX) LyX se limitará a citar el mensaje de error que + éste le devuelve. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/escher-lsd.eps b/lib/doc/escher-lsd.eps new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e52bf1c622 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/escher-lsd.eps @@ -0,0 +1,2845 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: (ImageMagick) +%%Title: (escher-lsd.eps) +%%CreationDate: (Sun Aug 17 01:58:10 1997) +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 198 203 +%%DocumentData: Clean7Bit +%%LanguageLevel: 1 +%%Pages: 0 +%%EndComments + +%%BeginDefaults +%%PageOrientation: Portrait +%%EndDefaults + +%%BeginProlog +% +% Display a color image. 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For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +\usepackage{multicol} +\end_preamble +\language frenchb +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language french +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +Personnaliser LyX : Fonctions pour l'Utilisateur Avancé +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Informations de révision : +\layout Standard + +Traduction : Mise à jour OK, Date: 06/07/2003 +\layout Standard + +Original : Révision: 1.48, Date: 17/03/2003 +\end_inset + + +\layout Author + +par l'Équipe LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Le principal responsable de la rédaction de ce fichier est +\noun on +Mike Ressler +\noun default +. + Merci d'envoyer vos commentaires et corrections à la liste de diffusion + de la documentation de LyX, +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\newline +Traduction en français par : P.-H. + +\noun on +Boinnard +\noun default +, +\noun on +Adrien +\noun default + +\noun on +Rebollo +\noun default + +\family typewriter + +\family default +. + Merci d'envoyer vos commentaires et corrections sur la traduction à cette + dernière adresse ou à la liste de diffusion de LyX en français +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introduction +\layout Standard + +Ce manuel couvre les fonctions de personnalisation de LyX. + Nous y abordons des sujets comme les raccourcis clavier, les options d'aperçu + à l'écran, les options d'impression, l'envoi de commandes à LyX via le + Serveur LyX, l'internationalisation, l'installation de nouvelles classes + LaTeX et de nouveaux formats LyX, etc. + Nous n'espérons pas aborder tout ce que vous pouvez modifier -- nos développeur +s ajoutent de nouvelles fonctions plus vite que nous n'en écrivons la documentat +ion -- mais nous allons expliquer les personnalisations les plus courantes + et au moins vous indiquer la bonne direction pour les plus obscures d'entre + elles. +\layout Chapter + +Les fichiers de configuration de LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:config} + +\end_inset + +Ce chapitre devrait vous aider à trouver votre chemin parmi les fichiers + de configuration de LyX. + Avant d'entreprendre sa lecture, consultez +\family sans +Aide +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar default +À\SpecialChar ~ +Propos\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +LyX +\family default + pour connaître le répertoire de bibliothèques de LyX. + C'est dans celui-ci que LyX place ses fichiers de configuration système. + Il sera appelé +\family typewriter +RépLyX +\family default + dans la suite de ce document. +\layout Section + +Qu'est-ce qu'il y a dans +\family typewriter +RépLyX +\family default + ? +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +RépLyX +\family default + et ses sous-répertoires contiennent un certain nombre de fichiers qui peuvent + servir à personnaliser le comportement de LyX. + Vous pouvez modifier ces fichiers depuis LyX lui-même avec la fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default +. + La plupart des réglages personnels que vous voudrez apporter à LyX peuvent + se faire par l'intermédiaire de cette fenêtre. + Il y a cependant bien d'autres aspects du fonctionnement de LyX sur lesquels + on peut agir en modifiant les fichiers de +\family typewriter +RépLyX +\family default +. + Ils entrent dans différentes catégories, qui sont décrites dans les sous-sectio +ns suivantes. +\layout Subsection + +Les fichiers générés automatiquement +\layout Standard + +Ces fichiers sont générés au moment de la configuration de LyX. + Ils définissent différentes valeurs par défaut qui sont évaluées par l'inspecti +on de votre système. + Comme ils peuvent être réécrits à tout moment, il n'est pas conseillé de + les modifier. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +lyxrc.defaults +\family default +\series default + contient les valeurs par defaut pour différentes commandes. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +packages.lst +\family default +\series default + contient la liste des paquetages LaTeX que LyX a reconnu. + LyX ne se sert pas directement de ce fichier, mais les informations obtenues + sont disponibles en faisant +\family sans +Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configuration\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +textclass.lst +\family default +\series default + donne la liste des classes de texte présentes dans le répertoire +\family typewriter +layout/ +\family default +, les classes de document LaTeX correspondantes et leur description. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +doc/LaTeXConfig.lyx +\family default + est généré automatiquement pendant la configuration de LyX, à partir du + fichier +\family typewriter +LaTeXConfig.lyx.in +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Répertoires +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +bind/ +\family default +\series default + ce répertoire contient les fichiers de définition des racourcis clavier, + qui ont l'extension +\family typewriter +.bind +\family default + (voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:raccourcis} + +\end_inset + +). + S'il y a une version +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +traduite +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + du fichier de racourcis, appelée +\family typewriter +$LANG_xxx.bind +\family default +, celle-ci sera détectée et utilisée en premier. + Se reporter au chapitre\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + + et à la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:raccourcis} + +\end_inset + + pour plus d'information. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +clipart/ +\family default +\series default + contient quelques fichiers graphiques qui peuvent être inclus dans les + documents. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +doc/ +\family default +\series default + contient les fichiers de la documentation de LyX (dont celui que vous êtes + en train de lire). + +\family typewriter +LaTeXConfig.lyx +\family default + est un cas à part, comme nous venons de le voir. + S'il existe des version traduites des fichiers d'aide, avec le préfixe + +\family typewriter +$LANG_ +\family default +, celles-ci seront utilisées d'abord (voir le chapitre\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + +). + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +examples/ +\family default +\series default + contient les fichiers d'exemples qui illustrent la façon d'utiliser certaines + fonctions. + Vous pouvez y accéder en appuyant sur le bouton +\family sans +Exemples +\family default + de la fenêtre +\family sans +Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ouvrir +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +images/ +\family default + contient les fichiers d'images utilisés dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default + (pour les puces). + Il contient également les icônes utilisées dans la barre d'outils et les + bannières affichées au démarrage de LyX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +kbd/ +\family default +\series default + contient les fichiers de réaffectation clavier. + Voir le chapitre\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:clavier} + +\end_inset + + pour des informations détaillées. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +layouts/ +\family default +\series default + contient les classes de texte décrites au chapitre\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:classe-texte} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +reLyX/ +\family default + contient les fichiers de +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +, le traducteur de LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +correct +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + vers LyX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +scripts/ +\family default + contient quelques fichiers qui illustrent les possibilités offertes par + l'insertion d' +\family sans +Objet\SpecialChar ~ +Externe +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +templates/ +\family default + contient les fichiers modèles de LyX décrits dans la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:modeles} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +tex/ +\family default + contient quelques fichiers LaTeX +\family typewriter +.cls +\family default + distribués avec LyX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +ui/ +\family default + contient des fichiers avec l'extension +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default + qui définissent l'interface utilisateur de LyX. + C'est-à-dire que ces fichiers définissent quels éléments apparaissent dans + les menus et quels éléments apparaissent dans la barre d'outils. + Voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ui} + +\end_inset + + pour plus de détails. +\layout Subsection + +Fichiers que vous n'avez pas à modifier +\layout Standard + +Ce sont des fichiers internes à LyX, et ils ne doivent pas être modifiés, + sauf par les développeurs. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +CREDITS +\family default +\series default + ce fichier contient la liste des développeurs de LyX. + Son contenu est affiché en sélectionnant +\family sans +Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Crédits +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +chkconfig.ltx +\family default +\series default + est un script LaTeX utilisé pendant le processus de configuration. + Ne pas le lancer directement. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +configure +\family default +\series default + est le script qui permet de re-configurer LyX. + Il génère des fichiers de configuration dans le répertoire dans lequel + il est exécuté. +\layout Subsection + +Autres fichiers appelant un commentaire +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +encodings +\family default + contient des tables de conversion faisant correspondre les différents encodages + de caractères avec unicode +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +external_templates +\family default + contient les modèles disponibles pour la nouvelle fonction d' +\family sans +Objet\SpecialChar ~ +Externe +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +languages +\family default + contient la liste de toutes les langues actuellement supportées par LyX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +lyxrc.example +\family default + définitivement périmé. + C'est l'ancien type de fichier de préférences. + Il disparaîtra sans doute prochainement. +\layout Section + +Votre répertoire personnel de configuration +\layout Standard + +Même si vous utilisez LyX sans être le super-utilisateur, vous pouvez avoir + envie de modifier la configuration de LyX pour votre usage personnel. + Le répertoire +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur +\family default + contient les fichiers personnels de configuration. + C'est le répertoire qui est décrit comme +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Répertoire utilisateur +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator +À\SpecialChar ~ +Propos\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +LyX +\family default +. + Il est traité comme un miroir du répertoire +\family typewriter +RépLyX +\family default +, et chaque fichier qui se trouve dans +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur +\family default + remplace par conséquent le fichier correspondant de +\family typewriter +RépLyX +\family default +. + Chaque fichier de configuration décrit dans les sections précédentes peut + se trouver soit dans le répertoire de configuration système, ce qui jouera + pour tous les utilisateurs, soit dans votre répertoire personnel, pour + votre propre configuration. +\layout Standard + +Pour éclaircir la situation, voici quelques exemples : +\layout Itemize + +Les réglages effectués dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default + sont enregistrés dans un fichier +\family typewriter +preferences +\family default + dans +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Quand vous re-configurez LyX avec +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +econfigurer +\family default +, LyX fait tourner +\family typewriter +configure +\family default + et les fichiers résultants sont placés dans votre répertoire personnel + de configuration (voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetection} + +\end_inset + + pour connaître la liste des réglages de +\family typewriter +preferences +\family default + affectés par cette opération). + Ça signifie que les nouvelles classes de texte que vous avez pu ajouter + dans +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur/layouts +\family default + seront ajoutées à la liste des classes de la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + +\layout Itemize + +De la même façon, si vous avez installé des classes de document dans votre + répertoire personnel, et que LaTeX peut les trouver avec la variable d'environn +ement +\family typewriter +TEXINPUTS +\family default +, elles seront affichés dans la liste des classes de texte +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +pour peu qu'un fichier +\family typewriter +.layout +\family default + soit prévu pour, dans LyX lui-même ou écrit par vos soins. +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Itemize + +Si vous récupérez sur le site ftp de LyX des fichiers de documentation mis + à jour et que vous n'êtes pas administrateur sur votre système, vous pouvez + placer ces fichiers dans +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur/doc/ +\family default + et ils seront ouverts directement à partir du menu d' +\family sans +Aide +\family default + ! +\layout Section + +Utiliser LyX avec plusieurs configurations +\layout Standard + +La liberté offerte pour le répertoire de configuration locale peut être + insuffisante si vous avez besoin de plusieurs configurations différentes. + Par exemple, vous pouvez vouloir utiliser des raccourcis clavier ou des + réglages d'imprimante différents selon les moments +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Ou encore vouloir écrire dans des langues différentes et adapter vos + configurations en conséquence. +\end_inset + +. + Vous pouvez y arriver en ayant plusieurs répertoires de configuration. + Vous spécifiez alors lequel utiliser au moment de lancer LyX. +\layout Standard + +Si vous lancez LyX avec l'option de ligne de commande +\family typewriter +-userdir +\family default +\emph on + +\emph default +, le programme va lire la configuration qui se trouve dans ce répertoire, + et non dans le répertoire par défaut (en lançant LyX sans cette option + vous pouvez déterminer le répertoire par défaut). + Si ce répertoire n'existe pas, LyX vous propose de le créer, exactement + comme il le fait avec le répertoire par défaut au premier lancement du + programme. + Vous pouvez modifier les options de configuration dans ce +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur +\family default + supplémentaire exactement comme vous le feriez pour le répertoire par défaut. + Ces répertoires sont complètement indépendants (mais lisez la suite). + Notez que la variable d'environnement +\family typewriter +LYX_USERDIR_13x +\family default + a exactement le même rôle. +\layout Standard + +Quand vous avez plusieurs configurations, vous devez faire plus attention + : si vous voulez ajouter un nouveau format dans +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur/layouts +\family default +, pour qu'il soit disponible dans toutes vos configurations, vous devez + l'ajouter dans chaque répertoire séparément. + Vous pouvez contourner ceci avec l'astuce suivante : après que LyX a créé + le répertoire supplémentaire, la plupart des sous-répertoires (voir plus + haut) sont vides. + Si vous voulez que la nouvelle configuration soit le reflet d'une déjà + existante, remplacez le sous-répertoire vide par un lien symbolique au + sous-répertoire correspondant dans la configuration existante. + Faites toutefois attention avec le sous-répertoire +\family typewriter +doc/ +\family default +, car il contient un fichier écrit par le script de configuration (accessible + avec +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigurer +\family default + : section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetection} + +\end_inset + +) qui est propre à chaque configuration. +\layout Chapter + +La fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\layout Section + +Utiliser la fenêtre pour la première fois +\layout Standard + +Le nouveau fichier +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur/preferences +\family default + ne contient que les changements que vous avez apporté au comportement par + défaut, dont une partie est directement déterminée par le code de LyX et + une partie est déterminée par le fichier système +\family typewriter +RépLyX/lyxrc.defaults +\family default +. + Notez que dans tous ces fichiers les lignes commençant par un +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +# +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + sont des commentaires et ne sont pas interprétées. + Cependant, seuls les administrateurs système ont à éditer +\family typewriter +RépLyX/lyxrc +\family default +. + Les utilisateurs doivent passer par la fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default +pour créer et modifier leur propre fichier +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur/preferences +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Nous pensons que la fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default + est assez explicite. + Presque toutes les commandes sont accompagnées d'un commentaire, il ne + devrait donc pas être trop difficile de les modifier à votre goût. + Avant que nous ne parlions de quelques-unes des commandes les plus importantes, + voici un avertissement : quand vous +\family sans +Appliquez +\family default + vos changements, certains ont un effet immédiat (par exemple les polices + à l'écran), d'autres non. + Si rien ne semble avoir changé, +\family sans +Enregistrez +\family default + les changements et redémarrez LyX. +\layout Section + +Polices d'Écran +\layout Standard + +La police utilisée pour afficher vos documents sur l'écran de LyX est très + importante, car vous allez lire tous vos documents avec. + Il est donc important qu'elle soit la plus lisible et la plus agréable + possible. + L'équipe LyX essaye de vous procurer la meilleure police par défaut possible, + mais comme en pratique tous les systèmes X11 sont différents, il est probable + que les polices par défaut ne soient pas optimales pour le vôtre. + Heureusement, vous pouvez changer cela. + Avant que nous n'expliquions comment, vous devez en savoir un peu plus + sur les polices pour choisir les vôtres en connaissance de cause, car ce + choix est un compromis entre vos préférences et les possibilités de votre + système. +\layout Standard + +Notez que cette section ne parle que des polices visibles +\emph on +à l'écran +\emph default + dans la fenêtre de LyX. + Les polices qui apparaîtront +\emph on +à l'impression +\emph default + sont déterminées indépendamment, par la classe de document. + Lisez le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + pour savoir comment changer la police de vos documents imprimés. +\layout Standard + +Basiquement, les polices d'écran sont de deux sortes différentes : les polices + vectorielles ajustables et les polices bitmap non ajustables. + Cette distinction semble un peu arbitraire, car les polices non ajustables + le sont en fait avec la plupart des dispositifs modernes d'affichage. + La différence vient de la +\emph on +qualité +\emph default + de l'ajustement, et la +\emph on +vitesse +\emph default + de l'affichage. + La décision la plus importante est donc : allez-vous choisir des polices + bitmap non ajustables ou des polices vectorielles ajustables ? +\layout Standard + +Les polices ajustables sont créées à partir des +\emph on +contours +\emph default + des caractères (ou glyphes). + Ça signifie que chaque glyphe est défini par des courbes mathématiques, + qui sont bien adaptées à l'ajustement à n'importe quelle taille. + Cette définition mathématique est interprétée par le dispositif d'affichage + et transformé en une petite image composée de pixels selon la taille et + le glyphe désirés. + Les polices ajustables sont donc assez jolies dans toutes les tailles. + Enfin, presque toutes. + Comme elles sont définies d'une manière abstraite, il est difficile d'obtenir + un bon rendu dans de petites tailles, où chaque pixel doit être calculé + au plus juste pour avoir une bonne image. + Techniquement c'est possible à partir de la définition mathématique, mais + pour rendre l'affichage raisonnablement rapide, il faut faire des concessions, + et le résultat est que les polices ajustables peuvent être difficiles à + lire dans les petites tailles. +\layout Standard + +Les polices bitmap, quant à elles, sont définies dès le départ par des images + bitmap (point par point), et rendront donc bien dans toutes les tailles + pour lesquelles elles sont prévues. + En revanche, elles ne s'ajustent pas bien car pour mettre un glyphe à l'échelle +, chaque pixel doit être agrandi en plusieurs. + Ça fait le même effet que si vous essayez d'agrandir une image dans +\family typewriter +xv +\family default + ou dans tout autre programme de manipulation d'images. + Pour contourner ce problème, la plupart des polices bitmap sont fournies + dans plusieurs tailles fixées, typiquement entre 8\SpecialChar ~ +pixels et 34\SpecialChar ~ +pixels avec + tous les intermédiaires considérés comme utiles. + L'avantage des polices bitmap est qu'il n'y a pas besoin de calculs compliqués + pour afficher un glyphe, et qu'elles sont donc affichées plus vite que + les polices ajustables. + L'inconvénient est que les tailles qui n'existent pas de façon fixe doivent + être ajustées en multipliant les pixels, et sont donc moches. +\layout Standard + +Ce qu'il faut retenir de tout ceci est que les polices bitmap sont en général + mieux adaptées aux petites tailles, pour lesquelles elles sont disponibles, + tandis que les polices ajustables sont mieux pour les grandes tailles. + La conclusion logique serait donc d'utiliser les polices bitmap pour les + petites tailles et les polices ajustables pour les grandes tailles. + Malheureusement, ce n'est pas une bonne idée, car les polices bitmap et + les polices ajustables ne font pas bon ménage, et l'aspect global serait + donc mauvais. + La meilleure chose à faire est d'essayer les deux possibilités et de décider + ce qui vous convient le mieux. +\layout Standard + +Par défaut, LyX (dans sa version XForms) utilise des polices bitmap non + ajustables. + Pour les polices avec empattement, il utilise +\emph on +times +\emph default +, pour les polices sans empattement, +\emph on +helvetica +\emph default +, et pour les polices à chasse fixe +\emph on +courier +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +Dans la suite, nous décrivons comment faire si le texte n'est pas joli dans + LyX. + Nous allons commencer par les paramètres les plus importants : la résolution + et le zoom des polices. +\layout Subsection + +Réglage de la Résolution DPI et Agrandissement des Polices +\layout Standard + +LyX essaye automatiquement d'ajuster les polices pour se rapprocher autant + que possible de la taille de la version imprimée, en tenant compte de ce + qui s'appelle le facteur d'agrandissement des polices. +\layout Standard + +Pour que ça marche sur tous les systèmes, ce réglage se fie à la résolution + de l'écran en points par pouce (DPI), qui doit elle-même être correctement + réglée. + LyX détecte automatiquement le réglage de résolution de votre système, + avec les informations fournies par le serveur X. + Vous pouvez vérifier que LyX détecte le réglage de résolution en lançant + LyX par +\family typewriter +lyx -dbg 2 +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Sur de nombreux systèmes, X n'est pas configuré correctement, vous devrez + donc le vérifier à la main. + Faites +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +xdpyinfo | more +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + et notez le nombre de DPI correspondant à la résolution que vous utilisez + (ça ressemblera à la valeur détectée par LyX). + C'est le nombre marqué +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +resolution +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Notez aussi le nombre de pixels en largeur (le premier nombre de +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +dimensions +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Sortez alors du tiroir une bonne vieille règle, et mesurez la largeur de + l'image sur votre écran. + Convertissez cette longueur en pouces (en divisant le nombre de centimètres + par 2,54). + Vous pouvez déterminer le réglage de résolution correct pour votre écran, + en divisant le nombre de pixels par la largeur de l'image. + Si cette résoution est éloignée de plus de 5\SpecialChar ~ +DPI de la valeur détectée, + vous devez soit corriger la configuration de X, soit au moins dire à LyX + que la résolution est différente de la valeur détectée. +\layout Standard + +Si vous ne pouvez pas corriger la configuration de X (ce qui est bien sûr + préférable car d'autres programmes que LyX en bénéficieraient également), + vous pouvez indiquer à LyX la résolution DPI correcte avec la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Si le texte est trop petit ou trop gros à votre goût, vous devez jouer avec + le facteur d'agrandissement des polices. + Ce réglage sert à ajuster la taille du texte en points. + Si votre réglage DPI est correct, et que le facteur d'agrandissement est + de 100, LyX essaiera d'afficher le texte exactement de la même taille que + sur la version imprimée. + Si vous portez le facteur d'agrandissement à 200, il essaiera de l'afficher + 2 fois plus gros qu'à l'impression. + Ça ne marche que si LyX trouve une police de la taille appropriée, ce qui + n'est pas garanti. + Comme LyX est de toutes façons un système WYSIWYM, cette limitation n'est + pas trop un problème. +\layout Standard + +Le facteur d'agrandissement des polices est par défaut de 150 car un moniteur + est en général plus large qu'une feuille de papier, mais vous devriez essayer + de le changer dans le champ +\family sans +Zoom\SpecialChar ~ +polices +\family default + dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default + pour trouver une taille qui vous convienne. + Une fois que vous avez trouvé un réglage qui vous paraît agréable (vous + pouvez utiliser le bouton +\family sans +Appliquer +\family default + pour faire des comparaisons tout en gardant la fenêtre ouverte), vous pouvez + le mettre en valeur par défaut avec le bouton +\family sans +Enregistrer +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Même s'il est souvent possible de trouver une taille de texte adaptée, ça + ne veut pas forcément dire que les polices sont les meilleures disponibles + sur votre système. + Pour tirer le maximum de votre système, vous pouvez utiliser les commandes + de sélection de police pour améliorer encore l'aspect du texte. +\layout Subsection + +Commandes de définition de police +\layout Standard + +Nous avons déjà dit que la version XForms de LyX utilise par défaut des + polices bitmap non ajustables. + Ce sont +\emph on +times +\emph default + pour les polices avec empattement, +\emph on +helvetica +\emph default + pour les polices sans empattement et +\emph on +courier +\emph default + pour les polices à chasse fixe. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez changer tout cela dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default +. + Selon les systèmes, il n'y a pas la même quantité de polices disponibles, + mais il devrait toujours y avoir le programme +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default +. + Utilisez-le pour repérer des polices qui vous plaisent. + Quand vous en avez trouvé une, essayez d'insérer les deux premiers éléments + de son nom (appelés +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +fndry +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +fmly +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default +) dans le champ correspondant de la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default + et appuyez sur +\family sans +Appliquer +\family default +. + LyX reformate alors votre document avec la nouvelle police, et si vous + êtes content, il faut +\family sans +Enregistrer +\family default +. + Essayez d'abord de voir s'il y a la police ajustable +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +utopia +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + : c'est un bon point de départ. + Conseil : en regardant les champs +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +resx +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +resy +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default +, vous voyez si vous avez affaire à une police bitmap ou à une police ajustable. + Si la valeur 0 est disponible, la police est ajustable. + Si la valeur 0 est absente, c'est une police bitmap. + +\layout Standard + +Avant de virer une police bitmap parce que les plus grandes tailles ressemblent + à du Lego, essayez de désactiver le bouton +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Ajuster les polices +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Use scalable fonts. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Il ne sert que si vous utilisez des polices bitmap, car ce sont les seules + qui ne s'ajustent pas bien. + Si vous désactivez cette option, LyX n'utilisera que les tailles fixes + disponibles, ce qui garantit aux polices bitmap un bel aspect. + (Vous pouvez connaître toutes les tailles disponibles avec la commande + +\family typewriter +xlsfonts +\family default +. + Voir +\family typewriter +man xlsfonts +\family default +.) Cependant, le prix à payer est qu'il y aura une plus grande différence + entre la taille à l'écran et la taille à l'impression, car LyX devra se + satisfaire de la taille disponible la plus proche, et n'essaiera pas d'ajuster + la taille. + Vous risquez aussi de voir des tailles logiques différentes comme +\family sans +Grand(+1) +\family default + et +\family sans +Très\SpecialChar ~ +Grand(+2) +\family default + affichées à l'écran avec la même police, les rendant indistinguables. + Nous avons décidé par défaut d'utiliser des polices ajustables à cause + de ces inconvénients. + Mais comme LyX est un système WYSIWYM, beaucoup de gens préfèrent désactiver + l'option, en gardant présent à l'esprit qu'il ne faut pas se fier à la + taille affichée à l'écran. + Rappelez-vous de toutes façons que cette option n'a d'importance que quand + vous utilisez des polices bitmap. + Les polices ajustables ne seront pas affectées, pour des raisons que vous + devriez maintenant avoir comprises. +\layout Standard + +Une dernière remarque à propos de cette option : il faut savoir que ça ne + pose pas de problème d'utiliser ensemble des polices bitmap et des polices + ajustables à des endroits différents. + Par exemple, il est courant d'utiliser la police ajustable +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Utopia +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour le texte avec empattement, conjointement avec une version bitmap de + la police +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Helvetica +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Et vous pouvez sans crainte cocher le bouton +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Ajuster les polices +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + : il ne s'appliquera qu'à la police Helvetica. +\layout Standard + +Parfois on peut passer outre les inconvénients apportés par l'activation + de l'option, en changeant les tailles de polices correspondant aux différentes + tailles logiques. + Lancez LyX avec +\family typewriter +lyx -dbg 513 +\family default + pour voir exactement à quelles polices réelles correspondent les tailles + logiques, et essayez d'ajuster les entrées correspondantes dans la fenêtre + +\family sans +Préférences +\family default + jusqu'à ce que vous ayez obtenu les polices désirées. + Ça peut se révéler difficile car LyX utilise les réglages de résolution + DPI et de facteur d'agrandissement pour calculer la taille de police à + réclamer au serveur X, ce qui peut embrouiller la correspondance ainsi + définie. + Si vous n'y arrivez pas par tâtonnement, vous pouvez rendre le processus + plus simple en réglant à la fois la résolution DPI et le facteur d'agrandisseme +nt sur 100 -- même si l'on sait que c'est faux. + Bien sûr vos polices ajustables auront alors l'air bizarre, soyez donc + prudents. +\layout Subsection + +Encodage de police +\layout Standard + +Par défaut, LyX utilise des polices conçues pour écrire des textes dans + des langues d'Europe Occidentale, dont toutes les sortes d'anglais. + C'est l' +\emph on +encodage de police +\emph default + qui détermine ce comportement. + Si vous voulez utiliser LyX pour écrire par exemple dans une langue d'Europe + de l'Est, en cyrillique ou dans toute autre langue non couverte par l'encodage + de police ISO-8859-1, vous pouvez en définir un autre en réglant l'encodage + dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default +. + Il faut alors que vous ayez installé des polices spéciales. + Avec +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default +, vous pouvez voir si c'est le cas : regardez dans les champs +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +rgstry +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +encdng +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + s'il y a des valeurs ISO-8859-X différentes de ISO-8859-1, et cherchez + celles qui contiennent les caractères que vous voulez utiliser. + Si vous en trouvez, mettez cette valeur ISO-8859-X dans le champ +\family sans +Encodage +\family default +. + Si non, allez chercher des polices appropriées sur le Web. + Pour la version Qt, nous vous recommandons d'utiliser un jeu de polices + ISO-646. +\layout Standard + +Quand vous avez configuré LyX pour utiliser un encodage de police différent, + vous devez aussi changer la police utilisée dans les fenêtres. + Par exemple, la fenêtre +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Matières +\family default + sera incompréhensible si vous ne dites pas à LyX d'y utiliser une autre + police. + Par défaut la police des menus est +\family typewriter +-*-helvetica-medium-r +\family default +, mais souvent Helvetica n'est pas disponible dans l'encodage dont vous + avez besoin. + Vous pouvez alors changer cette police dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Comme vous le voyez, il y a un certain nombre d'options qui peuvent servir + à régler finement l'aspect de vos polices. + Il ne faut pas que ça vous dissuade de jouer avec les réglages car après + tout, vous allez peut-être plus tard vous servir de LyX pendant des heures. + Et contrairement aux vrais traitements de texte WYSIWYG où vous êtes contraints + d'utiliser des polices qui doivent avoir un bel aspect à la fois sur le + papier et à l'écran, LyX vous permet d'utiliser à l'écran des polices prévues + pour, tout en utilisant des polices différentes, mieux adaptées, à l'impression. +\layout Section + +Raccourcis +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:raccourcis} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Les raccourcis servent à mettre en relation une fonction et une touche. + Plusieurs fichiers de raccourcis prédéfinis sont disponibles : un jeu de + raccourcis CUA (qui est le jeu de raccourcis clavier habituel sur les PC + et sur CDE), un jeu de raccourcis Emacs, pour ceux d'entre nous qui sont + sur la Voie de la Vérité et refusent de s'abaisser à utiliser autre chose +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Évidemment je blague ! +\end_inset + + ainsi que des raccourcis spécialisés (broadway et hollywood), et dans des + langues autres que l'anglais (français, allemand, etc.). +\layout Standard + +Si vous voulez modifier les raccourcis pour qu'ils soient exactement à votre + goût, copiez le fichier le mieux adapté de +\family typewriter +RépLyX/bind/ +\family default + dans votre propre +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur/bind/ +\family default + et modifiez-le. + N'oubliez pas de charger ce nouveau fichier dans LyX avec la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default +. + (Pour le moment vous devez redémarrer LyX pour que ces changements prennent + effet.) +\layout Standard + +LyX supporte l'internationalisation de l'interface utilisateur (voir le + chapitre\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + +). + Si votre +\emph on +locale +\emph default + est réglée, par la variable d'environnement +\family typewriter +$LANG +\family default +, LyX essaye d'utiliser les fichiers de raccourci préfixés par +\family typewriter +$LANG_ +\family default +. + Par exemple, vous pouvez mettre une copie traduite d'un des fichiers standard + de raccourcis dans votre répertoire +\family typewriter +bind/ +\family default + personnel, et LyX s'en servira automatiquement. +\layout Standard + +La syntaxe des fichiers +\family typewriter +.bind +\family default + est simple : +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bind +\layout Standard + +À la fois +\family typewriter +combinaison de touches +\family default + et +\family typewriter +fonction-lyx +\family default + (avec tous ses paramètres) doivent être entourés par des guillemets doubles. + Toutes les fonctions LyX sont répertoriées dans le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Référence +\emph default +. +\layout Section + +Interface utilisateur +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ui} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +On peut modifier l'apparence des menus et de la barre d'outils dans la fenêtre + +\family sans +Préférences +\family default +. + Il n'y a qu'à changer le fichier +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default + dans +\family typewriter +RépLyX/ui/ +\family default +. + Pour l'instant, il n'y a qu'un seul fichier, +\family typewriter +default.ui +\family default +, mais n'hésitez pas à faire des expériences. + Copiez le fichier dans le répertoire +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur/ui/ +\family default + et amusez-vous ! Notez que vous devez redémarrer LyX pour que les changements + prennent effet. +\layout Standard + +La syntaxe des fichiers +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default + est simple : jetez un oeil sur +\family typewriter +default.ui +\family default +. + Les entrées +\family typewriter +Menubar +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Menu +\family default + et +\family typewriter +Toolbar +\family default + doivent être terminées explicitement par un +\family typewriter +End +\family default +. + Elles peuvent contenir +\family typewriter +Submenu +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Item +\family default +, +\family typewriter +OptItem +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Separator +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Icon +\family default + et dans le cas du menu +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +fichier +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, une entrée +\family typewriter +Lastfiles +\family default +. + Un mot d'avertissement. + On peut insérer des +\family typewriter +Submenu +\family default +s dans une +\family typewriter +Menubar +\family default + ou un +\family typewriter +Menu +\family default +, mais ils sont définis comme +\family typewriter +Menu +\family default +s, non comme +\family typewriter +Submenu +\family default +s. +\layout Section + +Convertisseurs, Formats et Visionneuses +\layout Standard + +LyX a un nouveau mécanisme pour convertir à partir de et vers tout format + de fichier en utilisant des programmes externes. + Choisissez deux formats, par exemple LaTeX et PDF. + Choisissez maintenant un convertisseur de l'un des formats vers l'autre. + Dans notre exemple, il existe deux programmes. +\layout Enumerate + +Une conversion directe de LaTeX vers PDF avec +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\layout Enumerate + +Une conversion moins directe, avec des formats et des convertisseurs intermédiai +res : de LaTeX à DVI (avec +\family typewriter +latex +\family default +) à PostScript® (avec +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +) à PDF (avec +\family typewriter +ps2pdf +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +LyX choisira toujours le chemin le plus direct possible, pour utiliser les + deux vous devez donc définir deux noms de format différents pour les fichiers + +\family typewriter +.pdf +\family default +. + Les deux sont inclus par défaut dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default +. + Jetez-y un oeil et inventez vos propres conversions ! +\layout Standard + +De plus, chaque format peut avoir une visionneuse associée. + Par exemple, vous pouvez définir +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + comme visionneuse pour les fichiers PostScript®, ou +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + pour visionner la sortie LaTeX. + Vous pouvez changer la visionneuse (et les options à lui fournir) dans + la fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Conversion +\family default +. + Par exemple, pour changer la visionneuse +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, choisissez le format +\family typewriter +DVI +\family default + dans la fenêtre, mettez +\family typewriter +kdvi +\family default + (par exemple) comme visionneuse, et faites +\family sans +Modifier +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Options d'exportation ASCII +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \noindent +Il y a quelques commandes qui peuvent servir pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +nettoyer +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + les fichiers exportés en texte ASCII. + Notez que LyX détecte automatiquement les réglages les meilleurs pour votre + système au moment de l'installation, mais vous pouvez les modifier si vous + ne partagez pas son avis. + Vous trouverez ces réglages dans +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Sorties\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Divers +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ASCII\SpecialChar ~ +roff +\family default + +\series default +Cette option définit la commande à utiliser pour produire de meilleurs tableaux + ASCII avec les commandes UNIX +\family typewriter +groff/troff/nroff +\family default + (voir leurs pages de man pour plus d'information). + Si elle n'est pas définie, LyX utilise son propre outil de formatage (moins + performant). +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ASCII\SpecialChar ~ +line\SpecialChar ~ +length +\family default + +\series default +Définit la longueur par défaut d'une ligne dans le fichier ASCII produit. + Réglée à 0, il n'y a pas de passage à la ligne. +\layout Section + +Imprimante +\layout Standard + +Il y a un tas d'options de configuration pour interagir avec l'imprimante + à partir de LyX. + Vous trouverez ces réglages dans +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Sorties\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Imprimante +\family default +. + Normalement, les valeurs par défaut sont suffisantes, si cependant votre + commande d'impression requière des noms d'options différents, vous pouvez + les modifier à cet endroit. +\layout Subsection + +Changer les Couleurs +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez changer les couleurs de LyX dans la nouvelle fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default +. + Autrement, si vous êtes très en forme, vous pouvez utiliser la fonction + +\family typewriter +set-color +\family default + (voir le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Référence +\emph default +), de la façon suivante : +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +set-color NomLyX CouleurX11 +\layout Standard + +Voici une liste (incomplète) des fonctions et des couleurs par défaut : +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nom +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +LyX +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Utilité +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Couleur par Défaut +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + (X11) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +background +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +texte en arrière-plan +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +black +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +foreground +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +texte au premier plan +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +linen +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +latex +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +code LaTeX +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +DarkRed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +math +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +formules +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Mathed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +DarkBlue +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +mathline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +traits de +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +fraction, +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +crochets +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +, etc. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Blue +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +mathbg +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +AntiqueWhite +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +mathframe +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Magenta +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +mathcursor +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +black +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +selection +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +arrière-plan d'une sélection +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +LightBlue +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Les réglages autodétectés +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:autodetection} + +\end_inset + +LyX détecte plusieurs choses tout seul quand vous faites +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigurer +\family default +. + Dans cette section, nous indiquons celles qui sont de l'ordre des préférences + utilisateur. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +ascii_roff_command +\family default +\series default + soit +\family typewriter +groff +\family default + soit +\family typewriter +nroff +\family default ++ +\family typewriter +tbl +\family default +, selon ce qui est disponible. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +chktex_command +\family default +\series default + +\family typewriter +chktex +\family default + plus un tas d'options. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_spool_command +\family default +\series default + +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + sur les systèmes qui ont cette commande (System V), +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default + sinon (BSD). +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_spool_printerprefix +\family default +\series default + - +\family typewriter +d +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +-P +\family default +, selon qu'il ait trouvé +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +font_encoding +\family default +\series default + +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default + s'il a trouvé les polices +\family typewriter +ec +\family default + et si LaTeX est configuré pour supporter ces polices. + Vous pouvez le mettre à la main si vous n'avez que les polices +\family typewriter +dc +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Le reste +\layout Standard + +Il y a beaucoup d'autres options de configuration qui peuvent servir à personnal +iser le comportement de LyX. + Il nous faut encore les documenter ici, mais encore une fois, la plupart + devraient être assez évidentes. + Vous pouvez poser des questions sur les listes de diffusion si vous avez + besoin de plus d'informations, ce qui nous conduira éventuellement à étendre + cette section. +\layout Chapter + +Internationaliser LyX +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Il est possible de traduire l'interface utilisateur de LyX. + La dernière fois que nous avons vérifié, LyX était disponible en 14 langues + y compris l'anglais. + La langue que vous avez choisie est appelée votre +\emph on +locale +\emph default +. + (Pour plus de renseignements sur les réglages de localisation, voyez la + documentation de votre système d'exploitation sur les locales. + Pour Linux, la page de man de locale(5) est un bon point de départ.) +\layout Standard + +Notez que ces traductions fonctionnent, mais présentent quelques failles. + En particulier, toutes les fenêtres ont été tracées en fonction du texte + anglais, et quelques-unes des traductions sont trop grandes pour rentrer + dans l'espace alloué. + Ce n'est qu'un problème d'affichage sans conséquence. + Vous verrez aussi que certaines traductions n'ont pas de raccourcis définis + pour tout. + Parfois, c'est qu'il n'y a pas assez de lettres disponibles. + Parfois c'est que le traducteur n'a tout simplement pas encore eu le temps + de le faire. + Nous essaierons de faire disparaître ces inconvénients dans les version + futures de LyX. +\layout Section + +Sélectionner une autre langue pour l'interface utilisateur +\layout Standard + +Cette fonction est désactivée par défaut, et le texte est donc en anglais. + Pour activer une autre langue, vous devez changer une variable d'environnement. + Faites +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +setenv LANG xx +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + dans les shells csh ou +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +export LANG=xx +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + dans les shells sh, en remplaçant les +\family typewriter +xx +\family default + par le code à deux lettres correspondant à la langue de votre choix. + Par exemple, +\family typewriter +fr +\family default + correspond au français. +\layout Standard + +Normalement, vous allez mettre la ligne appropriée dans +\family typewriter +~/.Xsession +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +~/.xinitrc +\family default + pour que la traduction soit activée par défaut. + Rappelez-vous que ça ne marchera pas si LyX est configuré et compilé avec + l'option +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +--disable-nls +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Traduire LyX +\layout Subsection + +Traduire l'interface graphique (messages textuels) +\layout Standard + +LyX utilise la bibliothèque GNU +\family typewriter +gettext +\family default + pour gérer l'internationalisation de l'interface. + Pour que LyX parle votre langue favorite dans tous les menus et fenêtres, + vous avez besoin d'un fichier +\family typewriter +.po +\family default + pour cette langue. + Quand celui-ci est disponible, vous devez générer à partir de là un fichier + +\family typewriter +.mo +\family default + et installer ce dernier. + Tout ce processus est expliqué dans la documentation de GNU +\family typewriter +gettext +\family default +, mais voici un résumé de ce qu'il faut faire ( +\family typewriter +\series bold +xx +\family default +\series default + est le code de la langue) : +\layout Itemize + +Copiez +\family typewriter +RÉP-SOURCE-LYX/po/lyx.pot +\family default + en +\family typewriter +\series bold +xx +\series default +.po +\family default + (si +\family typewriter +lyx.pot +\family default + n'existe pas, il peut être recréé avec +\family typewriter +make lyx.pot +\family default + dans ce répertoire, ou bien vous pouvez utiliser le fichier po d'une autre + langue comme modèle). +\layout Itemize + +Éditez +\family typewriter +\series bold +xx +\series default +.po +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nous vous recommandons d'utiliser Emacs, car la distribution de +\family typewriter +gettext +\family default + comprend un mode bien pratique pour vous aider dans l'édition. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Pour certains menus, il y a aussi des touches de raccourci qui doivent + être traduites. + Ces touches viennent après un +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +| +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +, et doivent être adaptées au texte traduit. + Il y a un outil appelé +\family typewriter +scgen.pl +\family default + écrit en Prolog dans +\family typewriter +RÉP-SOURCE-LYX/development/tools/ +\family default + qui peut aider à déterminer les touches de raccourci. + Notez que XForms (au moins la version 0.86) ne peut rien gérer d'autre comme + touches de raccourci que des caractères codés sur 7 bits (ASCII standard). + Vous devez aussi remplir les champs au début du nouveau fichier +\family typewriter +po +\family default + avec votre adresse e-mail, etc., pour que les gens sachent comment vous + joindre pour proposer des suggestions, ou pour démolir votre travail. +\layout Itemize + +Générez +\family typewriter +\series bold +xx +\series default +.mo +\family default +, avec la commande +\newline + +\family typewriter +msgfmt -o +\family default +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +.mo < +\family default +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +.po +\layout Itemize + +Copiez le fichier +\family typewriter +mo +\family default + dans votre répertoire de locales, dans le répertoire correspondant aux + messages pour la langue +\family typewriter +\series bold +xx +\family default +\series default +, sous le nom +\family typewriter +lyx.mo +\family default + +\newline +(par exemple +\family typewriter +/usr/local/share/locale/ +\series bold +xx +\series default +/LC_MESSAGES/lyx.mo +\family default +) +\layout Standard + +Pour ajouter un nouveau fichier +\family typewriter +po +\family default + à la +\emph on +distribution +\emph default + de LyX il faut changer les scripts de configuration et quelques autres + choses, mais vu la façon dont marche +\family typewriter +gettext +\family default +, vous n'avez pas besoin du code source de LyX pour le traduire -- il vous + suffit d'avoir +\family typewriter +lyx.pot +\family default + (ou un fichier +\family typewriter +po +\family default + déjà existant) et les outils +\family typewriter +gettext +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Si vous avez écrit un fichier de traduction pour une langue que LyX ne gère + pas encore, nous vous encourageons à nous le soumettre. + Dans ce cas, nous vous recommandons de lire le +\family typewriter +README +\family default + du répertoire +\family typewriter +RÉP-SOURCE-LYX/po/ +\family default + pour plus d'informations. +\layout Subsection + +Traduire la documentation +\layout Standard + +La documentation en ligne (dans le menu +\family sans +Aide +\family default +) peut (et doit !) être traduite. + S'il existe une traduction de la documentation +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +En février 2003, presque toutes les docs avaient été traduites en français + et en allemand. + Le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + avait été traduit en au moins 12 langues, avec d'autres traductions en + cours. + L'éventail de documents traduits s'élargit rapidement. +\end_inset + +, et si la locale est correctement réglée, LyX affichera tout seul la version + traduite. + LyX cherche les versions traduites sous le nom +\family typewriter +RépLyX/doc/ +\series bold +xx +\series default +_NomDoc.lyx +\family default +, où +\family typewriter +\series bold +xx +\family default +\series default + est la langue définie par la variable d'environnement +\family typewriter +$LANG +\family default +. + S'il n'y en a pas de traduction, c'est la version anglaise qui est affichée. + Notez que les versions traduites doivent avoir le même nom de fichier (ici + +\family typewriter +NomDoc +\family default +) que l'original. + Si vous vous sentez de traduire la documentation (ce qui est d'ailleurs + un excellent moyen de corriger la documentation d'origine !), il y a un + certain nombre de choses que vous devez faire tout de suite : +\layout Itemize + +Lire +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +, qui explique comment écrire la documentation de LyX. + Faites spécialement attention à la section sur la traduction. +\layout Itemize + +Faire un tour sur la page web de la traduction des documentations sur +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[le site des développeurs de LyX]{http://devel.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + +. + De cette façon, vous pourrez voir quels documents ont déjà été traduits + dans votre langue, s'il y en a +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Pour le français, le site web est à l'adresse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://perso.wanadoo.fr/adrien.rebollo/lyxfr/lyxfr.html} + +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + +. + Vous y trouverez aussi qui s'occupe d'organiser l'effort de traduction + dans votre langue. + Si personne ne s'en occupe, faites-nous connaître votre intérêt. +\layout Standard + +Une fois que vous vous y mettez pour de bon, voilà quelques conseils qui + pourront vous éviter des ennuis : +\layout Itemize + +Joignez-vous à l'équipe de documentation ! +\family typewriter +Intro.lyx +\family default + ( +\family sans +Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Introduction +\family default +) explique comment faire. + C'est d'ailleurs le premier document à traduire. +\layout Itemize + +Étudiez les conventions typographiques de la langue dans laquelle vous traduisez. + La typographie est un art ancien et au cours des siècles, une grande variété + de conventions ont vu le jour dans les différentes parties du globe. + Apprenez aussi le vocabulaire spécifique des professionnels de la typographie + dans votre pays. + Si vous inventez votre propre terminologie, vous allez induire les lecteurs + en erreur. + ( +\emph on +Attention ! La typographie peut devenir une passion ! +\emph default +) +\layout Itemize + +Faites une copie du document. + Ce sera votre fichier de travail. + Vous pouvez l'utiliser comme fichier d'aide personnel en le mettant dans + votre répertoire +\family typewriter +~/.lyx/doc +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +De temps à autre le document original (de l'équipe LyX) est mis à jour. + Utilisez l'interface ViewCVS à l'adresse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.lyx.org/viewcvs.cgi/lyxdoc/} + +\end_inset + + pour voir ce qui a changé +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi garder une copie de la dernière version du document anglais + que vous avez traduit. +\end_inset + +. + De cette façon vous pouvez voir facilement les parties de votre document + qui ont besoin d'être mises à jour +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Je conseille très vivement de partir des fichiers disponibles sur + le CVS, et de ne pas perdre de temps à traduire la version contenue dans + votre distribution pour s'apercevoir trop tard que tout est périmé. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Si vous avez trouvé une erreur dans le document original, corrigez-la et + dites-le au reste de l'équipe de documentation (que vous n'avez pas manqué + de rejoindre, n'est-ce pas ?) +\layout Section + +Support de Clavier International +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +[Note de l'Éditeur : La section qui suit a été écrite par +\noun on +Ivan Schreter +\noun default +. + Il faut la corriger pour qu'elle soit conforme à la nouvelle feuille de + style de la Documentation et pour utiliser les nouvelles fonctions de la + version 1.0. + Le tout doit aussi être fusionné avec la section d'après. + - jw] +\layout Subsection + +Définir ses propres réaffectations clavier : Format de fichier +\family typewriter +.kmap +\layout Standard + +Regardons d'un peu plus près un fichier de définition de clavier. + C'est un fichier ASCII qui définit : +\layout Itemize + +des correspondances touche à touche ou touche à chaîne +\layout Itemize + +des touches mortes +\layout Itemize + +des exceptions des touches mortes +\layout Standard + +Pour définir une traduction touche à touche ou touche à chaîne, utilisez + cette commande : +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmap touche +\emph on + +\emph default +chaîne_sortie +\layout Standard + +où +\family typewriter +touche +\family default + est la touche à traduire et +\family typewriter +chaîne_sortie +\family default + est la chaîne à insérer dans le document. + Pour définir des touches mortes, faites : +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmod touche touche_morte +\layout Standard + +où +\family typewriter +touche +\family default + est la touche du clavier et +\family typewriter +touche_morte +\family default + est le nom de la touche morte. + Les touches mortes suivantes sont supportées (nom du raccourci entre parenthèse +s) : +\layout Quotation + + +\emph on +Nom +\hfill +Exemple +\layout Quotation + +acute (acu) +\hfill +áéíóú +\layout Quotation + +grave (gra) +\hfill +àèìòù +\layout Quotation + +macron (mac) +\hfill + \i \={o} + +\layout Quotation + +tilde (til) +\hfill +ñÑ +\layout Quotation + +underbar (underb) +\hfill + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +b o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +cedilla (ced) +\hfill +çÇ +\layout Quotation + +underdot (underd) +\hfill + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +d o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +circumflex (circu) +\hfill +âêîôû +\layout Quotation + +circle (circl) +\hfill +Å\i \r{u} +\i \r{U} + +\layout Quotation + +tie (tie) +\hfill + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +t o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +breve (bre) +\hfill +\i \u{a} + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +u o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +caron (car) +\hfill +\i \v{c} +\i \v{s} +\i \v{z} + +\layout Quotation + +hungarian umlaut (hug) +\hfill +\i \H{o} +\i \H{u} + +\layout Quotation + +umlaut (uml) +\hfill +äöü +\layout Quotation + +dot (dot) +\hfill +\i \.{z} + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +.s +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Dans beaucoup de claviers internationaux il y a des exceptions dans les + règles d'emploi des touches mortes, vous pouvez les définir ainsi : +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kxmod touche_morte touche chaîne_sortie +\layout Standard + +Par exemple, sur un clavier slovaque, si vous tapez caron-o, ça génère circonfle +xe-o, il faut donc mettre : +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kxmod +\family default + +\family typewriter +caron o " +\backslash +^o" +\layout Standard + +pour le faire marcher correctement. + Vous devez aussi définir comme des exceptions les touches mortes avec i + et j, pour enlever le point avant d'insérer une marque d'accentuation. + Je changerai ceci le moment venu, mais je n'en ai pas encore eu le temps. +\layout Standard + +Au fait, à propos des caractères : l'antislash est un caractère d'échappement, + pour l'entrer, il faut taper un double antislash. + Les guillemets et +\family typewriter +# +\family default + ont aussi un sens différent. + +\family typewriter +# +\family default + indique les commentaires, les guillemets entourent les commandes style + LaTeX. + Pour entrer un guillemet, il faut taper +\family typewriter + +\backslash +" +\family default +, pour entrer +\family typewriter +# +\family default +, il faut taper +\family typewriter + +\backslash +# +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Si vous faites un fichier de réaffectation clavier qui marche pour votre + langue, merci de me l'envoyer, pour que je puisse l'inclure dans la prochaine + distribution de réaffectations clavier. +\layout Standard + +Il y aura plus de mots-clés supportés à l'avenir dans les fichiers de réaffectat +ion clavier, comme : +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kinclude nom_fichier +\family default + +\hfill +inclut un autre fichier ( +\family typewriter +include +\family default +) +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kprog programme +\family default + +\hfill +définit un programme externe de traduction ( +\family typewriter +define +\family default +) +\layout Standard + +Il devrait aussi chercher dans +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + les valeurs par défaut (par exemple, une option +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kinclude +\family default + pour inclure le clavier par défaut). +\layout Section + +Les Claviers Internationaux +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:clavier} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Les deux sections suivantes décrivent en détail la syntaxe des fichiers + +\family typewriter +.kmap +\family default + et +\family typewriter +.cdef +\family default +. + Ces sections devraient vous aider à concevoir votre propre réaffectation + clavier si celles fournies ne vous donnent pas satisfaction. +\layout Subsection + +Le fichier +\family typewriter +.kmap +\layout Standard + +Un fichier +\family typewriter +.kmap +\family default + fait correspondre des appuis clavier à des caractères ou à des chaînes + de caractères. + Il définit une réaffectation clavier +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Keyboard MAPping. +\end_inset + +. + Cette section décrit les mots clés +\family typewriter +kmap +\family default +, +\family typewriter +kmod +\family default +, +\family typewriter +ksmod +\family default + et +\family typewriter +kcomb +\family default + des fichiers +\family typewriter +.kmap +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +kmap +\family default + Fait correspondre un caractère à une chaîne +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmap +\family roman +\emph on +caractère chaîne +\layout Standard + +Ça fait correspondre +\emph on +chaîne +\emph default + à +\emph on +caractère +\emph default +. + Notez que dans +\emph on +chaîne +\emph default +, le guillemet double ( +\family typewriter +" +\family default +) et l'antislash ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default +) doivent être protégés par un antislash ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default +) juste avant-++. +\layout Standard + +Voici un exemple de commande +\family typewriter +kmap +\family default + qui fait s'afficher le symbole +\family typewriter +/ +\family default + quand on tape la touche +\family typewriter +& +\family default + : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmap & / +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +kmod +\family default + Définit un caractère accentué +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmod +\family roman +\emph on +caractère accent autorisés +\layout Standard + +Le +\emph on +caractère +\emph default + devient alors un +\emph on +accent +\emph default + sur les caractères +\emph on +autorisés +\emph default +. + C'est le principe de la touche morte +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Le terme +\emph on +touche morte +\emph default + désigne une touche qui seule ne produit pas de caractère, mais qui produit + le caractère accentué voulu quand elle est suivie par une autre touche + autorisée. + Par exemple, pour écrire un +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ê +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + sur un clavier français, il faut d'abord taper sur +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + puis sur +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +e +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Si vous tapez +\emph on +caractère +\emph default + puis une autre touche qui ne fait pas partie des caractères +\emph on +autorisés +\emph default +, vous obtiendrez un +\emph on +caractère +\emph default + suivi par l'autre touche non autorisée. + Notez que +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + efface une touche morte, si vous tapez +\emph on +caractère +\emph default + +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +, le curseur ne recule pas mais annule l'effet que +\emph on +caractère +\emph default + aurait pu avoir sur la touche suivante. +\layout Standard + +Dans l'exemple suivant, il est spécifié que le caractère ' doit être un + accent aigu, autorisé sur les caractères a, e, i, o, u, A, E, I, O et U + : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmod ' acute aeiouAEIOU +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +kxmod +\family default + Définit une exception au caractère accentué +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kxmod +\family roman +\emph on +accent caractère résultat +\layout Standard + +Ça définit une exception pour l' +\emph on +accent +\emph default + sur le +\emph on +caractère +\emph default +. + L' +\emph on +accent +\emph default + doit avoir été assigné auparavant par une déclaration +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmod +\family default + et le +\emph on +caractère +\emph default + ne doit pas faire partie des caractères +\emph on +autorisés +\emph default + de l' +\emph on +accent +\emph default +. + Quand vous tapez la séquence +\emph on +accent +\emph default + +\emph on +caractère +\emph default +, se produit le +\emph on +résultat +\emph default +. + Si une telle déclaration n'existe pas dans le fichier +\family typewriter +.kmap +\family default + et que vous tapez +\emph on +accent caractère +\emph default +, vous obtenez +\emph on +touche_accent caractère +\emph default + où +\emph on +touche_accent +\emph default + est le premier paramètre de la déclaration +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmod +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Avec la commande suivante, vous obtenez äi quand vous tapez acute-i ('i) + : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kxmod acute i " +\backslash + +\backslash +'{ +\backslash + +\backslash +i}" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +kcomb +\family default + Combine deux caractères accentués +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kcomb +\family roman +\emph on +accent1 accent2 autorisés +\layout Standard + +Celui-ci est assez ésotérique. + Il vous permet de combiner les effets de l' +\emph on +accent1 +\emph default + et de l' +\emph on +accent2 +\emph default + (dans cet ordre !) sur les caractères +\emph on +autorisés +\emph default +. + Les touches pour l' +\emph on +accent1 +\emph default + et l' +\emph on +accent2 +\emph default + doivent avoir été définies par une commande +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmod +\family default + +\emph on +plus haut +\emph default + dans le fichier. +\layout Standard + +Voyez cet exemple extrait du fichier +\family typewriter +greek.kmap +\family default + : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmod ; acute aeioyvhAEIOYVH +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmod : umlaut iyIY +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kcomb acute umlaut iyIY +\layout Standard + +Ça vous permet de taper +\family typewriter +;:i +\family default + et d'avoir l'effet de +\family typewriter + +\backslash +'{ +\backslash +"{i}} +\family default +. + Dans ce cas un +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + annule la dernière touche morte, donc si vous tapez +\family typewriter +;: +\family sans +Backspace +\family typewriter + i +\family default + vous obtenez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +'{i} +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Le fichier +\family typewriter +.cdef +\layout Standard + +Après que la réaffectation +\family typewriter +.kmap +\family default + a été effectuée, un fichier +\family typewriter +.cdef +\family default + convertit les chaînes de symboles obtenues dans la police de caractères. + Actuellement, la distribution de LyX comprend au moins les fichiers +\family typewriter +iso8859-1.cdef +\family default + et +\family typewriter +iso8859-2.cdef +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +En général le fichier +\family typewriter +.cdef +\family default + est une suite de déclarations de la forme : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\family roman +\emph on +numéro_du_caractère chaîne +\layout Standard + +Par exemple, pour affecter +\family typewriter + +\backslash +'{e} +\family default + au caractère correspondant dans le jeu iso-8859-1 (233), il y a la déclaration + suivante : +\layout LyX-Code + +233 " +\backslash + +\backslash +'{e}" +\layout Standard + +avec +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + et +\family typewriter +" +\family default + protégés dans +\emph on +chaîne +\emph default +. + Notez que le même caractère peut servir pour plus d'une chaîne. + Dans le fichier +\family typewriter +iso-8859-7.cdef +\family default + vous avez +\layout LyX-Code + +192 " +\backslash + +\backslash +'{ +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash +"{i}}" +\newline +192 " +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash +"{ +\backslash + +\backslash +'{i}}" +\layout Standard + +Si LyX ne trouve pas de correspondance pour la chaîne produite par une touche + ou une séquence avec des touches mortes, il va vérifier si elle ressemble + à un caractère accentué et va essayer à l'écran de tracer un accent par + dessus le caractère. +\layout Subsection + +Touches mortes +\layout Standard + +Il y a une autre façon d'ajouter le support pour des caractères internationaux + par l'intermédiaire des touches mortes. + Une touche morte marche en combinaison avec une lettre pour produire un + caractère accentué. + Ici, nous allons expliquer comment créer une touche morte vraiment simple + pour montrer comment elles marchent. +\layout Standard + +Supposez que vous ayez besoin du caractère circonflexe +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : déjà présent en français, mais nous allons conserver cet exemple. +\end_inset + +, +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Vous devez faire correspondre la touche circonflexe à la commande LyX +\family typewriter +accent-circumflex +\family default + dans votre fichier +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. + Maintenant, à chaque fois que vous taperez la touche circonflexe suivie + par une lettre, il y aura un accent circonflexe dessus. + Par exemple, la séquence +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +^e +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + produit la lettre +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ê +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Cependant, si vous essayez de taper +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +^t +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +, LyX va se plaindre avec un bip, car un +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +t +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + ne prend jamais d'accent circonflexe. + Taper +\family sans +Espace +\family default + après une touche morte fait s'afficher l'accent seul. + Notez bien ce dernier point ! Si vous faites correspondre une touche à + une touche morte, vous devez faire correspondre le caractère sur cette + touche à une touche différente. + Faire correspondre la virgule à une cédille est une mauvaise idée, car + vous n'aurez plus que des cédilles à la place des virgules. +\layout Standard + +Une façon courante de créer des touches mortes est d'utiliser +\family sans +Meta- +\family default +, +\family sans +Ctrl- +\family default + ou +\family sans +Shift- +\family default + en combinaison avec un accent, comme +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +~ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + ou +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Une autre méthode met en jeu +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default + et +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default + (vus dans le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default +) pour configurer la touche spéciale +\family typewriter +Mode_Switch +\family default +. + Elle agit un peu comme +\family sans +Shift +\family default + et permet de faire correspondre des touches à des caractères accentués. + Vous pouvez aussi transformer des touches en touches mortes en les affectant + à quelque chose comme +\family typewriter +usldead_cedilla +\family default + puis en affectant cette touche symbolique à la commande LyX correspondante +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Note de +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default + : C'est exactement ce que je fais dans mes fichiers +\family typewriter +~/.lyx/lyxrc +\family default + et +\family typewriter +~/.xmodmap +\family default +. + Ma touche +\family sans +Arrêt\SpecialChar ~ +Défil +\family default + (ou +\family sans +Scroll\SpecialChar ~ +Lock +\family default +) est configurée comme +\family typewriter +Mode_Switch +\family default + et j'ai affecté des choses comme +\family sans +Arrêt\SpecialChar ~ +Défil-^ +\family default + ou +\family sans +Arrêt\SpecialChar ~ +Défil-~ +\family default + à un tas de touches symboliques +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +usldead_* +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + C'est comme ça que j'obtiens tous mes caractères accentués. +\end_inset + +. + Vous pouvez transformer à peu près n'importe quelle touche en touche +\family typewriter +Mode_Switch +\family default + : une des touches +\family sans +Ctrl- +\family default +, une touche de fonction inutilisée, etc. + Quant aux commandes LyX qui produisent des accents, voyez à l'entrée +\family typewriter +accent-acute +\family default + dans le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Référence +\emph default +. + Là-bas il y a la liste complète. +\layout Subsection + +Enregistrer votre Configuration Linguistique +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enreg-langue} + +\end_inset + +Vous pouvez éditer vos préférences dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default + pour que LyX démarre avec l'environnement linguistique que vous souhaitez, + automatiquement configuré. +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout Chapter + +Installer de Nouvelles Classes de Document, Formats et Modèles +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:classe-texte} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset OptArg +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Installer de Nouvelles Classes +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Dans ce chapitre, nous décrivons comment créer et installer de nouveaux + fichiers de format LyX ou de modèle, et nous vous offrons une révision + des procédures correctes d'installation de nouvelles classes de document + LaTeX. + D'abord quelques définitions : une classe de document est un fichier LaTeX + (d'habitude avec l'extension +\family typewriter +.cls +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +.sty +\family default +) qui décrit la mise en page d'un document -- par exemple un article, un + rapport, un preprint de publication, etc. + -- et toutes les commandes nécessaires pour réaliser cette mise en page. + Un fichier de format +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Traduction de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +layout file +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + + est un fichier LyX correspondant à une classe de document LaTeX, qui dit + à LyX comment +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +dessiner +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + les choses à l'écran pour les rendre ressemblantes avec la version imprimée. + Plus précisément, un fichier de format décrit une +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +classe de texte +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, qui est le schéma interne utilisé par LyX pour l'affichage à l'écran. + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Format +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +classe de texte +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + sont des termes à peu près interchangeables, mais il est préférable de + parler de format pour le fichier, et de classe de texte pour ce qui est + présent dans la mémoire. + Un fichier modèle est simplement un document LyX qui contient un ensemble + d'entrées prédéfinies pour une classe de document donnée, entrées généralement + nécessaires avec cette classe. + Les modèles sont notamment utiles pour les +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +manuscrits +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + de publications soumises sous format électronique. +\layout Section + +Installer un nouveau paquetage LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Certaines installations peuvent ne pas contenir le paquetage LaTeX que vous + vouliez justement utiliser avec LyX. + Par exemple, vous pouvez avoir besoin de FoilTeX, un paquetage courant + (et très puissant) pour préparer des transparents pour rétroprojecteurs. + Voici les étapes pour installer un paquetage si vous utilisez teTeX ou + une autre distribution basée sur web2c. +\layout Enumerate + +Procurez-vous le paquetage sur le CTAN ou ailleurs +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Voir le manuel de +\emph on +Configuration\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\emph default + pour savoir ce qu'est le CTAN et où l'on peut trouver les classes de document + supportées. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Enumerate + +Lisez le fichier +\family typewriter +texmf.cnf +\family default + (qui réside habituellement dans le répertoire +\family typewriter +$TEXMF/web2c +\family default +, mais il vous faudra peut-être faire +\family typewriter +kpsewhich texmf.cnf +\family default + pour le localiser). + Il décrit comment ajouter un répertoire +\family typewriter +texmf +\family default + local ; suivez les instructions. + Vous devez insérer le nom de votre répertoire +\family typewriter +texmf +\family default + local dans +\family typewriter +texmf.cnf +\family default +. + Sous Linux, +\family typewriter +/usr/local +\family default + est un endroit logique pour installer les logiciels qui ne viennent pas + avec votre distribution, vous pouvez donc utiliser +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf +\family default +. + D'habitude, vous n'avez que deux choses à modifier : +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Réglez +\family typewriter +TEXMFLOCAL +\family default + sur le répertoire que vous avez choisi, par exemple : +\newline + +\family typewriter +TEXMFLOCAL = /usr/local/texmf +\layout Enumerate + +Assurez-vous que +\family typewriter +TEXMF +\family default + inclut bien la variable +\family typewriter +TEXMFLOCAL +\family default +, par exemple : +\newline + +\family typewriter +TEXMF = {$HOMETEXMF,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN} +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Créez votre répertoire +\family typewriter +texmf +\family default + local (par exemple +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf +\family default +). + Vous devez suivre la structure de votre répertoire +\family typewriter +texmf +\family default + existant (par exemple, les paquetages LaTeX doivent aller dans +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/ +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Installez le paquetage. + Par exemple, vous pouvez décompresser l'archive FoilTeX et créer +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/foiltex +\family default +. + Le répertoire +\family typewriter +foiltex +\family default + contient différents fichiers. +\layout Enumerate + +Lancez +\family typewriter +texhash +\family default +. + Ça devrait entre autres créer +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf/ls-R +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Depuis LyX, faites +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigurer +\family default +. + Redémarrez LyX. +\layout Standard + +Maintenant vous devriez voir votre nouveau paquetage -- par exemple +\family sans +slides\SpecialChar ~ +(FoilTeX) +\family default + -- dans le champ +\family sans +Classe +\family default + de la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + Notez qu'il y a des façons plus simples d'installer des paquetages : vous + pouvez ajouter un lien au répertoire du nouveau paquetage dans le répertoire + LaTeX du système ( +\family typewriter +$TEXMF/tex/latex +\family default +, n'oubliez pas de lancer ensuite +\family typewriter +texconfig +\family default +), ou parfois simplement régler la variable d'environnement +\family typewriter +$TEXINPUTS +\family default + pour inclure le nouveau paquetage. + Cependant, la procédure stricte décrite dans +\family typewriter +texmf.cnf +\family default + est garantie de fonctionner, vous devez donc la suivre sauf si les circonstance +s l'empêchent absolument : par exemple si vous n'avez pas les droits de + super-utilisateur. +\layout Section + +Formats +\layout Standard + +Cette section explique comment écrire et installer vos propres fichiers + de format LyX (aussi connus sous le nom de classes de texte) et prend pour + exemple le format +\family typewriter +article +\family default +. + Les fichiers +\family typewriter +.layout +\family default + décrivent les styles de paragraphe disponibles pour un document donné et + la façon avec laquelle LyX doit les afficher. + Nous essayons ici de donner une description complète de la procédure à + suivre ; il y a cependant une telle variété de classes LaTeX supportant + des types de document très différents que nous ne pouvons pas espérer couvrir + tous les cas possibles ni tous les problèmes que vous pourrez rencontrer. +\layout Standard + +Quand vous prévoyez d'écrire un nouveau format, il est extrêmement utile + de regarder les formats exemples distribués avec LyX. + Si vous utilisez une classe de document LaTeX qui pourrait intéresser d'autres + personnes, et que vous avez un format LyX correspondant, n'hésitez pas + à nous envoyer le tout, pour que nous puissions le mettre dans la distribution. +\layout Standard + +Toutes les balises décrites dans ce chapitre sont insensibles à la casse + ; ça veut dire que +\family typewriter +Style +\family default +, +\family typewriter +style +\family default + et +\family typewriter +StYlE +\family default + sont une seule et même commande. + Les valeurs possibles sont inscrites entre crochets après le nom de la + fonction. + La valeur par défaut d'une fonction quand elle n'est pas définie dans le + fichier décrivant la classe de texte est +\family typewriter +\emph on +mise en évidence +\family default +\emph default +. + Si le paramètre est d'un type particulier la valeur par défaut est indiquée + ainsi : +\family typewriter +float= +\emph on +default +\family default +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Gérer de nouvelles classes de document +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +There are two situations you are likely to encounter when wanting to support + a new LaTeX document class, involving LaTeX2e class ( +\family typewriter +.cls +\family default +) and style ( +\family typewriter +.sty +\family default +) files. +\layout Standard + +Les deux situations que vous êtes probablement susceptibles de rencontrer + quand vous voulez gérer une nouvelle classe de document LaTeX sont les + fichiers LaTeX2e de classe ( +\family typewriter +.cls +\family default +) et de style ( +\family typewriter +.sty +\family default +). +\layout Subsection + +Format pour un fichier +\family typewriter +.sty +\layout Standard + +Si votre nouvelle classse de document est fournie sous la forme d'un fichier + de style à utiliser en combinaison avec une classe de document existante, + déjà supportée, commencez par copier le fichier de format de la classe + de document en question dans votre répertoire local. + Dans notre exemple, le fichier de style sera appelé +\family typewriter +ma_classe.sty +\family default + et il doit être utilisé avec la classe standard +\family typewriter +report.cls +\family default +. +\layout LyX-Code + +cp report.layout ~/.lyx/layouts/ma_classe.layout +\layout Standard + +Puis éditez +\family typewriter +ma_classe.layout +\family default + et changez la ligne : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass{report} +\layout Standard + +en : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass[report, ma_classe.sty]{report (ma_classe)} +\layout Standard + +Puis ajoutez : +\layout LyX-Code + +Preamble +\newline + +\backslash +usepackage{ma_classe} +\newline +EndPreamble +\layout Standard + +près du début du fichier. +\layout Standard + +Démarrez LyX et faites +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigurer +\family default +. + Redémarrez LyX et essayez de créer un nouveau document. + Vous devriez voir +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +report\SpecialChar ~ +(ma_classe) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + parmi les classes de document dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + Il est probable que certaines des commandes de section devront être différentes + de celles de la classe de base +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ici +\family typewriter +report +\end_inset + +, vous pouvez donc jouer avec les réglages des différentes sections si vous + le souhaitez. + Voir plus bas. +\layout Subsection + +Format pour un fichier +\family typewriter +.cls +\layout Standard + +Dans ce cas, vous devrez probablement créer votre propre format. + Nous vous suggérons fortement de copier un fichier de format existant qui + utilise une classe LaTeX similaire et de le modifier si c'est possible. + Utilisez au moins un fichier existant comme point de départ pour savoir + quels sont les éléments dont vous devez vous occuper. + Encore une fois, les spécificités sont couvertes plus bas. +\layout Section + +Déclarer une nouvelle classe de texte +\layout Standard + +Les sections suivantes vous expliquent à quoi vous vous attaquez quand vous + décidez de mettre les mains dans le cambouis, et de créer ou d'éditer votre + propre fichier de format. + Notre conseil est d'aller doucement, d'enregistrer souvent pour faire des + essais, d'écouter de la musique relaxante, et de siroter tranquillement + un ou deux verres de votre boisson favorite, voire plus si vous êtes coincés. + Ce n'est pas si dur que ça, mais il y a une multitude d'options et vous + pouvez vous laisser submerger si vous essayez d'en faire trop d'un coup. + Allez donc prendre un verre, juste pour la route. +\layout Standard + +C'est parti ! +\layout Standard + +Les lignes qui commencent par un +\family typewriter +# +\family default + dans un fichier de format sont les commentaires. + Il y a une exception à cette règle : tous les +\family typewriter +.layout +\family default + doivent commencer par ceci : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ne pas effacer la ligne ci-dessous ; configure compte dessus. +\end_inset + + +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass{article} +\layout Standard + +La deuxième ligne sert quand vous configurez LyX. + Le fichier de format est lu par le script LaTeX +\family typewriter +chkconfig.ltx +\family default +, dans un mode spécial où +\family typewriter +# +\family default + est ignoré. + La première ligne est juste un commentaire LaTeX, et la deuxième contient + la déclaration de la classe de texte. + Si ces lignes apparaissent dans un fichier appelé +\family typewriter +article.layout +\family default +, elles définissent alors une classe de texte appelée +\family typewriter +article +\family default + (le nom du fichier de format) qui utilise la classe de document LaTeX +\family typewriter +article.cls +\family default + (par défaut le même nom que le format). + La chaîne +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +article +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + qui apparaît ci-dessus sert de description de la classe de texte dans la + fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Supposons que vous ayez écrit votre propre classe de texte qui utilise la + classe de document +\family typewriter +article.cls +\family default +, mais dans laquelle vous avez changé l'apparence des en-têtes de sections. + Si vous la mettez dans un fichier +\family typewriter +mon_article.layout +\family default +, l'en-tête de ce fichier doit être : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass[article]{article (avec mes en-têtes)} +\layout Standard + +Ça déclare une classe de texte +\family typewriter +mon_article +\family default +, associée avec la classe de document LaTeX +\family typewriter +article.cls +\family default + et décrite comme +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +article (avec mes en-têtes) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Si votre classe de texte repose sur plusieurs paquetages, vous pouvez la + déclarer ainsi : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass[article,machin.sty]{article (avec mes en-têtes)} +\layout Standard + +Ça indique que votre classe de texte utilise le paquetage +\family typewriter +machin.sty +\family default +. + Enfin, il est aussi possible de déclarer des classes pour du code SGML + et DocBook. + Les déclarations ressemblent en général à : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareSGMLClass{SGML (LinuxDoc)} +\layout Standard + +ou : +\layout LyX-Code + +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + +# +\backslash +DeclareDocBookClass[article]{SGML (DocBook article)} +\layout Standard + +Notez que ces déclarations peuvent aussi recevoir un paramètre optionnel + déclarant le nom de la classe de document (mais pas une liste). +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + +Une fois que la classe de texte a été modifiée à votre goût, tout ce que + vous avez à faire est de la copier soit dans +\family typewriter +RépLyX/\SpecialChar \- +layouts/ +\family default + soit dans +\family typewriter +Rép\SpecialChar \- +Utilisateur/\SpecialChar \- +layouts/ +\family default + et de faire +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Recon\SpecialChar \- +figurer +\family default +. + Quittez LyX et redémarrez-le ; votre nouvelle classe de texte devrait alors + être disponible avec les autres. +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Paramètres généraux d'une classe de texte +\layout Standard + +Voici les paramètres généraux qui décrivent l'aspect du document : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Columns +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +1 +\emph default +, 2 +\family default +] Le nombre de colonnes par défaut (une ou deux). + Peut être changé dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + Ce réglage est important (de même que +\family typewriter +Sides +\family default +) : si votre classe de texte a deux colonnes par défaut mais que vous avez + oublié de le notifier, l'option LaTeX +\family typewriter +twocolumn +\family default + ne sera +\emph on +pas +\emph default + sélectionnée quand vous demandez +\family sans +Deux\SpecialChar ~ +Colonnes +\family default + dans +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Sides +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +1 +\emph default +, 2 +\family default +] Impression par défaut en recto seul ou en recto verso. + Peut être changé dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +PageStyle +\series default + +\family default +[ +\family typewriter +\emph on +plain +\emph default +, empty, headings +\family default +] La mise en page par défaut. + Peut être changée dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +MaxCounter +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Counter_Chapter +\emph default +, +\newline +Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection, +\newline +Counter_Paragraph, Counter_Subparagraph, +\newline +Counter_EnumI, Counter_EnumII, +\newline +Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV +\family default +] Le niveau le plus élevé de numérotation automatique. + Des valeurs courantes sont +\family typewriter +Counter_Chapter +\family default + pour un livre ou un rapport et +\family typewriter +Counter_Section +\family default + pour un article. + S'il n'y a pas du tout besoin de numérotation, comme dans une lettre, il + faut mettre +\family typewriter +Counter_EnumI +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ClassOptions\SpecialChar \ldots{} +End +\family default +\series default + Cette section décrit diverses options globales que supporte la classe de + document. + Voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ClassOptions} + +\end_inset + + pour une description. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ProvidesAmsmath +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Si la classe charge ou non le paquetage +\family typewriter +amsmath +\family default +. + C'est le cas des classes de document +\family typewriter +amsart +\family default + et +\family typewriter +amsbook +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ProvidesMakeidx +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Si la classe charge ou non le paquetage +\family typewriter +makeidx +\family default +. + C'est le cas des classes de document +\family typewriter +amsart +\family default + et +\family typewriter +amsbook +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ProvidesUrl +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Si la classe charge ou non le paquetage +\family typewriter +url +\family default +. + C'est le cas de la classe de document +\family typewriter +AASTeX +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +DefaultFont +\family default +\series default + Pour décrire la police par défaut dans le document. + Voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:polices} + +\end_inset + + pour une description. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +DefaultStyle +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +chaîne +\family default +] Le style qui sera assigné aux nouveaux paragraphes. + C'est en général +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Sa valeur par défaut sera le premier style défini si vous n'en spécifiez + aucun, mais vous êtes vivement encouragé à utiliser cette commande. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +TitleLatexType +\series default +[ +\emph on +CommandAfter +\emph default +, Environment] +\family default + Indique le genre de balisage utilisé pour définir le titre d'un document. + +\family typewriter +CommandAfter +\family default + signifie que la commande définie par +\family typewriter +TitleLatexCommand +\family default + sera insérée après le dernier environnement avec +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +InTitle 1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default + correspond au cas +\family typewriter +TitleLatexCommand +\family default + est un environnement, dans lequel doit être inclus le bloc de paragraphes + avec +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +InTitle 1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +TitleLatexCommand +\series default +[string="maketitle"] +\family default + Le nom de la commande ou de l'environnement mentionné ci-dessus. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{} +EndPreamble +\family default +\series default + Un jeu de définitions de macros qui seront placées au début des fichiers + LaTeX. + Sert pour des définitions globales. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Input +\family default +\series default + Permet d'inclure un autre fichier de définition de format pour éviter de + réécrire des commandes. + C'est souvent le cas des fichiers de format standard, comme +\family typewriter +stdclass.inc +\family default +, qui contient la plupart des réglages de base. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Style\SpecialChar \ldots{} +End +\family default +\series default + Cette séquence définit un nouveau style. + Voir la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:styles} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NoStyle +\family default +\series default + Efface un style existant. + C'est très utile quand vous voulez supprimer un style qui a été défini + dans un fichier inclus. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Float\SpecialChar \ldots{} +End +\family default +\series default + Cette séquence définit un nouveau flottant. + Voir la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:flottants} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NoFloat +\family default +\series default + Efface un flottant existant. + C'est très utile quand vous voulez supprimer un flottant qui a été défini + dans un fichier inclus. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Counter\SpecialChar \ldots{} +End +\family default +\series default + Cette séquence définit un nouveau compteur. + Voir la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:compteurs} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Section +\family typewriter +ClassOptions +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ClassOptions} + +\end_inset + +La section +\family typewriter +ClassOptions +\family default + peut contenir les entrées suivantes : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +FontSize +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="10|11|12" +\family default +] La liste des tailles de police disponibles comme police principale du + document, séparées par un +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +| +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +PageStyle +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="empty|plain|headings|fancy" +\family default +] La liste des mises en page disponibles, séparées par un +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +| +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Other +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] Des options de la classe de document, séparées par une virgule, qui seront + ajoutées à la partie optionnelle de la commande +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Formats de paragraphe spécifiques +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:styles} + +\end_inset + +La description d'un format de paragraphe ressemble à ça +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +qui peut servir soit à définir un nouvel format soit à en modifier un déjà + existant. +\end_inset + + : +\layout LyX-Code + +Style +\family roman +\emph on +nom +\layout LyX-Code + + ... +\layout LyX-Code + +End +\layout Standard + +dans lequel on peut mettre les commandes suivantes : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +CopyStyle +\family default +\series default + Sert à copier toutes les caractéristiques d'un format déjà existant dans + celui-là. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LatexType +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Paragraph +\emph default +, Command, Environment, Item_Environment, +\family default + +\family typewriter +List_Environment +\family default +] Comment traduire l'environnement en LaTeX. + +\family typewriter +Paragraph +\family default + veut dire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +rien de spécial +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + +\family typewriter +Command +\family default + veut dire +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\emph on +LatexName +\emph default +{\SpecialChar \ldots{} +} +\family default + et +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default + veut dire +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{ +\emph on +LatexName +\emph default +}\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\backslash +end{ +\emph on +LatexName +\emph default +} +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +Item_Environment +\family default + est la même chose que +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default +, à part qu'il génère un +\family typewriter + +\backslash +item +\family default + pour chaque paragraphe de l'environnement. + +\family typewriter +List_Environment +\family default + est la même chose que +\family typewriter +Item_Environment +\family default +, à part que +\family typewriter +LabelWidthString +\family default + est passé en paramètre de l'environnement. + +\family typewriter +LabelWidthString +\family default + peut être défini dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraphe +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +\emph on +LatexName +\family default +\emph default + n'est pas une désignation très appropriée, car ces règles s'appliquent + aussi aux classes SGML. + Allez voir dans les fichiers de classe SGML pour avoir des exemples précis. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +InTitle +\series default + [1, 0] +\family default + Sur 1, indique que l'environnement fait partie d'un bloc de titre (voir + aussi +\family typewriter +TitleLatexType +\family default + et +\family typewriter +TitleLatexCommand +\family default + dans les paramètres généraux). +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LatexName +\family default +\series default + Le nom de l'objet LaTeX correspondant, soit l'environnement soit la commande. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LatexParam +\family default +\series default + Le paramètre optionnel de l'objet +\family typewriter +LatexName +\family default + correspondant. + Ce paramètre ne peut pas être changé depuis LyX. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Margin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Static +\emph default +, Manual, Dynamic, First_Dynamic, Right_Address_Box +\family default +] +\newline +Le type de marge à gauche du format. + +\family typewriter +Static +\family default + veut dire une marge fixe. + +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + veut dire que la marge de gauche dépend de ce qu'il y a dans la fenêtre + +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraphe +\family default +. + Ça sert à obtenir des listes bien mises en page sans tabulations. + +\family typewriter +Dynamic +\family default + veut dire que la marge dépend de la taille du marqueur. + Ça sert entre autres aux en-têtes numérotés. + Il est évident que l'en-tête +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +5.4.3.2.1 Très long en-tête +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + doit avoir une marge de gauche plus grande (autant que +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +5.4.3.2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + plus l'espace) que +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +3.2 Très long en-tête +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, même si les autres traitements de texte ne savent pas le faire. + +\family typewriter +First_Dynamic +\family default + est similaire, mais seulement la toute première ligne du paragraphe est + dynamique, les autres étant statiques ; ça sert par exemple pour les descriptio +ns. + +\family typewriter +Right_Address_Box +\family default + veut dire que la marge est choisie pour que la ligne la plus longue du + paragraphe touche la marge de droite. + Ça sert à typographier une adresse sur le bord droit de la page. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NextNoIndent +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +1, +\emph on +0 +\family default +\emph default +] Si LyX indente ou non la première ligne du paragraphe suivant. + +\family typewriter +1 +\family default + veut dire qu'il ne peut pas, +\family typewriter +0 +\family default + veut dire qu'il peut s'il le veut. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ParIndent +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] L'indentation de la toute première ligne d'un paragraphe. + Par exemple +\family typewriter +"MM" +\family default + veut dire que le paragraphe est indenté de la largeur de +\family typewriter +"MM" +\family default + en police normale. + En préfixant la chaîne par +\family typewriter +"-" +\family default + vous obtenez une largeur négative. + Cette méthode a été choisie pour que l'aspect reste le même quelle que + soit la police à l'écran. + +\family typewriter +Parindent +\family default + est fixé pour un format donné, à l'exception du format Standard, car l'indentat +ion d'un paragraphe dans l'environnement Standard peut être empêchée par + +\family typewriter +NextNoIndent +\family default +. + De plus, les paragraphes au format Standard emboîtés dans d'autres environnemen +ts utilisent le +\family typewriter +ParIndent +\family default + de l'environnement, pas le leur. + Par exemple, les paragraphes Standard dans une énumération ne sont pas + indentés. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Parskip +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] LyX donne le choix entre +\family sans +Indentation +\family default + et +\family sans +Interligne +\family default + pour séparer les paragraphes d'un document. + Quand on choisit +\family sans +Indentation +\family default +, cette valeur n'est pas prise en compte. + Quand on choisit +\family sans +Interligne +\family default +, la valeur de +\family typewriter +ParIndent +\family default + n'est pas prise en compte et tous les paragraphes sont séparés par ce paramètre + +\family typewriter +Parskip +\family default +, en plus de l'interligne normal. + L'espacement vertical est calculé par +\family typewriter +valeur*DefaultHeight() +\family default + où +\family typewriter +valeur +\family default + est la valeur choisie pour +\family typewriter +Parskip +\family default + et +\family typewriter +DefaultHeight() +\family default + est la hauteur d'une ligne dans la police normale. + De cette façon, l'aspect reste le même quelle que soit la police à l'écran. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +TopSep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] L'espacement vertical qui sépare le premier paragraphe qui se trouve dans + ce format, du paragraphe qui le précède. + Si le paragraphe précédent est dans un autre format avec un +\family typewriter +BottomSep +\family default +, les séparations ne s'ajoutent pas, mais LyX prend le maximum des deux. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +BottomSep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] La même chose que +\family typewriter +TopSep +\family default + pour le dernier paragraphe. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Parsep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] L'espacement vertical entre deux paragraphes dans ce format. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Itemsep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] Un espacement supplémentaire entre les paragraphes d'un format d'environnement. + Si vous emboîtez des paragraphes d'autres formats dans un environnement, + ils seront espacés de +\family typewriter +Parsep +\family default +. + Mais les éléments de l'environnement seront en plus espacés de +\family typewriter +Itemsep +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LeftMargin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] Si vous mettez des paragraphes d'un format dans un environnement, les + marges de gauche ne seront pas ajoutées directement, mais avec un facteur + +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{4}{depth+4}$ +\end_inset + +. + Notez que ce paramètre sert aussi quand la marge est définie comme +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +Dynamic +\family default +. + Il est alors ajouté à la marge manuelle ou dynamique. + Cette chaîne a la même signification que pour +\family typewriter +ParIndent +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +RightMargin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] Comme pour +\family typewriter +LeftMargin +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Labeltype +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +No_Label +\emph default +, Manual, Static, Top_Environment, +\newline +Centered_Top_Environment, Sensitive, Counter_Chapter, +\newline +Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection, +\newline +Counter_Paragraph, Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI, +\family default + +\family typewriter + +\newline +Counter_EnumII, Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV +\family default +] +\newline + +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + veut dire que le marqueur est le premier mot (avant la première vraie espace). + +\family typewriter +Static +\family default + veut dire qu'il est défini dans le format (voir +\family typewriter +LabelString +\family default +). + +\family typewriter +Top_Environment +\family default + et +\family typewriter +Centered_Top_Environment +\family default + sont des cas particuliers de +\family typewriter +Static +\family default +. + Le marqueur sera imprimé au dessus du paragraphe, mais seulement au début + d'un environnement ou au début d'une suite de paragraphes dans ce format. + C'est par exemple le cas pour le format +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + ou +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +. + C'est aussi le cas pour les marqueurs +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + quand +\family typewriter +LatexType +\family default + est sur +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default +, pour que les formats des théorèmes marchent correctement. + +\family typewriter +Sensitive +\family default + est un cas particulier pour les marqueurs de légende +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Figure +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Tableau +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + +\family typewriter +Sensitive +\family default + signifie que le mot affiché est sensible au type de flottant. + Les marqueurs de type +\family typewriter +Counter_xxx +\family default + ont des noms qui parlent d'eux-mêmes. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Labelsep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] L'espacement horizontal entre le marqueur et le corps du texte. + Sert seulement pour les marqueurs qui ne sont pas au dessus du corps du + texte. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LabelBottomsep +\family default +\series default + +\family typewriter +[float=0] +\family default + L'espacement vertical entre le marqueur et le corps du texte. + Sert seulement pour les marqueurs qui sont au dessus du corps du texte + ( +\family typewriter +Top_Environment +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Centered_Top_Environment +\family default +). +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LabelString +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] La chaîne utilisée comme marqueur avec le type +\family typewriter +Static +\family default +. + Quand la marge est en +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + cette chaîne sert aussi à déterminer la valeur de +\family typewriter +LabelWidthString +\family default + qui peut aussi être modifiée dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraphe +\family default +. + Quand le type de marqueur est +\family typewriter +Counter_xxx +\family default +, cette chaîne précède le compteur. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +EndLabeltype +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +No_Label +\family default +\emph default +, +\family typewriter +Box +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Filled_Box +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Static +\family default +] Le type de marqueur qui se trouve à la fin du paragraphe (ou de la suite + de paragraphes si +\family typewriter +LatexType +\family default + est +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Item_Environment +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +List_Environment +\family default +). + +\family typewriter +No_Label +\family default + signifie +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +rien +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, +\family typewriter +Box +\family default + (respectivement +\family typewriter +Filled_Box +\family default +) est un carré blanc (respectivement noir) en général placé à la fin des + démonstrations. + +\family typewriter +Static +\family default + est une chaîne de caractères explicitement donnée. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +EndLabelString +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] La chaîne utilisée pour le marqueur quand +\family typewriter +EndLabelType +\family default + vaut +\family typewriter +Static +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Align +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +block +\emph default +, left, right, center +\family default +] Alignement de paragraphe. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +AlignPossible +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +block +\emph default +, left, right, center +\family default +] Une +\emph on +liste +\emph default + des alignements possibles séparés par une virgule. + Certains styles LaTeX interdisent certains alignements, car ils n'auraient + aucun sens. + Par exemple une énumération alignée à droite ou centrée est impossible. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Fill_Top +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +,1 +\family default +] On peut ainsi fixer la valeur du champ +\family sans +Espacement\SpecialChar ~ +Vertical\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Avant +\family default + dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraphe +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Note de Jean-Marc : +\emph default + Je ne suis pas sûr que ce réglage soit d'une grande utilité, et il sera + probablement retiré dans une prochaine version. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Fill_Bottom +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +,1 +\family default +] Semblable à +\family typewriter +Fill_Top +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NeedProtect +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +,1 +\family default +] Si les commandes fragiles doivent être protégées par +\family typewriter + +\backslash +protect +\family default + dans ce format. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Newline +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +0, +\emph on +1 +\family default +\emph default +] Si les nouvelles lignes sont traduites ou non en sauts de ligne LaTeX + ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\family default +). + La traduction peut être désactivée pour permettre d'éditer plus confortablement + du LaTeX depuis LyX. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +PassThru +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Si le contenu du paragraphe doit être passé sous forme brute, c'est-à-dire + sans les traductions spéciales dont LaTeX aurait besoin. + Ça remplace d'une certaine manière l'ancienne propriété +\family typewriter +Latex +\family default + de la description de police. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +FreeSpacing +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] LyX ne permet pas d'habitude d'insérer plus d'une espace entre deux mots, + car une espace est considérée comme un séparateur de mots, non comme un + caractère ou un symbole en tant que tel. + C'est très bien mais c'est parfois ennuyeux, par exemple pour taper un + code source de programme ou du code LaTeX brut. + C'est pourquoi on peut activer +\family typewriter +FreeSpacing +\family default +. + Notez que LyX créera les espaces insécables correspondants aux espaces + additionnelles pour tous les modes autres que le mode LaTeX. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +KeepEmpty +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] LyX ne permet pas d'habitude de laisser un paragraphe vide, car il ne + générerait rien en LaTeX. + Il y a quelques cas où c'est pourtant utile : dans un modèle pour une lettre, + les champs requis peuvent être laissés vides, pour que les gens ne les + oublient pas ; dans certains cas particuliers, un format peut aussi servir + de séparateur, et ne pas contenir de texte. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Spacing +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +single +\emph default +, onehalf, double, other +\family default +\emph on +valeur +\emph default +] Définit l'interligne par défaut dans ce format. + Les paramètres +\family typewriter +single +\family default +, +\family typewriter +onehalf +\family default + et +\family typewriter +double +\family default + correspondent respectivement à un facteur multiplicatif de 1, 1,25 et 1,667. + Si vous mettez le paramètre +\family typewriter +other +\family default +, vous devez aussi mettre une valeur numérique qui servira de facteur multiplica +tif. + Notez que, contrairement aux autres paramètres, +\family typewriter +Spacing +\family default + implique de générer du code LaTeX spécifique, qui utilise le paquetage + +\family typewriter +setspace.sty +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Font +\family default +\series default + La police utilisée à la fois pour le corps du texte +\emph on +et +\emph default + pour le marqueur. + Voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:polices} + +\end_inset + +. + Notez qu'en définissant cette police on définit aussi automatiquement +\family typewriter +LabelFont +\family default + avec la même valeur. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +TextFont +\family default +\series default + La police utilisée pour le corps du texte. + Voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:polices} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LabelFont +\family default +\series default + La police utilisée pour le marqueur. + Voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:polices} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{} +EndPreamble +\family default +\series default + Un jeu de définitions de macros qui sera inséré au début des fichiers LaTeX + quand le format sera utilisé. + Servez-vous-en pour définir les macros nécessaires dans ce format. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +DependsOn +\family default +\series default + le nom d'un style dont le préambule doit apparaître +\emph on +avant +\emph default + les définitions mentionnées ci-dessus. + Ça permet de s'assurer que les morceaux de préambule s'enchaînent dans + le bon ordre quand les définitions de macro dépendent les unes des autres +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Notez que, à part ce paramètre, il n'y a aucun autre moyen de contrôler + l'ordre des éléments du préambule. + L'ordre que vous avez dans une version de LyX peut très bien changer sans + prévenir dans des versions ultérieures. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Flottants +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:flottants} + +\end_inset + +Depuis la version 1.3.0 de LyX, il faut définir les flottants ( +\family sans +figure +\family default +, +\family sans +tableau +\family default +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +) dans la classe elle-même. + Si vous cherchez à savoir comment mettre à jour une classe déjà existante, + il suffit probablement que vous ajoutiez +\layout LyX-Code + +Input stdfloats.inc +\layout Standard + +à un endroit raisonnable dans la classe +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +N'oubliez pas de jeter aussi un +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +oe{} +\end_inset + +il sur les compteurs dans la section suivante. +\end_inset + +. + Si vous voulez implémenter une classe de texte qui propose un nouveau type + de flottant (comme la classe AGU fournie avec LyX), les explications ci-dessous + vont sans doute vous être utiles : +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Type +\series default +[string=""] +\family default + Le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +type +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + de la nouvelle classe de flottants, comme +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +program +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +algorithm +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Après l'instruction +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newfloat +\family default + appropriée, vous disposez de commandes comme +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{program} +\family default + ou +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{algorithm*} +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +GuiName +\series default +[string=""] +\family default + La chaîne de caractères qui se trouvera dans les menus et également dans + la légende. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LateXBuiltin +\series default +[ +\emph on +0 +\emph default +,1] +\family default + Mettez +\family typewriter +1 +\family default + si le flottant est déjà défini dans la classe de document. + Si vous le mettez à +\family typewriter +0 +\family default +, le flottant sera défini à l'aide du paquetage LaTeX +\family typewriter +float +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NumberWithin +\series default +[string=""] +\family default + Ce paramètre (optionnel) détermine si les flottants de cette classe seront + numérotés en suivant un type de section du document. + Par exemple, si vous mettez +\family typewriter +chapter +\family default +, les flottants seront numérotés chapitre par chapitre. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Style +\series default +[string=""] +\family default + Le style utilisé quand on définit le flottant avec +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newfloat +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Placement +\series default +[string=""] +\family default + Le placement par défaut pour cette catégorie de flottants. + C'est comme en LaTeX standard : +\family typewriter +t +\family default +, +\family typewriter +b +\family default +, +\family typewriter +p +\family default + et +\family typewriter +h +\family default + pour haut, bas, page et ici respectivement +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Notez que l'ordre dans lequel vous mettez ces lettres est sans importance, + comme en LaTeX. +\end_inset + +. + En plus vous avez un nouveau type, +\family typewriter +H +\family default +, qui ne correspond pas vraiment à un flottant, car il signifie de le positionne +r +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ici +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et nulle part ailleurs. + Notez cependant que le type +\family typewriter +H +\family default + est spécial et, à cause de détails d'implémentation, ne peut pas être utilisé + avec des flottants non définis dans la classe de document ( +\family typewriter +LaTeXBuiltin=1 +\family default +). + Si vous n'avez pas compris tout ce baratin, mettez simplement +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +tbp +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Extension +\series default +[string=""] +\family default + L'extension pour les fichiers contenant la liste des flottants de ce type. + LaTeX écrit les légendes dans ce fichier. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ListName +\series default +[string=""] +\family default + L'en-tête utilisé pour la liste des flottants. +\layout Subsection + +Compteurs +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:compteurs} + +\end_inset + +Depuis la version 1.3.0 de LyX, il faut définir les compteurs ( +\family sans +chapitre +\family default +, +\family sans +figure +\family default +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +) dans la classe elle-même. + Si vous cherchez à savoir comment mettre à jour une classe déjà existante, + il suffit probablement que vous ajoutiez +\layout LyX-Code + +Input stdcounters.inc +\layout Standard + +à un endroit raisonnable dans la classe. +\layout Standard + +La définition des compteurs est pour le moment un peu primaire, car beaucoup + de choses sont encore codées en dur. + Vous disposez des deux paramètres suivants : +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Name +\series default +[string=""] +\family default + Le nom du compteur. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Within +\series default +[string=""] +\family default + S'il contient le nom d'un autre compteur, le compteur actuel sera remis + à zéro à chaque fois que l'autre augmentera. +\layout Subsection + +Description de police +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:polices} + +\end_inset + +Une description de police ressemble à : +\layout LyX-Code + +Font +\family roman +\emph on + ou +\family default +\emph default +LabelFont +\layout LyX-Code + + ... +\layout LyX-Code + +EndFont +\layout Standard + +et les commandes suivantes sont disponibles : +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Family +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Roman +\emph default +, Sans, Typewriter +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Series +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Medium +\emph default +, Bold +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Shape +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Up +\emph default +, Italic, SmallCaps, Slanted +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Size +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +tiny, small, +\emph on +normal +\emph default +, large, larger, largest, huge, giant +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Color +\series default + [ +\emph on +none +\emph default +, black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow] +\layout Section + +Créer des Modèles +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:modeles} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Les modèles sont créés comme les documents normaux. + La seule différence est que les documents normaux contiennent tous les + réglages possibles, y compris les polices et la taille du papier. + Or on ne veut en général pas qu'un modèle modifie ces réglages par défaut. + Pour cette raison, l'auteur d'un modèle doit enlever les commandes correspondan +tes comme +\family typewriter + +\backslash +fontscheme +\family default + ou +\family typewriter + +\backslash +papersize +\family default + du fichier modèle LyX. + C'est faisable avec un simple éditeur de texte, comme +\family typewriter +vi +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +xedit +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Mettez les fichiers modèles que vous avez créés et édités dans +\family typewriter +RépUtilisateur/templates/ +\family default +, copiez ceux que vous utilisez du répertoire global de modèles +\family typewriter +RépLyXr/templates/ +\family default + vers le même endroit, et redéfinissez le répertoire de modèles dans la + fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default + (onglet +\family sans +Entrées\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Répertoires +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Notez que le modèle +\family typewriter +defaults.lyx +\family default + a un statut particulier. + Il est chargé à chaque fois que vous créez un nouveau document avec +\family sans +Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nouveau +\family default + afin d'avoir les réglages par défaut. + Pour créer ce modèle depuis LyX, vous n'avez qu'à ouvrir un document ayant + déjà les réglages voulus, et appuyer sur le bouton +\family sans +Retenir ces Valeurs par Défaut +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Insérer un Objet Externe +\layout Section + +Contexte +\layout Standard + +Une fonction souvent réclamée par les utilisateurs de LyX est la capacité + à l'interfacer avec XFig, Dia ou d'autres applications similaires spécialisées + dans la production d'un type particulier de diagramme, figure, schéma ou + autre, que vous aimeriez insérer dans votre document. + Auparavant, il n'était possible d'inclure dans LyX que des images fixes, + statiques, avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphique +\family default +, mais cette méthode a plusieurs limites : +\layout Itemize + +Si vous voulez changer la figure, vous devez invoquer un programme externe + à la main. +\layout Itemize + +LyX ne remarque pas que les fichiers en question ont changé, et l'affichage + à l'écran devient donc vite périmé, ce qui est aggravé par l'impossibilité + de rafraîchir l'affichage. +\layout Itemize + +L'insertion de graphiques ne fournit aucun mécanisme pour copier les images + dans des formats d'exportation comme DocBook, HTML ou ASCII brut. +\layout Standard + +La fonction d'insertion d'objet externe tente de résoudre tous ces problèmes +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Même si l'insertion de graphiques présente des inconvénients, elle reste + valable car elle permet de visualiser la figure à l'écran, et autorise + des transformations géométriques complexes avec une interface utilisateur + confortable. +\end_inset + +. + Elle offre une méthode générale pour interfacer LyX avec des applications + externes. + Au lieu de nous mettre à écrire une longue liste de fonctions spécialisées, + adaptées à chaque application, nous avons choisi de sacrifier l'affichage + de l'objet inséré, et de fournir un schéma général pour couvrir un vaste + champ d'applications. + L'objet externe se présente dans le document comme un simple bouton, mais + ne vous y trompez pas. + Quand vous cliquez dessus, une fenêtre apparaît qui vous permet de choisir + exactement quel objet inclure, et dans la suite vous apprendrez que c'est + effectivement un mécanisme puissant qui peut résoudre tous les problèmes + posés plus haut, ainsi que bien d'autres. +\layout Section + +Comment fonctionne-t-il ? +\layout Standard + +L'insertion d'objet externe repose sur le concept de +\emph on +cadre +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Traduction de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +template +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans ce contexte. +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + Un cadre définit comment LyX doit s'interfacer avec un type d'objet donné. + Tel qu'il est distribué, LyX possède des cadres prédéfinis pour les figures + XFig, pour les diagrammes Dia, pour différents formats d'images rastérisées, + pour gnuplot, et d'autres. + Vous pouvez en consulter la liste avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Objet\SpecialChar ~ +Externe +\family default +. + En outre, il est possible de créer votre propre cadre pour supporter un + type donné d'objet. + Nous décrirons plus loin en détail ce qu'il faut faire, et nous espérons + que vous nous enverrez tous les cadres que vous créerez pour que nous puissions + les inclure dans de futures versions de LyX. +\layout Standard + +Un autre concept de base est qu'il faut faire la distinction entre le fichier + d'origine qui sert de point de départ et le fichier transformé qui est + inclus avec votre document exporté ou imprimé. + Voyons par exemple une figure produite avec XFig. + L'application XFig elle-même travaille sur un fichier avec l'extension + +\family typewriter +.fig +\family default +. + Dans XFig, vous créez et modifiez votre figure. + Quand c'est fini, vous enregistrez le fichier +\family typewriter +fig +\family default +. + Quand vous voulez inclure la figure dans votre document, vous invoquez + +\family typewriter +transfig +\family default + pour créer un fichier PostScript qui sera aisément inclus dans votre fichier + LaTeX. + Dans ce cas, le fichier +\family typewriter +.fig +\family default + est le fichier d'origine, et le fichier PostScript est le fichier transformé. +\layout Standard + +Cette distinction est importante pour pouvoir mettre à jour l'objet pendant + l'écriture de votre document. + En outre, elle vous donne la flexibilité requise pour supporter des formats + d'exportation différents. + Par exemple, dans le cas de l'exportation en Ascii, ce n'est pas vraiment + une super idée d'inclure la figure en PostScript brut. + À la place, vous préférerez soit inclure une référence à la figure, soit + essayer un convertisseur graphique vers Ascii pour rendre un résultat final + approchant du graphique d'origine. + L'insertion d'objet externe vous permet de le faire, car il est paramétré + avec les différents formats d'exportation supportés par LyX. +\layout Standard + +En plus de supporter la génération de fichiers transformés différents selon + le format d'exportation, l'insertion d'objet externe travaille en étroite + collaboration avec les applications d'édition et de visualisation. + Dans le cas d'une figure XFig, vous pouvez invoquer +\family typewriter +xfig +\family default + sur le fichier d'origine d'un simple clic depuis la fenêtre d'objet externe + de LyX, et aussi visualiser le fichier transformé PostScript avec +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + d'un autre clic. + Il n'y a plus à se bagarrer avec la ligne de commande ou avec des explorateurs + de fichier pour localiser et manipuler le fichier d'origine et le fichier + transformé. + De cette façon, vous pouvez enfin profiter à plein des nombreuses applications + différentes qui servent à la production de documents, et serez finalement + plus efficaces. +\layout Standard + +Ainsi, en définitive, LyX a des informations sur un certain nombre de programmes + différents, qu'il peut utiliser en arrière-plan. + L'information en question est exactement celle contenue dans les cadres. + Dans chaque cadre, il y a une liste de commandes qui servent à invoquer + une application, à convertir le fichier d'origine en fichier transformé, + etc. + Ce mécanisme permet à l'utilisateur avancé d'étendre les capacités de LyX + sans se bagarrer avec le code source. + Il faut faire quelques efforts pour définir toutes les différentes commandes + et options, mais heureusement l'équipe LyX a fait le gros du travail. +\layout Standard + +Nous devons reconnaître que nous avons fait au moins une omission. + Comme l'insertion d'objet externe peut produire de nombreux types de fichiers + différents pour aller avec chaque format d'exportation, on pourrait aussi + s'attendre à pouvoir prévisualiser chaque fichier transformé. + L'équipe LyX a décidé de ne pas le faire pour conserver une interface utilisate +ur simple. + Au lieu d'avoir un bouton par format d'exportation, nous avons décidé d'introdu +ire le concept de format primaire et de n'avoir qu'un seul bouton. + Quand vous appuyez sur +\family sans +Voir\SpecialChar ~ +le\SpecialChar ~ +résultat +\family default + dans la fenêtre d'objet externe, vous avez un aperçu du fichier transformé + dans le format primaire. + Et le format primaire est défini par votre classe de document. + Pour la plupart des classes de document, le format primaire est LaTeX, + mais pour les classes DocBook, le format primaire est DocBook. + Donc quand vous visualisez le fichier transformé, gardez à l'esprit que + ce n'est qu'un aperçu du résultat principal. + Si vous voulez voir à quoi ressemblent les autres formats d'exportation, + vous devez exporter votre document et le visualiser à la main. +\layout Section + +La Fenêtre d'Objet Externe +\layout Standard + +Vous placez un objet externe avec le menu +\family sans +Insérer +\family default +. + Un bouton est alors placé dans votre document, et la fenêtre de d'objet + externe s'affiche. + Cette fenêtre vous permet de décrire exactement quel objet inclure et comment. + En outre, elle permet d'accéder aux applications externes pour visualiser, + éditer ou transformer l'objet. +\layout Standard + +En haut de cette fenêtre, il y a une liste déroulante où vous pouvez choisir + le cadre à utiliser. + Juste en dessous, il ya une zone de texte avec un court blabla concernant + le cadre que vous avez sélectionné. + La plupart du temps, c'est une brève description du cadre, et quelques + conseils pour paramétrer son utilisation. + Plus bas, vous trouvez un champ dans lequel vous entrez le nom du fichier, + ainsi qu'un bouton +\family sans +Parcourir +\family default + pour choisir avec l'explorateur de fichiers le fichier à inclure. + Ce champ spécifie le fichier d'origine. + Comme le fichier transformé est généré automatiqument quand c'est nécessaire, + il n'y a pas besoin d'accéder directement à celui-ci. +\layout Standard + +En bas de la fenêtre, vous trouvez un champ pour les +\family sans +Paramètres +\family default +. + Ils servent à paramétrer le cadre. + Les options possibles doivent être décrites dans le texte d'aide associé + à celui-ci. + En général elles vous permettent de changer la façon de générer le fichier + transformé. +\layout Standard + +À droite de la fenêtre, vous trouvez trois boutons : +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar ~ +le\SpecialChar ~ +Fichier +\family default +, +\family sans +Afficher\SpecialChar ~ +le\SpecialChar ~ +Résultat +\family default + et +\family sans +Mise\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +Jour +\family default +. + Ils vous permettent respectivement d'éditer votre fichier d'origine avec + l'application appropriée, de visualiser le fichier transformé qui sera + inclus dans le document primaire, et enfin de forcer la mise à jour de + l'objet résultant dans le format primaire. + Normalement, le bouton +\family sans +Mise\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +Jour +\family default + est désactivé, car la plupart des cadres sont configurés pour mettre à + jour automatiquement le fichier transformé quand c'est nécessaire. + Dans ces cas-là, il n'y a pas besoin de forcer la production d'un nouveau + fichier transformé. + Cependant, certains cadres sont configurés pour ne pas le produire automatiquem +ent, parce que le temps de transformer le fichier étant important, ça serait + pénible de le faire à chaque fois. + Ces objets sont des objets externes +\emph on +manuels +\emph default +. + Dans ces cas-là, vous pouvez utiliser le bouton pour forcer la production + du fichier transformé juste quand vous en avez besoin, et contrôler ainsi + les ressources utilisées. + En fait, c'est alors à +\emph on +vous +\emph default + de le faire pour avoir des documents à jour : avant d'imprimer, avant d'exporte +r, avant de visualiser, etc. + Un jour, LyX vous aidera peut-être à faire ça. + Tout changement dans le cadre, le nom du fichier ou les paramètres est + en fait appliqué dès que vous appuyez sur +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar ~ +le\SpecialChar ~ +Fichier +\family default +, +\family sans +Afficher\SpecialChar ~ +le\SpecialChar ~ +Résultat +\family default + ou +\family sans +Mettre\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +Jour +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Exemples +\layout Standard + +Dans cette section, nous inclurons quelques exemples d'utilisation de l'insertio +n d'objet externe. + Ces exemples pourraient comprendre : +\layout Itemize + +Les images rastérisées +\layout Itemize + +Les figures XFig +\layout Itemize + +Les diagrammes d'échecs +\layout Itemize + +Les sons +\layout Itemize + +L'utilisation des makefiles +\layout Itemize + +Les cadres externes récursifs +\layout Section + +Le fichier de configuration des cadres externes +\layout Standard + +Il est assez facile de définir de nouveaux cadres externes dans LyX. + Cependant, sachez que si vous le faites de façon négligente, vous introduirez + +\emph on +sûrement +\emph default + une faille de sécurité facilement exploitable. + Avant de commencer, lisez donc plus bas ce qui concerne la sécurité. +\layout Standard + +Ceci dit, nous vous encourageons à créer des cadres intéressants et à nous + les proposer. +\layout Standard + +Les cadres externes sont définis dans le fichier +\family typewriter +lib/external_templates +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Nous rappelons que +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +cadre +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + est la traduction de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +template +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans ce contexte de l'insert externe. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Vous pouvez mettre votre propre version dans +\family typewriter +.lyx/external_templates +\family default +. + Nous espérons qu'un jour, quelqu'un documentera le contenu des cadres, + et la syntaxe à utiliser. +\layout Section + +Le mécanisme de substitution +\layout Standard + +Quand la fenêtre d'objet externe invoque un programme externe, il le fait + selon la commande définie dans le fichier de configuration des cadres. + Ces commandes peuvent contenir diverses macros qui sont interprétées avant + l'exécution. + Les commandes sont toujours exécutées dans le répertoire du document. +\layout Standard + +Ainsi, quand un objet externe est affiché, un mécanisme de substitution + génère son nom. +\layout Standard + +Les macros disponibles sont les suivantes : +\layout Description + +$$FName Le nom du fichier spécifié dans la fenêtre d'objet externe. +\layout Description + +$$Basename Le nom du fichier sans l'extension. +\layout Description + +$$Tempname Le nom et le chemin absolu d'un fichier temporaire qui sera automatiq +uement effacé quand le document sera fermé, ou l'objet externe effacé. +\layout Description + +$$Contents( +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +nom_fichier.ext +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +) Le contenu du fichier de nom +\family typewriter +nom_fichier.ext +\family default +. +\layout Description + +$$Sysdir Le chemin absolu du répertoire système. + Typiquement utilisé pour pouvoir trouver les différents scripts auxiliaires + fournis avec LyX. +\layout Standard + +En plus de tout cela, le mécanisme de substitution interprétera les variables + globales d'environnement comme +\family typewriter +${PATH} +\family default +. +\layout Section + +La question de la sécurité +\layout Standard + +L'insertion d'objet externe crée une interface avec un paquet de programmes + externes et le fait de manière automatique, nous devons donc en examiner + les conséquences en matière de sécurité. + En particulier, comme vous avez la possibilité d'inclure vos propres noms + de fichier et/ou paramètres et qu'ils sont interprétés pour former une + commande, il semble possible de créer un document malveillant qui exécute + des commandes indésirables quand un utilisateur le visualise ou l'imprime. + C'est quelque chose que nous voulons absolument éviter. +\layout Standard + +Cependant, comme les commandes du programme externe sont définies seulement + dans le fichier de configuration des cadres, il n'y a pas de problème de + sécurité si LyX est configuré correctement avec seulement des cadres sûrs. + Ceci parce que les programmes externes sont invoqués via l'appel système + +\family typewriter +execvp +\family default + et non via l'appel système +\family typewriter +system +\family default +. + Il n'est donc pas possible d'exécuter des commandes arbitraires via le + shell à partir du nom de fichier ou des paramètres. +\layout Standard + +Ça implique aussi qu'il y a des restrictions dans les commandes définissables + dans un cadre d'objet externe. + En particulier, les pipes et les redirections ne sont pas disponibles. + C'était obligatoire pour que LyX reste sûr. + Si vous voulez utiliser quelques-unes des fonctions du shell, vous devez + écrire un script sûr pour le faire de manière contrôlée, puis définir ce + script comme commande. + Dans le répertoire +\family typewriter +lib/scripts +\family default + de l'installation de LyX, vous trouverez un script d'emballage sûr appelé + +\family typewriter +general_command_wrapper.py +\family default + qui supporte la redirection des entrées et sorties. + Il peut servir d'exemple pour écrire des scripts sûrs pour les cadres. + Pour un exemple plus avancé qui utilise +\family typewriter +fork +\family default + et compagnie, jetez un oeil sur le script de conversion +\family typewriter +pic2ascii.py +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Il est possible de créer un cadre qui interagit directement avec le shell, + mais comme ça permettrait à un utilisateur malveillant d'exécuter des commandes + arbitraires en écrivant des noms de fichier et/ou des paramètres bien choisis, + nous vous recommandons d'utiliser en général des scripts sûrs qui marchent + avec l'appel système +\family typewriter +execvp +\family default + d'une manière contrôlée. + Bien sûr, si vous êtes dans un environnement dans lequel vous avez confiance, + il est tentant de ne pas se fouler et d'utiliser des scripts shell ordinaires. + Si vous faites ça, sachez que vous allez +\emph on +vraiment +\emph default + créer dans votre système une faille de sécurité facile à exploiter. + Il est évident que de tels cadres non sécurisés ne seront jamais inclus + dans la distribution standard de LyX, même si nous encourageons les gens + à nous proposer de nouveaux cadres dans la tradition du logiciel libre. + Mais LyX tel que vous vous le procurez par les voies officielles de distributio +n ne contiendra jamais de cadres non sécurisés. +\layout Standard + +L'insertion d'objet externe est un outil très puissant, et vous devez faire + attention à ne pas mettre en péril la sécurité avec cette puissance. + Une légère erreur dans une seule ligne d'un script apparemment inoffensif + peut ouvrir la voie à d'énormes problèmes. + Si vous n'avez pas une compréhension claire de ce qui est en jeu, nous + vous recommandons de consulter un professionnel de la sécurité, ou de contacter + l'équipe de déceloppement de LyX si vous vous demandez si votre cadre est + sûr ou non. + Faites-le avant de l'utiliser dans un environnement que vous ne contrôlez + pas. +\layout Chapter + +Le Serveur LyX +\layout Section + +Introduction +\layout Standard + +Le serveur LyX est une méthode implémentée dans LyX qui permet à d'autres + programmes de dialoguer avec, d'invoquer des commandes LyX et d'obtenir + de l'information à propos de son état interne. + Tout ceci n'est destiné qu'aux utilisateurs avancés, qui devraient le trouver + utile. +\layout Section + +Démarrer le Serveur LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + +Le serveur LyX fonctionne par l'intermédiaire d'une paire de tubes. + Ils sont habituellement disposés dans votre répertoire +\family typewriter +$HOME +\family default + et portent les noms +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +.lyxpipe.in +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + et +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +.lyxpipe.out +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Les programmes externes écrivent dans +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.in +\family default + et lisent les données dans +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.out +\family default +. + La racine de ces deux noms peut être définie dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Entrées\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Répertoires +\family default +, par exemple +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +/home/mon_home/.lyxpipe +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX ajoutera les extensions +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +.in +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + et +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +.out +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + pour créer les tubes. + Le réglage ci-dessus a aussi pour effet d'activer le serveur LyX. + Si l'un des ces tubes existe déjà, LyX supposera qu'un autre processus + LyX est déjà en route et ne démarrera pas le serveur. + Pour faire tourner plusieurs processus LyX avec des serveurs en même temps, + vous devez changer la configuration entre le démarrage des deux programmes. +\layout Standard + +Si vous développez un programme client, il vous sera peut-être utile d'activer + les informations de déboguage du serveur LyX. + Pour cela, démarrez LyX avec la commande +\family typewriter +lyx -dbg 8192 +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Attention : si LyX se plante, il peut ne pas avoir enlevé les tubes ; dans + ce cas vous devez les enlever à la main. + Si LyX démarre et que les tubes existent déjà, il ne démarrera pas de serveur. +\layout Standard + +À part ça, il y a quelques points à savoir : +\layout Itemize + +À la fois le client et le serveur doivent tourner sur des machines UNIX + ou OS/2. + Il n'est pour l'instant pas possible de communiquer entre LyX sur UNIX + et des clients sur OS/2 ou vice versa. +\layout Itemize + +Sur OS/2, un seul client à la fois peut se connecter sur le serveur LyX. +\layout Itemize + +Sur OS/2, les clients doivent ouvrir le tube d'entrée ( +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.in +\family default +) en mode +\family typewriter +O_WRONLY +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez trouver un exemple complet de client écrit en C dans la distribution + source sous le nom +\family typewriter +development/server_monitor.c +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Communication normale +\layout Standard + +Pour émettre un appel LyX, le client écrit une ligne de texte ASCII dans + le tube d'entrée, selon le format suivant : +\layout LyX-Code + +LYXCMD: +\emph on +nom_client +\emph default +: +\emph on +fonction +\emph default +: +\emph on +paramètre +\layout Standard + +Ici +\family typewriter +\emph on +nom_client +\family default +\emph default + est un nom que le client peut choisir arbitrairement. + LyX rappelle ce nom s'il envoie une réponse -- un client peut donc répartir + les réponses aux différentes requêtes. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +\emph on +fonction +\family default +\emph default + est la fonction que vous voulez faire exécuter à LyX. + C'est la commande que vous auriez entrée dans le minibuffer. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +\emph on +paramètre +\family default +\emph default + est un paramètre optionnel qui n'est utile que pour certaines fonctions + (par exemple +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +self-insert +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + qui insère le paramètre comme du texte à la position du curseur). +\layout Standard + +La réponse de LyX arrive dans le tube de sortie sous la forme : +\layout LyX-Code + +INFO: +\emph on +nom_client +\emph default +: +\emph on +fonction +\emph default +: +\emph on +données +\layout Standard + +où +\family typewriter +\emph on +nom_client +\family default +\emph default + et +\family typewriter +\emph on +fonction +\family default +\emph default + sont les mêmes que dans la requête, tandis que +\family typewriter +\emph on +données +\family default +\emph default + contient des informations plus ou moins utiles selon la façon avec laquelle + la commande s'est exécutée. + Certaines commandes renvoient des informations à propos de l'état interne + de LyX, comme +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +font-state +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, tandis que d'autres ne renvoient rien. + Ça signifie alors que l'exécution s'est bien passée. +\layout Standard + +En cas d'erreurs, la réponse de LyX aura la forme : +\layout LyX-Code + +ERROR: +\emph on +nom_client +\emph default +: +\emph on +fonction +\emph default +: +\emph on +message_d'erreur +\layout Standard + +où le +\family typewriter +\emph on +message_d'erreur +\family default +\emph default + doit expliquer pourquoi la commande a échoué. +\layout Standard + +Exemples : +\layout LyX-Code + +echo "LYXCMD:test:beginning-of-buffer:" >~/.lyxpipe.in +\layout LyX-Code + +echo "LYXCMD:test:get-xy:" >~/.lyxpipe.in +\newline +read a <~/.lyxpipe.out +\newline +echo $a +\layout Section + +Notification +\layout Standard + +LyX peut notifier aux clients les événements qui se produisent de manière + asynchrone. + Pour l'instant il ne le fait que si l'utilisateur associe une séquence + de touches à la fonction +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +notify +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Voici le format de ce que LyX envoie : +\layout LyX-Code + +NOTIFY: +\emph on +séquence_touches +\layout Standard + +où +\family typewriter +\emph on +séquence_touches +\family default +\emph default + est la représentation imprimée de la séquence de touches réellement tapée + par l'utilisateur. +\layout Standard + +Ce mécanisme peut servir pour étendre l'ensemble des commandes LyX et implémente +r des macros : associez certaines séquences de touches à +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +notify +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, démarrez un client qui écoute le tube de sortie, traite la commande selon + la séquence et démarre une fonction qui peut utiliser des appels et des + requêtes LyX pour envoyer une commande ou une série de commandes à LyX. +\layout Section + +Le Protocole Serveur LyX +\layout Standard + +LyX implémente un protocole simple qui peut servir à la gestion de session. + Tous les messages sont de la forme : +\layout LyX-Code + +LYXSRV: +\emph on +nom_client +\emph default +: +\emph on +message_protocole +\layout Standard + +où +\family typewriter +\emph on +message_protocole +\family default +\emph default + peut être +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +hello +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bye +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Si un client reçoit +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +hello +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, c'est que LyX l'informe qu'il écoute ses messages, s'il reçoit +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bye +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, c'est que LyX est en train de s'arrêter. +\layout Chapter +\start_of_appendix +Raccourcis +\layout Standard + +Cet appendice est un énorme index de tous les raccourcis clavier de langue + anglaise. + À l'origine, nous voulions simplement faire la liste de tous les raccourcis + clavier suivis de la fonction qu'ils activent, de sorte qu'un utilisateur + puisse chercher à quoi sert telle touche. + Nous avons ensuite décidé d'ajouter aussi les raccourcis par défaut de + la barre d'outils et des menus. + Notez cependant que cette section a des chances de se périmer rapidement. +\layout Standard + +Vous comprendrez facilement de quoi il s'agit, mais voici tout de même quelques + conseils : toutes les entrées sont rangées dans l'ordre alphabétique pour + un préfixe donné ( +\family sans +C-a +\family default +, +\family sans +C-b +\family default +, etc.). + Les préfixes vont du plus simple au plus compliqué ( +\family sans +C-s +\family default + avant +\family sans +C-S-c +\family default +). + Toutes les entrées ont été trouvées dans les fichiers par défaut d'interface + utilisateur et de raccourcis, situés dans les répertoires \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family typewriter +/share/lyx/ui +\family default + et \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family typewriter +/share/lyx/bind +\family default + ; ceux-ci doivent être considérés comme la référence définitive sur les + raccourcis. +\layout Standard + +Sachez enfin que certains gestionnaires de fenêtres (comme FVWM) prennent + le contrôle de certaines des touches de fonction ou des touches de déplacement. + +\family sans +C-Droite +\family default + est ici réputé générer +\family typewriter +word-forward +\family default +, mais FVWM le court-circuite et s'en sert à la place pour changer de bureau + virtuel. + C'est très ennuyeux jusqu'à ce que vous disiez à votre gestionnaire de + fenêtres d'arrêter d'intercepter ces séquences. +\layout Section + +Barre d'outils +\layout LyX-Code + +Toolbar +\layout LyX-Code + + Layouts +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "buffer-open" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "buffer-write" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "buffer-print" +\layout LyX-Code + + Separator +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "cut" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "copy" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "paste" +\layout LyX-Code + + Separator +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "font-emph" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "font-noun" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "font-free" +\layout LyX-Code + + Separator +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "tex-mode" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "math-mode" +\layout LyX-Code + + Separator +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "footnote-insert" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "marginpar-insert" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "depth-next" +\layout LyX-Code + + Separator +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "figure-insert" +\layout LyX-Code + + Icon "dialog-tabular-insert" +\layout LyX-Code + +End +\layout Section + +Menus +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Autant que possible ce sont les raccourcis de la version française + qui sont présentés ici. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Fichier +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family typewriter +buffer-export fax +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-write +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +f +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-close +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family default + sous-menu +\family typewriter +file_import +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family typewriter +buffer-new-template +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family typewriter +buffer-new +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +o +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-open +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-print +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +q +\family typewriter +lyx-quit +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-reload +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family typewriter +buffer-write-as +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +v +\family typewriter + +\family default +sous-menu +\family typewriter +file_vc +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +h +\family typewriter + vc-history +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +n +\family typewriter + vc-check-in +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +r +\family typewriter + vc-revert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +f +\family typewriter + vc-check-out +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +i +\family typewriter + vc-register +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +a +\family typewriter + vc-undo-last +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-f\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family default + sous-menu +\family typewriter +file_export +\layout Subsection + +Éditer +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + +\family typewriter +paste +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +o +\family default + 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typewriter +insert_floats +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +a +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-float-insert algorithm +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-float-insert wide-tab +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +f +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-float-insert figure +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +t +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-float-insert table +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +w +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-float-insert wide-fig +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + +\family typewriter +dialog-tabular-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + +\family typewriter 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+\family typewriter +file-insert-ascii lines +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +file-insert-ascii paragraphs +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +x +\family default + +\family typewriter +file-insert +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +u +\family default + +\family typewriter +url-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +w +\family default + +\family typewriter +index-insert-last +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-i\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family default + +\family typewriter +external-insert +\layout Subsection + +Format +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family default + +\family typewriter +appendix +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-bold +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +c +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-character +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-document +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-emph +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +l +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-preamble +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-noun +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-paragraph +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-l\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout-save-default 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+9 +\family typewriter +font-size huge +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-H +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-size huger +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-L +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-size larger +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-S +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-size smaller +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +plus +\family typewriter +font-size increase +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +minus +\family typewriter +font-size decrease +\layout Subsection + +Visualiser +\layout Subsection + +Naviguer +\layout Subsection + +Aide +\layout Subsection + +Style de Paragraphe +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family default + +\family typewriter +layout Abstract 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+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-quotedbl +\family default + +\family typewriter +quote-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-Return +\family default + +\family typewriter +break-paragraph-keep-layout +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-period +\family default + +\family typewriter +dots-insert +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-S-Right +\family default + +\family typewriter +depth-increment +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-S-Left +\family default + +\family typewriter +depth-decrement +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Escape +\family default + +\family typewriter +cancel +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F2 +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-write +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F3 +\family typewriter +buffer-open +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F5 +\family default + +\family typewriter +screen-recenter +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F7 +\family default + +\family typewriter +spellchecker +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F9 +\family default + +\family typewriter +meta-prefix +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-F4 +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-close +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-F4 +\family default + +\family typewriter +lyx-quit +\layout Subsection + +Spécifique à +\family typewriter +sciword.bind +\layout Standard + +Ce sont les définitions de clavier LyX pour les mathématiques, semblables + à celles de Scientific Word. +\layout Standard + +Les fichiers de raccourcis et la documentation ont été préparés par +\noun on +Serge Winitzki +\noun default + avec l'aide de +\noun on +Jean-Marc Lasgouttes +\noun default +. + Version 1.3, pour LyX 1.2.x et 1.3.x. +\layout Standard + +Ces définitions permettent de taper plus facilement les équations sans utiliser + la souris, surtout pour les gens habitués à Scientific Word. + Les raccourcis standard de LyX comme +\family sans +M-m +\family default + ou +\family sans +M-o +\family default + ne sont pas modifiés. +\layout Standard + +Conseil : pour trouver le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +nom de raccourci LyX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + d'une touche, regardez la barre d'état après avoir tapé une combinaison + de touches inexistante. + Par exemple pour trouver comment est référencé +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Ctrl-& +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, tapez +\family sans +Ctrl-S +\family default + puis +\family sans +Ctrl-& +\family default + : la barre d'état affiche +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +C-s S-C-ampersand +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + (Ça ne marche pas dans LyX 1.3.0 !) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-c +\family default + +\family typewriter +copy +\family default + -- Copier. + Copier, couper, coller sont comme dans Sciword, +\family sans +C-c +\family default +, +\family sans +C-x +\family default + et +\family sans +C-v +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-d +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-display +\family default + -- (Dés)active l'équation hors ligne : tapez +\family sans +C-d +\family default + pour insérer une formule hors ligne ( +\family typewriter +d +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +display +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +display +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + est traduit par +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +hors ligne +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + +). + Vous pouvez aussi taper +\family sans +C-d +\family default + dans une formule hors ligne pour la retransformer en formule en ligne. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-f +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +frac +\family default + -- Fractions : tapez +\family sans +C-f +\family default + pour insérer une fraction ( +\family typewriter +f +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +fraction +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). + Vous pouvez aussi sélectionner une expression et taper +\family sans +C-f +\family default + pour en faire le numérateur d'une fraction. + NB : presser +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + à +\emph on +gauche +\emph default + du dénominateur efface le numérateur et transforme le dénominateur en une + expression non fractionnaire. + +\emph on + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-i +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +int +\family default +-- Insère +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + ( +\family typewriter +i +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +intégrale +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-k +\family default + +\family typewriter +line-delete-forward +\family default + -- Raccourci type Emacs : efface tout ce qu'il y a devant le curseur jusqu'à + la fin de la ligne. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-m +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-mode +\family default + -- Une bascule Texte/Math ( +\family typewriter +m +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +maths +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +) : en mode texte, fait passer en mode math, et insère du texte roman en + mode math. + A le même effet que +\family sans +C-t +\family default + ( +\family typewriter +t +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +texte +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-n +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-number +\family default +-- Ajoute/enlève le numéro d'une formule. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-N +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-nonumber +\family default + -- Ajoute/enlève le numéro d'une ligne dans un tableau d'équations. +\layout Standard + +Les commandes ci-desus sont des bascules pour contrôler la numérotation + des équations ( +\family typewriter +N +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +numéro +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). + NB : quand vous enlevez un numéro dans un tableau d'équations, le marqueur + n'est pas vraiment enlevé (le code TeX devient +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\backslash +label{} +\backslash +nonumber +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +) et ça cause un avertissement LaTeX (sans gravité). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-o +\family default + +\family typewriter +file-open +\family default + -- Ouvre un nouveau document. + (W*ndows) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-q +\family default + +\family typewriter +quote-insert +\family default + -- Insère un guillemet droit " ( +\family typewriter +q +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +quote +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +guillemet +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + +). + Ce n'est pas le guillemet double +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +intelligent +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + que vous obtenez par défaut. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-r +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +-- Signe racine carrée +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{x}$ +\end_inset + + ( +\family typewriter +r +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +racine +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-R +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +root +\family default + -- Signe racine +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[n]{x}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-t +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-mode +\family default + -- Autre raccourci pour basculer du texte au mode mathématique ( +\family typewriter +t +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +texte +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). + NB : le texte roman inséré en mode mathématique est spécial. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-u +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-underline +\family default + -- +\bar under +Souligne +\bar default + le texte sélectionné (en mode texte seulement, utilisez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +overline +\family default + ou +\family typewriter + +\backslash +underbar +\family default + en maths). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-v +\family default + +\family typewriter +paste +\family default + -- Coller. + Héritage de W*ndows. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-w +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-close +\family default + -- Ferme le document courant (un autre héritage de W*ndows). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-x +\family default + +\family typewriter +cut +\family default + -- Couper. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-z +\family default + +\family typewriter +undo +\family default + -- Annuler. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-z +\family default + +\family typewriter +redo +\family default + -- +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Refaire +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, c'est-à-dire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +annuler l'annulation +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Délimiteurs et crochets : pressez +\family sans +Ctrl-< +\family default +touche crochet +\family sans +> +\family default + pour insérer une paire de délimiteurs appariés. + Par exemple, +\family sans +Ctrl-[ +\family default + insère une paire de crochets +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\right]$ +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +Ctrl-] +\family default + fait de même). + Le raccourci créera une formule si nécessaire. + Les caractères gérés sont +\family sans +( [ { < | +\family default +, qui donnent +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\right)$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\right]$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\left\{ \right\} $ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \right\rangle $ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\left|\right|$ +\end_inset + +. + Ça a le même effet d'utiliser le caractère gauche ou le caractère droit. + Les délimiteurs sont +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +intelligents +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et leur taille s'adapte au contenu. + Utilisez la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default + pour obtenir d'autres délimiteurs, ou des délimiteurs non appariés. + Tapez +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + sur le délimiteur de +\emph on +gauche +\emph default + pour effacer les deux délimiteurs sans enlever leur contenu. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-9 +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim ( ) +\family default + -- Par commodité, +\family sans +Ctrl-9 +\family default + a le même effet que +\family sans +Ctrl-( +\family default + ou +\family sans +Ctrl-) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-parenleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim ( ) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-0 +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim ( ) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-parenright +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim ( ) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-bracketleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim [ ] +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-bracketright +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim [ ] +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-less +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim langle rangle +\family default + -- délimiteurs anguleux +\begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \right\rangle $ +\end_inset + +, à ne pas confondre avec les signes +\family sans +< > +\family default + ordinaires. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-greater +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim langle rangle +\layout Standard + +La barre verticale : sur certains claviers, par exemple français, la barre + verticale n'est accessible qu'avec +\family sans +Alt- +\family default +quelque chose, et sur certains Unix elle est associée à la barre verticale + brisée ( +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +brokenbar +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). + Nous définissons donc toutes ces touches. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-bar +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim | | +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-S-brokenbar +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim | | +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-M-bar +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim | | +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-braceleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim { } +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-braceright +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-delim { } +\layout Standard + +Les accents dans Sciword s'obtiennent pour la plupart en tapant +\family sans +Ctrl-< +\family default +touche accent +\family sans +> +\family default +, par exemple +\family sans +Ctrl-. + +\family default + pour un point, +\family sans +Ctrl-' +\family default + pour un accent aigu, +\family sans +Ctrl-~ +\family default + pour un tilde, etc. + Par exemple, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Ctrl-' a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + insère á. + Certains d'entre eux fonctionnent seulement en mode mathématique, et d'autres + seulement en mode texte. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-period +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-dot +\family default + -- Point au-dessus, \i \.{a} + (mode texte seulement). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-comma +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +dot +\family default + -- Point au-dessus, +\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ +\end_inset + + (mode maths seulement -- en physique c'est la dérivée première). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-equals +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +overrightarrow +\family default + -- Vecteur en maths +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{x}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-quotedbl +\family typewriter +accent-umlaut +\family default + -- Umlaut, ä (mode texte seulement). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-colon +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +ddot +\family default + -- Double point au-dessus, +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ +\end_inset + + (mode maths seulement -- en physique c'est la dérivée seconde). + Pour avoir un triple point en mode maths, tapez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +dddot +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-quoteleft +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-grave +\family default + -- Accent grave à (mode texte seulement, tapez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +grave +\family default + en maths). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-asciitilde +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-tilde +\family default + -- Tilde ã (mode texte seulement, tapez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +tilde +\family default + en maths). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-apostrophe +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-acute +\family default + -- Accent aigu á (mode texte seulement, tapez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +acute +\family default + en maths). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-C-asciicircum +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-circumflex +\family default + -- Accent circonflexe â (mode texte seulement, tapez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hat +\family default + en maths). +\layout Standard + +Touches de fonction. + Le nouveau raccourci +\family sans +S-F2 +\family default + pour créer un fichier LaTeX semble pratique. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F2 +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-write +\family default + -- Enregistre le document courant. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-F2 +\family typewriter +buffer-export latex +\family default + -- Écrit un fichier LaTeX à partir du document courant. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F3 +\family default + +\family typewriter +find-replace +\family default + -- Ouvre la fenêtre +\family sans +Rechercher\SpecialChar ~ +et\SpecialChar ~ +Remplacer +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-F4 +\family default + +\family typewriter +buffer-close +\family default + -- Même effet que +\family sans +C-w +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-F4 +\family default + +\family typewriter +lyx-quit +\family default + -- +\family sans +Alt-F4 +\family default + pour quitter LyX correspond au raccourci W*ndows. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +F4 +\family default + à +\family sans +F8 +\family default + servent à changer de police. + Utilisez +\family sans +F4 +\family default + pour repasser en police normale. + Les raccourcis +\family sans +F5 +\family default + à +\family sans +F8 +\family default + pour les polices spéciales sont tous des bascules. + Ils s'appliquent au mot complet si vous mettez le curseur au milieu d'un + mot, ou si vous sélectionnez du texte. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F4 +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-default +\family default + -- Retour à la police normale. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F5 +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-bold +\family default + -- Texte en +\series bold +gras +\series default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F6 +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-emph +\family default + -- Texte en +\emph on +évidence +\emph default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F7 +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-code +\family default + -- Texte en +\family typewriter +chasse fixe +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +F8 +\family default + +\family typewriter +font-noun +\family default + -- Texte en +\noun on +Petites Capitales +\noun default + (parfois utilisé pour les noms propres). +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +F9 +\family default + sert de préfixe +\family sans +Meta +\family default +, comme la touche +\family sans +Alt +\family default + (ce qui est utile si par exemple le clavier n'a pas de touche +\family sans +Alt +\family default + qui marche). +\layout Standard + +Voici quelques raccourcis inspirés de Sciword pour des symboles mathématiques + fréquemment utilisés. + Beaucoup de symboles commencent par +\family sans +C-s +\family default +. + +\family sans +C-s +\family default + lui-même ne peut donc pas être associé à quelque chose. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-apostrophe +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +prime +\family default +-- Le symbole +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +prime +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\prime$ +\end_inset + + en mode mathématique. + Ce n'est souvent pas nécessaire : dans la plupart des cas l'apostrophe + normale fonctionne correctement, par exemple +\begin_inset Formula $x'+2x=0$ +\end_inset + +, mais parfois ça cause une erreur LaTeX s'il y a un double exposant. + Par exemple +\begin_inset Formula $x^{\prime2}$ +\end_inset + + ( +\begin_inset Formula $x$ +\end_inset + + prime carré) doit être entré avec ce caractère. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +apostrophe +\family default + +\family typewriter +command-sequence math-superscipt; math-insert +\backslash +prime; +\family default + -- Insère un prime en exposant (voir l'exemple ci-dessus). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Up +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert ^ +\family default + -- Insère un exposant. + Même effet que +\family sans +^ +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-Down +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert _ +\family default + -- Insère un indice. + Même effet que +\family sans +_ +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +partial +\family default +-- Symbole de dérivée partielle +\begin_inset Formula $\partial$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sum +\family default +-- Signe somme +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + (qui n'est pas le même que la lettre grecque Sigma majuscule +\begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$ +\end_inset + + car il peut changer de taille et permet d'insérer des bornes inférieure + et supérieure). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +prod +\family default + -- Signe produit +\begin_inset Formula $\prod$ +\end_inset + + (qui n'est pas le même que la lettre grecque Pi majuscule +\begin_inset Formula $\Pi$ +\end_inset + +). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +infty +\family default +-- Infini +\begin_inset Formula $\infty$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +x +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +times +\family default + -- Produit cartésien +\begin_inset Formula $\times$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +v +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-matrix 1 2 +\family default + -- Insère un vecteur colonne +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{c} +\\\end{array}$ +\end_inset + + (souvent utile dans les formules). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-matrix 3 3 +\family default + -- Insère une matrice +\begin_inset Formula $3\times3$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} +\\\\\end{array}$ +\end_inset + +. + (Vous pouvez ensuite modifier sa taille avec le menu +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default +.) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-plus +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +dagger +\family default + -- Le symbole +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +épée +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\dagger$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +equal +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +equiv +\family default +-- Le signe de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +congruence +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\equiv$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-equal +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +approx +\family default +-- Le signe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +égale environ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\approx$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-minus +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +sim +\family default + -- Le signe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +équivalent +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sim$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-minus +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +rightarrow +\family default + -- La flèche +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + comme dans +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-M-less +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +leq +\family default + -- Le signe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +inférieur ou égal +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\leq$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +S-M-greater +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +geq +\family default + -- Le signe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +supérieur ou égal +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\geq$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-less +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +ll +\family default + -- Le signe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +très inférieur +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\ll$ +\end_inset + + (sert en physique). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +C-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-greater +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +gg +\family default + -- Le signe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +très supérieur +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gg$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Raccourcis mathématiques standard +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +overline +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-display +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert ^ +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +f +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-insert +\backslash +frac +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +g +\family default + +\family typewriter +math-greek +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +h +\family default + +\family typewriter +accent-circumflex +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +i 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For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language frenchb +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language french +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Foire Aux Questions de LyX, avec les Réponses +\newline +Version 0.3.7 +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Informations de révision : +\layout Standard + +Traduction : Mise à jour Date : 26/02/2003 +\layout Standard + +Original : Révision: 1.17, Date : 17/01/2003 +\end_inset + + +\layout Author + +par l'Équipe LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Le principal responsable de la rédaction de ce fichier est +\noun on +Mike Ressler +\noun default +. + Merci d'envoyer vos commentaires et corrections à la liste de diffusion + de la documentation de LyX, +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\newline +Traduction en français par : +\noun on +Adrien Rebollo +\noun default + +\family typewriter + +\family default +. + Merci d'envoyer vos commentaires et corrections sur la traduction à cette + dernière adresse, ou à la liste de diffusion de LyX en français +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Abstract + +Voici la Foire Aux Questions de LyX, le traitement de texte Open Source + qui fournit un environnement WYSIWYM (Vous Voyez Ce Que Vous Voulez Dire) + pour produire des documents de grande qualité. + Pour une aide supplémentaire, vous pouvez contacter la liste de diffusion + du Groupe des Utilisateurs de LyX à +\family typewriter +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org +\family default + +\emph on +après +\emph default + avoir consulté les documentations. +\layout Abstract + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Introduction et Informations d'ordre général +\layout Subsection + +Qu'est-ce que LyX? +\layout Standard + +LyX est un programme qui offre une approche plus moderne de l'écriture de + documents par ordinateur, une approche qui rompt avec la tradition périmée + héritée de la machine à écrire. + Il est destiné aux auteurs qui veulent obtenir rapidement un rendu professionne +l avec le minimum d'effort sans devenir des spécialistes en typographie. + Le travail de typographie sera pris en charge en majorité par l'ordinateur, + non par l'auteur. + Avec LyX, l'auteur peut se concentrer sur le contenu de ses écrits. +\layout Standard + +LyX fournit une vue +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +presque-WYSIWYG +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + du document +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : WYSIWYG est l'acronyme de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, c'est-à-dire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Vous voyez ce que vous obtiendrez +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Vous voyez ce que vous faites +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + +. + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Presque +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + signifie que les changements de ligne et de page ne sont pas affichés exactemen +t tels qu'ils apparaîtront dans le document imprimé. + Cependant, ce n'est pas réellement nécessaire, puisque LyX utilise un programme + de typographie séparé (appelé LaTeX) pour réaliser le formatage final de + votre texte. + Tandis que LyX a tout ce qu'il faut pour être une interface utilisateur + confortable, le programme de typographie a tout ce qu'il faut pour mettre + en page du texte, et le faire très, très bien. +\layout Standard + +Ainsi, les changements de ligne et de page ne sont plus votre problème. + Se rappeler quel numéro utiliser pour la prochaine sous-section non plus, + et quelle police a été adoptée dans tous vos en-têtes de section, non plus. + Vous dites à LyX (et à LaTeX) quel +\emph on +genre +\emph default + de document vous éditez et de quel +\emph on +type +\emph default + est tel paragraphe, et l'ordinateur en tient compte dans la typographie. + Bien sûr vous pouvez encore faire du formatage de bas niveau pour un ajustement + au millimètre. + Cependant, la bonne façon de faire avec LyX est de dire à l'ordinateur + ce qu' +\emph on +est +\emph default + le texte, et non à quoi il devrait ressembler. + C'est pourquoi nous aimons dire que LyX vous permet l'édition WYSIWYM (What + You See Is What You +\emph on +Mean +\emph default +) +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : C'est-à-dire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Vous voyez ce que vous +\emph on +voulez dire +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, par opposition à WYSIWYG vu plus haut. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +C'est bien, mais est-ce utile ? +\layout Standard + +Absolument. + LyX a déjà servi à produire des documents des types suivants : +\layout Itemize + +Mémos +\layout Itemize + +Lettres +\layout Itemize + +Thèses (260 pages en un seul document, plus si l'on compte les fichiers + inclus) +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +par exemple, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.fee.uva.nl/scholar/mdw/leuven/thesis.pdf} + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Notes de cours (133 pages, 27 figures sur un 486 33\SpecialChar ~ +MHz !) +\layout Itemize + +Carnets de séminaires (+500 pages) +\layout Itemize + +Résumés de conférences ( +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Proceedings of the Second Continental Workshop on the Geoid in Europe +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, (Rapport de l'Institut Géodésique Finlandais 98:4), 292 pages) +\layout Itemize + +Documentation de logiciels (le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + de LyX fait environ 120 pages) +\layout Itemize + +Livres +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +voir +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html} + +\end_inset + + pour un exemple sur PostgreSQL +\layout Itemize + +Donnay, J-P., Barnsley, M.J. + et Longley, P.A., eds., 2001, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Remote Sensing and Urban Analysis +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + (Taylor and Francis : Londres). +\layout Itemize + +Herbert Voss : Praktische Kryptologie mit Java, 286 pages avec des tas d'équatio +ns, de tableaux, de figures. + ISBN 3-8311-1458-7 +\layout Itemize + +Yann Collette et Patrick Siarry, Optimisation multiobjectifs, 2002, Eyrolles +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Articles publiés dans les publications scientifiques suivantes : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Astronomy & Astrophysics (Suetterlin, P. + 1998, A&A, 333, 305 ; Suetterlin, P. + & Wiehr, E. + 1998, A&A, 336, 367) +\layout Itemize + +Astronomical Journal (Ressler, M. + E. + & Barsony, M. + 2001, AJ, 121, 1098) +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Romans (roman de + de 400 pages prévu pour Septembre 2000 ; un roman de + 836 pages est entre les mains d'un agent littéraire) +\layout Itemize + +Scénarios de pièces et de films +\layout Itemize + +Projets d'affaires pour + d'1\SpecialChar ~ +M$ (US) +\layout Subsection + +Où commencer ? +\layout Standard + +Le site +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + est le premier endroit où aller pour trouver quoi que ce soit en rapport + avec LyX. + Là-bas, il y a les dernières nouvelles, des exemples, des téléchargements, + et des tas d'autres choses. + Après avoir installé LyX et l'avoir démarré pour la première fois, lisez + le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + ( +\family sans +Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\family default +). + Oui, oui, je suis tout à fait sérieux. +\layout Standard + +Une autre introduction basique à LyX : +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.bilkent.edu.tr/~robin/lyxguide.pdf} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +LyX marche-t-il sur mon ordinateur ? +\layout Standard + +Pour le moment, vous avez besoin du système X-Window pour faire tourner + LyX. + Il existe des ports OS/2 et Win32, mais vous devez avoir un serveur X installé + et fonctionnant sur ces systèmes. + Nous savons que LyX tourne sur les plateformes suivantes (et probablement + sur une infinité d'autres) : +\layout Itemize + +Linux : RedHat 4.2, 5.0, 5.1, 6.0, 6.1, SUSE 5.x, Mandrake 7.0, 7.2 +\layout Itemize + +SparcLinux : RedHat 6.0 +\layout Itemize + +Sun Solaris 2.6, 2.7 +\layout Itemize + +Tru64 Unix 4.0f +\layout Itemize + +HP-UX +\layout Itemize + +OSF1 flore V4.0 1091 alpha +\layout Subsection + +LyX nécessite combien d'espace disque ? +\layout Standard + +Sur mon système, l'exécutable LyX prend 2,0\SpecialChar ~ +Mo d'espace disque, et les fichiers + auxiliaires en occupent encore 12,6\SpecialChar ~ +Mo (dont 9,1\SpecialChar ~ +Mo pour la documentation + ! Vous pouvez effacer les langues qui ne vous servent pas pour économiser + un peu d'espace). + Bien sûr, il faut que vous ayez quelque chose comme teTeX installé, ce + qui consomme un bon 115\SpecialChar ~ +Mo, ainsi que ghostscript, qui prend encore 10\SpecialChar ~ +Mo + ! +\layout Subsection + +LyX est-il vraiment un logiciel ouvert ? +\layout Standard + +Oui. + Certains peuvent tiquer car, comme la bibliothèque d'interface graphique + xforms utilisé par LyX, bien que gratuite, n'a pas un code source ouvert, + LyX n'est pas Pur et Immaculé. + Absurde. + Le code source de LyX lui-même est disponible sous une version légèrement + modifiée de la GPL, donc LyX répond à la définition d'un logiciel ouvert. + D'autre part, les développeurs de LyX travaillent à le rendre indépendant + de la bibliothèque d'interface, de sorte que la prochaine version 1.3.0 supporter +a Qt2/3 ; et quand bien même, la version 1.0 de xforms sera distribuée sous + la licence LGPL (au moment où ceci est écrit, le code source de versions + préliminaires de xforms 1.0 est disponible à l'adresse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.lyx.org/pub/xforms/OpenSource/} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Section + +Ressources Internet +\layout Subsection + +Où chercher sur la Toile, au sujet de LyX ? +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{bugzilla.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +, si vous voulez signaler un bogue dans LyX. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.devel.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +, si vous êtes intéressé par les entrailles de la bête. +\layout Itemize + +Les sites miroir comprennent : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.mx.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.no.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.it.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Subsection + +Et par FTP ? +\layout Itemize + +ftp.lyx.org dans /pub/lyx (également ftp.via.ecp.fr) +\layout Subsection + +Quelles sont les listes de diffusion ? +\layout Itemize + +lyx-announce@lists.lyx.org (très faible trafic), pour les annonces relatives + à LyX +\layout Itemize + +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org (trafic moyen), pour les problèmes généraux d'utilisation +\layout Itemize + +lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org (trafic élevé), pour les questions de développement + et de chasse aux bogues +\layout Itemize + +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org (trafic effroyablement bas), pour les questions de + documentation +\layout Itemize + +lyx-fr@lists.lyx.org (trafic faible), pour la traduction de LyX en français, + et d'autres questions d'utilisateurs francophones +\layout Standard + +En général, vous envoyez un courrier à lyx-machin-subscribe@lists.lyx.org + pour vous abonner à l'une de ces listes ou à lyx-machin-unsubscribe@lists.lyx.org + pour vous désabonner, où +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +machin +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + peut être +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +announce +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +users +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +devel +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +docs +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +fr +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ; voyez +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org/internet/mailing.php3} + +\end_inset + + pour plus de détails. +\layout Subsection + +Les listes de diffusion sont-elles archivées quelque part ? +\layout Standard + +Oui. + :-) +\layout Subsection + +C'est malin ! Où sont-elles archivées ? +\layout Itemize + +Announce : +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.mail-archive.com/lyx-announce@lists.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Users : +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.mail-archive.com/lyx-users@lists.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Devel : +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.mail-archive.com/lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Compatibilité avec d'autres traitements de texte +\layout Subsection + +Puis-je lire/écrire des fichiers LaTeX ? +\layout Standard + +Oui. + LyX produit des fichiers LaTeX qui sont destinés soit à la machine soit + à un humain. + Le programme reLyX qui est fourni avec LyX convertit pas trop mal du LaTeX + en LyX. + Il n'est pas parfait, mais il fera au moins 95% du travail à votre place. +\layout Subsection + +Puis-je lire/écrire des fichiers Word ? +\layout Standard + +Pas de manière évidente. + Certaines personnes y sont à peu près parvenu en suivant le schéma : LyX +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +RTF +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +Word, et vice versa. + Toutefois, Word n'est pas un langage à balises comme LyX et LaTeX, les + conversions sont donc souvent difficiles et presque dépourvues de sens. +\layout Standard + +Cependant, voici quelques suggestions qui nous ont été envoyées : +\layout Description + +word2x produit des sorties LaTeX, HTML et texte brut. + Le LaTeX est en principe importable (et est assez propre) mais je préfère + souvent le texte brut et rajoute la mise en page ensuite. + (Pour ce faire vous devez connaître la mise en page d'origine). + Au moment où nous écrivons il ne gérait pas encore Word Office 2000. +\layout Description + +wvware (disponible à +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.wvware.com} + +\end_inset + +, ou dans le répertoire CVS d'abisource pour la dernière version). + Il s'appelait auparavant msWordView. + Très bon, il produit du LaTeX/HTML mis en page. + Il est cependant très configurable : un fichier de configuration +\family typewriter +wvLaTeX.xml +\family default + guide le processus de traduction. + Il gère aussi les derniers formats Office. +\layout Description + +Ted C'est l'éditeur à utiliser quand quelqu'un vous envoie un fichier RTF + créé avec Word. + Bon produit. + Utilisez les possibilités de conversion (texte brut ou HTML). +\layout Standard + +Enfin, quand tout le reste ne marche pas, utilisez n'importe quel traitement + de texte (WordPerfect, StarOffice, ...) qui comprenne le Word. + Puis exportez le fichier en texte brut et rajoutez la mise en page à la + main avec LyX. + Pour ma part, je trouve cela plus rapide que de corriger le résultat des + tentatives de conversion, mais ce n'est certainement pas satisfaisant si + vous devez passer souvent d'un format à l'autre. +\layout Subsection + +Puis-je lire/écrire des fichiers HTML ? +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez obtenir des fichiers HTML en utilisant le programme de conversion + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +tth +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, parmi d'autres. + Il y a peut-être un programme HTML +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +LaTeX qui vous permette de faire la conversion dans l'autre sens. +\layout Section + +Se procurer LyX et le compiler +\layout Subsection + +De quoi ai-je besoin ? +\layout Itemize + +Le code source de LyX : lyx-1.x.x.tar.gz +\layout Itemize + +La bibliothèque XForms : xforms-0.88 ou plus récent (il est recommandé d'utiliser + la dernière version disponible) +\layout Itemize + +Une distribution LaTeX : nous recommandons vivement teTeX-1.0 ou plus récent +\layout Itemize + +Un interpréteur PostScript® : ghostscript-7.0 ou plus récent +\layout Itemize + +Un compilateur C++ moderne. + Si vous utilisez gcc, LyX nécessite au moins la version 2.95.2. +\layout Subsection + +Comment le compiler ? +\layout Itemize + +./configure +\layout Itemize + +make +\layout Itemize + +make install (en général comme root, bien que vous n'en ayez pas besoin + si vous ajoutez des options à la commande configure) +\layout Standard + +Voyez le fichier INSTALL pour plus de détails. +\layout Subsection + +Je déteste compiler. + Où sont les binaires précompilés ? +\layout Standard + +La plupart des paquetages ci-dessus sont disponibles comme binaires précompilés + pour un choix de systèmes Linux, et peut-être aussi pour d'autres systèmes. + Les binaires de LyX sont disponibles au format RPM et dans quelques autres + formats à l'adresse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.lyx.org/pub/lyx/bin/} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Le port Windows se trouve à +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.fh-hannover.de/mbau/tim/hentschel/lyx/index.html} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Questions sur le Vilain Texte Rouge ? (IMPORTANT !) +\layout Subsection + +Qu'est-ce que le Vilain Texte Rouge (alias ERT) ? +\layout Standard + +Le Vilain Texte Rouge, ou ERT +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : de l'anglais Evil Red Text. +\end_inset + +, ce sont les commandes en LaTeX brut qui sont insérées dans votre document + LyX. + Certains troglodytes de l'équipe de développement ont inventé ce terme + quand ils se sont plaints de l'aspect peu esthétique qu'il peut entraîner + dans les documents LyX. + Les plus éclairés d'entre nous savent qu'il est très utile, mais l'expression + ERT a fait son chemin. +\layout Subsection + +Comment entrer de l'ERT ? +\layout Standard + +Les arguments esthétiques mis à part, la plupart des réponses de cette FAQ + vous demandent de l'utiliser. + À chaque fois que nous écrivons +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +insérez le code LaTeX suivant +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, faites ceci : +\layout Enumerate + +Cliquez sur le bouton TeX de la barre d'outils ou faites +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +TeX +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Tapez la commande dans l'insert qui vient de se créer. +\layout Subsection + +Le nouvel insert ERT est un fardeau ! +\layout Standard + +Beaucoup de gens se sont plaints de l'insert ERT introduit avec la version + 1.2.0. + Cependant, comme il n'y a aucune chance de voir ressusciter la vieille + police LaTeX (c'était une solution provisoire), voici quelques avantages + à considérer : +\layout Itemize + +Vous pouvez replier l'ERT comme n'importe quel autre flottant avec +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ouvrir/Fermer\SpecialChar ~ +Flottant +\family default + (par défaut le raccourci est +\family sans +C-i +\family default +) +\layout Itemize + +Vous pouvez aussi le transformer en insert +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +en ligne +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + par l'intermédiaire de la fenêtre qui s'ouvre en cliquant sur l'insert + avec le bouton droit. +\layout Subsection + +Y a-t-il une alternative ? +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi insérer des commandes LaTeX dans le Préambule LaTeX, ouvert + avec +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préambule +\family default +, dont tout le contenu est inclus texto dans le fichier LaTeX engendré lors + de la compilation. + C'est particulièrement utile pour inclure des paquetages LaTeX non standard, + pour définir des raccourcis globaux à utiliser tout au long du document, + etc. +\layout Section + +Questions sur l'utilisation de LyX +\layout Standard + +Dans cette section, nous tentons de répondre aux questions qui sont vraiment + les plus fréquentes. + Pour un panorama plus large de questions pas si fréquentes et pour beaucoup + de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Comment faire pour ? +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + voyez la collection impressionnante rassemblée par Herbert Voss à +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.educat.hu-berlin.de/~voss/lyx} + +\end_inset + +. + Vous ne vous rendrez pas service en n'y jetant pas un coup d'oeil avant + d'envoyer un message aux listes de diffusion ! +\layout Subsection + +Questions d'ordre général +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment me débarrasser de la date sous le titre ? +\layout Standard + +La solution la plus simple est d'ajouter +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +date{} +\layout Standard + +dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préambule +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment changer l'espacement dans un environnement de liste ListePuces/Énumérati +on/Description ? +\layout Standard + +Vous devez le faire à la main : par exemple, pour une liste donnée, vous + pouvez ajouter le code LaTeX suivant au début de la liste : +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +itemsep}{0mm} +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment numéroter les équations section par section ? +\layout Standard + +Ajoutez à votre préambule LaTeX les deux lignes suivantes : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +@addtoreset{equation}{section} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +thesection. +\backslash +arabic{equation}} +\layout Subsubsection + +Puis-je le faire aussi avec les figures et les tableaux ? +\layout Standard + +Remplacez la phrase +\family typewriter + +\backslash +theequation +\family default + par +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thetable +\family default + ou +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thefigure +\family default + puis remplacez +\family typewriter +equation +\family default + par +\family typewriter +table +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +figure +\family default +. + N'oubliez pas d'adapter aussi la commande +\family typewriter + +\backslash +@addtoreset +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment transformer la numérotation des notes de bas de page en symboles + (étoile, point, etc.) ? +\layout Standard + +Ajoutez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +thefootnote}{ +\backslash +fnsymbol{footnote}} +\family default + à votre préambule LaTeX. +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment se débarrasser des veuves et des orphelins ? +\layout Standard + +Non, on ne joue pas à Duke Nukem ! Pour éliminer les veuves et les orphelins + (première ligne d'un paragraphe au bas de la page et dernière ligne d'un + paragraphe au sommet de la page), ajoutez au préambule LaTeX ce qui suit + : +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +widowpenalty=10000 +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +clubpenalty=10000 +\layout Standard + +et éventuellement +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +raggedbottom +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment obtenir une liste formatée qui commence par 1. + a) (par exemple) ? +\layout Standard + +Si vous voulez une liste qui ressemble à +\layout LyX-Code + +1. + a) Premier élément +\layout LyX-Code + + b) Deuxième élément +\layout LyX-Code + + c) Troisième élément +\layout Standard + +essayez ce qui suit +\layout LyX-Code + +1. + {} +\layout LyX-Code + + a) Premier élément +\layout LyX-Code + + b) Deuxième élément +\layout LyX-Code + + c) Troisième élément +\layout Standard + +avec {} en ERT (c'est-à-dire un marque-place ne générant aucun rendu). + Plus précisément, mettez le style sur +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +, entrez les accolades en ERT, changez la profondeur d'environnement, et + ajoutez les trois éléments. + LyX mettra la numérotation tout seul. +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment compter les mots dans LyX ? +\layout Standard + +Lancez le correcteur orthographique : il affichera le nombre total de mots + contrôlés. + Assurez-vous que le curseur est bien au début du document quand vous démarrez + le correcteur, afin que tout soit compté. +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment insérer une quantité donnée d'espacement horizontal ? +\layout Standard + +Il y a plusieurs commandes ERT à utiliser : +\family typewriter + +\backslash +enspace +\family default + (1/2\SpecialChar ~ +em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thinspace +\family default + (1/6\SpecialChar ~ +em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +negthinspace +\family default + (-1/6\SpecialChar ~ +em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +quad +\family default + (1\SpecialChar ~ +em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +qquad +\family default + (2\SpecialChar ~ +em), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace{ +\emph on +longueur +\emph default +} +\family default +, etc. + Un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +em +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + fait à peu près la largeur de la lettre +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans la police utilisée. + Le paramètre de longueur de la commande +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace +\family default + peut être n'importe quelle longueur TeX valide ; l'unité peut être +\family typewriter +mm +\family default + (millimètre), +\family typewriter +cm +\family default + (centimètre), +\family typewriter +in +\family default + (pouce), +\family typewriter +pt +\family default + (point = 1/72\SpecialChar ~ +pouce), +\family typewriter +em +\family default + (largeur de la lettre +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +), ou +\family typewriter +ex +\family default + (hauteur de la lettre +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). + Exemples : +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace{1in} +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hspace{2.5em} +\family default +, etc. +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment faire référence à des citations en les groupant ainsi [1,2,3,6] + ou [1-3,6] plutôt qu'ainsi [1][2][3][6] ? +\layout Standard + +Insérez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{cite} +\family default + dans le préambule LaTeX. + La plupart des distributions LaTeX devraient comprendre ce paquetage. + LyX le supporte, si vous mettez des citations multiples séparées par des + virgules dans la boîte de dialogue correspondante, par exemple [Smalley_JCP,Jar +rold_Sci], au lieu de simplement une citation après l'autre : [Smalley_JCP] + [Jarrold_Sci]. +\layout Subsection + +Questions au sujet des figures +\layout Subsubsection + +Quelle est la différence entre une +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +figure +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et une +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +figure flottante +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ? +\layout Standard + +Un exemple de terminologie imparfaite. + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Figure +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + est ce que j'appellerais un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +graphique +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ; ça signifie basiquement insérer un fichier d'image. + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Figure flottante +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + correspond plus à ce qu'on appelle une figure dans un article : elle comprend + le graphique, la légende, la numérotation de figure, etc. + Vous devriez toujours essayer d'abord d'insérer une figure flottante, puis + de mettre une figure dedans. +\layout Standard + +Les tableaux marchent de la même manière. + Mettez un tableau flottant d'abord, puis insérez le tableau dedans. +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment faire pour que LyX mette la figure exactement où je veux ? +\layout Standard + +Faites +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + Dans le champ +\family sans +Extra\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Placement\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +flottants +\family default +, mettez +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +!htp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +.LaTeX s'acharnera alors à mettre la figure d'abord à l'endroit où elle est + insérée, puis en haut d'une page, puis sur une page à part. + C'est un réglage global : toutes les figures seront concernées. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez contrôler le comportement d'une figure individuellement en cliquant + avec le bouton droit sur le flottant de figure, et en réglant le paramètre + correspondant dans la fenêtre obtenue. +\layout Subsubsection + +Que veut dire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Too many unprocessed floats +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Trop de flottants non traités +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + ? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX ne peut gérer qu'un nombre limité d'éléments flottants qui flottent + en même temps. + Par exemple, si la Figure\SpecialChar ~ +4 ne trouve pas de bon emplacement (en utilisant + les règles par défaut : haut de la page, puis bas, puis page à part) et + si vient la Figure\SpecialChar ~ +5, les deux vont continuer à flotter ensemble jusqu'à + ce qu'un bon emplacement soit disponible. + Si rien de correct n'apparaît, elles vont être placées à la fin du document. + S'il y a trop d'éléments qui flottent ainsi, un compteur LaTeX atteint + son maximum et émet une erreur +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +too many unprocessed floats +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Ce n'est pas un bogue, c'est simplement trop de figures et pas assez de + texte :-) +\layout Standard + +La façon la plus simple de contourner cela est d'insérer une commande +\family typewriter + +\backslash +clearpage +\family default + quelque part dans le document où un saut de page serait approprié. + Tandis qu'un saut de page ne ferait que démarrer une nouvelle page, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +clearpage +\family default + traite tous les flottants restants, puis commence une nouvelle page. + Ça peut conduire à un amas peu esthétique de figures au milieu de votre + document ; vous pouvez utiliser plusieurs +\family typewriter + +\backslash +clearpage +\family default + pour obtenir un bon équilibre. +\layout Subsection + +Questions au sujet des Maths +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment mettre du texte normal dans une équation mathématique ? +\layout Standard + +Tapez +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +M-m m +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + quand vous êtes dans l'équation pour entrer en mode +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +texte-math +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment obtenir une racine cubique (ou plus élevée) ? +\layout Standard + +Tapez +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +M-m r +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + pour insérer une +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +boîte de racine +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Utilisez les touches du curseur pour naviguer dans les points d'insertion. +\layout Section + +Questions sur le lancement de LyX +\layout Subsection + +Comment convertir des fichiers LyX en LaTeX à la ligne de commande ? +\layout Standard + +L'exportation de fichiers a été grandement améliorée dans la version 1.1.6. + Vous avez juste besoin de taper +\layout LyX-Code + +lyx --export latex .lyx +\layout Standard + +et c'est tout. +\layout Standard + +Si vous avez une version plus ancienne, cette commande nécessite que vous + ayez un serveur X allumé, car elle fait surgir des fenêtres à l'écran. + Si vous disposez de la commande Xvfb, vous pouvez recourir à un subterfuge + (sous +\family typewriter +bash +\family default +) : +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +(Xvfb :1 -once -terminate &); rm .tex; lyx -display :1 --export + latex .lyx +\layout Standard + +Sous +\family typewriter +csh +\family default +/ +\family typewriter +tcsh +\family default + c'est simplement : +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Xvfb :1 -once -terminate &; rm .tex; lyx -display :1 --export latex + .lyx +\layout Standard +\noindent +Ça devrait fonctionner n'importe où, que X tourne ou non. +\layout Subsection + +Comment créer des fichiers PDF à partir de mon document LyX ? +\layout Standard + +Lire la Section\SpecialChar ~ +5.3.6 du manuel d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Pourquoi les polices de mon document sont-elles si laides dans +\family typewriter +acroread +\family default + ? +\layout Standard + +Ce problème et sa solution sont également discutés dans la Section\SpecialChar ~ +5.3.6 du + manuel d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Pourquoi ma version flambant neuve de Ghostscript ne rend-elle pas correctement + les figures EPS en ligne ? +\layout Standard + +[Note : ceci ne s'applique qu'aux versions de LyX antérieures à la 1.2.0, + car le code chargé du rendu des graphiques a été réécrit depuis.] +\layout Standard + +Quelques utilisateurs ont signalé qu'ils ne pouvaient afficher les figures + en ligne dans LyX avec les dernières versions de Ghostscript. + Il apparaît qu'il s'agit d'un bogue de Ghostscript : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?func=detailbug&bug_id=124957&group_id=1897} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ce bogue semble affecter Ghostscript 6.22 et suivantes. + Après avoir appliqué le correctif mentionné ci-dessus, l'affichage dans + LyX remarche bien. + GNU Ghostscript 6.53 et suivantes contient déjà ce correctif. +\layout Section + +Questions sur LyX et Windows +\layout Subsection + +Pourquoi les menus et la barre d'outils clignotent-ils ? +\layout Standard + +Vous utilisez probablement le serveur X XWin32. + C'est un bogue de XWin32 : vous pouvez contourner le problème en désactivant + l'option +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Utiliser les Couleurs Réservées +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans XWin32, et en utilisant un mode de couleur autre que PseudoColor. +\layout Section + +Comment obtenir plus d'aide +\layout Subsection + +Vous n'avez toujours pas répondu à ma question ! +\layout Standard + +Alors lisez la totalité des manuels, en particulier le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +. + La documentation n'est vraiment pas mal. + (D'ailleurs, j'ai aidé à en écrire une partie :-) Si vous pensez que votre + problème peut être lié à LaTeX, alors regardez dans +\emph on +LaTeX, A Document Preparation System, 2nd Ed. + +\emph default + de Leslie Lamport (1994). + Il y a aussi de nombreux fichiers d'exemples inclus avec LyX. + Essayez +\family sans +Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ouvrir\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Exemples +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Je veux écrire à quelqu'un pour lui parler de mon problème +\layout Standard + +Envoyez un courrier à la liste de diffusion des utilisateurs de LyX : lyx-users@ +lists.lyx.org. + Si LyX se plante ou ne fonctionne pas du tout, alors essayez la liste des + développeurs à lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org. +\layout Subsection + +Quoi mettre dans une demande d'assistance ? +\layout Standard + +Mettez votre version de LyX et une description de ce que vous essayez de + faire, ainsi que des preuves que vous avez bien lu les documentations. +\layout Standard + +Si LyX s'est planté, mettez la version de LyX, le système d'exploitation, + la version de xforms (s'il semble y avoir un problème de tracé à l'écran), + et une description précise des événements qui ont conduit au plantage. + Plus les développeurs pourront facilement reproduire votre problème, plus + vous aurez de chances qu'il soit résolu. + Si vous êtes courageux et aimez bidouiller, utilisez gdb pour générer un + backtrace +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Terme utilisé dans +\family typewriter +gdb +\family default +, désignant la pile d'appel des fonctions. +\end_inset + + et joignez-le à votre courrier. + Si vous ne voyez pas du tout de quoi je suis en train de parler, décrivez + simplement ce que vous étiez en train de faire, de la façon la plus complète + possible. +\layout Section + +Renseignements Administratifs et Remerciements +\layout Subsection + +Votre avis est le bienvenu +\layout Standard + +Envoyez des commentaires, des suggestions d'ajouts, ou l'annonce que vous + avez battu un record du monde avec votre document, à +\emph on +mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Formats dans lesquels cette FAQ est disponible +\layout Standard + +Le fichier LyX original est compris dans la distribution source de LyX, + des versions converties en HTML et en ASCII devraient bientôt être disponibles + sur le site web. +\layout Subsection + +Auteurs et remerciements +\layout Standard + +Bernhard Iselborn, David Johnson et Paul Evans ont été responsables de la + FAQ jusqu'à la version 0.2.2 qui traitait de LyX-0.10.7. + À partir de la version 0.3.0 la FAQ a été entièrement réécrite et couvre + LyX-1.0 et au-delà. + Beaucoup de gens ont contribué à des morceaux de la version actuelle ; + Mike Ressler ( +\emph on +mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu +\emph default +) de l'Équipe de Documentation les rassemble et les met dans ce fichier. +\layout Subsection + +Garantie et Licence +\layout Standard + +Je ne garantis pas que quoi que ce soit dans ce document soit correct jusqu'à + la n-ième décimale ; après tout, je ne suis qu'un astronome, et pour nous, + +\begin_inset Formula $c=h=k=\pi=1$ +\end_inset + +. + Quand le résultat tombe faux, nous ne faisons que redéfinir les unités. + Ce fichier est distribué dans l'espoir qu'il sera utile, mais SANS AUCUNE + GARANTIE ; sans même la garantie implicite qu'il a UNE VALEUR ou qu'il + est ADAPTÉ À UN QUELCONQUE BUT. + Voyez la licence GNU General Public License pour plus de détails. + En d'autres termes, ce n'est pas ma faute si vous perdez votre thèse la + veille de votre soutenance parce que vous avez oublié de l'enregistrer + avant la coupure de courant, pendant que vous vous demandiez comment une + constante physique fondamentale exprimée en +\begin_inset Formula $m.s^{-1}$ +\end_inset + + peut être égale à une autre exprimée en +\begin_inset Formula $kg.m.s^{-2}.K^{-1}$ +\end_inset + +. + Ce fichier est Copyright © 2000 par Michael E. + Ressler au nom de l'Équipe de Documentation de LyX. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/fr_Intro.lyx b/lib/doc/fr_Intro.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c2f454dd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/fr_Intro.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,2135 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language frenchb +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 2 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language french +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Introduction à LyX +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Informations de révision : +\layout Standard + +Traduction : Mise à jour OK, Date : 30/06/2003 +\layout Standard + +Original : Révision: 1.29, Date : 16/03/2003 +\end_inset + + +\layout Author + +par l'Équipe LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Le principal responsable de la rédaction de ce fichier est +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +. + Merci d'envoyer vos commentaires et corrections à la liste de diffusion + de la documentation de LyX, +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\newline +Traduction en français par : P.-H. + +\noun on +Boinnard +\noun default +, M. + +\noun on +Boinnard +\noun default +, +\noun on +Jean-Marc +\noun default + +\noun on +Lasgouttes +\noun default +, +\noun on +Denis +\noun default + +\noun on +Valdenaire +\noun default + et +\noun on +Adrien +\noun default + +\noun on +Rebollo +\noun default + +\family typewriter + +\family default +. + Merci d'envoyer vos commentaires et corrections sur la traduction à cette + dernière adresse, ou à la liste de diffusion de LyX en français +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +La philosophie de LyX +\layout Section + +Qu'est-ce que LyX ? +\layout Standard + +LyX est un système de préparation de documents. + Il est excellent si vous voulez écrire des articles scientifiques et techniques + complexes avec des mathématiques, des références croisées, des bibliographies, + des index, etc\SpecialChar \ldots{} + Il est très bon pour tous les documents de toutes tailles + pour lesquels sont requises les fonctions habituelles d'un traitement de + texte : numérotation des sections et pagination automatiques, correction + orthographique, et ainsi de suite. + Il peut aussi servir à écrire une lettre à votre maman, même si je vous + accorde qu'il existe sans doute des programmes plus simples pour ça. + Il n'est certainement pas le meilleur outil pour créer des affiches, tracts + ou publicités (nous expliquerons pourquoi plus tard), bien qu'avec quelque + effort vous puissiez faire tout cela aussi. + Quelques exemples de ce à quoi il peut servir : des rapports, des lettres, + des dissertations et des thèses, des notes de conférence, des cahiers de + séminaire, des actes de conférence, de la documentation de logiciel, des + livres (sur PostgreSQL, les capteurs à distance, la cryptologie, des romans, + de la poésie, et même un ou deux livres pour enfants), des articles dans + des publications scientifiques, des scripts pour des pièces de théâtre + ou des films, des propositions de contrats\SpecialChar \ldots{} + vous voyez le genre. +\layout Standard + +LyX est un programme qui offre une approche moderne de l'écriture de documents + par ordinateur, inspirée des langages à balises, une approche qui rompt + avec la tradition périmée héritée de la machine à écrire. + Il est destiné aux auteurs qui veulent obtenir rapidement un rendu professionne +l avec le minimum d'effort sans devenir des spécialistes en typographie. + Le travail de typographie sera pris en charge en majorité par l'ordinateur, + non par l'auteur ; avec LyX, l'auteur peut se concentrer sur le contenu + de ce qu'il écrit. +\layout Standard + +Pour faire le choix d'utiliser LyX, il faut avant tout changer d'état d'esprit. + À une époque, pour créer des documents il n'y avait que les machines à + écrire, et nous avons donc tous appris certains trucs pour contourner leurs + limitations. + Souligner, qui n'était rien d'autre que repasser sur le texte avec des + caractères +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, est devenu un moyen de mettre du texte en valeur. + Pour créer une table, il fallait évaluer au préalable la largeur des colonnes + et mettre en place les tabulations adaptées. + C'était la même chose pour écrire des lettres et tous les textes justifiés + à droite. + Les césures nécessitaient un oeil +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Pour conserver une bonne lisibilité dans la fenêtre LyX, l'o e dans + l'o a volontairement été évité. + Il faut savoir qu'il s'écrit +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +oe{} +\end_inset + +, c'est-à-dire +\backslash +oe{} en mode TeX. + Consultez la section +\emph on +LyX et la typographie française +\emph default + du +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +. +\end_inset + + exercé et beaucoup de prévoyance. +\layout Standard + +En d'autres termes, nous avons tous été habitués à nous soucier de l'emplacement + précis de chaque caractère. + La plupart des traitements de texte ont par conséquent conservé la même + approche. + Ils utilisent encore les tabulations pour ajouter de l'espace. + Vous avez encore à vous soucier de la place exacte qu'occupera tel ou tel + élément dans la page. + Mettre en évidence un texte se fait en changeant de police, ce qui revient + à changer la roue de la machine à écrire. + C'est la philosophie correspondant aux traitements de texte WYSIWYG : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Vous voyez ce que vous obtenez. +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + +. + Malheureusement, ce paradigme devient souvent +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +What You See Is All You Get +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Vous n'obtenez que ce que vous voyez. +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +C'est là-dessus que LyX diffère d'un traitement de texte ordinaire. + Vous ne vous souciez pas de savoir où sera placé tel ou tel caractère. + Vous dites à LyX +\shape slanted +ce que vous voulez faire +\shape default +et LyX se charge du reste, appliquant un ensemble de règles appelé un +\emph on +style +\emph default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pour être honnête, la plupart des versions récentes des suites bureautiques + les plus populaires ont aujourd'hui des sortes de feuilles de style qui + présentent une approche semblable. + Cependant, l'expérience montre qu'elles sont encore rarement utilisées + en pratique. +\end_inset + +. + Voyons un petit exemple : +\layout Standard + +Supposons que vous tapez un rapport. + Pour commencer, vous voulez une section appelée +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Introduction +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + Vous allez dans le menu de votre traitement de texte qui vous permet de + changer la taille de police et vous choisissez une nouvelle taille. + Puis vous passez en caractères gras. + Ensuite, vous tapez : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +1.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +Introduction +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Bien sûr, si vous décidez de déplacer cette section dans votre document, + ou d'en insérer une autre avant, il vous faudra changer la numérotation + de la section, ainsi que celle des suivantes, sans oublier les entrées + de la table des matières. +\layout Standard + +Avec LyX, vous allez sur le menu déroulant tout à fait à gauche de la barre + d'outils, sélectionnez +\family sans +Section +\family default +, et tapez +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Introduction +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Eh oui, c'est tout. + Si vous coupez-collez la section, la numérotation sera automatiquement + remise à jour -- partout. + Et si vous entrez correctement des références à cette section (en insérant + des balises de références croisées), LyX les mettra à jour automatiquement + tout au long du document, de sorte que vous n'aurez jamais à taper de numéro + de section. +\layout Standard + +Vient ensuite le problème de la cohérence. + Cinq jours plus tard, vous ouvrez votre rapport et commencez la Section\SpecialChar ~ +4. + Malheureusement, vous avez oublié que vous utilisiez du 18pt gras à la + place de 16pt, et vous tapez l'en-tête de la Section\SpecialChar ~ +4 avec une police différent +e de celle de la Section\SpecialChar ~ +1. + Ce problème n'existe pas avec LyX. + L'ordinateur prend soin de toute cette comptabilité stupide. + Après tout, c'est bien le domaine de prédilection d'un ordinateur. +\layout Standard + +Voici un autre exemple. + Supposons que vous écrivez une liste. + Avec d'autres traitements de texte, une liste est juste un ensemble de + tabulations et de retours chariot. + Vous devez décider où mettre le marqueur pour chaque élément de la liste, + quel doit être ce marqueur, combien de lignes blanches mettre entre chaque + élément, et ainsi de suite. + Avec LyX, il n'y a que deux choses à savoir : de quel genre de liste il + s'agit, et ce qu'il y a dedans. + C'est tout. +\layout Standard + +Ainsi, l'idée maîtresse avec LyX est la suivante : dites ce que vous faites, + et non pas comment le faire. + À la place de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Vous voyez ce que vous obtenez. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, le modèle de LyX serait plutôt +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You +\emph on +Mean +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Vous voyez ce que vous +\emph on +voulez dire. +\end_inset + + +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +WYSIWYM +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en abrégé. + C'est une idée puissante qui simplifie grandement le processus d'écriture + de documents. + C'est aussi pour ça que LyX n'est pas très adapté pour créer des affiches + et des tracts -- dans ce cas, vous +\emph on +voulez +\emph default + définir exactement où va chaque chose, parce qu'il n'y a pas d'unités fonctionn +elles comme des paragraphes, des sections, etc\SpecialChar \ldots{} + Ça ne veut pas dire qu'il + manque à LyX des fonctions utiles. + Ça signifie simplement que ce n'est pas l'outil adapté -- vous n'utilisez + pas un tournevis pour enfoncer des clous (sauf si votre tournevis est garanti + à vie). +\layout Section + +Différences entre LyX et les autres traitements de texte +\begin_inset OptArg +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX et les autres traitements de texte +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Non, nous ne cherchons pas ici à déclarer (ou à gagner) la guerre sainte + des traitements de texte. + Mais nous pensons vraiment qu'il est important de décrire les possibilités + de LyX. + Et l'un de ses aspects les plus importants, le WYSIWYM, est un concept + fondamentalement différent de ce que la plupart des gens pensent qu'est + un traitement de texte. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Voici une liste de choses que vous ne trouverez pas dans LyX : +\layout Itemize + +la règle ; +\layout Itemize + +des taquets de tabulation ; +\layout Itemize + +des espaces superflues (c'est-à-dire taper +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + ou +\family sans +Espace +\family default + deux fois ou plus). +\layout Standard + +Les taquets de tabulation, au même titre que la règle qui vous indique la + position des éléments dans la page, n'ont aucune utilité avec LyX. + Le programme s'occupe de placer les éléments dans la page, pas vous. + Pour les espaces, c'est pareil ; LyX en ajoute quand c'est nécessaire, + en fonction du contexte. + Le fait de ne pas pouvoir taper deux lignes vides à la suite vous agacera + au début, mais prendra tout son sens une fois que vous penserez en termes + WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +Voilà quelques notions qui existent avec LyX, mais ne sont pas utilisées + comme vous pourriez le penser : +\layout Itemize + +contrôle de l'indentation ; +\layout Itemize + +sauts de page ; +\layout Itemize + +interligne (simple, double, etc\SpecialChar \ldots{} +) ; +\layout Itemize + +espacement, horizontal et vertical ; +\layout Itemize + +polices et tailles de police ; +\layout Itemize + +types de caractère (gras, italique, souligné, etc\SpecialChar \ldots{} +). +\layout Standard + +Même si elles existent dans LyX, vous n'en aurez généralement pas besoin. + LyX prendra en charge tout cela pour vous, en fonction de ce que vous écrivez. + Les différentes parties du document sont automatiquement imprimées avec + des types de caractères et des tailles de police différents. + L'indentation dépend du contexte ; des paragraphes de types différents + suivent des règles d'indentation différentes. + Les sauts de page, eux aussi, sont gérés automatiquement. + En général, l'interligne, l'espace entre les mots et entre les paragraphes + est variable, et est défini par LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Il y a des façons d'ajuster manuellement toutes ces propriétés (et seules + quelques-unes nécessitent des connaissances en LaTeX), que ce soit pour + l'ensemble du document ou seulement pour une partie. + Référez-vous au +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default +et/ou aux +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default + pour avoir des détails. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Enfin, il y a quelques domaines où nous pensons que LyX (et LaTeX) surpasse + quantité d'autres traitements de texte : +\layout Itemize + +césure ; +\layout Itemize + +listes de tous types ; +\layout Itemize + +mathématiques ; +\layout Itemize + +tables ; +\layout Itemize + +références croisées. +\layout Standard + +D'accord, un certain nombre de traitements de texte modernes peuvent gérer + les symboles mathématiques, les tableaux et les césures, et beaucoup ont + adopté des définitions de style et ont évolué en direction du concept WYSIWYM. + Cependant, ils ne le font que depuis peu, alors que LyX est construit sur + le système de préparation de document LaTeX. + LaTeX est là depuis plus de 15 ans, et +\shape slanted +fonctionne. +\layout Section + +Qu'est-ce donc que LaTeX (et en quoi ça me concerne) ? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX est un système de préparation de document conçu par Leslie Lamport + en 1985 +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +La source des informations de cette section est +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, par Helmut Kopka et Patrick Daly, ouvrage inclus dans la bibliographie + du +\emph on + Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + +. + À son tour, il a été construit à partir d'un langage de composition appelé + TeX, créé par Donald Knuth en 1984. + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + se prononce comme +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +berq ! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : onomatopée originale : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +blech! +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, ce qui représente bien ce que beaucoup de gens pensent de ce langage. + Pourtant, la plupart des gens ne comprennent même pas ce qu'est TeX. + TeX prend une séquence de commandes typographiques, écrites dans un script + dans un fichier ASCII, et les exécute. + C'est un peu plus compliqué qu'une machine à écrire, mais pas autant qu'une + vraie presse d'imprimerie ; cependant, la plupart des +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +trucs +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + du métier d'imprimeur ont été modélisés par Knuth sous la forme d'algorithmes + informatiques et incorporés dans TeX, d'où son excellent rendu d'impression. + Dans tous les cas, la sortie produite par TeX est le format de fichier + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +device independent +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +indépendant du périphérique +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, en abrégé +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Vous pouvez alors envoyer le fichier +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + à tout ce qui comprend le +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, ou le convertir vers d'autres formats comme PostScript®, PDF, etc\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Standard + +TeX ne serait qu'un moteur de rendu typographique s'il n'avait pas une capacité + supplémentaire. + En effet, TeX permet également de définir des macros. + C'est là que ça devient intéressant. +\layout Standard + +La plupart de ceux qui utilisent TeX utilisent en fait un paquetage de macros + que Donald Knuth créa pour masquer nombre de détails typographiques. + C'est ce à quoi la plupart des gens pensent quand ils pensent à TeX. + L'utilisateur lambda n'utilise jamais le TeX brut, qui constitue l'ensemble + des commandes typographiques de base. + Ceux qui écrivent des nouveaux paquetages le font. + Et c'est ici que Leslie Lamport entre en scène. + Il voulait un paquetage plus orienté utilisateur que typographe, un ensemble + de commandes pour composer avec cohérence des sections, des tableaux ou + des formules de maths, d'une façon uniforme et cohérente avec le moins + de tracas possible. + C'est ainsi qu'est né LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Parallèlement au développement et au déploiement de LaTeX, d'autres personnes + créèrent leurs propres paquetages de macros pour TeX, certains pour faire + des transparents, d'autres pour des articles de journaux mathématiques + et bien d'autres encore. + Si certains utilisaient le TeX brut, d'autre commençaient à modifier LaTeX. + Pour essayer d'unifier cette foire, un groupe de LaTeX-niciens (dont Leslie + Lamport, bien sûr) a commencé à travailler à LaTeX2e, la version actuelle + de LaTeX, à la fin des années 1980. + Cette nouvelle version de LaTeX comporte notamment un jeu de commandes + qui fournit une interface conviviale pour les anciennes commandes de création + de macros de TeX, des commandes facilitant l'utilisation de nouvelles polices, + et d'autres extensions. + En fait, LaTeX est pratiquement un langage complet à lui tout seul ! Des + utilisateurs du monde entier ont créé leur propres extensions de LaTeX, + en plus de celles qui sont en standard. +\layout Standard + +Il y a deux façons d'étendre LaTeX : les classes et les styles. + Une +\shape slanted +classe +\shape default + est un jeu de macros LaTeX (et TeX) qui décrivent un nouveau type de document, + comme un livre, ou un article. + On trouve des classes pour des transparents, pour des articles de journaux + de physique et de maths\SpecialChar \ldots{} + de nombreuses universités ont même une classe pour + la composition de leurs thèses ! Le +\shape slanted +style +\shape default + diffère de la classe en ceci qu'il ne définit pas de nouveau document, + mais un +\shape slanted +comportement +\shape default + différent applicable dans n'importe quel document. + Par exemple, LyX contrôle les marges et l'interligne grâce à deux fichiers + de style conçus à cet effet. + Il y a des fichiers de style pour plein de trucs : étiquettes, enveloppes, + modifier l'indentation, ajouter des polices, manipuler des objets graphiques, + définir des en-têtes de page fantaisie, personnaliser les bibliographies, + modifier la place et l'allure des notes de bas de page, tableaux, et figures, + personnaliser les listes, et cetera. +\layout Standard + +Voici un résumé : +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX\SpecialChar ~ +: Langage de composition avec possibilité de macros. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +: Paquetage de macros basé sur TeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +classes\SpecialChar ~ +: Définitions d'un type de document, utilisant LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +styles\SpecialChar ~ +: Modifient le comportement par défaut de LaTeX d'une façon donnée. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX\SpecialChar ~ +: Traitement de texte visuel, WYSIWYM, qui à l'impression utilise LaTeX + dans toute sa splendeur. +\layout Standard + +Le but de cette section était d'expliquer +\shape italic +pourquoi +\shape default +LyX fonctionne un peu différemment des autres traitements de texte. + La raison est simple : LyX utilise LaTeX comme outil d'impression. + Exactement comme LaTeX, LyX se focalise sur le contexte de vos écrits -- + le +\shape italic +quoi. + +\shape default +L'ordinateur s'occupe lui du +\shape slanted +comment +\shape default + le présenter. +\layout Standard + +Oh -- une dernière chose. + LaTeX se prononce comme TeX. + Il rime avec +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +hey blech +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ha blech +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, selon votre prononciation du +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +a +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + En général. + Leslie Lamport dit pourtant dans son livre, que +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +lay +\emph default +-tecks +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + est aussi acceptable. + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, de son côté, se prononce +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +licks +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +lucks +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +looks +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, selon votre contrée d'origine\SpecialChar \ldots{} + mais de nombreux messages incendiaires ayant + été émis à ce sujet sur les listes de diffusion de LyX, vous n'avez qu'à + le prononcer comme bon vous semble. + Simplement ne le prononcez pas +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +word +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + +\family typewriter +:-) +\layout Chapter + +Naviguer dans la documentation +\layout Standard + +Pour répondre plus facilement à vos questions tout en décrivant toutes les + fonctionnalités de LyX, la documentation a été répartie sur plusieurs fichiers. + Ils ont chacun leur rôle, comme indiqué un peu plus loin. + Mais avant de parcourir tous ces fichiers, il vaut mieux lire ce chapitre + avec attention, parce qu'il contient des informations et commentaires qui + pourront vous faire gagner du temps. +\layout Standard + +Bien que LyX ait maintenant bien dépassé la version 1.0, certains documents + seront peut-être incomplets ou un peu en retard dans la mise à jour, même + si nous travaillons dur pour suivre les évolutions. + Comme pour l'ensemble de LyX, les manuels sont l'oeuvre de bénévoles qui + ont un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +vrai +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + travail, une famille, la vaisselle à laver, la litière du chat à changer, + et ainsi de suite. + Si vous êtes volontaire pour nous rejoindre, jetez un oeil attentif sur + la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + + de ce document. +\layout Standard + +D'autre part, faites-nous une faveur -- s'il arrivait que dans cette documentati +on quelque chose vous embrouille, ne soit pas bien clair, ou carrément faux, + faites-le nous savoir ! Vous pouvez contacter les préposés à la mise à + jour de la documentation à l'adresse email +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + Si vous avez des questions à laquelle la documentation ne répond pas de + manière évidente, et que vous avez besoin d'une aide urgente, vous pouvez + joindre la liste de diffusion des utilisateurs à l'adresse +\family typewriter +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Le Format des Manuels +\layout Standard + +Si certains d'entre vous ont imprimé les manuels, d'autres les lisent en + ligne. + Il y a quelques différences de format entre les deux. + En ligne, le titre n'est pas disposé sur une page séparée, comme sur certaines + versions papier, mais simplement au tout début du document. + Les notes de bas de page et la table des matières ne sont pas visibles + dans le corps du document. + Les notes de bas de page, qui ont l'aspect suivant +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Veuillez agréer nos hommages les plus respectueux ! +\layout Standard + +Pour refermer cette note, cliquez sur la boîte grise en haut à gauche, celle + qui contient le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bas +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + +, sont accessibles en cliquant dessus avec le bouton gauche de la souris. + Vous pouvez consulter la table des matières soit en cliquant sur la boîte + grise située sous le titre, soit en utilisant le menu +\family sans +Naviguer +\family default +, qui la fait apparaître automatiquement. + (Essayez!) +\layout Standard + +Sur la version papier, les références croisées sont affichées avec les bons + numéros de page, de section ou de sous-section. + En ligne, à l'inverse, elles apparaissent comme des boîtes grises ainsi + : +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +. + (Dans la version papier il y a un numéro à la place.) Si vous cliquez sur + cet insert avec le bouton gauche de la souris, une fenêtre s'ouvre avec + la liste de toutes les références croisées du document. + Cette introduction n'en a qu'une, appelée +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + sec:Contrib +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Vous pouvez vous rendre à la section mentionnée en cliquant sur le bouton + +\family sans +Aller\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +référence +\family default +. + Revenir d'où vous venez est tout aussi simple, il suffit de cliquer sur + le bouton +\family sans +Revenir +\family default + ou de taper +\family sans +C-< +\family default +. + (Que signifie +\family sans +C-< +\family default + ? La description est juste un peu plus loin.) +\layout Standard + +Maintenant que nous avons décrit les différences entre les versions papier + et en ligne, voyons le format de ce document. + Vous pourrez trouver des textes en différentes polices : +\layout Itemize + +Le style +\emph on +En Évidence +\emph default + sert à mettre l'accent sur un point et à écrire les paramètres génériques, + les titres de livres, les noms de sections d'autres manuels, et les notes + des auteurs. +\layout Itemize + +La police à +\family typewriter +Chasse fixe +\family default + sert pour les sources de programmes et les noms de fichiers, le code LaTeX, + ainsi que les codes et fonctions LyX. +\layout Itemize + +La police +\family sans +Sans Empattement +\family default + sert pour les menus, les boutons, les noms des fenêtres et des touches + clavier. +\layout Itemize + +Le style +\noun on +Nom Propre +\noun default + sert pour les noms propres. +\layout Standard + +Pour les accélérateurs de menus et d'autres raccourcis clavier plus obscurs, + consultez la section +\emph on +Raccourcis Clavier +\emph default + du manuel d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default + (le fichier +\family typewriter +fr_Extended.lyx +\family default +). + Voici les conventions utilisées pour décrire les séquences de touches : +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour la touche +\family sans +Control- +\family default +ou +\family sans + Ctrl- ; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + comme +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Shift +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour la touche +\family sans +Majuscule- ; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour la touche +\family sans +Meta- +\family default +, ou +\family sans +Alt- +\family default + sur certains claviers ; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + sont les touches de fonctions ; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + la touche +\family sans +Échap +\family default + ; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Gauche +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Droite +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Haute +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Basse +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + : les flèches de déplacement du curseur ; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Inser +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Suppr +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Début +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Fin +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + : sont les 6 touches situées, sur la plupart des claviers de PC, au dessus + des flèches de déplacement du curseur. + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + sont appelées +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Prior +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Next +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + sur certains claviers, ou sérigraphiées de flèches vers le haut et vers + le bas barrées de plusieurs traits ; +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Return +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Enter +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + et +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Entrée +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + font référence à la même touche. + La touche +\family sans +Return +\family default + est indifféremment sérigraphiée +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Return +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Enter +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Entr +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + sur les différents claviers. + Certains ont même deux de ces touches. + LyX les traite toutes de la même façon, nous utiliserons +\family sans + Return +\family default +, +\family sans +Enter +\family default +ou +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + sans distinction. +\layout Standard + +Vous pourrez rencontrer des phrases du genre +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +(Voir le manuel d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default +) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Dans le manuel d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancée +\emph default +s, nous décrivons en effet le rôle de chaque fonction en faisant la liste + de ses raccourcis clavier, il peut donc être utile de le consulter. + À noter qu'il existe deux familles de raccourcis clavier en usage dans + la communauté LyX : le style +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +CUA +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + utilisé par défaut et familier à ceux provenant du monde du PC, et le style + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Emacs +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour ceux qui ont grandi sur des machines Unix et utilisé l'éditeur Emacs. + Dans la documentation, les raccourcis clavier font partie de la famille + CUA, sauf s'il en est spécifié autrement. + Si vous aimez Emacs, vous devriez être capable de parcourir la documentation + pour découvrir les raccourcis par vous-même. +\layout Section + +Les Manuels +\layout Standard + +La liste suivante décrit le contenu de chaque fichier de la documentation + : +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Introduction +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ce fichier. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Si vous commencez avec LyX, et n'avez jamais touché à LaTeX, vous devriez + commencer par là. + Si vous pensez que le LaTeX est ce qui sert à faire les préservatifs, c'est + qu'il vous faut relire le Chapitre\SpecialChar ~ +1, puis lire le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +. + Après sa lecture, vous penserez encore que le LaTeX est une substance extensibl +e -- mais au moins, vous +\emph on +saurez +\emph default +comment utiliser LyX. + +\layout Standard + +Si vous connaissez déjà LaTeX, vous devriez lire au moins la section +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +LyX pour les connaisseurs de LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + (et passer en revue le reste du document ne pourrait pas faire de tort). +\layout Standard + +Et lorsque vous vous sentez un peu perdu avec LyX, essayez de lire attentivement + le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +avant de consulter les autres manuels. + C'est un bon tremplin. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ + +\shape italic +\emph default +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'U +\series bold +tilisateur +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Le document de base. + Il couvre la +\emph on + majeure partie +\emph default + des opérations et fonctions de base disponibles avec LyX. + Pour bien en tirer profit, il faut avoir lu le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Extension du +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default +. + Décrit comment utiliser des commandes LaTeX brut, des formats supplémentaires, + des fonctions d'édition particulières, et comprend quelques secrets (plutôt + bizarres, mais sympas) des maîtres de LaTeX. +\newline + +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Personnalisation +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +C'est une description de certaines fonctions avancées de LyX, notamment + la façon de personnaliser son comportement général. + Y sont abordés la configuration du clavier (raccourcis), l'internationalisation +, et les fichiers de configuration. + Inutile de le consulter avant d'avoir lu le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Configuration\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Pendant son installation, LyX analyse votre système. + Les informations qu'il découvre sont consignées dans ce document. + Vous pouvez le consulter s'il manquait à LyX quelque chose qu'il est censé + délivrer. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tous ces fichiers se référencent les uns les autres quand c'est nécessaire. + Le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default +contient par exemple +\emph on +quelques +\emph default + informations sur l'installation et la personnalisation, mais fait référence + au manuel +\emph on + +\emph default +de +\emph on + Personnalisation +\emph default + pour de plus amples informations. +\layout Standard + +Répétons un point important : +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom bigskip \align center +Si vous commencez avec LyX, lisez le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + dès maintenant\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Sinon, vous vous poserez des problèmes inutilement. + LyX sait faire tout ce vous attendez d'un traitement de texte, mais avec + une approche différente. +\layout Chapter + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +Contribuer au projet LyX +\layout Section + +Contribuer à LyX +\layout Standard + +LyX est pour l'essentiel écrit en C++ (l'importation LaTeX est écrite en + Perl). + C'est un vaste projet, il n'est donc pas exempt de bogues, et des améliorations + peuvent être nécessaires dans le code source. +\layout Subsection + +Signaler un bogue +\layout Standard + +Lors de votre utilisation de LyX, vous pouvez rencontrer un comportement + que vous considérez comme un bogue. + Les plantages sont rares, mais ça peut arriver. + Les problèmes d'interface utilisateur sont considérés par l'équipe LyX + comme des bogues importants : des indications sur les parties de l'inteface + LyX que vous trouvez confuses et peu claires nous sont précieuses. +\layout Standard + +LyX a un système de recensement de bogues, que vous trouverez sur le +\family typewriter + +\family default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[traceur de bogues de LyX]{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + +. + Vous devez consulter le traceur de bogues avant de signaler un nouveau + bogue, pour voir s'il n'est pas déjà répertorié. + Si vous avez un commentaire à faire sur un bogue déjà répertorié, ou si + vous voulez en signaler un nouveau, vous pouvez soit utiliser le traceur + de bogues, soit envoyer un e-mail à la liste de diffusion des développeurs, + +\family typewriter +lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + L'adresse des archives de cette liste est indiquée sur le site principal + de LyX, +\family typewriter + +\family default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[le site web de LyX]{http://www.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Un bon rapport de bogue doit au minimum comprendre la version de LyX avec + laquelle vous avez rencontré le problème. + Envoyez les descriptions les plus exactes et détaillées possibles : plus + les développeurs devront passer de temps à trouver l'origine du bogue, + moins ils en auront pour d'autres améliorations. + Dites sur quel système, et dans quelle version de celui-ci vous faites + tourner LyX. + Donnez les versions des bibliothèques installées sur votre système, et + si nécessaire les versions des programmes externes utilisés par LyX. + S'il s'agit d'un problème de configuration ou de compilation, joigneze + le fichier +\family typewriter +config.log +\family default +, et dites quel compilateur vous utilisez. +\layout Standard + +Si vous arrivez à faire planter LyX, veuillez prendre le temps de produire + un backtrace +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Terme utilisé dans +\family typewriter +gdb +\family default +, désignant la pile d'appel des fonctions. +\end_inset + + avec un exécutable lyx non allégé +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +NdT : et donc traçable (original : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +non-stripped executable +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). +\end_inset + +. + Par défaut, le fichier binaire installé est allégé, mais celui créé dans + le répertoire source ne l'est pas. + Lancez donc LyX à partir de gdb en tapant +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +gdb /users/bozo/lyx-1.x.x/src/lyx +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + puis +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +run +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Faites planter LyX et retournez dans gdb. + Faites +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bt +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + pour produire un backtrace et joignez-le au rapport de bogue +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Si vous voulez être exhaustif, utilisez les commandes +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +info locals +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + et +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +up +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + pour obtenir les valeurs prises par les variables locales dans quelques + niveaux de la pile. + +\end_inset + +. + Si possible, la description d'un moyen de reproduire le bogue est plus + importante qu'un backtrace, car nous aurons alors la possibilité de produire + notre propre backtrace. + Mais si le bogue n'est pas facilement reproductible, un backtrace est indispens +able, car c'est peut-être la seule chose dont nous disposerons. +\layout Subsection + +Offrir des corrections et de nouvelles fonctions +\layout Standard + +Si vous avez fait des changements au code source de LyX et que vous pensez + qu'ils devraient faire partie de la distribution, envoyez vos changements + sous la forme d'un fichier diff (au format unifié) à la liste des développeurs + référencée plus haut, avec un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +change log +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, et une description de ce qu'ils font. +\layout Section + +Contribuer à la Documentation +\layout Standard + +La documentation de LyX est assez exhaustive ; cependant LyX est en constant + développement, et chaque nouvelle version ajoute de nouvelles fonctions. + Vous pouvez trouver qu'une partie de la documentation nécessite des amélioratio +ns. + Cette section décrit quoi faire si vous trouvez une erreur, ou avez des + suggestions pour améliorer la documentation. +\layout Subsection + +Rapporter les erreurs dans les Manuels +\layout Standard + +Si vous trouvez un problème dans la documentation, envoyez un message à + la liste de diffusion +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + L'équipe de documentation apportera tous les changements nécessaires. +\layout Subsection + +Se joindre à l'Équipe de Documentation +\layout Standard + +Comme pour l'ensemble du projet LyX, toute aide est bienvenue pour la documentat +ion de LyX ! Si vous êtes volontaire, merci de respecter +\shape italic +avant tout +\shape default + les points suivants : +\layout Enumerate + +Récupérez le code source de LyX le plus récent. + Désarchivez-le +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Les plus aventureux peuvent récupérer les sources les plus récentes sur + le site d'archivage CVS de LyX - elles sont contenues dans le module +\family typewriter +lyxdoc +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + Vous trouverez dans cette arborescence un répertoire appelé +\family typewriter +lib/doc +\family default +. + Il contient un fichier appelé +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +. + Lisez-le ; c'est la feuille de style de la documentation. +\layout Enumerate + +Ensuite, lisez le +\shape italic +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\shape default + et le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Le but de cet exercice est de vous donner des idées. + Le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + et le +\shape italic +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\shape default + sont toujours les documents les plus à jour de la collection. + Ils devraient vous aider à vous imprégner de l'aspect et de la structure + que nous souhaitons avoir pour notre documentation. + +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Contactez l'équipe de documentation à l'adresse suivante : +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\layout Standard + +pour discuter des changements que vous envisagez, et avoir l'avis des autres. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Les changements que vous voudrez apporter peuvent aller du simple éclaircissemen +t à une restructuration majeure de la documentation. + Toute amélioration sera la bienvenue. +\layout Subsection + +Contribuer à la Traduction +\layout Standard + +Pour participer à la traduction, le principe est le même que pour modifier + la version originale. + Il existe une liste de diffusion pour les traducteurs et les utilisateurs + francophones, à l'adresse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{lyx-fr@lists.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +. + Avant d'apporter une modification substantielle à un document, il faut + envoyer un message à cette adresse. + Pour s'inscrire sur cette liste, il faut envoyer un message vide à +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{lyx-fr-subscribe@lists.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +D'autre part il faut prendre garde à ne modifier que la dernière version + de la traduction. + C'est toujours celle qui est sur le serveur CVS. + On peut y accéder en suivant les indications qui se trouvent sur +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[le site des développeurs de LyX]{http://www.devel.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + +. + Il y a aussi une +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[page de la traduction en français]{http://perso.wanadoo.fr/adrien.rebollo/lyxfr/lyxfr.html} + +\end_inset + +, sur laquelle vous pouvez télécharger les fichiers les plus récents. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/fr_TOC.lyx b/lib/doc/fr_TOC.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..309c024b3d --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/fr_TOC.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,2559 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language french +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Plan de la documentation +\layout Section* + +Introduction à LyX + + +\layout Description +1 +La philosophie de LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.1 +Qu'est-ce que LyX ? +\layout Description +1.2 +Différences entre LyX et les autres traitements de texte + + + + +\layout Description +1.3 +Qu'est-ce donc que LaTeX (et en quoi ça me concerne) ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2 +Naviguer dans la documentation +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1 +Le Format des Manuels +\layout Description +2.2 +Les Manuels +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3 + + +Contribuer au projet LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1 +Contribuer à LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1.1 +Signaler un bogue +\layout Description +3.1.2 +Offrir des corrections et de nouvelles fonctions +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.2 +Contribuer à la Documentation +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.2.1 +Rapporter les erreurs dans les Manuels +\layout Description +3.2.2 +Se joindre à l'Équipe de Documentation +\layout Description +3.2.3 +Contribuer à la Traduction +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Section* + +Foire Aux Questions de LyX, avec les Réponses +\newline +Version 0.3.7 + + +\layout Description +1 +Introduction et Informations d'ordre général +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.1 +Qu'est-ce que LyX? +\layout Description +1.2 +C'est bien, mais est-ce utile ? +\layout Description +1.3 +Où commencer ? +\layout Description +1.4 +LyX marche-t-il sur mon ordinateur ? +\layout Description +1.5 +LyX nécessite combien d'espace disque ? +\layout Description +1.6 +LyX est-il vraiment un logiciel ouvert ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2 +Ressources Internet +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1 +Où chercher sur la Toile, au sujet de LyX ? +\layout Description +2.2 +Et par FTP ? +\layout Description +2.3 +Quelles sont les listes de diffusion ? +\layout Description +2.4 +Les listes de diffusion sont-elles archivées quelque part ? +\layout Description +2.5 +C'est malin ! Où sont-elles archivées ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3 +Compatibilité avec d'autres traitements de texte +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1 +Puis-je lire/écrire des fichiers LaTeX ? +\layout Description +3.2 +Puis-je lire/écrire des fichiers Word ? +\layout Description +3.3 +Puis-je lire/écrire des fichiers HTML ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4 +Se procurer LyX et le compiler +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +De quoi ai-je besoin ? +\layout Description +4.2 +Comment le compiler ? +\layout Description +4.3 +Je déteste compiler. + Où sont les binaires précompilés ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5 +Questions sur le Vilain Texte Rouge ? (IMPORTANT !) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1 +Qu'est-ce que le Vilain Texte Rouge (alias ERT) ? +\layout Description +5.2 +Comment entrer de l'ERT ? +\layout Description +5.3 +Le nouvel insert ERT est un fardeau ! +\layout Description +5.4 +Y a-t-il une alternative ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6 +Questions sur l'utilisation de LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1 +Questions d'ordre général +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1.1 +Comment me débarrasser de la date sous le titre ? +\layout Description +6.1.2 +Comment changer l'espacement dans un environnement de liste ListePuces/Énumérati +on/Description ? +\layout Description +6.1.3 +Comment numéroter les équations section par section ? +\layout Description +6.1.4 +Puis-je le faire aussi avec les figures et les tableaux ? +\layout Description +6.1.5 +Comment transformer la numérotation des notes de bas de page en symboles + (étoile, point, etc.) ? +\layout Description +6.1.6 +Comment se débarrasser des veuves et des orphelins ? +\layout Description +6.1.7 +Comment obtenir une liste formatée qui commence par 1. + a) (par exemple) ? +\layout Description +6.1.8 +Comment compter les mots dans LyX ? +\layout Description +6.1.9 +Comment insérer une quantité donnée d'espacement horizontal ? +\layout Description +6.1.10 +Comment faire référence à des citations en les groupant ainsi [1,2,3,6] + ou [1-3,6] plutôt qu'ainsi [1][2][3][6] ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.2 +Questions au sujet des figures +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.2.1 +Quelle est la différence entre une +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +figure +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et une +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +figure flottante +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ? +\layout Description +6.2.2 +Comment faire pour que LyX mette la figure exactement où je veux ? +\layout Description +6.2.3 +Que veut dire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Too many unprocessed floats +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + + + ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.3 +Questions au sujet des Maths +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.3.1 +Comment mettre du texte normal dans une équation mathématique ? +\layout Description +6.3.2 +Comment obtenir une racine cubique (ou plus élevée) ? +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +7 +Questions sur le lancement de LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +7.1 +Comment convertir des fichiers LyX en LaTeX à la ligne de commande ? +\layout Description +7.2 +Comment créer des fichiers PDF à partir de mon document LyX ? +\layout Description +7.3 +Pourquoi les polices de mon document sont-elles si laides dans +\family typewriter +acroread +\family default + ? +\layout Description +7.4 +Pourquoi ma version flambant neuve de Ghostscript ne rend-elle pas correctement + les figures EPS en ligne ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +8 +Questions sur LyX et Windows +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +8.1 +Pourquoi les menus et la barre d'outils clignotent-ils ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +9 +Comment obtenir plus d'aide +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +9.1 +Vous n'avez toujours pas répondu à ma question ! +\layout Description +9.2 +Je veux écrire à quelqu'un pour lui parler de mon problème +\layout Description +9.3 +Quoi mettre dans une demande d'assistance ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +10 +Renseignements Administratifs et Remerciements +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +10.1 +Votre avis est le bienvenu +\layout Description +10.2 +Formats dans lesquels cette FAQ est disponible +\layout Description +10.3 +Auteurs et remerciements +\layout Description +10.4 +Garantie et Licence +\end_deeper +\layout Section* + +Le Manuel d'Apprentissage de LyX + + +\layout Description +1 +Introduction +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.1 +Bienvenue dans l'univers de LyX ! +\layout Description +1.2 +Le Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage : ce qu'il +\shape slanted +est +\shape default +, ce qu'il +\emph on +n'est pas +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.2.1 +Tirer le meilleur profit du Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\layout Description +1.2.2 +Ce que vous +\emph on +ne +\emph default + trouverez +\emph on +pas +\emph default + +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2 +Démarrer avec LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1 +Votre premier document LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1.1 +Taper, visualiser, et imprimer +\layout Description +2.1.2 +Opérations de base +\layout Description +2.1.3 +WYSIWYM : les espaces avec LyX +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.2 +Environnements +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.2.1 +Sections et sous-sections +\layout Description +2.2.2 +Listes et sous-listes +\layout Description +2.2.3 +Autres environnement : vers, citations, et autres +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3 +Écrire des documents +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1 +Classes de texte +\layout Description +3.2 +Modèles : écrire une lettre +\layout Description +3.3 +Titres des documents +\layout Description +3.4 +Étiquettes et références croisées +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.4.1 +Votre première étiquette +\layout Description +3.4.2 +Votre première référence croisée +\layout Description +3.4.3 +En faire davantage avec les étiquettes +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.5 +Notes de marge et de bas de page +\layout Description +3.6 +Bibliographies +\layout Description +3.7 +Table des matières +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4 +Utilisation du mode mathématique +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +Mode Mathématique +\layout Description +4.2 +Se déplacer dans une équation +\layout Description +4.3 +Indices et exposants +\layout Description +4.4 +La Palette Mathématique +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.4.1 +Grec et symboles +\layout Description +4.4.2 +Racines carrées, accents, et délimiteurs +\layout Description +4.4.3 +Fractions +\layout Description +4.4.4 +Mode TeX : limites, log, sin et autres +\layout Description +4.4.5 +Matrices +\layout Description +4.4.6 +Hors ligne +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.5 +En savoir plus sur l'écriture des maths +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5 +Divers +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1 +Autres fonctionnalités majeures de LyX +\layout Description +5.2 +LyX pour les connaisseurs de LaTeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.2.1 +Mode TeX +\layout Description +5.2.2 +Importer des documents LaTeX -- +\family typewriter +reLyX +\layout Description +5.2.3 +Conversion de documents LyX en LaTeX +\layout Description +5.2.4 +Préambule LaTeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.2.4.1 +Classe de Document +\layout Description +5.2.4.2 +Autres Éléments du Préambule +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.2.5 +BibTeX +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.3 +Erreurs ! +\layout Description +5.4 +LyX et la typographie française +\end_deeper +\layout Section* + +Guide de l'Utilisateur de LyX + + +\layout Description +1 +Introduction +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.1 +Qu'est-ce que LyX ? +\layout Description +1.2 +Pour démarrer +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.2.1 +Démarrer LyX +\layout Description +1.2.2 +À quoi ressemble LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.2.2.1 +La fenêtre principale +\end_deeper +\layout Description +1.2.3 +À l'aide ! +\end_deeper +\layout Description +1.3 +L'interface de LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.3.1 +Opérations de base sur les fichiers +\layout Description +1.3.2 +Fonctions de base d'édition +\layout Description +1.3.3 +Annuler et Refaire +\layout Description +1.3.4 +Raccourcis souris de base +\layout Description +1.3.5 +Raccourcis clavier de base +\end_deeper +\layout Description +1.4 +Utiliser LyX avec d'autres programmes +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.4.1 +Importer des fichiers ASCII +\layout Description +1.4.2 +Copier-coller entre LyX et d'autres programmes X +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2 +Configuration de LyX et Applications nécessaires +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +2.2 +Configuration de base de LyX +\layout Description +2.3 +Configurer le clavier X +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.3.1 + +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default + et +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.3.1.1 + +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\layout Description +2.3.1.2 + +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.3.2 +Touches de modification et Bascule de mode +\layout Description +2.3.3 +Conseils et trucs utiles +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.4 +LaTeX +\layout Description +2.5 +Dvips et Ghostscript +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.5.1 +Ce dont vous avez besoin +\layout Description +2.5.2 +Dvips +\layout Description +2.5.3 +Ghostscript, Xdvi et Ghostview +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.6 +L'imprimante +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3 +Les bases de LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1 +Types de documents +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +3.1.2 + + +Les différents classes de document +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1.2.1 +En résumé +\layout Description +3.1.2.2 +Sélectionner une classe +\layout Description +3.1.2.3 +Propriétés +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.1.3 +Réglage fin de ces Valeurs par Défaut +\layout Description +3.1.4 +Taille de papier, Orientation et Marges +\layout Description +3.1.5 +Note importante +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.2 +Indentation et Séparation des paragraphes +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.2.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +3.2.2 +Méthode générale d'Indentation +\layout Description +3.2.3 +Réglage fin +\layout Description +3.2.4 +Changer l'Interligne +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3 +Environnements de Paragraphe + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.1 +En résumé +\layout Description +3.3.2 +Standard +\layout Description +3.3.3 +Titre du Document +\layout Description +3.3.4 +En-têtes +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.4.1 +En-têtes Numérotés +\layout Description +3.3.4.2 +En-têtes Non Numérotés +\layout Description +3.3.4.3 +Changer la Numérotation +\layout Description +3.3.4.4 +Information Spéciale +\layout Description +3.3.4.5 +Créer un Appendice +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.5 +Citations et Poésie +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.5.1 + +\family sans +Cite +\family default + et +\family sans +Citation +\layout Description +3.3.5.2 + +\family sans +Vers +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.6 +Listes +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.6.1 +Principes Généraux +\layout Description +3.3.6.2 + +\family sans +ListePuces +\layout Description +3.3.6.3 + +\family sans +Énumération +\layout Description +3.3.6.4 + +\family sans +Description +\layout Description +3.3.6.5 +La Liste LyX (environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.7 +Lettres +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.7.1 + +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + et +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default + : Un résumé +\layout Description +3.3.7.2 +Emploi +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.8 +Documents de recherche +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.8.1 + +\family sans +Abstract +\layout Description +3.3.8.2 + +\family sans +Bibliographie +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.9 +Usage spécial +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.9.1 + +\family sans +Légende +\layout Description +3.3.9.2 + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\layout Description +3.3.9.3 + +\family sans +Commentaire +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.4 +Environnements Emboîtés + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.4.1 +Pourquoi c'est important + + +\layout Description +3.4.2 +Ce que vous pouvez et ne pouvez pas emboîter +\layout Description +3.4.3 +Emboîter d'autres objets : tableaux, math, flottants, etc. +\layout Description +3.4.4 +Emploi et Propriétés générales +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.4.4.1 +Les limites de l'emboîtement +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.4.5 +Quelques Exemples +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.4.5.1 +Exemple n°1 : Six niveaux et Emboîtement mixte +\layout Description +3.4.5.2 +Exemple n°2 : Héritage +\layout Description +3.4.5.3 +Exemple n°3 : Marqueurs de liste et Niveaux dans les Environnements +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + et +\family sans +ListePuces +\layout Description +3.4.5.4 +Exemple n°4 : Péter les plombs +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.5 +Polices et Styles de Texte +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.5.1 +En résumé +\layout Description +3.5.2 +Options Globales +\layout Description +3.5.3 +Utiliser des Styles de Caractères Différents +\layout Description +3.5.4 +Réglage fin avec la Fenêtre +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Caractère +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.6 +Imprimer et Prévisualiser +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.6.1 +En résumé +\layout Description +3.6.2 +Visualisation Rapide avec +\family typewriter +xdvi +\layout Description +3.6.3 +Visualiser la Version PostScript® avec +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + +\layout Description +3.6.4 +Imprimer le Fichier +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.7 +Quelques Mots sur la Typographie +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.7.1 +Tirets et Césures +\layout Description +3.7.2 +Ponctuation +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.7.2.1 +Abréviations et Fins de phrase +\layout Description +3.7.2.2 +Guillemets +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.7.3 +Ligatures +\layout Description +3.7.4 +Veuves et Orphelins +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4 +Les Flottants : Tableaux, Figures et Notes + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +Notes en Bas de Page +\layout Description +4.2 +Notes en Marge +\layout Description +4.3 +Figures et Graphiques Importés +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.3.1 +Figures Flottantes +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.3.1.1 +Utiliser les Figures Flottantes +\layout Description +4.3.1.2 +Emplacement des Flottants +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.3.2 + +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + et LyX +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.4 +Tableaux +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.4.1 +La fenêtre +\family sans +Tableau +\layout Description +4.4.2 +Ce que vous pouvez placer dans une case de tableau +\layout Description +4.4.3 +Copier-Coller avec les Tableaux +\layout Description +4.4.4 +Cases sur Plusieurs Lignes +\layout Description +4.4.5 +Tableaux Flottants +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.5 +Table des Matières et autres Sommaires +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.1 +La Table des Matières +\layout Description +4.5.2 +Liste des Figures, des Tableaux et des Algorithmes +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5 +Formules mathématiques +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1 +Les bases de l'édition mathématique +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1.1 +Naviguer dans une formule +\layout Description +5.1.2 +Sélectionner du texte +\layout Description +5.1.3 +Indices et Exposants +\layout Description +5.1.4 +Fractions +\layout Description +5.1.5 +Sommes et Intégrales +\layout Description +5.1.6 +La +\family sans +Palette Mathématique +\layout Description +5.1.7 +Autres symboles mathématiques +\layout Description +5.1.8 +Changer l'espacement +\layout Description +5.1.9 +Fonctions mathématiques +\layout Description +5.1.10 +Accents +\layout Description +5.1.11 +L'éditeur mathématique pour les utilisateurs de LaTeX +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.2 +Délimiteurs et ornements +\layout Description +5.3 +Regroupement +\layout Description +5.4 +Matrices et équations sur plusieurs lignes +\layout Description +5.5 +Numérotation et étiquetage des équations +\layout Description +5.6 +Macros définies par l'utilisateur en mode mathématique +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.6.1 +Mode d'emploi des macros +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.6.1.1 +Comment en créer +\layout Description +5.6.1.2 +Comment y naviguer +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.7 +Réglage fin +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.7.1 +Polices +\layout Description +5.7.2 +Mode Texte-Math + + +\layout Description +5.7.3 +Taille de police +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.8 +LaTeX AMS +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.8.1 +Activer la gestion d'AMS +\layout Description +5.8.2 +Symboles AMS +\layout Description +5.8.3 +Types de formules AMS +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6 +Autres Outils +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1 +Références croisées +\layout Description +6.2 +URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) +\layout Description +6.3 +Écrire des titres courts avec des paramètres optionnels + + +\layout Description +6.4 +Espacement, pagination et passages à la ligne +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.4.1 +Espace horizontal supplémentaire +\layout Description +6.4.2 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Description +1 +Introduction +\layout Description +2 +LyX et LaTeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1 +Comment LyX utilise LaTeX +\layout Description +2.2 + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Au secours ! LyX a généré un fichier +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + illisible ! +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\layout Description +2.3 +Traduire des fichiers LaTeX en LyX +\layout Description +2.4 +Insérer du code LaTeX dans des documents LyX +\layout Description +2.5 +LyX et le préambule LaTeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.5.1 +À propos du préambule LaTeX +\layout Description +2.5.2 +Changer le préambule +\layout Description +2.5.3 +Exemples +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.5.3.1 +Exemple 1 : Décalages +\layout Description +2.5.3.2 +Exemple 2 : Étiquettes +\layout Description +2.5.3.3 +Exemple 3 : Indentation de paragraphe +\layout Description +2.5.3.4 +Exemple 4 : Ce document +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.6 +LyX et les erreurs LaTeX +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3 +Outils supplémentaires +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1 +Préparer une bibliographie avec BibTeX +\layout Description +3.2 +Réalisation d'un index +\layout Description +3.3 +Documents en plusieurs fichiers +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.1 +Généralités +\layout Description +3.3.2 +Références croisées entre fichiers +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.4 +Algorithmes +\layout Description +3.5 +Sous-figures +\layout Description +3.6 +En-têtes et pieds de page sur mesure +\layout Description +3.7 +Minipages +\layout Description +3.8 +Enrober une Figure avec du Texte + + +\layout Description +3.9 +Options supplémentaires pour les tableaux +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.9.1 +Enlever les espaces supplémentaires des colonnes +\layout Description +3.9.2 +Changer le caractère de séparation de colonnes +\layout Description +3.9.3 +Colonnes alignées sur le symbole décimal +\layout Description +3.9.4 +Une meilleure solution pour l'alignement décimal +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.10 +Choix de puces dans +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default + + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.10.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +3.10.2 +À quoi elles ressemblent +\layout Description +3.10.3 +Comment s'en servir +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4 +Classes de document spéciales +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +LaTeX AMS +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1.1 +Ce qu'offrent ces formats +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.2 +Dinbrief +\layout Description +4.3 +Papier +\layout Description +4.4 +Papier A&A +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.4.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +4.4.2 +Pour commencer +\layout Description +4.4.3 +Le bloc d'en-tête +\layout Description +4.4.4 +L'abstract +\layout Description +4.4.5 +Environnements supportés +\layout Description +4.4.6 +Commandes non encore supportées par LyX +\layout Description +4.4.7 +Figures et Tableaux Flottants +\layout Description +4.4.8 +Format du référé +\layout Description +4.4.9 +Le papier exemple +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.5 +AASTeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +4.5.2 +Commencer un Nouveau Papier +\layout Description +4.5.3 +Finir votre Papier +\layout Description +4.5.4 +Commentaires sur des Commandes Particulières +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.4.1 +Les choses qui marchent comme prévu +\layout Description +4.5.4.2 +Les choses qui marchent, mais qui nécessitent un commentaire +\layout Description +4.5.4.3 +Les choses qui ne sont pas implémentées, utilisez du Vilain Texte Rouge +\layout Description +4.5.4.4 +Les choses qui ne peuvent pas être implémentées +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.5 +FAQs, Conseils, Trucs et autres Astuces +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.5.1 +Faire coopérer LyX et AASTeX +\layout Description +4.5.5.2 +Erreur LaTeX lors du traitement d'un tableau +\layout Description +4.5.5.3 +Références + + +\layout Description +4.5.5.4 +Inclure des fichiers EPS +\layout Description +4.5.5.5 +Les choses qui auraient pu être faites, mais qui ne l'ont pas été +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.6 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(koma-script) +\layout Description +4.8.4 +La nouvelle classe lettre : +\family sans +letter (koma-script v.2) +\layout Description +4.8.5 +Problèmes +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.9 +Publications Springer sur deux colonnes ( +\family sans +svjour +\family default +) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.9.1 +Description +\layout Description +4.9.2 +Nouveaux styles +\layout Description +4.9.3 +Publications supportées +\layout Description +4.9.4 +Crédits +\layout Description +4.9.5 +Bogues +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.10 +Publications de l'AGU ( +\family sans +aguplus +\family default +) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.10.1 +Description +\layout Description +4.10.2 +Nouveaux environnements +\layout Description +4.10.3 +Nouveaux flottants +\layout Description +4.10.4 +Publications supportées +\layout Description +4.10.5 +Bogues et choses à retenir +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.11 +Publications de l'EGS ( +\family sans +egs +\family default +) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.11.1 +Description +\layout Description +4.11.2 +Nouveaux environnements +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.12 +Diapos Slides (alias SliTeX) + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.12.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +4.12.2 +Pour Commencer + + +\layout Description +4.12.3 +Environnements de Paragraphe +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.12.3.1 +Environnements supportés +\layout Description +4.12.3.2 +Subtilités des nouveaux environnements + + +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.12.4 +Réaliser une présentation grâce à +\family sans +Diapo +\family default +, +\family sans + SurCouche +\family default + et +\family sans +Note +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.12.4.1 +Utiliser l'environnement +\family sans +Diapo +\layout Description +4.12.4.2 +Utiliser des +\family sans +SurCouches +\family default + avec des +\family sans +Diapos +\layout Description +4.12.4.3 +Utiliser des +\family sans +Notes +\family default + avec des +\family sans +Diapos +\family default + + + +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.12.5 +Le fichier modèle pour la classe +\family sans +slides +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.13 +Diapos Foils (alias +\family sans +Foil +\family default +\noun on +TeX +\noun default +) + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.13.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +4.13.2 +Pour commencer +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.13.2.1 +Options Supplémentaires +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.13.3 +Environnements supportés +\layout Description +4.13.4 +Création de diapos +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.13.4.1 +Donner un titre de page +\layout Description +4.13.4.2 +Débuter une nouvelle diapo +\layout Description +4.13.4.3 +Théorèmes, lemmes, preuves et tutti quanti +\layout Description +4.13.4.4 +Listes +\layout Description +4.13.4.5 +Figures et tableaux +\layout Description +4.13.4.6 +En-têtes et pieds de pages + + +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.13.5 +Fonctions de +\family sans +FoilTeX +\family default + non-supportées + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.13.5.1 +Longueurs +\layout Description +4.13.5.2 +En-têtes et pieds +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.14 +Latex8 (Papiers des Conférences de l'IEEE) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.14.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +4.14.2 +Pour commencer +\layout Description +4.14.3 +Environnements supportés +\layout Description +4.14.4 +Différences entre écran et impression +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.15 +Hollywood (scripts d'Hollywood) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.15.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +4.15.2 +Problèmes particuliers +\layout Description +4.15.3 +Fonctions particulières +\layout Description +4.15.4 +Taille de papier et Marges +\layout Description +4.15.5 +Environnements +\layout Description +4.15.6 +Jargon de script +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.16 +Broadway +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.16.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +4.16.2 +Problèmes particuliers +\layout Description +4.16.3 +Fonctions particulières +\layout Description +4.16.4 +Taille de papier et Marges +\layout Description +4.16.5 +Environnements +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.17 +RevTeX4 +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.17.1 +Installation +\layout Description +4.17.2 +Dans le préambule +\layout Description +4.17.3 +Champs + + +\layout Description +4.17.4 +Notes importantes +\layout Description +4.17.5 +Inconvénients +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.18 +Article (mwart), book (mwbk) and report (mwrep) + + +\layout Description +4.19 +Elsevier Journals +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5 +Importer et Exporter d'autres Formats de Fichier + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1 +Considérations Générales +\layout Description +5.2 +Importer d'autres Formats +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.2.1 +LaTeX +\layout Description +5.2.2 +Texte ASCII +\layout Description +5.2.3 +Noweb +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.3 +Exporter d'autres formats +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.3.1 +LaTeX +\layout Description +5.3.2 +DVI (Device Independent Files : Fichiers Indépendants de l'Appareil) +\layout Description +5.3.3 +PostScript® +\layout Description +5.3.4 +Texte ASCII +\layout Description +5.3.5 +HTML +\layout Description +5.3.6 +PDF +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.3.6.1 +Utiliser pdfLaTeX +\layout Description +5.3.6.2 +Pourquoi mon texte a-t-il l'air si moche quand je le visionne avec Acrobat + Reader ? + + + + +\layout Description +5.3.6.3 +Pourquoi la commande +\family typewriter + +\backslash +boldsymbol{} +\family default + ne marche pas quand j'utilise pslatex ? + + + + +\layout Description +5.3.6.4 +Est-il possible d'écrire du code LaTeX qui ne soit lu que par pdfLaTeX ? + + +\layout Description +5.3.6.5 +Comment puis-je rendre les URL cliquables ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.3.7 +Personnalisé +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.4 +Description complète de reLyX + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.4.1 +Synopsis +\layout Description +5.4.2 +Options +\layout Description +5.4.3 +Description +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.4.3.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +5.4.3.2 +Usage +\layout Description +5.4.3.3 +Ce que reLyX sait gérer +\layout Description +5.4.3.4 +Ce que reLyX ne sait pas gérer -- Mais ça marche quand même +\layout Description +5.4.3.5 +Ce que reLyX gère mal -- c'est-à-dire les BOGUES + + +\layout Description +5.4.3.6 +Ce que LyX ne sait pas gérer +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.4.4 +Exemples +\layout Description +5.4.5 +Notes +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.4.5.1 +Rapports de bogue + + +\layout Description +5.4.5.2 +Détails de l'Implémentation +\layout Description +5.4.5.3 +Fichiers de Format +\layout Description +5.4.5.4 +Fichiers de Syntaxe + + +\layout Description +5.4.5.5 +Divers +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.4.6 +Diagnostics +\layout Description +5.4.7 +Avertissements +\layout Description +5.4.8 +Fichiers +\layout Description +5.4.9 +Voir aussi +\layout Description +5.4.10 +Auteurs +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6 +LyX et applications extérieures +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1 +LyX avec les outils SGML (alias LinuxDoc) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1.1 +En résumé +\layout Description +6.1.2 +Préparer et utiliser un document LinuxDoc +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1.2.1 +Pour commencer +\layout Description +6.1.2.2 +Le format LinuxDoc +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.1.3 +Utilisation des environnements de paragraphe dans LinuxDoc +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1.3.1 +Structure des documents LinuxDoc +\layout Description +6.1.3.2 +Environnements de paragraphe LinuxDoc +\layout Description +6.1.3.3 +Autres possibilités avec ces documents +\layout Description +6.1.3.4 +Références croisées et HTML +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.1.4 +Utiliser les scripts Sgml pour LinuxDoc + + + + +\layout Description +6.1.5 +Erreurs avec LinuxDoc +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.2 +Correcteur TeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.2.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +6.2.2 +Comment l'utiliser +\layout Description +6.2.3 +Réglages fins +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.3 +Contrôle de Version sous LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.3.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +6.3.2 +Les commandes RCS sous LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.3.2.1 + +\family sans +Initialiser le contrôle de versions +\layout Description +6.3.2.2 + +\family sans +Figer cette Version +\layout Description +6.3.2.3 + +\family sans +Nouvelle Version Éditable +\layout Description +6.3.2.4 + +\family sans +Recharger la Version Précédente +\layout Description +6.3.2.5 + +\family sans +Annuler Figer +\layout Description +6.3.2.6 + +\family sans +Visualiser Historique +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.4 +Programmation littéraire +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.4.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +6.4.2 +La programmation littéraire +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.4.2.1 +Références +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.4.3 +LyX et la Programmation Littéraire +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.4.3.1 +Génération des documents et du code (weaving and tangling) +\layout Description +6.4.3.2 +Configurer LyX +\layout Description +6.4.3.3 +Fonctions pour le déboguage +\layout Description +6.4.3.4 +Ajouts à la barre d'outils +\layout Description +6.4.3.5 +Couleurs personnalisées +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +7 +Secrets des Maîtres du LaTeX + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +7.1 +Trucs pour les notes de bas de page ou les notes en marge +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +7.1.1 +Notes de bas de page +\layout Description +7.1.2 +Notes en marge +\end_deeper +\layout Description +7.2 +MultiColonnes +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +7.2.1 +But +\layout Description +7.2.2 +Limitations +\layout Description +7.2.3 +Exemples +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +7.2.3.1 +Deux Colonnes +\layout Description +7.2.3.2 +Colonnes Multiples +\layout Description +7.2.3.3 +Des Colonnes dans une Colonne +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +7.3 +Numérotation dans l'Environnement de Paragraphe +\family sans +Énumération + + +\layout Description +7.4 +Ajout d'Espace entre les Rangées d'un Tableau +\layout Description +7.5 +Lettrines +\layout Description +7.6 +Paragraphes de Forme Inhabituelle +\layout Description +7.7 +Résumé +\end_deeper +\layout Section* + +Personnaliser LyX : Fonctions pour l'Utilisateur Avancé + + +\layout Description +1 +Introduction +\layout Description +2 +Les fichiers de configuration de LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1 +Qu'est-ce qu'il y a dans +\family typewriter +RépLyX +\family default + ? +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1.1 +Les fichiers générés automatiquement +\layout Description +2.1.2 +Répertoires +\layout Description +2.1.3 +Fichiers que vous n'avez pas à modifier +\layout Description +2.1.4 +Autres fichiers appelant un commentaire +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.2 +Votre répertoire personnel de configuration +\layout Description +2.3 +Utiliser LyX avec plusieurs configurations +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3 +La fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1 +Utiliser la fenêtre pour la première fois +\layout Description +3.2 +Polices d'Écran +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.2.1 +Réglage de la Résolution DPI et Agrandissement des Polices +\layout Description +3.2.2 +Commandes de définition de police +\layout Description +3.2.3 +Encodage de police +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3 +Raccourcis + + +\layout Description +3.4 +Interface utilisateur + + +\layout Description +3.5 +Convertisseurs, Formats et Visionneuses +\layout Description +3.6 +Options d'exportation ASCII +\layout Description +3.7 +Imprimante +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.7.1 +Changer les Couleurs +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.8 +Les réglages autodétectés +\layout Description +3.9 +Le reste +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4 +Internationaliser LyX + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +Sélectionner une autre langue pour l'interface utilisateur +\layout Description +4.2 +Traduire LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.2.1 +Traduire l'interface graphique (messages textuels) +\layout Description +4.2.2 +Traduire la documentation +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.3 +Support de Clavier International +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.3.1 +Définir ses propres réaffectations clavier : Format de fichier +\family typewriter +.kmap +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.4 +Les Claviers Internationaux + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.4.1 +Le fichier +\family typewriter +.kmap +\layout Description +4.4.2 +Le fichier +\family typewriter +.cdef +\layout Description +4.4.3 +Touches mortes +\layout Description +4.4.4 +Enregistrer votre Configuration Linguistique +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5 +Installer de Nouvelles Classes de Document, Formats et Modèles + + + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1 +Installer un nouveau paquetage LaTeX +\layout Description +5.2 +Formats +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.2.1 +Gérer de nouvelles classes de document +\layout Description +5.2.2 +Format pour un fichier +\family typewriter +.sty +\layout Description +5.2.3 +Format pour un fichier +\family typewriter +.cls +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.3 +Déclarer une nouvelle classe de texte +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.3.1 +Paramètres généraux d'une classe de texte +\layout Description +5.3.2 +Section +\family typewriter +ClassOptions +\layout Description +5.3.3 +Formats de paragraphe spécifiques +\layout Description +5.3.4 +Flottants +\layout Description +5.3.5 +Compteurs +\layout Description +5.3.6 +Description de police +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.4 +Créer des Modèles + + +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6 +Insérer un Objet Externe +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1 +Contexte +\layout Description +6.2 +Comment fonctionne-t-il ? +\layout Description +6.3 +La Fenêtre d'Objet Externe +\layout Description +6.4 +Exemples +\layout Description +6.5 +Le fichier de configuration des cadres externes +\layout Description +6.6 +Le mécanisme de substitution +\layout Description +6.7 +La question de la sécurité +\end_deeper +\layout Description +7 +Le Serveur LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +7.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +7.2 +Démarrer le Serveur LyX +\layout Description +7.3 +Communication normale +\layout Description +7.4 +Notification +\layout Description +7.5 +Le Protocole Serveur LyX +\end_deeper +\layout Description +8 \start_of_appendix +Raccourcis +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +8.1 +Barre d'outils +\layout Description +8.2 +Menus + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +8.2.1 +Fichier +\layout Description +8.2.2 +Éditer +\layout Description +8.2.3 +Insérer +\layout Description +8.2.4 +Format +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +8.2.4.1 +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère +\end_deeper +\layout Description +8.2.5 +Visualiser +\layout Description +8.2.6 +Naviguer +\layout Description +8.2.7 +Aide +\layout Description +8.2.8 +Style de Paragraphe +\end_deeper +\layout Description +8.3 +Clavier +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +8.3.1 +Spécifique à +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\layout Description +8.3.2 +Spécifique à +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\layout Description +8.3.3 +Spécifique à +\family typewriter +sciword.bind +\layout Description +8.3.4 +Raccourcis mathématiques standard +\layout Description +8.3.5 +Autres Raccourcis +\end_deeper +\end_deeper + +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/fr_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/fr_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9dd888f5b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/fr_Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,5394 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language frenchb +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language french +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Le Manuel d'Apprentissage de LyX +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Informations de révision : +\layout Standard + +Traduction : Mise à jour OK, Date : 04/07/2003 +\layout Standard + +Original : Revision: 1.27, Date : 16/03/2003 +\end_inset + + +\layout Author + +par l'Équipe LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Le principal responsable de la rédaction de ce fichier est +\noun on +Amir Karger +\noun default +. + Merci d'envoyer vos commentaires et corrections à la liste de diffusion + de la documentation de LyX, +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\newline +Traduction en français par : P.-H. + +\noun on +Boinnard +\noun default +, M. + +\noun on +Boinnard +\noun default +, +\noun on +Jean-Marc Lasgouttes +\noun default +, +\noun on +Denis Valdenaire +\noun default +, +\noun on +Jean-Pierre Vidal, +\noun default + +\noun on +Adrien Rebollo +\noun default + < +\family typewriter +adrien.rebollo@gmx.fr +\family default +>. + Merci d'envoyer vos commentaires et corrections sur la traduction à cette + dernière adresse, ou à la liste de diffusion de LyX en français +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introduction +\layout Section + +Bienvenue dans l'univers de LyX ! +\layout Standard + +Ce document est destiné à tous ceux qui n'ont jamais entendu parler de LaTeX, + ou qui ne le connaissent pas bien. + Surtout, pas de panique -- vous ne devrez pas apprendre LaTeX pour utiliser + LyX. + C'est précisément le but de LyX : fournir une interface quasi-WYSIWYG pour + LaTeX. + Néanmoins, vous aurez quelques connaissances à acquérir pour utiliser LyX + efficacement. +\layout Standard + +Vous en arrivez peut-être à lire ce document après avoir tenté vainement + de mettre deux espaces après un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou trois lignes vides entre deux paragraphes. + Après quelques tentatives infructueuses, vous vous êtes rendu compte que + c'est impossible. + En effet, la plupart des petits tours de main que vous utilisez dans un + traitement de texte classique ne s'adaptent tout simplement pas à LyX. + La plupart des traitements de texte que vous avez probablement utilisés + auparavant vous obligent à gérer les espaces, les polices et autres détails + techniques manuellement. + Vous en arrivez alors non seulement à écrire, mais également à faire la + mise en page de vos documents. + LyX, au contraire, réalise la typographie pour vous, de manière cohérente, + vous permettant de vous consacrer à l'important, le contenu de votre document. +\layout Standard + +Donc, restez avec nous et poursuivez la lecture de ce +\shape slanted +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\shape default +, le temps que vous y aurez passé sera vite rentabilisé. +\layout Section + +Le Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage : ce qu'il +\shape slanted +est +\shape default +, ce qu'il +\emph on +n'est pas +\layout Standard + +Une petite note avant de nous mettre en route dans cette section : Le +\shape slanted +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\shape default +fait usage des notations décrites dans l' +\shape slanted +Introduction. + +\shape default +Si vous avez commencé avec le présent manuel, il est temps de vous interrompre + et de parcourir l' +\shape slanted +Introduction, +\shape default +dès maintenant. +\layout Standard + +Maintenant que vous savez le sens accordé aux différentes polices, parlons + un peu de l'objectif de ce +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Tirer le meilleur profit du Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\layout Standard + +Ce manuel est constitué d'exemples et d'exercices. + Pour tirer le meilleur parti de ce document, au fur et à mesure de sa lecture, + il vous faudra taper toutes les idioties que nous vous proposons de taper, + faire tous les exercices et vérifier que vous obtenez les bons résultats. + Pour vous faciliter la tâche, vous préférerez peut-être sortir une impression + de la version PostScript® de ce document. +\layout Standard + +Si LaTeX vous est familier, vous pourrez lire le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + assez rapidement, car un certain nombre de notions de LyX ne sont que des + notions LaTeX déguisées. + LyX possède néanmoins des particularités +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ou, d'un point de vue plus optimiste, des +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + fonctionnalités +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + que vous aimeriez découvrir. + Et même si vous ne souhaitez pas continuer la lecture de ce +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +, vous devriez quand même vous reporter à la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:utilisateurs-latex} + +\end_inset + +, qui a été faite spécialement pour les utilisateurs expérimentés de LaTeX. +\layout Subsection + +Ce que vous +\emph on +ne +\emph default + trouverez +\emph on +pas +\emph default + +\layout Itemize + +Des explications détaillées sur toutes les fonctionnalités de LyX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Vous voudriez le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + en double ? +\layout Standard + +Sérieusement, nous sommes là pour que vous puissiez démarrer et vous satisfaire + par la suite du +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default +. + Si nous essayions de recopier toutes les informations sur toutes les fonctionna +lités de LyX ici-même, le +\emph on + Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + serait redondant, trop long, et jamais à jour. + Nous ne faisons ici qu'introduire les choses ; il faudrait insérer +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Voir le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default +. +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + à la fin de chaque section ! +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Description détaillée de LaTeX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Inutile. + Si vous cherchez à connaître toutes les finesses de LaTeX, vous pouvez + toujours acheter un livre sur le sujet. + Il y a quelques bonnes références sur le marché. + Pas la peine de réinventer la roue\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Et maintenant, il est temps de s'y mettre, et d'attaquer votre premier document\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Démarrer avec LyX +\layout Section + +Votre premier document LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:premier-exemple} + +\end_inset + + Nous y voilà. + Vous êtes prêts à écrire. + Cependant, avant d'y aller, nous avons encore quelques détails à mentionner, + qui devraient rendre le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +plus instructif, plus utile, et plus distrayant. + +\layout Standard + +Comme il y a des tas de choses que nous n'allons pas expliquer en détail, + la +\emph on +première +\emph default + chose à faire, c'est de trouver les autres fichiers d'aide. + Vous avez de la chance, c'est très simple. + Lancez LyX. + Sélectionnez +\family sans +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\family default + dans le menu +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +ide +\family default +. + Vous pouvez ouvrir également le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + (si vous n'êtes pas déjà en train de le lire à l'écran). + De cette façon, vous pourrez les lire en même temps que vous tapez votre + propre fichier +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ce sont de bons exemples pour l'emploi d'un tas de fonctions de LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Notez qu'une fois que vous avez ouvert plusieurs documents, vous pouvez + basculer de l'un à l'autre dans le menu +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocuments +\family default +. + Le +\emph on + Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + ne traitera pas en détail des sujets qui sont décrits dans les autres documenta +tions de LyX. + Au départ, ça peut vous compliquer un peu la tâche, mais ça permettra au + +\emph on +Manuel +\emph default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\emph on +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + de conserver une taille raisonnable. + Vous vous habituerez aussi à utiliser les autres manuels, ce qui -- à long + terme -- vous fera économiser beaucoup de temps. +\layout Standard + +Dans ce +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +, nous supposons que vous disposez d'une version totalement fonctionnelle + de LyX, ainsi que de LaTeX, de +\family typewriter + xdvi +\family default + ou n'importe quelle autre visionneuse dvi, de +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + ou n'importe quel autre outil de conversion de documents +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + en documents PostScript®, et d'une imprimante qui fonctionne. + Voilà déjà beaucoup d'hypothèses. + Si l'un des éléments manque, vous (ou un administrateur système autour + de vous) devrez configurer votre système. + Vous trouverez les informations de configuration dans les autres manuels. +\layout Standard + +Enfin, pour que vous puissiez vous entraîner, nous avons écrit un fichier, + qui s'appelle +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default +. + Vous pouvez considérer qu'il a été écrit par quelqu'un qui ne connaît rien + de toutes les fonctionnalités intéressantes de LyX. + Au fur et à mesure que vous enrichissez vos connaissances sur LyX, nous + vous suggérons de les mettre en pratique en corrigeant ce fichier. + Il contient également de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +subtiles +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + indications +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Elles se situent dans les +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Notes +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + jaunes. + Vous pouvez y accéder en cliquant dessus. + +\end_inset + + sur la façon de pratiquer ces corrections. + Si vous voulez tricher (ou vérifier ce que vous avez fait), vous pouvez + consulter un autre fichier appelé +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_lyxifie.lyx +\family default +, qui contient le même texte composé par un maître de LyX. + +\layout Standard + +Vous trouverez ces fichiers dans le répertoire +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default +, auquel vous pouvez accéder directement en faisant +\family sans +\bar under + F +\bar default +ichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +uvrir +\family default + et en cliquant sur le bouton +\family sans +Exemples +\family default +. + Ouvrez le document, et utilisez +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Enregi +\bar under +s +\bar default +trer\SpecialChar ~ +Sous +\family default + pour le copier dans votre propre répertoire, afin de pouvoir le modifier. + Jetez donc un oeil sur la sortie dvi au fur et à mesure que vous pratiquez + les corrections, pour vous rendre compte de leur effet sur le rendu final. +\layout Standard + +D'un autre côté, le répertoire +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default + contient aussi bon nombre d'autres fichiers, qui vous montrent comment + réaliser quelques belles manipulations avec Lyx. + Ils servent surtout à illustrer par l'exemple des techniques qui n'ont + pas leur place dans les manuels, pour des raisons de taille ou autres. + Jetez un oeil sur ces fichiers après avoir lu le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +, ou quand des manipulations complexes avec LyX vous paraissent obscures. + +\layout Subsection + +Taper, visualiser, et imprimer +\layout Itemize + +ouvrez un nouveau fichier avec +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\family default +\bar default +ouveau ; +\layout Itemize + +tapez une phrase du genre : +\family typewriter +C'est mon premier document LyX ! +\layout Itemize + +enregistrez votre document avec +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Enregi +\bar under +s +\bar default +trer\SpecialChar ~ +Sous +\family default + ; +\layout Itemize + +exécutez LaTeX pour générer un fichier +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, avec +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +isualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Vous verrez probablement des messages défiler dans la fenêtre d'où vous + avez lancé LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Sauf si LyX a été lancé à partir d'un menu du Gestionnaire de Fenêtre +\end_inset + +. + Ce sont les messages de LaTeX, qu'à ce stade vous pouvez ignorer. + LyX lancera +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (ou toute autre visionneuse +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +), qui ouvrira une nouvelle fenêtre affichant l'aspect de votre document + une fois imprimé +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez gagner du temps en laissant tourner +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + en tâche de fond. + Vous pourrez alors utiliser +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +isualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mise\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +Jour\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\family default + et simplement cliquer sur la fenêtre +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + pour la rafraîchir une fois que LaTeX aura cessé de travailler. +\end_inset + + ; +\layout Itemize + +imprimez le fichier avec +\family sans +\bar under + F +\bar default +ichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Imprimer +\family default + puis +\family sans +OK +\family default +dans la fenêtre d'impression +\family sans +\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Magnifique ! Vous venez d'écrire et imprimer votre premier document LyX. + Tout le reste est du détail, traité dans la suite du +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +, dans le +\shape slanted +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\shape default +, et dans les +\shape slanted +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Subsection + +Opérations de base +\layout Standard + +LyX permet bien sûr de faire la plupart des opérations habituelles des autres + traitements de texte. + Il passera à la ligne et fera l'indentation des paragraphes automatiquement. + Voici quelques brèves descriptions pour effectuer des tâches élémentaires + : +\layout Description + +Annuler LyX est capable d' +\family sans +annuler +\family default + sur plusieurs niveaux. + Ça signifie que vous pouvez annuler tout ce que vous avez fait depuis le + début de votre session d'édition, en faisant +\family sans +Édit +\bar under +e +\bar default +r\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +nnuler +\family default + de façon répétitive. + Si vous annulez trop de fois, faites juste +\family sans +Édit +\bar under +e +\bar default +r\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +efaire +\family default + pour restituer les modifications annulées. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Actuellement, le nombre maximal d'opérations que l'on peut annuler est de + 100. + En outre, +\family sans +Annuler +\family default + ne marche pas pour +\emph on +tout +\emph default +, par exemple quand on change la classe de document. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Couper/Copier/Coller Vous pouvez utiliser +\family sans +Édit +\bar under +e +\bar default +r\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Co +\bar under +u +\bar default +per +\family default +, +\family sans +Édit +\bar under +e +\bar default +r\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Copier +\family default +, et +\family sans +Édit +\bar under +e +\bar default +r\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Coller +\family default + pour couper, copier et coller. + Ou bien avec le +\shape italic +bouton milieu +\shape default +\emph on + de la souris +\emph default +, vous pouvez coller automatiquement un texte sélectionné (y compris des + sélections dans d'autres programmes). +\layout Description + +Rechercher/Remplacer Utilisez +\family sans +Édit +\bar under +e +\bar default +r\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +echercher\SpecialChar ~ +et\SpecialChar ~ +Remplacer +\family default +pour effectuer une recherche. + Dans la fenêtre, lancez la recherche avec le bouton +\family sans +Rechercher +\family default +, et cliquez sur +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +emplacer +\family default +pour remplacer le mot une fois trouvé +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Quand vous avez terminé, vous pouvez, à votre guise, fermer la fenêtre ou + la laisser ouverte. + Nombre de fenêtres de LyX -- dont +\family sans +Rechercher\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Remplacer +\family default +, +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Matières, +\family default +les fenêtres du menu +\family sans +Fo +\bar under +r +\bar default +mat +\family default +ainsi que les différentes fenêtres de maths -- peuvent être rejetées en + arrière-plan, au lieu d'être fermées. + Quelques autres, comme +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +uvrir +\family default +, ne permettent aucune activité dans la fenêtre principale avant leur fermeture. + Assurez-vous seulement d'avoir la bonne fenêtre active lors de la saisie + de texte ou de commandes dans d'autres fenêtres LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Si vous voulez, vous pouvez rendre la recherche sensible à la casse, ou + ne rechercher que des mots complets. + Vous pouvez aussi rechercher en arrière dans le document. +\layout Description + +Formatage\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Caractères Vous pouvez mettre du texte +\emph on +en évidence +\emph default + (ce qui le met généralement en italique), le mettre en +\series bold +caractères gras +\series default +, ou bien en +\noun on +Style Nom Propre +\noun default + (généralement en petites capitales) à partir des boutons à cocher dans + le menu +\family sans + Fo +\bar under +r +\bar default +mat\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Barre\SpecialChar ~ +d'Outils Les boutons qui se trouvent sur la barre d'outils (juste en + dessous des menus) vous permettent d'effectuer les opérations les plus + courantes, comme +\family sans +Coller +\family default + et +\family sans +Imprimer +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Bien sûr, vous n'en avez pas écrit assez pour vous être servi de toutes + ces fonctions. + Dans la suite, n'oubliez pas d'essayer d'annuler, de coller, etc. +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM : les espaces avec LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:espace} + +\end_inset + +La façon dont LyX gère les blancs est une des choses les plus difficiles + à admettre pour les nouveaux utilisateurs. + Vous pourrez taper +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + autant de fois que vous voudrez, vous n'aurez jamais plus d'une ligne vide. + Idem pour la barre d' +\family sans +Espace +\family default +, vous n'obtiendrez qu'une seule espace. + Sur une ligne vide, LyX ne vous laissera même pas insérer une espace. + La touche +\family sans +Tab +\family default + ne déplacera pas le curseur une tabulation en avant ; en fait, +\emph on +il n'y a pas +\emph default + de +\emph on + +\emph default +tabulations ! Il n'y a pas non plus de règle en haut de la page vous permettant + de mettre en place les taquets, ou les marges. +\layout Standard + +Les traitements de texte commerciaux sont en général basés sur le concept + du WYSIWYG +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Vous voyez ce que vous obtiendrez. +\end_inset + +. + De son côté, LyX se fonde sur le principe de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You +\emph on +Mean +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Vous voyez ce que vous voulez dire. +\end_inset + +. + Vous tapez ce que vous voulez dire, et LyX se chargera d'en faire la compositio +n pour vous, avec un joli résultat. + Sur le plan grammatical, un retour chariot ( +\family sans +Entrée) +\family default +sépare des paragraphes, et l'espace (barre\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Espace +\family default +) sépare des mots. + Il n'y a donc aucune raison d'en avoir plusieurs d'affilée. + Les tabulations n'ont aucun sens grammatical, et donc LyX ne s'en sert + pas. + Avec LyX, vous passerez plus de temps sur le +\emph on +contenu +\emph default +de votre document, et moins sur sa +\emph on +forme. + +\emph default + Voir l' +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default + pour plus d'informations sur le concept du WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +LyX permet (par de nombreux moyens) de mettre en page finement votre document. + Après tout, LyX peut ne pas faire la composition comme vous l'entendez. + Vous trouverez dans le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default +toutes les informations nécessaires. + Font partie de ces moyens les +\family sans +Ressorts Horizontaux +\family default + et +\family sans +Ressorts Verticaux +\family default + -- plus puissants et plus souples que des blancs ou retours chariot multiples + -- ainsi que les méthodes pour modifier la taille de police, le style de + caractère et l'alignement des paragraphes à la main. + L'idée, cependant, est d'écrire le document en entier, en ne se consacrant + qu'au contenu, et de ne se soucier de la présentation qu'une fois la frappe + terminée. + Avec les traitements de texte standard, vous serez distraits par la mise + en page tout au long de l'écriture. +\layout Section + +Environnements +\layout Standard + +Les différentes portions d'un document ont chacune leur fonction ; nous + appelons ces portions des +\emph on +environnements +\emph default +. + La plus grande partie du document est du texte ordinaire. + Les titres des sections (chapitres, sous-sections, etc.) annoncent au lecteur + qu'un nouveau sujet ou un nouveau détail va être abordé. + Certains types de documents ont des environnements particuliers. + Un article de journal contiendra un résumé et un titre. + Une lettre n'aura ni l'un ni l'autre, mais plutôt un environnement qui + contient l'adresse de l'auteur. +\layout Standard + +Les environnements sont des pièces maîtresses de la philosophie +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Mean +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + de LyX. + Un environnement donné peut réclamer des propriétés bien définies, comme + une police, une taille de police, une indentation, un interligne, ou autres. + Ce problème est accentué par le fait qu'un même environnement peut avoir + plusieurs variantes de mise en page : tel journal imprimera les titres + de section en caractères gras, centrés, avec une police 18\SpecialChar ~ +points, tel autre + prendra de l'italique, 15\SpecialChar ~ +points, justifié à gauche ; des langues différentes + peuvent avoir des conventions typographiques différentes ; et les bibliographie +s admettent des présentations très variables. + LyX vous évite d'apprendre tous les types possibles de mise en page. +\layout Standard + +La boîte d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default + est située tout à fait à gauche de la barre d'outils (juste en dessous + du menu +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ichier +\family default +). + Elle indique dans quel environnement vous écrivez. + Quand vous étiez en train de taper votre premier document, elle indiquait + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, qui est l'environnement par défaut pour le texte. + Vous pouvez maintenant en essayer d'autres : cliquez sur la grosse flèche + juste à droite de la boîte d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default + pour ouvrir le menu correspondant. +\layout Subsection + +Sections et sous-sections +\layout Standard + +Écrivez le mot +\family typewriter +Introduction +\family default + sur la première ligne de votre fichier LyX, puis allez dans le menu d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default + et choisissez +\family sans +Section +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Il n'est pas nécessaire de +\emph on +sélectionner +\emph default + la ligne au préalable. + Si rien n'est sélectionné, LyX fera passer le paragraphe courant dans l'environ +nement que vous choisissez. + D'un autre côté, vous pouvez faire basculer plusieurs paragraphes simultanément + en les sélectionnant avant d'aller choisir votre nouvel environnement. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Il s'agit bien de +\family sans +Section +\family default + et non de +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, dont nous parlerons plus bas. + LyX numérote la section en +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et utilise une grosse police pour l'en-tête (le titre de la section). + Tapez maintenant +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Vous remarquerez que la boîte d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default + est repassée de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + à +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Les en-têtes de section, comme la plupart des autres environnements, sont + prévus pour s'interrompre lorsque vous frappez +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +. + +\family sans + +\family default +Écrivez le contenu de l'introduction : +\layout LyX-Code + +C'est une introduction pour mon premier document LyX. + +\layout Standard + +Tapez encore +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +, et sélectionnez à nouveau +\family sans +Section +\family default + dans le menu d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default +. + LyX affiche un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et attend la saisie d'un nouveau titre. + Tapez +\family typewriter +Autre sujet +\family default +, et vous pourrez constater que LyX le met encore en forme comme un titre + de section. +\layout Standard + +Ça devient plus intéressant. + Revenez à la fin de la première section (juste après +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +mon premier document LyX. +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +), tapez de nouveau +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +, et sélectionnez encore une fois +\family sans +Section +\family default + dans le menu d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default +. + LyX inscrit un nouveau +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et attend votre titre. + Frappez +\family typewriter +À propos de ce document +\family default +. + Le numéro de la section +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Autre Sujet +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, qui était le 2, a été automatiquement mis à jour et est devenu le 3 ! + Dans un esprit purement WYSIWYM, la seule chose que vous ayez à faire, + c'est d'indiquer quelle partie du texte constitue un titre de section. + +\layout Standard + +Tapez +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + pour revenir à l'environnement +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, et saisissez les lignes suivantes : +\layout LyX-Code + +Les sections et sous-sections sont définies comme suit. +\layout LyX-Code + +Description d'une section +\layout LyX-Code + +Les sections sont plus grosses que les sous-sections. +\layout LyX-Code + +Description d'une sous-section +\layout LyX-Code + +Les sous-sections sont plus petites que les sections. +\layout Standard + +Cliquez sur la deuxième ligne et choisissez +\family sans +SousSection +\family default + dans le menu d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default +. + LyX numérote la sous-section +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, et utilise pour la typographie une police plus grosse que pour le texte + ordinaire, mais plus petite que pour les titres de section. + Placez également la quatrième ligne en environnement +\family sans + SousSection. + +\family default + Comme vous pouviez vous en douter, LyX la numérote en +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Si vous ajoutez une nouvelle section avant la section 2, la section 2 deviendra + la 3, et les sous-sections deviendront les 3.1 et 3.2. + +\layout Standard + +Les niveaux plus fins de découpage sont les suivants : +\family sans +SousSousSection +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragraphe +\family default +, et +\family sans +SousParagraphe +\family default +. + Nous vous laissons les découvrir par vous-même. + Vous pourrez vous apercevoir que les +\family sans +Paragraphe +\family default +s et +\family sans +Sous-Paragraphe +\family default +s ne sont par défaut pas numérotés, et que les sous-paragraphes sont en + retrait : voir le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + pour modifier ce comportement. + Le chapitre ( +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default +) est en fait le plus large niveau de découpage, supérieur aux sections + ( +\family sans +Section +\family default +), mais n'est disponible que dans certaines classes de document LyX. + (voir Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:classes-de-texte} + +\end_inset + +). + +\layout Standard + +Pour finir, si vous souhaitez avoir des sections et sous-sections non numérotées +, il y a aussi des environnements pour ça. + Si vous faites passer l'un de vos en-têtes de section dans l'environnement + +\family sans +Section* +\family default + (pour le trouver, vous devrez peut-être descendre dans le menu d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default +), LyX utilisera une police identique à celle de la section ordinaire, mais + ne la numérotera pas. + +\family sans +SousSection +\family default + et +\family sans +SousSousSection +\family default + ont également un en-tête +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +étoilé +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + correspondant. + Testez sur quelques-unes de vos sections et sous-sections l'effet sur la + numérotation des autres en-têtes du passage en style +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +étoilé +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Dans le fichier +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default +, corrigez les en-têtes des sections et sous-sections. + +\layout Subsection + +Listes et sous-listes +\layout Standard + +Plusieurs environnements sont disponibles dans LyX pour la typographie des + listes. + Ces différents environnements vous évitent d'avoir à taper +\family sans +Tab +\family default + des millions de fois pour faire un canevas, et d'avoir à modifier toute + la numérotation de la liste lorsque vous lui ajoutez un élément. + Il vous permet de vous concentrer sur le contenu de votre liste +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nous n'arrêtons pas d'insister sur ce point tout au long du +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage. + +\emph default +Mais +\emph on + +\emph default +pardonnez-nous, c'est tout le fondement de la philosophie de LyX. + +\end_inset + +. + En toute logique, les différents types de documents peuvent nécessiter + des environnements de liste différents : +\layout Itemize + +pour une présentation avec des transparents, on utilisera probablement l'environ +nement +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +, avec ses listes à puces, pour décrire les différents sujets ; +\layout Itemize + +pour un plan, les listes numérotées de l'environnement +\family sans + Énumération +\family default + (et ses sous-listes numérotées avec des lettres) ; +\layout Itemize + +pour un document décrivant des paquetages logiciels, l'environnement +\family sans +Description +\family default +, dans lequel chaque élément commence par un mot en caractères gras ; +\layout Itemize + +l'environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default + -- inconnu dans LaTeX -- est une variante de +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Dressons la liste des avantages de LyX par rapport aux autres traitements + de texte. + Quelque part dans votre document, écrivez : +\layout LyX-Code + +Par rapport à un traitement de texte ordinaire, +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX possède les avantages suivants : +\layout Standard + +et tapez +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +. + À présent, sélectionnez +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default + dans le menu d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default +. + LyX affiche une +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +puce +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + sur la ligne (en fait, un astérisque, qui donnera à l'impression un petit + cercle). + Écrivez vos raisons : +\layout LyX-Code + +La typographie est faite pour vous. +\layout LyX-Code + +Les maths sont WYSIWYM. +\layout LyX-Code + +C'est très facile de faire des listes ! +\layout Standard + +Les environnements de liste, à l'inverse des en-têtes, ne s'interrompent + pas au premier +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + que vous saisissez. + LyX considère que vous voulez ajouter un nouvel élément à la liste. + L'exemple ci-dessus donnera donc une liste à trois éléments. + Pour avoir plusieurs paragraphes dans un même élément d'une liste, vous + pouvez taper +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default +, qui vous donne un +\family sans +Passage\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +Ligne +\family default +. + Pour sortir de la liste, vous devez sélectionner l'environnement +\family sans +Standard +\family default + dans le menu d +\family sans +'Environnement +\family default + (ou par le raccourci clavier +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Vous avez obtenu une magnifique liste. + Vous pouvez faire tourner LaTeX pour voir à quoi elle ressemblera une fois + imprimée. + Vous voulez numéroter vos raisons ? Et bien, sélectionnez juste la totalité + de la liste +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vous ne pourrez pas sélectionner la première puce, sauf si vous sélectionnez + aussi le paragraphe +\emph on +précédant +\emph default + la liste, ce qui n'est probablement pas ce que vous voulez. + De la même manière, vous ne pouvez pas sélectionner le numéro d'un en-tête + de section. + Ne vous en inquiétez pas. +\end_inset + + et choisissez +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + dans le menu d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default +. + Et pan ! Comme nous l'avons déjà dit, si vous ajoutez ou retirez un élément + dans la liste, LyX corrigera la numérotation. +\layout Standard + +Tant que la liste est sélectionnée, essayez donc les deux autres environnements + de liste, +\family sans +Description +\family default + et +\family sans +Liste +\family default +, pour voir à quoi ils ressemblent. + Pour ces deux derniers, chaque élément de la liste comporte un terme, qui + est le premier mot de l'élément, et sa définition, le reste du paragraphe + (jusqu'au retour\SpecialChar ~ +chariot +\family sans + +\family default +: +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +.) Le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +terme +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + est en caractères gras ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +) ou séparé du reste du paragraphe par une +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +tabulation +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Mais une tabulation de typographe, dont la taille s'adaptera à la largeur + du plus grand terme, non pas une pitoyable, rigide, inamovible tabulation + de machine à écrire. +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +Liste +\family default +). + Pour que le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +terme +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + comprenne plusieurs mots, séparez-les par des +\family sans +Espaces\SpecialChar ~ +Insécables +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Typographier la liste dans +\family typewriter + fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez imbriquer les listes les unes dans les autres de toutes les + façons possibles. + Un excellent exemple serait d'écrire un plan. + Les listes numérotées et les listes à puce auront des schémas de numérotation + et des puces différents pour les sous-listes. + Voir le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + pour les détails des différents types de listes, ainsi que des exemples + avec +\emph on +beaucoup +\emph default + d'emboîtements. + +\layout Subsection + +Autres environnement : vers, citations, et autres +\layout Standard + +Deux environnements permettent de mettre en valeur les citations : +\family sans +Cite +\family default + pour les plus courtes et +\family sans +Citation +\family default + pour les plus longues. + Le code informatique est écrit dans une police +\family typewriter +à chasse fixe (typewriter) +\family default +, avec l'environnement +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + (qui sert dans le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + pour les longs exemples de frappe) ; cet environnement est le seul qui + permette d'entrer plusieurs espaces consécutives, pour pouvoir indenter + le code. + Vous pouvez écrire de la poésie avec l'environnement +\family sans +Vers +\family default +, séparer les strophes avec la touche +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +, et séparer les vers au sein d'une même strophe avec +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default +. + Voir le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + pour une description complète de tous les environnements disponibles dans + LyX. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Corrigez la typographie de la citation ( +\family sans +Cit +\family default +e), du programme ( +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +), et du poème ( +\family sans +Vers +\family default +) dans +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Chapter + +Écrire des documents +\layout Standard + +Avec un peu de chance, le chapitre précédent vous a permis de vous familiariser + avec l'écriture dans LyX. + Il vous a présenté les opérations de base, ainsi que la puissance des environne +ments. + Cependant, les personnes qui s'intéressent à LyX le font en général dans + le but d'écrire de vrais documents : notices, articles, livres, manuels + ou lettres. + Ce chapitre est destiné à vous conduire de la simple frappe avec LyX, vers + l'élaboration de documents complets. + Il vous présentera les classes de texte, qui vous permettront d'écrire + des documents de types différents. + Il décrira donc tous les plus qui font passer d'un simple texte à un document, + comme les titres, notes de bas de page, références croisées, bibliographie, + et table des matières. + +\layout Section + +Classes de texte +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:classes-de-texte} + +\end_inset + +Qui dit documents de types différents, dit typographies différentes. + Par exemple, un livre est imprimé en recto-verso, et les articles en simple + face. + En plus, de nombreux documents contiennent des environnements spéciaux + : les lettres ont des environnements -- comme l'adresse de l'expéditeur + et sa signature -- qui n'ont aucun sens dans un livre ou un article. + Les +\emph on +classes +\emph default + de texte de LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pour les utilisateurs LaTeX : c'est l'équivalent des +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + documentclass +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + de LaTeX. +\end_inset + + prennent en charge ces différences de fond entre les types de documents. + Ce +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +, par exemple, a été écrit en classe de texte +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +livre +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +book +\family default +). + La notion de classe de texte représente une autre partie majeure de la + philosophie WYSIWYM ; elles donnent à LyX la typographie à utiliser pour + le document, afin que vous ne soyez pas obligé de vous en charger. + +\layout Standard + +Votre document est sans doute écrit en classe de texte +\family sans +Article +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +C'est habituellement la classe de texte par défaut. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Essayez de basculer vers d'autres classes (dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Fo +\bar under +r +\bar default +mat\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +) pour voir leurs différences de typographie. + Après avoir basculé en classe livre ( +\family sans +book +\family default +), si vous regardez dans le menu d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default +, vous constaterez qu'en majorité, les mêmes environnements sont autorisés. + Par contre, vous pouvez désormais utiliser l'environnement chapitre ( +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default +). + Lorsque le doute vous assaille quant à la disponibilité de tel ou tel environne +ment dans la classe de votre document, jetez juste un oeil dans le menu + d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +La taille des polices, l'impression sur une ou deux colonnes, et les en-têtes + de page différencient la typographie d'un journal de celle d'un autre. + Comme l'on progresse dans l'ère de l'ordinateur, certains journaux acceptent + maintenant des soumissions informatiques, en créant des +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +fichiers de style +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + LaTeX qui permettent aux auteurs de soumettre des articles dont la typographie + est déjà correcte. + LyX le permet également. + LyX supporte par exemple la typographie (et les environnements spéciaux) + du journal de l'American Mathematics Society par le biais de la classe + +\family sans +Article\SpecialChar ~ +(AMS) +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +Voici une liste très succincte de quelques classes de texte. + Voyez la section +\emph on +Classes de Document Spéciales +\emph default + du manuel d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default + pour plus de détails. +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nom +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Notes +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +simple-face, pas de chapitre +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +mise en page et environnements propres à l'American Math Society +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +plus long que des articles, recto verso +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +report +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + + couvertures +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +transparents (avec également FoilTeX) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +de nombreux environnements supplémentaires pour les adresses, la signature\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Modèles : écrire une lettre +\layout Standard + +L'une des classes les plus utilisées est la lettre ( +\family sans +Letter +\family default +)\SpecialChar \@. + Vous pouvez entamer l'écriture d'une lettre en ouvrant un nouveau fichier, + puis sélectionner la classe +\family sans +Letter +\family default + dans l'onglet +\family sans +Document +\family default + de la fenêtre +\family sans +Fo +\bar under +r +\bar default +mat\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +. + Même s'il s'agit de la méthode la plus évidente, elle semble donner du + travail superflu. + Pour chaque lettre professionnelle, vous ajouterez votre adresse, l'adresse + du destinataire, le corps de la lettre, une signature, etc. + LyX fournit donc un modèle de lettre ; dès que vous avez un modèle, il + vous suffit de remplacer quelques éléments avec votre texte pour chaque + nouvelle lettre. +\layout Standard + +Ouvrez un nouveau fichier avec +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nouveau\SpecialChar ~ +avec\SpecialChar ~ +Modèle +\family default +. + Sélectionnez +\family typewriter +letter.lyx +\family default + comme modèle. + Sauvez et imprimez le fichier pour voir de quelle façon sont imprimés les + différents environnements. +\layout Standard + +Dans le menu d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default +, vous en découvrirez certains, comme +\family sans +Mon\SpecialChar ~ +Adresse +\family default +, qui n'existent pas dans d'autres classes. + D'autres, comme +\family sans +Cite +\family default + et l'environnement de liste +\family sans +Description +\family default + vous sont déjà familiers. + Vous pouvez vous entraîner un moment pour vous rendre compte du comportement + des nouveaux environnements +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : il est intéressant de noter ici que les environnements ont parfois + un rendu PostScript +\family sans +® +\family default + ou DVI assez différent du rendu à l'affichage, particulièrement lorsque + LyX et le document sont configurés pour travailler en Français. + (ex : adresse de l'expéditeur affichée à droite mais comme il se doit imprimée + à gauche ...) +\layout Standard + +Ne pas hésiter à faire +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +isualiser +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar default +VI +\family default + ou +\family sans +Visualiser +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar default +Post +\bar under +s +\bar default +cript® +\family default + pour se rendre compte du rendu final. +\end_inset + +. + L'environnement +\family sans +Signature +\family default + présente par exemple le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Signature : +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en rouge placé devant le contenu réel de la signature. + Ce mot n'apparaîtra pas à l'impression. + Il est affiché uniquement pour vous indiquer où définir votre signature. + Notez également que la position de la signature dans le fichier d'origine + n'a aucune importance. + Encore une fois, LyX est WYSIWYM ; vous pouvez mettre la signature n'importe + où dans le fichier, LyX sait que pour l'impression, la signature devra + être placée à la fin. + +\layout Standard + +Un modèle est un fichier LyX comme les autres. + Vous pouvez donc remplir votre adresse et votre signature, et sauver le + fichier obtenu comme nouveau modèle. + À partir de là, vous pouvez reprendre ce fichier pour écrire de nouvelles + lettres, et gagner du temps. + Inutile de vous proposer un exercice à ce sujet ; faites donc une lettre + pour quelqu'un +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Attention, lorsque vous écrivez une lettre à partir d'un modèle, si vous + effacez tout le texte d'un environnement -- par exemple, si vous effacez + tout le champ +\family sans +Mon\SpecialChar ~ +Adresse +\family default + pour écrire la vôtre -- et que vous déplacez le curseur sans taper aucun + texte, l'environnement peut disparaître. + En effet, la plupart des environnements ne peuvent exister sans texte. + Dans ce cas, récupérez-le simplement à partir du menu d' +\family sans +Environnement +\family default +. + +\end_inset + + ! +\layout Standard + +Les modèles peuvent faire gagner beaucoup de temps, et nous vous conseillons + vivement de les utiliser autant que possible. + De plus, ils peuvent aider une personne à apprendre comment utiliser des + classes de texte un peu exotiques. + Et pour finir, ils peuvent être très utiles pour une personne qui configure + LyX pour un ensemble de non informaticiens. + Lorsqu'ils apprendront LyX, le fait d'avoir un modèle de lettre personnalisé + pour leur société leur facilitera beaucoup la tâche, par exemple. +\layout Section + +Titres des documents +\layout Standard + +LyX (comme LaTeX) considère le titre -- qui peut contenir le vrai titre + du document, l'auteur, la date, et même un résumé d'une publication -- + comme une partie séparée du document. +\layout Standard + +Retournons à votre document +\family typewriter +Nouveau_Fichier.lyx +\family default + et assurez-vous qu'il est en classe +\family sans +Article +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +La classe +\family sans +Lettre +\family default + ne permettant pas les titres, il ne faut pas l'utiliser pour la suite. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + +\family sans + +\family default +Tapez un titre sur la première ligne, et passez la ligne en environnement + +\family sans +Titre +\family default +. + Ligne suivante, tapez votre nom et passez-la en environnement +\family sans +Auteur +\family default +. + Pour la suivante, la date et l'environnement +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Tapez ensuite un paragraphe ou deux en environnement Résumé +\family sans +(Abstract +\family default +). + Regardez maintenant l'aspect à l'impression. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Corrigez le titre, la date, et l'auteur dans le fichier +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Étiquettes et références croisées +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:étiquettes} + +\end_inset + +Une étiquette peut être placée sur un section (ou une sous-sous-section, + ou, plus rarement, n'importe où au sein du texte) dans votre document. + Ainsi fait, vous pouvez faire référence à cette section dans d'autres parties + de votre document, avec les références croisées. + Vous pouvez faire référence au numéro de la section, ou à la page où la + section apparaît. + Ainsi qu'il le fait avec les sections et les notes de bas de page, LyX + se charge pour vous de gérer les références croisées. + Les étiquettes et références croisées automatiques font partie des avantages + les plus sensibles de LyX (et LaTeX) par rapport aux traitements de texte + conventionnels. + +\layout Subsection* + +Votre première étiquette +\layout Standard + +Marquons notre seconde section, dont le titre est +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +À propos de ce document +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Cliquez en fin d'en-tête de cette section, et sélectionnez +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +É +\bar default +tiquette +\family default +. + Une fenêtre vous demande le nom de l'étiquette, et vous en suggère un. + Quand vous validez en cliquant sur +\family sans + OK +\family default +, le nom de l'étiquette apparaît dans une boîte après l'en-tête de la section. +\layout Standard + +En tout état de cause, vous auriez pu placer l'étiquette n'importe où dans + la section ; une étiquette fera référence à la dernière section ou sous-section + dont l'en-tête est avant l'étiquette. + Placer l'étiquette sur la même ligne que l'en-tête (ou sur la première + ligne de texte) vous garantit d'avoir des références de page qui correspondent + bien au début de la section. +\layout Standard + +Pour l'instant, vous n'avez encore rien fait -- le fichier DVI n'aura pas + changé, car les étiquettes n'apparaissent pas à l'impression. + Maintenant que vous avez une étiquette, vous pouvez vous y référer avec + les références croisées. + C'est ce que nous allons faire maintenant. +\layout Subsection* + +Votre première référence croisée +\layout Standard + +Placez le curseur à l'intérieur de la section\SpecialChar ~ +2 de votre document. + Tapez +\layout LyX-Code + +Pour en savoir plus à propos de ce document, +\layout LyX-Code + +consultez la section , page . +\layout Standard + +Maintenant -- avec le curseur juste après le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +section +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + -- faites +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +éférence\SpecialChar ~ +Croisée. + +\family default + La fenêtre +\family sans + Référence +\family default + apparaît. + Elle présente une liste d'étiquettes auxquelles vous pouvez faire référence. + Pour l'instant, il ne devrait y en avoir qu'une : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +sec:aproposdocument +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Sélectionnez-la (elle devrait l'être par défaut) et cliquez sur le bouton + +\family sans +Appliquer +\family default +. + Placez maintenant le curseur après le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, et changez le type de référence en numéro de page, puis cliquez +\family sans +Appliquer +\family default +. + (Pour être tout à fait correct, il faut mettre une +\family sans +Espace\SpecialChar ~ +Insécable +\family default + entre le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +section +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et la référence, de même avec la page.) +\layout Standard + +LyX place les références dans une boîte juste après le curseur. + Dans la version papier du document, chacun de ces marqueurs est remplacé + par le numéro de page ou de section (en fonction de ce que vous avez choisi + dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Référence). + +\family default + Faites +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mise\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +Jour +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +, pour constater que sur la dernière page, il est fait référence à la +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Section\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Page\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + (en fait, le numéro de la page sur laquelle se situe effectivement le titre + de la section\SpecialChar ~ +2). +\layout Standard + +Une référence croisée se comporte commodément comme un hyperlien dans le + document que vous éditez ; cliquer dessus ouvre la fenêtre +\family sans +Référence +\family default + et cliquer sur le bouton +\family sans +Aller\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +Référence +\family default + déplace le curseur jusqu'à l'étiquette correspondante. +\layout Subsection* + +En faire davantage avec les étiquettes +\layout Standard + +Nous disions que LyX prenait en charge la numérotation des références croisées + ; vous pouvez maintenant le vérifier. + Ajoutez une nouvelle section avant la section\SpecialChar ~ +2. + Relancez LaTeX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : en faisant +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mise\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +Jour\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar default +DVI +\family default + (ou +\family sans +PostScript® +\family default +). +\end_inset + +, et -- voilà ! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : en français dans le texte. +\end_inset + + -- la référence croisée à la section est passée maintenant à\SpecialChar ~ +3 ! Faites + passer +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +À propos de ce document +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en sous-section, et la référence croisée fera référence à la sous-section\SpecialChar ~ +2.1 + plutôt qu'à la section\SpecialChar ~ +3. + Naturellement, la référence à la page ne changera que lorsque vous aurez + ajouté une page complète de texte avant l'étiquette. + +\layout Standard + +Pour vous exercer davantage avec les étiquettes, essayez donc d'en placer + une à l'endroit où se situe votre première référence croisée, et faites + référence à cette nouvelle étiquette ailleurs dans votre document. + Lorsque vous devez gérer beaucoup de références croisées (pour un article + par exemple), il est plus confortable de conserver la fenêtre +\family sans +Référence +\family default + ouverte. +\layout Standard + +Si vous voulez vous assurer que les références croisées conservent des numéros + de pages corrects, même avec de gros documents, vous pouvez +\family sans +Copier +\family default + quelques pages du +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + dans le presse-papier, et les +\family sans +Coller +\family default +dans votre document +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Comme les environnements de chapitre ne sont pas autorisés dans les classes + d'article, la copie de zones de texte contenant des titres de chapitre + peut causer des erreurs. + Si cela arrive, effacez juste les titres des chapitres. + Pour en savoir plus sur les causes de ce phénomène, voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Corrigez les références à l'intérieur de +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Notes de marge et de bas de page +\layout Standard + +Les notes de bas de page peuvent être ajoutées grâce au bouton +\family sans + Note\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Bas\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Page, +\family default + dans la barre d'outils +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Le bouton présente, en dessous d'un texte en noir, une flèche pointant sur + un petit texte rouge. +\end_inset + +. + On peut le faire également par menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Bas\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Page +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Cliquez à la fin du mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans votre document et appuyez sur le bouton +\family sans +Note\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Bas\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Page +\family default +. + Une boîte de note apparaît dans laquelle vous pouvez saisir le texte de + la note. + LyX place le curseur au début de la boîte. + Tapez +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX est un traitement de texte qui fait la +\layout LyX-Code + +composition des documents. +\layout Standard + +Cliquez maintenant sur le bouton marqué +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bas +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + La boîte de note disparaît, laissant la place au bouton indiquant l'endroit + où sera placé le marqueur de la note lors de l'impression. + Cela s'appelle +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +refermer +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + la note. + Vous pouvez réouvrir la note à tout moment -- et la modifier si nécessaire + -- en cliquant de nouveau sur le bouton +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bas +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Vous vous demandez peut-être pourquoi on utilise un mot et non un numéro + pour indiquer une note de bas de page. + C'est parce que LyX se charge tout seul de numéroter ces notes lors de + l'impression du document. + Vous pouvez vous en rendre compte en jetant un oeil sur la sortie DVI (ou + sur une impression). + Si vous ajoutez d'autres notes de bas de page, LyX mettra à jour le numéro + de chaque note. + Comme LyX (plus exactement LaTeX) prend en charge cette gestion, il n'y + a pas lieu de les indiquer dans le fichier LyX. + +\layout Standard + +On peut +\family sans +Couper +\family default +et +\family sans +Coller +\family default + une note comme du texte ordinaire. + Allez-y ; essayez ! La seule chose à faire est de sélectionner le bouton + de note +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Il est généralement plus facile de faire cette sélection avec le clavier. + Vous pouvez ouvrir par erreur une note en essayant de la sélectionner avec + la souris. +\end_inset + +, le +\family sans +Couper +\family default +et le +\family sans +Coller +\family default +. + De plus, vous pouvez faire basculer du texte ordinaire en note, en le sélection +nant, puis en cliquant sur le bouton +\family sans +Insérer une Note de Bas de Page +\family default + ; ou inversement transformer une note en texte en cliquant sur ce même + bouton lorsque le curseur est dans cette note. +\layout Standard + +Les notes en marge peuvent quant à elles être ajoutées grâce au bouton de + la barre d'outils (le bouton présente, à côté (en marge) d'un texte en + noir, un petit texte rouge pointé par une flèche), ou par le menu +\family sans + +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Marge. + +\family default +Les notes en marge diffèrent des notes de bas de page de la façon suivante + : +\layout Itemize + +la boîte à l'écran est marquée +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +marge +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + à la place de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bas +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ; +\layout Itemize + +les notes sont placées en marge, plutôt qu'en bas de page (on s'en serait + douté) ; +\layout Itemize + +les notes en marge ne sont pas numérotées ; +\layout Standard + +Faites basculer votre note de bas de page en texte, sélectionnez-le et transform +ez-le à son tour en note en marge. + Faites tourner LaTeX pour vous rendre compte de l'aspect d'une note en + marge. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Corrigez la note de bas de page dans +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Bibliographies +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +Les bibliographies sont très similaires aux références croisées, au moins + dans les sciences exactes. + La bibliographie, à la fin d'un document, contient la liste des ouvrages + auxquels il est fait référence dans le corps du document. + Comme pour les titres de sections, LyX et LaTeX vous facilitent le travail + en gérant la numérotation des éléments de la bibliographie ainsi que de + leurs citations à l'intérieur du document. + +\layout Standard + +Allez à la fin du document et passez en environnement +\family sans +Bibliographie +\family default +. + Dès lors, chaque nouveau paragraphe sera une nouvelle référence. + Tapez +\family typewriter +Le Manuel d'Apprentissage de LyX, par +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +L'Équipe de Documentation de LyX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + comme première référence. + Remarquez que LyX ajoute automatiquement un numéro dans une boîte placée + avant chaque référence. + En cliquant sur cette boîte, vous ouvrez une fenêtre d' +\family sans +Entrée\SpecialChar ~ +bibliographique +\family default +. + C'est le contenu du premier champ, la +\family sans +Clé +\family default +, qui est utilisé pour citer la référence dans le document. + Par défaut, c'est un nombre. + Pour le mémoriser plus facilement, remplacez le contenu de ce champ +\family sans +Clé +\family default + par +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +tutorielLyX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Déplacez-vous alors à un endroit où vous souhaiteriez insérer une citation. + Avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Citation +\family default +, vous faites apparaître une fenêtre +\family sans +Citation +\family default +. + La moitié droite de cette fenêtre (le champ +\family sans +Disponible +\family default +) énumère toutes les entrées de bibliographie, et ce champ vous permet de + sélectionner les entrées que vous voulez citer. + Choisissez +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +tutorielLyX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + (pour l'instant, c'est le seul élément de la bibliographie) et utilisez + la flèche vers la gauche pour l'insérer. + (Vous pouvez mettre des citations multiples au même endroit en transférant + ainsi plusieurs clés.) Faites maintenant tourner LaTeX, et vous pourrez + constater que la citation apparaît entre crochets à l'impression, en référence + à la bibliographie en fin de document. +\layout Standard + +À quoi servent les autres champs ? Dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Citation +\family default +, le champ +\family sans +Après +\family default + permet d'introduire une précision (comme la référence à une page ou à un + chapitre précis de l'ouvrage cité) après le numéro, à l'intérieur des crochets. + Et si vous préférez avoir des citations sous forme d'étiquette plutôt que + de numéro, vous pouvez pour cela remplir le champ +\family sans +Étiquette +\family default +de la fenêtre d' +\family sans +Entrée\SpecialChar ~ +bibliographique +\family default + (certains journaux utiliseront par exemple +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +[Smi95] +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour une publication de M. + Smith en 1995). + Comme toujours, vous pouvez consulter le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + pour de plus amples informations sur le sujet. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice : +\series default +Corrigez la bibliographie et la citation dans +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Table des matières +\layout Standard + +Peut-être désirez-vous mettre une table des matières au début de votre document. + Rien de plus simple avec LyX. + Tapez +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + juste après le titre de votre document, et avant la première section, et + faites +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +istes\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +TdM\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +M +\bar default +atières. + +\family default +Les mots +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Matières +\family default + apparaissent sur un bouton sur la première ligne du document. + +\layout Standard + +Ça peut paraître un peu léger. + Cependant, en jetant un oeil dans le rendu +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, vous constaterez que la table des matières a bel et bien été générée, + avec pour contenu les en-têtes des différentes sections et sous-sections + de votre document. + Encore une fois, en cas de réorganisation, ajout ou suppression de sections, + ces changements seront automatiquement répercutés dans le rendu +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + dès que vous le mettez à jour. + +\layout Standard + +LyX n'affiche pas la table des matières à l'écran, parce que vous ne pouvez + de toutes façons pas l'éditer. + En revanche, vous pouvez la consulter dans une fenêtre à part en cliquant + sur le bouton de +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +matières +\family default +, ou en faisant +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Matières +\family default +. + La méthode par menu fonctionne même si vous n'avez pas de table des matières + dans votre document. + C'est un outil très utile. + Vous pouvez vous servir de la fenêtre +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +matières +\family default + pour naviguer dans votre document. + Un clic sur le titre d'une (sous-)section dans cette table mettra la ligne + en jaune et déplacera le curseur (dans la fenêtre d'édition de LyX) à l'endroit + correspondant dans le document. + Vous pouvez aussi vous servir des flèches du clavier pour monter et descendre + dans la table des matières. + Vous trouverez peut-être plus commode de conserver la fenêtre +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Matières +\family default + ouverte tout au long de l'édition du document. + Vous aurez également la même chose dans le menu +\family sans +Naviguer +\family default +, dans lequel la table des matières apparaît automatiquement. +\layout Standard + +Pour supprimer la table des matières de votre document, il vous suffit d'effacer + le bouton comme s'il s'agissait d'un caractère ordinaire. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Corrigez la table des matières du fichier +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Chapter + +Utilisation du mode mathématique +\layout Standard + +LaTeX est largement utilisé dans le milieu scientifique pour la qualité + du rendu des équations, sans les contraintes imposées par les caractères + de contrôle des autres traitements de texte et de leurs éditeurs d'équations. + Cependant beaucoup de gens déplorent qu'écrire une équation en LaTeX s'apparent +e plus à de la programmation qu'à de l'écriture à proprement parler. + Une chance, LyX permet de traiter les équations de façon WYSIWYM. + Si vous connaissez déjà LaTeX, vous vous rendrez compte que toutes les + commandes LaTeX pour les mathématiques peuvent être saisies normalement, + mais seront affichées de façon WYSIWYM. + Si, à l'inverse, vous n'avez jamais écrit de LaTeX, alors la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default + vous permettra d'obtenir, facilement et rapidement, des écrits mathématiques + d'aspect professionnel +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX ne peut pas vérifier si vos mathématiques sont +\emph on +juste +\emph default +s. + Désolé. + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Mode Mathématique +\layout Standard + +Quelque part dans votre document LyX, tapez ceci : +\layout LyX-Code + +J'aime ce qu'a dit Einstein, E=mc^2, parce que +\layout LyX-Code + +c'est d'une grande simplicité. + +\layout Standard + +Pour l'instant, l'équation n'a pas très belle allure, même dans le rendu + en +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + ; aucun espace ne sépare le signe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +égal +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + des lettres qui l'entourent, et vous aimeriez avoir le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en exposant. + La cause de cette mauvaise composition est que nous n'avons pas signalé + à LyX que nous étions en train de taper des expressions mathématiques. + La composition a donc été réalisée comme pour du texte ordinaire. + +\layout Standard + +Au lieu de cela, nous allons créer une formule qui sera mise en page correctemen +t. + Pour créer une formule, cliquez juste sur le bouton de la barre d'outils + marqué +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + + en bleu. + LyX ouvrira un petit carré bleu, qui est une formule vide. + LyX a placé le curseur dans le carré bleu, il ne vous reste donc plus qu'à + taper +\family typewriter +E=mc^2 +\family default + une nouvelle fois. + L'expression apparaît en bleu, et le carré bleu disparaît dès que la formule + n'est plus vide. + Tapez +\family sans +Esc +\family default + pour quitter la formule. + Le rectangle mauve disparaît, laissant le curseur à droite de l'expression. + Toute nouvelle saisie produit alors du texte ordinaire. +\layout Standard + +Faites tourner LaTeX et jetez un oeil sur la sortie +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Remarquez que l'expression a été joliment composée, avec des espaces entre + les lettres et le signe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +égal +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, et avec le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en exposant. + Les lettres en mode mathématique sont interprétées comme des variables, + et apparaissent en italique. + Les chiffres sont de simples chiffres. +\layout Standard + +Cet éditeur mathématique est un autre exemple de la philosophie WYSIWYM. + En LaTeX, vous écrivez les expressions mathématiques avec du texte et des + commandes comme +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default + ; c'est un peu frustrant, car vous ne savez pas à quoi ressemble une expression + tant que vous n'avez pas fait tourner LaTeX sur votre fichier, et devez + passer du temps pour trouver une parenthèse manquante ou autre faute. + D'un autre côté, LyX ne cherche pas un rendu parfait de l'expression à + l'écran (WYSIWYG), mais donne une très bonne idée du rendu final. + Dans 99% des cas, vous n'aurez pas à retoucher la taille des polices ou + l'espacement que LaTeX élabore. + De cette façon (désolé de radoter comme ça) vous pouvez vous consacrer + au contenu de vos maths, sans vous soucier de leur apparence. +\layout Section + +Se déplacer dans une équation +\layout Standard + +Maintenant, changeons +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + en +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Amenez le curseur à l'intérieur de l'expression avec les flèches du clavier. + Vous pouvez constater que le rectangle violet apparaît pour vous signaler + que vous êtes à nouveau en mode mathématique. + Déplacez le curseur grâce au touches +\family sans +Gauche +\family default + ou +\family sans +Droite +\family default + après le signe égal. + Tapez juste +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Une nouvelle fois, vous pouvez sortir de l'expression grâce aux flèches + du clavier ou à la touche +\family sans +Esc. +\layout Standard + +Excepté les touches particulières décrites ci-dessus, la saisie en mode + mathématique est identique à celle du texte ordinaire. + Utilisez +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (ou +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +) pour effacer. + Sélectionnez des parties d'expression avec les flèches du clavier ou avec + la souris. + +\family sans +Édit +\bar under +e +\bar default +r +\family default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +nnuler +\family default +fonctionne en mode mathématique, ainsi que +\family sans +Couper +\family default + et +\family sans +Coller +\family default +. + Faites par contre attention à ceci : lorsque le curseur est juste à droite + de l'expression et que vous tapez +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (ou +\family sans +Basckspace +\family default +), l'expression entière est effacée. + Heureusement, +\family sans +Édit +\bar under +e +\bar default +r +\family default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +nnuler +\family default +vous permet de la restituer. +\layout Standard + +Et si vous changiez +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + en +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + + ? À nouveau, vous pouvez utiliser la souris pour vous placer au bon endroit. + Néanmoins, vous pouvez également utiliser les flèches du clavier. + Si le curseur est juste entre le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, la touche +\family sans +Haute +\family default +déplacera le curseur au niveau de l'exposant, toujours avant le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Tapez +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +.5 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Maintenant, taper sur +\family sans +Basse +\family default + fera revenir le curseur au niveau normal de saisie. + En fait, si vous tapez +\family sans +Basse +\family default + n'importe où dans l'exposant, le curseur se placera juste +\emph on +après +\emph default + celui-ci (vous pourrez alors saisir +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Section + +Indices et exposants +\layout Standard + +Un exposant peut être entré à partir de la +\family sans +Palette Mathématique +\family default + (voir plus bas), mais il est beaucoup plus simple d'utiliser la touche + chapeau +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +^ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +caret +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en anglais. + Avec un clavier français, on l'obtient avec +\family sans +Alt\SpecialChar ~ +Gr-9 +\family default +, et non avec la touche d'accent circonflexe. +\end_inset + +. + LyX placera un autre rectangle bleu dans la partie supérieure, toutes les + saisies qui suivront seront ainsi placées en exposant, et ce dans une police + de plus petite taille. + Jusqu'à ce que vous tapiez +\family sans +Espace +\family default + (ou +\family sans +Esc +\family default + pour sortir complètement du mode mathématique) tout ce que vous saisirez + sera au même niveau. +\layout Standard + +Écrire en indice est tout aussi facile -- la touche +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +souligné +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +_ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + déclenche ce mode. + Les indices et exposants peuvent eux-mêmes être indicés et avoir des exposants + comme ceci : +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Mettez l'équation n°1 du fichier +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default + en mode mathématique. +\layout Section + +La Palette Mathématique +\layout Standard + +La +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default + est un moyen pratique pour écrire ou pour exécuter de nombreuses fonctions + compliquées d'édition mathématique. + Plusieurs de ces fonctions peuvent être exécutées depuis le clavier ou + les menus +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default + et +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default +. + Nous allons cependant nous intéresser à l'utilisation de la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default +, juste assez pour que vous sachiez ce qu'on peut en tirer ; vous pourrez + apprendre les raccourcis clavier plus tard, dans d'autres manuels. + Ouvrez donc la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default + avec le menu +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default + et laissez-la ouverte pendant que vous lirez cette section. +\layout Standard + +Un clic droit sur une formule ouvrira également la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Grec et symboles +\layout Standard + +La +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default + vous permet d'obtenir une vaste gamme de symboles utiles en maths : des + flèches, des relations, des opérateurs, et des sommes et intégrales +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Les boutons noirs correspondent à des symboles LaTeX standard, et les boutons + bleus permettent d'accéder à des symboles plus spécialisés, fournis par + l'American Mathematical Society. +\end_inset + +. + Notez que l'écriture en exposant et en indice vous permet de mettre les + bornes inférieures et supérieures des sommes et des intégrales. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Nothing you can do that can't be done\SpecialChar \ldots{} + All you need is +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Racines carrées, accents, et délimiteurs +\layout Standard + +Pour taper une racine carrée, cliquez simplement sur le bouton portant le + signe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +racine carrée +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + La racine carrée apparaît, et le curseur va à un nouveau point d'insertion + sous la racine carrée. + Vous pouvez taper des variables, des nombres, d'autres racines carrées, + des fractions, tout ce que vous voulez. + LyX adaptera automatiquement la dimension de la racine carrée au besoin. +\layout Standard + +Accentuer un caractère ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +) ou un groupe de caractères ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +) se fait de la même façon. + Vous pouvez choisir le type de +\family sans +Décoration +\family default + dans la +\family sans +Palette +\family default +. + Cliquez sur une décoration, et LyX affichera ce signe sur ou sous le point + d'insertion. + Tapez alors ce que vous voulez dans le point d'insertion. + Il y a deux ensembles de décorations : celles qui s'adaptent à la taille + du texte que vous tapez, et celles de taille fixe, qui sont surtout appropriées + pour un caractère isolé. +\layout Standard + +Les délimiteurs tels que les parenthèses, les crochets, et les accolades + s'obtiennent de la même façon, mais sont un peu plus compliqués. + Cliquez sur le bouton +\family sans +Délimiteurs +\family default +, représenté par un rectangle bleu entouré de crochets, pour ouvrir la fenêtre + +\family sans +Délimiteurs. + +\family default + Votre sélection de délimiteurs est affichée dans une boîte en haut de la + fenêtre. + Par défaut c'est une paire de parenthèses, mais vous pouvez choisir une + paire de crochets, une accolade et une parenthèse, ou encore choisir le + carré vide pour avoir quelque chose comme +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + (le délimiteur vide est représenté par un trait noir interrompu dans LyX, + mais il ne sera pas visible à la sortie imprimée). +\layout Standard + +Une fois que vous avez choisi vos délimiteurs, cliquez sur +\family sans +OK +\family default + pour les mettre dans votre expression (ou sur +\family sans +Appliquer +\family default + si vous voulez garder la fenêtre ouverte pour la prochaine fois). + Si vous êtes paresseux, vous pouvez utiliser les parenthèses du clavier + en mode Math, plutôt que d'ouvrir la fenêtre +\family sans +Délimiteurs +\family default +. + Seulement, ces parenthèses seront de la même taille que le texte courant, + ce qui sera peu agréable à voir si vous avez une grande fraction ou une + matrice entre les parenthèses. + L'utilisation de la fenêtre +\family sans +Délimiteurs +\family default +garantira des délimiteurs de taille adaptée à ce qu'ils contiennent. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi mettre des délimiteurs, un signe de racine carrée ou un + accent (une décoration) sur un texte déjà existant. + Sélectionnez la partie de la formule que vous voulez inclure, et cliquez + simplement sur le bouton adéquat de la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default +. + Essayez-le pour passer la seconde loi de Newton de la forme scalaire à + la forme vectorielle ( +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + en +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + Lorsque vous aurez appris les matrices, c'est ainsi que vous les mettrez + entre parenthèses ou entre crochets. +\layout Subsection + +Fractions +\layout Standard + +Les fractions sont très faciles à écrire avec Mathed. + Cliquez sur le bouton +\family sans +Fraction +\family default + dans la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique, +\family default + bouton qui porte une barre de fraction et des carrés bleus au numérateur + et au dénominateur. + LyX écrit deux points d'insertion dans une fraction, l'un au numérateur + et l'autre au dénominateur. + Comme vous devez vous y attendre, vous pouvez utiliser les flèches du clavier + ou la souris pour vous déplacer dans la fraction. + Cliquez sur le carré du haut et tapez +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Puis tapez sur la touche +\family sans +Basse +\family default + et tapez +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Vous avez écrit une fraction ! Bien entendu vous pouvez taper autre chose + dans chacune des deux boîtes : variables avec exposants, racines carrées, + autres fractions, ou tout autre chose. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Mettez l'équation n° 2 de +\family typewriter + fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default + en mode Math. +\layout Subsection + +Mode TeX : limites, log, sin et autres +\layout Standard + +Comme les lettres en mode Math sont considérées comme des variables, si + vous tapez +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en mode Math LyX pense que vous tapez le produit de trois variables +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + +, et +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + +. + Les trois lettres seront inscrites en italique, alors que ce que vous vouliez + réellement était le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + écrit en Roman. + De plus, LyX ne mettra pas d'espace entre le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + (la frappe d'un espace entraîne juste la fermeture du mode Math). + Alors comment obtenir +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + au lieu de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ? +\layout Standard + +Cliquez sur +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans la liste de +\family sans +Fonctions +\family default + dans la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default +. + Le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + s'inscrit en noir, en police roman droite. + Le mot est traité comme un symbole dans son ensemble, et si vous tapez + +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +, il sera supprimé tout entier. + Tapez maintenant +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, qui sera affiché en italiques bleus, comme vous le désirez en Mathed. + Dans la sortie +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, l'expression sera parfaitement rendue. + Vous pouvez le tester. +\layout Standard + +Parmi les autres fonctions que vous entrerez en mode TeX avec la liste de + +\family sans +Fonctions, +\family default +vous trouverez les autres fonctions trigo et leurs inverses, les fonctions + hyperboliques, les logarithmes, les limites et quelques autres encore. + Ces fonctions peuvent avoir des +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +indices +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +exposants +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, indispensables pour écrire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Mettez l'équation n° 3 de +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default + en mode mathématique. +\layout Subsection + +Matrices +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +Cliquez sur le bouton +\family sans +Matrice +\family default + de la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default +, qui présente 9 petits carrés bleus sur 3 lignes et 3 colonnes. + Les deux curseurs coulissants de la fenêtre +\family sans +Matrice +\family default + vous permettent de définir les nombres de lignes et de colonnes que vous + souhaitez avoir dans votre matrice. + Choisissez 2 lignes et 3 colonnes puis faites +\family sans +Appliquer +\family default + ou +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + LyX affiche 6 points d'insertion dans une matrice +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + +. + Comme à l'accoutumée, vous pouvez insérer n'importe quelle expression Mathed + (une racine, une autre matrice, etc.) dans chaque point d'insertion. + Vous pouvez également, si vous le souhaitez, en laisser certains vides. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + permet de se déplacer horizontalement de colonne en colonne. + Vous pouvez aussi vous servir des flèches pour vous déplacer - la +\family sans + +\family default +flèche +\family sans +Droite +\family default + à la fin d'une case vous fera passer à la case suivante, et la flèche +\family sans +Basse +\family default + à la ligne de dessous, etc. +\layout Standard + +Si vous avez soudain besoin de plus de lignes ou de colonnes, faites +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ajouter\SpecialChar ~ +Rangée +\family default + ou +\family sans +Ajouter\SpecialChar ~ +Colonne +\family default +. + Ça ajoute une ligne ou une colonne juste après la position actuelle. + Vous en avez mis trop ? Faites +\family sans +Supprimer\SpecialChar ~ +Rangée +\family default + ou +\family sans +Supprimer\SpecialChar ~ +Colonne +\family default + à partir du même menu. +\layout Standard + +Voir le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + pour découvrir comment changer l'alignement horizontal de chaque colonne, + et changer la position verticale de l'ensemble de la matrice. + Notez que si vous souhaitez écrire une table contenant du texte, il est + préférable de profiter du sensationnel maniement de tables qu'offre LyX, + plutôt que de tenter d'écrire du texte dans une matrice. + +\layout Subsection + +Hors ligne +\layout Standard + +Toutes les expressions écrites jusqu'à présent étaient insérées sur la ligne + de texte qui les entourait. + Elles sont connues sous le nom d'expressions +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +en ligne +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Cela convient pour des expressions simples, de petite taille. + Pour des expressions plus conséquentes, ou pour les faire ressortir du + texte qui les accompagne, il faut les écrire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +hors ligne +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + De plus, la numérotation et la pose d'étiquettes n'est possible que sur + les expressions déployées (voir le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default +). + Les équations multi-lignes (voir section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiligne} + +\end_inset + +) doivent également être traitées de cette façon. +\layout Standard + +Cliquez sur le bouton +\family sans +Hors\SpecialChar ~ +Ligne +\family default + de la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique. + +\family default +Ce bouton symbolise deux paires de lignes de texte précédant et suivant + une boîte bleue centrée. + LyX ouvre une formule, placée cette fois-ci sur une nouvelle ligne et centrée + sur la page. + Insérez-y une expression et lancez LaTeX pour vous rendre compte du résultat. + Le bouton +\family sans +Hors\SpecialChar ~ +Ligne +\family default + est en fait une bascule ; vous pouvez l'utiliser pour faire basculer quelques-u +nes de vos expressions du mode hors ligne au mode en ligne et vice versa. + +\layout Standard + +Le mode hors ligne diffère des formules ordinaires sur les points suivants + : +\layout Itemize + +par défaut, la taille de police est plus grande pour certains symboles, + comme +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + ; +\layout Itemize + +les +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +indices +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +exposants +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour les limites et les sommes (pas pour les intégrales) sont écrits +\emph on +sous le +\emph default +ou +\emph on +sur le +\emph default +plutôt que +\emph on +sur le côté du +\emph default + symbole ; +\layout Itemize + +le texte est centré. +\layout Standard + +Donc, mis à part ces nuances, les expressions en mode hors ligne et en ligne + sont très similaires. + +\layout Standard + +Une note finale sur la composition des formules hors ligne : faites attention + à placer ou pas votre formule dans un nouveau paragraphe. + Si elle se situe au milieu d'une phrase ou d'un paragraphe, ne tapez pas + +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +. + Si vous le faites, le texte qui +\emph on +suit +\emph default + la formule sera le début d'un nouveau paragraphe. + Il sera donc indenté, ce que vous ne souhaitez probablement pas. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : Mettez les différentes formules du fichier +\family typewriter +fr_exemple_brut.lyx +\family default + en mode hors ligne, et constatez les différences de typographie. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercice +\series default + : En utilisant les différents outils dont vous avez appris le maniement + dans cette section, vous devriez pouvoir écrire une équation comme celle-ci +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Après avoir sué sur cet exercice, pourquoi n'essayez-vous pas +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Environnement\SpecialChar ~ +Cas +\family default + ? +\end_inset + + : +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +En savoir plus sur l'écriture des maths +\layout Standard + +Mathed peut en faire beaucoup plus. + Pour le moment, vous êtes sensibilisé avec les bases, et nous ferons donc + juste référence au +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + pour découvrir la façon de : +\layout Itemize + +affecter des numéros et des étiquettes aux expressions ; +\layout Itemize + +réaliser des équations multi-lignes ; +\layout Itemize + +modifier la typographie, par exemple, écrire du texte en gras dans une expressio +n ; +\layout Itemize + +régler finement la taille des polices et l'espacement au sein d'une expression + (ne vous en préoccupez pas avant votre dernier brouillon !) ; +\layout Itemize + +écrire des macros. + Elle sont d'une puissance redoutable. + Vous les écrivez en tête du document, et pouvez les utiliser tout au long + de votre document. + Si la définition de la macro change, les appels à cette macro tout au long + du document reflètent ce changement. + On peut même définir des macros qui possèdent des arguments ; +\layout Itemize + +faire un tas d'autres choses que nous n'avons pas le temps de décrire dans + ce +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +. +\layout Chapter + +Divers +\layout Section + +Autres fonctionnalités majeures de LyX +\layout Standard + +Nous n'avons pas parcouru toutes les fonctions de LyX, et ce n'est pas ici + notre objectif. + Comme toujours, consultez le +\emph on +Guide\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Utilisateur +\emph default + pour des informations supplémentaires. + Nous allons juste présenter quelques choses importantes que LyX peut faire + : +\layout Itemize + +LyX traite les tableaux en mode WYSIWYM. + Faites +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +ableau +\family default + pour obtenir un tableau +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Dans la version anglaise, il y a une distinction entre +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +tabular +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, le tableau lui-même, et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +table +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, qui comprend le tableau, la légende, etc. + Cette distinction, qui provient de LaTeX, n'a pas été reprise dans la traductio +n. +\end_inset + +. + Cliquez sur le tableau avec le bouton droit de la souris pour ouvrir la + fenêtre +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +Tableau +\family default + (également accessible par +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Tableau +\family default +) qui permet de régler tous ses paramètres. +\layout Itemize + +LyX permet également d'inclure des images dans un certain nombre de formats + (dont le JPEG et d'autres formats bitmap, le PostScript® et le LaTeX brut) + à l'intérieur d'un document. + (Vous l'avez deviné : +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphique +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Cliquez alors sur la figure pour choisir le nom du fichier, pour tourner + la figure, la redimensionner, etc. + ) Les tableaux et les figures peuvent avoir des titres, et LyX générera + automatiquement des listes de tableaux et/ou de figures. +\layout Itemize + +Le contrôle de version est supporté, par l'intermédiaire de RCS ( +\family typewriter +man rcsintro +\family default + pour plus d'informations). +\layout Itemize + +LyX est largement configurable. + Tout, depuis l'aspect de la fenêtre LyX jusqu'aux formats de sortie, est + configurable de multiples façons. + La majeure partie de la configuration se fait dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default +. + Pour plus d'informations, consultez +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +ide +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +P +\bar default +ersonnalisation +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +LyX est développé par une équipe de programmeurs répartie sur les cinq continent +s. + De ce fait, LyX supporte, bien mieux que beaucoup d'autres traitements + de texte, les autres langues que l'anglais (comme le hollandais, l'allemand, + le français, le grec, le tchèque, le turc, \SpecialChar \ldots{} +). + Il sait même gérer certaines langues qui s'écrivent de droite à gauche, + comme l'hébreu et l'arabe. + Vous pouvez écrire des documents dans des langues différentes, mais également + configurer LyX pour afficher les menus et les messages dans une autre langue. +\layout Itemize + +Les menus de LyX comportent des raccourcis clavier. + Ça veut dire que vous pouvez faire +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ichier +\family default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +uvrir +\family default + en tapant +\family sans +M-F +\family default + suivi de +\family sans +O +\family default +, ou avec le raccourci qui est indiqué à côté de l'entrée de menu ( +\family sans +C-O +\family default + par défaut). + Ces associations de touches sont également configurables (et ces raccourcis + existent même pour certains menus traduits de l'anglais +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : la version française étant autant à jour que possible sur ce point +\end_inset + +). + Pour plus d'informations là-dessus, voyez +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +ide +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +P +\bar default +ersonnalisation +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +LyX sait lire les documents en LaTeX. + Voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Vous avez accès à un correcteur orthographique et à un dictionnaire de synonymes +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Ce dernier est uniquement accessible en anglais pour le moment. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +La boîte de texte près du bas de la fenêtre LyX est appelé le mini-tampon + (comme une fonction similaire d' +\family typewriter +emacs +\family default +). + Il vous donne accès à toutes sortes de fonctions intéressantes, dont certaines + pourraient ruiner votre document. + En d'autres termes, n'y marquez rien si vous ne savez pas ce que vous faites. +\layout Section + +LyX pour les connaisseurs de LaTeX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:utilisateurs-latex} + +\end_inset + +Si vous ne connaissez rien à LaTeX, inutile de lire cette section, sauf + si vous voulez +\emph on + apprendre +\emph default + des choses sur LaTeX. + Mais la plupart des gens qui commencent à utiliser LyX sont déjà familiers + avec LaTeX. + Si vous êtes de ceux-là, vous vous demandez sûrement si LyX permet réellement + d'en faire autant que LaTeX. + En deux mots, LyX peut quasiment tout faire, d'une manière ou d'une autre, + et simplifie sensiblement l'écriture d'un document LaTeX. + Pour l'instant, on peut encore rencontrer quelques difficultés lors de + la conversion de vieux documents LaTeX, et dans quelques autres domaines, + mais ces problèmes devraient disparaître avec les versions futures de LyX. + +\layout Standard + +Puisqu'il s'agit uniquement d'un manuel d'apprentissage, nous ne mentionnerons + que les aspects qui ont le plus de chances d'intéresser les nouveaux venus + dans LyX. + Dans le but de conserver un +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + assez court, nous ne fournirons ici que le minimum d'information. + Le manuel d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default +, en particulier le chapitre +\emph on +Secrets de Maîtres du LaTeX +\emph default +, contient beaucoup d'informations sur les différences entre LyX et LaTeX, + et sur la façon de porter certains tours de main de LaTeX à LyX. + +\layout Subsection + +Mode TeX +\layout Standard + +Tout ce que vous entrez en mode TeX est transmis tel quel à LaTeX et apparaît + en rouge à l'écran. + Vous pouvez mettre des commandes TeX dans LyX en faisant +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +TeX +\family default +. + Ça crée une boîte, et tout ce que vous y écrivez est transmis tel quel + à LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Dans une formule mathématique, le mode TeX est géré de façon différente. + Vous passez en mode TeX avec la contre-oblique +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\backslash + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Elle n'est pas affichée, mais tout ce que vous tapez par la suite apparaît + en rouge. + Vous sortez du mode TeX en tapant +\family sans +Espace +\family default +, ou d'autres caractères non alphabétiques comme un chiffre, un souligné, + un chapeau, ou une parenthèse. + Lorsque vous sortez du mode TeX, si LyX reconnaît la commande TeX que vous + avez entrée, il la convertit en WYSIWYM. + Ainsi, dans une formule, si vous tapez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default + puis la barre +\family sans +Espace +\family default +, LyX transformera le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +gamma +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + rouge en +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + bleu. + Il en va de même pour la plupart des macros mathématiques pas trop complexes. + Ça peut se révéler plus rapide qu'utiliser la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default +, et sera particulièrement commode pour les utilisateurs LaTeX expérimentés. + +\layout Standard + +Un cas particulier : lorsque vous tapez une accolade en mode TeX, il affichera + alors l'accolade ouvrante +\emph on +et +\emph default + fermante en rouge, +\emph on +sortira +\emph default + du mode TeX et placera le curseur entre les accolades. + Ça rend plus facile la saisie des commandes que LyX ne reconnaît pas, et + qui ont des paramètres. + +\layout Standard + +LyX ne peut pas (pour l'instant ?) faire absolument tout ce qui est possible + avec LaTeX. + Certaines fonctions exotiques ne sont pas supportées du tout, tandis que + d'autres fonctionnent mais ne sont pas WYSIWYM. + Le mode TeX donne aux utilisateurs accès à toute la flexibilité de LaTeX, + tout en profitant des commodités qu'apporte LyX, comme l'interface WYSIWYM + pour les maths, les tableaux, et l'édition. + LyX ne pourra jamais supporter tous les paquetages LaTeX. + Cependant, en ajoutant +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{machin} +\family default + dans le préambule (voir la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preambule-latex} + +\end_inset + +), vous pouvez utiliser n'importe quel paquetage -- sans avoir de support + WYSIWYM pour ses fonctions. +\layout Subsection + +Importer des documents LaTeX -- +\family typewriter +reLyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +Vous pouvez importer des fichiers LaTeX dans LyX avec la commande +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +I +\bar under +m +\bar default +porter\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX. + +\family default + Celle-ci appelle un script Perl appelé +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + -- qui crée un fichier +\family typewriter +machin.lyx +\family default + à partir du fichier +\family typewriter +machin.tex +\family default + -- et ouvre ce nouveau fichier. + Si la conversion ne fonctionne pas, vous pouvez essayer d'exécuter +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + à la ligne de commande +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +À l'installation de LyX, un autre exécutable appelé +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + est installé dans le même répertoire que +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + (par exemple, +\family typewriter +usr/local/bin/reLyX +\family default +). + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + a besoin de Perl (version 5.002 au moment de l'écriture de ce manuel). +\end_inset + +, avec des options plus élaborées. + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + convertira la majorité du LaTeX conventionnel, mais pas tout. + Il laissera en mode TeX ce qu'il ne comprend pas, et vous pourrez donc, + après la conversion d'un fichier avec +\family typewriter +reLyX, +\family default + rechercher le texte en rouge et l'éditer à la main pour d'éventuelles correctio +ns. + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + possède sa propre page de man. + Consultez-la pour savoir quels sont les commandes et environnements LaTeX + qui ne sont pas supportés, les problèmes connus (avec la façon de les contourne +r), et comment utiliser les différentes options. +\layout Subsection + +Conversion de documents LyX en LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Vous voudrez peut-être convertir un document LyX en fichier LaTeX. + Par exemple, un co-auteur ou une personne travaillant avec vous peut avoir + à lire ce document tout en n'ayant pas LyX. + C'est très facile : faites +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +E +\bar under +x +\bar default +porter\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX. + +\family default + Vous obtiendrez un fichier +\family typewriter +bidule.tex +\family default + à partir du +\family typewriter +bidule.lyx +\family default + que vous êtes en train d'éditer. + LyX crée un fichier LaTeX temporaire à chaque visualisation ou impression, + il est donc particulièrement efficace dans la génération du LaTeX. + +\layout Subsection + +Préambule LaTeX +\layout Subsubsection + +Classe de Document +\layout Standard + +La fenêtre +\family sans +Fo +\bar under +r +\bar default +mat +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default + prend en charge la plupart des options que vous pourriez entrer avec la + commande +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +. + C'est là qu'il faut modifier la classe du document, la taille de la police + par défaut, et la taille du papier. + Entrez les options supplémentaires pour la commande +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + dans le champ +\family sans +Autres\SpecialChar ~ +Options +\family default + de l'onglet +\family sans +Document +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Autres Éléments du Préambule +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preambule-latex} + +\end_inset + +Si vous avez des commandes spéciales à mettre dans le préambule d'un fichier + LaTeX, vous pouvez les utiliser également dans un document LyX. + +\family sans +Fo +\bar under +r +\bar default +mat\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préambule +\family default + fait apparaître une fenêtre dans laquelle vous pouvez taper ces commandes. + Tout ce qui y est saisi sera envoyé directement à LaTeX (à l'image du mode + TeX). + +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX supporte BibTeX, qui vous permet de créer des bases de données de références + bibliographiques et de les utiliser dans plusieurs documents différents. + Faites +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +istes\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +TdM +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar default +Référence\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +B +\bar default +ibTeX +\family default + pour inclure un fichier +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +. + Cliquez sur le bouton +\family sans +Références\SpecialChar ~ +BibTeX +\family default + que vous venez de créer, et vous obtiendrez la fenêtre +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +. + Dans le champ +\family sans +Base\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +données +\family default +, tapez ce que vous auriez mis entre les accolades de la commande +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Comme avec LaTeX, vous pouvez entrer plusieurs bibliographies séparées par + des virgules, sans espace. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + De même, dans le champ +\family sans +Style +\family default +, entrez ce que vous auriez mis entre les accolades de la commande +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Après ça, vous pouvez citer n'importe quel ouvrage des bibliographies que + vous avez choisies, avec +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +itation +\family default + (voir la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +). + LyX s'occupe de lancer BibTeX. + La boîte de la fenêtre +\family sans +Citation +\family default + affiche la liste de toutes les références de votre fichier +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Erreurs ! +\layout Standard + +De temps en temps, lorsque vous +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +LaTeXez +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + un document, il y a des erreurs, des choses que LyX et/ou LaTeX ne comprennent + pas. + Quand ça arrive, LyX vous présente l'erreur dans une petite boîte (avec + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Erreur +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + marqué dessus). + En cliquant sur la boîte, elle ouvre une fenêtre qui dit de quelle erreur + il s'agit. + LyX vous cite le message d'erreur LaTeX. + Notez que ces boîtes d'erreur n'apparaissent pas toujours à l'endroit où + se trouve l'erreur dans le document. +\layout Section + +LyX et la typographie française +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:typographie-française} + +\end_inset + +Pour rédiger un document en français, il faut avant tout sélectionner l'un + des paquetages français de LaTeX ( +\family typewriter +frenchb +\family default +, +\family typewriter +french +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +frenchle +\family default +) dans l'onglet +\family sans +Langue +\family default + de la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + +\family sans +Français +\family default + correspond à +\family typewriter +frenchb +\family default + et +\family sans +Français\SpecialChar ~ +(Gutemberg) +\family default + à +\family typewriter +french +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +frenchle +\family default +. + Ce choix vous permet d'obtenir les règles de césure françaises, la gestion + des espacements des ponctuations hautes, les traductions des étiquettes + de champs prédéfinies (Chapitre pour Chapter, Auteur pour Author, etc.), + ainsi que, pour les lettres, le placement adéquat des adresses d'expéditeur + et de destinataire. + Il est important de noter que ce choix n'a pour l'instant aucun effet visuel + dans la fenêtre de LyX. + C'est dans la sortie +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, PostScript® ou à l'impression que vous pourrez constater l'effet recherché. +\layout Standard + +Vous devez également sélectionner l'encodage dans le champ +\family sans +Encodage +\family default + de la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document. + +\family typewriter +latin1 +\family default + est l'encodage le plus couramment utilisé, qui contient tous les caractères + accentués utilisés en français. + +\family typewriter +latin9 +\family default + donne en plus accès à l'oe et au symbole de l'euro (à condition d'avoir + installé les polices euro). +\layout Standard + +L'o e dans l'o s'obtient avec +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +oe{} +\end_inset + +, c'est à dire +\backslash +oe{} en mode TeX, ou bien en utilisant l'encodage +\family typewriter +latin9 +\family default + avec un clavier correctement configuré. + Dans ce dernier cas, pour qu'il apparaisse à l'écran, il faut aller dans + +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Aspect\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Polices\SpecialChar ~ +d'Écran +\family default + et choisir l'encodage +\family typewriter +iso8859-15 +\family default + (et bien sûr choisir des polices disponibles dans cet encodage). +\layout Standard + +Le choix du format de papier A4 se fait au travers de l'onglet +\family sans +Papier +\family default +, toujours dans la même fenêtre. +\layout Standard + +Les ponctuations hautes comme les quatre suivantes +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +: ; ! ? +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + doivent être précédées d'une espace fine insécable. + LaTeX (et donc LyX) met en place cet espacement que vous ayez saisi ou + non une espace ordinaire à cet endroit. + Par contre, il faut éviter l'emploi de l' +\family sans +Espace\SpecialChar ~ +Insécable +\family default +, qui produira en sortie un espacement trop grand. +\layout Standard + +Les guillemets français sont les suivants : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + . + Vous les obtiendrez avec la touche ". + Il faut auparavant les avoir configurés dans +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Langue +\family default + : pour +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Guillemets +\family default + vous devez choisir +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +texte +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + et sélectionner des guillemets +\family sans +Doubles +\family default +. + LyX prend en charge tout seul l'espacement autour des guillemets français, + il n'est donc pas nécessaire d'ajouter une espace à l'intérieur des guillemets. +\layout Standard + +Les points de suspension s'obtiennent quant à eux avec trois points ordinaires + successifs, et les tirets longs -- comme ici -- avec deux tirets juxtaposés. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/fr_UserGuide.lyx b/lib/doc/fr_UserGuide.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e3a2c432ff --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/fr_UserGuide.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,23945 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +% NE TOUCHEZ PAS A CE PREAMBULE !!!! +% +% J'ai conçu ce préambule de manière à ce que le Guide de l'Utilisateur +% s'imprime de la bonne façon. Si vous jouez avec, des portions du Guide +% ne s'imprimeront pas comme prévu. Si vous rencontrez des problèmes +% en LaTeXifiant ce fichier, veuillez contacter l'équipe de documentation +% au lieu de toucher au préambule. --jpw 4/97 + +%% Agrandit l'espacement vertical des tableaux +%% +\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25} +\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.45em} + + +%% Fournit certaines commandes manquantes. +%% +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textyen}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{msa}\selectfont\char85}% +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textcurrency}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char27}% +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textcent}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char103}% +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textbrokenbar}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char124}% +} + + +%% Pour une raison inconnue, ce caractère n'est pas défini en encodage T1. +%% +\DeclareInputText{"0AD}{\textendash} + + +%% Caractères accentués manquants dans les encodages non T1. +%% +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\quotedblbase}{% +\raisebox{-1ex}{\textquotedblright} +\hspace{-0.7em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\quotesinglbase}{% +\raisebox{-1ex}{\textquoteright} +\hspace{-0.7em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotleft}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \ll\!\!\!}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotright}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \gg}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guilsinglleft}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle <\!\!\!}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guilsinglright}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle >}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\DH}{% +D\hspace{-0.7em}\rule[0.8ex]{0.30em}{0.08ex}\hspace{0.40em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\dh}{% +\ensuremath{\mathrm{\partial}} +\hspace{-0.65em}\rule[1.35ex]{0.3em}{0.08ex}\hspace{0.35em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\TH}{% +\textsc{I\hspace{-0.325em}p} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\th}{% +p\hspace{-0.55em}l +} +\end_preamble +\language frenchb +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language french +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +Guide de l'Utilisateur de LyX +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Informations de révision : +\layout Standard + +Traduction : Mise à jour OK, Date : 05/07/2003 +\layout Standard + +Original : Révision: 1.51.2.1, Date : 06/05/2003 +\end_inset + + +\layout Author + +par l'Équipe LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard +\noindent +Le principal responsable de la rédaction de ce fichier est +\noun on +Mike Ressler +\noun default +. + Merci d'envoyer vos commentaires et corrections à la liste de diffusion + de la documentation de LyX, +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\newline +Traduction en français par : +\noun on +Adrien +\noun default + +\noun on +Rebollo +\noun default + +\family typewriter + +\family default +. + Merci d'envoyer vos commentaires et corrections sur la traduction à cette + dernière adresse, ou à la liste de diffusion de LyX en français +\family typewriter + +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introduction +\layout Section + +Qu'est-ce que LyX ? +\layout Standard + +LyX est un système de préparation de documents. + C'est un outil pour produire de beaux manuscrits, des livres prêts à rendre + publiés, des lettres et documents professionnels, et même de la poésie. + Il diffère des autres +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +traitements de texte +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en ce que sa façon d'éditer des documents est conçue comme un langage à + balises. + Ça veut dire que quand vous tapez un titre de section, vous lui dites +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, pas +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Gras, 17\SpecialChar ~ +points, aligné à gauche, 5\SpecialChar ~ +mm d'espace en dessous +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + LyX s'occupe à votre place du rendu typographique, vous ne vous occupez + donc que des concepts, pas des détails. +\layout Standard + +Ces conceptions sont expliquées plus en détail dans l' +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default +. + Si vous ne l'avez pas encore lue, il serait bon de le faire maintenant. +\layout Standard + +L' +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default + décrit plusieurs autres choses, et surtout le format de tous les manuels. + Si vous ne la lisez pas, vous aurez du mal à naviguer dans ce manuel. + Il est également possible qu'un des autres manuels vous soit plus utile. + L' +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default + vous guidera dans ce choix. +\layout Section + +Pour démarrer +\layout Subsection + +Démarrer LyX +\layout Standard + +De la même façon que les autres programmes pour Linux (et pour les autres + Unix), vous démarrez LyX en tapant simplement +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + à la ligne de commande. + Vous pouvez bien sûr inclure plusieurs options de ligne de commande, y + compris des noms de fichiers. + Nous n'allons pas répéter ici toutes les options de la ligne de commande, + puisque c'est déjà fait dans la page de +\family typewriter +man +\family default + de LyX. + Consultez-la pour plus d'info. +\layout Standard + +Il y a une ou deux choses que nous aimerions commenter : +\layout Itemize + +Si vous incluez plus d'un nom de fichier à la ligne de commande, LyX les + chargera tous, mais ne les affichera pas tous simultanément. + Nous en verrons plus là-dessus dans un moment. +\layout Subsection + +À quoi ressemble LyX +\layout Subsubsection + +La fenêtre principale +\layout Standard + +Comme la plupart des applications, LyX a l'habituelle barre de menus en + haut de sa fenêtre. + En dessous il y a une barre d'outils avec une boîte déroulante et divers + boutons. + Il y a, bien sûr, une barre de défilement vertical et une surface de travail + principale pour éditer des documents. + Près du bas de la fenêtre on trouve une petite fenêtre contenant une seule + ligne de texte. + C'est le +\emph on +minibuffer +\emph default + (un terme que nous avons chipé à GNU Emacs), qui signifie en réalité +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ligne de commande +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Non seulement il affiche de l'information, mais il accepte aussi des entrées. + Faites +\family sans +M-x +\family default + quand vous devez taper une commande dans le minibuffer. +\layout Standard + +Notez qu'il n'y a pas de barre de défilement horizontal. + Ce n'est pas une erreur ou un oubli, c'est bien volontaire. + Quand vous lisez un livre, vous vous attendez à ce que la fin d'une longue + ligne soit reportée sur la ligne suivante. + Quand le texte déborde sur de nouvelles pages, c'est de façon verticale. + Il n'y a donc besoin que de la seule barre de défilement vertical. +\layout Standard + +Il y a trois cas dans lesquels vous pourriez vouloir une barre de défilement + horizontal. + Le premier cas, ce sont les grandes figures, affichées de façon WYSIWYG. + Cependant ceci est dû à une faille dans la fonction qui affiche les graphiques + sur l'écran de LyX de façon WYSIWYG ; elle devrait mettre les graphiques + à l'échelle pour tenir dans la fenêtre. + Les deuxième et troisième cas sont les tableaux et les équations qui sont + plus larges que la fenêtre LyX. + Vous pouvez utiliser les flèches du clavier pour vous déplacer horizontalement + dans les tableaux, mais ça ne marche pas encore avec les équations. +\layout Subsection + +À l'aide ! +\layout Standard + +D'abord, la mauvaise nouvelle : le système d'aide n'est pas aussi approfondi + et mis à la portée de tous +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Traduction gentille de l'original +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +idiot-proof +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + + que dans bien des applications commerciales. + Patience. + Nous y travaillons. +\layout Standard + +Maintenant la bonne nouvelle : le système d'aide est constitué des manuels + LyX. + Vous pouvez lire tous les manuels à partir du programme LyX lui-même. + Vous avez juste à sélectionner le manuel que vous voulez lire dans le menu + +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +ide +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Tant que nous y sommes, nous aimerions faire un commentaire au sujet des + manuels. + Ils ne vous prennent pas le moins du monde pour des idiots. + Voilà ce que l'un de nos auteurs, +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +, disait un jour à propos des manuels de programmes : +\layout Quotation + +Je déteste les manuels. +\layout Quotation + +Oui, nous avons tous eu affaire aux manuels trop succincts, mal traduits + ou incompréhensibles. + Ils sont agaçants. + Je trouve, cependant, les manuels ultra-simplifiés encore plus agaçants. + D'abord, ils passent à peu près la moitié de leur temps à vous expliquer + attentivement comment utiliser une souris, ce qu'est un menu, et coetera, + et coetera, ad nauseum. + S'il vous plaît, si quelqu'un ne sait pas comment utiliser son propre ordinateu +r, ou une interface graphique, il devrait s'y mettre et apprendre +\emph on +avant +\emph default + de démarrer un quelconque gros programme. +\layout Quotation + +Ensuite, toute information qu'ils fournissent semble présumer que l'utilisateur + est stupide. + C'est absurde ! La plupart des utilisateurs, d'après mon expérience, sont + quelque chose comme perdus ou intimidés, pas stupides. + D'autre part, si quelqu'un est vraiment lent du ciboulot, il a besoin d'une + aide que ne pourra pas lui apporter l'auteur d'un manuel informatique. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Note de l'Éditeur : Ayant cela en tête, j'ai demandé à tous les autres auteurs + d'éviter de vous materner, vous lecteur, et d'être plus pédagogique que + pédant. + Quant à tous ceux qui sont trop paresseux pour lire et comprendre les manuels + -- et bien, comme on dit ici en Amérique +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Enfin là-bas, quoi. +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +there's no such thing as a free lunch +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Expression difficilement traduisible dont le sens m'est peu clair + : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +tant mieux pour vous +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + me semble le plus probable. +\end_inset + +. + - jw +\layout Section + +L'interface de LyX +\layout Subsection + +Opérations de base sur les fichiers +\layout Standard + +Dans le menu +\family sans +Fichier +\family default + il y a les 9 opérations de base pour tout traitement de texte, en plus + de quelques opérations plus avancées : +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Nouveau +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Nouveau\SpecialChar ~ +avec\SpecialChar ~ +Modèle +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Ouvrir +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Fermer +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enregistrer +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enregistrer\SpecialChar ~ +Sous +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Revenir\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +Sauvegarde +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Imprimer +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quitter +\layout Standard + +Ils font tous en gros la même chose que dans d'autres traitements de texte, + avec quelques différences mineures. + La commande +\family sans +Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nouveau\SpecialChar ~ +avec\SpecialChar ~ +Modèle +\family default + ne vous demande pas seulement le nom du nouveau fichier, mais aussi un + modèle à utiliser. + Sélectionner un modèle fixera automatiquement certaines options du format + de document, options que vous auriez autrement dû changer à la main. + Elles peuvent servir pour certaines classes, spécialement celles pour l'écritur +e de lettres (voir Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:classes-doc} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Note : Il n'y a pas de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +fichier par défaut +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou de document appelé +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Sans\SpecialChar ~ +Titre +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Document\SpecialChar ~ +Vide +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + À moins que vous ne disiez à LyX d'ouvrir un fichier ou d'en créer un nouveau, + l'espace vide n'est que cela -- un grand espace vide. +\layout Standard + +La commande +\family sans +Revenir\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +sauvegarde +\family default + est utile si plusieurs personnes travaillent sur le même document en même + temps +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Si vous prévoyez de faire cela, vous devriez aussi jeter un oeil sur la + possibilité de Contrôle de Version dans LyX. + Lire +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +avancées +\emph default +. +\end_inset + +. + LyX rechargera simplement le document du disque. + Vous pouvez bien sûr aussi l'utiliser si vous regrettez d'avoir changé + le document et voulez le restaurer dans le dernier état sauvegardé. +\layout Standard + +La deuxième chose à noter concerne les commandes Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Fermer et Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Quitter. + Les deux présentent une boîte de confirmation pour nous préserver de notre + propre stupidité à tous. + C'est-à-dire, si vous essayez de fermer un fichier avec des changements + (ou de sortir de LyX), vous serez informés qu'il reste des fichiers non + sauvegardés. +\layout Subsection + +Fonctions de base d'édition +\layout Standard + +Comme la plupart des traitements de texte modernes, LyX peut opérer des + copier-coller sur des blocs de texte, peut se déplacer par caractère, mot + ou page d'écran, et peut effacer des mots entiers aussi bien que de simples + caractères. + Les quatre prochaines sections couvrent les fonctions de base d'édition + de LyX et comment y accéder. + Nous allons commencer par le copier-coller. +\layout Standard + +Comme vous pouvez vous y attendre, le menu +\family sans +Éditer +\family default + contient les commandes de copier-coller, ainsi que diverses autres fonctions + d'édition. + Quelques-unes sont spéciales et seront couvertes dans de prochaines sections. + Les commandes de base sont : +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Couper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Copier +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Coller +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Rechercher\SpecialChar ~ +et\SpecialChar ~ +Remplacer +\layout Standard + +Les trois premières s'expliquent d'elles-mêmes. + Une chose à noter : quand vous effacez un bloc de texte que vous avez sélection +né, il est automatiquement placé dans le presse-papiers. + C'est-à-dire que les touches +\family sans +Delete +\family default + et +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + fonctionnent aussi comme la commande +\family sans +Couper +\family default +. + D'autre part, si vous avez sélectionné du texte, faites attention. + Si vous tapez une touche, LyX va complètement effacer le texte sélectionné + et le remplacer par ce que vous aurez tapé (ce comportement est modifiable). + Vous aurez à faire +\family sans +Annuler +\family default + pour récupérer le texte perdu. +\layout Standard + +L'élément +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Rechercher\SpecialChar ~ +et\SpecialChar ~ +Remplacer +\family default + ouvre la fenêtre +\family sans +Rechercher\SpecialChar ~ +et\SpecialChar ~ +Remplacer +\family default +. + Le texte que vous voulez trouver va dans le champ +\family sans +Rechercher +\family default +. + Une fois que vous avez trouvé un mot ou expression, LyX le sélectionne. + Appuyer sur le bouton +\family sans +Remplacer +\family default + remplace le texte sélectionné par le contenu du champ +\family sans +Remplacer\SpecialChar ~ +par +\family default +. + Vous pouvez toujours sauter cette occurrence du mot et poursuivre la recherche. +\layout Standard + +Appuyez sur +\family sans +Remplacer\SpecialChar ~ +tout +\family default + pour remplacer automatiquement toutes les occurrences du texte dans le + document. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez cocher le bouton +\family sans + Selon\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +casse +\family default + si vous voulez que la recherche différencie les majuscules des minuscules + dans le mot recherché. + Si le bouton est coché, en recherchant +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Trouvé +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + vous ne trouverez pas +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +trouvé +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez cocher le bouton +\family sans +Mot\SpecialChar ~ +exact +\family default + si vous voulez forcer LyX à ne trouver que des mots complets. + Par exemple, en recherchant +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +trouvé +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + vous ne trouverez pas +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +trouvées +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Annuler et Refaire +\layout Standard + +Si vous faites une erreur, vous pouvez facilement la récupérer. + LyX a un tampon d'annulation de grande capacité. + Faites +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Annuler +\family default + pour corriger une erreur. + Si vous avez accidentellement annulé trop d'opérations, faites +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Refaire +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +annuler l'annulation +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Le mécanisme d'annulation est actuellement limité à 100 étapes pour minimiser + l'occupation de la mémoire. +\layout Standard + +Notez que si vous annulez tous les changements et arrivez au document tel + qu'il était sauvegardé, celui-ci conservera malheureusement le statut de + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +changé +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + C'est une conséquence de la limite de 100 étapes vue plus haut. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Annuler +\family default + et +\family sans +Refaire +\family default + marche avec presque tout dans LyX. + Il y a quelques subtilités toutefois. + Ces deux fonctions ne procèdent pas caractère par caractère pour du texte, + mais par blocs. + Cela peut nécessiter un peu d'habitude ; vous devrez jouer avec +\family sans +Annuler +\family default + et +\family sans +Refaire +\family default + pour sentir précisément comment ils agissent, et après cela, on peut espérer + que vous saurez comment ça marche. +\layout Subsection + +Raccourcis souris de base +\layout Standard + +Nous n'allons pas entrer dans les détails de tous les raccourcis souris + ici. + Quelques-unes des autres sections de ce manuel couvrent les opérations + spécifiques. + À la place, nous allons plutôt traiter des opérations de souris les plus + basiques. +\layout Enumerate + +Se déplacer +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Cliquez sur le +\emph on +bouton gauche +\emph default + n'importe où dans la fenêtre d'édition. + Le curseur de déplace sur le texte sous le pointeur. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Sélectionner du texte +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Maintenez le +\emph on +bouton gauche +\emph default + et déplacez la souris. + LyX marque le texte entre les ancienne et nouvelle positions du pointeur. + Utilisez +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Copier +\family default + pour créer une copie du texte dans le presse-papiers de LyX. +\layout Itemize + +Repositionnez le curseur et recollez le texte dans LyX en utilisant +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Coller +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Notes de bas de page, notes de marge, figures et tableaux flottants, etc. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Cliquez une fois +\emph default + sur le bouton gauche pour ouvrir ou fermer l'un de ceux-ci. + Voyez aussi la section correspondante de ce manuel pour plus de détails. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Tableaux +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Cliquez une fois +\emph default + sur le bouton droit pour ouvrir une fenêtre qui vous permettra de manipuler + le tableau. +\end_deeper +\layout Subsection + +Raccourcis clavier de base +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:raccourcis-clavier} + +\end_inset + +Encore une fois, nous n'allons pas couvrir tous les raccourcis clavier. + Sachez qu'il y a au moins deux familles différentes de raccourcis clavier + : CUA et Emacs. + Je suis sûr que vous allez protester si vous tapez +\family sans +Control-d +\family default + pour effacer un caractère, et qu'il démarre une visionneuse DVI à la place + (ou l'inverse). +\layout Standard + +Quelques touches, comme +\family sans +Page\SpecialChar ~ +Haut +\family default +, +\family sans +Page\SpecialChar ~ +Bas +\family default +, +\family sans +Gauche +\family default +, +\family sans +Droite +\family default +, +\family sans +Haut +\family default +, et +\family sans +Bas +\family default +, font exactement ce que vous attendez d'elles. + D'autres non : +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + Il n'y a rien qui ressemble à une tabulation dans LyX. + Si vous ne comprenez pas cela, allez lire tout de suite les Sections\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:intro-indent-par} + +\end_inset + + et\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:environnements-par} + +\end_inset + +, et spécialement la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:env-par-listes} + +\end_inset + +. + Oui oui, tout de suite. + Si vous avez encore des problèmes, voyez le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + C'est la touche d'annulation. + Elle est utilisée de manière générique pour annuler des opérations. + D'autres parties de ce manuel entreront plus dans les détails à ce sujet. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Home +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ +et\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +End +\family default + Celles-ci bougent le curseur, respectivement au début et à la fin de la + ligne, sauf si vous utilisez les raccourcis Emacs auquel cas elles vont + au début et à la fin du fichier. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ +et\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + +\emph on +Si +\emph default + vous avez correctement installé votre clavier sous X-Window, +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + fonctionnera comme prévu et +\family sans +Delete +\family default + effacera le caractère sous le curseur (si aucun texte n'est sélectionné). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Si vous n'avez pas bien configuré votre clavier sous X, ou que vous n'avez + aucune idée de ce que nous entendons par là, allez lire la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:touches-x-win} + +\end_inset + + immédiatement. + Cela vous épargnera pas mal de soucis. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ensuite il y a les touches de modification : +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Control- +\family default + Celle-ci a des utilisations différentes, selon la touche avec laquelle + elle est utilisée : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Avec +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + ou +\family sans +Delete +\family default +, on efface un mot entier au lieu d'un seul caractère. +\layout Itemize + +Avec +\family sans +Gauche +\family default + et +\family sans +Droite +\family default +, on se déplace par mots au lieu d'un caractère à la fois. +\layout Itemize + +Avec +\family sans +Home +\family default + et +\family sans +End +\family default +, on se déplace au début et à la fin du document, respectivement. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Shift- +\family default + Utilisez-la avec une des touches de mouvement pour sélectionner le texte + situé entre les ancienne et nouvelle positions du curseur. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Meta- +\family default + C'est la touche +\family sans +Alt- +\family default + sur de nombreux claviers, sauf si votre clavier a une touche Meta dédiée. + Malheureusement, X inverse parfois leurs fonctions, de sorte que si vous + avez ces deux touches, vous devrez faire des essais pour déterminer laquelle + se comporte effectivement comme une touche +\family sans +Meta- +\family default +. + Cette touche fait plein de choses différentes, et active aussi les +\emph on +raccourcis de menu +\emph default +. + Si vous l'utilisez en combinaison avec l'une des lettres soulignées dans + un menu ou élément de menu, il sélectionne cet élément. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Par exemple, la séquence +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +M-e l +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + colle du texte. + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +M-f +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + ouvre le menu +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ichier +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Ces séquences changent selon la langue des menus. + Selon l'avancement de la traduction, ces raccourcis sont, ou non, accessibles. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Il y a encore d'autres choses à dire sur la touche +\family sans +Meta- +\family default +, mais il vous faudra regarder le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Référence +\emph default + pour plus d'info. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Heureusement, vous apprendrez de plus en plus de raccourcis clavier au fur + et à mesure que vous utiliserez LyX, parce que la plupart des actions de + la souris afficheront un petit message dans le minibuffer qui décrit le + nom de l'action que vous venez d'effectuer, et les raccourcis existant + pour cette action. + La notation pour les raccourcis est très similaire à celle adoptée dans + cette documentation, ainsi vous ne devrez pas avoir de problèmes pour la + comprendre. + Cependant, notez que les +\family sans +Shift- +\family default + sont explicitement mentionnés, ainsi +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +M-p S-A +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + signifie +\family sans +Meta-p +\family default + suivi d'un +\family sans +A +\family default + majuscule. + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +S-C-S +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + signifie +\family sans +Shift-Control-s +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Utiliser LyX avec d'autres programmes +\layout Subsection + +Importer des fichiers ASCII +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez importer du texte depuis un fichier ASCII en utilisant les options + +\family sans +Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Importer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Texte\SpecialChar ~ +ASCII\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Lignes +\family default + ou +\family sans +Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Importer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Texte\SpecialChar ~ +ASCII\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Paragraphes +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Importer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Texte\SpecialChar ~ +ASCII\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Lignes +\family default + met chaque ligne du fichier dans son propre paragraphe LyX. + C'est utile si vous importez un fichier texte contenant une liste. + Cependant, si votre fichier texte contient des paragraphes, LyX va déranger + les paragraphes si vous utilisez cette commande d'importation. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Importer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Texte\SpecialChar ~ +ASCII\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Paragraphes +\family default + préserve les paragraphes dans les fichiers texte. + Souvent, dans un fichier texte, vous n'avez pas mis le contenu complet + d'un paragraphe sur une seule ligne. + Vous vous êtes servi de +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + pour décomposer les paragraphes en lignes séparées. + Avec l'option +\family sans +en\SpecialChar ~ +Paragraphes +\family default +, LyX ne dérangera pas ces paragraphes. + Tout ce qui est entre deux lignes vides consécutives forme un paragraphe + LyX. + Mais rappelez-vous : vous devez vous assurer qu'il y a une ligne +\emph on +complètement vide +\emph default + entre chaque paragraphe de votre fichier texte. + Sinon, LyX finirait par fusionner deux paragraphes. +\layout Subsection + +Copier-coller entre LyX et d'autres programmes X +\layout Standard + +Les opérations +\family sans +Couper +\family default +, +\family sans +Copier +\family default + et +\family sans +Coller +\family default + transfèrent du texte de et vers LyX. + Vous pouvez copier du texte depuis LyX vers une autre fenêtre de cette + façon : sélectionnez le texte que vous voulez copier, puis allez dans la + fenêtre de destination et collez le texte avec le bouton milieu de la souris. +\layout Standard + +Copier du texte vers LyX marche aussi à peu près de la même façon que dans + X. + Sélectionnez le texte avec la souris dans une autre fenêtre X. + Allez dans la fenêtre LyX et copiez le texte avec le bouton milieu de la + souris. +\layout Chapter + +Configuration de LyX et Applications nécessaires +\layout Section + +Introduction +\layout Standard + +Si vous vous servez de LyX sur un système que quelqu'un d'autre a configuré + pour vous, alors vous pouvez sans crainte sauter ce chapitre. + Il décrit tout ce dont vous avez besoin, en plus des fichiers binaires + LyX et des autres fichiers distribués avec. +\layout Standard + +Si vous installez LyX sur votre système, +\emph on +vous devriez lire le(s) README(s) qui viennent avec la distribution LyX, + et ensuite lire +\family sans +\emph default +Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configuration\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default +. + Faites cela d'abord. + Ce chapitre ne décrit pas l'installation ou la configuration des fichiers + binaires de LyX (enfin, pas tout...). + En revanche, il décrit tout ce dont vous avez besoin pour vous servir de + LyX à son maximum +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nous avons décidé de placer ici tout un tas d'informations concernant la + bonne marche de LyX, y compris quels autres programmes sont nécessaires + pour rendre LyX efficace. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Configuration de base de LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:configuration} + +\end_inset + +Il y a deux façons de lancer LyX. + La première est d'installer LyX et tous les fichiers auxiliaires sur votre + système. + Bien sûr, vous devez avoir les privilèges root pour ce faire. + La deuxième façon de lancer LyX ne nécessite pas les droits root, vous + laissant +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +installer +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + LyX quelque part dans votre propre répertoire. + LyX détectera automatiquement où il est tant que les répertoires auxiliaires + sont placés aux bons endroits. +\layout Standard + +Il y a plusieurs fonctionnalités de LyX qui peuvent être configurées depuis + LyX lui-même, sans recourir aux fichiers de configuration. + Tout d'abord, LyX est capable d'inspecter votre système pour voir quels + programmes, quelles classes de document LaTeX et quels paquetages LaTeX + sont disponibles. + Il utilise cette information pour attribuer des valeurs par défaut raisonnables + à plusieurs variables de +\family typewriter +preferences +\family default +. + Bien que cette configuration ait déjà eu lieu au moment de l'installation + de LyX sur votre système, vous pourriez avoir certains fichiers installés + localement et qui n'auraient pas été vus par LyX. + Pour forcer LyX à réinspecter votre système, faites +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigurer +\family default +. + Vous devez alors redémarrer LyX pour vous assurer que les changements ont + été pris en compte. + Pour tout ce qui concerne les classes et paquetages LaTeX, vous trouverez + des renseignements sur ce que LyX a trouvé dans +\family sans +Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configuration\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Le deuxième ensemble de réglages que vous pourriez vouloir changer comprend + tous ceux concernant le document, sur lesquels vous pouvez agir via la + fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + Pour ce faire, ouvrez un document sans importance (par exemple un nouveau + document), réglez toutes ces options à votre goût et enregistrez-les avec + le bouton +\family sans +Retenir\SpecialChar ~ +ces\SpecialChar ~ +Valeurs +\family default +. + Ceci créera un modèle appelé +\family typewriter +default.lyx +\family default +, qui sera automatiquement chargé par LyX quand vous ouvrirez un document + sans modèle de sorte que les réglages y seront tels que vous les avez enregistr +és. +\layout Standard + +Il y a beaucoup d'autres options configurables par l'utilisateur que vous + pouvez fournir à LyX. + Au démarrage, LyX lit un fichier d'options globales appelé +\family typewriter +lyxrc.defaults +\family default +. + Ensuite il essaye de lire un fichier appelé +\family typewriter +~/.lyx/preferences +\family default + dans votre répertoire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +home +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + La fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default + vous permet d'éditer la plupart de ces options ; le document +\emph on +Personnalisation +\emph default + contient plus d'information à propos de la fenêtre de préférences et de + ces fichiers de configuration. +\layout Section + +Configurer le clavier X +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:touches-x-win} + +\end_inset + +Pour utiliser LyX comme il convient, vous +\emph on +devez +\emph default + configurer X correctement. + C'est tout spécialement vital si vous utilisez les fonctions de support + international de LyX, et si vous voulez utiliser des claviers non anglais. + Malheureusement, presque personne ne s'en préoccupe, particulièrement parmi + ceux qui ont installé Linux tout seul sur leur PC. + Les administrateurs de systèmes plus vastes peuvent également se rendre + coupables de cette omission, donc ne présumez pas que vous êtes à l'abri + parce que vous utilisez un grand système. + N'importe quel utilisateur peut dire à X comment utiliser son clavier. +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default + et +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\layout Standard + +Tout d'abord lisez les pages de man pour ces deux programmes. + Ceux-ci sont vos meilleurs alliés quand vous essayez de configurer le clavier + X correctement. + Si vous ne les avez pas, installez-les. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\layout Standard + +Ce document ne contient rien sur l'utilisation de +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default +. + Il y a un fichier exemple +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default + dans +\emph on +Personnalisation +\emph default +. + Pour charger la nouveau profil des touches, mettez la commande +\family typewriter +xmodmap\SpecialChar ~ +.Xmodmap +\family default + quelque part dans vos scripts de démarrage (par exemple, +\family typewriter +.cshrc +\family default +, +\family typewriter +.profile +\family default +, +\family typewriter +.login +\family default +, ou +\family typewriter +.xinitrc +\family default +). +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\layout Standard + +Ce programme est un rêve devenu réalité ! Il montre une version graphique + de votre clavier, vous permet d'y faire des modifications, puis envoie + ces modifications sur la sortie standard sous une forme lisible par +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default +. + Il est très utile quand vous essayez de créer un nouveau fichier +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default +, quoique vous devrez quand même faire un peu de copier-coller. +\layout Subsection + +Touches de modification et Bascule de mode +\layout Standard + +LyX accepte trois touches de modification : +\family sans +Shift +\family default + ( +\family sans +S- +\family default +), +\family sans +Control +\family default + ( +\family sans +C- +\family default +) et +\family sans +Meta +\family default + ( +\family sans +M- +\family default +). + De plus, si l'une des touches de votre clavier est configuré comme une + touche +\family sans +Compose +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Je n'en ai jamais entendu parler, donc la traduction de cette section + contient peut-être des inexactitudes. + Son titre surtout n'est pas satisfaisant. +\end_inset + + +\family default +, alors vous pouvez entrer quelques caractères non disponibles sur votre + clavier. + Cette touche +\family sans +Compose +\family default + peut être utilisée soit comme une touche de modification (comme +\family sans +Shift +\family default + ou +\family sans +Control +\family default +) soit comme une touche préfixe. + Voici quelques exemples de ce que vous pouvez faire avec une touche +\family sans +Compose +\family default + : +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose+e+' +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + é +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose+O+R +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + ® +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose+1+2 +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + ½ +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose+<+< +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + « +\layout Standard + +Cette méthode est particulièrement commode quand vous n'utilisez certains + caractères accentués que de temps en temps +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Bien qu'en français les accents soient d'usage courant, il y en a + certains qui sont étrangers à notre langue, comme le tilde. +\end_inset + +. + Elle marche par défaut avec les caractères latin1, mais d'autres entrées + peuvent être utilisées si vous configurez vos paramètres locaux correctement. +\layout Subsection + +Conseils et trucs utiles +\layout Standard + +D'abord, ouvrez deux terminaux X. + Prenez-en un pour éditer un nouveau fichier +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default + et lancez +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default + dans l'autre. + En utilisant +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default +, changez le profil des touches de la façon que vous souhaitez. + Il y a un bouton dans +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default + pour sortir le nouveau profil du clavier. + Une fois pressé, +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default + va afficher un tas de choses dans le terminal dans lequel vous l'avez lancé. + Copiez tout cela et collez-le dans votre fichier +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default +, et c'est fini +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi vous épargner de la frappe en exécutant +\family typewriter +xkeycaps > .Xmodmap +\family default +. + Ceci créera un fichier utilisable. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Il y a quelques autres choses que vous pouvez faire pour vous aider à vous + repérer. + Essayez d'exécuter la commande +\family typewriter +xmodmap -v -pm +\family default +. + Elle vous montrera toutes les touches de modification actuellement actives. + Essayez aussi +\family typewriter +xmodmap -v -pke | more +\family default + pour voir quel numéro de code de touche correspond à quel nom de symbole. + Cela vous donnera aussi une idée de la syntaxe du fichier +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Il y a une chose que vous devez vérifier. + Assurez-vous que vos touches +\family sans +Delete +\family default + et +\family sans +BackSpace +\family default + +\emph on +ne sont pas +\emph default + définies par le même symbole dans X ! Notez que donner à ces deux touches + deux noms de symboles différents ne changera pas forcément le comportement + de vos programmes. + Certains programmes associent +\family sans +Delete +\family default + et +\family sans +BackSpace +\family default + à la même opération. + Emacs est de ceux-là. + D'autres, cependant, s'en servent pour des opérations différentes. + LyX en fait partie, et si vous avez +\family sans +Delete +\family default + et +\family sans +BackSpace +\family default + représentées par le même nom de symbole, vous aurez des problèmes en utilisant + LyX. +\layout Section + +LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Si vous voulez faire avec LyX des choses plus intéressantes que simplement + créer des documents et recracher des fichiers +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +, il vous faut LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Au cas où vous vous demanderiez ce que c'est, LaTeX est un langage à balises, + interface pour TeX, un système de préparation de documents inventé en 1984 + par Donald Knuth +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Une note au sujet de la prononciation : TeX provient des lettres grecques + +\begin_inset Formula $\tau\varepsilon\chi$ +\end_inset + +, le khi se prononce comme un K aspiré. + En anglais, le mot TeX rime avec +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +blech +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, équivalent de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +berk +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, ce qui est la source de jeux de mots. + Voilà donc comment prononprononcercer TeX et LaTeX. + (Mais beaucoup de gens prononcent le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +X +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + comme un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +k +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et le tour est joué.) +\end_inset + +. + TeX prend un ensemble de commandes dans un fichier ASCII et le convertit + dans un format +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +indépendant du support +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, en abrégé DVI ( +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Device Independent +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). + Le fichier DVI peut alors être envoyé à des imprimantes. + TeX est programmable, et LaTeX n'est rien d'autre qu'un ensemble (vraiment + énorme) de macros TeX. + LaTeX fait en général partie d'une distribution TeX, donc ce qu'il vous + faut, c'est un paquetage TeX. +\layout Standard + +Notez qu'il se peut que sur certains systèmes anciens vous ne disposiez + que de LaTeX 2.09 (et non la version actuelle LaTeX2e). + LyX ne peut pas fonctionner avec LaTeX 2.09. +\layout Standard + +Si vous utilisez Linux, LaTeX2e devrait être fourni avec votre distribution. + Pour les autres systèmes, vous devrez peut-être installer LaTeX vous-même. + Vous pouvez vous procurer une distribution LaTeX, ainsi que tout ce qui + a un lien avec TeX et LaTeX, sur un site miroir du CTAN (Comprehensive + TeX Archive Network +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Réseau Exhaustif d'Archives TeX +\end_inset + +). + Vous trouverez une liste complète des miroirs à +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Dvips et Ghostscript +\layout Subsection + +Ce dont vous avez besoin +\layout Standard + +Il y a encore une étape à franchir si vous voulez imprimer vos documents + LyX. + Évidemment, vous devez vous assurer que votre imprimante est configurée + (voir la section suivante). + Vous devez aussi installer les programmes suivants (ou des programmes compatibl +es), si ce n'est pas déjà fait : +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +dvips +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +xdvi +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +ghostview +\layout Standard + +Les deux derniers programmes sont des visionneuses pour les fichiers aux + formats DVI et PostScript® +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +PostScript® est une marque déposée de Adobe Systems Incorporated, et est + le principal langage de description de page dans le mode UN*X. +\end_inset + +. + Si vous ne savez pas ce qu'est un fichier DVI, vous n'avez sans doute jamais + travaillé avec LaTeX et devriez lire le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default + avant d'aller plus loin. + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + convertit des fichiers DVI en PostScript®, qui est le format que la plupart + des imprimantes utilisent de nos jours. + Pour ceux d'entre vous qui utilisent des imprimantes matricielles ou à + jet d'encre, vous aurez à filtrer le PostScript® par l'intermédiaire de + +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +, qui est capable de créer des sorties pour une grande variété d'imprimantes. + La section suivante sur la configuration des imprimantes décrit comment + procéder à cela automatiquement à chaque impression. + Pour l'instant, nous allons nous concentrer sur +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Dvips +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:config-dvips} + +\end_inset + +Que vous fassiez tourner LyX sur un grand système ou sur une station Linux + à la maison, il serait bon de configurer +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + peut soit +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +imprimer +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans un fichier, soit envoyer directement ses sorties à l'imprimante, selon + la façon dont il a été configuré. + S'il est configuré pour imprimer dans un fichier, et qu'aucun nom de fichier + n'est spécifié, il changera simplement +\family typewriter +machin.dvi +\family default + en +\family typewriter +machin.ps +\family default +. + La plupart des systèmes ont un +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + configuré pour envoyer ses sorties à l'imprimante par défaut. + Avec LyX, vous aurez la possibilité de faire les deux. +\layout Standard + +Si vous n'êtes pas d'humeur à configurer +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + pour adapter sa sortie à votre imprimante, vous pouvez facilement sauter + cette section. + Soyez cependant prévenus que la sortie ne sera pas à la hauteur de la qualité + que vous pourriez attendre de votre imprimante. + Au moins, elle imprimera. +\layout Standard + +Si vous utilisez teTeX (une distribution TeX particulièrement populaire + sous Linux), vous devez lancer le programme +\family typewriter +texconfig +\family default +. + Pour faire reconnaître à +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + le nom d'une nouvelle imprimante vous devez alors sélectionner l'entrée + de menu +\family sans +Dvips +\family default +, puis +\family sans +add +\family default +. + Entrez les paramètres demandés et, avant de quitter, n'oubliez pas de sélection +ner la fonction +\family sans +Rehash +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Passons maintenant à la configuration manuelle : afin d'informer +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + de la manière de convertir automagiquement un fichier +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + en un fichier +\family typewriter +.ps +\family default + adapté à l'imprimante +\family typewriter +machin +\family default +, vous devez avoir quelque part un fichier de configuration +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +config.machin +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + En général, les fichiers +\family typewriter +config.* +\family default + pour +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + seront dans le répertoire +\family typewriter +/usr/lib/texmf/dvips +\family default + dans la plupart des distributions TeX. + Votre système sera peut-être différent, alors cherchez simplement dans + le répertoire TeX principal un sous-répertoire appelé +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +dvips +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Ce sera quelque part par là. +\layout Standard + +En général, il y aura au moins un fichier de configuration : +\family typewriter +config.ps +\family default +. + Ce fichier est le fichier de configuration par défaut, qui est +\emph on +toujours +\emph default + lu par +\family typewriter +dvips +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ce fichier n'est pas nécessairement lié à l'existence d'un fichier nommé + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Lisez ce fichier et voyez quelles options vous aurez à changer pour votre + imprimante. + Puis créez un fichier +\family typewriter +config.machin +\family default + contenant seulement les lignes concernées. +\layout Standard + +Il y a au moins une chose que vous devez faire avec le fichier de configuration. + Il peut y avoir une ligne qui ressemble à +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +o | lpr +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + (bien sûr sans les guillemets...). + Changez-la en +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +o | lpr -Pmachin +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +, de sorte que la sortie soit envoyée par défaut à l'imprimante +\family typewriter +machin +\family default +. + Par ailleurs, vous devrez probablement vérifier les entrées +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + et +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +D +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +, qui définissent respectivement le mode Metafont et la résolution de l'impriman +te. + Si vous ne savez pas ce qu'est le mode Metafont, vous pouvez le voir comme + un pilote d'imprimante : il adapte les polices TeX pour assurer qu'elles + donneront le meilleur résultat possible sur votre imprimante. + Soyez cependant prévenus que, si vous définissez différents modes Metafont + pour différentes imprimantes, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + générera plusieurs copies de vos polices TeX sur le disque, et elles prendront + une place importante. +\layout Standard + +Une fois que vous êtes satisfait et que vos imprimantes sont correctement + configurées, vous devez dire à LyX d'utiliser cette configuration. + Pour ce faire, ouvrez la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default + ( +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default +) et ajustez correctement les champs +\family sans +Adapter\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +sortie +\family default + et +\family sans +Commande\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +spoule +\family default + de l'onglet +\family sans +Sorties\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Imprimante. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez utiliser autant de fichiers de configuration que vous voulez, + un pour chaque imprimante. + L'imprimante par défaut de LyX peut être spécifiée dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default + ou avec la variable d'environnement +\family typewriter +PRINTER +\family default +. + Vous pouvez aussi choisir l'imprimante voulue depuis LyX lui-même, comme + c'est décrit dans une prochaine section. + Une fois que vous avez fait tout cela, vous pouvez imprimer à partir de + LyX soit vers une imprimante PostScript® soit vers un fichier. +\layout Standard + +Si votre imprimante ne comprend pas le PostScript®, il vous faut utiliser + +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + comme filtre pour le spouleur d'impression. + C'est expliqué dans de nombreux HOWTOs et manuels. + Nous avons aussi une section qui en parle un peu. +\layout Standard + +Certaines personnes semblent ne pas aimer le couple +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + et +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +. + Comme alternative, vous pouvez vous servir d'un programme qui convertit + le fichier DVI directement dans le langage de votre imprimante. + Vous pouvez spécifier ce programme dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Préférences +\family default +. + Il y a un inconvénient majeur à cette méthode. + Vous ne pourrez pas inclure des fichiers PostScript®, comme des graphiques, + dans vos documents, puisque les programmes de conversion spécifiques à + votre imprimante ne comprennent pas le PostScript®. + Pour cette raison, l'équipe LyX recommande chaudement l'emploi de +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + et +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + pour l'impression. +\layout Subsection + +Ghostscript, Xdvi et Ghostview +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Xdvi +\family default + et +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + sont des visionneuses. + La première manipule des fichiers +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default +, tandis que la seconde agit utilise +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + en arrière-plan pour vous permettre de visionner des fichiers PostScript®. +\layout Standard + +Une note rapide sur ces deux programmes. + Les deux se mettent à jour automatiquement si le fichier visionné +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +C'est-à-dire le fichier +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + ou +\family typewriter +.ps +\family default +, pas les fichiers à partir desquels ils ont été générés. +\end_inset + + change. + Ainsi, une fois que vous avez ouvert une de ces deux visionneuses, il n'y + a aucune raison de les fermer. + D'autre part, les deux programmes sont fonctionnellement les mêmes, offrant + tous deux les mêmes possibilités. +\layout Standard + +L'équipe LyX recommande d'utiliser +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + pour l'ajustage fin des documents. + Pourquoi ? Parce qu'il est plus rapide ; il y a une couche de traitement + en moins avant de pouvoir voir les changements. + Voici un exemple : +\layout Enumerate + +Utilisez +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + pour prévisualiser un document à partir de LyX, et laissez-le tourner. +\layout Enumerate + +Apportez des changements au document avec LyX. +\layout Enumerate + +Pour voir ces changements, faites +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mise\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +jour\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\family default +. + Quand LaTeX en a fini, cliquez sur la fenêtre xdvi, et voilà +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : en français dans le texte +\end_inset + + ! +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + se met à jour tout seul. +\layout Standard + +Maintenant, cela ne signifie pas que +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + ne sert à rien. + +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + est mieux adapté dans les cas où vous +\emph on +devez +\emph default + voir la version PostScript® du document. + Pour des changements répétés qui ne sont pas dépendants de PostScript®, + il sera préférable de prévisualiser avec +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + Il y a une alternative à +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + qui présente une bien meilleure interface : +\family typewriter +gv +\family default +. + LyX l'utilisera automatiquement à la place de +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + si elle est disponible. +\layout Section + +L'imprimante +\layout Standard + +Quiconque travaille sur un grand système ne devrait pas avoir de problèmes + avec. + Votre administrateur système (ou vous, si vous en êtes un) doit déjà avoir + configuré les imprimantes pour votre système. + Vous avez juste à trouver le nom de l'imprimante dont vous voulez vous + servir, et réaliser la configuration décrite dans la précédente section. +\layout Standard + +Ceux d'entre vous qui utilisent Linux, cependant, auront un peu plus de + travail à faire. + Maintenant beaucoup de gens se procurent une distribution Linux, comme + Red Hat ou Slackware, sur CD-ROM. + Il suivent les instructions d'installation, se trouvent avec un Linux en + état de fonctionner, mais ne se rendent jamais compte qu'il faut qu'ils + configurent leur imprimante. + S'il s'avère que vous devez le faire à la main, nous avons écrit un petit + quelque chose à ce sujet ; voyez le chapitre +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +L'Imprimante +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + dans le manuel de +\emph on +Personnalisation +\emph default +. +\layout Chapter + +Les bases de LyX +\layout Section + +Types de documents +\layout Subsection + +Introduction +\layout Standard + +Avant toute chose, avant même de commencer à écrire un document, vous devez + décider quel +\emph on +type +\emph default + de document vous voulez éditer. + Les types de documents diffèrent par l'espacement, les en-têtes, la numérotatio +n, etc. + Ils diffèrent aussi par les environnements de paragraphe utilisés, et par + la présentation du titre de votre document. +\layout Standard + +Une +\emph on +classe de document +\emph default + décrit un groupe de propriétés communes à un ensemble donné de documents. + En choisissant la classe de document, vous sélectionnez automagiquement + ces propriétés, facilitant la création du type de document que vous voulez. + Si vous ne choisissez pas de classe de document, LyX en prendra une par + défaut. + Il vous incombe donc de décider de la classe de votre document. +\layout Standard + +Lisez la suite pour vous renseigner sur les classes de document que vous + pouvez choisir dans LyX, et comment ajuster certaines de leurs propriétés. +\layout Subsection + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:classes-doc} + +\end_inset + +Les différents classes de document +\layout Subsubsection + +En résumé +\layout Standard + +Il y a cinq classes standard de document dans LyX. + Ce sont : +\layout Description + +Article pour des articles +\layout Description + +Report pour des rapports +\layout Description + +Book pour écrire un livre +\layout Description + +Letter pour une lettre à l'américaine +\layout Description + +Slides pour faire des transparents +\layout Standard + +Il y a aussi quelques classes non standard, que LyX n'utilise que si vous + avez une installation LaTeX qui les accepte : +\layout Description + +Aapaper Articles de publications dans le style et le format utilisés par + Astronomy & Astrophysics. +\layout Description + +Amsart Articles de publications dans le style et le format utilisés par + l'AMS (American Mathematical Society). + Il y a trois dispositions amsart possibles. + La disposition standard utilise un schéma de numérotation pour les théorèmes, + etc +\emph on +. +\emph default +, qui préfixe le numéro du résultat avec le numéro de la section. + Le schéma de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +numérotation séquentielle +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ne place pas le numéro de la section avec chaque résultat, mais numérote + ceux-ci en une seule séquence tout au long de l'article. + Chaque type de résultat a sa propre séquence. + Il y a aussi une disposition qui se passe de toute numérotation des proposition +s. +\layout Description + +Amsbook Livres dans le style et le format utilisés par l'AMS. + Seule la disposition standard de numérotation est proposée, puisque nous + supposons que vous ne voudrez pas numéroter les résultats consécutivement + tout au long du livre, et que vous ne pourrez pas vous passer de les numéroter. +\layout Description + +Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : En allemand dans le texte. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Foils Sert à faire des transparents, et est meilleur que +\family sans +slides +\layout Description + +Linuxdoc Sert avec le paquetage SGML-tools (autrefois connu sous le nom + de LinuxDoc). + Il permet à LyX de produire du SGML. + Le SGML est un langage à balises et est le prédécesseur du HTML. + Le paquetage SGML-tools vous permet de convertir du SGML ou du HTML au + format utilisé par les pages de +\family typewriter +man +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Paper Pour se servir de la classe de document LaTeX +\family typewriter +paper +\family default + (pas présente dans toutes les distributions LaTeX) +\layout Description + +Revtex Pour écrire des articles pour les publications de l'American Physical + Society (APS), de l'American Institute of Physics (AIP), et de l'Optical + Society of America (OSA). + Cette classe n'est pas entièrement compatible avec toutes les fonctions + de LyX. +\layout Standard + +Nous n'entrerons pas plus dans les détails ici sur l'utilisation de ces + différentes classes de document. + Vous pouvez trouver tous les détails sur les classes non-standard dans + le manuel +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +avancées +\emph default +. + Ici, nous nous contenterons de faire la liste de quelques-unes des propriétés + communes à toutes ces classes de document. +\layout Subsubsection + +Sélectionner une classe +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez sélectionner une classe dans le fenêtre +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Document +\family default +. + Pour ouvrir cette fenêtre, choisissez l'élément +\family sans +Document +\family default + du menu +\family sans +Format +\family default +. + Ensuite sélectionnez la classe que vous voulez utiliser dans le champ +\family sans +Classe +\family default + de l'onglet +\family sans +Document +\family default +, et ajustez les options dont vous avez besoin. +\layout Subsubsection + +Propriétés +\layout Standard + +Au cas où vous vous demanderiez quelles sont ces valeurs par défaut pour + chaque classe de document, voici un tableau les décrivant brièvement : +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Mise en page +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Pagination +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonnes +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Niveau max. + de découpage +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Simple +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Recto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Une +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Simple +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Recto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Une +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Chapitre +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +En-têtes +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Recto-Verso +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Une +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Chapitre +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Simple +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Recto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Une +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +aucun +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +linuxdoc +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Simple +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Recto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Une +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +aapaper +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Simple +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Recto-Verso +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Deux +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +amsart +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +En-têtes +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Recto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Une +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +dinbrief +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Simple +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Recto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Une +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +aucun +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +iletter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Simple +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Recto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Une +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +aucun +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +paper +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +En-têtes +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Recto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Une +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Il n'y a pas d' +\family sans +Autres\SpecialChar ~ +Options, +\family default + pour aucune de ces classes. +\layout Standard + +Vous vous demandez sans doute aussi ce que signifie +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Niveau maximal de découpage +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Il y a plusieurs environnements de paragraphe utilisés pour créer des en-têtes + de section. + Des classes de document différentes permettent des types d'en-têtes de + section différents. + Seules deux utilisent l'en-tête +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default + ; les autres ne l'autorisent pas et commencent par l'en-tête +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + Quelques classes de document, comme les trois pour les lettres, n'utilisent + aucun en-tête de section. + En plus des en-têtes +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default + et +\family sans +Section +\family default +, il y a aussi des en-têtes de sous-section ( +\family sans +SousSection +\family default +), de sous-sous-section ( +\family sans +SousSousSection +\family default +), ainsi de suite. + Nous décrirons complètement ces en-têtes dans la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:en-tetes-env-par} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Réglage fin de ces Valeurs par Défaut +\layout Standard + +D'accord, nous ne vous avons jamais dit ce que font la plupart de ces +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +options par défaut +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + fixées par le bouton +\family sans +Classe +\family default +. + C'est à cela que sert cette section. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Mise\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Page +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Appelée +\family sans +En-têtes\SpecialChar ~ +et\SpecialChar ~ +pieds\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +page +\family default + sur certain traitement de texte trop connu. +\end_inset + + C'est encore une liste, contenant cinq options. + Elle contrôle le type des en-têtes et des numéros de page +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +C'est LaTeX qui s'en charge. +\end_inset + + : +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Par\SpecialChar ~ +défaut\SpecialChar ~ +(default) +\family default + Utilise la mise en page par défaut de la classe actuelle. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Vide\SpecialChar ~ +(empty) +\family default + Ni numéros de page ni en-têtes. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Simple\SpecialChar ~ +(plain) +\family default + Seulement des numéros de page. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +En-têtes\SpecialChar ~ +(headings) +\family default + Des numéros de page et en en-tête le titre et le numéro, soit du chapitre, + soit de la section en cours. + LyX utilise le chapitre ou la section selon le niveau maximum de découpage. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Fantaisie\SpecialChar ~ +(fancy) +\family default + Vous permet de créer des en-têtes et pieds de page personnalisables à volonté + si vous disposez du paquetage +\family sans +fancyhdr +\family default +. + Pour le moment, son support dans LyX est limité à ce réglage. + Pour utiliser toute la puissance de ce paquetage, vous devez insérer les + formules magiques correspondantes dans le préambule. + Voyez la documentation du paquetage +\family sans +fancyhdr +\family default + pour plus de détails. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Pagination +\family default + Non, LyX ne va pas rendre votre imprimante soudain capable d'imprimer des + deux côtés du papier ! Cependant, il peut utiliser un format différent + pour les pages paires et impaires. + De cette façon, si vous avez effectivement une imprimante recto-verso, + vos numéros de page seront toujours dans le coin supérieur droit de la + page et il y aura un espace supplémentaire dans la marge de gauche pour + une reliure. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Il y a deux boutons mutuellement exclusifs : +\family sans +Recto\SpecialChar ~ +seul +\family default + pour les documents simple face, +\family sans +Recto/Verso +\family default + pour les documents du même nom. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Colonnes +\family default + Oui, ceci contrôle le nombre de colonnes présentes sur chaque page. + Vous pouvez choisir +\family sans +Une +\family default + ou +\family sans +Deux +\family default + colonnes avec les boutons du même nom. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Notez que LyX n'affichera pas deux colonnes à l'écran. + C'est impraticable, souvent illisible, et ne cadre pas avec le concept + WYSIWYM. + Cependant, +\emph on +il y aura bien +\emph default + deux colonnes dans le rendu final. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Autres\SpecialChar ~ +Options +\family default + La commande LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + admet plusieurs options. + LyX en place certaines tout seul. + Ce champ de texte vous laisse entrer les autres. + Tapez simplement une liste d'options séparées par des virgules. + Consultez un bon livre sur LaTeX pour trouver le genre d'options supplémentaire +s que vous pouvez utiliser. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Séparation +\family default + Il y a une section dédiée dans ce manuel. + Voyez la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:intro-indent-par} + +\end_inset + + pour une description de ce que c'est. +\layout Subsection + +Taille de papier, Orientation et Marges +\layout Standard + +Il y a plusieurs autres options que vous pouvez ajuster dans la fenêtre + +\family sans +Apparence\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +document +\family default +. + Toutes sont des options agissant globalement sur le document, mais elles + ont des buts précis et n'affectent que certaines fonctions. + Nous décrirons l'action de ces options dans les sections qui abordent les + fonctions dont elles affectent le comportement. +\layout Standard + +Il y a deux options qui ont un effet sur l'aspect général du document, et + que nous allons donc décrire ici. + Vous les trouverez dans l'onglet +\family sans +Papier +\family default + de la fenêtre +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +document +\family default + : +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Orientation +\family default + Deux boutons à cocher déterminent si vous voulez imprimer la sortie dans + le format +\family sans +Portrait +\family default + ou +\family sans +Paysage +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Taille +\family default + Sur quelle taille de papier imprimer. + Les choix sont : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Défaut +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +A3, A4, A5 +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +B3, B4, B5 +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Lettre US +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Légal US +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Executive US +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Personnalisée +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Quelques-uns de ces réglages requièrent le paquetage +\family sans +geometry +\family default +. + Ce paquetage vous permettra aussi de régler les marges dans l'onglet +\family sans +Papier +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Note importante +\layout Standard + +Si vous changez la classe d'un document, LyX doit +\emph on +tout +\emph default + convertir dans la nouvelle classe. + Ceci inclut les environnements de paragraphe. + Quelques-uns sont standard, et toutes classes de document les possèdent. + Cependant, certaines classes ont des environnements de paragraphe spéciaux. + Si tel est le cas, et que vous changez de classe de document, LyX placera + les paragraphes concernés dans l'environnement +\family sans +Standard +\family default + et ajoutera une boîte d'erreur au début de chacun. + Cliquez sur celle-ci et une fenêtre de message vous dira de quelle conversion + il s'agissait et pourquoi elle a échoué. +\layout Section + +Indentation et Séparation des paragraphes +\layout Subsection + +Introduction +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:intro-indent-par} + +\end_inset + +Avant de décrire tous les environnements de paragraphe possibles, nous voudrions + dire un ou deux mots sur l'indentation des paragraphes. +\layout Standard + +Chacun semble avoir sa propre convention pour séparer les paragraphes. + La plupart des Américains indentent la première ligne. + D'autres n'indentent pas mais mettent de l'espace supplémentaire entre + les paragraphes. + LyX utilise la même convention que les typographes. + Le +\emph on +premier +\emph default + paragraphe d'une section, ainsi qu'après une figure, une équation, un tableau, + une liste, etc., +\emph on +n'est pas +\emph default + indenté. + Seul un paragraphe en suivant un autre a une indentation. + Certaines personnes n'aiment pas cette convention, mais si vous voulez + indenter vos paragraphes, vous allez devoir vivre avec +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Il y a moyen de forcer LaTeX à indenter tous les paragraphes. + LyX ne le montrera pas à l'écran, bien sûr, mais LaTeX, lui, l'imprimera + ainsi. + Il vous faut un paquetage spécial et insérer la commande appropriée dans + le préambule. + +\emph on +(Note de l'Éditeur : J'insérerai cette info quand j'en aurai le temps. + - jw) +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +L'espacement entre les paragraphes, comme l'interligne, l'espacement entre + les en-têtes et le texte -- en fait, l'espacement entre quoi que ce soit + est prédéfini dans LyX. + Comme nous l'avons dit, vous n'avez pas à vous préoccuper de la quantité + d'espace libre à ajouter entre ça et ça. + LyX s'en charge. + En fait, ces espacements verticaux prédéfinis ne sont pas une simple quantité + mais une fourchette. + De cette façon, LyX peut rétrécir ou élargir l'espace entre les lignes + pour s'assurer que les figures s'insèrent dans une page avec du texte, + que les sections ne commencent pas tout en bas de la page, et ainsi de + suite +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +En fait, c'est LaTeX qui s'en charge quand LyX lui demande de produire un + fichier imprimable. +\end_inset + +. + Cependant, prédéfini ne veut pas dire que vous ne pouvez pas changer ces + valeurs. + LyX vous donne la possibilité de changer de manière globale +\emph on +tous +\emph default + ces espacements prédéfinis. + Nous expliquerons comment plus tard. +\layout Subsection + +Méthode générale d'Indentation +\layout Standard + +Pour choisir la méthode par défaut de séparation de paragraphes, allez dans + +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +, ce qui ouvre la fenêtre +\family sans +Apparence\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +document +\family default +. + Dans l'onglet +\family sans +Document +\family default +, le champ +\family sans +Séparation +\family default + vous donne le choix entre +\family sans +Indentation +\family default + et +\family sans +Interligne +\family default + pour respectivement indenter les paragraphes ou les séparer par de l'espace + supplémentaire. +\layout Subsection + +Réglage fin +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi changer la méthode de séparation d'un paragraphe donné. + Allez dans +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraphe +\family default + pour ouvrir la fenêtre +\family sans +Apparence\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +paragraphe +\family default +. + Cochez le bouton +\family sans +Pas\SpecialChar ~ +d'indentation +\family default + pour changer le statut du paragraphe en cours. + Si les paragraphes sont indentés par défaut, ce bouton sera d'origine inactif. + Si les paragraphes ne sont pas indentés mais sont séparés par de l'espace + supplémentaire, ce bouton sera complètement ignoré (vous ne pourrez pas + indenter un paragraphe donné en le cochant). +\layout Standard + +Vous n'aurez besoin de changer la méthode d'indentation pour un paragraphe + isolé que si vous voulez faire de l'ajustement fin. + En général vous sélectionnerez +\family sans +Indentation +\family default + ou +\family sans +Interligne +\family default + pour le document complet et ça suffira. +\layout Subsection + +Changer l'Interligne +\layout Standard + +Dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Apparence\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +document +\family default + vous pouvez changer l'espacement entre les lignes (dans l'onglet +\family sans +Document +\family default +, champ +\family sans +Interligne +\family default +) à condition d'avoir installé le paquetage +\family sans +setspace +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Environnements de Paragraphe +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:environnements-par} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +En résumé +\layout Standard + +Les environnements de paragraphe correspondent aux différentes séquences + de commandes +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{ +\family default +\emph on +environnement +\family typewriter +\emph default +} ... + +\backslash +end{ +\family default +\emph on +environnement +\family typewriter +\emph default +} +\family default +dans un fichier LaTeX ordinaire. + Si vous ne connaissez pas LaTeX, ou si le concept d'environnement de paragraphe + vous est complètement étranger, nous vous conseillons vivement de lire + le +\emph on +Manuel\SpecialChar ~ +d'Apprentissage +\emph default +. + Ce dernier contient beaucoup plus d'exemples que cette section. +\layout Standard + +Un environnement de paragraphe est, dit simplement, un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +récipient +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour un paragraphe qui donne à celui-ci certaines propriétés. + Ce peut être un style donné de police, l'autorisation d'hériter de certaines + propriétés, et bien d'autres choses. + Les différents environnements de paragraphe suppriment totalement tout + besoin de tabulations embrouillées, d'ajustement de marges à la louche, + et d'autres archaïsmes datant de l'ère des machines à écrire. + Il y a plusieurs environnements de paragraphe qui sont spécifiques à un + certain type de document. + Nous ne traiterons ici que des plus communs. +\layout Standard + +Pour choisir un nouvel environnement de paragraphe, utilisez la boîte déroulante + située à gauche de la barre d'outils. + LyX change l'environnement pour +\emph on +tout +\emph default + le paragraphe dans lequel se trouve le curseur. + Vous pouvez aussi changer l'environnement d'un groupe de paragraphes si + vous les sélectionnez avant de choisir le nouvel environnement. +\layout Standard + +Notez que taper +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + crée +\emph on +en général +\emph default + un nouveau paragraphe dont l'environnement est +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Nous disons +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +en général +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + car ce n'est pas toujours le cas +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Si vous êtes dans l'un de ces environnements : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +vspace{-2ex} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Cite +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Citation +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard +} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Vers +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +ListePuces +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard +} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Énumération +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard +} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Liste +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard +} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX conservera celui-ci quand vous tapez +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +, plutôt que de le réinitialiser à +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + LyX réinitialisera toutefois la profondeur d'emboîtement. +\end_inset + +. + Habituellement, commencer un nouveau paragraphe réinitialise à la fois + l'environnement de paragraphe et la profondeur d'emboîtement (plus sur + l'emboîtement dans la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emboitement} + +\end_inset + +). + Pour le moment, tout ceci est spécifique au contexte ; attendez-vous une + fois pour toute à ce que +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + réinitialise ces paramètres. + Si vous voulez que le nouveau paragraphe conserve l'environnement ainsi + que la profondeur actuels, utilisez +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Standard +\layout Standard + +Dans la plupart des classes, l'environnement de paragraphe par défaut est + +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Il crée un paragraphe simple. + Si LyX réinitialise l'environnement de paragraphe, c'est celui qu'il choisit. + D'ailleurs, le paragraphe que vous êtes en train de lire (comme la plupart + dans ce manuel) est dans l'environnement +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Un paragraphe avec l'environnement +\family sans +Standard +\family default + peut être emboîté dans à peu près quoi que ce soit d'autre, mais vous ne + pouvez pas rien emboîter dans un environnement +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Titre du Document +\layout Standard + +Une page de titre LaTeX a trois parties : le titre lui-même, le nom du(des) + auteur(s) et une +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +note de bas de page +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour les remerciements ou l'adresse. + Pour certains types de documents, LaTeX place tout ceci avec la date du + jour sur une page séparée. + Pour d'autres, la +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + de titre va en haut de la première page du document. +\layout Standard + +LyX fournit une interface aux commandes de la page de titre par l'intermédiaire + des environnements de paragraphe +\family sans +Titre +\family default +, +\family sans +Auteur +\family default + et +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Voici comment les utiliser : +\layout Itemize + +Mettez le titre de votre document dans l'environnement +\family sans +Titre +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Mettez le nom de l'auteur dans l'environnement +\family sans +Auteur +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Si vous voulez que la date ait un format donné, ou voulez entrer une date + fixée, ou si vous voulez autre chose à la place, mettez ceci dans l'environneme +nt +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Notez que cet environnement est facultatif. + Si vous n'en mettez pas, LaTeX insérera automatiquement la date du jour. +\layout Standard + +Assurez-vous de mettre ceci en haut du document. + Vous pouvez utiliser des notes de bas de page pour insérer des remerciements + ou des informations supplémentaires. +\layout Subsection + +En-têtes +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:en-tetes-env-par} + +\end_inset + + Il y a neuf environnements de paragraphe pour produire des en-têtes de + section. + LyX s'occupe à votre place de la numérotation. + La seule chose qui vous reste à faire est de décider comment vous allez + appeler telle section ou tel chapitre. +\layout Subsubsection + +En-têtes Numérotés +\layout Standard + +Il y a 6 types d'en-têtes de section numérotés +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pourquoi aucun mention de la +\family sans +Partie +\family default + ? +\end_inset + +. + Ce sont : +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Chapitre +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Section +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +SousSection +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +SousSousSection +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Paragraphe +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +SousParagraphe +\layout Standard + +LyX étiquette chaque en-tête avec une série de numéros, séparés par des + points. + Les numéros décrivent où vous êtes dans le document. + Ces en-têtes subdivisent votre document en parties. + Par exemple, supposons que vous êtes en train d'écrire un livre. + Vous découpez le livre en chapitres. + LyX fait un découpage similaire : +\layout Itemize + +Le +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default + ou la +\family sans +Section +\family default + est le niveau maximal de découpage. +\layout Itemize + +Les +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default +s sont divisé en +\family sans +Section +\family default +s. +\layout Itemize + +Les Sections sont divisées en sous-sections ( +\family sans +SousSection +\family default +). +\layout Itemize + +Les sous-sections sont divisées en sous-sous-sections ( +\family sans +SousSousSection +\family default +). +\layout Itemize + +Les sous-sous-sections sont divisées en paragraphes ( +\family sans +Paragraphe +\family default +). +\layout Itemize + +Les paragraphes sont divisés en sous-paragraphes ( +\family sans +SousParagraphe +\family default +). +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Note : +\emph default + tous les documents n'utilisent pas l'en-tête de +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default + comme niveau maximal de découpage. + Dans ce cas, la +\family sans +Section +\family default + est l'en-tête maximal. +\layout Standard + +Ainsi, si vous utilisez l'environnement +\family sans +SousSousSection +\family default + pour dénommer une nouvelle sous-sous-section, LyX l'étiquettera avec son + numéro, ainsi qu'avec le numéro de la sous-section, de la section et, s'il + y a lieu, du chapitre dans lesquels elle est contenue. +\layout Subsubsection + +En-têtes Non Numérotés +\layout Standard + +Il y a 3 types d'en-têtes de section non numérotés. + Ce sont : +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Section* +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +SousSection* +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +SousSousSection* +\layout Standard + +L'étoile après chaque nom signifie que ces en-têtes ne sont pas numérotés. + Autrement ils fonctionnent de la même façon que leurs homologues numérotés. +\layout Subsubsection + +Changer la Numérotation +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:profondeur-section} + +\end_inset + +Vous pouvez aussi changer les niveaux de découpage qui seront numérotés + et ceux qui apparaîtront dans la Table des Matières. + Attention, cela n'enlève aucun de ces niveaux. + Ces paramètres sont définis par la classe de document. + Certaines classes commencent par +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default + et descendent jusqu'au niveau +\family sans +SousParagraphe +\family default +. + D'autres démarrent à +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + De même, toutes les classes de document ne numérotent pas les mêmes niveaux + de découpage. + La plupart ne numérotent pas +\family sans +Paragraphe +\family default + ou +\family sans +SousParagraphe +\family default +. + Vous pouvez changer ce comportement. +\layout Standard + +Ouvrez la fenêtre +\family sans +Apparence\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +document +\family default + (via le menu +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +). + Dans l'onglet +\family sans +Extra +\family default +, vous devriez voir un champ appelé +\family sans +Profondeur\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +numérotation +\family default +. + Ce compteur contrôle jusqu'où LyX descend dans la hiérarchie du découpage + pour numéroter les en-têtes. + Malheureusement le numéro que vous choisissez avec la glissière n'est pas + très parlant, voici donc un tableau de ces valeurs et de ce qu'elles font + : +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Profondeur de la numérotation +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +LyX numérote ces +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Valeur : +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +en-têtes de section : +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +aucune numérotation +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ajoute les Parties ( +\family sans +Part +\family default +) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0 et 0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ajoute les +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default +s +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ajoute les +\family sans +Section +\family default +s +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ajoute +\family sans +SousSection +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ajoute +\family sans +SousSousSection +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ajoute +\family sans +Paragraphe +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ajoute +\family sans +SousParagraphe +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Le réglage est cumulatif : à +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +0 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + les parties et les chapitres seront numérotés, tandis qu'à +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + seront numérotés les parties, les chapitres, les sections et les sous-sections. + Bien sûr, si vous utilisez une classe de document qui n'utilise pas les + en-têtes de partie ou de chapitre ( +\emph on +par ex. + +\emph default + la classe par défaut article), alors la numérotation commence à l'en-tête + de section, et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +0 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + correspond aussi à +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +pas de numérotation +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Il y a un autre compteur dans l'onglet +\family sans +Extra +\family default +, appelé +\family sans +Profondeur\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Matières +\family default +. + Il marche de la même façon que +\family sans +Profondeur \SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +numérotation +\family default +, à part qu'il contrôle quels niveaux de découpage apparaîtront dans, vous + l'avez deviné, la Table des Matières. + C'est un réglage très utile. + Supposez que vous vouliez numéroter +\emph on +tous +\emph default + les en-têtes de section, mais que vous ne voulez voir figurer dans la Table + des Matières que les +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default +s, +\family sans +Section +\family default +s et +\family sans +SousSection +\family default +s. + Vous n'avez qu'à mettre +\family sans +Profondeur\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +numérotation +\family default + à +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +5 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\family sans +Profondeur\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des Matières +\family default + à +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et voilà +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : En français dans le texte. +\end_inset + + ! C'est tout réglé. +\layout Subsubsection + +Information Spéciale +\layout Standard + +Les informations qui suivent s'appliquent à +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default +, +\family sans +Section +\family default +, +\family sans +SousSection +\family default +, +\family sans +SousSousSection +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragraphe +\family default +, +\family sans +SousParagraphe +\family default + ainsi qu'à +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, +\family sans +SousSection* +\family default + et +\family sans +SousSousSection* +\family default + : +\layout Itemize + +Vous ne pouvez pas utiliser de note en marge dans ces environnements. +\layout Itemize + +Vous pouvez y insérer des math en ligne. +\layout Itemize + +Vous ne pouvez pas y faire d'imbrication. +\layout Itemize + +Vous pouvez utiliser les étiquettes et les références croisées pour faire + référence à leur numéro. +\layout Standard + +Pour des exemples de ces environnements de paragraphe : regardez autour + de vous ! Nous les utilisons partout dans les manuels. +\layout Subsubsection + +Créer un Appendice +\layout Standard + +Pour créer un appendice, commencez simplement par ajouter un nouvel en-tête + de chapitre ou de section. + Ramenez le curseur au début de l'en-tête et faites +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Début\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +l'Appendice +\family default +. + Un cadre rouge/marron sera tracé autour de toute la suite du document, + pour indiquer qu'elle a des propriétés spéciales, et les titres de chapitre + ou de section seront numérotés par des lettres. +\layout Subsection + +Citations et Poésie +\layout Standard + +LyX a trois environnements de paragraphe pour écrire de la poésie et des + citations. + Ce sont +\family sans +Cite +\family default +, +\family sans +Citation +\family default +, et +\family sans +Vers +\family default +. + Oubliez les jours sombres où vous deviez changer l'interligne et vous bagarrer + avec les marges. + Ces trois environnements de paragraphe incorporent ces changements. + Ils élargissent tous trois la marge de gauche et ajoutent un peu d'espace + supplémentaire au-dessus et au-dessous du texte qu'ils contiennent. + Ils permettent aussi l'emboîtement, ainsi vous pouvez mettre un vers ( +\family sans +Vers +\family default +) dans une citation ( +\family sans +Citation +\family default +), tout comme dans certains autres environnements de paragraphe. +\layout Standard + +Ces trois environnements partagent une autre caractéristique : ils ne reviennent + +\emph on +pas +\emph default + à +\family sans +Standard +\family default + quand vous changez de paragraphe. + Vous pouvez donc écrire un poème et taper joyeusement +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + sans être ennuyé par des changements d'environnement. + Bien sûr, ça veut dire qu'une fois que vous en avez fini avec ce poème, + vous devez revenir vous-même à l'environnement +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Cite +\family default + et +\family sans +Citation +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:citation} + +\end_inset + +Maintenant que nous avons décrit les similitudes entre ces trois environnements, + il est temps de dire ce qui les distingue. + +\family sans +Cite +\family default + et +\family sans +Citation +\family default + sont identiques sauf pour une chose : +\family sans +Cite +\family default + utilise de l'espace supplémentaire pour séparer les paragraphes et n'indente + jamais la première ligne. + +\family sans +Citation +\family default + indente +\emph on +toujours +\emph default + la première ligne d'un paragraphe et utilise le même interligne tout le + long. +\layout Standard + +Voici un exemple d'environnement +\family sans +Cite +\family default + : +\layout Quote + +C'est un environnement +\family sans +Cite +\family default +. + Je peux continuer à écrire, et allonger cette ligne de telle sorte qu'elle + revienne sur la ligne suivante. + Voyez : pas d'indentation ! +\layout Quote + +Voici le second paragraphe de cette citation. + Encore une fois, il n'y a pas d'indentation, mais il y a un interligne + élargi entre ici et le paragraphe précédent. +\layout Standard + +Ici finit notre exemple. + En voici un autre, cette fois avec l'environnement +\family sans +Citation +\family default + : +\layout Quotation + +C'est un environnement +\family sans +Citation +\family default +. + Si je continue à écrire, vous verrez l'indentation. + Si dans votre pays on utilise un style qui met en évidence un nouveau paragraph +e en indentant la première ligne, alors c'est l'environnement qu'il vous + faut ! En fait, vous ne devriez l'utiliser que si vous citez un texte. +\layout Quotation + +Voici un nouveau paragraphe. + Je pourrais continuer mon verbiage, comme un politicien en période d'élection. + Mais ça vous ennuierait sans doute. +\layout Standard + +C'était notre autre exemple. + Comme le montrent les exemples, +\family sans +Cite +\family default + est fait pour ceux qui séparent les paragraphes avec un interligne supplémentai +re, et qui devraient utiliser +\family sans +Cite +\family default + pour leurs citations. + Ceux qui utilisent l'indentation pour la séparation des paragraphes devraient + citer avec +\family sans +Citation +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Vers +\layout Standard + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vers} + +\end_inset + +Vers +\family default + est un environnement de paragraphe pour la poésie, les rimes, les vers... + Voici un exemple : +\layout Verse + +C'est un vers +\newline +Que je n'ai pas écrit à l'envers ! +\layout Verse + +Ça pourrait être bien pire. + La ligne pourrait être longue, très longue, tellement longue, si longue + qu'elle déborde sur la ligne suivante. + Ça semble correct sur l'écran, mais dans la version imprimée, les lignes + supplémentaires sont un peu plus indentées que la première. + D'accord, c'est devenu de la prose et ça ne rime plus. + Je plaide coupable. +\layout Verse + +Pour retourner à la ligne +\newline +Et avoir un texte digne +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Désolé. +\end_inset + + +\newline +Utilisez +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Comme vous le voyez, +\family sans +Vers +\family default + n'indente pas les deux marges. + Chaque strophe d'un poème est dans son propre paragraphe. + Pour séparer les vers, utilisez la fonction +\family typewriter +break-line +\family default +, +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Listes +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:env-par-listes} + +\end_inset + +LyX a quatre environnements de paragraphe pour créer différentes sortes + de listes. + Dans les environnements +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default + et +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +, LyX marque les éléments de votre liste avec respectivement des puces ou + des numéros. + Dans les environnements +\family sans +Description +\family default + et +\family sans +Liste +\family default +, LyX vous laisse utiliser votre propre marqueur. + Nous allons présenter les détails de chaque type de liste après avoir décrit + les principes généraux s'appliquant à tous quatre. +\layout Subsubsection + +Principes Généraux +\layout Standard + +Les quatre environnements de paragraphe pour les listes diffèrent des autres + sur plusieurs points. + Premièrement, LyX traite chaque paragraphe comme un élément de la liste. + Taper +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + ne réinitialise +\emph on +pas +\emph default + l'environnement à +\family sans +Standard +\family default + mais conserve l'environnement actuel et crée un nouvel élément de liste. + En revanche, la profondeur d'emboîtement est en général remise à zéro. + Si vous voulez garder à la fois la profondeur d'emboîtement et l'environnement + de paragraphe en cours, servez-vous de +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default + pour séparer les paragraphes. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez emboîter des listes de tout type l'une dans l'autre. + En fait, LyX change les marqueurs de certains éléments selon l'imbrication. + Si vous comptez vous servir de l'un des environnements de liste, nous vous + conseillons de lire aussi toute la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emboitement} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +ListePuces +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize} + +\end_inset + +Le premier type de liste que nous allons décrire en détail est l'environnement + +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +. + Il a les propriétés suivantes : +\layout Itemize + +Chaque élément a une puce ou un symbole particulier comme marqueur. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +LyX utilise le même symbole pour tous les éléments à un niveau de profondeur + donné. +\layout Itemize + +Le symbole apparaît au début de la ligne. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Les éléments peuvent être de n'importe quelle longueur. + LyX décale automatiquement la marge de gauche de chaque élément. + Le décalage est toujours relatif à l'environnement dans lequel la liste + +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default + peut se trouver. +\layout Itemize + +Si vous emboîtez un environnement +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default + dans un autre environnement +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +, le marqueur change. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Il y a quatre symboles différents pour gérer jusqu'à quatre niveaux d'emboîtemen +t. +\layout Itemize + +LyX affiche toujours le même symbole à l'écran, un astérisque. +\layout Itemize + +Voyez la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emboitement} + +\end_inset + + pour des explications détaillées sur l'emboîtement. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Bien sûr, ces explications étaient aussi un exemple de liste +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +. + Cet environnement est bien adapté aux listes dans lesquels l'ordre n'importe + pas. +\layout Standard + +Nous avons dit que des niveaux différents utilisent comme marqueurs des + symboles différents. + Voici un exemple des quatre marqueurs possibles. + Ceux qui lisent ce manuel à l'écran ne verront pas de différence. +\layout Itemize + +Le marqueur pour le premier niveau de +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default + est un gros point noir, ou puce. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Pour le deuxième niveau, c'est un tiret. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Pour le troisième, un astérisque. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Pour le quatrième, c'est un point centré. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Retour au troisième niveau. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Au deuxième. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Au plus extérieur. +\layout Standard + +Ce sont les marqueurs par défaut pour une +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +. + Vous pouvez personnaliser ces marqueurs dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Puces +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Notez comme l'espace entre les éléments décroît plus la profondeur est important +e. + Nous expliquerons l'emboîtement et tous les trucs que vous pouvez faire + avec plusieurs profondeurs dans la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emboitement} + +\end_inset + +. + Lisez-la donc ! +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Énumération +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate} + +\end_inset + +L'environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + est un outil qui sert à créer des listes ordonnées et des plans. + Il a les propriétés suivantes : +\layout Enumerate + +Chaque élément est marqué par un numéro. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Le type de numéro dépend de la profondeur d'imbrication. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +LyX compte les éléments à votre place et met à jour les marqueurs quand + c'est nécessaire. +\layout Enumerate + +Chaque nouvel environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + remet le compteur à un. +\layout Enumerate + +Comme +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +, l'environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + : +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +décale les éléments par rapport à la marge de gauche. + Les éléments peuvent avoir n'importe quelle longueur. +\layout Enumerate + +réduit l'espace entre les éléments quand la profondeur d'emboîtement augmente. +\layout Enumerate + +utilise différents types de marqueurs selon la profondeur d'emboîtement. +\layout Enumerate + +vous permet jusqu'à quatre niveaux d'emboîtement. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Contrairement à l'environnement +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +, +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + +\emph on +affiche +\emph default + des marqueurs différents pour chaque élément. + Voici comment LyX marque les quatre niveaux d'une énumération : +\layout Enumerate + +Le premier niveau d'une énumération utilise des chiffres arabes suivis par + un point. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Le deuxième niveau, des lettres minuscules entre parenthèses. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Le troisième, des chiffres romains en minuscules suivis par un point. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Le quatrième, des lettres majuscules suivies par un point. +\layout Enumerate + +Encore une fois, remarquez la diminution de l'interligne quand on avance + dans l'imbrication. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Retour au troisième niveau. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Au deuxième. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Au plus extérieur. +\layout Standard + +Là encore, vous pouvez personnaliser le type de numérotation utilisé par + l'environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +. + Il faut pour ce faire ajouter des commandes au préambule (voir le manuel + d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default +). + Comme plus haut, une telle personnalisation n'est visible que sur la version + imprimée, pas sur l'écran de LyX. +\layout Standard + +Il y a encore des choses à dire sur l'emboîtement d'énumérations. + Vous devriez +\emph on +vraiment +\emph default + aller lire la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emboitement} + +\end_inset + + pour en savoir plus. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:liste-description} + +\end_inset + +Contrairement aux deux environnements précédents, la liste de +\family sans +Description +\family default + n'a pas de marqueur fixé. + À la place, LyX utilise le premier +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +mot +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + de la première ligne comme marqueur. + Voici un exemple : +\layout Description + +Exemple: C'est un exemple d'environnement +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX typographie le marqueur en gras et le sépare du reste de la ligne par + de l'espace. +\layout Standard + +Vous vous demandez sans doute ce que veut dire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +utilise le premier mot +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + La touche +\family sans +Espace +\family default + n'ajoute pas un caractère espace, mais sépare les mots les uns des autres. + Au sein d'un environnement de +\family sans +Description +\family default +, la touche +\family sans +Espace +\family default + dit à LyX de quitter le marqueur et d'entrer au début de la première ligne + d'un élément. +\layout Standard + +Comment faire si vous avez besoin de plus d'un mot dans le marqueur d'un + environnement de +\family sans +Description +\family default + ? C'est simple : utilisez une +\family sans +Espace\SpecialChar ~ +Insécable +\family default +. + (Soit avec +\family sans + C-Espace +\family default + soit avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère\SpecialChar ~ +spécial\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Espace\SpecialChar ~ +insécable +\family default +. + Voir la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:espace-h} + +\end_inset + + pour plus d'info.) En voici un exemple : +\layout Description + +Second\SpecialChar ~ +exemple: qui montre comment mettre une +\family sans +Espace\SpecialChar ~ +Insécable +\family default + dans le marqueur d'une liste de +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Emploi: Vous devriez employer l'environnement +\family sans +Description +\family default + pour des définitions ou des théorèmes. + Servez-vous-en quand vous voulez qu'un mot donné ressorte dans un texte + qui le définit. + Ce n'est pas une bonne idée de s'en servir quand vous voulez parler d'une + phrase complète. + Vous ferez mieux de prendre un environnement +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default + ou +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + et d'y emboîter plusieurs paragraphes +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Emboîtement: Vous pouvez bien sûr emboîter des environnements de +\family sans +Description +\family default + les uns dans les autres, les emboîter dans d'autres types de listes, et + ainsi de suite. +\layout Standard + +Notez qu'après la première ligne, LyX indente les lignes suivantes en les + décalant vers la droite. +\layout Subsubsection + +La Liste LyX (environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default +) +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:liste-LyX} + +\end_inset + +L'environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default + est une extension LyX de LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Si vous êtes arrivé ici sans avoir lu les sections\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize} + +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:liste-description} + +\end_inset + +, vous êtes dans l'erreur. + L'environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default + ne crée +\emph on +pas +\emph default + de liste numérotée. + C'est le rôle de +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +, qui est référencé dans la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Comme l'environnement +\family sans +Description +\family default +, l'environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default + a des marqueurs définis par l'utilisateur pour chaque élément. + Il y a quelques différences fondamentales entre cet environnement de liste + et les trois autres : +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +marqueurs\SpecialChar ~ +d'élément LyX utilise le premier +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +mot +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + de chaque ligne comme marqueur d'élément. + Si vous voulez plus d'un mot comme marqueur, séparez-les avec une +\family sans +Espace\SpecialChar ~ +Insécable +\family default + comme décrit plus haut. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +marges Comme vous le voyez, LyX définit des marges différentes pour le marqueur + et pour le corps de l'élément. + Le corps du texte a une marge de gauche plus importante, égale à la largeur + par défaut du marqueur plus un peu d'espace supplémentaire. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +largeur\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +marqueur LyX compare la largeur effective du marqueur et la largeur + par défaut, et prend en compte la plus grande des deux valeurs. + Si la largeur effective est plus grande, alors le marqueur déborde sur + la première ligne. + En d'autres termes, le texte de la première ligne n'est pas aligné à gauche + avec le reste du texte. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +largeur\SpecialChar ~ +par\SpecialChar ~ +défaut Vous pouvez la modifier très facilement. + Vous pouvez ainsi vous assurer sans dommage que le texte de tous les éléments + d'un environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default + partage la même marge de gauche. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +emploi Utilisez l'environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default + pour la même chose que l'environnement +\family sans +Description +\family default + : quand vous devez faire ressortir un mot du texte qui sert à l'expliciter. + L'environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default + vous donne un autre moyen de le faire, avec une apparence finale différente. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +emboîtement Vous pouvez bien sûr emboîter des environnements +\family sans +Liste +\family default + les uns dans les autres, les emboîter dans d'autres types de listes, et + ainsi de suite. + Ils marchent de la même manière que les autres environnements de liste. + Lisez la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emboitement} + +\end_inset + + à ce sujet. +\layout Standard + +Comme vous pouvez le voir, c'est un environnement de paragraphe avec plein + de fonctions ! +\layout Standard + +Pour changer la largeur par défaut du marqueur, sélectionner les éléments + à changer dans la liste. + Vous pouvez aussi vous contenter de placer le curseur dans un élément si + vous voulez changer la largeur du marqueur de ce seul élément. + Ouvrez la fenêtre +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +paragraphe +\family default + (menu +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraphe +\family default +) et allez dans le champ +\family sans +Taille\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +marqueur +\family default + de l'onglet +\family sans +Sauts\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Ligne\SpecialChar ~ +et\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Page +\family default +. + La taille du texte entré dans ce champ détermine la largeur par défaut. + Si vous le voulez vraiment, vous pouvez y entrer le texte de votre plus + long marqueur, mais ce n'est pas nécessaire. + Nous recommandons d'entrer plusieurs fois la lettre +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + C'est le caractère le plus large et il sert d'unité de largeur standard + en LaTeX. + La largeur par défaut du marqueur dans la liste exemple est de 6 +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + consécutifs. + Il y a un autre avantage à utiliser +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + comme unité de largeur dans le champ +\family sans +Largeur\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +marqueur +\family default + : vous n'avez pas à en changer le contenu à chaque fois que vous changez + un marqueur dans l'environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Il y a encore un trait de l'environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default + dont nous devons vous entretenir. + Comme vous le voyez dans les exemples, LyX par défaut justifie à gauche + les marqueurs d'élément. + Vous pouvez insérer des +\family sans +Ressorts\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontaux +\family default + pour changer le positionnement du marqueur. + Nous traitons les +\family sans +Ressorts\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontaux +\family default + plus loin dans la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:espace-h} + +\end_inset + +. + Voici quelques exemples : +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + +Gauche Par défaut pour les marqueurs de +\family sans +Liste +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\hfill +Droite Un +\family sans +Ressort\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontal +\family default + au début du marqueur le justifie à droite. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\hfill +Centre +\hfill + Un +\family sans +Ressort\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontal +\family default +de chaque côté du marqueur et le voilà centré. +\layout Standard + +Ne vous affolez pas si vous n'avez encore aucune idée de ce que sont les + Ressorts\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontaux. + Rappelez-vous seulement qu'ils peuvent personnaliser l'apparence de l'environne +ment Liste. +\layout Standard + +Nous en avons fini avec les quatre environnements de paragraphe servant + aux listes. + Au fait, avons-nous déjà dit que vous devriez lire la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emboitement} + +\end_inset + + sur l'emboîtement d'environnements si vous comptez vous servir des listes + ? +\layout Subsection + +Lettres +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + et +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default + : Un résumé +\layout Standard + +Bien que LyX ait des classes de document pour les lettres, nous avons aussi + créé deux environnements de paragraphe appelés +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + et +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +droite +\family default +. + Pour utiliser la classe lettre, vous devez mettre les environnements de + paragraphe requis dans un ordre précis, sinon LaTeX s'étouffera avec le + document. + En revanche, vous pouvez utiliser les environnements de paragraphe +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + et +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +droite +\family default + à n'importe quel endroit sans problème. + Vous pouvez même les emboîter dans d'autres environnements, mais vous ne + pouvez pas y emboîter quoi que ce soit. +\layout Standard + +Bien sûr, vous n'êtes pas limités à utiliser +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + et +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +droite +\family default + pour des lettres. + +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +droite +\family default +, en particulier, peut être utile pour créer des titres d'article comme + ceux de certaines publications de recherche européennes. +\layout Subsubsection + +Emploi +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:emploi-adresse} + +\end_inset + +L'environnement +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + formate le texte comme une adresse, style aussi utilisé pour l'ouverture + d'une lettre et la signature dans certains pays. + De même, l'environnement +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +droite +\family default + formate le texte comme une adresse justifiée à droite, ce qui est utilisé + pour l'adresse de l'expéditeur et la date du jour dans certains pays. + En voici un exemple : +\layout Right Address + +Adresse à droite +\newline +Qui je suis +\newline +Où je suis +\newline +Quel jour sommes-nous ? +\layout Standard + +C'était +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +droite +\family default +. + Notez que les lignes ont toutes la marge à gauche, que LyX règle de manière + à faire tenir le plus grand bloc de texte sur une seule ligne. + Voici un exemple d'environnement +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + : +\layout Address + +Qui vous êtes +\newline +Où je vous l'envoie +\newline +Votre code postal et votre pays +\layout Standard + +Comme vous le voyez, à la fois +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + et +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +droite +\family default + ajoutent de l'espace supplémentaire entre eux et le paragraphe suivant. + En parlant de ça, si vous tapez +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + dans l'un de ces environnements, LyX réinitialisera la profondeur d'imbrication + et remettra l'environnement à +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Ceci est logique, cependant, puisque +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + est la fonction +\family typewriter +break-paragraph +\family default +, et les lignes d'une adresse, prises isolément, ne sont pas des paragraphes. + Ainsi, vous vous servirez de +\family typewriter +break-line +\family default + ( +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default + ou +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère\SpecialChar ~ +spécial\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Coupure\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +ligne +\family default +) pour commencer une nouvelle ligne dans l'environnement +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + ou +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +droite +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Documents de recherche +\layout Standard + +Dans la recherche, la plupart des publications commencent par un résumé + et se terminent par une bibliographie ou une liste de références. + LyX contient les environnements de paragraphe correspondants. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Abstract +\layout Standard + +L'environnement +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + sert à insérer le résumé d'un article. + Techniquement, vous +\emph on +pouvez +\emph default + utiliser cet environnement n'importe où, mais il est +\emph on +vraiment +\emph default + préférable de l'insérer au début du document, après le titre. + Également, ne vous embêtez pas à essayer d'emboîter un +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + dans quoi que ce soit d'autre ou l'inverse. + Ça ne marchera pas. + L'environnement +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + n'est utile que dans les classes de document +\family sans +article +\family default + et +\family sans +report +\family default + (ainsi que +\family sans +amsart +\family default +, qui n'est autre qu'une version spécialisée de +\family sans +article +\family default +). + La classe de document +\family sans +book +\family default + ignore complètement la présence de l' +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +, et ça n'aurait pas grand sens de mettre un +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + avec la classe +\family sans +lettre +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +L'environnement +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + fait plusieurs choses pour vous. + D'abord, il écrit l'en-tête +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Abstract +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, centré au-dessus du texte. + L'en-tête et le texte du résumé sont séparés par un interligne agrandi. + Ensuite, il typographie le tout dans une police plus petite, comme il est + d'usage. + En dernier lieu, il élargit un peu l'intervalle vertical entre le résumé + et le texte qui suit. + Voilà comment le document apparaîtra dans la fenêtre LyX. + Si votre document est de la classe +\family sans +report +\family default +, à l'impression le résumé occupera une page séparée. +\layout Standard + +Commencer un nouveau paragraphe en tapant +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + +\emph on +laisse +\emph default + le paragraphe dans l'environnement +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +. + Vous devrez donc changer l'environnement vous-même quand vous aurez fini + d'entrer le résumé de votre document. +\layout Standard + +Nous aimerions vous donner un exemple de cet environnement, mais nous ne + pouvons pas, car ce document est de la classe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +book +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Si vous n'avez jamais entendu le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +abstract +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + auparavant, vous pouvez sans danger ignorer cet environnement. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Bibliographie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographie} + +\end_inset + +L'environnement +\family sans +Bibliographie +\family default + sert à faire la liste des références. + Techniquement, vous +\emph on +pouvez +\emph default + utiliser cet environnement n'importe où, mais il est +\emph on +vraiment +\emph default + préférable de l'insérer à la fin du document. + Également, ne vous embêtez pas à essayer d'emboîter +\family sans +Bibliographie +\family default + dans quoi que ce soit d'autre ou l'inverse. + Ça ne marchera pas. +\layout Standard + +Quand vous ouvrez pour la première fois un environnement +\family sans +Bibliographie +\family default +, LyX ajoute un large espacement vertical, suivi par l'en-tête +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Bibliographie +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Références +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, selon la classe de document. + L'en-tête est en grande police grasse. + Chaque paragraphe de l'environnement +\family sans +Bibliographie +\family default + est une entrée de bibliographie. + Donc, taper +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + +\emph on +laisse +\emph default + le paragraphe dans l'environnement +\family sans +Bibliographie +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Au +\emph on +début +\emph default + de la +\emph on +première ligne +\emph default + de chaque paragraphe, vous verrez un bouton gris avec un numéro. + Si vous cliquez dessus, vous aurez une fenêtre dans laquelle vous pouvez + entrer une +\family sans +Clé +\family default + et une +\family sans +Étiquette +\family default +. + La clé est le nom symbolique par lequel vous vous référerez à cette entrée + de bibliographie. + Par exemple, supposez que votre première entrée soit un livre sur LaTeX. + Vous pourrez choisir la clé +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +guide-latex +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour cette entrée. + Vous pouvez aussi lui donner une étiquette, qui sera affichée dans la boîte + grisée. +\layout Standard + +Le champ +\family sans +Clé +\family default + n'est pas inutile. + Vous pouvez vous référer aux entrées de votre bibliographie avec la commande + +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Citation +\family default +. + Choisissez alors la clé dans la liste des clés disponibles, puis ajoutez + une référence en cliquant sur la flèche vers la gauche, ce qui l'ajoutera + à la liste des clés sélectionnées. + On peut créer des citations multiples en sélectionnant plus d'une clé. + Un exemple de +\family sans +Bibliographie +\family default + est présent à la fin de ce document. + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Voir +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} + +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapitre 3]{latexcompanion} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + est un exemple de citation de deux de ses entrées. + Dans la seconde, nous avons utilisé le champ +\family sans +Texte\SpecialChar ~ +après +\family default + de la fenêtre +\family sans +Citation +\family default + pour ajouter +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Chapitre 3 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Les mots +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +latexguide +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +latexcompanion +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + que vous voyez à l'écran seront remplacés à l'impression par le numéro + ou l'étiquette de l'entrée de bibliographie. +\layout Standard + +Le paquetage LaTeX de bibliographie, BibTeX, plus avancé, peut aussi fonctionner + avec LyX. + Pour une description de son utilisation, veuillez vous référer au manuel + d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Usage spécial +\layout Standard + +Il y a trois environnements de paragraphe de base qui ne rentrent dans aucune + catégorie, car ils sont très spécialisés avec un objectif précis. + Nous allons évoquer les points particuliers et les emplois de chacun. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Légende +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:apparence-caption} + +\end_inset + +L'environnement +\family sans +Légende +\family default + est l'environnement de paragraphe par défaut pour les +\family sans +Figures\SpecialChar ~ +flottantes +\family default + et les +\family sans +Tableaux\SpecialChar ~ +flottants +\family default +. + À l'écran, vous verrez la marque +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Figure #: +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Tableau #: +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + selon le type de +\family sans +Flottant +\family default + dont il s'agit. + Le numéro de figure ou de tableau remplace le caractère +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +# +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans le rendu final. +\layout Standard + +Vous ne pouvez pas vraiment emboîter des choses dans un environnement +\family sans +Légende +\family default +, ni faire l'inverse. + De plus, taper +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + remet l'environnement à +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, de sorte que +\family sans +Légende +\family default + ne peut s'étendre que sur un seul paragraphe. +\layout Standard + +Vous ne pouvez pas utiliser l'environnement +\family sans +Légende +\family default + en dehors d'une +\family sans +Figure\SpecialChar ~ +flottante +\family default + ou d'un +\family sans +Tableau\SpecialChar ~ +flottant +\family default +. + Voir les sections\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} + +\end_inset + + et\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tableaux} + +\end_inset + + pour plus d'information sur les +\family sans +Figures\SpecialChar ~ +flottantes +\family default + et les +\family sans +Tableaux\SpecialChar ~ +flottants +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\layout Standard + +L'environnement +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + est une autre extension LyX de LaTeX. + Il typographie le texte dans le style à chasse fixe. + Il traite aussi la touche +\family sans +Espace +\family default + comme une espace de taille fixe +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Dans l'environnement +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, la touche +\family sans +Espace +\family default + est traitée comme une +\family sans +Espace\SpecialChar ~ +Insécable +\family default + au lieu d'un marqueur de fin de mot. +\end_inset + + ; c'est le seul cas où vous pouvez taper des espaces consécutives dans + LyX. + Si vous avez besoin d'insérer des lignes vides, vous devrez encore utiliser + +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default + (la fonction +\family typewriter +break-line +\family default +). + +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + sépare les paragraphes. + Notez cependant que +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + ne réinitialise pas l'environnement à +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Donc, quand vous avez fini d'utiliser l'environnement +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, vous devez changer d'environnement vous-même. + D'autre part, vous +\emph on +pouvez +\emph default + emboîter l'environnement +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + dans d'autres environnements. +\layout Standard + +Voici quelques subtilités de cet environnement : +\layout Itemize + +Vous ne pouvez pas utiliser +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default + au début d'un nouveau paragraphe (c'est-à-dire faire suivre un +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + d'un +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default +). +\layout Itemize + +Vous ne pouvez pas faire suivre +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default + d'une +\family sans +Espace +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Utilisez +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + pour commencer un nouveau paragraphe, vous pourrez alors utiliser une +\family sans +Espace +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Ou utilisez +\family sans +C-Espace +\family default + à la place. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Vous ne pouvez pas avoir un paragraphe vide ou une ligne vide. + Vous devez mettre au moins une +\family sans +Espace +\family default + dans toute ligne que vous voulez voir vide. + Autrement, LaTeX générera des messages d'erreur. +\layout Itemize + +Vous ne pouvez pas obtenir les guillemets doubles de machine à écrire en + tapant +\family sans +" +\family default + puisque cela insérera de +\emph on +vrais +\emph default + guillemets. + Vous pouvez obtenir les guillemets doubles de machine à écrire avec +\family sans +C-" +\family default + (ou +\family sans +C-q +\family default + si vous avez les raccourcis clavier type Emacs). +\layout Standard + +Voici un exemple : +\layout LyX-Code + +#include +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +int main(void) +\layout LyX-Code + +{ +\layout LyX-Code + + printf("Hello World +\backslash +n"); +\layout LyX-Code + + return 0; +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout Standard + +Ce n'est rien d'autre que le programme +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Hello world ! +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + standard. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + a un but : typographier du code, comme des sources de programme, des scripts + shell, des fichiers de configuration rc, etc. + Ne l'employez que dans ces cas vraiment très spéciaux où vous voulez sortir + du texte comme s'il provenait d'une machine à écrire. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Commentaire +\layout Standard + +L'environnement de paragraphe +\family sans +Commentaire +\family default + peut servir à écrire des commentaires à propos de votre document qui n'apparaît +ront pas dans le rendu final. + Pour que ce soit clair, LyX les affichera dans une couleur différente de + celle du reste du texte. +\layout Section + +Environnements Emboîtés +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:emboitement} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Pourquoi c'est important +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : On pourrait avoir une meilleure traduction de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +The Big Deal +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Tout au long des sections précédentes, nous vous avons harcelé pour que + vous alliez +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +lire la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emboitement} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Vous vous demandez donc sûrement ce qu'il y a de si important. +\layout Standard + +Ce qui est important, c'est que LyX diffère assez nettement des traditionnels + traitements de texte +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +super-machine-à-écrire +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Avec une machine à écrire, le texte n'est rien d'autre que de l'encre sur + une page. + La plupart des traitements de texte ne font guère mieux, considérant le + texte comme des pixels à l'écran et des octets dans la mémoire. + LyX, lui, le considère comme un bloc unifié avec un contexte et des propriétés + données. + Que se passe-t-il si vous voulez qu'un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bloc +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + hérite des propriétés d'un autre +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bloc +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ? +\layout Standard + +Un exemple plus précis : les listes. + Vous avez trois éléments principaux, mais le point n°2 a deux sous-éléments. + Vous avez donc une liste +\emph on +dans +\emph default + une autre liste, avec la liste secondaire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +attachée +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + à l'élément n°2 : +\layout Enumerate + +un +\layout Enumerate + +deux +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +sous-élément n°1 +\layout Enumerate + +sous-élément n°2 +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +trois +\layout Standard + +Comment mettre une liste dans une liste ? Désormais la réponse devrait vous + paraître évidente : vous les emboîtez l'une dans l'autre. +\layout Standard + +C'est assez simple d'emboîter un environnement. + Faites +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Augmenter\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +Profondeur\SpecialChar ~ +d'Environnement +\family default + ou +\family sans +Réduire\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +Profondeur\SpecialChar ~ +d'Environnement +\family default + pour changer la profondeur d'emboîtement du paragraphe courant (la barre + d'état vous dira à quel niveau d'emboîtement vous vous situez). +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi utiliser les raccourcis clavier bien pratiques +\family sans +S-M-Gauche +\family default + et +\family sans +S-M-Droite +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ou +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Gauche +\family default + et +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default +, si vous préférez. +\end_inset + + +\family default + pour changer la profondeur d'emboîtement. + Ce changement concernera la sélection courante s'il y en a une (ce qui + vous permet de changer le niveau d'emboîtement de plusieurs paragraphes + à la fois), ou le paragraphe courant. +\layout Standard + +Notez que LyX ne change la profondeur d'environnement que si c'est possible. + Si cette opération n'est pas permise, quand vous essayez rien ne se produit. + En outre, si vous changez la profondeur d'un paragraphe, le changement + affecte tous les paragraphes emboîtés dedans. + Il est difficile de décrire exactement ce que fait LyX dans ce cas. + Ça dépend de votre texte. + La meilleure chose à faire est d'essayer diverses profondeurs d'emboîtement + et de voir ce qui se passe. +\layout Standard + +Mais l'emboîtement n'est pas limité aux listes. + Avec LyX, vous pouvez emboîter à peu près tout dans n'importe quoi, comme + vous allez le voir. + C'est pourquoi les environnements emboîtés sont un outil puissant. +\layout Subsection + +Ce que vous pouvez et ne pouvez pas emboîter +\layout Standard + +Avant de vous lancer à la figure une liste d'environnements de paragraphe, + nous devons vous expliquer un peu plus comme marche l'emboîtement. +\layout Standard + +À la question de l'emboîtement, la réponse est un peu plus compliquée qu'un + simple oui ou non, vous pouvez ou vous ne pouvez pas. + Il faut aussi savoir comment. + Pouvez-vous emboîter cet environnement dans quoi que ce soit d'autre ? + Pouvez-vous y emboîter un autre environnement ? Répondre +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +oui +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour une des deux questions ne veut pas dire +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +oui +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour l'autre. +\layout Standard + +Les environnements de paragraphe de LyX peuvent avoir trois comportements + relativement à l'emboîtement. + D'abord, un environnement peut ne pas être emboîtable du tout. + Ensuite, il y a des environnements qui le sont complètement. + Vous pouvez les emboîter dans autre chose et vous pouvez y emboîter autre + chose. + Il y a un dernier type d'environnement, que vous pouvez emboîter dans d'autres + environnements, mais dans lesquels vous ne pouvez rien emboîter. +\layout Standard + +Voici une liste des environnements avec ces trois comportements +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pour une raison inconnue, LyX vous permet d'emboîter dans les deux sens + à la fois +\family sans +Bibliographie +\family default + et +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +. + LyX vous permet aussi d'emboîter +\family sans +Titre +\family default +, +\family sans +Auteur +\family default + et +\family sans +Date +\family default + dans d'autres environnements. + Nous vous recommandons de ne pas le faire. + LaTeX pourrait s'en offusquer. + Même si ce n'était pas le cas, ça n'a aucun sens d'emboîter ces environnements, + alors pourquoi essayer ? +\end_inset + + : +\layout Description + +Non\SpecialChar ~ +emboîtable On ne peut pas les emboîter, ni y emboîter. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Partie +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Chapitre +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Section +\family default + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +SousSection +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +SousSousSection +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Paragraphe +\family default + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +SousParagraphe +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Partie* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Chapitre* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Section* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +SousSection* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +SousSousSection* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Bibliographie +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Abstract +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Titre +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Auteur +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Date +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Complètement\SpecialChar ~ +emboîtables Vous pouvez les emboîter et y emboîter. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Vers +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Cite +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Citation +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +ListePuces +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Énumération +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Liste +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Emboîtables\SpecialChar ~ +dans\SpecialChar ~ +quelque\SpecialChar ~ +chose Vous pouvez les emboîter dans autre chose, mais + ne pouvez rien y emboîter. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Standard +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Adresse\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Adresse +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +L'environnement +\family sans +Légende +\family default + n'a sa place nulle part, car il ne sert que dans des +\family sans +Tableaux\SpecialChar ~ +Flottants +\family default + et des +\family sans +Figures\SpecialChar ~ +Flottantes +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Emboîter d'autres objets : tableaux, math, flottants, etc. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:emboitement-tableaux-figures} + +\end_inset + +Il y a plusieurs objets qui ne sont pas des environnements de paragraphe, + mais qui sont quand même concernés par l'emboîtement. + Ce sont : +\layout Itemize + +les équations +\layout Itemize + +les tableaux +\layout Itemize + +les figures +\layout Standard + +(Note : si vous mettez une figure ou un tableau dans un +\family sans +Flottant +\family default +, ce n'est plus vrai. + Voir plus bas ou dans les sections\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} + +\end_inset + + et\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tableaux} + +\end_inset + + pour plus d'info.) +\layout Standard + +LyX peut considérer ces trois objets soit comme un mot soit comme un paragraphe. + Certes, vous ne pouvez pas insérer un tableau en ligne, mais vous pouvez + le faire avec les math et les figures. + Si une figure ou une équation est en ligne, elle va avec le paragraphe + qui la contient. +\layout Standard + +Inversement, si vous avez une équation, une figure ou un tableau dans un + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +paragraphe +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + à lui, il se comporte comme un environnement de paragraphe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +emboîtable dans quelque chose +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Vous pouvez l'emboîter dans un autre environnement, mais vous ne pouvez + évidemment rien y emboîter. +\layout Standard + +Voici un exemple avec un tableau : +\layout Enumerate + +Élément Un +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +C'est le (a) et il est emboîté. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +d +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +C'est le (b). + Le tableau est emboîté dans le (a). +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +On ressort. +\layout Standard + +Si nous n'avions pas du tout emboîté le tableau, la liste serait ainsi : +\layout Enumerate + +Élément Un +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +C'est le (a) et il est emboîté. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +d +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +C'est le (b). + Le tableau n'est +\emph on + pas +\emph default + emboîté dans le (a). + En fait, il n'est pas emboîté du tout. +\layout Enumerate + +On ressort. +\layout Standard + +Notez que l'élément (b) n'est non seulement plus emboîté, mais qu'il est + aussi le premier élément d'une liste ! +\layout Standard + +Il y a un autre piège dans lequel vous pouvez tomber : emboîter le tableau, + mais ne pas aller assez profond. + LyX commence un nouvelle (sous-)liste après le tableau. +\layout Enumerate + +Élément Un +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +C'est le (a) et il est emboîté. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +d +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +C'est le (b). + Le tableau est en fait emboîté dans l'élément Un, mais +\emph on +pas +\emph default + dans le (a). +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +On ressort. +\layout Standard + +Comme vous pouvez le voir, l'élément (b) est devenu le premier élément d'une + nouvelle liste, mais d'une liste +\emph on +dans +\emph default + l'élément 1. + La même chose se serait produite avec une figure ou une équation. + Si vous emboîtez des tableaux, des figures ou des équations, assurez-vous + donc de les mettre à la bonne profondeur ! +\layout Standard + +Et puis il y a ce qu'on appelle les +\family sans +Flottants +\family default +. + Un +\family sans +Flottant +\family default + est un bloc de texte associé à une sorte d'étiquette, mais qui n'a pas + de position fixe. + Il peut +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +flotter +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en avant ou en arrière, d'une page ou deux, jusqu'à trouver l'endroit où + il tient le mieux. + Les +\family sans +Notes\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Bas\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Page +\family default + et les +\family sans +Notes\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Marge +\family default + sont des flottants, comme les +\family sans +Tableaux\SpecialChar ~ +Flottants +\family default + et les +\family sans +Figures\SpecialChar ~ +Flottantes +\family default +. + Quand vous éditez un document avec LyX, un +\family sans +Flottant +\family default + fermé ressemble à un bouton gris écrit en rouge, et va avec le paragraphe + qui le contient. + Mais comme un +\family sans +Flottant +\family default + n'a pas de position fixée dans le texte final, l'emboîtement n'a pas d'effet + sur son positionnement après avoir envoyé le document à LaTeX. +\layout Subsection + +Emploi et Propriétés générales +\layout Subsubsection + +Les limites de l'emboîtement +\layout Standard + +LyX peut réaliser un emboîtement jusqu'à six niveaux. + Le niveau n°6 est le plus élevé possible. + Voici un exemple : +\layout Enumerate + +niveau n°1 - le plus extérieur +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +niveau n°2 +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +niveau n°3 +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +niveau n°4 +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +niveau n°5 +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +niveau n°6 +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Là encore, LyX gère un maximum de 6 niveaux, quels que soient les environnements + de paragraphe utilisés à un niveau donné +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Malheureusement, LyX ne fait pas respecter cette limitation. + Si vous essayez de la dépasser, LaTeX renverra des erreurs quand vous voudrez + obtenir le rendu final. +\end_inset + +. + Ça veut dire que vous pouvez emboîter sur six niveaux une liste +\family sans +Description +\family default +, ou un environnement +\family sans +Vers +\family default +, etc. + Vous pouvez aussi mélanger les environnements, comme nous allons le voir. +\layout Standard + +Il y a deux exceptions à la limite de six niveaux, et les deux sont présentes + dans l'exemple. + Contrairement aux autres environnements complètement emboîtables, vous + ne pouvez obtenir qu'un emboîtement à quatre niveaux avec les environnements + +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + et +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +. + Par exemple, si nous essayions d'emboîter une autre liste +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + dans l'élément +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +A. +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, nous aurions des erreurs +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Là encore, LyX ne fait pas respecter cette limitation. + Si vous tentez de la dépasser, LaTeX renverra des erreurs quand vous voudrez + obtenir le rendu final. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Quelques Exemples +\layout Standard + +Le meilleur moyen d'expliquer ce que vous pouvez faire avec l'emboîtement + est de l'illustrer. + Nous avons plusieurs exemples d'environnements emboîtés. + Dans chacun, nous expliquons comment nous avons créé cet exemple, pour + que vous puissiez le reproduire. +\layout Subsubsection + +Exemple n°1 : Six niveaux et Emboîtement mixte +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +1-a Niveau le plus extérieur. + C'est un environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +2-a Niveau n°2. + Nous l'avons obtenu avec +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default + suivi de +\family sans +M-Droite +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +3-a Niveau n°3. + Cette fois, nous avons juste fait +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +, puis +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default + deux fois de suite. + Nous aurions pu le créer de la même manière que le précédent, avec +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default + suivi de +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Un environnement +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, emboîté dans +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +3-a +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Il est donc au niveau n°4. + Nous l'avons obtenu avec +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default +, puis +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default +, puis en changeant l'environnement de paragraphe à +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + C'est ce qu'il faut faire pour créer des éléments de liste avec plus d'un + paragraphe -- ça marche aussi avec les environnements +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + et +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default + ! +\layout Standard + +Un autre paragraphe +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, également au niveau n°4, obtenu juste avec +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +4-a Niveau n°4. + Nous avons tapé +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default + et remis l'environnement de paragraphe à +\family sans +Liste +\family default +. + Rappelez-vous : on ne peut rien emboîter dans un environnement +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, c'est pourquoi nous sommes encore au niveau n°4. + Mais nous +\emph on +pouvons +\emph default + emboîter des choses dans le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +3-a +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +5-a Niveau n°5... +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +6-a ...et nous voilà au niveau n°6. + Vous devez savoir comment nous les avons obtenus. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +5-b Retour au niveau n°5. + Tapez +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default + puis +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Gauche +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +4-b Après un autre +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default + suivi de +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Gauche +\family default +, retour au niveau n°4. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +3-b Retour au niveau n°3. + Les choses vont maintenant de soi. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +2-b Retour au niveau n°2. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +1-b Enfin, retour au niveau le plus extérieur, le n°1. + À la fin de cette phrase, nous allons taper +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + et remettre l'environnement de paragraphe sur +\family sans +Standard +\family default + pour marquer la fin de la liste. +\layout Standard + +Voilà c'est fait ! Oh -- nous aurions aussi pu utiliser les environnements + +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Cite +\family default +, +\family sans +Citation +\family default + ou même +\family sans +Vers +\family default + à la place de +\family sans +Liste +\family default +. + L'exemple aurait été exactement le même. +\layout Subsubsection + +Exemple n°2 : Héritage +\layout LyX-Code + +Voici un environnement LyX-Code, au niveau n°1, +\newline +le plus extérieur. + Nous allons taper +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +, +\newline +puis +\family sans +M-p Droite +\family default +, après quoi nous allons passer +\newline +à l'environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Voici l'environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +, au niveau n°2. +\layout Enumerate + +Notez comment l'environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + +\newline +emboîté hérite non seulement des marges +\newline +de son environnement parent ( +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +), +\newline +mais aussi de sa police et de son interligne ! +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Nous avons terminé cet exemple en tapant +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +. + Ensuite nous avons remis l'environnement de paragraphe à +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, et réinitialisé la profondeur d'emboîtement avec +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Gauche +\family default +. +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout Subsubsection + +Exemple n°3 : Marqueurs de liste et Niveaux dans les Environnements +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + et +\family sans +ListePuces +\layout Enumerate + +Voici le niveau n°1 d'un environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +. + Nous allons en emboîter un paquet. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Voici le niveau n°2. + Nous avons fait +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default + suivi de +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default +. + Que se passe-t-il si nous y emboîtons un environnement +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default + ? Il sera au niveau n°3, mais quel marqueur aura-t-il ? Un astérisque ? +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Non ! C'est une puce. + C'est le +\emph on +premier +\emph default + environnement +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +, même s'il est au niveau n°3. + Son marqueur est donc une puce. + (NB : nous sommes arrivés ici en tapant +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default +, puis +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default +, puis en changeant l'environnement à +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +.) +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Voici le niveau n°4, obtenu avec +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default +, puis +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default +. + Nous allons recommencer... +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +...pour passer au niveau n°5. + Mais cette fois, nous avons aussi remis l'environnement de paragraphe à + +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +. + Notez le type de numérotation ! C'est un +\emph on +chiffre romain en minuscule +\emph default +, car c'est le +\emph on +troisième +\emph default + environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + (c'est-à-dire un +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + dans un +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + dans un +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Que se passe-t-il si nous ne changeons +\emph on +pas +\emph default + l'environnement de paragraphe, mais diminuons la profondeur d'emboîtement + ? Quelle type de numérotation LyX utilise-t-il ? +\layout Enumerate + +Au fait, vous aurez deviné que nous utilisons +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default + pour conserver le même environnement et la même profondeur mais créer un + nouvel élément. +\layout Enumerate + +Faisons +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Gauche +\family default + pour diminuer la profondeur après le prochain +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +C'est le niveau n°4. + Voyez quel marqueur utilise LyX ! +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +C'est le niveau n°3. + Même si nous avons changé de niveau, LyX utilise encore un chiffre romain + en minuscule comme marqueur. + Pourquoi ?! +\layout Enumerate + +Parce que, même si la profondeur d'emboîtement a changé, le paragraphe est + +\emph on +toujours +\emph default + le troisième environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +. + Notez que LyX a quand même remis le compteur de la numérotation à zéro. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Après un autre +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default + suivi de +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Gauche +\family default +, nous voilà de retour au niveau n°2. + Cette fois, nous n'avons pas seulement changé la profondeur d'emboîtement, + nous sommes en même temps retournés au deuxième environnement +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Nous obtenons la même chose avec une autre suite +\family sans +M-Entrée M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Gauche +\family default + et sommes revenus au niveau n°1, le plus extérieur. +\layout Standard + +Enfin, nous remettons l'environnement à +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Comme vous le voyez, ce n'est pas le numéro du niveau qui détermine le + type de marqueur utilisé par LyX dans les environnements +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + et +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +. + C'est le nombre d'autres environnements +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + qui l'entourent qui détermine le type de numérotation dans un élément +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +. + La même règle s'applique aux environnements +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Exemple n°4 : Péter les plombs +\layout Enumerate + +Cette fois nous allons devenir complètement fous. + Nous n'allons pas aller aussi profond que dans les autres exemples, ni + n'allons entrer autant dans les détails de l'élaboration. + (niveau n°1 : +\family sans +Énumération +\family default +) +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +( +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +, +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default +, +\family sans +Standard +\family default + : niveau n°2) Nous allons mettre entre parenthèses la description du processus. + Par exemple, les deux raccourcis clavier montrent comment nous avons changé + la profondeur. + Le nom d'environnement est bien sûr celui de l'environnement actuel. + Nous indiquerons aussi le niveau, avant ou après. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +( +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +, +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + : niveau n°1) C'est l'élément suivant dans la liste. +\begin_deeper +\layout Verse + +Nous ajoutons des vers. +\newline +Ça n'arrange pas nos affaires. +\newline +( +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +, +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default +, +\family sans +Vers +\family default + : niveau n°2) +\layout Verse + +PooPooPiDoo ! +\newline +( +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default +) +\layout Verse + +Voici un tableau : +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +un poisson +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +deux poissons +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +poisson rouge +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +poisson bleu +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Verse + +( +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default +, +\family sans +Tableau +\family default +, +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Droite +\family default + 3 fois, +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default +, +\family sans +Vers +\family default +, +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Gauche +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +( +\family sans +Entrée +\family default +, +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + : niveau n°1) Un autre élément. + Notez que sélectionner un +\family sans +Tableau +\family default + remet la profondeur au niveau n°1, nous avons donc dû augmenter la profondeur + 2 fois pour mettre le tableau dans l'environnement +\family sans +Vers +\family default +. +\layout Quotation + +Nous en avons terminé avec liste +\family sans +Énumération +\family default + et passons à +\family sans +Citation +\family default +. + Nous sommes toujours au niveau n°1. + Nous voulons vous montrer quelques-unes des choses que vous pouvez faire + en mélangeant les environnements. + Les paragraphes qui suivent constituent une +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +lettre citée +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Nous allons emboîter les environnements +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + et +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + dans celui-ci, puis utiliser un autre +\family sans +Citation +\family default + emboîté pour le corps de la lettre. + Nous utilisons +\family sans +M-Entrée +\family default + pour préserver la profondeur. + Rappelez-vous que vous pouvez utiliser +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default + pour entrer plusieurs lignes dans les environnement +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + et +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +. + Les voici : +\begin_deeper +\layout Right Address + +123, allée de Nulle Part +\newline +01001 TRIFOUILLIS les Oies +\newline +01/01/2000 +\layout Address + +Cher M.\SpecialChar ~ +Dupont, +\layout Quotation + +Nous sommes au regret de vous annoncer que nous ne pouvons faire suite à + votre commande de 50\SpecialChar ~ +L de gaz méthane comprimé, en raison de circonstances + indépendantes de notre volonté. + Une de nos vaches ayant explosé pour des raisons inconnues, nous commandes + de méthane ont pris un certain retard. + Nous vous avons placé sur la liste d'attente et vous expédierons votre + commande dès que possible. + Nous vous transmettons toutes nos excuses. +\layout Quotation + +Nous pouvons vous faire bénéficier de rabais importants sur le boeuf. + Si vous êtes intéressé, veuillez renvoyer le bon de commande ainsi que + le paiement à l'adresse indiquée. +\layout Address + +En vous remerciant par avance, +\newline +Tryphon Tournesol +\end_deeper +\layout Quotation + +Fin de l'exemple ! +\layout Standard + +Vous voyez que l'emboîtement d'environnements vous offre de nombreuses possibili +tés en peu de touches. + Nous aurions facilement pu emboîter une liste +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default + dans un +\family sans +Citation +\family default + ou un +\family sans +Cite +\family default +, ou mettre un +\family sans +Cite +\family default + dans une liste +\family sans +ListePuces +\family default +. + Vous avez une énorme variété d'options à votre disposition. +\layout Section + +Polices et Styles de Texte +\layout Subsection + +En résumé +\layout Standard + +La tendance actuelle pour beaucoup de langages de typographie et de langages + à balises est d'indiquer des styles de caractères et non plus de demander + une police particulière. + Par exemple, au lieu de demander la même police en italique pour mettre + du texte en valeur, vous utilisez le style +\family sans +En\SpecialChar ~ +Évidence +\family default +. + Ce concept a parfaitement sa place dans LyX, où vous spécifiez des contextes, + et non des détails typographiques. +\layout Standard + +Pour le moment, LyX vous permet de spécifier une police par défaut pour + l'ensemble du document, et possède deux styles spéciaux de caractères : + +\family sans +En\SpecialChar ~ +Évidence +\family default + et +\family sans +Nom\SpecialChar ~ +Propre +\family default +. + Le style +\family sans +Nom\SpecialChar ~ +Propre +\family default + correspond à une police en petites majuscules, qui dans certaines langues + et styles d'écriture sert à typographier les noms propres. + L'Équipe LyX espère avoir un jour un ensemble complet de styles de caractères, + et aussi permettre à l'utilisateur de personnaliser les changements de + police associés à un style donné. + Mais pour l'instant, vous devrez vous satisfaire de ce qui existe déjà. +\layout Subsection + +Options Globales +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez choisir la police par défaut dans l'onglet +\family sans +Document +\family default + de la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + Celui-ci contient deux options qui nous intéressent ici, +\family sans +Polices +\family default + et +\family sans +Taille\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Police +\family default +. + Les choix possibles pour +\family sans +Polices +\family default + comprennent +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +défaut +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + et une liste de polices disponibles sur votre système. + L'option +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +défaut +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + utilise les polices TeX standard, appelées +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +computer modern +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + (cm) ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +European modern +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + (ec). + La plupart des systèmes auront une version de police Times et Helvetica, + ainsi que d'autres variantes. + Vous devrez vérifier tout ceci par vous-même. +\layout Standard + +Quant à l'option +\family sans +Taille\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Police +\family default +, il y a trois valeurs possibles : +\family sans +10 +\family default +, +\family sans +11 +\family default + et +\family sans +12 +\family default +. + Rappelez-vous, c'est la taille de base. + LyX s'y réfère pour calculer toutes les autres tailles de police possibles + (comme celle des notes de bas de page, exposants et indices). + Vous pouvez toujours ajuster finement la taille de police dans le document + si nécessaire. + Ce n'est pas malin d'utiliser une police 8\SpecialChar ~ +pt ou 24\SpecialChar ~ +pt comme taille de base, + car votre document sera en général illisible. +\layout Standard + +Une fois que vous avez changé la valeur de +\family sans +Polices +\family default + ou de +\family sans +Taille\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Police +\family default +, LyX +\emph on +ne change pas +\emph default + l'affichage à l'écran. + Vous ne verrez de différence que sur le rendu final. + Ceci fait partie du concept WYSIWYM. + Par ailleurs, vous avez certainement remarqué que le texte +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Roman +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + à l'écran correspond à la police par défaut. +\layout Subsection + +Utiliser des Styles de Caractères Différents +\layout Standard + +Comme nous l'avons vu, LyX change automatiquement le style des caractères + pour certains environnements de paragraphe. + Nous avons aussi mentionné deux autres styles de caractères, +\family sans +En\SpecialChar ~ +Évidence +\family default + et +\family sans +Nom\SpecialChar ~ +Propre +\family default +. + Vous pouvez mettre en oeuvre ces deux styles au moyen des raccourcis clavier, + des menus et de la barre d'outils. +\layout Standard + +Pour activer le style +\family sans +Nom\SpecialChar ~ +Propre +\family default +, faites l'un des trois : +\layout Itemize + +sélectionnez +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Petites\SpecialChar ~ +Majuscules +\layout Itemize + +cliquez sur le bouton de la barre d'outils avec la silhouette de bonhomme +\layout Itemize + +utilisez le raccourci clavier +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +c +\layout Standard + +Ces commandes sont toutes des bascules. + C'est-à-dire que si le style +\family sans +Nom\SpecialChar ~ +Propre +\family default + est déjà actif, elles le désactivent. +\layout Standard + +On utilise en général le style +\family sans +Nom\SpecialChar ~ +Propre +\family default + pour les noms propres. + Par exemple : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich +\noun default + est l'auteur à l'origine de LyX. +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Un style de caractères puis largement employé est le style +\family sans +En\SpecialChar ~ +Évidence +\family default +. + Vous pouvez l'activer (ou le désactiver : c'est aussi une bascule) en : +\layout Itemize + +faisant +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Emphasize\SpecialChar ~ +Style +\layout Itemize + +cliquant sur le bouton de la barre d'outils avec un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +! +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dessus +\layout Itemize + +utilisant le raccourci clavier +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +e +\layout Standard + +Pour l'instant, le style +\family sans +En\SpecialChar ~ +Évidence +\family default + équivaut à une police italique. + Nous projetons de rendre à l'avenir ce comportement modifiable par l'utilisateu +r. +\layout Standard + +Nous avons utilisé le style +\family sans +En\SpecialChar ~ +Évidence +\family default + tout au long de ce document. + Encore un exemple : +\layout Quotation + + +\emph on +N'abusez pas des styles de caractères ! +\layout Standard + +Cet exemple vaut aussi comme avertissement. + L'écrit devrait ressembler à la conversation courante. + De même que nous ne nous crions pas dessus constamment, nous devrions aussi + éviter d'abuser des styles de caractères. +\layout Standard + +Au fait, une dernière note : Vous pouvez toujours repasser dans la police + par défaut avec le raccourci clavier +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Espace +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Réglage fin avec la Fenêtre +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Caractère +\layout Standard + +Il y a toujours des occasions où vous avez besoin de réglages fins, donc + LyX vous permet de créer des styles de caractères personnalisés. + Par exemple, une publication de recherche ou une entreprise peuvent avoir + une convention de style réclamant une police sans empattement dans certaines + situations +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Note de +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default + : Il y a effectivement une telle convention de style pour la Documentation + de LyX, car les manuels nécessitent une certaine cohérence. +\end_inset + +. + De même, des auteurs utilisent parfois une police différente pour distinguer + les pensées d'un personnage du dialogue ordinaire. +\layout Standard + +Avant de dire comment utiliser un style de caractères personnalisé, nous + voulons de nouveau proférer un avertissement : N'abusez pas des styles + de caractères. + Beaucoup de traitements de texte modernes disposent d'un vaste choix de + polices, vous offrant la puissance d'une presse d'imprimerie. + Malheureusement, on a tendance à abuser de cette puissance. + C'est comme utiliser un marteau-pilon pour écraser une mouche. + Les documents qui abusent des différentes polices et des différentes tailles + finissent par ne plus ressembler à grand chose. +\layout Standard + +Assez de récriminations. +\layout Standard + +Pour utiliser des polices personnalisées, ouvrez la fenêtre +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Caractère +\family default + en faisant +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère +\family default +. + Il y a sept champs dans cette fenêtre, chacun correspondant à une propriété + de la police que vous pouvez ajuster. + Vous pouvez choisir une option pour chacune de ces sept propriétés, ou + sélectionner +\family sans +Pas\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +changement +\family default +, qui laisse cette propriété telle quelle. + L'élément +\family sans +Réinitialiser +\family default + remet la propriété à sa valeur par défaut dans l'environnement de paragraphe + concerné. + Vous pouvez utiliser ceci pour faire une remise à zéro pour plusieurs environne +ments de paragraphe à la fois. +\layout Standard + +Les sept propriétés de police et les choix possibles (en plus de +\family sans +Pas\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +changement +\family default + et +\family sans +Réinitialiser +\family default +) sont : +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Famille +\family default + L'aspect général de la police. + Les choix possibles sont : +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Roman +\family default + C'est la police Roman par défaut. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +C'est aussi la famille par défaut. + (raccourci = +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Sans\SpecialChar ~ +empattement +\family default + +\family sans +C'est la famille de polices sans empattement. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Chasse\SpecialChar ~ +fixe +\family default + +\family typewriter +C'est la famille de polices à chasse fixe. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Série +\family default + Correspond à l'épaisseur du caractère. + Choix : +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Maigre +\family default + C'est la série des polices maigres. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +C'est aussi la série par défaut. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Gras +\family default + +\series bold +C'est la série des polices grasses. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez l'activer ou la désactiver avec +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Gras +\family default +, ou avec le raccourci clavier +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Forme +\family default + Comme son nom l'indique. + Choix : +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Droit +\family default + C'est la forme droite. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +C'est aussi la forme par défaut. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Italique +\family default + +\family sans +\shape italic +C'est la forme italique. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Inclinée +\family default + +\family sans +\shape slanted +C'est la forme inclinée. + +\family default +\shape default + (différente de l'italique, même si ce n'est pas très visible à l'écran) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Petites\SpecialChar ~ +capitales +\family default + +\family sans +\shape smallcaps +C'est la forme en petites capitales. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Taille +\family default + Change la taille de la police. + Pas de valeurs numériques ici : toutes les tailles possibles sont en fait + proportionnelles à la taille de police par défaut. + Là encore, vous ne donnez pas à LyX les détails, mais une description générale + de ce que vous voulez. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Les choix (et leurs raccourcis clavier) sont : +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Petit(4) +\family default + +\size tiny +C'est la taille +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Petit(4) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family default + ou +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Petit(3) +\family default + +\size scriptsize +C'est la taille +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Petit(3) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +2) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Petit(2) +\family default + +\size footnotesize +C'est la taille +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Petit(2) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S +\family default + ou +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +3) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Petit(1) +\family default + +\size small +C'est la taille +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Petit(1) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + ou +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +4) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Normal +\family default + C'est la taille +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Normale +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +C'est aussi la taille par défaut. + (raccourci = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + ou +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +5) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Grand(1) +\family default + +\size large +C'est la taille +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Grand(1) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +l +\family default + ou +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +6) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Grand(2) +\family default + +\size larger +C'est la taille +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Grand(2) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +L +\family default + ou +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +7) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Grand(3) +\family default + +\size largest +C'est la taille +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Grand(3) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +8) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Grand(4) +\family default + +\size huge +C'est la taille +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Grand(4) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +h +\family default + ou +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +9) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Grand(5) +\family default + +\size huge +C'est la taille +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Grand(5) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +H +\family default + ou +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +0) +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Nous vous prévenons encore une fois : restez calme avec cette fonction. + Vous ne devriez presque jamais avoir à changer la taille de la police. + LyX adapte automatiquement la taille aux environnements de paragraphe. + Cette fonction n'est là +\emph on +que +\emph default + pour du réglage fin ! +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Divers +\family default + Ici vous pouvez changer quelques autres choses sur les caractères. + Les choix sont : +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Mis\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +valeur +\family default + +\emph on +Du texte mis en valeur. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +On peut croire que c'est la même chose qu' +\shape italic +Italique +\shape default +, mais en fait c'est un peu différent. + Si vous utilisez +\family sans +Mis\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +valeur +\family default + sur du texte en italiques, il sera redressé. + Dans de prochaines versions de LyX, nous espérons que vous pourrez personnalise +r le comportement exact de cette propriété +\emph on +logique +\emph default +. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Souligné +\family default + +\bar under +Du texte souligné. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(raccourci = +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +u +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Nom\SpecialChar ~ +Propre +\family default + +\noun on +Du texte avec Nom\SpecialChar ~ +Propre. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Comme +\family sans +Mis\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +valeur +\family default +, c'est un attribut logique. + Pour l'instant, il équivaut à +\family sans +Petites\SpecialChar ~ +Capitales +\family default +, mais ça changera un jour. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Évitez si possible d'utiliser les caractères soulignés ! C'est un reste + du temps des machines à écrire, quand vous ne pouviez pas changer de police. + Nous n'avons plus besoin de faire ressortir du texte en le renforçant avec + le caractère de soulignement. + Il n'est inclus dans LyX que parce qu'il l'est aussi dans LaTeX, et que + certaines personnes peuvent en avoir besoin pour suivre les conventions + de style de certaines publications (et d'ailleurs nous l'utilisons aussi + dans ces manuels pour indiquer les raccourcis clavier pour les éléments + de menus). +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Couleur +\family default + Vous permet d'ajuster la couleur du texte. + Pour l'exploiter, il vous faut bien sûr une imprimante couleur, mais vous + devez aussi avoir le paquetage LaTeX +\family sans +color +\family default +. + Notez que +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + n'est pas capable d'afficher ces couleurs. + En plus de +\family sans +Pas\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +couleur +\family default +, qui est la couleur +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +standard +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, vous pouvez choisir entre +\family sans +Noir +\family default +, +\family sans +Blanc +\family default +, +\family sans +Rouge +\family default +, +\family sans +Vert +\family default +, +\family sans +Bleu +\family default +, +\family sans +Cyan +\family default +, +\family sans +Magenta +\family default + et +\family sans +Jaune +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Langue +\family default + Vous pouvez marquer des zones de texte comme étant rédigées dans une langue + autre que celle du document. + Le texte ainsi marqué sera souligné en bleu pour rappeler ce changement. +\layout Standard + +Vous avez donc un nombre énorme de combinaisons disponibles. +\layout Standard + +Une fois que vous avez choisi un nouveau style de caractères dans la fenêtre + +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Caractère +\family default +, vous pouvez l'activer en utilisant le bouton de la barre d'outils marqué + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Font +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, ou bien le bouton +\family sans +Appliquer +\family default +. + Le bouton de la barre d'outils vous permet d'activer et de désactiver le + style de caractères personnalisé même quand la fenêtre +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Caractère +\family default + n'est pas visible. +\layout Standard + +Comme nous l'avons dit plus haut, pour remettre à zéro complètement le style + de caractères, faites +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Espace +\family default +. + Si vous voulez basculer seulement les propriétés que vous venez de changer + (supposons que vous venez de mettre la forme à +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +inclinée +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et la série à +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +gras +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +), cochez le bouton +\family sans +(Dés)Activer\SpecialChar ~ +sur\SpecialChar ~ +tous +\family default + et appuyez sur +\family sans +Appliquer +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Nous allons conclure sur le même avertissement que d'habitude : N'abusez + pas des polices. + La plupart du temps, elles créent du cafouillage et sont un affreux succédané + pour une écriture correcte. + Vos écrits devraient parler d'eux-mêmes -- et c'est ce qu'ils feront. +\layout Section + +Imprimer et Prévisualiser +\layout Subsection + +En résumé +\layout Standard + +Maintenant que nous avons traité certaines des opérations de base pour la + préparation d'un document avec LyX, vous voulez sans doute savoir comment + imprimer votre chef-d'oeuvre. + Avant de vous en parler, nous voulons d'abord vous donner une brève explication + de ce qui a lieu dans les coulisses. + Nous en parlons aussi dans le manuel d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default +, d'une manière beaucoup plus détaillée. +\layout Standard + +LyX utilise en arrière-plan un programme appelé +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + (En fait, LaTeX n'est rien d'autre qu'un ensemble de macros pour le système + typographique TeX, mais pour faire simple, nous allons appeler l'ensemble + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +.) Tout se passe ainsi : LyX est ce que vous utilisez effectivement pour + écrire. + Puis LyX fait appel à LaTeX pour transformer votre écrit en sortie imprimable. + Il y a quelques étapes : +\layout Enumerate + +D'abord, LyX convertit votre document en une série de commandes pour LaTeX, + générant un fichier avec l'extension +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +.tex +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Ensuite, LaTeX interprète les commandes dans le fichier +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + pour produire une sortie imprimable. + Mais il ne connaît pas votre imprimante. + LaTeX produit un fichier +\emph on +indépendant de l'appareil +\emph default +, ou DVI ( +\emph on +device independent +\emph default +). + La sortie va donc dans un fichier avec l'extension +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +.dvi +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Les fichiers DVI sont complètement portables ; vous pouvez les déplacer + d'une machine à une autre sans faire aucune conversion. +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +NOTE: Le fichier DVI ne contient rien de plus que le fichier LaTeX lui-même. + Si vous avez inclus des images PostScript® dans votre document, il n'y + aura qu'un lien vers ces fichiers. + Ne les oubliez donc pas quand vous déplacez votre fichier +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + d'un ordinateur à un autre. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Considérez le fichier +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + comme le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +rendu final +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Une fois que vous l'avez, vous pouvez le visionner, l'imprimer, ou le convertir + dans d'autres formats. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Vous pouvez visionner les fichiers +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + avec un programme appelé +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Certaines imprimantes et systèmes Unix comprennent le DVI, et peuvent imprimer + directement votre fichier +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +De nos jours, la plupart des imprimantes comprennent le format PostScript®. + LyX convertit automatiquement le fichier +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + en fichier PostScript® quand vous imprimez votre document. + LyX vous permet aussi de prévisualiser une version PostScript® de votre + document avec le programme +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Un des avantages d'utiliser PostScript® est que le programme de conversion + (appelé +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +) prend tous les graphiques PostScript® que vous avez pu inclure et les + met dans la version PostScript® de votre document. + Il inclut aussi toutes les polices spéciales que vous pouvez avoir utilisées. + Ceci rend la version PostScript® beaucoup plus portable que la version + DVI. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +LyX se charge automagiquement de toutes ces étapes. +\layout Standard + +Comme vous l'avez vu, avant d'avoir une impression ou une prévisualisation + du document, bien des choses se passent. + Ne vous affolez donc pas si l'impression nécessite un peu plus de temps + qu'avec d'autres traitements de texte. + Le résultat imprimé en vaut la peine. + La qualité a un prix ! +\layout Subsection + +Visualisation Rapide avec +\family typewriter +xdvi +\layout Standard + +Pour avoir un aperçu de la version finale du document, avec tous les sauts + de page en place, les notes de bas de page correctement numérotées, et + tout le reste, faites +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\family default +, puis attendez un moment. +\layout Standard + +Quand tout le travail d'arrière-plan est terminé, LyX lance le programme + +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + Vous pouvez maintenant voir le résultat. + (Si vous voulez plus d'info sur le programme +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +, voyez la page de man.) +\layout Description + +Conseil\SpecialChar ~ +utile: Gardez la fenêtre +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + ouverte, éventuellement en la déplaçant vers un autre bureau. + Alors, une fois que vous aurez apporté des changements à votre document, + vous n'aurez qu'à faire +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mise\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +jour\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\family default +, puis cliquer sur la fenêtre +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + Le programme +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + relit automatiquement le fichier +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + et vous montre la version mise à jour. +\layout Subsection + +Visualiser la Version PostScript® avec +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + +\layout Standard + +En général, la façon la plus simple et la plus rapide de visualiser votre + document est avec +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + Cependant vous pouvez parfois vouloir jeter un oeil sur la version PostScript®. + Les polices constituent une raison +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Note de +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default + : Une autre étant la paranoïa. + Je préfère toujours regarder le fichier PostScript® avant d'imprimer, juste + pour voir exactement ce qui va à l'imprimante... +\end_inset + +. + Vous pouvez utiliser des polices PostScript® dans un document LaTeX, mais + +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + ne les affiche pas. + Vous devez utiliser +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + ou une autre visionneuse PostScript® pour voir le résultat final. +\layout Standard + +Pour visualiser la version PostScript® de votre document, faites +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PostScript +\family default +. + Quand tous les tours de magie d'arrière-plan sont terminés, LyX lance le + programme +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default +. + Vous pouvez maintenant regarder le résultat. +\layout Standard + +Vous aurez deviné ce que fait la commande +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mise\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +jour\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PostScript +\family default +. + Souvenez-vous de cliquer ensuite une fois dans la fenêtre +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + pour mettre à jour l'affichage. +\layout Subsection + +Imprimer le Fichier +\layout Standard + +Pour imprimer un fichier, faites +\family sans +Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Imprimer +\family default +, ou cliquez dans la barre d'outils sur le bouton avec une imprimante. + La fenêtre +\family sans +Imprimer +\family default + s'ouvre. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez choisir de n'imprimer que les pages paires ou impaires -- c'est + utile pour imprimer en recto/verso même si votre imprimante n'imprime les + feuilles que d'un seul côté, imprimez d'abord les pages impaires, puis + retournez le papier et imprimez les pages paires. + Certaines imprimantes crachent les feuilles face imprimée dessus, d'autres + dessous. + En choisissant le bon ordre, vous pouvez sortir le tas de feuilles imprimées + sans avoir à les reclasser. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez choisir les options suivantes dans le champ +\family sans +Destination +\family default + : +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Imprimante +\family default + C'est le nom de l'imprimante à utiliser +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ce nom d'imprimante n'est pas pour la commande +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default + mais pour +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + Ceci sous-entend que +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + doit être configuré pour. + Voir la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:config-dvips} + +\end_inset + + ou la documentation de +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + pour les détails. + L'imprimante par défaut peut aussi être choisie dans +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + Cette imprimante doit comprendre les fichiers PostScript®. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Fichier +\family default + Le nom d'un fichier vers lequel imprimer. + La sortie sera en format PostScript®. + Le fichier sera en général écrit dans le répertoire actuel, sauf si vous + spécifiez le chemin complet. +\layout Standard + +Notez que l'impression peut prendre un peu de temps, puisque LaTeX, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + et, si vous n'avez pas d'imprimante PostScript, +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + doivent traiter votre document. +\layout Section + +Quelques Mots sur la Typographie +\layout Subsection + +Tirets et Césures +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tirets} + +\end_inset + +Dans LyX, le caractère - existe dans trois longueurs, souvent appelées +\emph on +trait\SpecialChar ~ +d'union +\emph default +, +\emph on +tiret\SpecialChar ~ +en +\emph default + et +\emph on +tiret\SpecialChar ~ +em +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Respectivement +\emph on +hyphen +\emph default +, +\emph on +en\SpecialChar ~ +dash +\emph default + et +\emph on +em\SpecialChar ~ +dash +\emph default + en version originale. +\end_inset + + : +\layout Enumerate + +trait\SpecialChar ~ +d'union +\hfill +- +\hfill +obtenu avec - +\layout Enumerate + +tiret\SpecialChar ~ +en +\hfill +-- +\hfill +obtenu avec - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +- +\layout Enumerate + +tiret\SpecialChar ~ +em +\hfill +--- +\hfill +obtenu avec - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +- +\layout Enumerate + +signe moins +\hfill + +\begin_inset Formula $-$ +\end_inset + + +\hfill +un - en mode math +\layout Standard + +Vous créez ces éléments en utilisant le caractère - plusieurs fois de suite. + LyX les convertit automatiquement en un tiret de longueur appropriée dans + le rendu final. +\layout Standard + +Les trois types de tiret sont distincts du signe moins, qui apparaît en + mode math et a une longueur différente. + Voici quelques exemples d'emploi des tirets : +\layout Enumerate + +en-tête +\hfill +( +\emph on +trait\SpecialChar ~ +d'union +\emph default +) +\layout Enumerate + +Je crois que les tirets sont utiles -- surtout ici. +\hfill +( +\emph on +tiret\SpecialChar ~ +en +\emph default +) +\layout Enumerate + +--- Pour les dialogues. +\hfill +( +\emph on +tiret\SpecialChar ~ +em +\emph default +) +\layout Enumerate + + +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$ +\end_inset + + +\hfill +( +\emph on +signe moins +\emph default +) +\layout Standard + +Ceux qui lisent ceci dans LyX ne verront pas la différence, mais il y en + a une dans la version imprimée. +\layout Standard + +Une dernière remarque sur la césure -- LyX coupe les mots automagiquement + et insère des traits d'union. + (En fait, c'est LaTeX qui s'en charge et cela ne marche que pour +\emph on +certaines +\emph default + langues.) Les mots ne seront pas coupés avant de générer le rendu final. +\layout Standard + +Si, pour une raison quelconque, LaTeX n'arrivait pas à couper un mot correctemen +t, vous pouvez disposer les points de césure à la main, avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère\SpecialChar ~ +spécial\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Point\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +césure +\family default +. + Ces points de césure supplémentaires ne sont que des indications pour LaTeX. + Si aucune coupure n'est nécessaire, LaTeX les ignorera complètement. +\layout Subsection + +Ponctuation +\layout Subsubsection + +Abréviations et Fins de phrase +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abrev} + +\end_inset + +Quand LyX invoque LaTeX pour générer la version finale de votre document, + LaTeX fait tout seul la distinction entre les mots, les phrase et les abréviati +ons. + LaTeX ajoute alors la +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +quantité appropriée d'espace +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + : les phrases ont un peu plus d'espace entre le point final et le mot suivant. + Les abréviations ont autant d'espace après le point qu'entre deux mots. +\layout Standard + +Malheureusement, l'algorithme pour reconnaître une abréviation d'une fin + de phrase n'est vraiment pas très malin. + Si un +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + suit une lettre minuscule, c'est la fin d'une phrase ; s'il suit une lettre + majuscule, c'est une abréviation. +\layout Standard + +Voici quelques exemples +\emph on +corrects +\emph default +d'abréviations et de fins de phrase : +\layout Itemize + +M. + Dupont +\layout Itemize + +Il fait beau. + Le soleil brille. +\layout Standard + +...et voici un exemple où l'algorithme se trompe : +\layout Itemize + +par ex. + il y a trop d'espace ! +\layout Itemize + +Je monte dans ma DS. + Je mets le contact. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Il m'en a fallu du temps pour trouver un exemple aussi intéressant + ! +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Vous ne verrez rien qui cloche avant d'avoir la version finale du document. +\layout Standard + +Pour régler ce problème, vous pouvez : +\layout Enumerate + +Utiliser un +\family sans +Blanc\SpecialChar ~ +insécable +\family default + après les abréviations en minuscule (voir la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:espace_insec-saut_ligne-ligne_horiz} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Enumerate + +Utiliser +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère\SpecialChar ~ +spécial\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Point\SpecialChar ~ +final +\family default + pour forcer l'espacement entre phrases. + On l'obtient aussi avec +\family sans +C-point +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Le raccourci n'a pas l'air de marcher avec un clavier français. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Avec les corrections, nos exemples deviennent : +\layout Itemize + +par ex.\SpecialChar ~ +il y a trop d'espace ! +\layout Itemize + +Je monte dans ma DS\SpecialChar \@. + Je mets le contact. +\layout Standard + +Certaines langues ne mettent pas plus d'espace entre les phrases qu'entre + les mots. + Si vous voulez écrire dans ces langues, vous n'avez pas à vous occuper + de tout ceci. + Pour les autres, on peut s'aider de la fonction +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Vérification\SpecialChar ~ +TeX +\family default + pour repérer ces erreurs (fonction décrite dans le manuel d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +avancées +\emph default +). +\layout Subsubsection + +Guillemets +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:guillemets} + +\end_inset + +LyX met en général les guillemets dans le bon sens : un ouvrant au début + et un fermant à la fin. + Par exemple, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ouvert fermé +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, obtenu simplement avec la touche +\family sans +" +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez changer le comportement de cette touche avec la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + Dans l'onglet +\family sans +Langue +\family default + vous avez un cadre +\family sans +Guillemets +\family default +. + Cochez le bouton +\family sans +Simples +\family default + pour avoir des guillemets simples et +\family sans +Doubles +\family default + pour en avoir des doubles. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi choisir la forme des guillemets dans le champ +\family sans +Type +\family default +. + Il y a six possibilités : +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Texte +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +double +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + +simple +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Texte +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +double +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + ou 'simple +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Texte +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +double +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes gls +\end_inset + +simple +\begin_inset Quotes grs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Texte +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +double +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes pls +\end_inset + +simple +\begin_inset Quotes prs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Texte +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +double +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes fls +\end_inset + +simple +\begin_inset Quotes frs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +Texte +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +double +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes als +\end_inset + +simple +\begin_inset Quotes ars +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ce choix change le comportement de la touche +\family sans +" +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Pour avoir un guillemet double droit comme ceci : +\family typewriter +" +\family default +, faites +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère spécial\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Guillemet\SpecialChar ~ +standard +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : ou +\family sans +Citation\SpecialChar ~ +Ordinaire +\family default + (traduction erronée). +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Ligatures +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures} + +\end_inset + +Il est commun en typographie de grouper certaines lettres ensemble et de + les imprimer comme un seul caractère. + Ces groupes s'appellent des +\emph on +ligatures +\emph default +. + Comme LaTeX sait s'en servir, vos documents LyX en contiendront aussi. + Voici les ligatures possibles : +\layout Itemize + +ff +\layout Itemize + +fi +\layout Itemize + +fl +\layout Itemize + +ffi +\layout Itemize + +ffl +\layout Standard + +Parfois cependant, vous ne voulez pas d'une ligature dans un mot. + Alors qu'une ligature convient dans le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +graffiti +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, ce n'est pas le cas dans des mots composés comme l'allemand +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Dorffest +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Faute d'idée d'exemple en français. +\end_inset + +. + Pour empêcher une ligature, vous devez insérer un caractère spécial entre + les lettres, avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère\SpecialChar ~ +Spécial\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Séparation\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Ligature +\family default +, et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Dorffest +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + devient +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} +fest +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Veuves et Orphelins +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:veuves} + +\end_inset + +Aux premiers temps des traitements de texte, les sauts de page intervenaient + quand la page en venait à se terminer. + Ils ne tenaient pas compte de ce qu'il y avait dans le texte. + Il vous est peut-être déjà arrivé d'imprimer un document, et de découvrir + l'en-tête d'une section imprimée tout en bas d'une page, la première ligne + d'un paragraphe toute seule en bas de la page, ou la dernière ligne d'un + paragraphe au sommet d'une nouvelle page. + Ces bouts de texte dépareillés devinrent connus sous le nom de +\emph on +veuves +\emph default + et d' +\emph on +orphelins +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX peut éviter de changer de page juste après un en-tête de section. + Ça fait partie des avantages des environnements de paragraphe. + Mais qu'en est-il des veuves et des orphelins, quand les sauts de page + ne laissent qu'une ligne d'un paragraphe toute seule au sommet ou au bas + d'une page ? LaTeX suit des règles concernant les sauts de page, et certaines + d'entre elles sont spécialement destinées à éviter les veuves et les orphelins. + C'est l'avantage d'utiliser LaTeX en arrière-plan. +\layout Standard + +Nous n'allons pas traiter de la façon de décider TeX ou LaTeX à changer + de page, ou de la façon d'influencer ce comportement. + Quelques livres sur LaTeX cités dans la bibliographie (comme\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion} + +\end_inset + + ou\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} + +\end_inset + +) peuvent contenir plus d'informations. + De toutes façons, vous n'aurez presque jamais à vous inquiéter de tout + cela. +\layout Chapter + +Les Flottants : Tableaux, Figures et Notes +\begin_inset OptArg +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tableaux, Figures, et Notes +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Notes en Bas de Page +\layout Standard + +Contrairement aux autres programmes de typographie, LyX utilise des boîtes + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +repliables +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, au lieu d'afficher les notes en bas de page au bas de l'écran ou ailleurs + dans le texte. + Quand vous insérez une note en bas de page avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Bas\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Page +\family default +, vous voyez d'abord apparaître dans votre texte une boîte grise avec une + étiquette rouge +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bas +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Cette boîte est la représentation de votre note dans LyX. + Vous pouvez y entrer votre texte. + Si vous cliquez sur le mot +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bas +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, la boîte va se refermer. + Cliquer de nouveau sur le bouton +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ouvrira +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + la note en bas de page +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pour fermer cette note en bas de page, cliquez sur la boîte rouge en haut + à gauche. +\end_inset + +. + Vous ne verrez aucun numéro dans LyX. + Vous n'avez pas à vous en inquiéter, puisque LyX, quand il traitera votre + fichier, s'occupera à votre place de numéroter la note, et de la placer + au bas de la bonne page. + Si vous voulez transformer du texte déjà existant en note en bas de page, + sélectionnez-le et cliquez sur le bouton +\family sans +Note\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Bas\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Page +\family default + de la barre d'outils (bouton avec un dessin représentant du texte, et une + flèche pointant sur ce qu'il y a dans la marge inférieure). +\layout Standard + +LyX ne peut pas encore s'occuper de certains besoins spéciaux comme remettre + à zéro la numérotation à chaque section dans la classe +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +article +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + ou changer le style de compteur. + Vous devrez insérer des commandes LaTeX comme celles décrites dans la section + +\emph on +Trucs et Astuces pour les Notes en Bas de Page et les Marges +\emph default + dans le manuel d' +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default +. +\layout Description + +NOTE\SpecialChar ~ +: Un flottant dans LaTeX et dans LyX n'est pas un paragraphe ordinaire + comme dans les autres traitements de texte. + C'est une structure de texte complexe qui peut contenir de tout sauf d'autres + flottants. + Ça veut dire que vous pouvez utiliser tous les formats dans un flottant, + même des figures et des tableaux. + Vous ne ferez pas cela tous les jours, mais si une fois le besoin se fait + sentir, c'est une possibilité intéressante. +\layout Section + +Notes en Marge +\layout Standard + +Les notes en marge dans LyX ressemblent aux notes en bas de page et se comporten +t pareil. + Quand vous insérez une note en marge avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar ~ +en\SpecialChar ~ +Marge +\family default + ou avec le bouton de la barre d'outils (qui contient un dessin, représentant + du texte dans une marge et une flèche pointant dessus), vous voyez apparaître + dans votre texte une boîte grise avec une étiquette rouge +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +marge +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +C'est une note en marge. +\end_inset + +. + Cette boîte est la représentation de votre note dans LyX. + Vous pouvez y entrer votre texte. + Si vous cliquez sur l'étiquette +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +marge +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, la boîte va se refermer. + Vous pourrez y accéder ultérieurement en cliquant à nouveau sur l'étiquette, + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ouvrant +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ainsi la note en marge. +\layout Standard + +Par défaut, LyX utilise une marge de largeur 1,9\SpecialChar ~ +cm (0,75\SpecialChar ~ +pouce) pour laisser + la place pour des notes. + Ce n'est peut-être pas ce que vous souhaitez mais, comme pour les notes + en bas de page, LyX ne sait pas encore faire tout ce que LaTeX peut offrir. + Vous pouvez consulter un manuel LaTeX pour mettre des commandes supplémentaires. +\layout Section + +Figures et Graphiques Importés +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures} + +\end_inset + + Aucun système de préparation de document n'est complet s'il n'a pas la + possibilité d'importer des graphiques dans le document à partir d'autres + applications. + Dans LyX, on les appelle figures, que ce soient des +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +figures +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + au sens habituel du terme ou une quelconque image importée. + Les figures PostScript® encapsulées sont très bien prises en charge par + LyX, qui utilise +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + pour générer une image à l'écran dans la fenêtre d'édition, et insère la + figure dans le document final avec la commande LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +includegraphics +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Notez que les figures dont nous parlons ici n'ont pas de légende et prennent + place dans le document exactement là où elles sont insérées. + Si vous voulez changer ce comportement, voyez plus bas la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures-flottantes} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Pour placer une figure dans votre document, cliquez sur la deuxième icône + en partant de la droite dans la barre d'outils, ou faites +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphique +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Un insert graphique est ajouté à votre document et une fenêtre s'ouvre, + qui vous permet de choisir le fichier à charger. + Vous pouvez aussi changer tous les réglages que vous voulez dans cette + fenêtre. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename mobius.eps + display color + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Cette même fenêtre apparaît quand vous cliquez sur la figure avec le bouton + gauche de la souris. +\layout Standard + +Cette fenêtre a de nombreux paramètres, mais la plupart s'expliquent d'eux-mêmes. + L'onglet +\family sans +Fichier +\family default + vous permet de choisir votre fichier d'image (notez qu'un vaste choix de + formats de fichiers est automatiquement supporté). + Vous pouvez choisir l'option +\family sans +Sous-Figure +\family default + dans les flottants de figure (voir la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures-flottantes} + +\end_inset + +). + La figure peut être transformée en choisissant un angle de rotation, en + la recadrant, et en la changeant d'échelle. + Il est possible de détecter automatiquement son cadre pour certains formats + d'image (voir l'onglet +\family sans +Cadre +\family default +). + Notez qu'il est possible de contrôler l'affichage de la figure dans LyX + et l'affichage dans le document final séparément, ce qui peut être très + utile pour de grandes figures. + Les génies de LaTeX peuvent spécifier des options LaTeX supplémentaires + dans l'onglet +\family sans +Autres +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Figures Flottantes +\layout Subsubsection + +Utiliser les Figures Flottantes +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures-flottantes} + +\end_inset + +Le problème d'insérer des figures directement dans le texte est qu'elle + peuvent gêner la pagination de votre document. + Pour coller à la mentalité de LyX d'automatiser de telles opérations, vous + pouvez préférer les +\family sans +Figures\SpecialChar ~ +Flottantes +\family default +, que LyX (en fait LaTeX) est libre de déplacer dans votre document autant + que nécessaire pour obtenir un bon rendu. + En outre, LyX génère automatiquement la liste de ces figures et vous permet + d'y placer une légende, en utilisant l'environnement +\family sans +Légende +\family default + expliqué dans la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:apparence-caption} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Pour placer une +\family sans +Figure\SpecialChar ~ +Flottante +\family default + faites juste +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Flottants\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Figure\SpecialChar ~ +Flottante +\family default +. + Vous aurez un flottant sans figure ; utilisez l'icône de la barre d'outils + décrite plus haut pour insérer la figure elle-même. + +\begin_inset Float figure +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher} + +\end_inset + +Acide de M.C. + Escher. +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename escher-lsd.eps + display color + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Float figure +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename platypus.eps + display color + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:ornitho} + +\end_inset + +Un ornithorynque plutôt tordu. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ça paraît simple, mais il y a des subtilités pour la disposition de la légende. + Si vous préférez que votre légende apparaisse sous la figure, alors vous + devez taper +\family sans +Entrée +\family default + quand le curseur est tout au début de la légende, et insérer la figure + dans le nouveau paragraphe créé au-dessus de la légende ; après que la + figure a été insérée, vous pouvez aussi effacer la légende et la recréer + en choisissant l'environnement +\family sans +Légende +\family default +. + C'est ce que nous avons fait pour la figure\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:ornitho} + +\end_inset + +. + Si le curseur est dans un paragraphe à la fin de la légende quand vous + insérez la +\family sans +Figure +\family default +, alors elle sera disposée après la légende, comme c'est le cas avec la + figure\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher} + +\end_inset + +. + Il est toujours préférable de mettre une +\family sans +Figure +\family default + par +\family sans +Flottant +\family default +. + Ça permet à LyX (en fait à LaTeX) de mieux positionner chaque figure. +\layout Standard + +Cliquer avec le bouton droit sur un flottant ouvre une fenêtre où vous pouvez + changer les options d'emplacement lues par LaTeX pour positionner le flottant + (voir +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emplacement-flottants} + +\end_inset + +). + L'option +\family sans +Plusieurs\SpecialChar ~ +colonnes +\family default + ne sert que pour les documents sur deux colonnes : si vous la cochez, le + flottant s'étendra sur les deux colonnes au lieu de rester confiné dans + une seule. +\layout Standard + +Cette figure montre aussi comment placer une étiquette et créer une référence + croisée ; comme vous pouvez le deviner en lisant la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:réf-croisées} + +\end_inset + + vous pouvez simplement insérer une +\family sans +Étiquette +\family default + dans la légende et vous y référer avec une +\family sans +Référence\SpecialChar ~ +Croisée +\family default + comme d'habitude. + Il est particulièrement important de s'en servir avec les figures flottantes, + plutôt que de mettre de vagues allusions à +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +la figure ci-dessus +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, car LaTeX repositionne les flottants dans le document final ; la figure + pourrait bien ne plus être +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ci-dessus +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + du tout. + S'il n'est pas possible de disposer correctement les flottants sur la même + page que le texte qui s'y réfère, les figures seront placées sur une page + séparée. + Rassurez-vous, l'effet est en général plutôt réussi. +\layout Standard + +Il est à noter que la légende est automatiquement insérée dans une +\family sans +Liste\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Figures +\family default + (décrite dans la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListesDes} + +\end_inset + +) si vous choisissez d'en mettre une dans le document. +\layout Subsubsection + +Emplacement des Flottants +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:emplacement-flottants} + +\end_inset + +L'idée des +\family sans +Figures\SpecialChar ~ +Flottantes +\family default + (ainsi que des +\family sans +Tableaux\SpecialChar ~ +Flottants +\family default +, dont nous allons parler plus tard) est de permettre à LyX de placer une + figure (ou un tableau) dans une page d'une manière cohérente et raisonnable. + Les règles suivies par LaTeX sont assez complexes ; voyez la documentation + de LaTeX pour connaître tous les détails. + Vous pouvez cocher des cases dans la fenêtre d' +\family sans +Options\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Flottant +\family default + pour déterminer l'emplacement d'un flottant donné. + Par défaut, tous les flottants suivent les règles d'emplacement par défaut + du document. + Si vous le souhaitez, vous pouvez les modifier dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + Le champ +\family sans +Placement\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Flottants +\family default + attend une règle d'emplacement de type LaTeX, constituée de n'importe quelle + combinaison de ces quatre lettres, dans n'importe quel ordre : +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +h +\family default + pour +\emph on +ici +\emph default + (here) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +t +\family default + pour +\emph on +en\SpecialChar ~ +haut +\emph default + (top) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +b +\family default + pour +\emph on +en\SpecialChar ~ +bas +\emph default + (bottom) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +p +\family default + pour +\emph on +page +\layout Standard + +Ces lettres correspondent au comportement suivant : +\layout Description + +Ici LyX essaye de mettre le +\family sans +Flottant +\family default + à l'endroit du texte où vous l'avez inséré. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +S'il n'y a pas assez de place, LyX essaye un des trois autres types d'emplacemen +t. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +En\SpecialChar ~ +haut LyX essaye de mettre le +\family sans +Flottant +\family default + en haut de la page en cours. + Si la figure ne tient pas sur cette page, elle va sur la suivante. +\layout Description + +En\SpecialChar ~ +bas LyX essaye de mettre le +\family sans +Flottant +\family default + en bas de la page en cours. + S'il n'y a pas la place, elle va sur la suivante. +\layout Description + +Page LyX essaye de mettre le +\family sans +Flottant +\family default + (ou plusieurs +\family sans +Flottants +\family default +) sur une page dédiée. +\layout Standard + +Il y a quelques subtilités de fonctionnement. + L'ordre spécifie quel emplacement LyX doit essayer d'abord. + Si cela échoue, il essaye le suivant, et ainsi de suite, mais +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +h +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + aura toujours priorité s'il est présent dans la liste. + La liste d'emplacement par défaut est +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +tbp +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + : essayer d'abord le haut d'une page de texte, puis le bas d'une page de + texte, puis une page dédiée. + Si vous voulez que LyX s'acharne vraiment à disposer la figure là où vous + lui avez demandé, faites précéder la liste d'un point d'exclamation ; par + exemple +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +!htbp +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Voici quelques exemples et ce qu'ils font : +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +hbp +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Essaye de mettre la figure ou le tableau à son emplacement dans le texte. + Si ça ne marche pas, le met en bas de la page. + Si ça échoue, le met sur une page séparée. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +!hbp +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +S'acharne à mettre la figure ou le tableau à son emplacement dans le texte. + Puis au bas de la page, puis sur une page séparée. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +tp +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Met la figure ou le tableau en haut de la page. + Si c'est trop long, le met sur une page séparée. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +p +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Met toujours les figures ou les tableaux sur une page séparée. +\end_deeper +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + et LyX +\layout Standard + +Une question évidente est +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +comment créer des figures ? +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + Heureusement, la réponse se trouve dans la plupart des distributions Linux + et/ou LaTeX. + +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + est un outil de dessin puissant bien que d'un aspect un peu étrange. + Il y a plusieurs méthodes pour inclure des figures créées avec +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default +. + Nous recommandons les suivantes : +\layout Enumerate + +Exporter la figure en PostScript® Encapsulé (EPS). + Celui-ci peut être très facilement inclus dans LyX, comme c'est décrit + dans les sections précédentes. + Le grand avantage est alors de disposer de toute la puissance de PostScript®. + Ça veut dire les courbes de Bézier, les couleurs, toutes les épaisseurs + de trait et bien plus encore. + Si vous avez inséré du texte dans votre figure, il sera imprimé avec des + polices PostScript®, ce qui fonctionne. + La figure peut être manipulée comme n'importe quelle autre figure EPS, + comme décrit plus haut. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Le seul inconvénient est que vous ne pouvez pas créer de formules en tant + que texte PostScript®, à part à la main. + Si vous avez besoin de formules ou simplement d'indices et d'exposants + dans votre figure, nous vous recommandons la méthode ci-dessous. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Exporter la figure en LaTeX. + C'est tout aussi simple à inclure dans LyX, avec l'avantage que vous pouvez + utiliser toutes les commandes LaTeX dans le texte inclus dans +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default +. + Pour ce faire vous devez cocher le +\emph on +drapeau spécial +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Traduction incertaine. +\end_inset + + +\emph default + pour le texte dans +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default +. + C'est fait automatiquement si vous invoquez +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + avec +\family typewriter +xfig -specialtext +\family default +. + Alors, si vous avez aussi choisi une police LaTeX, vous pouvez écrire simplemen +t +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +$H_2$ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default +. + Si vous exportez cette figure en LaTeX et l'incluez dans LyX avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Inclure\SpecialChar ~ +Fichier +\family default + (voir la description dans +\emph on +Options\SpecialChar ~ +Avancées +\emph default +) ce texte apparaîtra comme +\begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +L'inconvénient de cette méthode est que les capacités graphiques de LaTeX + ne sont pas aussi importantes que celles de PostScript®. + Vous n'avez pas accès à toutes les épaisseurs de trait ni, ce qui est plus + ennuyeux, à toutes les inclinaisons. + C'est pourquoi nous recommandons la troisième méthode pour des figures + plus complexes. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Exporter la figure en LaTeX/PostScript® combiné. + +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + (en fait +\family typewriter +transfig +\family default +) génère alors deux fichiers : +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +la partie PostScript® +\family typewriter +machin.pstex +\family default +, qui contient tous les dessins +\layout Enumerate + +la partie LaTeX +\family typewriter +machin.pstex_t +\family default +, qui contient tout le texte et des liens à la partie PostScript®. +\layout Standard + +Vous n'avez alors qu'à inclure la partie LaTeX comme décrit plus haut. + La partie PostScript® sera automatiquement incluse elle aussi +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Si vous obtenez une erreur comme +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +unknown graphics extension pstex +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + vous devez déclarer ces extensions graphiques. + Je pense que c'est une erreur dans +\family typewriter +transfig +\family default + qui se manifeste avec LaTeX2e. + Ajoutez juste une ligne comme +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +@namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}} +\layout Standard + +dans le fichier +\family typewriter +/usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def +\family default +. + Puis ajoutez +\family typewriter +pstex +\family default + à l'extension : +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +def +\backslash +Gin@extensions{eps, ps, pstex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ} +\layout Standard + +Tout devrait alors fonctionner. + Sinon vous pouvez toujours exporter la partie postscript comme +\family typewriter +machin.ps +\family default + et changer la partie LaTeX +\family typewriter +machin.pstex_t +\family default + à la main, mais c'est pénible. +\end_inset + +. + Avec cette méthode vous avez toutes les capacité à la fois de PostScript® + et de LaTeX combinées, sauf la possibilité de changer la taille de la figure + après l'avoir créée. + Si vous voulez des figures dont vous puissiez changer la taille, le format + PostScript® est le seul choix possible. + Un autre petit avantage à laisser LaTeX typographier la police est que + la même police a cours dans vos figures et dans votre texte, ce qui est + plus joli. +\end_deeper +\layout Section + +Tableaux +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tableaux} + +\end_inset + +LyX a une bonne gestion des tableaux, mais LaTeX peut faire beaucoup plus + de choses avec les tableaux que LyX n'en est capable pour l'instant. + Vous devriez donc jeter un oeil sur un bon livre de LaTeX si les propriétés + des tableaux décrites ici ne répondent pas à vos besoins. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez insérer un tableau en utilisant soit le bouton de la barre d'outils + soit +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Tableau +\family default +. + Une fenêtre apparaît, vous demandant le nombre de lignes et de colonnes. + Le tableau par défaut a une bordure au dessus et à gauche de chaque case, + une à droite de la colonne la plus à droite et une en bas de la rangée + du bas, qui forment une boîte autour du tableau. + En plus, la rangée supérieure a aussi une bordure en bas, ce qui fait qu'elle + apparaît séparée du reste du tableau. + Voici un exemple : +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +12 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +45 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +98 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +A +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +B +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +multi +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +C +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +La fenêtre +\family sans +Tableau +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez agir sur un tableau en cliquant dessus avec le bouton droit + de la souris, ce qui fait apparaître une fenêtre avec des options. + Parmi ces options il y a : +\layout Itemize + +Ajouter / Enlever les bordures d'une ligne ou d'une colonne. + Si vous enlevez la bordure du haut pour une ligne, vous aurez un trait + pointillé dans LyX, mais aucune bordure n'apparaîtra à l'impression. + Si vous mettez la bordure du bas pour une ligne et la bordure du haut pour + celle d'en dessous, les lignes seront séparées par un petit espace, comme + vous pouvez le voir sur la ligne supérieure de l'exemple ci-dessus. + Vous pouvez faire la même chose verticalement si vous mettez la bordure + de droite pour une colonne et celle de gauche pour la colonne à sa droite. +\layout Itemize + +Alignement du texte dans une colonne. +\layout Itemize + +Ajouter des lignes et des colonnes. +\layout Itemize + +Supprimer des lignes, des colonnes ou le tableau entier. +\layout Itemize + +Multicolonnes. +\layout Itemize + +Fixer la largeur d'une colonne. +\layout Itemize + +Options de tableau long +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +longtable +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en version originale. +\end_inset + + -- elles sont utiles si votre tableau est plus haut que la feuille. + Il est alors découpé au bas de la page et continue sur la page suivante, + au lieu de déborder du bas de la page. +\layout Itemize + +Tourner le tableau complet ou une seule case sur le côté, de 90\SpecialChar ~ +degrés. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi utiliser le menu pour obtenir ces options. + Essayez +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Tableau +\family default + quand le curseur est dans un tableau. +\layout Standard + +La plupart de ces options fonctionnent aussi sur des sélections. + Ça veut dire que si vous sélectionnez plusieurs cases, colonnes ou lignes + (vous sélectionnez toujours des cases, mais la façon dont ces cases sont + interprétées dépend de l'action demandée), l'effet s'étend sur toute la + sélection. + Notez qu'il y a une différence entre sélectionner le +\emph on +contenu +\emph default + d'une case, et sélectionner la case elle-même. + Si vous voyez un cadre rouge dans la case, c'est que la sélection opère + sur le contenu. + Si vous tapez +\family sans +Échap +\family default + ou cliquez hors du cadre, la sélection opérera sur les cases (selon que + vous utilisiez les touches ou la souris). +\layout Standard + +Quand vous ajoutez une ligne, elle se place +\emph on +après +\emph default + la ligne contenant le curseur. + De même, les colonnes sont ajoutées à +\emph on +droite +\emph default + du curseur. + Ceci rend difficile l'ajout de colonnes à gauche d'un tableau sans un tas + de copier-coller. + La suppression agit toujours sur la ligne ou la colonne contenant le curseur. +\layout Standard + +L'option +\family sans +Multicolonnes +\family default + fusionne deux ou plusieurs cases adjacentes dans une ligne donnée. + Par exemple, dans le tableau présenté plus haut, la rangée +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +B +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + s'est vu appliquer +\family sans +Multicolonnes +\family default + sur les colonnes marquées +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +45 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +98 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Pour vous en servir, vous devez d'abord sélectionner les cases, puis faire + +\family sans +Multicolonnes +\family default + dans le menu. + Ça ne marchera pas verticalement -- voir le document +\family typewriter +fr_ExemplesTableaux.lyx +\family default + pour voir comment faire. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi utiliser +\family sans +Multicolonnes +\family default + si vous avez besoin d'un comportement particulier pour les bordure en haut + et en bas, ou pour l'alignement du texte, dans une seule case du tableau. + Voici un exemple de ce comportement spécial d'une case : +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +x +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +y +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +point a & b +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +103 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +point b & a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +599 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +340 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +point abc +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1009 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +52 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +point abcd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +96 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +11 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Vous voyez que les cases de la ligne d'en-tête sont centrées, tandis que + la colonne de gauche est alignée à gauche et que les autres colonnes sont + alignées à droite. + La bordure du bas a été enlevée dans une case, et la bordure du haut dans + la case en dessous. +\layout Standard + +Si vous voulez que votre colonne ait une largeur déterminée, vous pouvez + entrer une valeur dans le champ +\family sans +Largeur +\family default + de l'onglet +\family sans +Rangée/Colonne +\family default + dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Tableau +\family default +. + La case pourra alors contenir plusieurs paragraphes de texte. +\layout Standard + +Si votre tableau devient trop large pour tenir dans un format portrait, + vous pouvez cocher le bouton +\family sans +Rotation\SpecialChar ~ +90° +\family default + dans l'onglet +\family sans +Tableau +\family default +, et le tableau apparaîtra couché sur le côté (et donc en format paysage + dans un document en format portrait). + Vous pouvez aussi tourner des cases du tableau individuellement, dans l'onglet + +\family sans +Case +\family default +, pour avoir plus d'espace horizontal. + L'exemple qui suit montre à quoi peut servir cette fonction. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +NB : +\emph default +Cette option +\family sans +Rotation\SpecialChar ~ +90° +\family default + ne s'affiche +\emph on +pas +\emph default + à l'écran, et marche +\emph on +seulement +\emph default + dans la sortie PostScript®. + Si vous voulez la prévisualiser, utilisez +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PostScript +\family default +, puisque +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\family default + n'affichera pas correctement le tableau. +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Description +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonne +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + 1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonne +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + 2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonne +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + 3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonne +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + 4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonne +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + 5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonne +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + 6 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonne +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + 7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonne +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + 8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonne +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + 9 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Colonne +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + 10 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Total +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +7 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +8 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Total +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +30 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Ce que vous pouvez placer dans une case de tableau +\layout Standard + +Beaucoup d'objets peuvent être placés dans une case de tableau. + Une ligne de texte, une équation (mais pas une équation hors ligne ou multi-lig +nes), ou une figure peuvent constituer une case. + En fait, les trois sortes d'objets peuvent cohabiter dans une même case. + Les tailles et formes de police peuvent être modifiées, et le tableau sera + ajusté pour les afficher correctement. + Cependant vous ne pouvez pas mettre un environnement spécial dans une case + (comme +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, etc.), ni d'options d'espacement etc. + pour le paragraphe dans la case. +\layout Subsection + +Copier-Coller avec les Tableaux +\layout Standard + +Le copier-coller entre tableaux marche assez bien. + Vous pouvez même copier-coller plus d'une rangée. + La sélection s'opère avec la souris ou avec +\family sans +Shift +\family default + et les flèches du clavier, comme d'habitude. + Les valeurs dans le second tableau ci-dessous ont été copiées-collées à + partir du premier, en utilisant la souris. +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Notez que vous pouvez aussi copier-coller un tableau entier en une fois, + en démarrant la sélection à l'extérieur du tableau. +\layout Subsection + +Cases sur Plusieurs Lignes +\layout Standard + +Il est possible d'avoir des entrées multi-lignes dans un tableau, mais pas + de façon complètement WYSIWYM. + Définissez une largeur de colonne fixe dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Tableau +\family default +. + Votre texte est alors automatiquement découpé en plusieurs lignes et la + case agrandie verticalement quand la longueur du texte dépasse la largeur + fixée. + Voici un exemple : +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +C'est une entrée multi-lignes dans un tableau. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +5 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +6 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +C'est maintenant plus long. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +7 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +C'est une entrée multi-lignes dans un tableau. + C'est maintenant plus long. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Le texte d'une case ne passe pas à la ligne pour tenir dans la page, donc + si dans un tableau une ligne de texte est trop longue, le tableau débordera + sur la marge de droite. + De même, les tableaux ne sont pas découpés au bas d'une page, et peuvent + donc s'étendre au-delà de la marge du bas. + Vous disposez des moyens suivants pour résoudre ce problème : +\layout Enumerate + +Découpez le tableau en deux. +\layout Enumerate + +Cochez le bouton +\family sans +Tableau\SpecialChar ~ +Long +\family default + dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Tableau +\family default + (onglet +\family sans +Tab +\family default +.\SpecialChar ~ +Long). + Le tableau, s'il est trop grand, sera automatiquement découpé et réparti + sur plusieurs pages. + Une fois que vous avez coché ce bouton, l'ensemble des boutons de l'onglet + +\family sans +Tableau\SpecialChar ~ +Long +\family default + sont activés et vous pouvez maintenant définir : +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Premier\SpecialChar ~ +En-tête +\family default + : La ligne courante et toutes celles au-dessus qui n'ont pas d'option spéciale + définie, constituent les lignes d'en-tête de la première page du tableau + long. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +En-tête +\family default + : La ligne courante et toutes celles au-dessus qui n'ont pas d'option spéciale + définie, constituent les lignes d'en-tête de toutes les pages du tableau + long, sauf la première page si +\family sans +Premier\SpecialChar ~ +En-tête +\family default + existe. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Pied +\family default + : La ligne courante et toutes celles en dessous qui n'ont pas d'option + spéciale définie, constituent les lignes de pied de toutes les pages du + tableau long, sauf la dernière page si +\family sans +Dernier\SpecialChar ~ +Pied +\family default + existe. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Dernier\SpecialChar ~ +Pied +\family default + : La ligne courante et toutes celles en dessous qui n'ont pas d'option + spéciale définie, constituent les lignes de pied de la dernière page du + tableau long. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Nouvelle\SpecialChar ~ +Page +\family default + : Force un saut de page après la ligne concernée. +\layout Standard + +Si vous cochez plusieurs options pour une même ligne du tableau, il faut + savoir que seule la première est prise en compte, les autres étant laissées + de côté. + La +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +première +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + option s'entend dans cet ordre : +\family sans +Pied +\family default +, +\family sans +Dernier\SpecialChar ~ +Pied +\family default +, +\family sans +En-tête +\family default +, +\family sans +Premier\SpecialChar ~ +En-tête +\family default +. + Voir le fichier +\family typewriter +fr_ExemplesTableaux.lyx +\family default + pour voir comment ça marche. +\layout Standard + +Cocher la case +\family sans +Nouvelle\SpecialChar ~ +Page +\family default + dans les options de tableau long vous permet de forcer un saut de page + après la ligne concernée. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Un tableau peut aussi être placé dans un flottant, comme c'est décrit plus + bas, ce qui permet à TeX de le disposer le mieux possible dans la page. +\layout Subsection + +Tableaux Flottants +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tableaux-flottants} + +\end_inset + +S'il ne se trouve pas dans un flottant, un tableau est positionné exactement + à l'endroit où se trouve le curseur. + En utilisant un +\family sans +Tableau\SpecialChar ~ +Flottant +\family default + avec le menu +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Flottants +\family default +, LaTeX pourra disposer le tableau là où il tient le mieux, plutôt qu'à + l'endroit exact où vous l'avez inséré. + Le positionnement des flottants est similaire pour un tableau à celui des + figures flottantes (Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures-flottantes} + +\end_inset + +), et est décrit dans la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emplacement-flottants} + +\end_inset + +. + Les légendes fonctionnent également de la même façon qu'avec les figures + flottantes, ce qui est décrit à la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures-flottantes} + +\end_inset + +. + Le Tableau\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tableau:un-tableau-flottant} + +\end_inset + + est un exemple de tableau flottant. +\begin_inset Float table +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tableau:un-tableau-flottant} + +\end_inset + +Un tableau flottant. +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Jean +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Marie +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Pierre +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} +a & b\\ +c & d\end{array}\right]$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Table des Matières et autres Sommaires +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tdm} + +\end_inset + +Une des caractéristiques très appréciables de LaTeX est la facilité avec + laquelle vous pouvez créer des sommaires, comme une Table des Matières. + Il suffit d'utiliser certains environnements et d'insérer une référence + à l'endroit où vous voulez voir votre sommaire apparaître. +\layout Subsection + +La Table des Matières +\layout Standard + +Pour obtenir une Table des Matières, vous devez faire 4 choses : +\layout Enumerate + +Utiliser une classe de document qui accepte une Table des Matières (toutes + sauf +\family typewriter +letter +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Utiliser des environnements de paragraphe appropriés : +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default +, ( +\family sans +S +\family default +ous...) +\family sans +Section +\family default +, ( +\family sans +S +\family default +ous...) +\family sans +Paragraphe +\family default +. + Notez que les styles avec une *, comme +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, n'apparaîtront pas dans la Table des Matières. +\layout Enumerate + +Vous assurer que les options +\family sans +Profondeur\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +numérotation +\family default + et +\family sans +Profondeur\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +TdM +\family default + ont des valeurs appropriées, comme c'est expliqué dans la section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:profondeur-section} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +Insérer la commande +\family sans +Table des Matières +\family default + à l'endroit que vous voulez. + Pour cela, faites +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Listes\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +TdM\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Matières +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi ouvrir une fenêtre pour naviguer dans votre document, + avec +\family sans +Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table\SpecialChar ~ +des\SpecialChar ~ +Matières +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Liste des Figures, des Tableaux et des Algorithmes +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListesDes} + +\end_inset + +Les Listes des Figures, Listes des Tableaux et Listes des Algorithmes sont + à peu près comme les Tables des Matières. + Vous pouvez les insérer avec le menu +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Listes\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +TdM +\family default +. + Si vous voulez que vos figures, tableaux ou algorithmes apparaissent dans + une liste, vous devez les placer dans les flottants correspondants et ajouter + une légende. +\layout Chapter + +Formules mathématiques +\layout Section + +Les bases de l'édition mathématique +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +Editing the parameters of a formula may be done from the +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Pane +\bar under +l +\family default +\bar default + dialog, or via +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath +\family default +. + The math panel is very useful, so you may want to open it and leave it + somewhere on the screen. + If you're not already in a formula, selecting anything from the math panel + will insert a formula for you. +\layout Standard + +Pour écrire une formule mathématique, vous pouvez simplement cliquer sur + l'icône avec +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + + dessus. + Un petit carré bleu s'ouvrira, avec les coins d'un rectangle violet autour. + Ce carré bleu indique la position de la formule elle-même, et les coins + violets indiquent à quel niveau d'emboîtement vous êtes dans la formule. + Vous pouvez aussi choisir une type particulier de formule avec le menu + +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default +, ou utiliser un raccourci clavier, +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default +, +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default + ou +\family sans +C-m +\family default + (raccourci CUA seulement). +\layout Standard + +Si vous avez juste besoin de taper une lettre grecque, par exemple +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +, il y a un raccourci spécial : +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +g\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +, +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +g\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + pour +\begin_inset Formula $\beta$ +\end_inset + +, et ainsi de suite. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez éditer les paramètres de la formule avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +mathématique +\family default +, ou +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default +. + La +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +mathématique +\family default + est très utile, vous pouvez donc la laisser ouverte quelque part sur l'écran. + Si vous n'êtes pas déjà dans une formule, sélectionner quelque chose dedans + en créera automatiquement une. +\layout Subsection + +Naviguer dans une formule +\layout Standard + +Pour vous déplacer dans une formule existante, vous avez un meilleur contrôle + avec les flèches du clavier. + L'éditeur mathématique utilise des petits carrés pour indiquer les endroits + où l'on peut insérer quelque chose. + Les flèches du clavier peuvent servir à naviguer dans les parties d'une + formule. + En appuyant sur +\family sans +Espace +\family default +, on quitte une fraction ou toute autre élément de formule (une racine carrée + +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ +\end_inset + +, ou des parenthèses +\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$ +\end_inset + +, ou une matrice +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} +1 & 2\\ +3 & 4\end{array}\right]$ +\end_inset + +). + En appuyant sur +\family sans +Échap +\family default +, on quitte la formule et le curseur est placé à droite de la boîte. + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + peut servir à se déplacer horizontalement dans une formule, par exemple + dans les cases d'une matrice ou les positions d'une équation multi-lignes. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Espace +\family default + ne semble rien faire dans Mathed, puisqu'en fait il n'ajoute pas d'espace + entre les caractères, mais sort d'une structure emboîtée. + Pour cette raison, vous devez faire attention en l'utilisant. + Par exemple, si vous voulez +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$ +\end_inset + +, tapez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default + puis +\family sans +Espace +\family default +, puis +\family typewriter +2x+1 +\family default +, pas +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Espace +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family typewriter +2x +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Espace +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family typewriter ++ +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Espace +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family typewriter +1 +\family default +, puisque dans le dernier cas seul le +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Formula $2x$ +\end_inset + + +\family default + sera sous la racine, +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$ +\end_inset + +. + Pour ceux qui ont appris à insérer des espaces dans les expressions, il + faut s'y déshabituer. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez laisser beaucoup de structures Mathed partiellement remplies, + comme cette matrice : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +\lambda_{1}\\ + & \ddots\\ + & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right)\] + +\end_inset + +Si vous laissez une fraction partiellement remplie, ou un exposant sans + rien dedans, le résultat est imprévisible, mais la plupart des structures + font comme si de rien n'était. +\layout Subsection + +Sélectionner du texte +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez sélectionner du texte dans une formule de deux façons différentes. + Placez le curseur à un bout de la chaîne de caractères que vous voulez, + et utilisez +\family sans +Shift +\family default + avec une flèche du clavier pour sélectionner le texte. + Il sera mis en valeur comme pour la sélection de texte normal. + Vous pouvez également sélectionner le texte avec la souris de la façon + habituelle. + Ce texte peut ensuite être coupé ou copié, puis collé dans n'importe quelle + formule (mais pas dans une zone de texte normal dans LyX). +\layout Subsection + +Indices et Exposants +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez utiliser la palette mathématique pour mettre des indices et + des exposants, mais la façon de loin la plus simple est la méthode TeX + standard. + Pour obtenir +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ +\end_inset + +, tapez (dans une formule) +\family typewriter +x^2 +\family default + puis +\family sans +Espace +\family default +. + L' +\family sans +Espace +\family default + finale remet le curseur en bas, sur la ligne de l'expression, le faisant + sortir de l'exposant. + Si vous tapez +\family typewriter +x^2y +\family default +, vous aurez +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$ +\end_inset + +, pour avoir +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$ +\end_inset + +, tapez +\family typewriter +x^2 +\family default + puis +\family sans +Espace +\family default + puis +\family typewriter +\SpecialChar ~ +y +\family default +. + Les indices marchent pareil, pour avoir +\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$ +\end_inset + +, faites (dans une formule) +\family typewriter +a_1 +\family default + puis +\family sans +Espace +\family default +. + Notez que par défaut, l'indice ou l'exposant ne concerne que le symbole + immédiatement à gauche, ce qui influe sur l'espacement et l'alignement + ; lisez la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:regroupement} + +\end_inset + + si vous avez besoin d'autre chose. +\layout Subsection + +Fractions +\layout Standard + +Créez une fraction soit avec +\family typewriter + +\backslash +frac +\family default + (dans Mathed) soit en utilisant l'icône de fraction de la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +mathématique +\family default +. + Vous aurez une fraction vide, avec deux carrés d'insertion Mathed, un en + haut et un en bas. + Le curseur va tout seul au numérateur de la fraction. + Pour passer au dénominateur, tapez simplement +\family sans +Bas +\family default +. + Pour remonter, tapez +\family sans +Haut +\family default + (flèches du clavier). + Toute structure mathématique peut être placée dans une fraction, comme + le montre cet exemple : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc} +2 & 3\\ +4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Sommes et Intégrales +\layout Standard + +Les signes somme ( +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + +) et intégrale ( +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + +) sont très souvent ornés d'une ou plusieurs bornes. + Ces bornes sont entrées dans LyX juste après le symbole, comme s'il s'agissait + d'un indice et d'un exposant. + Les bornes de la somme seront automatiquement placées au-dessus et au-dessous + du symbole dans le style hors ligne, mais en ligne elles seront sur le + côté, comme dans +\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$ +\end_inset + +, comparé à +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right)\] + +\end_inset + +En revanche, les signes intégrale décalent toujours les bornes sur le côté, + en ligne : +\begin_inset Formula $\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x)$ +\end_inset + + comme hors ligne : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi\] + +\end_inset + +Les deux symboles sont automatiquement mis à la bonne taille en mode hors + ligne. + L'emplacement des bornes (directement au-dessus et au-dessous, ou décalées + vers la droite) peut être changé en plaçant le curseur devant le signe + et en tapant +\family sans +M-m l +\family default + (petit L). + Le changement exact dépend du signe. +\layout Standard + +Certaines autres expressions mathématiques ont cette fonction d'indice mobile, + comme +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)\] + +\end_inset + +qui place le +\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$ +\end_inset + + sous la limite en mode hors ligne, mais pas en mode en ligne, +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$ +\end_inset + +. + Notez que le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +lim +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + a été entré comme une fonction, en tapant +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lim +\family default + dans LyX en mode math, ou en le choisissant parmi les +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +fonctions +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default +, voir la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonctions-math} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +La +\family sans +Palette Mathématique +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:palette-math} + +\end_inset + +La +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default + (accessible par +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default +) a une liste plus complète de symboles et de structures. + Comme dit plus haut, vous pouvez la laisser ouverte quand vous écrivez + des mathématiques. + Son utilisation devrait être assez évidente ; nous décrirons certains détails + dans les sections suivantes. +\layout Standard + +Notez qu'un clic droit sur une formule ouvre également la palette. +\layout Subsection + +Autres symboles mathématiques +\layout Standard + +La plupart des symboles mathématiques se trouvent dans la +\family sans +Palette +\family default + dans une des différentes catégories, dont les lettres grecques +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\varepsilon\chi$ +\end_inset + +, les opérateurs +\begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$ +\end_inset + +, les relations +\begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$ +\end_inset + +, les flèches +\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + +, les grands opérateurs +\begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$ +\end_inset + +, et les fameux +\family sans +\emph on +Divers +\family default +\emph default +. + Il y a aussi les symboles supplémentaires définis par l'American Mathematical + Society (AMS). + Si vous connaissez la macro standard LaTeX pour un symbole donné que vous + voulez insérer, vous n'avez pas à vous servir de ces fenêtres, mais elles + vous seront utiles pour les symboles dont vous ne connaissez pas le nom + LaTeX. + Notez que les symboles AMS ne seront affichés graphiquement dans LyX que + si vous installez les polices adéquates, comme c'est décrit dans le manuel + correspondant. +\layout Standard + +Il est possible de produire un symbole racine n-ième. + Dans le minibuffer, tapez +\family typewriter +math-insert root +\family default +. + Ça crée un symbole de racine avec une boîte supplémentaire au-dessus. + Avec +\family sans +Haut +\family default + et +\family sans +Bas +\family default + vous pouvez vous déplacer entre les deux boîtes. + Vous pouvez aussi utiliser le raccourci +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default +. +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout Subsection + +Changer l'espacement +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez vouloir créer des espaces différentes de l'espacement standard + de LaTeX. + Nous ne le recommandons pas, car l'idée du WYSIWYM est de ne pas se soucier + de la typographie, mais du contenu. + Cependant, il y a des situations où vous voulez vraiment ajouter des espaces. + La première chose à faire est +\family sans +C-Espace +\family default +. + Ceci crée une petite espace, et affiche à l'écran un petit marqueur dans + LyX : +\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ +\end_inset + +. + Le truc suivant est de donner à cette espace différentes tailles. + +\emph on +Avant +\emph default + de bouger le curseur, juste après avoir tapé +\family sans +C-Espace +\family default +, si vous tapez +\family sans +Espace +\family default + à nouveau, vous allez changer la taille de l'espace, en passant par un + certain nombre de tailles prédéfinies. + Les dernières en liste sont rouges, et correspondent à une taille négative. + Par exemple : +\begin_inset Formula $a\qquad b$ +\end_inset + +, ou +\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ +\end_inset + +. + Vous pouvez aussi insérer ces espaces via la palette mathématique. +\layout Subsection + +Fonctions mathématiques +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:fonctions-math} + +\end_inset + +La +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +Mathématique +\family default + contient un certain nombre de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +fonctions +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + comme +\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ +\end_inset + +, etc. + (vous pouvez les entrer dans une formule en tapant +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sin +\family default +, etc.) La pratique courante en mathématiques veut que les fonctions qui + sont des noms, comme +\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ +\end_inset + +, ne soit pas en italique. + En entrant simplement les lettres +\begin_inset Formula $sin$ +\end_inset + + dans Mathed, vous aurez des italiques. + C'est pourquoi ces macros spéciales sont disponibles. + Mais elles font plus que changer de police. + Par exemple l'expression +\begin_inset Formula $\sin t$ +\end_inset + + sera typographiée avec un peu d'espace supplémentaire entre le n et le + t. + Pour des mots qui correspondent à des objets mathématiques plus sophistiqués, + comme +\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ +\end_inset + +, la macro change la façon dont les indices sont placés, selon le mode de + l'insert, en ligne +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$ +\end_inset + + ou hors ligne : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L\] + +\end_inset + +Ces deux expressions ont été entrées de la même façon, mais la macro +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lim +\family default + change leur apparence (en fait, c'est la version en ligne qui est modifiée, + pour améliorer l'interligne). +\layout Subsection + +Accents +\layout Standard + +Vous insérez des caractères accentués dans une formule de la même façon + qu'en mode texte. + Ça peut dépendre de votre clavier, ou des fichiers de profils de touches + que vous utilisez. + Vous pouvez aussi utiliser les macros TeX correspondantes. + C'est-à-dire que vous pouvez entrer +\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$ +\end_inset + + même sans l'avoir sur votre clavier, en tapant +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\backslash +check a +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + dans la formule. + Voici les correspondances entre les noms en mode texte et ceux en mode + math pour les divers accents : +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +text +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +e +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +math +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ex +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +e +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +mple +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +circ +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +on +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +flex +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +e +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +hat +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +grave +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +grave +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +a +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +igu +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +acute +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +tréma +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ddot +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +tilde +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +tilde +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +point +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +dot +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +br +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +è +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ve +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +breve +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +caron +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +check +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +macron +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +bar +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +--- +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +vec +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Enfin, vous pouvez choisir un de ces accents parmi les +\family sans +Décorations +\family default + disponibles dans la palette mathématique, et il s'appliquera à toute sélection + que vous aurez faite dans une formule. +\layout Subsection + +L'éditeur mathématique pour les utilisateurs de LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Vous avez deux façons d'éditer des expressions mathématiques avec LyX. + Vous pouvez utiliser les fonctions natives de LyX pour gérer les formules + de façon WYSIWYM. + Les utilisateurs de TeX aiment souvent se servir du clavier pour entrer + des choses comme +\family typewriter +$ +\backslash +alpha$ +\family default + (pour obtenir, avec du TeX normal, un +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + dans le document final), croyant que c'est plus rapide que de faire tout + le tour des menus pour trouver un symbole. + Voici un témoignage de l'un de ces anciens utilisateurs de TeX, +\noun on +David Johnson +\noun default + : +\layout Quotation + +J'ai fini par me convaincre qu'il fallait que je me serve de l'éditeur mathémati +que quand j'ai découvert qu'avec quelques modifications, je pouvais l'utiliser + de la manière à laquelle j'étais habitué en écrivant du TeX. + Par exemple, j'ai écrit cet +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + en tapant ces touches : d'abord +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default + pour entre en mode mathématique, ensuite +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alpha +\family default +, puis +\family sans +Espace +\family default + et +\family sans +Échap +\family default +. + Dès que j'ai tapé l' +\family sans +Espace +\family default + le +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + était présent à l'écran. +\layout Standard + +La séquence de touches +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default + insère une formule (vous pouvez aussi utiliser +\family sans +C-m +\family default + ou +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default +), le +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alpha +\family default + est bien sûr le code TeX standard pour la lettre grecque alpha, et l' +\family sans +Échap +\family default + quitte la formule. + Voici quelques avantages de cette approche : +\layout Itemize + +Vous avez un retour visuel immédiat pour vous assurer que votre TeX est + correct. +\layout Itemize + +Vous avez la vraie expression mathématique à l'écran, correctement affichée, + pour vous assurer que vos maths sont correctes (au moins correctement écrites). +\layout Itemize + +Tout le nouveau bazar LaTeX, avec les environnements spéciaux et compagnie, + est pris en charge par LyX, pas par vous. +\layout Itemize + +Vous n'aurez plus à explorer votre code, à la chasse au +\family typewriter +$ +\family default + manquant ou au +\family typewriter +{ +\family default + en trop. +\layout Itemize + +Si vous ne vous rappelez pas le nom LaTeX d'un symbole donné, comme +\begin_inset Formula $\wp$ +\end_inset + +, vous pouvez le trouver dans les fenêtres. +\layout Section + +Délimiteurs et ornements +\layout Standard + +Il y a plusieurs délimiteurs disponibles avec LyX. + Pour un usage courant, les touches +\family typewriter +[{]}()| +\backslash +<> +\family default + devraient suffire, mais l'effet est meilleur avec la fenêtre +\family sans +Délimiteurs +\family default + de la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +mathématique +\family default + (voir Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:palette-math} + +\end_inset + +), surtout si vous voulez encadrer une grande structure, comme une matrice + ou une fraction, ou si vous avez plusieurs profondeurs de parenthésage. + Par exemple, voici comment vous placeriez les crochets autour d'une matrice + standard : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left[\begin{array}{cc} +1 & 2\\ +3 & 4\end{array}\right]\] + +\end_inset + +et pour rendre plus le parenthésage plus lisible dans une abomination comme + : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\] + +\end_inset + +ou : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\] + +\end_inset + +Les parenthèses, et autres délimiteurs, de ce menu s'adaptent à la taille + de ce qu'elles contiennent. + (On obtient ceci en LaTeX brut avec +\family typewriter + +\backslash +left( blabla +\backslash +right) +\family default +). + +\layout Standard + +Il est très facile de construire les crochets que vous souhaitez. + Cliquez sur le crochet que vous voulez avoir à gauche avec le bouton gauche + de la souris, à droite avec le bouton droit, et placez-les dans le document + en appuyant sur le bouton. + Vous obtenez le même résultat en utilisant les boutons à cocher +\family typewriter +Gauche +\family default + et +\family typewriter +Droite +\family default +. + Sélectionnez le crochet de gauche en ayant coché le bouton +\family typewriter +Gauche +\family default +, puis le droit en ayant coché le bouton +\family typewriter +Droite +\family default +. + Si vous voulez un côté sans délimiteur, utilisez le bouton vide. + LyX affichera une ligne pointillée, mais n'imprimera rien. +\layout Standard + +Si vous décidez après coup de placer des parenthèses (ou une autre structure + mathématique, comme une racine carrée, ou un autre ornement) autour d'une + structure mathématique déjà existante, c'est faisable. + Sélectionnez la structure en question (en maintenant la touche +\family sans +Shift +\family default + enfoncée tout en bougeant le curseur avec les flèches du clavier, ou en + sélectionnant avec la souris). + Ensuite, choisissez les délimiteurs gauche et droit appropriés, et cliquez + sur +\family sans +Appliquer +\family default +. + Les parenthèses seront placées autour de la structure sélectionnée. +\layout Standard + +Si vous essayez d'entrer une accolade +\family typewriter +{ +\family default + LaTeX pour regrouper des parties de formule, vous devez lire la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:regroupement} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Regroupement +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:regroupement} + +\end_inset + +Vous pouvez avoir besoin de regrouper un ensemble de symboles. + En LaTeX, par exemple, +\family typewriter +{x^y}^z +\family default + est rendu différemment de +\family typewriter +x^{y^z} +\family default + : +\begin_inset Formula \[ +{x^{y}}^{z}\textrm{ est différent de }x^{{y^{z}}}\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Cependant, essayer de taper +\family typewriter +} +\family default + dans LyX vous donne une accolade fermante dans le rendu. + Pour créer un groupe, vous devez utiliser la séquence de touches +\family typewriter + +\backslash +{ +\family default + puis taper +\family sans +Espace +\family default +. + Dans LyX, vous verrez les accolades rouges indiquant le regroupement. + L'exemple ci-dessus montre comment ça marche. +\layout Section + +Matrices et équations sur plusieurs lignes +\layout Standard + +Il est facile d'entrer un vecteur ou une matrice avec LyX. + Dans la +\family sans +Palette\SpecialChar ~ +mathématique +\family default + il y a un bouton +\family sans +Matrice +\family default +, qui ouvre une fenêtre pour choisir le nombre de lignes et de colonnes. + Voici un exemple : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +1 & 2 & 3\\ +4 & 5 & 6\\ +7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right)\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Les parenthèses ne sont pas automatiques, mais vous pouvez les ajouter avec + les +\family sans +Délimiteurs +\family default +. + Rappelez-vous que vous pouvez les ajouter après coup, en sélectionnant + la matrice (positionnez le curseur d'un côté de la matrice, maintenez la + touche +\family sans +Shift +\family default + enfoncée, et tapez la flèche du clavier appropriée pour déplacer le curseur + de l'autre côté de la matrice). + Quand vous créez la matrice, vous pouvez décider si les colonnes (ou seulement + certaines d'entre elles) seront alignées à gauche, à droite ou centrées. + Ce réglage est par défaut +\family typewriter +ccc +\family default +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + Chaque lettre correspond à une colonne. + Par exemple, +\family typewriter +lcr +\family default + signifie que la première colonne sera alignée à gauche ( +\family typewriter +l +\family default + pour +\emph on +left +\emph default +), la deuxième sera centrée ( +\family typewriter +c +\family default + pour +\emph on +center +\emph default +) et la troisième sera alignée à droite ( +\family typewriter +r +\family default + pour +\emph on +right +\emph default +). + Ça ressemble à ça : +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{array}{lcr} +\textrm{cette} & \textrm{cette colonne} & \textrm{cette colonne}\\ +\textrm{colonne} & \textrm{est} & \textrm{est alignée}\\ +\textrm{est alignée à gauche} & \textrm{centrée} & \textrm{à droite}\end{array}\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez ajouter des lignes à une matrice déjà existante en tapant +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default + dans la matrice, et vous pouvez ajouter des colonnes, et supprimer lignes + et colonnes, dans le menu +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Il y a de nombreux autres tableaux utilisés par le mode mathématique de + LaTeX, surtout si l'on inclut les paquetages AMS-LaTeX, comme +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cases +\family default + et les diagrammes commutatifs. + Ils ne sont pas encore tous utilisables dans LyX. + Cependant, il est possible de construire ces structures à partir d'une + matrice. +\layout Standard + +Les équations sur plusieurs lignes sont très faciles à obtenir avec LyX. + Une formule basculera automatiquement au format hors ligne +\family typewriter +eqnarray +\family default + (le format d'équation sur plusieurs lignes de LaTeX) si vous tapez +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default +. + La meilleure façon de faire si vous vous décidez pour une équation sur + plusieurs lignes, est d'insérer immédiatement une nouvelle ligne avec +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default +. + Chaque ligne a alors trois zones, à gauche, au centre et à droite, parmi + lesquelles vous pouvez vous déplacer avec soit les flèches du clavier, + soit la souris, soit la touche +\family sans +Tab +\family default +. + En voici un exemple : +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +3 & = & 1+2\\ +4+5 & = & 9\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi transformer une formule hors ligne existante en formule + multi-lignes en tapant +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default + alors que le curseur se trouve dans la formule d'origine. + Cependant, LyX n'essaiera +\emph on +pas +\emph default + de décider où diviser cette formule en trois parties, et la placera entièrement + dans la zone de gauche. + Pour changer les repères d'alignement de l'équation, placez le curseur + là où vous voulez que commence la zone centrale de la ligne, et tapez +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default +. + Ça met tout ce qui est à droite du curseur dans la zone centrale (que, + d'ailleurs, LaTeX ne typographie pas de la même taille que les autres math + hors ligne, donc il ne faut pas y mettre de grandes expressions comme des + fractions). + Allez là où vous voulez que commence la zone de droite, et tapez de nouveau + +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default +. + Les points d'insertion +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +supplémentaires +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + de la ligne disparaîtront. +\layout Section + +Numérotation et étiquetage des équations +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:etiquettes-math} + +\end_inset + +Avec LyX, il est très facile de numéroter des équations. + Tout ce qu'il faut faire pour transformer une équation hors ligne comme + : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +1+2=3\] + +\end_inset + +en équation numérotée : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +1+2=3\label{mathed:premiere-eqn}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\lang english + +\lang frenchb +est d'aller dans le menu +\family sans +Insérer +\family default +, et choisir l'option +\family sans +Étiquette +\family default +. + Une fenêtre s'ouvre où vous entrez le texte de l'étiquette. + Il n'y a pas besoin de l'appeler par un numéro particulier, puisque LaTeX + s'occupera tout seul de renuméroter l'équation. + Les étiquettes n'apparaîtront pas telles quelles dans le rendu final. + LaTeX insérera les numéros appropriés pour les équations. + Les étiquettes servent aux références croisées. + Vous pouvez activer la numérotation sans mettre d'étiquette particulière + avec le menu +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +(Dés)Activer\SpecialChar ~ +Numérotation +\family default + pendant que le curseur est dans l'équation, comme ici : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +1+1=2\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +Cette même entrée de menu, pressée une deuxième fois, fait disparaître la + numérotation. + Vous pouvez faire référence à une étiquette d'équation, mais pas juste + à une équation numérotée, (cf ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:premiere-eqn} + +\end_inset + +)) avec la fenêtre +\family sans +Référence\SpecialChar ~ +croisée +\family default + obtenue en faisant +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Référence\SpecialChar ~ +croisée +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Pour les formules multi-lignes numérotées (ou étiquetées), le comportement + par défaut est de numéroter toutes les lignes séparément. + Une fois que vous avez attaché une étiquette pour numéroter une équation, + toutes les lignes qui suivent reçoivent une étiquette ou un #. + Vous pouvez changer cette étiquette pour vous référer à cette ligne, comme + ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:troisieme-eqn} + +\end_inset + +) ci-dessous. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:seconde-eqn}\\ +2 & = & 4-2\label{mathed:troisieme-eqn}\\ +4 & \leq & 7\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +Vous pouvez désactiver la numérotation d'une ligne particulière dans une + équation multi-lignes avec le menu +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +(Dés)Activer\SpecialChar ~ +Numérotation\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +Ligne +\family default + quand le curseur est sur cette ligne. + C'est aussi une bascule. + Par exemple : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:quatrieme-eqn}\\ +2 & = & 7-5\\ +1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\ +16 & \equiv & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:cinquieme-eqn}\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +Remarquez que la première de ces équations ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:quatrieme-eqn} + +\end_inset + +) est étiquetée, la suivante est numérotée mais non étiquetée, la troisième + est non numérotée, et la dernière ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:cinquieme-eqn} + +\end_inset + +) est de nouveau étiquetée. +\layout Section + +Macros définies par l'utilisateur en mode mathématique +\layout Standard + +LyX permet à l'utilisateur de définir des macros en mode mathématique. + Une boîte de définition de macro apparaît à l'écran comme un cadre violet + avec le nom de la macro en bleu (couleur des math dans LyX). + Elle contient deux cases initialement marquées comme vides par des rectangles + bleus, qui peuvent être éditées comme s'il s'agissait de math ordinaires. + Vous n'avez qu'à essayer : +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\macro}{a+b} +\end_inset + + Le contenu de la première case servira à écrire la définition de la macro + à destination de LaTeX. + Le contenu de la seconde servira à tracer la macro à l'écran. + Dans le cas fréquent où le rendu LaTeX et le tracé à l'écran utilisent + la même représentation, la deuxième case peut être laissée vide et LyX + prendra tout seul le contenu de la première pour les deux utilisations. +\layout Standard + +Pour utiliser cette macro dans d'autres boîtes mathématiques vous n'avez + qu'à en taper le nom en mode TeX, dans ce cas +\family typewriter + +\backslash +macro +\family default +, et elle sera automatiquement développée : +\begin_inset Formula $c=\macro$ +\end_inset + +. + Comme vous pouvez le vérifier, le curseur ne peut pas aller dans la macro, + qui se comporte toute entière comme un seul caractère, et le code TeX de + cette expression est +\family typewriter +c = +\backslash +macro +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Toutefois le curseur peut aller dans certaines sortes de macros, celles + qui ont des +\emph on +paramètres +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Traduction choisie pour l'anglais +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +argument +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + On pourrait aussi dire argument. +\end_inset + +. + +\emph default + Dans une boîte de définition de macro un paramètre ressemble à un +\family typewriter +# +\family default + suivi du numéro du paramètre : +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\macroparam}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Une fois développée, cette macro comprend l'habituel rectangle vide pour + indiquer que vous pouvez insérer ce que vous voulez : +\family typewriter + +\backslash +macroparam = +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\macroparam{}$ +\end_inset + +. + Exemple : +\begin_inset Formula $b=\macroparam{x-2}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Une fois exportée vers LaTeX, une définition de macro produit la commande + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +macrowarg}[1]{2+ +\backslash +sqrt{#1}} +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Mode d'emploi des macros +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment en créer +\layout Standard + +Pour créer une boîte de définition de macro, entrez ceci dans le minibuffer + : +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +math-macro [nombre de paramètres] +\layout Standard + +Par exemple, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +macro +\family default + a été créée avec +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +math-macro macro +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +, et +\family typewriter + +\backslash +macroparam +\family default + avec +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\backslash +math-macro macroparam 1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Pour insérer une marque de paramètre (seulement dans une boîte de définition + de macro), tapez simplement +\family typewriter +# +\family default + ou entrez : +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +math-macro-arg +\layout Standard + +La marque de paramètre dans +\family typewriter + +\backslash +macroparam +\family default + a été introduite avec +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +math-macro-arg 1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vous ne pouvez pas utiliser plus de 9 paramètres, numérotés de 1 à 9. + Un paramètre peut être utilisé plusieurs fois dans la boîte de définition + de la macro, mais ne peut bien sûr être entré qu'une fois. +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment y naviguer +\layout Description + +Avec\SpecialChar ~ +les\SpecialChar ~ +flèches\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +clavier: Entrer dans une macro par le côté gauche place + le curseur dans le premier paramètre, pour passer au deuxième utilisez + la touche +\family sans +Tab +\family default +. + Rappelez-vous qu'appuyer sur la barre +\family sans +Espace +\family default + fait sortir le curseur de la macro et le place à droite de celle-ci. +\layout Description + +Avec\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +souris: Comme d'habitude, cliquez sur la boîte de paramètre désirée. + Parfois ça échoue si la boîte est vide ou trop petite. +\layout Standard + +Pour l'instant l'utilisateur ne peut définir que des macros de commandes, + et pas de macros d'environnements. +\layout Section + +Réglage fin +\layout Subsection + +Polices +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez entrer diverses polices dans une formule. + La police standard pour du texte est l'italique, +\begin_inset Formula $texte$ +\end_inset + +, mais pour les nombres le standard est le Roman. + Pour obtenir une police dans une formule, choisissez-la dans la palette + mathématique, ou entrez la commande LaTeX directement, comme c'est indiqué + ci-dessous : +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Police +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Commande LaTeX +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\shape up +\size normal +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathrm +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{Gras}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathbf +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\shape up +\size normal +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italique}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathit +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\shape up +\size normal +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Chasse\, fixe}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathtt +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{TABLEAU\, NOIR}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathbb +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\shape up +\size normal +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathfrak +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\shape up +\size normal +\emph on +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIQUE}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathcal +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Le mode math de LaTeX ne supporte pas tous les caractères dans toutes les + polices : seules les lettres sont acceptées avec ces styles de police, + et certaines n'acceptent que les lettres majuscules. +\layout Standard + +Pour toutes ces polices, vous devez faire attention à la manière dont vous + entrez le texte. + S'il y a du texte à droite du point d'entrée, dès que vous avez entré un + caractère la police repasse dans le style du texte qui suit. + Pour pouvoir taper une suite de caractères dans une police particulière, + assurez-vous qu'il y a une espace insécable à droite du curseur. + De même, l'ajout d'une espace insécable fait passer le texte qui suit dans + la police standard. + Les styles de police sont emboîtables, comme dans LaTeX. + Ça peut prêter un peu à confusion, car sélectionner une autre police dans + une sélection ne change +\emph on +pas +\emph default + la sélection, mais insère un nouveau niveau emboîté avec la nouvelle police. +\layout Standard + +Il est possible (avec AMS-LaTeX) de mettre les nombres et les symboles spéciaux + en gras (pas en italique). + LyX ne le permet pas encore de façon WYSIWYM, mais il l'imprimera correctement. + Pour obtenir des symboles en gras, par exemple un +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + en gras, entrez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +boldsymbol{ +\backslash +alpha} +\family default + dans Mathed. + L'accolade fermante apparaît automatiquement (en rouge) quand vous tapez + l'accolade ouvrante. + Ça marche pour tous les symboles, ainsi que pour les nombres. +\layout Standard + +Un certain nombre d'autres options sont également disponibles dans +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Changement\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Police +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Mode Texte-Math +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Traduction moyenne de +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Math Text Mode +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Le changement de police peut servir à entrer des noms de variable dans une + police donnée, mais certainement pas à autre chose, en particulier pas + pour du texte. + Pour insérer des morceaux de texte, utilisez le mode texte-math, obtenu + en tapant M-m\SpecialChar ~ +m de l'intérieur du mode mathématique. + (La même commande vous permet également de sortir du mode texte-math.) Le + mode texte-math apparaît à l'écran en noir et non en bleu. + Vous ne pouvez pas y entrer de ponctuation ou y changer de police +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Le mode texte-math met son contenu dans une structure +\family typewriter + +\backslash +textrm{} +\family default +, alors que +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mbox +\family default + (ou +\family typewriter + +\backslash +text +\family default + d'AMS-LaTeX) aurait pu être un meilleur choix. +\end_inset + +, mais il suffit pour du texte simple. + En voici un exemple : +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\begin{array}{cc} +x & \textrm{si je dis ceci}\\ +-x & \textrm{sinon}\end{array}\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Taille de police +\layout Standard + +Il y a quatre tailles (relatives) de police (ou +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +styles +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +) utilisées en mode math, qui sont déterminées automatiquement dans la plupart + des situations. + Ce sont +\emph on +textstyle +\emph default +, +\emph on +displaystyle +\emph default +, +\emph on +scriptstyle +\emph default +, et +\emph on +scriptscriptstyle +\emph default +. + Pour la plupart des caractères, +\emph on +textstyle +\emph default + et +\emph on +displaystyle +\emph default + font en fait la même taille, mais les fractions, les indices et exposants, + et certains autres effets, sont plus grands ou positionnés différemment + avec +\emph on +displaystyle +\emph default +. + Sauf certains opérateurs, qui s'adaptent en taille à la situation, le texte + sera écrit dans l'une de ces tailles selon ce que LaTeX juge approprié. + On peut agir sur ces choix dans le minibuffer avec la commande +\family typewriter +math-size +\family default +. + Par exemple, vous pouvez laisser +\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}$ +\end_inset + + tel quel (en +\emph on +textstyle +\emph default +), ou l'agrandir, ce qui change aussi l'interligne, en displaystyle, en + entrant +\family typewriter +math-size displaystyle +\family default + dans le minibuffer pendant que le curseur est dans la ligne de base de + l'insert mathématique, +\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + Attention cependant : si le curseur est sur le dénominateur de cette fraction, + seul le numérateur sera agrandi, comme ici : +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + + ! C'est la conséquence d'un effet non souhaité +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Bon, d'accord, d'une erreur. +\end_inset + + de LaTeX, pas de LyX. + Ces changements de taille de police ne sont pas aussi visibles dans LyX + que dans le rendu final. + Voici du texte dans les quatre styles : +\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Toutes ces tailles de police du mode math sont relatives, c'est-à-dire, + si l'insert mathématique dans son ensemble et le texte qui l'entoure sont + dans une taille spéciale, toutes ces tailles seront ajustées en conséquence. + De même, si on change la taille de police standard du document , toutes + les polices seront ajustées pour lui correspondre. +\layout Standard + + +\size largest +Voici un paragraphe dans la police la plus grande, avec des symboles : +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Ceci s'applique aussi aux polices mathématiques dans les titres et autres + environnements particuliers. +\layout Section + +LaTeX AMS +\layout Standard + +L'American Mathematical Society (AMS) fournit des paquetages LaTeX qui sont + d'un usage courant. + LyX gère en partie ces paquetages. +\layout Subsection + +Activer la gestion d'AMS +\layout Standard + +Dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paquetages +\family default +, il y a une case à cocher +\family sans +Utiliser\SpecialChar ~ +les\SpecialChar ~ +maths\SpecialChar ~ +AMS +\family default +. + Si elle est cochée, les paquetages AMS seront inclus dans le document, + et leurs fonctions seront accessibles. +\layout Subsection + +Symboles AMS +\layout Standard + +Les paquetages LaTeX AMS permettent d'accéder à des symboles mathématiques + qui ne sont pas présents dans LaTeX (ou LyX), mais sont assez courants + dans les textes mathématiques, comme la police gothique Fraktur et les + polices stylisées +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Tableau Noir +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + souvent utilisées pour noter l'ensemble des nombres entiers, des réels + ou des complexes. + Une fois la gestion d'AMS activée, tous ces symboles et environnements + deviennent accessibles. + Vous allez vous causer des ennuis si vous incluez vous-même ces paquetages + dans le préambule, car LyX redéfinit désormais certaines de leurs macros. + Les classes AMS incluent ces paquetages automatiquement. +\layout Subsection + +Types de formules AMS +\layout Standard + +AMS fournit un choix de divers types de formules. + LyX vous permet de choisir entre +\family typewriter +align +\family default +, +\family typewriter +alignat +\family default +, +\family typewriter +flalign +\family default +, +\family typewriter +gather +\family default + et +\family typewriter +multline +\family default +. + Voyez la documentation d'AMS pour les différences entre ces types de formules. +\layout Chapter + +Autres Outils +\layout Section + +Références croisées +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:réf-croisées} + +\end_inset + +Ceux d'entre vous qui lisent ce manuel en ligne peuvent voir, juste avant + le début de cette phrase, une boîte grise avec du texte dedans. + C'est une +\family sans +Étiquette +\family default +. + Pour être précis, c'est la moitié d'une référence croisée. + L'autre moitié est la +\family sans +Référence +\family default + elle-même, et ressemble à ça : +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:réf-croisées} + +\end_inset + +. + Encore une fois, ceux qui lisent le manuel en ligne voient une boîte grise + avec du texte. + En revanche, ceux qui lisent la version imprimée voient un numéro -- ici + le numéro de la section. + Il y a aussi d'autres variétés de références croisées : par exemple, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:réf-croisées} + +\end_inset + +. + C'est le numéro de la page qui contient l'étiquette. + Voilà ce que font les références croisées : elles vous permettent de citer + d'autres parties de votre document. + Plus besoin de vous rappeler quel numéro de section correspondait à quoi + -- LyX s'en charge tout seul ! Il vous faut juste utiliser une +\family sans +Étiquette +\family default + pour marquer la section, la figure, le tableau, la formule, etc. + et ensuite vous y reporter via une +\family sans +Référence +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Pour insérer une étiquette, faites +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Étiquette +\family default +. + Une boîte apparaît où vous pouvez entrer votre nom d'étiquette. + Vous pouvez à n'importe quel moment changer le nom de l'étiquette, en cliquant + sur la boîte grise pour réouvrir la fenêtre +\family sans +Étiquette +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Pour insérer une référence, faites +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Référence\SpecialChar ~ +croisée +\family default +. + La fenêtre +\family sans +Référence +\family default + apparaît avec la liste des étiquettes présentes dans le document. + Choisissez-en une puis faites +\family sans +OK +\family default + pour insérer une référence dans le texte ; en changeant le +\family sans +Type\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Référence +\family default + vous pouvez insérer à la place un numéro de page ou une autre variante + de référence. +\layout Standard + +Notez que si vous coupez-collez du texte d'un autre document qui contient + une +\family sans +Étiquette +\family default + ou une +\family sans +Référence +\family default +, ou si vous effacez une référence dans votre texte, LyX va se plaindre + : +\layout Quote + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Warning: Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z. +\newline +LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references. +\layout Standard + +Vous verrez deux points d'interrogation à la place de la référence dans + le rendu final. +\layout Standard + +Nous voudrions faire encore quelques commentaires au sujet des +\family sans +Étiquettes +\family default +. + C'est toujours le numéro de l'en-tête de section le plus proche qui est + imprimé. + Ainsi, si vous voulez mettre une étiquette à un +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default +, mais qu'un en-tête de +\family sans +Section +\family default + le suit immédiatement, vous devez mettre l' +\family sans +Étiquette +\family default + +\emph on +dans +\emph default + l'environnement +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default +. + Peu importe où, et ça fera bizarre sur l'écran LyX. + Mais vous devez faire comme ça si vous voulez étiqueter le +\family sans +Chapitre +\family default + séparément de la +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + La même chose vaut pour tous les en-têtes de section. +\layout Standard + +Par ailleurs, une +\family sans +Étiquette +\family default + ne veut dire quelque chose +\emph on +que +\emph default + dans les en-têtes de section +\emph on +numérotés +\emph default + et dans les tableaux et figures flottants. + Les figures et tableaux simples ne sont pas numérotés, donc comme pour + les en-têtes de section non numérotés, vous ne pouvez pas vraiment y mettre + une +\family sans +Étiquette +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +En fait, vous +\emph on +pouvez +\emph default +, mais seulement si vous faites ensuite référence à son numéro de page. + La +\family sans +Référence +\family default + normale --celle qui cite un numéro de section/tableau/figure -- ne marchera + pas, parce qu'il n'y a pas de numéro à référencer! Vous pouvez aussi utiliser + des +\family sans +Étiquettes +\family default + simples, n'importe où dans un texte, comme marque-pages, puis vous y reporter + en utilisant la référence de numéro de page. + Là encore, la +\family sans +Référence +\family default + normale ne marchera pas très bien. + Elle se référera à quelque chose, mais ce sera en général au numéro de + l'en-tête de section numéroté précédent. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Voir les +\family sans +Sections\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures-flottantes} + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tableaux-flottants} + +\end_inset + + et\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:etiquettes-math} + +\end_inset + + pour les détails sur l'utilisation d'une Étiquette +\family default + avec respectivement des figures, des tableaux et des équations. +\layout Section + +URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) +\layout Standard + +Il est souvent souhaitable d'inclure de longs éléments tels quels dans un + document, comme des adresses de sites Internet, des adresses e-mail, etc. + ; ces choses ne contiennent en général pas d'espace et sont donc difficiles + à typographier correctement. + De tels éléments vont souvent buter contre le bord d'une ligne s'ils ne + peuvent pas être interrompus, aboutissant à une ligne trop remplie ou pas + assez, selon les circonstances. + Vous pouvez faire +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +URL +\family default + pour entrer une longue URL et la découper joliment (si nécessaire) selon + des règles de césure déterminées automatiquement. +\layout Standard + +Faites simplement +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +URL +\family default + à l'endroit du document où vous voulez entrer une adresse électronique + ; une fenêtre apparaît où vous pouvez entrer l'adresse complète (dans le + champ +\family sans +URL +\family default +). + Dans son utilisation la plus simple, c'est tout ce qu'il faut faire. + Cliquez sur la boîte grise suivante pour voir comment on écrirait l'adresse + de la page d'accueil de LyX : +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Si vous voulez ajouter du texte à l'URL, entrez-le dans le champ +\family sans +Nom +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Parfois traduit (incorrectement) Destinataire car il peut servir au + nom de la personne possédant un e-mail. +\end_inset + + +\family default + de la fenêtre ; il sera typographié comme du texte ordinaire immédiatement + avant l'URL. + Par exemple, disons que vous pouvez trouver tout ce qui touche à LaTeX + au +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[CTAN]{http://ctan.tug.org} + +\end_inset + +. + Sur la page imprimée, la phrase précédente se termine ainsi : +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +tout ce qui touche à LaTeX au CTAN +\family typewriter +http://ctan.tug.org +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +(Note de l'auteur : Il faut que quelqu'un documente le bouton +\family sans +\emph default +Type\SpecialChar ~ +HTML +\family default +\emph on +.) +\layout Section + +Écrire des titres courts avec des paramètres optionnels +\begin_inset OptArg +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Titres courts +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Certains titres de section ou de chapitre, comme celui-ci, peuvent être + assez longs. + Ça peut causer des dépassements quand il y a peu d'espace horizontal. + Par exemple, si l'en-tête de la page est censé comporter le titre de la + section courante, un titre long va déborder et ce sera très laid. +\layout Standard + +LaTeX vous permet de passer un paramètre optionnel aux commandes de section, + qui définit une version raccourcie du titre +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pour ceux qui ne connaissent pas LaTeX, les commandes ressemblent à ça : + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +commande[paramètre_optionnel]{le_contenu} +\end_inset + +. + Cette version courte sert dans les en-têtes et dans la Table des Matières, + ce qui évite les problèmes que nous venons de décrire. + LyX vous permet de définir ce paramètre optionnel en faisant +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Titre\SpecialChar ~ +Court +\family default +. + Ça insère une boîte (marqué +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +opt +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + pour +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +optionnel +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +) dans laquelle vous pouvez mettre le titre raccourci. + Ça marche aussi pour les légendes des flottants. +\layout Standard + +Le titre de cette section illustre bien cette fonction. +\layout Section + +Espacement, pagination et passages à la ligne +\layout Subsection + +Espace horizontal supplémentaire +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:espace-h} + +\end_inset + +Les +\family sans +Ressorts\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontaux +\family default + sont une fonction spéciale de LyX pour ajouter de l'espace supplémentaire + de façon uniforme. + Un +\family sans +Ressort\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontal +\family default + est en fait une espace de taille variable, dont la longueur est toujours + égale à l'espace restant entre les marges gauche et droite. + S'il y a plus d'un R +\family sans +essort\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontal +\family default + sur une ligne, ils se répartissent l'espace disponible de manière égale. +\layout Standard + +Note : si un +\family sans +Ressort\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontal +\family default + se trouve au début d'une ligne, et que ce n'est +\emph on +pas +\emph default + la première ligne d'un paragraphe, LyX n'en tient pas compte. + Ceci évite aux +\family sans +Ressorts\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontaux +\family default + de passer accidentellement à la ligne suivante. +\layout Standard + +On insère des +\family sans +Ressorts\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontaux +\family default + avec +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère\SpecialChar ~ +spécial\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ressort\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontal +\family default +. + Voici quelques exemples de ce que vous pouvez faire avec : +\layout Quote + +C'est à gauche +\hfill +C'est à droite +\layout Quote + +Gauche +\hfill +Milieu +\hfill +Droite +\layout Quote + +Gauche +\hfill +1/3 Gauche +\hfill + +\hfill +Droite +\layout Standard + +C'était un exemple dans l'environnement +\family sans +Cite +\family default +. + Ici : +\hfill + : en est un dans un paragraphe standard. + Il peut ou non être apparent dans le texte imprimé, mais il est de toute + façon présent, entre les deux +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +deux points +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Rappelez-vous ce que nous avons dit : un +\family sans +Ressort\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontal +\family default + remplit toujours l'espace restant entre les marges. + Il peut y avoir plusieurs ensembles de marges sur une ligne. + Voici un exemple avec l'environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +un +\hfill +deux :trois +\hfill +quatre +\hfill +cinq +\hfill +six +\layout Standard + +Les +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +deux points +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + marquent le début de l'élément. + (Il y a en fait un +\family sans +Ressort\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontal +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +caché +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + dans le marqueur de l'environnement +\family sans +Liste +\family default + ; il s'insère automatiquement à la fin du marqueur.) Les +\family sans +Ressorts\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontaux +\family default + marchent de la même façon dans d'autres situations avec plusieurs marges, + comme le mode +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +deux colonnes +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Espace vertical supplémentaire +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:espace-v} + +\end_inset + +Pour ajouter de l'espace vertical supplémentaire au-dessus ou au-dessous + d'un paragraphe, faites +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraphe +\family default + pour ouvrir la fenêtre +\family sans +Apparence\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +Paragraphe +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Nous n'allons pas fournir d'exemple d' +\family sans +Espace\SpecialChar ~ +Vertical +\family default +, ce serait du gâchis de papier. + Ils marchent de la même façon que tout autre type de remplissage, y compris + les +\family sans +Ressorts\SpecialChar ~ +Horizontaux +\family default + : ils remplissent de vide l'espace vertical restant sur une page. + S'il y a plusieurs +\family sans +Espaces\SpecialChar ~ +Verticaux +\family default + sur une page, ils se répartissent l'espace vertical restant de manière + égale. + Vous pouvez donc utiliser des +\family sans +Espaces\SpecialChar ~ +Verticaux +\family default + pour centrer du texte sur une page, ou même pour le placer aux 2/3 en bas, + ou au quart, et ainsi de suite. +\layout Subsection + +Changer l'alignement d'un paragraphe +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi changer l'alignement du paragraphe avec la fenêtre +\family sans +Style\SpecialChar ~ +de\SpecialChar ~ +Paragraphe +\family default +. + Il y a quatre possibilités : +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Justifié +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Gauche +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Droite +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Centré +\layout Standard + +La valeur par défaut dans la plupart des cas est l'alignement justifié, + dans lequel l'espacement entre les mots est variable et où chaque ligne + d'un paragraphe remplit la zone entre les marges gauche et droite. + Les trois autres alignements sont explicites, et ressemblent à ceci : +\layout Standard +\align right +Ce paragraphe est aligné à droite, +\layout Standard +\align center +celui-ci est centré, +\layout Standard +\align left +celui-là est aligné à gauche. +\layout Standard + +Dans certains environnements de paragraphe, la valeur par défaut est différente + de justifié. +\layout Subsection + +Forcer les sauts de page +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:sauts-page} + +\end_inset + +Si vous n'aimez pas la façon dont LaTeX gère les sauts de page dans votre + document, vous pouvez forcer un saut de page où vous voulez. + En général, +\emph on +ce n'est pas nécessaire +\emph default + car LaTeX est bon à ce genre d'exercice, comme nous l'avons déjà dit dans + la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:veuves} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Donc en général il n'y a pas besoin d'utiliser l'option décrite ci-dessous, + et nous recommandons de ne pas l'utiliser avant que le texte ne soit terminé, + et avant que vous ayez vérifié dans la prévisualisation qu'il faut +\emph on +vraiment +\emph default + changer les sauts de page. + Vous pouvez forcer un saut de page avant ou après un paragraphe en cochant + les cases correspondantes dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraphe +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vous pourriez essayer de l'utiliser pour vous assurer qu'une figure ou un + tableau apparaisse en haut d'une page. + Ce n'est pas la bonne façon de faire. + LyX vous donne un moyen pour vous assurer automatiquement que vos figures + et tableaux apparaissent en haut d'une page (ou en bas, ou sur une page + à part) sans avoir à vous soucier de ce qui précède ou suit votre figure + ou tableau. + Voir les Sections\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} + +\end_inset + + et\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tableaux} + +\end_inset + + et lisez ce qui concerne les +\family sans +Flottants +\family default + pour en savoir plus. +\layout Subsection + +Espaces insécables +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:espace_insec-saut_ligne-ligne_horiz} + +\end_inset + +L'espace insécable sert à dire à LyX (et à LaTeX) de ne pas passer à la + ligne à cet endroit. + Cela peut être nécessaire pour éviter des passages à la ligne malheureux, + comme : +\layout Quote + +Une bonne documentation ne devrait pas peser plus d'1 +\newline +kg. +\layout Standard + +Il serait clairement bon de mettre un blanc insécable entre +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + et +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +kg +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Pour cela faites +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère\SpecialChar ~ +spécial\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Espace\SpecialChar ~ +insécable +\family default + ou +\family sans +C-Espace +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Le passage à la ligne +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez forcer des sauts de ligne à l'intérieur d'un paragraphe en faisant + +\family sans +Insérer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caractère\SpecialChar ~ +spécial\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Passage\SpecialChar ~ +à\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +Ligne +\family default + ou +\family sans +C-Entrée +\family default +. + Vous ne devriez pas l'utiliser pour corriger les passages à la ligne de + LaTeX, car LaTeX sait +\emph on +très bien +\emph default + les faire... + (voir Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:sauts-page} + +\end_inset + +). + En revanche, il y a un certain nombre de situations où il est nécessaire + d'insérer volontairement un saut de ligne, par exemple dans un poème ou + pour une +\family sans +Adresse +\family default + (voir les Sections\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:citation} + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:vers} + +\end_inset + + et\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emploi-adresse} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Section + +Correction orthographique +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:corr-ortho} + +\end_inset + +LyX lui-même n'a pas de fonction de correction orthographique. + À la place il utilise le programme externe +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + en tâche de fond ou le programme +\family typewriter +aspell +\family default +, plus récent et en général meilleur. + Cette section présuppose que vous avez déjà installé et configuré l'un + de ces programmes. +\layout Standard + +Pour démarrer la correction, faites +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Correcteur\SpecialChar ~ +orthographique +\family default +. + La correction démarre juste après la position courante du curseur. + Une fenêtre apparaît. + Elle vous montre tout mot incorrect (ou inconnu) rencontré, et vous permet + de l'éditer et de le remplacer. + À chaque fois que le correcteur signale un mot inconnu, le mot est mis + en relief et l'écran de texte est positionné à sa hauteur. + Dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Correcteur\SpecialChar ~ +orthographique +\family default +, il y a aussi une boîte affichant les suggestions de remplacement, si le + correcteur en a trouvé. + Cliquer sur l'une de ces corrections la transférera dans le champ +\family sans +Remplacer +\family default + (en double-cliquant le remplacement a lieu directement). +\layout Subsection + +Options du correcteur orthographique +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:opt-corr-ortho} + +\end_inset + +Vous pouvez régler les options suivantes dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Dictionnaire +\layout Standard + +Par défaut, le fichier de dictionnaire utilisé est déterminé par la langue + du document que vous corrigez, qui est fixée dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. + Si vous n'avez pas de dictionnaire pour la langue du document, le correcteur + orthographique ne fonctionnera pas. + Dans ce cas, vous pouvez spécifier un autre fichier de dictionnaire dans + la fenêtre du +\family sans + Correcteur\SpecialChar ~ +orthographique +\family default +, en cochant la case +\family sans +Utiliser\SpecialChar ~ +une\SpecialChar ~ +autre\SpecialChar ~ +langue +\family default +, et en mettant son nom dans le champ de texte. +\layout Standard + +Si vous utilisez +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, vous aurez peut-être besoin de faire un lien du fichier disons +\family typewriter +deutsch.(aff|hash) +\family default + à +\family typewriter +german.(aff|hash) +\family default +, selon les dictionnaires utilisés. + C'est parce que les fichiers +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + ont normalement leur nom dans la langue en question ( +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +deutsch +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +) alors qu' +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, quand il est invoqué par LyX, cherche le nom anglais ( +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +german +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +) utilisé par le paquetage LaTeX babel. +\layout Standard + +Vous pouvez aussi avoir des problèmes si l'encodage des polices n'est pas + correct pour ce dictionnaire. + Si vous écrivez dans une langue avec l'encodage +\family typewriter +latin1 +\family default + et mettez l'option d' +\family sans +Encodage +\family default + de la fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default + (onglet +\family sans +Langue +\family default +) à +\family sans +latin1 +\family default + (ou à autre chose que +\family sans +défaut +\family default +), vous devez avoir la même option dans le dictionnaire correspondant. + Si votre dictionnaire ne supporte pas l' +\family sans +Encodage +\family default + que vous avez choisi, vous aurez une erreur de ce type sur stderr : +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1' +\layout Standard + +Le correcteur orthographique vous indique qu'il n'a pas pu démarrer +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + et que vous avez probablement des problèmes avec votre fichier de dictionnaire. +\layout Standard + +Il y a quatre solutions à ce problème. + La plus simple est d'essayer l'option +\family sans +Utiliser\SpecialChar ~ +l'Encodage\SpecialChar ~ +d'Entrée +\family default +. + Si ça ne marche pas, vous pouvez mettre +\family sans +Encodage +\family default + à +\family sans +défaut +\family default + avant d'appeler le correcteur orthographique (ce qui est sans doute pénible). + La troisième solution est d'ajouter l'option +\family sans +latin1 +\family default + à votre fichier de dictionnaire +\family typewriter +\emph on + +\emph default +.aff +\family default + et recompiler le dictionnaire (ce qui n'est probablement pas facile si + vous avez installé le tout avec une distribution et n'avez pas les sources + d' +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + et leur répertoire de langues). + Lisez la documentation d' +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + avant de faire ça ! La quatrième est d'envoyer un message à celui qui assure + la maintenance de votre paquetage, ou mieux à celui qui s'occupe du fichier + de dictionnaire en question et de lui demander de résoudre le problème. +\layout Subsubsection + +Dictionnaire personnel +\layout Standard + +Si vous voulez utiliser un dictionnaire personnel autre que celui par défaut + de votre correcteur orthographique, vous pouvez en changer dans la fenêtre + du +\family sans +Correcteur\SpecialChar ~ +orthographique +\family default +. + Spécifier un nom de fichier inexistant affichera sur stderr un message + d'erreur, que vous pouvez ignorer : +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + créera le fichier à la fin de la correction. +\layout Subsubsection + +Autres options +\layout Standard + +La fenêtre +\family sans +Correcteur\SpecialChar ~ +orthographique +\family default + a quelques options supplémentaires qui sont assez explicites : +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Accepter\SpecialChar ~ +les\SpecialChar ~ +mots\SpecialChar ~ +co +\family default +mposés +\newline +Empêche le correcteur de signaler les mots composés comme incorrects +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +NdT : Surtout utile pour les langues germaniques, comme l'anglais et l'allemand, + et assez peu en français. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Caractères\SpecialChar ~ +spéciaux +\family default + +\newline +Vous permet d'ajouter des caractères non standard à ce que le correcteur + considère comme des mots, par exemple les umlauts allemands. + Normalement ce n'est pas nécessaire. +\layout Subsection + +Limitations +\layout Standard + +Quelques utilisateurs ont exprimé le désir de pouvoir remplacer globalement + l'orthographe d'un mot donné, plutôt que d'avoir à la changer pour chaque + occurrence de ce mot. + Des listes de mots par document pourraient aussi être utiles. + Aucune de ces fonctions n'est présente au moment où nous écrivons. +\layout Standard + +LyX ne peut pas vérifier correctement l'orthographe des documents multi-lingues, + sauf si vous utilisez +\family typewriter +pspell +\family default +, auquel cas ça fonctionne si vous avez convenablement indiqué de quels + langues il s'agissait. +\layout Section + +Support international +\layout Standard + +Cette section décrit comment utiliser LyX avec la langue que vous voulez. + LyX est configuré par défaut pour supporter la langue anglaise sur un clavier + de style US, avec la taille de papier standard US et le correcteur orthographiq +ue pour l'anglais US. + Vous pouvez changer tous ces réglages, et pouvez n'appliquer les changements + que pour la session en cours, ou les intégrer comme nouvelle configuration + par défaut. +\layout Standard + +Si vous avez un clavier adapté à la langue que vous utilisez (par exemple, + un clavier français pour écrire en français), et que vous avez correctement + configuré votre environnement X, il vous suffit maintenant d'indiquer à + LyX votre langue, l'encodage des caractères, et la taille de papier désirée. + Reportez-vous à la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:format-langue} + +\end_inset + + pour plus d'information. +\layout Standard + +Si cependant vous avez un clavier d'un type donné et voulez écrire dans + une autre langue, vous pouvez utiliser un profil de touches différent. + Par exemple, si vous avez un clavier français et voulez écrire en espagnol, + vous pouvez configurer LyX pour le profil de touches espagnol. + Reportez-vous à la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:options-clavier} + +\end_inset + + pour les détails. +\layout Standard + +Enfin, vous pouvez juste vouloir changer quelques correspondances de touches + ou créer un profil de touches entièrement différent. + Vous pouvez, par exemple, écrire normalement en français mais vouloir inclure + de temps en temps une citation en espagnol. + Dans ce cas, vous pouvez définir votre propre profil de touches ou en modifier + un pour supporter les caractères (comme le +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +n tilde +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +) que vous voulez. +\layout Standard + +Les détails de la personnalisation de LyX dans votre langue dépassent +\emph on +largement +\emph default + le cadre de ce manuel. + Si vous voulez en savoir plus sur la définition de profils de touches et + l'adaptation de LyX à la langue désirée, voyez le manuel de +\emph on +Personnalisation +\emph default + pour les détails. +\layout Subsection + +Options de langue du menu +\family sans +Format +\layout Standard + + +\lang english + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay} + +\end_inset + +The +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default + dialog lets you set +\family roman +the language and character encoding for your language. + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t +\family roman +he +\family sans +Language +\family roman + +\family default +combo +\family roman +box +\family default +of the +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default + dialog. + The default is U.S. + English. + Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice. + The language name appears in the window. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support. + If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions + for it. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +The +\family sans +Enco +\bar under +d +\bar default +ing +\family default + box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use. + The default is the +\family typewriter +Latin1 +\family default + encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western + European languages. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:format-langue} + +\end_inset + +La fenêtre +\family sans +Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default + vous permet de régler la langue et l'encodage des caractères. +\layout Standard + +Choisissez votre langue en cliquant sur la flèche dans la boîte déroulante + +\family sans +Langue +\family default + dans l'onglet du même nom de cette fenêtre. + Par défaut c'est l'américain qui est sélectionné. + Faites défiler les options pour trouver la langue de votre document et + cliquez sur votre choix. + Le nom de la langue apparaît dans la fenêtre +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +En termes LaTeX, sélectionner une langue autre que celle par défaut charge + le paquetage Babel. + Si vous n'avez pas installé Babel, voyez les différentes distributions + LaTeX. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Le champ +\family sans +Encodage +\family default + vous permet de choisir l'encodage des caractères. + Par défaut c'est l'encodage +\family typewriter +latin1 +\family default +, qui comprend les caractères requis par les langues d'Europe de l'Ouest, + dont le français. +\layout Subsection + +La configuration du clavier +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:options-clavier} + +\end_inset + +La fenêtre +\family sans +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Préférences +\family default + vous permet de choisir jusqu'à deux profils de touches. + Ça vous permet d'avoir la disposition des touches qui vous convient. + Vous avez un choix principal et secondaire pour la langue du clavier, et + pouvez ensuite choisir celui que vous voulez utiliser. +\layout Subsection + +Tableaux de caractères +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tab-carac} + +\end_inset + +Voici un tableau avec tous les caractères +\family typewriter +latin1 +\family default +. + Vous devriez pouvoir obtenir ces caractères directement depuis le clavier + sans 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Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +¯ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +¿ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Ï +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ß +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ï +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ÿ +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Il y a des choses à savoir au sujet de ce tableau. + Ce manuel est configuré -- à la main, rendez-vous compte -- pour afficher + tous ces caractères. + Ce n'est pas le comportement par défaut, loin de là. + Voici quelques détails à garder à l'esprit quand vous utilisez des caractères + +\family typewriter +latin1 +\family default + : +\layout Itemize + +Les caractères aux entrées A2, A4, A5, A6 et AD -- le cent, le yen, le symbole + générique de monnaie, la barre verticale interrompue, et le tiret court + -- sont tout simplement manquants dans l'encodage par défaut. + Nous ne savons pas où ils sont ni pourquoi ils sont absents. +\layout Itemize + +Même si vous avez sélectionné +\family sans +latin1 +\family default + dans la fenêtre +\family sans +Apparence\SpecialChar ~ +du\SpecialChar ~ +document +\family default +, les utilisateurs qui n'ont que les polices LaTeX +\family typewriter +OT1 +\family default + (ou qui ont les polices +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default + mais ne s'en servent pas) n'auront pas certains caractères : D0, F0, DE, + FE, AB et BB -- les eth et thorn majuscules et minuscules, et les guillemets + français. +\layout Itemize + +Les utilisateurs de polices +\family typewriter +OT1 +\family default + peuvent cependant avoir les guillemets français (caractères AB et BB) s'ils + incluent soit le paquetage +\family typewriter +umlaute.sty +\family default + soit +\family typewriter +german.sty +\family default + dans leurs documents +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ça ne vaut que si vous voulez entrer ces guillemets vous-mêmes. + La fonction de guillemets automatiques décrite dans la Section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:guillemets} + +\end_inset + +, va générer automatiquement le code LaTeX adapté aux polices et aux paquetages + disponibles. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Voici ensuite une liste complète de tous les caractères accentués que LyX + peut afficher directement. + Elle ne comprend pas seulement les caractères accentués du tableau précédent, + mais aussi tous les caractères ISO8859-2 à 4. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +ISO8859-1 +\family default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ +\hfill +tréma +\layout Standard + +^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û +\hfill +circonflexe +\layout Standard + +` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù +\hfill +grave +\layout Standard + +´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý +\hfill +aigu +\layout Standard + +~ Ã Ñ Õ ã ñ õ +\hfill +tilde +\layout Standard + +¸Çç +\hfill +cédille +\layout Standard + +¯ +\hfill +macron +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +La touche morte macron n'est en général pas nécessaire, car vous allez utiliser + une touche normale à la place. + Par exemple, S-M-moins ou si +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default + est correct, S-M-macron. +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +ISO8859-2 +\family default + à +\family typewriter +4 +\family default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +\i \^{H} +\i \^{J} +\i \^{h} +\i \^{\j} +\i \^{C} +\i \^{G} +\i \^{S} +\i \^{c} +\i \^{g} +\i \^{s} + +\hfill +circonflexe +\layout Standard + +\i \'{S} +\i \'{Z} +\i \'{s} +\i \'{z} +\i \'{R} +\i \'{L} +\i \'{C} +\i \'{N} +\i \'{r} +\i \'{l} +\i \'{c} +\i \'{n} + +\hfill +aigu +\layout Standard + +\i \~{I} +\i \~{\i} +\i \~{U} +\i \~{u} + +\hfill +tilde +\layout Standard + +\i \c{S} +\i \c{s} +\i \c{T} +\i \c{t} +\i \c{R} +\i \c{L} +\i \c{G} +\i \c{r} +\i \c{l} +\i \c{g} +\i \c{N} +\i \c{K} +\i \c{n} +\i \c{k} + +\hfill +cédille +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ces caractères ne sont peut-être pas très beaux à l'écran, mais ils rendent + bien une fois passés dans LaTeX et imprimés. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +\i \={E} +\i \={e} +\i \={A} +\i \={I} +\i \={O} +\i \={U} +\i \={a} +\i \={\i} +\i \={o} +\i \={u} + +\hfill +barre +\layout Standard + +\i \H{O} +\i \H{U} +\i \H{o} +\i \H{u} + +\hfill +umlaut hongrois +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tous les caractères ci-dessus sont présents dans les polices TeX. + En outre, TeX accepte des marques diacritiques sur presque tous les caractères. + Assurez-vous que vous utilisez les polices +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default + et que le paquetage +\family typewriter +umlaute.sty +\family default + et le fichier de définition +\family typewriter +iso.def +\family default + sont installés. +\layout Chapter + +Remerciements +\layout Standard + +La documentation est un travail collectif (et ceux qui voudraient y contribuer + sont les bienvenus !). +\layout Standard + +D'abord, nous devons remercier comme il convient ceux qui sont venus avant + nous. + Ils nous ont donné la base sur laquelle les nouveaux manuels sont bâtis, + et quelques-uns continuent à fournir de l'information : +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich +\noun default + a écrit la documentation originelle (dont est dérivée ce manuel), ainsi + que l'introduction de ce manuel (que certains d'entre nous appellent le + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +manifeste LyX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Lars Gullik Bjønnes +\noun default + a écrit plusieurs minidocuments, dont une partie de l'info sur l'internationali +sation de LyX. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Ivan Schreter +\noun default + a aussi écrit un minidocument sur le support international, spécifiquement + à propos des claviers internationaux et de la personnalisation. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Pascal André +\noun default + a documenté à l'origine l'interface LinuxDoc SGML. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Alejandro Aguilar Sierra +\noun default + a documenté à l'origine le mode Math et fourni la description des fonctions + mathématiques dans +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\layout Itemize + +Des remerciements particuliers à l'Équipe LyX\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit} + +\end_inset + + pour son aide et les réponses aux questions. +\layout Standard + +Ensuite, il est temps de remercier +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +l'Équipe de Documentation de LyX +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, tous les gens qui ont aidé à réécrire l'ancienne documentation sous la + forme qu'elle a pris après la version 0.10 de LyX : +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +David Johnson +\noun default + : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Contributeur de la FAQ et de l'ancien +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +HowDoI-.lyx +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + (aujourd'hui défunt). +\layout Itemize + +Aide générale pour l'édition. +\layout Itemize + +Documentation de : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +mode Math +\layout Itemize + +tableaux +\layout Itemize + +correcteur orthographique +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Rich Fields +\noun default + : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Contributeur principal de +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\layout Itemize + +Documentation de l'interface LyX de base dans +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Paul Evans +\noun default + : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Ex-mainteneur de la FAQ et de l'ancien +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +HowDoI-.lyx +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + (aujourd'hui défunt). +\layout Itemize + +Documentation de LinuxDoc dans +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Paul Russel +\noun default + : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Documentation des figures et des graphiques importés dans +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +John Raithel +\noun default + : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Documentation des fonctionnalités d'internationalisation dans +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Robin Socha +\noun default + : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Documentation de : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +notes de bas de page +\layout Itemize + +notes en marge +\layout Itemize + +table des matières +\layout Itemize + +références croisées +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Amir Karger +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Contributeur principal à +\family typewriter +Tutorial.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Matthias Zenker: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Documentation de : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +réglage fin manuel +\layout Itemize + +utilisation de LaTeX depuis l'intérieur de LyX +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Organisation générale et format des documents. +\layout Itemize + +Documentation de : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +configuration de LyX +\layout Itemize + +environnements de paragraphe, format de document, imbrication, notes typographiq +ues, polices +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Aussi responsable de l'introduction de +\family typewriter +Tutorial.lyx +\layout Itemize + +Éditeur des documents (de 6/96 à l'automne 1997). +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Après l'automne 1997, l'Équipe LyX dans son ensemble a pris en main l'entretien + de la documentation. +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {lyxcredit} + +Le répertoire source de LyX. + Fichier : CREDITS. +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {latexbook} + +Leslie Lamport. + +\emph on +LaTeX: A Document Preparation System. + +\emph default +Addison-Wesley, deuxième édition, 1994 +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {latexcompanion} + +Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach et Alexander Samarin: +\emph on +The LaTeX Companion. + +\emph default +Addison-Wesley, 1994 +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {latexguide} + +A Guide to LaTeX2e, Kopka et Daly +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {texbook} + +Donald E. + Knuth. + +\emph on +The TeXbook +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/he_Intro.lyx b/lib/doc/he_Intro.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..abe079ea82 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/he_Intro.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,2314 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +\usepackage[none]{hyphenat} +\frenchspacing +\sloppy + +\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} +\fancyhead[RO,LE]{\thepage} +\fancyhead[RE]{\leftmark} +\fancyhead[LO]{\rightmark} +\fancyfoot[C]{} +\end_preamble +\language hebrew +\inputencoding auto +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 2 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle fancy + +\layout Title + +ä÷ãîä ììé÷ñ +\layout Author + +îàú â'åï ååéñ åöååú ìé÷ñ +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +úåøâí ò"é ìéàú åâãé ÷åæîà, +\numeric on +2002 +\numeric off + )áäñúîê òì úøâåí ÷åãí îàú ãéãé áø-ãåã( +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +äôéìåñåôéä ùì ìé÷ñ +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +If you cannot see anything in this document except for this paragraph, do + not despair! Everything you need is in Dekel Tsur's site: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.math.tau.ac.il/~dekelts/lyx/} + +\end_inset + +. + Get what you need, install it, and return to reading this document at your + leisure. +\layout Section + +îä äéà ìé÷ñ? +\layout Standard + +ìé÷ñ äéà îòøëú ìòøéëú îñîëéí. + äöã äçæ÷ ùìä äåà îñîëéí èëðééí åîãòééí äëåììéí +\series bold + +\series default +ðåñçàåú îúîèéåú, äôðéåú, äòøåú ùåìééí, áéáìéåâøôéä, àéðã÷ñ åëãåîä. + ëëåì ùäîñîê àøåê éåúø, ëê äéúøåðåú ùìä îúáèàéí éåúø, âí àí ëì äàåôöéåú + ùàúä öøéê +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + àå àú öøéëä, äîñîê äæä îéåòã âí ìê, ëîåáï, àáì àðé àöééï àú æä ø÷ äôòí + +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + äï îñôåø àåèåîèé åáãé÷ú àéåú. + úåëì ìäùúîù áä âí ëãé ìëúåá îëúá ìàîà, àí ëé ÷øåá ìååãàé ùìîèøä æå +\series bold + +\series default +éù úåëðåú ôùåèåú éåúø. + äéà áôøåù àéðä îúàéîä ìäëðú ùìèéí, ôîôìèéí àå ôøñåîåú )éåñáø áäîùê( àí + ëé áîàîõ îñåéí úåëì ìòùåú +\series bold + +\series default +âí àú æä. + ëáø äùúîùå áä, ìãåâîà, ìëúéáú îæëøéí, îëúáéí, òáåãåú åãéñøèöéåú, ñéëåîé + äøöàåú, ñîéðøéí åëðñéí, úòåã úåëðä, ñôøéí )òì +\lang english +PostgreSQL +\lang hebrew +, çéùä îøçå÷, ÷øéôèåìåâéä, ñôøåú, ùéøä åàôéìå ñôø éìãéí àå ùðééí(, îàîøéí + áòéúåðéí îãòééí, úñøéèéí ìîçæåú åì÷åìðåò, äöòåú òñ÷éåú\SpecialChar \ldots{} + åòåã. +\layout Standard + +ìé÷ñ ìà úåëððä ëãé ìãîåú îòéï îëåðú ëúéáä îùåëììú. + áî÷åí æä éù ìä âéùä îåãøðéú ìëúéáú îñîëéí äîáåññú òì "ùôú îéúåâ" ) +\lang english +markup language +\lang hebrew +(. + äéà îéåòãú ìîé ùîòåðééï áôìè áàéëåú î÷öåòéú áìé ìäúàîõ åáìé ìäôåê ìîåîçéí + áñãø ãôåñ. + òáåãú äñéãåø îúáöòú áøåáä òì éãé äîçùá, ìà äîùúîù. + òí ìé÷ñ +\series bold +, +\series default + äëåúá éëåì ìäúøëæ áúåëï. +\layout Standard + +çì÷ îäàúâø ùòåîã áôðéê ìôðé äùéîåù äøàùåï áìé÷ñ äåà ìùðåú âéùä. + áéîéí òáøå ëì îä ùäéä ìðå äéå îëåðåú ëúéáä, åðàìöðå ìôúç ùéèåú ëãé ìò÷åó + àú äîâáìåú ùìäï. + ÷å úçúé +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ùàôùø ìäùéâ ôùåè òì éãé çæøä àçåøä åùéîåù áî÷ù ä-_ äôê ìùéèä î÷åáìú ìäãâéù + è÷ñè. + äééú öøéê ìçùá àú øåçá äèåøéí åî÷åîåú ä- +\lang english +tab +\lang hebrew + îøàù ëãé ìéöåø èáìä. + ëð"ì ìîëúáéí àå ìè÷ñè îéåùø àçø. + ôøå÷ îéìéí òí î÷ó áñåó äùåøä ãøù òéï æäéøä åéëåìú ìçùåá ÷ãéîä. +\layout Standard + +áîéìéí àçøåú, äééðå çééáéí ìùéí ìá ìôøèéí ä÷èðéí ùì àéæä àåú äåìëú ìàéôä. + ëúåöàä, ëîòè ìëì îòáãé äúîìéìéí éù äéåí +\series bold + +\series default +àú àåúä îðèìéåú. + éù ìäí +\lang english +tab stops +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìäåñéó øååçéí. + òãééï öøéê ìãàåâ àéôä áãéå÷ òì äãó úåôéò ëì îéìä. + äãâùú è÷ñè ãåøùú äçìôú ôåðè )âåôï( +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ëîå äçìôú âìâì áîëåðú ëúéáä. + æåäé äôéìåñåôéä äáñéñéú ùì îòáãé úîìéìéí +\lang english +WYSIWYG +\lang hebrew +, ãäééðå øåá îòáãé äúîìéìéí äîåëøéí òì çìåðåú àå î÷éðèåù: +\lang english +What You See Is What You Get +\lang hebrew +. + ìîøáä äöòø, äúåöàä äñåôéú äéà ùáäøáä î÷øéí îä ùàúä î÷áì äåà ø÷ îä ùàúä + øåàä. +\layout Standard + +ëàï ðëðñú ìé÷ñ ìúîåðä. + áìé÷ñ àúä ìà öøéê ìäèøéã àú òöîê áæåèåú ëàìä. + àúä àåîø ììé÷ñ îä àúä øåöä +\series bold + +\series default +åìé÷ñ ãåàâ ìëì äùàø, áòæøú îòøëú çå÷éí äð÷øàú "ñâðåï" ) +\lang english +style +\lang hebrew +( +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ìîòï ääâéðåú éù ìöééï ùáâøñàåú äàçøåðåú ùì øåá îòáãé äúîìéìéí äôåôìøééí, + ÷ééîéí ãôé ñâðåï ) +\lang english +style sheets +\lang hebrew +( ùîàôùøéí ìê ìäùúîù áùéèú +\lang english +markup +\lang hebrew + ãåîä. + òí æàú, ðéñéåððå äåà ùäí ôùåè àéðí áùéîåù. +\end_inset + +. + +\bar under +å +\bar default +ðúçéì áãåâîà: +\layout Standard + +ððéç ùàúä øåöä ìëúåá ãå"ç. + áäúçìä àúä øåöä ôø÷ ùé÷øà "ä÷ãîä". + àúä äåìê ìúôøéèéí, îçìéè òì âåãì äôåðè ùáå úùúîù åáåçø àåúå. + àç"ë àúä îôòéì +\lang english +bold +\lang hebrew +. + àç"ë àúä î÷éù " +\numeric on +1 +\numeric off +. + ä÷ãîä". + ëîåáï ùàí àçøé æä úçìéè ùäôø÷ äæä öøéê ìäéåú áî÷åí àçø áîñîê, àå àí úëðéñ + ôø÷ çãù ìôðéå, úöèøê ìùðåú àú äîñôåø ùìå, ùì ëì äôø÷éí ùàçøéå, ùì úåëï + äòðééðéí, åîé éåãò àéôä òåã. +\layout Standard + +áìé÷ñ àúä ôùåè äåìê ìçì÷ äùîàìé áéåúø ùì ìåç äàé÷åðéí, áåçø îäúôøéè +\family sans +\lang english +Section +\family default +\lang hebrew + åî÷éù "ä÷ãîä". +\layout Standard + +ëï, æä äëì. + àí àç"ë úâæåø åúãáé÷ àú äôø÷, äåà éîåñôø àåèåîèéú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + áëì î÷åí. + åàí úëðéñ äôðééåú ìôø÷ ëéàåú ìé÷ñ úòãëï âí àåúï. + áìé÷ñ ìà úöèøê ìòåìí, áùåí îöá, ìä÷ìéã àú îñôø äôø÷ áòöîê. +\layout Standard + +áåàå ðçùåá òì àçéãåú. + çîéùä éîéí òáøå, àúä ôåúç àú äîñîê ùåá åîúçéì àú ôø÷ +\numeric on +4 +\numeric off +. + àáì ùëçú ùòùéú àú äëåúøú áâåãì +\numeric on +18 +\numeric off + åá- +\lang english +bold +\lang hebrew +, áî÷åí á- +\numeric on +16 +\numeric off +, åàúä îúçéì àú äëåúøú ìôø÷ +\numeric on +4 +\numeric off + áôåðè ùåðä îîä ùäùúîùú áôø÷ +\numeric on +1 +\numeric off +. + áìé÷ñ äáòéä äæå ìà ÷ééîú. + äîçùá îèôì áëì äôð÷ñðåú ùì îä öøéê ìäéåú áàéæä âåãì, ìà àúä. + àçøé äëì, áùáéì æä éù îçùáéí. +\layout Standard + +ãåâîà àçøåðä: ððéç ùàúä ëåúá øùéîä. + áîòáãé úîìéìéí àçøéí, øùéîä äéà ñúí àåñó ùì ä÷ìãåú +\lang english +tab +\lang hebrew + åùåøåú çãùåú. + àúä öøéê ìçùåá àéôä ìùéí àú äëåúøú ìëì ãáø áøùéîä ùìê, áàéæä ôåðè, ëîä + ùåøåú øé÷åú ìùéí áéï òøê ìòøê, åëå'. + áìé÷ñ éù ìê ø÷ ùúé ùàìåú: àéæä ñåâ øùéîä æå, åîä ìùéí áä. + æä äëì. +\layout Standard + +ìñéëåí, äøòéåï äáñéñé ùì ìé÷ñ äåà: öééï ìîçùá îä àúä òåùä, åìà àéê àúä òåùä + àú æä. + áî÷åí " +\lang english +What you see is what you get +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, ãäééðå, îä ùàúä øåàä òì äîñê æää ìôìè, äîåãì ùì ìé÷ñ äåà " +\lang english +What you see is what you mean +\lang hebrew +", àå áøàùé úéáåú +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àðé ìà îúëååï ìúøâí àå ìäñáéø àå øàùé äúéáåú äàìä. + âí áàðâìéú öøéê ì÷øåà ìôçåú àú äùòåø äîåãøê ëãé ìäáéï ìîä áàîú äëååðä +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + +. + æäå øòéåï øá ëåç ùîôùè îàåã àú äîëðé÷ä ùì ëúéáú îñîëéí. + æå âí äñéáä ùìé÷ñ àéðå îúàéí ìôåñèøéí àå ôìééøéí +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + áî÷øä äæä àúä áäçìè øåöä ìöééï áòöîê îä äåìê ìàéôä, åàéï éçéãåú îåâãøåú + ëîå ôñ÷àåú àå ôø÷éí. + æä ìà àåîø ùìé÷ñ ôçåú èåá +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ø÷ ùäåà ìà äëìé äîúàéí ìòáåãä äæàú. + àúä ìà îùúîù áîáøâ ëãé ìú÷åò îñîøéí, áñåôå ùì ãáø. +\layout Section + +äáãìéí áéï ìé÷ñ ìîòáãé úîìéìéí àçøéí +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ìà, àðçðå ìà øåöéí ìôúåç áâ'éäàã øòéåðé. + àðçðå ø÷ çåùáéí ùçùåá ìöééï àú äúëåðåú ùì ìé÷ñ. + åàçú îäúëåðåú äîøëæéåú ùì ìé÷ñ, +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew +, ùåðä îäåúéú îä÷åðöôè ùéù ì- +\lang english +99% +\lang hebrew + îäàðùéí ìâáé òéáåã úîìéìéí. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +ðúçéì áøùéîä ùì ãáøéí ùìà úîöà áìé÷ñ: +\layout Itemize + +ñøâì +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ìîøáä äöòø àéï àôùøåú ìôúåç ùåøä òáøéú áè÷ñè àðâìé áìé +\lang english +note +\lang hebrew +... +\end_inset + + +\lang english +tab stops +\layout Itemize + +øååçéí ëôåìéí )ìãåâîà, ä÷ùä òì +\lang english +Enter +\lang hebrew + ôòîééí åîòìä( +\layout Standard + +åäñøâì åä- +\lang english +tab +\lang hebrew + îéåúøéí áìé÷ñ. + äúåëðä îèôìú áîé÷åí òì äãó áî÷åîê. + øååçéí ëôåìéí äí ãåîéí +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ìé÷ñ îåñéôä àåúí áî÷åîåú äðëåðéí ìä÷ùø. + çåñø äàôùøåú +\bar under + +\bar default +ìéöåø ùúé ùåøåú øé÷åú +\series bold + +\series default +øöåôåú +\series bold + +\series default +úòöáï áäúçìä, àáì ëùúúøâì ìâéùú ä- +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew +, ääâéåï ùìä éúáäø. +\layout Standard + +äãáøéí äáàéí ÷ééîéí áìé÷ñ, àáì ìà îùúîùéí áäí ëîå +\series bold + +\series default +ùàúä øâéì: +\layout Itemize + +ùìéèä áàéðãðèöéä )ééùåø( +\layout Itemize + +îòáø ãôéí +\layout Itemize + +îøååç ùåøåú )ãäééðå øååç áåãã, ëôåì åëå'( +\layout Itemize + +øååç, ìøåçá åìâåáä +\layout Itemize + +ôåðèéí åâãìéí +\layout Itemize + +àåúéåú îåáìèåú, îåèåú, îåãâùåú +\bar under + +\bar default +åëãåîä +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +äúîéëä áòáøéú áàìä ëøâò òìåáä áéåúø +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +ìîøåú ùëì àìä +\series bold + +\series default +÷ééîéí áìé÷ñ, áãøê ëìì ìà úæã÷÷ ìäí. + ìé÷ñ ãåàâ ìëì æä áùáéìê, +\bar under + +\bar default +áäúàí +\series bold + +\series default +ìîä ùàúä òåùä áëì øâò. + äôåðèéí, äâãìéí åñåâé ääãâùä áçì÷éí ùåðéí ùì äîñîê ð÷áòéí àåèåîèéú. + äééùåø ùì ôñ÷àåú ùåðåú úìåé áä÷ùø, åôñ÷àåú ùåðåú îéåùøåú áöåøä ùåðä. + +\series bold + +\series default +àúä ìà öøéê ìòùåú ùåí ãáø îéåçã ëãé ìôúåç ãó çãù áî÷åîåú îéåçãéí, ëâåï ñåó + ôø÷. + áàåôï ëììé, äøååçéí +\series bold + +\series default +áéï îéìéí, ùåøåú åôñ÷àåú ð÷áòéí ò"é ìé÷ñ +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àôùø ìäúàéí àú ëì äôøîèøéí äàìä, )òáåø çì÷ ìà âãåì úöèøê éãò á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +(, ìëì äîñîê àå ìàæåøéí ñôöéôééí áîñîê. + øàä ôøèéí áîãøéê ìîùúîù ) +\emph on +\lang english +User's Guide +\emph default +\lang hebrew +( åáîñîê "úëåðåú ðåñôåú" ) +\emph on +\lang english +Extended Features +\emph default +\lang hebrew +(. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +ì÷éðåç, áúçåîéí àìä, ìãòúðå, ìé÷ñ )å- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +( òåìéí áäøáä òì îòáãé úîìéìéí øâéìéí: +\layout Itemize + +ôøå÷ îéìéí áñåôé ùåøåú +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ìà ø÷ ùëøâò äàìâåøéúí äðãøù ëãé ìáöò æàú áòáøéú ìà îîåîù, àìà ù- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + îâãéì åùåáø îéìéí áî÷åîåú à÷øàééí +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + + ) +\lang english +hyphenation +\lang hebrew +(. +\layout Itemize + +øùéîåú îëì ñåâ +\layout Itemize + +îúîèé÷ä +\layout Itemize + +èáìàåú +\layout Itemize + +äôðéåú +\layout Standard + +ðëåï ùìäøáä îòáãé úîìéìéí îåãøðééí éù éëåìú ìèôì áñéîðéí îúîèééí îñåéîéí, + èáìàåú å- +\lang english +hyphenation +\lang hebrew +, åìçì÷í éù +\series bold + +\series default +äâãøåú ñéâðåï áöåøä äîæëéøä àú ÷åðöôè ä- +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew +. + òí æàú, îãåáø áúåñôåú çãùåú. + ìé÷ñ áðåéä îòì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, îòøëú î÷öåòéú ìòéáåã îñîëéí ä÷ééîú ìîòìä +\series bold + +\series default +î- +\numeric on +15 +\numeric off + ùðä, åòåáãú. + àí äéå áàâéí á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, äí úå÷ðå îæîï +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +áñãø, áñãø, àéï úåëðä áìé áâéí. + àáì áàåôï éçñé, +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + äéà úåëðä áòìú ëîåú áâéí îéðéîìéú. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +ääáãì äàçøåï ùàðçðå øåöéí ìöééï áéï ìé÷ñ ìîòáãé úîìéìéí àçøéí äåà ùìé÷ñ + îùúãì îàåã ìà ìàáã àú äòáåãä ùìê. + àðçðå, öååú ìé÷ñ, éåãòéí ùìà ðîöà ëì áàâ åáàâ, åàðçðå ìà îðñéí ìäòîéã ôðéí + ùàìä "úëåðåú" ùì äúåëðä. + äééú îöôä ùëùäáàâéí äàìä îåôéòéí, ìé÷ñ éùìç àú +\numeric on +3 +\numeric off + äãôéí äàçøåðéí ùìê ìîòî÷é äùëçä. +\layout Standard + +ìà. +\layout Standard + +ëùìé÷ñ òó, äåà øåùí àú ëì äîñîëéí ùäçæé÷ áæëøåï ì÷åáõ çøåí. + ëùúôúç àú ìé÷ñ ùåá, åúòìä àú ä÷åáõ äîãåáø, ìé÷ñ éùàì àåúê àí ìäòìåú àú + ä÷åáõ àå àú ÷åáõ äçøåí )äåà áåã÷ îé çãù éåúø(. + îùúîùéí øáéí +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +âí àðé. + åäëì àîú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + + ëúáå àú úæú äãå÷èåø ùìäí òí ìé÷ñ. + ìòéúéí ðãéøåú, àí áëìì, äí àéáãå ãó ìîøåú +\bar under + +\bar default +ùäúåëðä àëï òôä îéãé ôòí. +\layout Section + +îä ìòæàæì æä +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + )åìîä ùéäéä ìé àëôú(? +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +äî÷åø ìàéðôåøîöéä áçì÷ äæä äåà " +\lang english +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, îàú äìîåè ÷åô÷ä ) +\lang english +Helmut Kopka +\lang hebrew +( åôèøé÷ ãìé ) +\lang english +Patrick Daly +\lang hebrew +( +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + øàä äôðéä áéáìéåâøôéú áîãøéê ìîùúîù ) +\emph on +\lang english +User's Guide +\emph default +\lang hebrew +(. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + äéà îòøëú ìòøéëú îñîëéí ùúåëððä ò"é ìñìé ìîôåøè ) +\lang english +Leslie Lamport +\lang hebrew +( á- +\numeric on +1985 +\numeric off +. + äéà, áúåøä, áðåéä îòì ùôú îçùá éòåãéú áùí +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + )éù ìáèà "èê"( ùðåöøä ò"é ãåðìã ÷ðåú ) +\lang english +Donald Knuth +\lang hebrew +( á- +\numeric on +1984 +\numeric off +. + ìà îòèéí ùðàìöå ìäùúîù á- +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + ôéúçå òìéå ãòä ùìéìéú, åìëï àðçðå øåöéí ìäáäéø ëàï áìáåì îñåéí áéï ùðé + ôðéí ùåðéí ùì +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew +. + +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + áñéñé äéà úåëðä ùî÷áìú øùéîä ùì ô÷åãåú áôåøîè è÷ñèåàìé ) +\lang english +ASCII +\lang hebrew +( åîáöòú àåúï. + äéà éåúø îåøëáú îîëåðú ëúéáä, àáì äøáä ôçåú îîòøëú ãôåñ îìàä. + òí æàú, äøáä îäèøé÷éí äî÷åáìéí áãôåñ òåáãå ò"é ÷ðåú ìàìâåøéúîéí, åéåùîå + á- +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew +, åîëàï äàéëåú äîòåìä ùì äúåöø äñåôé. + äôìè ùì +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + äåà ÷åáõ +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew + )øàùé úéáåú ùì +\lang english +device independent +\lang hebrew +(, ùàåúå ðéúï ìúøâí ìîâååï ôåøîèéí îåãøðééí éåúø, ëîå ôåñèñ÷øéôè +\lang english +® +\lang hebrew +, +\lang english +PDF +\lang hebrew +, åëå'. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + ìà äéúä äúåëðä äøàùåðä îñåâ æä, åäñéáä ù- +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + àéúðå òã äéåí åäàçøåú ù÷òå ìúäåí äðùéä äéà æå: +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + îàôùøú ìê ìäâãéø úåñôåú ìùôä, àå çáéìåú î÷øå. + ôä îúçéì äà÷ùï. +\layout Standard + +øåá îùúîùé +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + îùúîùéí áôåòì áçáéìú î÷øå ù÷ðåú éöø ëãé ì÷öø áëúéáä +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + æä äôï äùðé ùì +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew +, åæä ùòìéå çåùáéí øåá äîùúîùéí ëùäí çåùáéí òì +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew +. + îùúîùéí øâéìéí ìà ðåâòéí á- +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + áñéñé, ùäí ô÷åãåú äãôñä ìà îòåáãåú. + éåöøéí ùì çáéìåú î÷øå çãùåú òåùéí àú æä. + ëàï ðëðñ ìñìé ìîôåøè ìñéôåø. + äåà øöä çáéìú î÷øå ùúãáø áùôú äîùúîù, åìà áùôú äãôåñ, òí ô÷åãåú ìéöø ôø÷éí, + èáìàåú àå ðåñçàåú áöåøä ÷åðñéñèðèéú +\series bold +å +\series default +òí îéðéîåí ùì áéìáåì îåç. + ëê ðåìã +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Standard + +áî÷áéì ìôéúåç ùì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ðëúáå çáéìåú î÷øå ðåñôåú òáåø +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew +, òáåø ù÷ôéí, òéúåðé îúîèé÷ä ñôöéôééí, åëå'. + çì÷ îäëåúáéí òáãå éùéøåú òí +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + áñéñé, åàçøéí äùúîùå á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ëð÷åãú äúçìä. + ëãé ìñãø àú äáìâï ÷áåöä ùì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +-ðàéí )ëåìì ìîôåøè, ëîåáï( äúçéìå áôøåé÷è +\lang english +LaTeX2e +\lang hebrew +, äâéøñä äðåëçéú ùì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + áùðåú ä- +\numeric on +80 +\numeric off + äîàåçøåú. + áâéøñä æå éù îîù÷ ôùåè éåúø ì- +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + )æåëøéí àú +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew +?(, ôåðèéí çãùéí, åëå'. + ìîòùä, +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + äéà ùôä áæëåú òöîä! îùúîùéí îëì øçáé äòåìí éöøå åéåöøéí úåñôéí ì- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + îòáø ìçì÷é äùôä äøùîééí. +\layout Standard + +éù ùúé ãøëéí ìäøçéá àú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +: îçì÷åú-îñîëéí ) +\lang english +classes +\lang hebrew +( åñâðåðåú ) +\lang english +styles +\lang hebrew +(. + îçì÷ä çãùä éëåìä ìäéåú "ñôø" àå "îàîø". + éùðï îçì÷åú òáåø ù÷åôéåú, òéúåðé ôéæé÷ä åîúîèé÷ä... + äøáä àåðéáøñéèàåú äâãéøå îçì÷ä òáåø ôåøîè äúæä äøöåé ìäï. + "ñâðåï" àéðå ñåâ çãù ùì îñîê àìà äúðäâåú çãùä ùëì îñîê îëì ñåâ éëåì ìäùúîù + áä. + ìãåâîà, ìé÷ñ îùðä àú äùåìééí ùì äîñîê åàú äøååçéí áéï äùåøåú áòæøú ùðé + ÷áöé ñâðåï +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + éòåãééí. + ÷ééîéí ÷áöé ñâðåï ìîâååï ùì ùéîåùéí: ùéðåé ééùåø äùåøåú, äåñôú ôåðèéí, + èéôåì áâøôé÷ä, ëåúøåú òîåã îúåçëîåú, äúàîú äáéáìéåâøôéä, ùéðåé äî÷åí åäîøàä + ùì äòøåú ùåìééí, èáìàåú, úîåðåú, øùéîåú, åëå' åëå' åëå'. +\layout Standard + +ìñéëåí: +\layout Description + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + ùôú äãôñä òí éëåìåú î÷øå. +\layout Description + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + çáéìú î÷øå òáåø +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Description + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\lang english +class +\lang hebrew + úàåø ùì ñåâ îñîê òáåø +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Description + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\lang english +style +\lang hebrew + îùðä àú ääúðäâåú ùì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + áãøê îñåéîú. +\layout Description + +ìé÷ñ îòáã úîìéìéí åéæåàìé +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew + ùîùúîù á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìáöò àú òáåãú ääãôñä. +\layout Standard + +äîèøä ùì ñòéó æä äéúä ìðñåú ìäñáéø ìîä ìé÷ñ ùåðä îîòáãé úîìéìéí àçøéí. + äñéáä äéà ôùåèä: ìé÷ñ îùúîù á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ëîðåò ääãôñä ùìå. + ëîå +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, ìé÷ñ îúî÷ã áúåëï +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + îä àúä ëåúá. + äîçùá îèôì áùàìä àéê æä öøéê ìäøàåú. +\layout Standard + +]äòøä ì÷éðåç: òí ëì äëáåã ìçåìùåú ùì ìé÷ñ áòáøéú, ùèøçúé åöééðúé àåúï ôòîéí + îñôø )áäòøåú ùåìééí, ìîé ùôñôñ(, ìëúéáä îúîèéú áòáøéú ìîòùä àéï àìèøðèéáä. + àì úçùåá àôéìå òì ìëúåá îñîê îúîèé ùì éåúø îùðé òîåãéí á- +\lang english +Word® +\lang hebrew +, ìà îùðä áàéæä ùôä. + àúä úöèòø òì æä. + àðé äöèòøúé +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷.[ +\layout Chapter + +ùéîåù áúéòåã +\layout Standard + +ëãé ìä÷ì òì ä÷øéàä åìàôùø ìúàø àú ëì äúëåðåú ùì ìé÷ñ, çåì÷ äúéòåã ìîñôø + ÷áöéí. + ìëì àçã îèøä îùìå. + ìôðé ùîúçéìéí ìäñúòø òì àçã îä÷áöéí äàìä, ëãàé ì÷øåà àú äôø÷ äæä áîìåàå: + äåà îëéì îéãò ùéîåùé øá åäòøåú ùéëåìåú ìçñåê ìëí æîï. +\layout Standard + +ìîøåú ùìé÷ñ òáø îæîï àú äð÷åãä +\series bold + +\series default +''âéøñä +\lang american + 1.0 +\lang hebrew +", çì÷ îäúéòåã òìåì ìäéåú çì÷é àå ìà îòåãëï. + ëîå ùàø ìé÷ñ, äîãøéëéí ðëúáå òì-éãé ÷áåöú îúðãáéí áòìé òáåãåú "àîéúéåú", + úæåú, îùôçåú, ëìéí ùöøéê ìùèåó, çúåìéí ùöøéê ìäàëéì åëï äìàä. + àðå òåùéí àú äîéøá ëãé ìñô÷ îãøéëéí îòåãëðéí, àáì ìà úîéã àðå îöìéçéí. + )àí àúä øåöä ìòæåø ìú÷ï àú äîöá, ÷øà àú ñòéó +\lang american + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + + +\lang hebrew + åëï àú ùàø äîñîê(. +\layout Standard + +áðåñó, òùä ìðå èåáä +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + àí îöàú áîãøéëéí ùìðå ôøè +\series bold + +\series default +îáìáì, ìà áøåø, àå ùâåé, àì úäññ ìåîø ìðå! ëãé ìéöåø ÷ùø òí +\series bold + +\series default +äàçøàéí äðåëçééí ìúéòåã, ùìç ãåàø àì÷èøåðé àì +\family typewriter +\lang american +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + áðåñó àí éù ìê ùàìä ùàéï ìä úùåáä áøåøä áúòåã, +\series bold +å +\series default +àúä æ÷å÷ ìúîéëä, éù øùéîú ãéåï ùì îùúîùéí áëúåáú +\family typewriter +\lang american +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Section + +ôåøîè äîãøéëéí +\layout Standard + +çì÷ëí îï äñúí äãôéñ àú äîãøéê)éí(. + àçøéí ÷åøàéí àåúí îúåê ìé÷ñ ë÷åáõ. + àí àúä ÷åøà àú äîãøéê éùéøåú îäîñê, äôåøîè ùìå ùåðä îæä ùì äâøñà äîåãôñú + áîñôø äéáèéí. + øàùéú, äëåúøú äéà áøàù äîñîê, ìà áãó áôðé òöîå ëîå áçì÷ îäâøñàåú äîåãôñåú. + áðåñó +\series bold +, +\series default + úåëï äòðéðéí åäòøåú äùåìéí îåçáàéí. + ëãé ìøàåú àú úåëðä ùì äòøú ùåìééí, ùðøàú ëëä, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +äé. +\layout Standard + +ëãé ìñâåø àåúé éù ììçåõ òì ä÷åáéä äàôåøä îùîàì ìîòìä, æå òí äîéìä +\family sans +\lang english +foot +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\end_inset + + ìçõ òìéä òí ëôúåø äòëáø äùîàìé. + ëãé ìøàåú àú úåëï äòðééðéí, ìçõ òìéå, àå òì úôøéè ä +\family sans +ðéååè +\family default + ) +\family sans +\lang english +Navigate +\family default +\lang hebrew +( ùáå äåà îåôéò àåèåîèéú )ðñä åúøàä!( áúòåã äòáøé îåôéòåú ÷åôñàåú öäåáåú + ëàìä: +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + )ìà îåôéò áâøñä äîåãôñú(. + äúòìí îäï. +\layout Standard + +áîãøéê äîåãôñ, ëì ääôðéåú îåôéòåú ëîñôø +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ùì ôø÷, ñòéó, úú-ñòéó åëå'. + òì äîñê, òí æàú, ëì ääôðéåú ðøàåú ëîå ÷åôñä àôåøä ëãì÷îï: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + + )áîãøéê äîåãôñ éåôéò îñôø(. + àí úìçõ òì ä÷åôñä òí äëôúåø äùîàìé ùì äòëáø, úåôéò úáú ãéàìåâ òí øùéîú + ääôðéåú áîñîê. + áä÷ãîä æå éù ø÷ +\series bold + +\series default +àçú áùí +\family typewriter +\lang english +sec:Contrib +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + àúä éëåì ìäâéò ìñòéó äîúàéí +\series bold + +\series default +ò"é ìçéöä òì äëôúåø +\family typewriter +\lang english +Goto\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + ìçæåø æä ìà éåúø îñåáê +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ìçéöä òì +\family typewriter +\lang english +Go back +\family default +\lang hebrew + àå ä÷ìãú +\series bold +\bar under + +\family sans +\series default +\bar default +\lang english +C-< +\family default +\lang hebrew + éáéàå àåúê ìîé÷åí ä÷åãí. + îä æä +\family sans +\lang english +C-< +\family default +\lang hebrew +? øàä ìòéì. + äôðéåú ìàéðèøðè éåôéòå âí äï ë÷åôñä àôåøä: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[Journal of irreproducible results]{http://www.jir.com/} + +\end_inset + +. + ìçõ òìéä ìôøèéí îìàéí. +\layout Standard + +òëùéå ëùâîøðå òí çì÷ îääáãìéí áéï äâøñä äîåãôñú åäî÷ååðú, àôùø ìäúçéì òí + ôåøîè äîñîê òöîå +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +îëéååï ùäúòåã áòáøéú øçå÷ îìäéåú ùìí, ìîèä éåôéòå äñáøéí âí òì ôåøîè äúòåã + áàðâìéú åâí áòáøéú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + +. + îôòí ìôòí úùéí ìá ìäçìôú ôåðèéí: +\layout Itemize + +àåúéåú îåèåú áè÷ñè áàðâìéú ) +\emph on +\lang english +Emphasized Style +\emph default +\lang hebrew +( îùîùåú ìäãâùä ëììéú, ôøîèøéí, ëåúøåú ùì ñôøéí, ùîåú ùì çì÷éí àçøéí ùì + äîãøéê åäòøåú îäòåøëéí. + áòáøéú, ëîåáï, àéï àåúéåú îåèåú. +\layout Itemize + +ùîåú ùì úåëðéåú å÷áöéí, ô÷åãåú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, ÷åã åô÷åãåú ìé÷ñ éåôéòå ø÷ áàðâìéú, åáôåðè +\family typewriter +\lang english +Typewriter +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Itemize + +ùîåú ùì úôøéèéí, ëôúåøéí, úáåú ãéàìåâ )ð÷øàåú +\lang english +popups +\lang hebrew + áúòåã áàðâìéú( åî÷ùé ô÷åãä éåôéòå áàðâìéú áôåðè +\family sans +\lang english +Sans Serif +\family default +\lang hebrew + åáòáøéú áôåðè " +\family sans +úì àáéá +\family default +". + î÷ùé ô÷åãä éåôéòå ëîòè ø÷ áàðâìéú. +\layout Itemize + +ùîåú ùì àðùéí áàðâìéú éåôéòå á- +\noun on +\lang english +Noun Style +\noun default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Standard + +òáåø î÷ùé ÷éöåø ãøê ìúôøéèéí, åî÷ùé ô÷åãä àçøéí úåôðä áãøê ëìì ìçì÷ "î÷ùéí" + ) +\emph on +\lang english +Key Bindings +\emph default +\lang hebrew +( ùì îñîê äúëåðåú äðåñôåú ) +\emph on +\lang english +Extended Features +\lang hebrew +( +\emph default + á÷åáõ +\family typewriter +\lang english +Extended.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + ëàùø îôòí ìôòí ðöèøê ìúàø î÷ùé ô÷åãä, ðùúîù á÷éöåøéí äáàéí: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +\lang english +C- +\family default +\lang hebrew + îúééçñ ìî÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +Control +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +\lang english +S- +\family default +\lang hebrew + îúééçñ ìî÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +Shift +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +\lang english +M- +\family default +\lang hebrew + îúééçñ ìî÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +Meta +\family default +\lang hebrew +\SpecialChar ~ + +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + òì äî÷ìãú ùìê áäçìè éúëï ùäåà îñåîï ë- +\family sans +\lang english +Alt +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +\lang english +F1 +\family default +\lang hebrew + òã +\family sans +\lang english +F12 +\family default +\lang hebrew + äí î÷ùé äôåð÷öéä. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +\lang english +Esc +\family default +\lang hebrew + äåà áãøê ëìì ôùåè +\family sans +\lang english +Esc +\family default +\lang hebrew + àí ëé éëåì âí ìäéåú îñåîï á- +\family sans +\lang english +Escape +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Itemize + +ùîàìä ) +\family sans +\lang english +Left +\family default +\lang hebrew +(, éîéðä ) +\family sans +\lang english +Right +\family default +\lang hebrew +(, ìîòìä ) +\family sans +\lang english +Up +\family default +\lang hebrew +( åìîèä ) +\family sans +\lang english +Down +\family default +\lang hebrew +( äí äçöéí. +\layout Itemize + +äëðñ ) +\family sans +\lang english +Insert +\family default +\lang hebrew +(, îç÷ ) +\family sans +\lang english +Delete +\family default +\lang hebrew +(, +\family sans +\lang english +Home +\family default +\lang hebrew +, +\family sans +\lang english +End +\family default +\lang hebrew +, ãó ìîòìä ) +\family sans +\lang english +PageUp +\family default +\lang hebrew +( åãó ìîèä ) +\family sans +\lang english +PageDown +\family default +\lang hebrew +( äí äî÷ùéí äîåôéòéí áøåá äî÷ìãåú îòì äçéöéí. + áî÷ìãåú îñåéîåú +\family sans +\lang english +PageUp +\family default +\lang hebrew + å- +\family sans +\lang english +PageDown +\family default +\lang hebrew + ð÷øàéí +\family sans +\lang english +Prior +\family default +\lang hebrew + å- +\family sans +\lang english +Next +\family default +\lang hebrew + áäúàîä. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew + å- +\family sans +\lang english +Enter +\family default +\lang hebrew + îúééçñéí ìàåúå î÷ù. + áî÷ìãåú îñåéîåú éù ø÷ î÷ù áùí +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew +, áàçøåú ø÷ áùí +\family sans +\lang english +Enter +\family default +\lang hebrew + åáëîä àôéìå îåôéòéí ùðéäí! ìé÷ñ ìà îáãéìä áéðéäí åàðçðå ðùúîù áùðéäí ììà + àáçðä. +\layout Standard + +îôòí ìôòí éåôéò âí äè÷ñè "øàä 'úëåðåú ðåñôåú'". + ùîðå øùéîä îìàä ùì ëì ÷åîáéðöéåú äî÷ùéí äàôùøéåú òáåø ôåð÷öéä îñåéîú áñòéó + äîúàéí ìä áîãøéê áùí æä +\series bold + +\series default +àæ ëãàé ìáãå÷ âí ùí. + ùéí ìá ùðéúï ìùðåú àú ëì î÷ùé äô÷åãä ááú àçú òì éãé äçìôú îôú äî÷ùéí ) +\lang english +keybinding map +\lang hebrew +(. + éù ùúé îôåú î÷ùéí ðôåöåú: +\family typewriter +\lang english +CUA +\family default +\lang hebrew +, áøéøú äîçãì ùîï äñúí úäéä îåëøú ìîé ùîâéò îòåìí äçìåðåú, å- +\family typewriter +\lang english +emacs +\family default +\lang hebrew +, ùúäéä ðåçä éåúø ìåúé÷é îòøëåú éåðé÷ñ. + àìà àí ëï +\series bold + +\series default +îöåéï àçøú áîôåøù, ÷éöåøé äãøê áúòåã éúéçñå úîéã ìäúàîä +\family typewriter +\lang english +CUA +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + àí àúä çåáá ùì àéî÷ñ, îï äñúí úöìéç ìðçù àéæä î÷ù òåùä îä áòöîê. +\layout Section + +äîãøéëéí +\layout Standard + +äøùéîä ùìäìï +\series bold + +\series default +îúàøú àú úåëï +\bar under + +\bar default +÷áöé äúéòåã äùåðéí: +\layout Description + +ä÷ãîä\SpecialChar ~ +) +\lang english +introduction +\lang hebrew +( +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +÷åáõ æä. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +ùòåø\SpecialChar ~ +îåãøê\SpecialChar ~ +) +\lang english +Tutorial +\lang hebrew +( +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +àí àúä çãù áìé÷ñ, åàó ôòí ìà äùúîùú á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, ëãàé ùúúçéì ëàï +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +îåôéò áúôøéèéí áòáøéú ë"îñîê ìéîåã" +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + +. + àí àúä çåùá ùìè÷ñ +\series bold +\bar under + +\series default +\bar default +æä îùäå ùòåùéí îîðå ÷åðãåîéí +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àå ìáéáåú áééãéù +\end_inset + + ëãàé ùú÷øà ùåá àú ôø÷ +\numeric on +1 +\numeric off +, åàæ àú äùòåø äîåãøê. + ñáéø ùâí àçøé ùú÷øà àú äùòåø äîåãøê òãééï úçùåá ù- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + æä çåîø +\emph on + +\emph default +âîéù æä àå àçø +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + àáì ìôçåú úãò àéê ìäùúîù áìé÷ñ. +\layout Standard + +àí ëáø äùúîùú áòáø á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + òãééï ëãàé ùú÷øà àú îñîê äìéîåã, äçì îäôø÷ "ìé÷ñ ìîùúîùé +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ) +\lang english +LyX for LaTeX users +\lang hebrew +(. + ìøôøó òì ùàø äîñîê âí ìà éëåì ìäæé÷. +\layout Standard + +àí, áøâò ðúåï àúä îøâéù ùàúä äåìê ìàéáåã òí ìé÷ñ, ðñä ÷åãí ëì +\series bold + +\series default +àú äùòåø äîåãøê. + äåà ð÷åãú äúçìä èåáä. +\layout Standard + +äùòåø äîåãøê úåøâí ìòáøéú. + àí îùåí îä äúôøéè +\family sans +òæøä:îñîê\SpecialChar ~ +ìéîåã +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +utorial +\family default +\lang hebrew +( îáéà ìê àú äâøñä äàðâìéú, ôúç àú äâøñä äòáøéú ë÷åáõ: àçøé +\family sans +÷åáõ:ôúç +\family default + áçø +\family sans +ãåâîàåú +\family default +, åúâéò ì- +\lang english +.../lyx/examples +\lang hebrew + òáåø ìñôøéä +\lang english +.../lyx/doc +\lang hebrew + åùí úîöà àú äîñîê úçú äùí +\lang english +he_Tutorial.lyx +\lang hebrew +. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +äîãøéê\SpecialChar ~ +ìîùúîù\SpecialChar ~ +) +\lang english +User's\SpecialChar ~ +Guide +\lang hebrew +( +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +äúòåã äò÷øé. + ðëñä ùí àú øåá äùéîåù äáñéñé åäúëåðåú ùì ìé÷ñ. + îãøéê æä îðéç ù÷øàú àú äùòåø äîåãøê. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +úëåðåú\SpecialChar ~ +ðåñôåú\SpecialChar ~ +) +\lang english +Extended\SpecialChar ~ +Features +\lang hebrew +( +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +çì÷ á +\series bold +' +\series default + ùì äîãøéê ìîùúîù. + îñáéø àéê ìäùúîù áô÷åãåú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + éùéøåú, îçì÷åú îñîëéí ðåñôåú, úëåðåú îéåçãåú, åëîä îäèøé÷éí ùì çëîé ä- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + )îåæøéí, ìòéúéí, àáì áãøê ëìì îùåáçéí(. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +äúàîä\SpecialChar ~ +) +\lang english +Customization +\lang hebrew +( +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +úàåø ùì úëåðåú ìé÷ñ îú÷ãîåú, ëåìì àéê ìäúàéí àú ääúðäâåú äëåììú ùì ìé÷ñ. + áôøè îãåáø áäúàîåú ùì î÷ùéí ìôåð÷öéåú, äúàîä ìùôåú ùåðåú, å÷áöé ä÷åðôéâåøöéä. + àéï ìê îä ìçôù ùí ìôðé ù÷øàú àú äùòåø äîåãøê. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +úöåøú\SpecialChar ~ +) +\lang english +configuration +\lang hebrew +(\SpecialChar ~ + +\lang english +LaTeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +÷åáõ æä îëéì øùéîú îöàé ùì äîòøëú ùìê, ùìé÷ñ éöø áòú äú÷ðúå. + áãå÷ ùí àí çñø ìê îùäå ùäééú éëåì ìøöåú. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +ä÷áöéí äàìä îôðéí æä ìæä ìôé äöåøê. + ìãåâîà, äîãøéê ìîùúîù îëéì ëîåú îñåéîú ùì àéðôåøîöéä òì äú÷ðä åäúàîä, àáì + îôðä ìîñîê ääúàîä ìîéãò ðåñó. +\layout Standard + +åùåá ð÷åãä çùåáä: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom bigskip \align center +àí àúä çãù áìé÷ñ ìê ú÷øà àú äùòåø äîåãøê. + òëùéå. +\layout Standard + +àçøú àúä òìåì ìäéåú +\series bold + +\series default +îúåñëì +\bar under + +\bar default +ùìà ìöåøê. + ìé÷ñ òåùä ëì îä ùîòáã úîìéìéí òåùä áùáéìê +\series bold +, +\series default + àáì áâéùä ùåðä. +\layout Chapter + +àéê ìúøåí ìôøåé÷è äìé÷ñ +\layout Section + +ìúøåí ììé÷ñ äúåëðä +\layout Standard + +ìé÷ñ ðëúá øåáå ëëåìå á- +\lang english +C++ +\lang hebrew + )äîéáà ùì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ëúåá áôøì(. + æä ôøåé÷è âãåì, åëúåöàä úîéã éäéå +\series bold + +\series default +áâéí +\series bold + +\series default +åî÷åí ìùéôåø. +\layout Subsubsection + +àéê ìãååç òì áàâ +\layout Standard + +àúä òìåì ìäú÷ì áäúðäâåú ùì ìé÷ñ ùúøàä ìê ëáàâ. + úòåôåú äï ðãéøåú, àáì äï ÷åøåú. + áòéåú áîîù÷ äîùúîù +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + äúðäâåú ìà ò÷áéú àå îáìáìú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ðçùáåú áàâéí çîåøéí òì éãé öååú ìé÷ñ åîèåôìåú áîìåà äøöéðåú. + àðçðå øåöéí ìùîåò àú ãòúê. +\layout Standard + +ììé÷ñ éù îòøëú ìîò÷á àçøé áàâéí áëúåáú +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + +. + áãå÷ ùí ìôðé ùàúä îãååç òì áàâ, ìî÷øä ùäåà ëáø ãååç. + àí éù ìê äòøä òì áàâ ÷ééí àå ùàúä øåöä ìãååç òì áàâ çãù, àúä éëåì ìäùúîù + áîòøëú äîò÷á, àå ìëúåá ìøùéîú äãéååø ùì äîôúçéí, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +. + éù ÷éùåø ìàøëéåï îäàúø äøàùé ùì ìé÷ñ, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +ãéååç èåá òì áàâ öøéê ìäëéì ìëì äôçåú +\series bold + +\series default +àú äâøñä ùì ìé÷ñ ùáä îåôéòä äáòéä. + úàåø îôåøè åîãåé÷ òãéó +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ëëì ùäîúôçéí îáæáæéí éåúø æîï áæéäåé îãåé÷ ùì î÷åø äáòéä, ëê éù ìäí ôçåú + æîï ìäù÷éò áùéôåøéí àçøéí. + öééï âí +\series bold + +\series default +äîòøëú ùòìéä àúä îøéõ àú ìé÷ñ åàú âéøñúä )ìãåâîà: +\lang english +Linux 2.4.19 +\lang hebrew +(. + äåñó àú äâéøñàåú ùì äñôøéåú ùäú÷ðú òì äîòøëú, åàí æä øìáðèé, àú äâøñàåú + ùì äúåëðåú äçéöåðéåú ùáäï ìé÷ñ îùúîù. + òí îãåáø ááòéú ÷åîôéìöéä àå ÷åðôéâåøöéä, öøó àú ä÷åáõ +\family typewriter +\lang english +config.log +\family default +\lang hebrew + åàú âøñàú ä÷åîôééìø ùáä äùúîùú. +\layout Standard + +àí äöìçú ìâøåí ììé÷ñ ìòåó, àðà èøç ìéöø +\lang english +backtrace +\lang hebrew + áòæøú âøñú ìé÷ñ ùàéðä +\lang english +stripped +\lang hebrew +. + áãøê ëìì, ìé÷ñ áñôøéú ä÷áöéí äî÷åøéú îëéì îéãò òáåø ãéáåâ, áòåã äâøñä äîåú÷ðú + äéà +\lang english +stripped +\lang hebrew +, ãäééðå àéðä ëåììú +\series bold + +\series default +îéãò æä. + àí ëê, äøõ àú ìé÷ñ îúåê +\lang english +gdb +\lang hebrew + áòæøú äô÷åãä, ìîùì, +\family typewriter +\lang english +gdb\SpecialChar ~ +/users/dani/lyx-1.2.0pre4/src/lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew + åàæ +\family typewriter +\lang english +run +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + âøåí ììé÷ñ ìòåó åàæ úåçæø ì- +\family typewriter +\lang english +gdb +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + äô÷åãä +\family typewriter +\lang english +bt +\family default +\lang hebrew + úéöø +\lang english +backtrace +\lang hebrew +. + äåñó àåúå ìãéååç +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àí àúä øåöä ìäéåú éñåãé, äùúîù áô÷åãåú +\family typewriter +\lang english +info locals +\family default +\lang hebrew + å- +\family typewriter +\lang english +up +\family default +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìäãôéñ òøëéí ùì îùúðéí î÷åîéí áëîä ãøâåú ùì äîçñðéú. +\end_inset + +. + àí éù ùéèä áèåçä ìéöø àú äáàâ, úàåø ùìä àôéìå òãéó òì ôðé +\lang english +backtrace +\lang hebrew + ëé äåà éàôùø ìðå ìéöåø àú ä- +\lang english +backtrace +\lang hebrew + áòöîðå. + àí ÷ùä ìùçæø àú äáàâ, +\lang english +backtrace +\lang hebrew + äåà çéåðé, ëé æä òìåì ìäéåú ëì îä ùéù ìðå. +\layout Subsection + +àéê ìúøåí úé÷åðéí åúëåðåú çãùåú +\layout Standard + +àí ùéðéú àú ä÷åã ùì ìé÷ñ åàúä çåùá ùùéðåééí àìä éëåìéí ìäéåú ùéîåùééí ìëìì + äîùúîùéí, ùìç àú äùéðåééí ùìê ë÷åáõ +\lang english +diff +\lang hebrew + ) +\lang english +unified +\lang hebrew +( ì÷áåöú äãéåï ùì äîôúçéí ùäåæëøä ìòéì, áðåñó ì- +\lang english +change log +\lang hebrew + åúàåø ùì îä ùäèìàé ) +\lang english +patch +\lang hebrew +( ùìê îáöò. +\layout Section + +úøåîä ìúòåã +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +ìé÷ñ îúôúçú ììà äøó, ëì âéøñä çãùä îåñéôä úëåðåú, åìîøåú ùäúòåã î÷éó, äåà + ìà úîéã òåîã á÷öá. + ôä ðúàø îä ìòùåú àí îöàú ùâéàä, àå ùéù ìê äöòåú àéê ìùôø àú äúòåã. +\layout Subsection + +ãéååç òì ùâéàåú +\layout Standard + +àí îöàú èòåú áúòåã, ùìç ãåàø ì÷áåöú äãéåï +\family typewriter +\lang english +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + öååú äúòåã éáöò àú äùéðåééí äðãøùéí. +\layout Subsection + +ìäöèøó ìöååú äúòåã +\layout Standard + +öååú äúòåã ùì ìé÷ñ úîéã öøéê òæøä +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ëîå ëåìí. + àí àúä îòåðééï ìúøåí, ÷åãí ëì àúä öøéê ìáöò àú äôòåìåú äáàåú. +\layout Enumerate + +äåøã àú äâøñä äçãùä áéåúø ùì ÷åã ìé÷ñ +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ääøôú÷ðéí éëåìéí ìäåøéã àú äúòåã äòãëðé áéåúø îàúø ä- +\lang english +CVS +\lang hebrew + ùì ìé÷ñ. + äåà ðîöà áîåãåì +\family typewriter +\lang english +lyxdoc +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + éù âí îîù÷ øùú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + î÷åùø îäàúø äøàùé ùì ìé÷ñ +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ìîé ùìà äú÷éðå àå ìà àåäáéí àú +\lang english +CVS +\lang hebrew +. +\end_inset + +. + áøàù äòõ úîöà ñôøéä áùí +\family typewriter +\lang english +lib/doc/ +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + áúåê äñôøéä äæå éù ÷åáõ áùí +\family typewriter +\lang english +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + ÷øà àåúå. + äåà îëéì äåøàåú ìâáé ôåøîè ÷áöé äúòåã +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +äøáä îääåøàåú á÷åáõ æä àéðï øìáðèéåú àå ãåøùåú òéáåã ìòáøéú, åäãáø àéðå + îúåòã áöåøä îñåãøú. + áñáéáåú +\numeric on +2000 +\numeric off + äéä ãéåï áòðéï á÷áåöú äãéåï ùîñåëí éôä áëúåáú +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.mail-archive.com/lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org/msg00155.html} + +\end_inset + + +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + æä éëåì ìùîù ëð÷åãú äúçìä. + àôùø âí ìðñåú àåúé áàåôï àéùé, +\family typewriter +\lang english +gadykozma@hotmail.com +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Enumerate + +÷ç éåí éåîéí îðåçä. + ÷øà àú +\family typewriter +\lang english +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew + ùåá. +\layout Enumerate + +÷øà àú äîãøéê ìîùúîù åàú îñîê äìéîåã. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +äîèøä ùì äúøâéì äæä äéà ìúú ìê øòéåðåú. + äîãøéê ìîùúîù åîñîê äìéîåã äí áñáéøåú âáåää äîñîëéí äîòåãëðéí áéåúø. + æä éáäéø ìê àéê àðçðå øåöéí ùäîãøéëéí éøàå åé÷øàå. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +öåø ÷ùø òí äöååú áëúåáú +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +\lang english +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\layout Standard + +ëãé ìãåï áùéðåééí ùìê åëãé ì÷áì òìéäí îùåá. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +äùéðåééí ùìê éëåìéí ìäéåú äáäøä ùì ð÷åãä îñåéîú áè÷ñè, åòã àøâåï îçãù ùì + çì÷éí ðøçáéí ùì äúòåã. + áëì î÷øä ðùîç ì÷áìí. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/he_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/he_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9f9f6449cf --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/he_Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,6424 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +%disable hyphenation (breaking words at end of line) +\usepackage[none]{hyphenat} +%disable double space after end-of-sentence period +\frenchspacing +%Allow larger space between words in a line +\sloppy + +% These are fancyhdr commands that makes the heading "fancy" +% behave like "heading", only without the Hebrew bugs. +\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} +\fancyhead[RO,LE]{\thepage} +\fancyhead[RE]{\leftmark} +\fancyhead[LO]{\rightmark} +\fancyfoot[C]{} +\end_preamble +\language hebrew +\inputencoding auto +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle fancy + +\layout Title + +ùòåø îåãøê +\layout Author + +òîéø ÷øâø åöååú ìé÷ñ +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +úåøâí òì éãé âãé ÷åæîà, +\numeric on +2002 +\numeric off +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +îáåà +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +If you cannot see anything in this document except for this paragraph, do + not despair! Everything you need is in Dekel Tsur's site: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.math.tau.ac.il/~dekelts/lyx/} + +\end_inset + +. + Get what you need, install it, and return to reading this document at your + leisure. +\layout Section + +áøåê äáà ììé÷ñ +\layout Standard + +ä÷åáõ äæä îéåòã ìëì îé ùìà ùîòå àó ôòí òì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, àå ùìà îëéøéí àåúä èåá áîéåçã. + áìé ôðé÷ä! àúä ìà öøéê ììîåã àú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìäùúîù áìé÷ñ. + æå áñåôå ùì ãáø äð÷åãä áìé÷ñ: ìúú îîù÷ ëîòè +\lang english +WYSIWYG +\lang hebrew + ì- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +. + òí æàú, éù îä ììîåã àí øåöéí ìäùúîù áìé÷ñ áöåøä éòéìä. +\layout Standard + +éëåì ìäéåú ùäâòú ìôä ëé ðéñéú ìùéí ùðé øååçéí àçøé äð÷åãä áñåó äîùôè +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +îðäâ î÷åáì áàðâìéú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â.÷. +\end_inset + +, àå ùìåù ùåøåú øé÷åú áñåó ôéñ÷ä. + àçøé äøáä úñëåì âéìéú ùæä ôùåè áìúé àôùøé. + ìîòùä, àúä äåìê ìâìåú ùäøáä îäèøé÷éí ä÷èðéí ùàúä øâéì àìéäí îîòáãé úîìéìéí + àçøéí ôùåè ìà òåáãéí áìé÷ñ. + äñéáä äéà ùøåá îòáãé äúîìéìéí ãåøùéí îîê ìäúòñ÷ áøååçéí, ùéðåéé ôåðè )âåôï(, + åëå', ëê ùáôåòì àúä ìà ø÷ ëåúá àú äîñîê àìà áàåúå æîï âí îëéï àåúå ìäãôñä. + ìé÷ñ îáöòú áùáéìê àú ôòåìú äòøéëä äâøôéú åîùçøøú àåúê ìäúøëæ áòé÷ø +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + úåëï äëúéáä ùìê. +\layout Standard + +àæ äúàæø áñáìðåú. + ÷øéàú äîñîê äæä áäçìè ùååä àú äæîï ùìê. +\layout Section + +îä äîñîê äæä, åîä äåà ìà +\layout Standard + +ø÷ äòøä ÷èðä. + äùòåø äîåãøê îùúîù áñéîåï ùäåñáø áä÷ãîä. + àí äâòú ìîñîê äæä ÷åãí, ìê ú÷øà àú ää÷ãîä. + ëï, òëùéå. +\layout Standard + +òëùéå, ëùàúä éåãò îä äîùîòåú ùì ëì ôåðè, àðçðå øåöéí ìãáø ÷öú òì îä äîñîê + äæä ëï. +\layout Subsection + +ìäåöéà àú äîéøá îäùòåø äîåãøê +\layout Standard + +îñîê æä äåà àåñó ùì úøâéìéí åãåâîàåú. + ìúåöàä îéøáéú òãéó ùîîù ú÷ìéã àú ëì äùèåéåú åùúðñä àú ëì äúøâéìéí ìøàåú + àí äí îöìéçéí ìê. +\layout Standard + +àí àúä ëáø îëéø àú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, úåëì ì÷øåà àú äîñîê îäø éåúø ëé äøáä îäøòéåðåú ùì ìé÷ñ äí øòéåðåú ùì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + áîñååä. + òí æàú, ììé÷ñ éù àú äîåæøåéåú ùìä ùàúä öøéê ìäëéø. + âí àí àéï ìê ëåç ì÷øåà àú ëì äîñîê äæä, îåîìõ áçåí ùú÷øà àú ñòéó +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + + ùðëúá áîéåçã òáåø îùúîùé +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + îðåñéí. +\layout Subsection + +îä ìà úîöà ôä +\layout Itemize + +äàëìä áëôéú. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +äîâîä äîñúîðú äéåí áñôøåú îçùáéí å- +\lang english +do it yourself +\lang hebrew + äéà: "äðç ùìîùúîù éù àéðèéìéâðöéä ùì áèèä". + àðçðå ìà ðå÷èéí áâéùä äæàú. +\layout Standard + +òí æàú, àðçðå îáéðéí ùàí äâòú ìúòåã +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + áîéåçã ìîñîê äæä +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + àúä îéï äñúí àáåã. + ìà èéôù. + ø÷ àáåã. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +äåøàåú àéê ìäùúîù áòëáø åáî÷ìãú. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +àí áùìá äðåëçé àúä ìà éåãò àéê ìäùúîù áîçùá, àðçðå ìà éëåìéí ìòæåø ìê. + äðåùàéí äàìä äéðí îçåõ ìîñâøú äúòåã ùì ìé÷ñ +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +îä âí ùìé÷ñ îèáòå îéåòã ìîùúîùéí ùéù ìäí ÷åøèåá ùëì áøàù. +\end_inset + +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +äñáøéí îôåøèéí òì ëì úëåðä åúëåðä ùì ìé÷ñ. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +îä, àúä øåöä àú äîãøéê ìîùúîù ôòîééí? +\layout Standard + +àáì áøöéðåú, äîèøä ùìðå äéà ìäòîéã àåúê òì äøâìééí ëãé ùúåëì ì÷øåà àú äîãøéê + ìîùúîù. + àí äééðå îôøèéí ëàï àåãåú ëì úëåðä ùì ìé÷ñ, äùòåø äîåãøê äéä àøåê îãé, + îéåúø, åìà îòåãëï áàåôï ÷áåò. + æå áòöí ä÷ãîä )ùðéä(. + äòîã ôðéí ùéù "øàä áîãøéê ìîùúîù" áñåó ëì çì÷. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +äñáøéí îôåøèéí òì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +æä ôùåè îéåúø. + àí îä ùàúä îçôù æä ëì äãáøéí äîâðéáéí ùàôùø ìòùåú á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, ÷ç ñôø. + éù ëîä ñôøéí îöåéðéí áùå÷. + àçøé äëì, ìà öøéê ìäîöéà àú äâìâì îçãù ëì ôòí. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +åàí ëê, áàåîõ ìîñîê äøàùåï. +\layout Chapter + +ääúçìä +\layout Section + +äîñîê äøàùåï ùìê òí ìé÷ñ +\layout Standard + +ðå, òåã äñáø àçã ÷öøöø ìôðé ùîîù îúçéìéí áôåòì. + áâìì ùøåá äîéãò àéðå ôä, äãáø äøàùåï ùàúä öøéê ìòùåú äåà ìîöåà àú ÷áöé + äòæøä äàçøéí. + ôúç àú ìé÷ñ. + áçø +\family sans +îãøéê ìîùúîù +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +U +\bar default +ser's Guide +\family default +\lang hebrew +( îúôøéè ä +\family sans +òæøä +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +H +\bar default +elp +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + îï äñúí àúä øåöä ìôúåç âí àú äùòåø äîåãøê )àí àúä ìà ëáø ÷åøà àåúå òì äîñê(. + æä éàôùø ìê ì÷øåà àåúí áæîï ùàúä ëåúá àú äîñîê ùìê +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +çåõ îäúåëï, ä÷áöéí äàìä âí éëåìéí ìùîù ëãåâîà àéê ìäùúîù áúëåðåú ùì ìé÷ñ. +\end_inset + +. + îøâò ùéù ìê éåúø îîñîê àçã ôúåç, àúä éëåì ìäùúîù áúôøéè ä +\family sans +îñîëéí +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +D +\bar default +ocuments +\family default +\lang hebrew +( ëãé ìòáåø îàçã ìùðé. + äùòåø äîåãøê ìà éëñä áôøåè ðåùàéí ùðãåðéí á÷áöéí àçøéí. + æä òìåì ìä÷ùåú áäúçìä, àáì áæëåú æä äùòåø äîåãøê ÷öø éçñéú. + æä âí éøâéì àåúê ìäùúîù á÷áöé äòæøä äàçøéí, åáèååç äøçå÷ æä éëåì ìçñåê + ìê äøáä æîï. +\layout Standard + +áîñîê äæä àðçðå îðéçéí ùéù ìê äú÷ðä îìàä ùì ìé÷ñ, +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, +\family typewriter +\lang english +xdvi +\family default +\lang hebrew + àå ëì úåëðä àçøú ìöôééä á÷áöé +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew +, +\family typewriter +\lang english +dvips +\family default +\lang hebrew + àå ãøê àçøú ìúøâí ÷áöé +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew + ìôåñèñ÷øéôè +\lang english +® +\lang hebrew +, åëï îãôñú òåáãú. + àí ìà, àúä )àå àéù ñéñèí éãéãåúé( öøéê ìèôì ááòéä. + îñîëéí àçøéí òåñ÷éí áðåùà æä +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àôùø ìäúçéì îôø÷ +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off + ùì äîãøéê ìîùúîù, "äú÷ðú ìé÷ñ åúåëðåú òæø" ) +\emph on +\lang english +LyX Setup and Supporting Applications +\emph default +\lang hebrew + á- +\emph on +\lang english +User's Guide +\emph default +\lang hebrew +(. + ùí éù äôðéåú ìîñîëéí ðåñôéí +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +ì÷éðåç, ëúáðå ÷åáõ ùéàôùø ìê ìäúàîï òì ëéùåøé äìé÷ñ ùìê. + äåà ð÷øà +\family typewriter +\lang english +example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + çùåá òìéå ëàéìå äåà è÷ñè ùäå÷ìã òì éãé îéùäå ùìà ùîò òì ðôìàåú äìé÷ñ. + ëàùø úìîã úëåðåú çãùåú ùì ìé÷ñ, ðöéò ìê ìäúàîï ò"é úé÷åï äçì÷éí äøìáðèééí + ùì +\family typewriter +\lang english +example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + áðåñó éù áå "øîæéí" àéê ìáöò àú äúé÷åï +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +äøîæéí îåôéòéí ë÷åáéåú òí äîéìä +\lang english +note +\lang hebrew + áöäåá. + ìçéöä òì ÷åáéä úôúç àåúä åúøàä àú úåëðä. +\end_inset + +. + àí àúä øåöä ìøîåú )àå ìáãå÷ àí òùéú ðëåï( éù âí ÷åáõ áùí +\family typewriter +\lang english +example_lyxified.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew + ùîëéì àú àåúå è÷ñè áöåøä äîåîìöú òì éãé îåîçé äìé÷ñ +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +áòáøéú àðçðå îöéòéí ìê ùúé àåôöéåú àèø÷èéáéåú: àå ä÷åáõ +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew + )îåîìõ( ùáå äè÷ñè áàðâìéú åø÷ äøîæéí áòáøéú, àå +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew + ùáå âí äè÷ñè åâí äøîæéí áòáøéú )îåîìõ àåìé áæëåú äùéøä, àáì ìà ëúøâéì ìé÷ñ, + áùìá äæä çáì ìäòé÷ òìéê òí áòéåú îéåçãåú ìùéîåù áòáøéú(. + ùéí ìá ùàéï +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_lyxified.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + àí äéä, äåà äéä ëîòè æää ì- +\family typewriter +\lang english +example_lyxified.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew + äøâéì +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +àú äãåâîàåú äàìä úîöà áñôøéä +\family typewriter 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ùéîåùéí îùåëììéí ùì ìé÷ñ, + áôøè ãáøéí ùîñéáåú àåøê, àå îñéáåú àçøåú, ìà îöàå àú î÷åîí áúòåã äøàùé. + àçøé ùîéöéú àú äúòåã äøâéì, àúä éëåì ìðñåú àú äñôøéä äæàú ëî÷åø îéãò ðåñó. +\layout Subsection + +ä÷ìãä, öôééä, äãôñä +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +áçì÷ æä, åáúòåã áëìì, ìà ðñáéø àéê ìòáåã òí òáøéú áìé÷ñ. + äñáøéí áðåùà æä ðîöàéí áàúø ùì ã÷ì öåø ùäôðééä àìéå ðîöàú áøàù äîñîê. + ìà, àì úìê ìùí òëùéå. + ÷åãí òãéó ùúúàîï ÷öú òì äàðâìéú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +ôúç ÷åáõ çãù áòæøú +\family sans +÷åáõ:çãù +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +ew +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. +\layout Itemize + +ä÷ìã îùôè ëîå +\family typewriter +\lang english +This is my first LyX document! +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +áñãø, áñãø, îöãðå úãôéñ àú ãòúê òì îöá äçñä áùèçéí. + æä ìà îùðä. + åàðçðå îúðöìéí îøàù òì äàåéìéåú ùì îùôè äãåâîà äæä åëì ãáø àçø ùðá÷ù îîê + ìä÷ìéã áòúéã. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +ùîåø àú äîñîê òí +\family sans +÷åáõ:ùîéøä áùí +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +A +\bar default +s +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. +\layout Itemize + +äøõ àú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìéöø ÷åáõ +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew + áòæøú +\family sans +öôééä: +\bar under +\lang english +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +\lang hebrew + )\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +V +\bar default +iew +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + ñáéø ùúøàä äãôñåú áçìåï ùîîðå äøöú àú ìé÷ñ. + àìä äåãòåú î- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + åàúä îåæîï ìäúòìí îäï ìòú òúä. + ìé÷ñ éøéõ àú +\family typewriter +\lang english +xdvi +\family default +\lang hebrew + )àå úåëðä àçøú ìöôééä á÷áöé +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew +( åéåôéò çìåï ùáå úåëì ìøàåú àéê éøàä ä÷åáõ ëùúãôéñ àåúå +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àôùø ìçñåê æîï áôòîéí äáàåú ùàúä îáöò àú äôòåìä. + äùàø àú äçìåï ùì +\family typewriter +\lang english +xdvi +\family default +\lang hebrew + ôúåç, åáçø +\family sans +öôééä:òãëåï: +\bar under +\lang english +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +\lang hebrew + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +V +\bar default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + çìåï ä- +\family typewriter +\lang english +xdvi +\family default +\lang hebrew + éúòãëï áøâò ùúìçõ òìéå. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +äãôñ áòæøú +\family sans +÷åáõ:äãôñ +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +rint +\family default +\lang hebrew +( åìçéöä 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+\lang hebrew + àéï ùåí ôåð÷öéä ãé÷ãå÷éú, åìëï ìé÷ñ ìà îùúîùú áå. + áìé÷ñ àúä îúòñ÷ äøáä éåúø áúåëï åäøáä ôçåú áöåøä. + øàä òåã áä÷ãîä ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +ntroduction +\family default +\lang hebrew +( òì ÷åðöôè ä- +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Standard + +éù, ëîåáï, ãøëéí )øáåú( ìëååðï àú ôåøîè äîñîê ùìê áìé÷ñ. + áñåôå ùì ãáø, àé àôùø ìöôåú ùìé÷ñ úðçù ëì ôòí áãéå÷ ìîä àúä îúëååï. + äîãøéê ìîùúîù ) +\emph on +\lang english +User's Guide +\emph default +\lang hebrew +( îëéì àéðôåøîöéä ìâáé ëì æä, ëåìì +\family sans +\lang english +HFill +\family default +\lang hebrew +-éí, åøååç àðëé, ëìéí øáé ëåç ìôúåø áòéåú ëàìä, åùéèåú ìùðåú àú âåãì äôåðè, + ñåâé äúåéí åéùåø ôñ÷àåú éãðéú. + òí æàú, äøòéåï äåà ìëúåá àú äîñîê ùìê ÷åãí, åìäúòñ÷ áëéååðåï áñåó, åìà + ëîå áîòáãé úîìéìéí øâéìéí, áäí ðåùà îøàä äôìè îòñé÷ àåúê áàåôï ÷áåò áæîï + äëúéáä. +\layout Standard + +ñåâ ðåñó ùì øååç äåà äøååç äîåâï ) +\family sans +\lang english +Protected Blank +\family default +\lang hebrew +(, ùàåúå ú÷áì àí ú÷éù +\family sans +\lang english +C-Space +\family default +\lang hebrew + àå +\family sans +äåñôä:úå\SpecialChar ~ +îéåçã:øååç\SpecialChar ~ +îåâï +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pecial\SpecialChar ~ +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Protected\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +B +\bar default +lank +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + òì äîñê äåà ðøàä ëîå " +\lang english +u +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ÷èï åëçåì +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àí àúä ÷åøà àú äîñîê áîçùá, îï äñúí ëáø øàéú àåúí åúäéú ìâáé îùîòåúí. +\end_inset + +. + àí úùéí +\family sans +øååç\SpecialChar ~ +îåâï +\family default + áéï ùúé îéìéí, æä éøàä áãéå÷ ëîå øååç øâéì áäãôñä. + ääáãì äåà ù +\family sans +øååç\SpecialChar ~ +îåâï +\family default + àåîø ì- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ìà ìùáåø àú äùåøä áéï ùúé äîéìéí äàìä. + î÷åáì, ìîùì, ìäùúîù áå ëãé ìëúåá îùäå ëîå "øàä ôø÷\SpecialChar ~ + +\numeric on +1 +\numeric off +", ëùàúä øåöä ìäéåú áèåç ùäîéìéí "ôø÷" å- " +\numeric on +1 +\numeric off +" éäéå òì àåúä ùåøä +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +áîñîê äæä àðçðå îùúîùéí áäí ëãé ìúàø ùîåú ùì úôøéèéí, ÷éöåøéí, åúåéí îéåçãéí, + ëîå ìîùì +\family sans +øååç\SpecialChar ~ +îåâï +\family default +... +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +ñáéáåú +\layout Standard + +ìçì÷éí ùåðéí ùì äîñîê éù îèøä ùåðä. + àðçðå ÷åøàéí ì"ñåâ" äè÷ñè äñáéáä ) +\lang english +environment +\lang hebrew +( ùìå. + øåá äîñîê äåà è÷ñè øâéì. + éù âí àú ëåúøú äîñîê, åëåúøåú ùì çì÷éí áå )ôø÷, ñòéó, úú-ñòéó(. + áîñîëéí îéåçãéí àôùø ìîöåà ñåâéí ðåñôéí ùì è÷ñè. + îàîø îãòé îëéì ú÷öéø. + ìîëúá, ìòåîú æàú, àéï ëåúøú, àáì ëúåáú äùåìç îåôéòä áöåøä îéåçãú åàôùø + ìöôåú ìñáéáä äåìîú. +\layout Standard + +ñáéáåú äí çì÷ îäåúé îôéìåñåôéú ä- +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew + ùì ìé÷ñ. + ñáéáä éëåìä ìäëúéá ôåðè, âåãì ôåðè, àéðãðèöéä, îøååç åòåã åòåã. + áðåñó äôåøîè äîãåé÷ òáåø ñáéáä îñåéîú àéðå ÷áåò. + ëúá òú à' éëåì ìäùúîù ááåìã, âåãì +\numeric on +18 +\numeric off + îîåøëæ áùáéì äëåúøú, åøòäå ãåå÷à áàåúéåú îåèåú åîéåùøåú ìùîàì áâåãì +\numeric on +15 +\numeric off +. + ìëì ùôä éù ú÷ðéí îùìä ìéùåø ôñ÷àåú, åäáéáìéåâøôéä îùúðä îùãä ìùãä. + ìé÷ñ çåñëú ìê ììîåã àú ëì æä. +\layout Standard + +úéáú ä +\family sans +ñáéáä +\family default + ðîöàú îöã ùîàì á÷öä ìåç äëìéí, îúçú ìúôøéè +\family sans +÷åáõ +\family default +. + ùí øùåîä äñáéáä ùáä àúä ëåúá áøâò ðúåï. + ëùëúáú àú äîñîê äøàùåï ùìê, äåôéòä ùí äîéìä +\lang english +Standard +\lang hebrew +, ùîöééðú è÷ñè øâéì. + äùìá äáà éäéä ìùéí áîñîê ùìê îñôø ñáéáåú ùåðåú. + ëì îä ùàúä öøéê áùáéì æä äåà úôøéè äñáéáåú, ùîúâìä ëàùø ìåçöéí òì àé÷åï + ä"çõ ìîèä", éùéøåú îéîéï ìúéáú äñáéáä. +\layout Subsection + +ñòéôéí åúúé-ñòéôéí +\layout Standard + +ä÷ìã àú äîéìä +\family typewriter +\lang english +Introduction +\family default +\lang hebrew + áùåøä äøàùåðä ùì ä÷åáõ ùìê, åáçø +\family sans +\lang english +Section +\family default +\lang hebrew + îúôøéè äñáéáä +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àúä ìà öøéê ìáçåø àú äùåøä áùáéì æä. + àí áøâò ðúåï ìà áçøú ùåí è÷ñè, ìé÷ñ úùðä àú äôñ÷ä äðåëçéú ìñáéáä äçãùä. + ìçéìåôéï, ëãé ìùðåú ëîä ôñ÷àåú ìñáéáä çãùä ááú àçú, áçø àåúï åàæ áçø àú + äñáéáä îäúôøéè. +\end_inset + +. + ìé÷ñ ùîä àú äîñôø " +\numeric on +1 +\numeric off +" åîùðä àú àú äëåúøú ìôåðè âãåì éåúø. + ëîåáï, äãáø îúáèà âí á÷åáõ ä- +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew + åáâøñä äîåãôñú. + òëùéå ä÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + ùéí ìá ùúéáú äñáéáä äùúðúä î- +\family sans +\lang english +Section +\family default +\lang hebrew + áçæøä ì- +\family sans +\lang english +Standard +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + ëåúøåú ôø÷éí åñòéôéí, ëîå äøáä ñáéáåú àçøåú, ðâîøåú ëùàúä î÷éù +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +øàä áîãøéê ìîùúîù ) +\emph on +\lang english +User's Guide +\emph default +\lang hebrew +( àéê ìòùåú ëåúøåú áðåú ùúé ùåøåú åîòìä. + äñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +Standard +\family default +\lang hebrew +, ìà áàåôï îôúéò, éëåìä ìäîùéê ôñ÷àåú øáåú. + ñáéáåú øùéîä ùåðåú )øàä ìîèä( âí ìà ðâîøåú ëùàúä î÷éù òì +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + àí ùëçú áàéæä ñáéáä àúä ðîöà, ôùåè úñúëì áúéáä. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + ä÷ìã àú ää÷ãîä: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +This is an introduction to my first LyX +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +document. +\layout Standard + +ä÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew + ùåá. + áçø +\family sans +\lang english +Section +\family default +\lang hebrew + îúôøéè äñáéáä. + ìé÷ñ øåùîú " +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off +" åîçëä ìëåúøú. + ä÷ìã +\family typewriter +\lang english +More Stuff +\family default +\lang hebrew +, åùéí ìá ëéöã ìé÷ñ òåøëú àú äè÷ñè ëëåúøú. +\layout Standard + +æä òåã ìà äñåó! ìê ìñåó ùì ñòéó +\numeric on +1 +\numeric off + )àçøé +\lang english +my first LyX document +\lang hebrew +(, ä÷ù +\lang english +Return +\lang hebrew + ùåá, åùåá áçø +\family sans +\lang english +Section +\family default +\lang hebrew + îúôøéè äñáéáä. + ìé÷ñ øåùîú " +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off +" åîçëä. + ä÷ìã +\family typewriter +\lang english +About this document +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + äñòéó +\lang english +More Stuff +\lang hebrew + ùäéä ÷åãí ñòéó +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off + äåà òëùéå ñòéó +\numeric on +3 +\numeric off +! ìæä àðçðå îúëååðéí ëùàðçðå àåîøéí +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew +: àúä öøéê ìäâéã ììé÷ñ àéæä è÷ñè äåà ëåúøú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ìé÷ñ ãåàâú ìîéñôåø åìòøéëä. +\layout Standard + +ä÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìçæåø ìñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +Standard +\family default +\lang hebrew +, åä÷ìã àú +\numeric on +5 +\numeric off + äùåøåú äáàåú +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +Sections and subsections are described below. +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +Section Description +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +Sections are bigger than subsections. +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +Subsection description +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +Subsections are smaller than sections. +\layout Standard + +ìçõ òì äùåøä äùðéä åáçø +\family sans +\lang english +Subsection +\family default +\lang hebrew + îúôøéè äñáéáåú. + ìé÷ñ îîñôøú àú úú-äñòéó " +\numeric on +2.1 +\numeric off +", åðåúðú ìå ôåðè éåúø âãåì îìè÷ñè øâéì, àê éåúø ÷èï îìñòéó. + ùðä âí àú äùåøä äøáéòéú ìëåúøú úú-ñòéó. + ðå, áùìá äæä æä äåôòú ä" +\numeric on +2.2 +\numeric off +" îï äñúí ëáø ìà îôúéòä. + àí úåñéó òåã ñòéó ìôðé ñòéó +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off +, ñòéó +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off + éäôåê ìñòéó +\numeric on +3 +\numeric off +, åúúé äñòéôéí éäôëå ì- +\numeric on +3.1 +\numeric off + å- +\numeric on +3.2 +\numeric off +. +\layout Standard + +äøîåú äáàåú ùì ñéòåó ð÷øàåú +\family sans +\lang english +Subsubsection +\family default +\lang hebrew +, +\family sans +\lang english +Paragraph +\family default +\lang hebrew + å- +\family sans +\lang english +Subparagraph +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + àðçðå îùàéøéí ìê ìäùúòùò àéúí ìáã. + àúä úùéí ìá ùùðé äàçøåðéí àéðí îîåñôøéí, åù- +\family sans +\lang english +subparagraph +\family default +\lang hebrew + âí îåëðñ ôðéîä. + äîãøéê ìîùúîù îñáéø àéê ìùðåú àú æä. + äàîú äéà ùäøîä äâáåää áéåúø ùì ñéòåó ð÷øàú +\family sans +\lang english +Chapter +\family default +\lang hebrew +, îòì +\family sans +\lang english +Section +\family default +\lang hebrew +, àáì àúä éëåì ìäùúîù áä ø÷ áñåâé îñîëéí îñåéîéí. + òì ëê øàä ñòéó +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +ìñéåí, áî÷øéí îñåéîéí úöèøê ñòéôéí ùàéðí îîåñôøéí. + âí òáåøí ÷éîåú ñáéáåú îåëðåú. + àí úùúîù áñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +Section* +\family default +\lang hebrew + )éúëï ùúöèøê ìâìåì àú øùéîú äñáéáåú ëãé ìîöåà àåúä(, ìé÷ñ éùúîù áàåúå ôåðè + åàåúå âåãì òáåø äëåúøú ëîå òáåø +\family sans +\lang english +Section +\family default +\lang hebrew + øâéì, àáì ìà éîñôø. + éùðï âøñàåú "ëåëáéåú" âí ì- +\family sans +\lang english +Subsection +\family default +\lang hebrew + å- +\family sans +\lang english +Subsubsection +\family default +\lang hebrew + áäúàîä. + ðñä ìùðåú ëîä îäñòéôéí áîñîê ùìê ìñáéáåú àìä, åùéí ìá àéê äîñôåø ùì äñòéôéí + àçøé äñòéó ùùéðéú îùúðä áäúàîä. +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: ú÷ï àú ëåúøåú äñòéôéí á÷åáõ +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Subsection + +øùéîåú åøùéîåú îùðä +\layout Standard + +ììé÷ñ éù ëîä åëîä ñáéáåú ëãé ìéöø øùéîåú. + ëê úùúçøø îäöåøê äîòé÷ ììçåõ òì +\lang english +Tab +\lang hebrew + àìôé ôòîéí ëùàúä ëåúá îúååä +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +äëååðä ëàï ìîñîê îäñåâ ùáå äøáä îàåã îñôøé ñòéôéí åñòéôé îùðä åîòè îàåã + úåëï +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + + åîäöåøê ìîñôø îçãù àí äåñôú ð÷åãä áàîöò äøùéîä. + àúä éëåì ìäúøëæ áúåëï +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ëï, àåìé äâæîðå ÷öú òí äð÷åãä äæå, àáì æå äð÷åãä äòé÷øéú áôéìåñåôéä ùì ìé÷ñ, + àæ ñìç ìðå, áá÷ùä. +\end_inset + +. + ìäìï ãåâîàåú ìëîä îäøùéîåú ùì ìé÷ñ, åùéîåùéäï: +\layout Itemize + +äñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +Itemize +\family default +\lang hebrew + îéöøú øùéîä òí òéâåìéí àå ëåëáéåú áöã )ëîå øùéîä æå( +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + îòåìä ìîöâú ù÷åôéåú. +\layout Itemize + +äñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +Enumerate +\family default +\lang hebrew + îéöøú øùéîä îîåñôøú, åøùéîåú îùðä òí òí îñôøéí àå àåúéåú. + çéåðé ìîúååéí. +\layout Itemize + +äñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +Description +\family default +\lang hebrew + ùîä àú äðåùà, äîéìä äøàùåðä, á- +\lang english +bold +\lang hebrew + åàçøéä àú úàåøå. + àí àúä îëéï øùéîä ùì úåëðåú åúàåøï, æä éëåì ìäéåú áî÷åí. +\layout Itemize + +äñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +List +\family default +\lang hebrew +, ùàéððä ÷ééîú á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + øâéì àìà äéà úåñôú ùì ìé÷ñ, äéà åøéàöéä òì +\family sans +\lang english +Description +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Standard + +áåàå ðëéï øùéîä ùì ñéáåú ìîä ìé÷ñ òãéôä òì îòáãé úîìéìéí àçøéí. + áî÷åí ëìùäå áîñîê, øùåí +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +LyX is better than other word processors because: +\layout Standard + +åä÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + òáùéå áçø +\family sans +\lang english +Itemize +\family default +\lang hebrew + îúôøéè äñáéáä. + ìé÷ñ øåùí òéâåì +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ìîòùä òì äîñê îåôéòä ëåëáéú, àáì áôìè úøàä òéâåì. + òëùéå ä÷ìã àú äñéáåú: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +Typesetting is done for you +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +Math is WYSIWYG +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +Lists are very easy to create! +\layout Standard + +ñáéáåú øùéîä, áðéâåã ìëåúøåú, ìà ðâîøåú àçøé ëì ùåøä çãùä. + ëùàúä î÷éù +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew + ìé÷ñ îðéçä ùàúä øåöä òåã ôøéè. + àí àúä øåöä éåúø îôñ÷ä àçú áúåê ôøéè àçã, äãøê äôùåèä áéåúø äéà ìäùúîù + á +\family sans +ùáéøú\SpecialChar ~ +ùåøä +\family default + +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ä÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +C-Return +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + ëãé ìöàú îäøùéîä, áçø ùåá àú äñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +Standard +\family default +\lang hebrew + àå ä÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +M-p s +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Standard + +éù ìê øùéîä éôéôéä, àúä éëåì âí ìäøéõ àú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìøàåú àéê äéà úåôéòä áäãôñä. + àáì îä àí àúä øåöä ìîñôø àú äñéáåú? áçø àú ëì äøùéîä +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àúä ìà éëåì ìáçåø àú äëåëáéú äøàùåðä. + äéà úñåîï )áúëìú( ø÷ àí äáçéøä ùìê ëåììú çì÷éí îäôñ÷ä ä÷åãîú, ùæä îï äñúí + ìà îä ùàúä øåöä. + ëê àúä âí ìà éëåì ìáçåø àú äîñôø äøàùåï áøùéîä îîåñôøú, åëå'. + àì úãàâ. +\end_inset + + åáçø +\family sans +\lang english +Enumerate +\family default +\lang hebrew + îúåê úôøéè äñáéáä. + ååàìä! ëîå ùëáø ôøèðå, àí úåñéó àå úîç÷ ùåøä, ìé÷ñ éú÷ï àú äîéñôåø. +\layout Standard + +äøùéîä òãééï îñåîðú? ìîä ùìà úùðä àåúä ìùðé äñåâéí äáàéí, +\family sans +\lang english +Description +\family default +\lang hebrew + å- +\family sans +\lang english +List +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +äñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +List +\family default +\lang hebrew + ìà òåáãú ëøàåé áòáøéú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + + +\family default + ëãé ìøàåú àéê äí ðøàéí. + áñáéáåú àìä, ëì ôøéè îåøëá îîåðç, äîéìä äøàùåðä, åäâãøä, ùàø äôñ÷ä )òã + ä÷ùú +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + ä"îåðç" éëåì ìäéåú îåãâù á- +\lang english +bold +\lang hebrew + ) +\family sans +\lang english +Description +\family default +\lang hebrew +( àå îåôøã òì éãé " +\lang english +tab +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +îãåáø á- +\lang english +tab +\lang hebrew + "çëí", ùîùúðä ìôé âåãì äîåðç äàøåê áéåúø áøùéîä. +\end_inset + + ) +\family sans +\lang english +List +\family default +\lang hebrew +( îùàø äôñ÷ä. + àí àúä øåöä éåúø îîéìä àçú áîåðç, äôøã àåúï áòæøú +\family sans +øååç\SpecialChar ~ +îåâï +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: ú÷ï àú äøùéîä á- +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Standard + +àôùø ì÷ðï øùéîåú áúåê øùéîåú àçøåú. + ãåâîà îúá÷ùú äéà éöéøú îúååéí. + øùéîåú îîåñôøåú åàçøåú éøàå àçøú àí ú÷ðï àåúï áúåê øùéîåú àçøåú. + øàä áîãøéê ìîùúîù ) +\emph on +\lang english +User's Guide +\emph default +\lang hebrew +( 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æîï. + àéï ñéáä ùðöéò ôä úøâéìéí. + ôùåè ëúáé îëúá ìîéùäå +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àæäøä àçú, àí àú ëåúáú úáðéú çãùä. + àí àú îåç÷ú àú ëì äè÷ñè áñáéáä ðúåðä +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ìîùì àí îç÷ú àú ëì äñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìäçìéó àåúê áëúåáúê ùìê +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + åàæ úæéæé àú äñîï áìé ìøùåí ëìåí, äñáéáä úòìí. + øåá äñáéáåú ìà éëåìåú ìäú÷ééí áìé è÷ñè áúåëï. + ôùåè áçøé àú äñáéáä îçãù îäúôøéè. +\end_inset + +! +\layout Standard + +úáðéåú éëåìåú ìçñåê äîåï æîï, åàðçðå îîìéöéí ìê ìäùúîù áäï áëì äæãîðåú. + áðåñó, äï éëåìåú ìòæåø ììîåã îçì÷åú îñîëéí îåøëáåú éåúø. + ì÷éðåç, äï éëåìåú ìäòéì ìîé ùîú÷éï àú ìé÷ñ òáåø îùúîùéí ôçåú îðåñéí. + áùìá äìéîåãé äøàùåðé ùì ìé÷ñ, îëúá îåúàí îøàù ìçáøä ùáä äí òåáãéí, éëåì + ìçñåê äøáä îëàåáéí. +\layout Section + +ùòø äîñîê +\layout Standard + +ìé÷ñ )ëîå +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +(, îúééçñú ìùòø +\lang english 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hebrew +. + äåöà äãôñä åúøàä àéê ëì æä ðøàä. +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: ú÷ï àú ùòø äîñîê +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Section + +úåéåú åäôðéåú +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + +ðéúï ìùéí úåéú ) +\lang english +label +\lang hebrew +( òì ôø÷, ñòéó, åäøáä çì÷éí àçøéí ùì äîñîê ùìê )àôéìå òì ñúí è÷ñè(. + îøâò ùòùéú àú æä, àúä éëåì ìäôðåú ìôø÷ äð"ì îî÷åîåú àçøéí áîñîê áòæøú äôðéåú + ) +\lang english +cross references +\lang hebrew +(. + àúä éëåì ìäúééçñ ìîñôø äñòéó àå ìòîåã ùáå äåà îåôéò. + ëîå òí äñòéôéí åäòøåú äùåìééí, ìé÷ñ ãåàâú ìîñôåø åìòøéëä áùáéìê. + äàåèåîèéæöéä ùì úåéåú åäôðéåú äéà àçã äéúøåðåú äâãåìéí ùì ìé÷ñ )å- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +( òì ôðé îòáãé úîìéìéí øâéìéí. +\layout Subsection* + +äúåéú äøàùåðä ùìê +\layout Standard + +áåà ðúééâ, ìãåâîà, àú äñòéó äùðé ùì äîñîê, ùëåúøúå äéà " +\lang english +About this document +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset 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+collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +æä äëôúåø ùðøàä ëîå çõ ùîöáéò òì ùðé ôñéí àãåîéí, ùîòìéäí ëîä ôñéí ùçåøéí. +\end_inset + + àå á +\family sans +äåñôä:äòøú\SpecialChar ~ +úçúéú +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +ootnote +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + ìçõ áñåó ùåøä áî÷åí ëìùäå áîñîê ùìê, åàæ òì òì äëôúåø +\family sans +äåñó\SpecialChar ~ +äòøú\SpecialChar ~ +ùåìééí +\family default +. + éåôéò øéáåò àãåí ùá÷öäå äùîàìé ÷åáéä àôåøä ÷èðä åòìéä äè÷ñè +\lang english +foot +\lang hebrew + áàãåí. + äñîï ðîöà ëòú áäúçìú äùåøä áúåê äøéáåò äàãåí +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + æä äî÷åí ùáå éù ìä÷ìéã àú úåëï äòøú äùåìééí. + ä÷ìã +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +Lyx is a typesetting word processor +\layout Standard + +ëòú ìçõ òì äîéìä +\lang english +foot +\lang hebrew +. + äùåøä ðòìîú, åðùàø ø÷ äîñîï +\lang english +foot +\lang hebrew + )ä÷åáéä äàôåøä(, áî÷åí ùáå éåôéò, áâøñä äîåãôñú, îñôø äòøú äùåìééí. + ìæä àðå ÷åøàéí "ì÷ôì" àú äòøú äùåìééí. + àúä éëåì ìôúåç àåúä áëì òú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + åìùðåú àú äè÷ñè, àí áøöåðê +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + áòæøú ìçéöä òì äîñîï +\lang english +foot +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Standard + +àí àúä úåää ìîä äîñîï ìà îëéì àú îñôø äòøú äùåìééí, äúùåáä äéà ùîñôåø äòøåú + äùåìééí äåà òðééðä ùì ìé÷ñ, ìà ùìê. + àí àúä øåöä ìãòú îä äåà éöà, áãå÷ áôìè ä- +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew +, àå áäãôñä. + àí úåñéó òåã äòøåú ùåìééí, ìé÷ñ éîñôø àú ëåìï +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + çãùåú åéùðåú. + îëéååï ùìé÷ñ )ìîòùä +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +( ãåàâ ìîñôåø äæä, àéï ñéáä ìùîåø àú îñôø ääòøä á÷åáõ äìé÷ñ. +\layout Standard + +äòøåú ùåìééí àôùø ìçúåê åìäãáé÷ ëîå è÷ñè øâéì. + ðñä åúøàä! ëì îä ùàúä öøéê ìòùåú äåà ìáçåø àú îñîï ääòøä +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ìôòîéí éëåì ìäéåú ÷ùä ìáçåø àú äòøú äùåìééí áìé ìôúåç àåúä áèòåú. + áî÷øéí ëàìä, ôùåè áçø áòæøú äçöéí. +\end_inset + + åìâæåø åìäãáé÷ àåúå. + áðåñó, àôùø ìäôåê è÷ñè øâéì ìäòøú ùåìééí ò"é áçéøúå, åìçéöä òì äëôúåø +\family sans +äåñó\SpecialChar ~ +äòøú\SpecialChar ~ +ùåìééí +\family default +. + áëéååï ääôåê, ìçõ òì äëôúåø +\family sans +äåñó\SpecialChar ~ +äòøú\SpecialChar ~ +ùåìééí +\family default + ëàùø äñîï áúåê äòøú ùåìééí ôúåçä åúäôåê àåúä ìè÷ñè øâéì. +\layout Standard + +äòøåú öã àôùø ìäëðéñ áòæøú äëôúåø +\family sans +äëðñ\SpecialChar ~ +äòøú\SpecialChar ~ +öã +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +äëôúåø äæä îøàä çõ îöáéò òì ùìåùä ÷åéí àãåîéí ìéã ëîä ÷åéí ùçåøéí. + äåà àîåø ìäéåú îîù ìéã äôúåø +\family sans +äëðñ\SpecialChar ~ +äòøú\SpecialChar ~ +ùåìééí +\family default + áìåç äëìéí. +\end_inset + + +\family default + àå áòæøú +\family sans +äåñôä:äòøú\SpecialChar ~ +öã +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +arginal\SpecialChar ~ +Note +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + äòøåú öã ãåîåú ìäòøåú ùåìééí ìîòè ääáãìéí äáàéí: +\layout Itemize + +äîñîï òì äîñê àåîø +\lang english +margin +\lang hebrew + áî÷åí +\lang english +foot +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Itemize + +áôìè äï îåôéòåú ìöã äè÷ñè, åìà áúçúéú äòîåã. +\layout Itemize + +äòøåú öã àéðï îîåñôøåú. +\layout Standard + +ùðä äòøú ùåìééí àçú ìè÷ñè øâéì, áçø àú äè÷ñè åäôåê àåúå ìäòøú öã. + äøõ àú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìøàåú àéê ðøàú äòøú öã áôìè. +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: ú÷ï àú äòøú äùåìéí á- +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Section + +áéáìéåâøôéä +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +äôðéåú áéáìéåâøôéåú )áîãòéí äîãåé÷éí( ãåîåú ìäôðéåú áúåê äîñîê )ñòéó +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + +( +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ëãé ì÷áì äôðéåú áéáìéåâøôéåú áöåøä äî÷åáìú áîãòé äçáøä åäøåç, úöèøê ìäùúîù + áèëðé÷åú ùì ñòéó æä, áäòøåú ùåìééí, åá÷öú éöéøúéåú. +\end_inset + +. + äáéáìéåâøôéä äéà øùéîú äôðéåú áñåó äîñîê, åàôùø ìäúééçñ àìéäï îî÷åîåú áâåó + äè÷ñè. + ëîå îñôøé ñòéôéí, ìé÷ñ å- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + çåñëéí ìê àú äöåøê ìîñôø éãðéú àú äáéáìéåâøôéä òöîä åàú ääúééçñåéåú àìéä + áúåê äè÷ñè. +\layout Standard + +ìê ìñåó äîñîê ùìê, åòáåø ìñáéáä +\family sans +\lang english +Bibliography +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + ëì ôòí ùú÷éù +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew + úåôéò äôðéä áéáìéåâøôéú çãùä. + ä÷ìã àú ääôðéä äøàùåðä +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +The LyX Tutorial, by the LyX DocTeam +\layout Standard + +ùéí ìá ùìé÷ñ ùîä îñôø á÷åáéä äàôåøä ìôðé ëì äôðéä áàåôï àåèåîèé. + ìçõ òì äîñôø á÷åáéä åúåôéò úéáú äãéàìåâ +\family sans +ôøéè áéáìéåâøôé +\family default +. + áùãä äøàùåï, +\family sans +\lang english +Key +\family default +\lang hebrew +, ùéí è÷ñè ùéùîù ëãé ìäúéçñ ìäôðéä îúåê ìé÷ñ. + áøéøú äîçãì äéà îñôø. + ùðä àåúå ì- +\family typewriter +\lang english +lyxtutorial +\family default +\lang hebrew + ìä÷ì òì äæëøåï. +\layout Standard + +ëòú áçø î÷åí áîñîê ùáå àúä øåöä ìöèè àú äîñîê ãðï. + áçø +\family sans +äåñôä:äôðééú\SpecialChar ~ +öéèåè +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +itation\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + úéáú äãéàìåâ +\family sans +öéèåèéí +\family default + úåôéò. + îéîéï îåôéòä øùéîú ëì ääôðéåú äáéáìéåâøôéåú ) +\family sans +\lang english +Bibliograph +\bar under +y +\bar default +\SpecialChar ~ +keys +\family default +\lang hebrew +( åàúä éëåì ìáçåø îúåëä àú äî÷åøåú ùàúä øåöä ìöèè +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +æå äñéáä ùòãéó ìáçåø ùîåú ùé÷ìå òì äæëøåï, åìà ìäùàéø àú äîñôø ùîåôéò áàåôï + àåèåîèé. +\end_inset + +. + áçø +\lang english +lyxtutorial +\lang hebrew + )ðå, æä ìà ùéù ìê ëì ëê äøáä àåôöéåú áùìá æä( åäùúîù áëôúåø òí äçõ ùîàìä + ëãé ìäòáéø àåúå ìøùéîä îùîàì, +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nset\SpecialChar ~ +keys +\family default +\lang hebrew + )àí àúä øåöä ìöèè ëîä î÷åøåú ááú àçú, äòáø àåúí àçã àçã ìøùéîä îùîàì áàåúä + öåøä(. + òëùéå äøõ àú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + åúøàä áúåê ñåâøééí îøåáòéí àú äîñôø ùîúàéí ìî÷åø ùñéîðú áøùéîä äáéáìéåâøôéú + áñåó äîñîê. +\layout Standard + +îä òí äùãåú ùìà ãéáøðå òìéäí? äùãä +\family sans +\lang english +Aft +\bar under +e +\bar default +r +\family default +\lang hebrew + áçìåï äöéèåèéí éùéí äòøä áúåê äñåâøééí äîøåáòéí, ìãåâîà îñôø äòîåã àå äôø÷ + áñôø àå áîàîø ùàúä îöèè. + àí àúä øåöä ùääôðéåú åäáéáìéåâøôéä éåôéòå òí è÷ñè áî÷åí òí îñôøéí )ìãåâîà, + áëúáé òú îñåéîéí î÷åáì ìëúåá +\lang english +[Smi95] +\lang hebrew + ëàùø îúééçñéí ìîàîø ùôåøñí òì éãé +\lang english +Smith +\lang hebrew + á- +\numeric on +1995 +\numeric off +(, äùúîù áùãä +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +L +\bar default +abel +\family default +\lang hebrew + áçìåï +\family sans +äôøéè äáéáìéåâøôé +\family default +. + ëøâéì, äôøèéí äîìàéí îåôéòéí áîãøéê ìîùúîù. +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: ú÷ï àú äáéáìéåâøôéä åääôðéåú àìéä á- +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Section + +úåëï äòðééðéí +\layout Standard + +éëåì ìäéåú ùàúä øåöä úåëï òðéðéí áäúçìú äîñîê ùìê. + òí ìé÷ñ, ëì îä ùàúä öøéê ìòùåú äåà ëãì÷îï: ä÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew + àçøé ùí äîñîê åìôðé äëåúøú ùì äñòéó äøàùåï +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àéï èòí ìéàù àú òöîê áðñéåï ììçåõ àå ìîçå÷ ìôðé îñôø äñòéó. + æä ìà éòáåã. + àúä ìà éëåì ìùðåú àú îñôø äñòéó ëé ìé÷ñ ÷åáòú àåúå àåèåîèéú. +\end_inset + + åáçø +\family sans +äåñôä:øùéîåú\SpecialChar ~ +åúåëï:úåëï\SpecialChar ~ +äòðééðéí +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lists\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +T +\bar under +O +\bar default +C\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ontents +\family default +\lang hebrew +( äîéìéí +\family sans +úåëï äòðééðéí +\family default + ) +\lang english +Table of Contents +\lang hebrew +( éåôéòå á÷åáéä ) +\lang english +inset +\lang hebrew + áæ'øâåï ùì ìé÷ñ, ùéúåøâí îòëùéå ë"îñâøú"( áùåøä äøàùåðä ùì äîñîê. +\layout Standard + +ëãé ìäúøùí îäùðåé öøéê ìäñúëì á÷åáõ ä- +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew +. + ùí éåôéò úåëï òðééðéí äëåìì àú äñòéôéí åñòéôé äîùðä áîñîê ùìê. + ëøâéì, àí àúä îîñôø, îñãø îçãù àå éåöø ñòéôéí çãùéí, úåëï äòðééðéí éúòãëï + éçã òí äîñîê áøâò ùúòãëï àú ÷åáõ ä- +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Standard + +úåëï äòðééðéí ìà îåôéò òì äîñê ëé îîéìà àúä ìà éëåì ìùðåú àåúå éùéøåú. + ìòåîú æàú àúä éëåì ìøàåú àåúå áçìåï ðôøã àí úìçõ òì äîñâøú ùì úåëï äòðééðéí, + àå áòæøú +\family sans +öôééä:úåëï\SpecialChar ~ +äòðééðéí +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +V +\bar default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +able\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default +\lang hebrew +( +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ô÷åãú äúôøéè úòáåã âí àí ìà äëðñú úåëï òðééðéí ìîñîê. +\end_inset + +. + æåäé ãøê ðåçä ìâìåù áîñîê. + ìçéöä òì ñòéó áçìåï æä úáçø àú äùåøä áöäåá áçìåï æä, åúòáéø àú äñîï áçìåï + äøàùé ìñòéó äîúàéí. + áðåñó àôùø ìäùúîù áçöéí áçìåï úåëï äòðééðéí ëãé ìòáåø îñòéó ìñòéó áîñîê. + éëåì ìäéåú àôéìå ùéäéä ìê ðåç ìäùàéø àú çìåï úåëï äòðééðéí ôúåç áàåôï ÷áåò +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ìà ôçåú ðåç ìäùúîù áúôøéè ä +\family sans +ðéååè +\family default +, áå îåôéò úåëï äòðééðéí áöåøä àåèåîèéú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +ëãé ìäôèø îúåëï äòðééðéí, îç÷ àú äîñîï ùìå ëîå ëì úå àçø. +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: ú÷ï àú úåëï äòðééðéí á÷åáõ +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Chapter + +îúîèé÷ä +\layout Standard + +îãòðéí îòãéôéí ìäùúîù á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + áâìì äèéôåì äîòåìä ùìå áðåñçàåú, ùòåìä áàéëåú äôìè òì ëì îòáã úîìéìéí àçø + áùå÷. + îàéãê, îãåáø áîìàëä îúñëìú ëé ëúéáú ðåñçàåú á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ãåîä äøáä éåúø ìúëðåú îàùø ìëúéáä áøîú äîåøëáåú ùìä. + ìîøáä äùîçä, ììé÷ñ éù úîéëä +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew + áðåñçàåú. + àí àúä øâéì ì- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, úâìä ùëì äô÷åãåú ùàúä øâéì ìä÷ìéã òåáãåú âí áìé÷ñ, àáì îåôéòåú áöåøä âøôéú + ÷øåáä ìôìè äñåôé. + îàéãê, àí àó ôòí ìà ëúáú á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, ôàðì äðåñçàåú ) +\lang english +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\lang hebrew +( îàôùø ìê ìäâéò ìëì ñéîï øöåé, áìé ìæëåø ô÷åãåú ÷øéôèéåú áòì ôä, åìéöø + îúîèé÷ä áàéëåú î÷öåòéú á÷ìåú +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ìé÷ñ )òãééï( ìà áåã÷ú àí äîúîèé÷ä ùìê ðëåðä. + òîê äñìéçä. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +îöá îúîèé÷ä +\layout Standard + +áî÷åí ëìùäå áîñîê ùìê, øùåí +\layout LyX-Code + + +\lang english +I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it's so simple. +\layout Standard + +ðå, äðåñçà äæå ìà ðøàú îé-éåãò-îä, âí á÷åáõ ä- +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew +. + àéï øåç áéï äàåúéåú åñéîï äùååä, åäééú øåöä ùä- +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off + éäéä îåâáä åîå÷èï. + ëì æä ÷øä ëé ìà äåãòú ììé÷ñ ùîãåáø ááéèåé îúîèé, åìëï ìé÷ñ òøëä àú æä ëîå + è÷ñè øâéì. +\layout Standard + +îúîèé÷ä òåøëéí áîåã îúîèé )éãåò âí ë"îöá îúîèé÷ä", "îöá ðåñçàåú", +\lang english +Mathed +\lang hebrew + àå +\lang english +math mode +\lang hebrew +(. + ëãé ìòáåø ìîåã æä, ìçõ òì äëôúåø áìåç äëìéí ùòìéå îåôéò +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + + áëçåì. + ìé÷ñ úôúç øéáåò ëçåì áúåê øéáåò åøåã. + äøéáåò äëçåì ð÷øà ð÷åãú ä÷ìãä, ãäééðå î÷åí ùáå àôùø ìä÷ìéã, åäøéáåò äåøåã + îñîï ùàúä áîöá îúîèé÷ä. + îëéååï ùìé÷ñ ëáø ùîä àú äñîï áúåê äøéáåò äëçåì, ôùåè ä÷ìã ùåá +\family typewriter +\lang english +E=mc^2 +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + äáéèåé îåôéò áëçåì, åäøéáåò äëçåì ðòìí áøâò ùäëðñú àú äàåú äøàùåðä. + ëòú ä÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +Esc +\family default +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìöàú îäîöá îúîèé )ìçéöä ðåñôú òì ëôúåø äîúîèé÷ä ìà úåöéà àåúê îîöá + îúîèé÷ä(. + äøéáåò äåøåã ðòìí åàí ú÷ìéã îùäå äåà éåôéò ëè÷ñè øâéì. +\layout Standard + +äøõ àú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + åäñúëì á÷åáõ ä- +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew + ùðåöø. + ùéí ìá ìøååçéí îñáéá ìùååä, ìîé÷åí ùì äçæ÷ä, ëì îä ùìà äéä áñãø áðñéåï + ä÷åãí. + ìé÷ñ îðéçä ùàåúéåú ùàúä î÷ìéã áîöá îúîèé÷ä äï îùúðéí, åìëï äéà îèä àåúï. + îñôøéí éåöàéí ëîñôøéí. +\layout Standard + +îúîèé÷ä äéà ãåâîà ðåñôú ìôéìåñåôéú ä- +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew + ùì ìé÷ñ. + á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + àúä î÷ìéã ðåñçàåú îúîèéåú áòæøú ô÷åãåú è÷ñèåàìéåú ëîå +\family typewriter +\lang english + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + æä éëåì ìäéåú îúñëì ëé àéï ìê îåùâ àéê æä éøàä òã ùàúä îøéõ àú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + òì ä÷åáõ, åàúä òìåì ìáæáæ àú æîðê áçéôåù ùì ñåâøééí ùùëçú å"áàâéí" àçøéí. + îàéãê, ìé÷ñ ìà îðñä ìäöéâ àú äðåñçà òì äîñê áöåøä îãåé÷ú ) +\lang english +WYSIWYG +\lang hebrew +(, àáì ðåúðú ìê øòéåï ãé îãåé÷ àéê äéà úøàä, å- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + ëáø ãåàâ ìòøéëä î÷öåòéú. + á-% +\numeric on +99 +\numeric off + îäî÷øéí àúä ìà öøéê ìòùåú ùåí ùéðåé áôåðèéí åáâãìéí ù- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + áåçøú áùáéìê. + ëê )ñìéçä ùàðé çåæø òì òöîé( àúä éëåì ìäúøëæ áúåëï ùì äîúîèé÷ä ùìê, åìà + áöåøä ùìä. +\layout Section + +ðéååè áîùååàä +\layout Standard + +áåà ðùðä àú +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + ì- +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + áòæøú î÷ùé äçöéí, äëðñ àú äñîï ìúåê äîùååàä. + ùéí ìá ùáøâò ùðëðñú äåôéò ùåá äøáåò äåøåã ëãé ìäåãéò ìê ùàúä áîöá îúîèé÷ä. + äáà àú äñîï àì àçøé ñéîï äùååä åôùåè ä÷ìã +\family typewriter +\lang english +1+ +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + ùåá, öà îäðåñçä áòæøú +\family typewriter +\lang english +Esc +\family default +\lang hebrew + àå áòæøú äçöéí, åäøéáåò äåøåã éòìí. + äøáä îåöàéí àú äçöéí äùéèä äðåçä áéåúø ìðååè áîùååàä, àáì àúä âí éëåì ììçåõ + áëì î÷åí áúåëä ëãé ìùéí àú äñîï ùí åìäëðñ ìîöá îúîèé÷ä. +\layout Standard + +çåõ îäëôúåøéí äîéåçãéí ùéúåàøå ìòéì, ä÷ìãä áîöá îúîèé÷ä äéà ëîå ä÷ìãä øâéìä. + àúä éëåì ìäùúîù á- +\lang english +Delete +\lang hebrew + åá- +\lang english +Backspace +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìîçå÷. + àúä éëåì ìáçåø è÷ñè òí äçöéí àå òí äòëáø. + +\family sans +òøéëä:áèì +\family default + òåáãú áîöá îúîèé÷ä, åëîå ëï çéúåê åäãá÷ä. + ùéí ìá: àí àúä îçåõ ìîöá äîúîèé÷ä åàúä î÷éù +\lang english +Backspace +\lang hebrew + àå +\lang english +Delete +\lang hebrew +, ëì äáéèåé éîç÷ ëî÷ùä àçú. + àì úãàâ. + +\family sans +áèì +\family default + åäåà éçæåø. +\layout Standard + +áåà ððéç ùàúä øåöä ìùðåú àú +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + ì- +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + +. + ëîåáï ùàúä éëåì ìäùúîù áòëáø ëãé ìäâéò ìî÷åí äøöåé. + àáì àúä éëåì âí ìäùúîù áçéöéí. + ëàùø äñîï îéã àçøé ä- +\begin_inset Formula $c$ +\end_inset + + àáì ìôðé ä- +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off +, ä÷ù òì çõ ìîòìä ëãé ìäâéò ìøîä äòìéåðä, ìôðé ä- +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off +. + ä÷ù òì çõ éîéðä åäåñó àú ä" +\begin_inset Formula $.5$ +\end_inset + +". + ëòú ä÷ù òì çõ ìîèä. + åúçæåø ìøîä äúçúåðä. + ìà îùðä àéôä äééú áøîä äòìéåðä, àçøé çõ ìîèä àúä úîöà îéã àçøé ä- +\begin_inset Formula $^{2.5}$ +\end_inset + + åàúä éëåì ìä÷ìéã àú ä- +\family typewriter +\lang english ++1 +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Standard + +òåã ãøê çùåáä ìðååè áîùååàä äéà î÷ù ä +\family sans +øååç +\family default +. + àí àúä ðîöà áúåê îáðä îúîèé )è÷ñè îåâáä, è÷ñè îåðîê, ùáø, ùåøù, ñåâøéí, + îèøéöä åëì ùàø äãáøéí ùéåñáøå áäîùê( ä÷ùú +\family sans +øååç +\family default + úòáéø àú äñîï àì îòáø ìîáðä äæä. + ëê, àí àúä áàîöò è÷ñè îåâáä, ìçéöä òì øååç úçæéø àåúê ìè÷ñè øâéì îéã àçøé + ñåó äè÷ñè äîåâáä. + ëê àúä éëåì ìä÷ìéã +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{1+x}-2$ +\end_inset + + áìé ìäùúîù áòëáø àå áçéöéí. + ø÷ äæäø ìà ìðñåú ìäëðéñ øååç áéï äàçã ìôìåñ, ëé áî÷åí æä äåà éåöéà àåúê + îîáðä äè÷ñè äîåâáä. + ëàùø àéï ìæä ëì îùîòåú )ìîùì, áéï ä- +\begin_inset Formula $m$ +\end_inset + + ì- +\begin_inset Formula $c$ +\end_inset + +(, øååç ìà òåùä ëìåí +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +àúä ìà éëåì ìäùúîù á +\family sans +øååç +\family default + å- +\family sans +\lang english +Tab +\family default +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìòùåú øååçéí áîöá îúîèé÷ä. + îøååç áîöá îúîèé÷ä äåà áúçåí äãôåñ, åàúä öøéê ìúú ììé÷ñ ) +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +( ìèôì áå )øàä ñòéó +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +(. + àí àúä ìà îøåöä îäôìè äñåôé, éù ãøëéí ìëååðï àú äîøååç, ùàúä éëåì ìîöåà + áîãøéê ìîùúîù. + òí æàú, àéï ìê îä ìäúòñ÷ áæä ìôðé ùäúåëï ùì äîñîê îåùìí. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +ùéí ìá: àí ä÷ìãú áéèåé îúîèé åéöàú òí +\family sans +\lang english +Esc +\family default +\lang hebrew +, ìà éäéä øååç àçøéå. + æä áñãø àí äúå äáà äåà ð÷åãä àå ôñé÷, àáì àí àúä öøéê îéìä àçøé äðåñçà, + àúä çééá ìä÷éù òì +\family sans +øååç +\family default + ôòí àçú. + åéù ÷éöåø: àí àúä áñåó äðåñçà åî÷éù +\family sans +øååç +\family default +, úåöà îäðåñçà åéååöø øååç àçã àçøéä. + æä äãøê ä÷ìä ìëúåá " +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + äéà äðåñçà äçáéáä òìé" åìà " +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + +äéà äðåñçà äçáéáä òìé". +\layout Section + +çæ÷åú åàéðã÷ñéí +\layout Standard + +àôùø, àîðí, ìäëðéñ çæ÷ä áòæøú +\family sans +ôàðì äðåñçàåú +\family default + )øàä ìòéì(, àáì äëé ôùåè ìäùúîù áî÷ù äââ "^". + ìé÷ñ éùéí àú ð÷åãú ää÷ìãä )äøéáåò äëçåì, æåëø?( îåâáäú, åëì îä ùú÷ìéã éåâáä + åéå÷èï, òã ú÷éù +\family sans +øååç +\family default + àå +\family sans +\lang english +Esc +\family default +\lang hebrew +. +\layout Standard + +è÷ñè îåðîê )àå àéðã÷ñ( äåà ôùåè áàåúä îéãä. + ä÷ù òì ÷å úçúé "_". + àôùø ìäîùéê åìùéí è÷ñèéí îåâáäéí áøîåú ùåðåú òì éãé ùéîåù çåæø áùéèä æå. + ìîùì: +\begin_inset Formula $A_{\alpha_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{\alpha_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + + . +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: ùéí àú îùååàä +\numeric on +1 +\numeric off + á- +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew + áîöá îúîèé. +\layout Section + +ôàðì äðåñçàåú +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +ôàðì äðåñçàåú +\family default + äåà ùéèä ðåçä ìäëðéñ ñéîáåìéí îúîèééí åîáðéí îåøëáéí àçøéí. + àú ëåìí àôùø ìäëðéñ âí áòæøú äî÷ìãú, àáì ëøâò ðúøëæ á +\family sans +ôàðì äðåñçàåú +\family default + ëãé ùú÷áì àú äúîåðä äâãåìä. + î÷ùé ô÷åãä àúä éëåì ììîåã àçø ëê, îîñîëéí àçøéí )æä äéä øîæ(. + àæ áçø +\family sans +äåñôä:îúîèé÷ä:ôàðì\SpecialChar ~ +äðåñçàåú +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mat +\bar under +h +\bar default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar ~ +pane +\bar under +l +\family default +\bar default +\lang hebrew +( åäùàø àú äçìåï ôúåç áîäìê ÷øéàú äñòéó äæä. +\layout Subsection + +éååðéú åòåã +\layout Standard + +äëôúåø " +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + +" éåáéì àåúê ìúôøéè ùîîðå àúä éëåì ìáçåø àåúéåú éåðéú. + ìçõ åäï éåôéòå àçøé äñîï. + ùéí ìá ùìçì÷ îäàåúéåú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + àôñéìåï, ôéé ) +\begin_inset Formula $\pi$ +\end_inset + + àå +\begin_inset Formula $\varpi$ +\end_inset + +(, ôé ) +\begin_inset Formula $\phi$ +\end_inset + + àå +\begin_inset Formula $\varphi$ +\end_inset + +(, ñéâîä åúèä +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + éù ùúé âéøñàåú. + å÷éöåø ùòåáã áàåôï ëììé: àí úìçõ òì ëôúåø ëìùäå áôàðì äðåñçàåú îçåõ ìîöá + îúîèé÷ä, ìé÷ñ úòáéø àåúê ìîöá îúîèé÷ä, åúåñéó àú äñéîï. +\layout Standard + +äçì÷ äúçúåï ùì +\family sans +ôàðì äðåñçàåú +\family default + îëéì ñä"ë +\numeric on +12 +\numeric off + ëôúåøéí, ùëôúåø äéååðéú äåà ø÷ àçã îäí, åîåáéìéí àåúê ìòåìí åîìåàå ùì ñéîðéí + îúîèééí: çöéí, éçñéí, àåôøèåøéí, ñëåîéí åàéðèâøìéí +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +äëôúåøéí äùçåøéí ðåúðéí ìê àú äñéîðéí äøâéìéí ùì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +. + äëôúåøéí äëçåìéí ðåúðéí ìê ñéîåðéí ðåñôéí, áàãéáåú äàâåãä äîúîèéú äàîøé÷àéú. + àáì òì æä éãåáø ëáø áî÷åí àçø. +\end_inset + +. + ùéí ìá ùäùéèä äøâéìä ìäëðñú è÷ñè îåâáä åîåðîê ðåúðú ìê âí ìäëðéñ àú âáåìåú + äñëåîéí åäàéðèâøìéí. + ùðé ëôúåøéí äàçøåðéí áëì öáò )ëçåì åùçåø( ðåúðéí ìê âéùä ìñîìéí îâååðéí + áîéåçã. + "äáéèìñ òáøå áöåììú öäåáä +\begin_inset Formula $\ldots$ +\end_inset + + àîøå ìé: ëì îä ùàúä öøéê æä +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +". +\layout Subsection + +ùåøùéí, ëåáòéí åñåâøééí +\layout Standard + +ëãé ì÷áì ùåøù, ôùåè ìçõ òì äëôúåø òí äöéåø ùì ùåøù. + éåôéò ñéîï äùåøù äøéáåòé, åäñîï éòáåø ìð÷åãú ä÷ìãä çãùä, áúåê äùåøù. + àúä éëåì ìä÷ìéã îùúðéí, îñôøéí, òåã ùåøùéí, ùáøéí, ëì ãáø ùäåà. + ìé÷ñ úâãéì áàåôï àåèåîèé àú äùåøù áäúàí ìúåëï. + +\layout Standard + +÷éùåè úå ) +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +( àå ÷áåöä ùì úåéí ) +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +( ðòùä áãøê ãåîä. + ìçõ òì ëôúåø ä +\family sans +÷éùåè +\family default + ùðøàä ëîå øéáåò ëçåì òí âì ùçåø )~( îòìéå. + ìçõ òì ÷éùåè øöåé, åäåà éåôéò, òí ð÷åãú ä÷ìãä îúçúéå )àå îòìéå(. + ä÷ìã îä ùàúä øåöä åìçõ òì +\family sans +øååç +\family default + ëãé "ìöàú" îä÷éùåè. + ùéí ìá ùéù ùúé îùôçåú ùì ÷éùåèéí áçìåï äð"ì: äòìéåðéí )òí äëôúåøéí äâãåìéí( + îùðéí àú âåãìí áäúàí ìè÷ñè ùàúä î÷ìéã. + ìúçúåðéí éù âåãì ÷áåò, åäí îúàéîéí áîéåçã ìàåú áåããú. +\layout Standard + +ñåâøééí òâåìéí, îøåáòéí åîñåìñìéí òåáãéí áöåøä ãåîä, ø÷ ÷öú éåúø îñåáëú. + ìçõ òì äëôúåø +\family sans +ñåâøééí +\family default +, ùðøàä ëîå øáåò ëçåì îå÷ó áñåâøééí îøåáòéí ùçåøéí, åú÷áì àú çìåï ä +\family sans +ñåâøééí +\family default +. + ìçõ òì äñåâø äùîàìé òí ëôúåø äòëáø äùîàìé, åòì äñåâø äéîðé òí ëôúåø äòëáø + äéîðé )ìçéìåôéï ðéúï ìäùúîù áàåôöéåú +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +L +\bar default +eft +\family default +\lang hebrew +, +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +R +\bar default +ight +\family default +\lang hebrew + å- +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +B +\bar default +oth +\family default +\lang hebrew + åàæ ìáçåø àú äñåâøééí òí ëôúåø äòëáø äùîàìé(. + äáçéøä äðåëçéú îåöâú á÷åôñä áøàù äçìåï. + áøéøú äîçãì äéà ñåâøééí òâåìéí, àáì áùéèä äæàú àúä éëåì ì÷áì ëì ÷åîáéðöéä + ùúøöä, ëåìì àôéìå äñåâø äøé÷, áùáéì áéèåééí ëîå +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + )äñåâø äøé÷ îåôéò òì äîñê ë÷å ùáåø, àáì ðòìí áôìè(. +\layout Standard + +àçøé ùáçøú àú äñåâøééí, ìçõ òì +\family sans +\lang english +OK +\family default +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìäëðéñ àåúï ìîñîê, àå òì +\family sans +éùí +\family default + ) +\family sans +\lang english +Apply +\family default +\lang hebrew +( ëãé ìäùàéø àú äçìåï ôúåç ìôòí äáàä. + òí àúä îúòöì, àúä éëåì ôùåè ìä÷ìéã ñåâøééí áîöá îúîèé÷ä áî÷åí áçìåï ä +\family sans +ñåâøééí +\family default +. + òí æàú, äñåâøééí äàìä éäéå áâåãì øâéì, îä ùéøàä øò àí éù ìê ùáø àå îèøéöä + áúåëí. + ùéîåù áçìåï ä +\family sans +ñåâøééí +\family default + îáèéç ùâåãì äñåâøééí éåúàí ìîä ùáúåëï. +\layout Standard + +áðåñó, àôùø ìùéí ñåâøééí, ùåøù àå ÷éùåè òì è÷ñè ÷ééí. + áçø àú äçì÷ ùì äðåñçà ùàúä øåöä ìùðåú, åìçõ òì äëôúåø äîúàéí î +\family sans +ôðì äðåñçàåú +\family default +. + ðñä ìùðåú àú äçå÷ äùðé ùì ðéåèåï îñ÷ìøéí ìå÷èåøéí ) +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + ì- +\begin_inset Formula $\vec{f}=m\vec{a}$ +\end_inset + +(. + àçøé ùúìîã òì îèøéöåú, æå úäéä äãøê äðåçä ìùéí ñáéáï ñåâøééí îëì ñåâ. +\layout Subsection + +ùáøéí +\layout Standard + +àéï ãáø ôùåè îùáøéí áîöá îúîèé÷ä. + ìçõ òì ëôúåø ä +\family sans +ùáø +\family default + á +\family sans +ôðì äðåñçàåú +\family default +, ùðøàä ëîå ùáø òí øéáåòéí ëçåìéí áîåðä åáîëðä. + ìé÷ñ úéöø ùúé ð÷åãåú ä÷ìãä. + ëöôåé, àúä éëåì ìäñúåáá áùáø òí äòëáø àå äçéöéí. + ìçõ òì äøéáåò äòìéåï åä÷ù " +\numeric on +1 +\numeric off +". + ìçõ òì +\family sans +çõ ìîèä +\family default + åä÷ù " +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off +". + éù ìê ùáø! ëîåáï, àúä éëåì ìùéí ëì áéèåé ùäåà áëì àçú îä÷åôñàåú: îùúðéí, + çæ÷åú, ùåøùéí, ùáøéí àçøéí, äëì. +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: ú÷ï àú îùååàä +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off + á- +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew + ëøàåé. +\layout Subsection + +îöá +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew +: âáåìåú, ìåâ, ñéðåñ åçáøéí +\layout Standard + +îëéååï ùàåúéåú áîöá îúîèé÷ä ðçùáåú ìîùúðéí, àí ú÷ìéã +\lang english +log +\lang hebrew + áîöá îúîèé÷ä, ìé÷ñ úçùåá ùàúä îúëååï ìîëôìä ùì ùìåùä îùúðéí: +\begin_inset Formula $l$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $o$ +\end_inset + + å- +\begin_inset Formula $g$ +\end_inset + +. + ùìåù äàåúéåú éåôéòå îåèåú, ùæä ìà îä ùøöéú, àúä øöéú àú äîéìä +\lang english +log +\lang hebrew + áàåúéåú éùøåú. + áðåñó, ìé÷ñ ìà úùéí øååç áéï äìåâøéúí ìîùúðä +\begin_inset Formula $x$ +\end_inset + + )àí ú÷éù òì øååç ôùåè úöà îîåã äîúîèé÷ä(. + àæ àéê î÷áìéí +\begin_inset Formula $\log x$ +\end_inset + + áî÷åí +\begin_inset Formula $logx$ +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +ìçõ òì +\lang english +log +\lang hebrew + áøùéîú äôåð÷öéåú á +\family sans +ôðì\SpecialChar ~ +äðåñçàåú +\family default +. + äîéìä +\lang english +log +\lang hebrew + ðëúáú áùçåø, áàåúéåú éùøåú. + ìîòùä äéà äåëðñä áîåã ùð÷øà îåã +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew +: áîåã æä äëìì äåà ãåå÷à ùäè÷ñè îåôéò áàãåí, åôåð÷öéåú àìä äï äéåöà îäëìì. + ëì äîéìä ðçùáú úå àçã, åàí úìçõ òì +\family sans +\lang english +Backspace +\family default +\lang hebrew + äéà úîç÷ áàçú. + òëùéå ä÷ù +\lang english +x +\lang hebrew + åäåà éåôéò áàåúéåú îåèåú ëçåìåú, ëøâéì áîöá îúîèé÷ä. + á÷åáõ ä- +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew + äðåñçà úåôéò ëîå ùöøéê. + ðñä àú æä! +\layout Standard + +ôåð÷öéåú ðåñôåú ùàôùø ìäëðéñ áîåã +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + áòæøú øùéîú äôåð÷öéåú, ëåììåú ôåð÷öéåú èøéâåðåîèøéåú åäôåëåú, äéôøáåìéåú, + ìåâøéúîéí, âáåìåú åëå'. + àôùø ìäåñéó òìéäï è÷ñè îåðîê åîåâáä. + ìîùì +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + àå +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: ùéí àú ðåñçà +\numeric on +3 +\numeric off + á- +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew + áîåã îúîèé÷ä. +\layout Subsection + +îèøéöåú +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +ìçõ òì ëôúåø äîèøéöä á +\family sans +ôðì äðåñçàåú +\family default +. + ìúéáú äãéàìåâ +\family sans +îèøéöä +\family default + éù ùðé îããéí "îçìé÷éí" ùîàôùøéí ìê ìáçåø ëîä ùåøåú åëîä òîåãåú àúä øåöä + áîèøéöä ùìê. + áçø +\numeric on +2 +\numeric off + +\family sans +ùåøåú +\family default + ) +\family sans +\lang english +Rows +\family default +\lang hebrew +( å- +\numeric on +3 +\numeric off + +\family sans +òîåãåú +\family default + ) +\family sans +\lang english +Columns +\family default +\lang hebrew +( åìçõ òì +\family sans +éùí +\family default + ) +\family sans +\lang english +Apply +\family default +\lang hebrew +( àå òì +\family sans +àéùåø +\family default + ) +\family sans +\lang english +OK +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + ìé÷ñ îãôéñä +\numeric on +6 +\numeric off + ð÷åãåú ä÷ìãä áîèøéöä ùì +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + +. + ëøâéì àúä éëåì ìùéí áéèåé ëìùäåà )ùåøù øáåòé, îèøéöä ÷èðä, åëå'( áëì ð÷åãú + ä÷ìãä. + àúä éëåì âí ìäùàéø çì÷ îäï øé÷åú, àí àúä øåöä. + +\layout Standard + +äî÷ù +\family sans +\lang english +Tab +\family default +\lang hebrew + éëåì ìùîù ëãé ìòáåø îð÷åãä ìð÷åãä áîèøéöä. + ìçìéôéï, àôùø ìäùúîù áçéöéí. + +\family sans +çõ éîéðä +\family default + á÷öä øéáåò àçã éòáéø àåúê ìøéáåò äáà, +\family sans +çõ ìîèä +\family default + éåøéã àåúê ùåøä, åëå'. +\layout Standard + +äîèøéöä ÷èðä òìéê? +\family sans +òøéëä:îúîèé÷ä:äåñôú\SpecialChar ~ +ùåøä +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Add\SpecialChar ~ +Row +\family default +\lang hebrew +( å +\family sans +äåñôú\SpecialChar ~ +òîåãä +\family default + ) +\family sans +\lang english +Add\SpecialChar ~ +Column +\family default +\lang hebrew +( îàåúå úôøéè. + ùåøä çãùä úåôéò îúçú ìñîï, åòîåãä çãùä îéîéï ìå. + äâæîú? +\family sans +îçé÷ú\SpecialChar ~ +ùåøä +\family default + å +\family sans +îçé÷ú\SpecialChar ~ +òîåãä +\family default + îàåúå úôøéè éáèìå. +\layout Standard + +øàä áîãøéê ìîùúîù àéê ìùðåú àú äéùåø äàåô÷é ùì ëì èåø, àéê ìùðåú àú äéùåø + äàðëé ùì ùì äîèøéöä ëåìä, åòåã. + ùéí ìá ùàí îä ùàúä öøéê æä èáìä ùì è÷ñè, ììé÷ñ éù úîéëä îòåìä áèáìàåú, + ùàéðä ÷ùåøä ìîèøéöåú àå ìîúîèé÷ä ëìì. +\layout Subsection + +ðåñçàåú îîåøëæåú +\layout Standard + +ëì äðåñçàåú ùøùîðå òã òëùéå äåôéòå áàîöò äùåøä. + ðåñçàåú ëàìä ð÷øàåú +\lang english +inline +\lang hebrew +. + æä áñãø ìðåñçàåú ôùåèåú å÷öøåú, àáì àí àúä øåöä ðåñçàåú àøåëåú éåúø, àå + àí àúä øåöä ùäðåñçàåú ùìê éáìèå, àúä öøéê ìäùúîù áðåñçàåú îîåøëæåú. + áðåñó, ø÷ ðåñçàåú îîåøëæåú àôùø ìîñôø àå ìùéí òìéäï úåéú, )øàä áîãøéê ìîùúîù( + åðåñçàåú ùì ëîä ùåøåú )øàä ñòéó +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +( çééáåú ìäéåú îîåøëæåú. +\layout Standard + +ìçõ òì äëôúåø +\family sans +îîåøëæ +\family default + á +\family sans +ôðì äðåñçàåú +\family default +, æä ùðøàä ëîå øéáåò ëçåì áàîöò áéï ùåøåú ùçåøåú. + ìé÷ñ ôåúçú ð÷åãú ä÷ìãä çãùä, àáì äéà òì ùåøä îùìä, áîøëæä. + ëòú ä÷ìã áéèåé ëá÷ùúê, åøàä àéê æä ðøàä. + ìîòùä, äëôúåø +\family sans +îîåøëæ +\family default + äåà îúâ: ëì ìçéöä îòáéøä àú äðåñçà îîåã îîåøëæ ìîåã ùåøä åáçæøä. +\layout Standard + +ìîöá îîåøëæ éù ëîä äáãìéí îîöá îúîèé øâéì: +\layout Itemize + +ëîä ñéîðéí éåôéòå áôåðè âãåì éåúø ëîå +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + +, àå +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +è÷ñè îåâáä åîåðîê òì âáåìåú åñëåîéí )àáì ìà òì àéðèâøìéí( ðëúá îúçú åîòì + ìñëåí, åìà áöããéå. +\layout Itemize + +äè÷ñè îîåøëæ. +\layout Standard + +çåõ îàìä, îãåáø áîåãéí ãåîéí îàåã. +\layout Standard + +äòøä àçøåðä åçùåáä: ùéí ìá äàí àúä ùí àú äðåñçä äîîåøëæú ùìê áôñ÷ä çãùä + àå ìà. + àí äðåñçä äéà áàîöò îùôè àå ôñ÷ä, àì ú÷éù +\family sans +\lang english +Return +\family default +\lang hebrew +. + æä éâøåí ìè÷ñè àçøé äðåñçä ìôúåç ôñ÷ä çãùä, åáôøè äåà éåëðñ ìúåê äùåøä, + åæä áãøê ëìì ìà îä ùàúä øåöä. +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: äôåê àú ëì äðåñçàåú á- +\family typewriter +\lang english +he_example_raw.lyx +\family default +\lang hebrew + ìîîåøëæåú, åùéí ìá ìùéðåééí áòøéëä. +\layout Standard + +úøâéì: òí ëì îä ùìîãú áñòéó äæä, àúä ëáø öøéê ìäéåú îñåâì ìøùåí ðåñçä ëîå +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +åàçøé ùòùéú àú æä áãøê ä÷ùä, ìîä ùìà úðñä àú +\family sans +äåñôä:îúîèé÷ä: +\bar under +\lang english +C +\bar default +ases\SpecialChar ~ +environment +\family default +\lang hebrew + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mat +\bar under +h +\bar default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family default +\lang hebrew +(? +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +ðåñçàåú òì ëîä ùåøåú +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +ðñé ìäëðéñ àú äðåñçàåú äáàåú åìäñúëì á÷åáõ ä- +\lang english +dvi +\lang hebrew + ùðåöø. + àú öøéëä ëàï ùúé ðåñçàåú îîåøëæåú ðôøãåú +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y+y+y+y+y\] + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +=5y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +æä ìà ðøàä îùäå áëìì! ùúé ðåñçàåú àçú àçøé äùðéä ðøàåú äøáä éåúø èåá àí + ñéîðé äùååä ùìäï àçã îòì äùðé, áîéåçã àí ìðåñçà äùðéä àéï öã ùîàì. + ìé÷ñ îàôùøú ìê ìëúåá ðåñçàåú ùì ëîä ùåøåú åðåúðú ùìéèä îñåéîú áééùåø ùìäï. +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\ + & = & 5y\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +æä äøáä éåúø èåá! ñéîðé äùååä îñåãøéí, åéù ôçåú øååç áéï ùúé äðåñçàåú. +\layout Standard + +ëãé ìäúçéì îùååàä îøåáú ùåøåú, ôúçé îùååàä îîåøëæú, åä÷éùé +\family sans +\lang english +C-Return +\family default +\lang hebrew +, àå ìçéìåôéï áçøé +\family sans +äåñôä:îúîèé÷ä: +\lang english +Eqnarray\SpecialChar ~ +environment +\family default +\lang hebrew + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mat +\bar under +h +\bar default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + ìé÷ñ úãôéñ ùåøä òí ùìåù ð÷åãåú ä÷ìãä øé÷åú. + æå îùååàä îøåáú ùåøåú òí ùåøä àçú. + îàåëæáú? áçøé +\family sans +òøéëä:îúîèé÷ä:äåñó\SpecialChar ~ +ùåøä +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Add\SpecialChar ~ +Row +\family default +\lang hebrew +( àå ä÷éùé +\family sans +\lang english +C-Return +\family default +\lang hebrew + ùåá, åú÷áìé ùúé ùåøåú ëàìä. + ëîå áîèøéöåú, àú éëåìä ìäùúîù áòëáø, áçöéí åá- +\family sans +\lang english +Tab +\family default +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìòáåø îð÷åãä ìð÷åãä. + ðñé ìùëôì àú äîùååàä ìîòìä. + ùéîé ìá ùëîå áîèøéöä, àéï áòéä ìäùàéø ð÷åãú ä÷ìãä àçú àå éåúø øé÷åú áîùååàä + îøåáú-ùåøåú. + æä ùéîåùé ìà ø÷ áîùååàä ìîòìä, àìà âí áîùååàåú àøåëåú ëîå +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ùéîé ìá ùäøååç àçøé äôìåñ äøàùåï áùåøä äùðé ÷öø îãé. + æä àçã îäî÷øéí äðãéøéí ù- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + èåòä áîøååç äàåèåîèé, åöøéê ìú÷ï àåúä. + éåúø ôøèéí úîöàé áîãøéê ìîùúîù. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & a+b+c+d\\ + & & +e+f+g\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +ìé÷ñ îééùøú àú äùãåú äùðééí )àîöòééí( áëì ùåøä, ëê ùäøâéì éäéä ìùéí ùí ñéîï + ùååä àå ñéîðé äùååàä àçøéí. + àú éëåìä ìùéí ùí ëì ãáø, àáì àì úùúîùé áîùååàåú îøåáåú ùåøåú áùáéì ìéöø + îòøê, áùáéì æä éù îèøéöåú )øàé ñòéó +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +(. +\layout Standard + +àí àú øåöä ùøùøú àøåëä àôéìå éåúø ùì îùååàåú, ä÷éùé +\family sans +\lang english +C-Return +\family default +\lang hebrew + åú÷áìé ùåøä çãùä òí ùìåù ð÷åãåú ä÷ìãä øé÷åú. + àí úòùé àú æä ëùàú ìà áñåó äùåøä, ëì îä ùðîöà àçøé äñîï éòáåø ìùåøä äáàä. + àí ä÷ìãú +\family sans +\lang english +C-Return +\family default +\lang hebrew + àçøé ùëáø ëúáú îùååàä )ùì ùåøä àçú(, ëì äîùååàä úòáåø ìùãä äøàùåï. + ùéîé àú äñîï ìôðé ñéîï äùååä, åä÷éùé +\family sans +\lang english +C-Tab +\family default +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìäòáéø àåúå åàú îä ùàçøé ìùãä äùðé. + äòáéøé àú äñîï ìàçøé äùååä, åä÷éùé +\family sans +\lang english +C-Tab +\family default +\lang hebrew + ùåá ëãé ìäòáéø àú ñåó äîùååàä ìùãä äùìéùé. + ìãåâîà ðñé ìäòáéø áöåøä æå àú äîùååàä +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + ì- +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +E & = & mc^{2}\\ + & = & mc\times c\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +àí ôúçú éåúø îãé ùåøåú, äôúøåï äåà +\family sans +òøéëä:îúîèé÷ä:îç÷\SpecialChar ~ +ùåøä +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Delete\SpecialChar ~ +Row +\lang hebrew +( +\family default +. + ìçéìåôéï, +\bar under + +\bar default +ùéîé àú äñîï áñåó äùåøä åä÷éùé +\family sans +\lang english +C-k +\family default +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìîçå÷ àú äùåøä äáàä. + äîùååàä úú÷öø áùåøä, åúåëï )ëì ùìåùú äùãåú( áùåøä äáàä éåãá÷ ìñåó äùåøä + äðåëçéú. + àí äùåøä äáàä øé÷ä, äúåöàä úäéä ùäéà úîç÷. + àí úùúîùé á- +\family sans +\lang english +C-k +\family default +\lang hebrew + áàîöò äùåøä, ëì îä ùðîöà îäñîï åòã ñåó äùåøä éîç÷. + ìîòùä +\family sans +\lang english +C-k +\family default +\lang hebrew + àéðå îéåçã ìîöá îúîèé÷ä: äåà îåç÷ òã ñåó äùåøä áëì îöá åáëì îåã ôòåìä. +\layout Standard + +äòøä àçøåðä: ìà äúçìðå àôéìå ìëñåú àú ðåùà äîùååàåú îøåáåú äùåøåú. + îä, ìîùì, àåîøåú ëì äàåôöéåú äîéñúåøéåú á +\family sans +äåñôä:îúîèé÷ä +\family default + ùîúçéìåú á- +\lang english +AMS +\lang hebrew +? äàâåãä äîúîèéú äàîøé÷àéú ) +\lang english +AMS +\lang hebrew + áøàùé úéáåú( îöéòä àìèøðèéáåú îùìä ìîùååàåú îøåáåú ùåøåú. + ìîä ùúøöé ìäùúîù áäï? ÷øàé òì æä áîãøéê ìîùúîù. +\layout Section + +òåã òì îúîèé÷ä +\layout Standard + +ëï éù òåã, òåã äøáä. + àáì ôä ëáø äâéò äæîï ìäôðåú àåúê ìîãøéê ìîùúîù, ùí úîöà èéôéí àéê: +\layout Itemize + +ìîñôø ðåñçàåú åìùéí òìéäï úåéåú. +\layout Itemize + +ìùðåú ôåðèéí, ìîùì ìùéí àåúéåú îåáìèåú, âåèéåú àå ëôåìåú áúåê ðåñçä. + ðòéø ø÷ ùàí úìçõ òì ëôúåø äîúîèé÷ä áìåç äëìéí áàîöò ðåñçà, úåëì ìä÷ìéã + è÷ñè øâéì òã ùúìçõ òìéå ùåá. +\layout Itemize + +ùéðåé âãìé ôåðèéí åøååçéí áúåê ðåñçà )úúçéì ìãàåâ ìæä ø÷ àçøé äèéåèä äàçøåðä!( +\layout Itemize + +ëéöã ìëúåá î÷øå. + îãåáø áëìé çæ÷ áéåúø, àúä îâãéø àåúå ôòí àçú áúçéìú äîñîê åîùí åàéìê àúä + éëåì ìäùúîù áå áëì î÷åí áîñîê, åàí úùðä àú ääâãøä äåà éùúðä áëì î÷åí. + î÷øå àôéìå éëåì ì÷áì îùúðéí! +\layout Itemize + +åòåã äøáä ãáøéí ùìà äéä ìðå æîï ìäæëéø ëàï. +\layout Chapter + +ùåðåú +\layout Section + +úëåðåú îøëæéåú àçøåú ùì ìé÷ñ +\layout Standard + +ìà òáøðå ãøê ëì äô÷åãåú ùì ìé÷ñ åâí ìà úëððå ìòùåú àú æä. + ëøâéì, îéãò îìà ðîöà áîãøéê ìîùúîù. + áñòéó äæä éù ø÷ øùéîä ÷öøä ùì ðåùàéí îäåúééí ùðàìöðå ìäùîéè +\layout Itemize + +ìé÷ñ úåîëú +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew +-éú áèáìàåú. + äùúîù á +\family sans +äåñôä:èáìä +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +ular\SpecialChar ~ +Material +\family default +\lang hebrew +( ëãé ì÷áì èáìä )äúòåã åùîåú äúôøéèéí áàðâìéú îùúîùéí áîéðåç +\lang english +tabular +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìöééï àú äèáìä òöîä, åáîéðåç +\lang english +table +\lang hebrew + ëãé ìöééï àú äîëìåì ùì èáìä+ëåúøú ùéëåì "ìöåó" áîñîê +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + îåðçéí îáìáìéí îùäå àìä ì÷åçéí îòåìí ä- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +(. + ìçõ òì äèáìä òí ëôúåø äòëáø äéîðé ëãé ì÷áì àú úéáú äãéàìåâ +\family sans +èáìä +\family default + ùîàôùøú ìùðåú àåúä áîâååï ãøëéí. +\layout Itemize + +ìé÷ñ úåîëú áúîåðåú áîâååï ôåøîèéí )ëåìì +\lang english +jpg +\lang hebrew +, +\lang english +gif +\lang hebrew +, ôåñèñ÷øéôè +\lang english +® +\lang hebrew + åúîåðåú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +(. + ðéçùú ðëåï: +\family sans +äåñôä:àéåø +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +G +\bar default +raphics +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + ìúîåðåú åèáìàåú àôùø ìäåñéó ëåúøåú, åìééöø áàåôï àåèåîèé "øùéîú èáìàåú" + å"øùéîú úîåðåú" ëîå ùòùéú òí úåëï äòðééðéí. +\layout Itemize + +ìé÷ñ úåîëú áðéäåì âøñàåú ) +\lang english +version control +\lang hebrew +( á- +\lang english +RCS +\lang hebrew +. + )ðñä +\family typewriter +\lang english +man rcsintro +\family default +\lang hebrew + ìîéãò ðåñó( +\layout Itemize + +éù ìê ùìéèä áìúé øâéìä áäúðäâåú ùì ìé÷ñ. + ëì ãáø +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + äçì îàéê ùäçìåï ðøàä åëìä áô÷åãåú ùîùîùåú ìéöéøú äôìè +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + ðéúï ìäúàéí áîñôø ãøëéí. + àú äøåá äâãåì àôùø ìáöò áðåçåú áòæøú +\family sans +òøéëä:äòãôåú +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. + òì æä àúä éëåì ììîåã éåúø á +\family sans +òæøä:äúàîä\SpecialChar ~ +àéùéú +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ustomization +\family default +\lang hebrew +(. +\layout Itemize + +äîôúçéí ùì ìé÷ñ îôåæøéí òì çîù éáùåú åììé÷ñ éù úîéëä îòåìä áùôåú ùàéðï àðâìéú + )äåìðãéú, âøîðéú, éåðéú, ö'ëéú, èåø÷éú\SpecialChar \ldots{} +( àúä éëåì ìëúåá îñîëéí áùôåú äàìä, + åéåúø îæä, àúä éëåì ìäúàéí àú äúôøéèéí åäåãòåú äùâéàä ìùôåú ùåðåú. + ]ìîòùä, äáòéåú ùöééðúé áî÷åîåú ùåðéí òí úîéëä áòáøéú, øåáï ëëåìï àéðï áòéåú + ìé÷ñ àìà áòéåú +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, ùäúîéëä ùìå ëëìì áùôåú "÷ùåú" àéðä ëä îôåúçú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷.[ +\layout Itemize + +î÷ùé ô÷åãä îåôéòéí áúôøéèéí. + ëê àúä éëåì ìáöò àú +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen +\family default +\lang hebrew + áòæøú +\family sans +\lang english +M-F +\family default +\lang hebrew + åàçøéå +\family sans +\lang english +O +\lang hebrew + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +áòáøéú î÷ùé äô÷åãä ìà îåãâùéí áàìâðèéåú á÷å úçúé àìà îåôéòéí îùîàì ìô÷åãä, + ìôòîéí òí ÷å úçúé åìôòîéí áìé )àí éù çå÷éåú, àðé ìà âéìéúé àåúä( +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +÷. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + âí î÷ùé äô÷åãä ðéúðéí ìäúàîä, åìçì÷ îäùôåú ùìé÷ñ úåøâí àìéäï éù äúàîåú + î÷ùéí îùìäï. + ùåá, îéãò òì æä á +\family sans +òæøä:äúàîä\SpecialChar ~ +àéùéú +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +ìé÷ñ éëåì ì÷øåà ÷áöé +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +. + øàä ñòéó +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +áãå÷ àéåú +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ìà òåáã áòáøéú. + áðåñó, äåà îúééçñ ø÷ ìùôú äîñîê åîúòìí îäòåáãä ùðéúï ìùðåú ùôä î÷åîéú )áòæøú + +\family sans +îáðä:úå +\family default +( ëê ùäåà ìà îàåã îåòéì âí ìîñîëéí îùåìáéí òáøéú/àðâìéú +\lang english +--- +\lang hebrew + â.÷. +\end_inset + + áòæøú +\family sans +òøéëä:áãå÷\SpecialChar ~ +àéåú +\family default + ) +\family sans +\bar under +\lang english +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pellchecker +\family default +\lang hebrew +( +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ùéí ìá ùäåà áåã÷ ø÷ îäñîï åòã ñåó äîñîê. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +ìé÷ñ ìîùúîùé +\lang english +LaTeX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +àí àúä ìà éåãò ëìåí òì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +, àúä ìà çééá ì÷øåà àú äñòéó äæä. + àå ìçéìåôéï, éù âí äâéåï ììëú ììîåã ÷öú òì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + åàæ ì÷øåà àåúå. + òí æàú, ììà îòè îùúîùéí ùì ìé÷ñ éù ø÷ò á- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +. + àí àúä àçã îàìä, àúä àåìé úåää àí ìé÷ñ áàîú îñåâìú ìòùåú ëì îä ù- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + éëåìä ìòùåú. + á÷éöåø: ëï, ëê àå àçøú, åäéà áäçìè îôùèú àú øåá äöòãéí áëúéáú îñîê +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew +. + éëåìåú ìäéåú áòéåú áúøâåí ùì îñîëé +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + éùðéí, åáîñôø úçåîéí àçøéí, àáì äîöá îùúôø îâéøñä ìâéøñä ùì ìé÷ñ. +\layout Standard + +îëéååï ùæä ø÷ ùòåø îåãøê, åàðçðå øåöéí ìùîåø àú äàåøê ùìå ñáéø, ðùéí ôä + ø÷ îéãò îéðéîìé, îëååï áòé÷ø ìîä ùîùúîùéí çãùéí éëåìéí ìøöåú. + äîãøéê ìîùúîù åä÷åáõ "úëåðåú ðåñôåú" îìàéí áîéãò òì ääáãìéí áéï ìé÷ñ å- +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + åòì àéê ìäùúîù áúëåðåú ùåðåú ùì +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + áìé÷ñ. +\layout Subsection + +îåã +\lang 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ëîå îñôø, ÷å úçúé, ëåáò àå ñåâøééí. + áøâò ùæä ÷åøä, ìé÷ñ áåã÷ú àí äéà îæää àú äô÷åãä ùä÷ìãú, åàí ëï, îöéâä àåúä + +\lang english +WYSIWYM +\lang hebrew +-éú. + ìãåâîà, àí ä÷ìãú áîöá îúîèé÷ä +\family typewriter +\lang english + +\backslash +gamma +\family default +\lang hebrew +, áøâò ùúìçõ òì +\family sans +øååç +\family default +, ìé÷ñ úùðä àú ä- +\lang english +gamma +\lang hebrew + äàãåí ì- +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + ëçåì. + æä òåáã ëîòè ìëì ô÷åãåú äîúîèé÷ä äìà îñåáëåú )ùéí ìá ùôåð÷öéåú ëîå +\family typewriter +\lang english + +\backslash +sin +\family default +\lang hebrew + ø÷ éùðå öáò ìùçåø(. + ìîé ùæåëø àú ÷éöåøé äô÷åãåú æä éåúø îäéø îàùø ùéîåù á +\family sans +ôàðì äðåñçàåú +\family default +, åîùúîùé +\lang english +LaTeX +\lang hebrew + åúé÷éí ìà öøéëéí ììîåã ùåí ãáø çãù. +\layout Standard + +òåã î÷øä îéåçã äåà äñåâøééí äîñåìñìéí: àí ú÷ìéã àçã îäí áîåã +\lang english +TeX +\lang hebrew + îúîèé, ú÷áì àú äñåâøééí äôåúçéí åäñåâøéí áàãåí, úåöà îîåã +\lang 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b/lib/doc/hu_Intro.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,995 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language magyar +\inputencoding latin2 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language polish +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Bevezetés a LyX használatába, +\newline +avagy +\newline +Hogyan használjuk ezeket a dokumentumokat +\layout Author + +John Weiss és a LyX Csapat +\shape italic +\size small + +\newline +Fordította: Zrubecz László +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Eligazodás a dokumentumok között +\layout Standard + +Üdvözöljük a LyX-ben! +\layout Standard + +Hogy könnyebb legyen megtalálnia a választ kérdéseire, és könnyebb legyen + bemutatni a LyX összes sajátosságát, a dokumentációt több különbözõ részre + bontottuk. + Minden egyes résznek külön feladata van, ahogy azt késõbb majd részletezzük. + Mielõtt nekilátna valamelyik olvasásának, elõször olvassa végig ezt a fájlt, + ugyanis sok hasznos információt tartalmaz, aminek tudatában idõt spórolhat. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \align center +FIGYELEM!!!!! FIGYELEM!!!!! FIGYELEM!!!! +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip \align center +Vigyázat, Will Robinson keze van a dologban! +\layout Standard + +Habár a LyX verziószáma átlépte az 1.0-át, a dokumentáció néhány része lehet + hogy nem teljes vagy elavult. + Ahogy magát a programot is, a dokumentációt is önkéntesek készítik, akiknek + ugye emellett van +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +igazi +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + munkájuk, családjuk, mosogatásra váró szennyesedényük, stb. + Mi megteszünk minden tõlünk telhetõt, hogy ez a dokumentáció mindig naprakész + formában legyen, de ez nem mindig sikerül. + Ha segíteni akar orvosolni ezt a problémát, mindenképpen olvassa el a +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{rész:Közremûködés} + +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar ~ +részt\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Elõször is tegyen nekünk egy szívességet: ha valami nem tiszta, érthetetlen + vagy rossz, ne habozzon, tudassa velünk! A dokumentációk jelenlegi fejlesztõit + elérheti a levelezési listájukon: +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar ~ +Persze elõször érdemes nekünk (a fordítóknak) írni, hátha csak a fordítás + a hibás :-( +\end_inset + + Ha olyan kérdése merülne fel, amit nem igazán a dokumentációhoz kapcsolódik, + de sürgõsen szeretne választ kapni, írjon az aktív felhasználók listájára: + lyx-users@lists.lyx.org +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar ~ +A levelezõlista nyelve angol. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +A kézikönyvek formátuma +\layout Standard + +Vannak akik nyomtatott formában olvassák a kézikönyvet, mások közvetlenül + a LyX-bõl. + Akik fájlból olvassák, néhány eltérést tapasztalhatnak a nyomtatott változathoz + képest. + Elõször is, a cím nincs külön oldalon, csak egyszerûen ott van a dokumentum + elején. + Továbbá, a lábjegyzetek és a tartalomjegyzék sem látható. + Ezeket felbukkanó-ablakokon keresztül lehet elérni. + Ha meg akarja nézni a tartalomjegyzéket, kattintson a +\family sans +Felé +\bar under +p +\bar default +ítés +\family default + menüpontra vagy a szürke dobozra a cím alatt. + A lábjegyzet megtekintéséhez - ami így néz ki +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar ~ +Helló, én vagyok a lábjegyzet! +\end_inset + + - klikkeljen rá a bal egérgombbal. +\layout Standard + +A nyomtatott formában az összes kereszthivatkozásnál látható az aktuális + szakasz száma. + A fájlban minden ilyen helyen egy szürke doboz látható, mint ez: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{rész:Közremûködés} + +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar ~ +rész\SpecialChar \@. + (A nyomtatott formában itt számok találhatóak.) Ha rákattint a bal egérgombb +al, egy felbukkanó-ablak jelenik meg, ami a dokumentumban lévõ összes hivatkozás +t tartalmazza. + Ez a dokumentum csak egyet tartalmaz +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +rész:Közremûködés +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + névvel. + Ha rákattint a +\family sans +Hivatkozásra ugrás +\family default + gombra, rögtön a hivatkozott részre ugrik a kurzor. + A +\family sans +Visszaugrás +\family default + gomb pedig visszarakja az eredeti pozíciójába. + Leütve a következõ billentyûkombinációt: +\family sans +C-< +\family default +, a kurzor szintén visszaugrik az eredeti pozíciójába. + (Hogy mit jelent a +\family sans +C-< +\family default +, lásd lejjebb.) +\layout Standard + +Ezek után, hogy tisztáztunk néhány különbséget a nyomtatott és az elektronikus + forma között, folytathatjuk ezen dokumentum formai vizsgálatát. + Esetenként találkozhat különbözõ betûstílusokkal: +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Kiemelt Stílus +\emph default + - ezt az általános kiemelésekhez, érvelésekhez, könyv címekhez, más kézikönyvek + egyes részeire való hivatkozáskor vagy a szerzõk megjegyzéseire használjuk. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default + - ezt a programok és fájlok neveihez, LaTeX, LyX kódokhoz, funkciókhoz + használjuk. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Sans Serif +\family default + - ezt a menük, gombok, felbukkanó-ablakok neveihez és a billentyûkhöz használju +k. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Kapitális Stílus +\noun default + - ezzel jelöljük a személyneveket. +\layout Standard + +A billentyûkhöz, billentyû-kombinációkhoz elegendõ információt kaphat a + +\emph on +Referencia Kézikönyv Billentyû-kombinációk +\emph default +részében. + Amikor a billentyû-kombináció használatára lesz szükség, mindig a következõ + szabály szerint fogjuk jelölni: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +C- +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\family default + jelöli a +\family sans +Control +\family default + billentyût. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + jelöli a +\family sans + Shift +\family default + billentyût. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + jelöli a +\family sans +Meta +\family default + billentyût, ami a legtöbb billentyûzeten az +\family sans +Alt +\family default + billentyû. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +: a funkció billentyûk. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: az escape billentyû. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Jobbra +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Balra +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Fel +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Le +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: ez azt hiszem nyilvánvaló. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Insert +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Delete +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Home +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +End +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: ez 6 billentyû, ami legtöbbször a kurzormozgató billentyûk felett található + egy PC billentyûzeten. + A +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + és +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + néhol +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Prior +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + és +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Next +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + néven szerepel. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Return +\family default + és +\family sans +Enter: +\family default + mindkettõ ugyanazt a billentyût jelöli. + Néhány billentyûzeten +\family sans +a Return +\family default + billentyû +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Return +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + néven, mashol +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Enter +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + névvel van illetve. + Néhol két külön billentyû is van. + A LyX mindegyiket egyformán kezeli, így mi a +\family sans +Return +\family default + és az +\family sans +Enter +\family default + szót ugyanazzal a jelentéssel használjuk. +\layout Standard + +Szintén találkozhat néhányszor a következõ formával +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +(Lásd +\emph on +Referencia Kézikönyv +\emph default +) +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Az összes alapértelmezett billentyû-kombináció megtalálható a +\emph on +Referencia Kézikönyv +\emph default +ben, így ott utánanézhet. + Észlelhette, hogy két különbözõ billentyû-kombináció gyûjtemény is megtalálható + a LyX-ben. + Az egyik a +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +CUA +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + stílus, ami az alapértelmezett és azoknak ismerõs, akik a PC-s világban + nõttek fel, a másik pedig az +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +emacs +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + stílusú, amelyiket fõleg azok használnak akik Unix-on nõttek fel és mindig + az Emacs szövegszerkesztõt használták. + Hacsak nincs külön jelezve, mi a dokumentációban mindig az alapértelmezett + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +CUA +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + stílusút írtuk le. + Ha önnek az Emacs jobban tetszik, valószínûleg egyedül is meg fogja találni + az önre vonatkozó billentyûzet-kombinációkat a dokumentációkból. +\layout Section + +A kézikönyvek +\layout Standard + +A következõ listából megtudhatja az összes kézikönyv tartalmát: +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Bevezetés +\emph default + \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +Éppen ezt olvassa. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Tankönyv \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Ha ön most látja elõször a LyX-et, és még soha nem használta a LaTeX-et + sem, ez az a kézikönyv, amivel érdemes elkezdenie. + Ha önnek esetleg a LaTeX eddig csak egy olyan dolgot jelentett, amibõl + óvszert gyártanak, mindenképpen ezzel kezdje az olvasást! Lehet hogy miután + elolvasta a +\emph on +Tankönyv +\emph default +et, még mindig csak valami nyúlós dolog jut eszébe a LaTeX-rõl, de +\emph on +tudni fogja +\emph default +, hogyan kell használni a LyX-et. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ha már használta a LaTeX-et, akkor is érdemes elolvasni a +\emph on +Tankönyv +\emph default +et. + Ebben az esetben kezdje a +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +LyX a LaTeX felhasználóknak +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + fejezettel. + (Egyébként senkinek nem árt, ha átnézni.) +\layout Standard + +Ha bármikor úgy érzi, hogy elvesztette a fonalat a LyX használata közben, + érdemes újból átfutni, mielõtt fejest ugrana valamelyik másik dokumentumba. + Ez egy jó ugródeszka a LyX mélyebb megismeréséhez is. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Felhasználói\SpecialChar ~ +Kézikönyv \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline + +\emph default +Ez az elsõdleges dokumentáció. + Itt mutatjuk be a +\emph on +legtöbb +\emph default + alapvetõ mûveletet és a LyX jellemzõit. + Ez a dokumentum feltételezi, hogy ön elolvasta a +\emph on +Tankönyv +\emph default +et. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +vagy elegendõ tudása van a LaTeX-rõl. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Haladó\SpecialChar ~ +Szolgáltatások \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline + +\emph default +Ez egy kiterjesztése a +\emph on +Felhasználói Kézikönyv +\emph default +nek. + Itt ismerheti meg a további dokumentum osztályok használatát, speciális + szerkesztési feladatok megoldását. + Továbbá megtanulhat néhány trükköt az igazi LaTeX mesterektõl is. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Testreszabás \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Ez egy leírás haladó felhasználóknak, a LyX fejlettebb lehetõségeirõl, és + a LyX viselkedésének, megjelenésének testreszabásáról. + Szintén magába foglalja a konfigurációs fájlok leírását, nemzetközisítését, + további billentyûzet-kombinációk használatát is. + Semmiképpen sem javasolt elmélyülni ebben, mielõtt nincs tisztában a +\emph on +Tankönyv +\emph default +ben leírtakkal! +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Referencia\SpecialChar ~ +Kézikönyv \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Ez a dokumentum egy kimerítõ, részletes, de nyers leírást ad a LyX lehetõségeirõ +l. + Szemben a többi dokumentációval, itt a hasznos magyarázatok és használati + javaslatok elmaradnak, a teljes részletességért cserébe. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Ismert\SpecialChar ~ +hibák \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Ez a dokumentum tartalmazza az ismert hibákat a LyX-ben, és információt + szolgáltat a teendõkrõl, ha valaki hibát talál a programban. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +beállítások \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Ez a fájl az installáció vagy az újrakonfigurálás során jön létre. + Ebben a fájlban találhat információt a LyX aktuális beállításairól, az + elérhetõ szolgáltatásokról. + Ha megtekinti, láthatja, hogy mi az ami éppen hiányzik a rendszerébõl az + adott szolgáltatás használatához, amire esetleg szüksége lehet. + +\layout Standard + +Ezek a fájlok egymásra is hivatkoznak, ha ez szükséges. + Például a +\emph on +Felhasználói Kézikönyv +\emph default + tartalmaz némi információt az installálásról és testreszabásról, de bõvebb + információkért a +\emph on +Testreszabás +\emph default + kézikönyvet ajánlja. + Ismét szeretnénk felhívni a figyelmet arra, hogy: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.51cm \added_space_bottom 0.51cm \align center +Ha most használja elõször a LyX-et, olvassa el a Tankönyvet. + Most rögtön! +\layout Standard + +Egyébként, feleslegesen csalódást okozhat magának. + A LyX mindent tud, amit egy szövegszerkesztõtõl elvárhat, de másként közelíti + meg a dolgokat, mint ahogy azt megszokhatta. +\layout Section + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{rész:Közremûködés} + +\end_inset + +Közremûködés a Dokumentációs Projektben +\layout Subsection + +A kézikönyvben talált hibák jelentése +\layout Standard + +Ez nagyon egyszerû, csak küld egy levelet a Felhasználók Listájára vagy + a Fejlesztõk Listájára. + A dokumentációval foglalkozó csapat elérhetõ a következõ levelezõlistán: + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar ~ +Mielõtt ide írna jelezze a hibát nekünk a fordítóknak, mert lehet hogy csak + a fordítás a hibás. +\end_inset + + Ha a javítás csekély mértékû, valaki ki fogja javítani, viszont ha komolyabb + problémát észlel, javasolt felvenni a kapcsolatot a fejlesztõkkel mielõtt + akármit is javítana. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 1.06cm \added_space_bottom 1.06cm \align center + +\emph on +Soha ne változtassa meg a kézikönyvek tartalmát, a fejlesztõk hozzájárulása + nélkül! +\layout Standard + +Egyébként a Dokumentációs Csapat folyamatosan, CVS-en keresztül karbantartja + a dokumentációk prototípusát, így ezekben semmiféle zûrzavar nem keletkezhet + a javítások során. +\layout Subsection + +Csatlakozás a Dokumentációs Csapathoz +\layout Standard + +A LyX Dokumentációs Projekt, mint minden a LyX projekten belül, hasznosítani + tudja az ön segítségét is. + Ha ön szeretne közremûködni ebben, elõször is el kell végeznie a következõ + feladatokat: +\layout Enumerate + +Töltse le a legfrissebb LyX forráskódot +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar ~ +A vállalkozó szellemûek mindig letölthetik a legfrissebb forrást a LyX CVS + szerverérõl. +\end_inset + +, majd csomagolja ki. +\layout Enumerate + +A kicsomagolt könyvtáron belül fog találni egy +\family typewriter + DocStyle.lyx +\family default + nevû fájlt a +\family typewriter + lib/doc +\family default + nevû alkönyvtárban. + Olvassa végig, ez tartalmazza a dokumentációk formai szabályait. +\layout Enumerate + +Tartson egy-két nap szünetet, aztán olvassa el újból! +\layout Enumerate + +Ezután olvassa el a +\emph on +Felhasználói Kézikönyv +\emph default +et és a +\emph on +Tankönyv +\emph default +et is. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ennek az a célja, hogy ötleteket adjon, hogyan is kell kinézni egy dokumentáción +ak. + A +\emph on +Tankönyv +\emph default +és a +\emph on +Felhasználói Kézikönyv +\emph default + egyébként mindig a legnaprakészebb az összes közül. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar ~ +Ez a megállapítás természetesen csak az eredeti angol verzióra igaz. +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Olvassa el újra a +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + fájlt. +\layout Enumerate + +Végül lépjen kapcsolatba a csapattal: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\layout Standard + +Biztosak akarunk lenni abban, hogy ön megértette a formai, tartalmi követelménye +ket, +\emph on +mielõtt +\emph default +elkezdene írni. + Ellenkezõ esetben önnek muszáj lesz átírnia a követelményeknek megfelelõre! +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Semmi esetre se +\emph default +kezdjen dokumentációt írni, amíg nem lépett kapcsolatba a Dokumentációs + Csapattal. + A Dokumentációs Csapat honlapján: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + vagy a levelezási listánkon betekintést nyerhet az éppen aktuális tevékenységei +nkbe. + +\layout Subsection + +Csatlakozás a dokumentációk fordításához +\layout Standard + +Ha ön esetleg a dokumentációk fordításába szeretne bekapcsolódni, vegye + fel a kapcsolatot a fordítókkal a következõ e-mail címen: +\family typewriter +zrubi@k2.jozsef.kando.hu +\layout Standard + +A fordítás állásáról pedig információkat kaphat a következõ honlapon: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://k2.jozsef.kando.hu/~zrubi/LyX} + +\end_inset + + +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/it_Customization.lyx b/lib/doc/it_Customization.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1df5ade665 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/it_Customization.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,10426 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +\usepackage{multicol} +\IfFileExists{isolatin.def} +{\usepackage[isolatin]{inputenc}} +{\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}} +\end_preamble +\language italian +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +Personalizzazione di LyX: Caratteristiche per l'utente avanzato +\layout Author + +dal LyX Team +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard +\noindent +Questa guida è aggiornata da +\noun on +Mike Ressler +\noun default +, mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu e mantenuta in italiano da +\noun on +Claudio Coco, +\noun default + lacocio@libero.it. + Potete inviare commenti o segnalare errori ad uno di loro. +\end_inset + + +\newline +traduzione italiana a cura di Lino Muoio +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introduzione +\layout Standard + +Questo manuale illustra le caratteristiche di personalizzazione presenti + in LyX. + Verranno di seguito discussi temi come le scorciatoie da tastiera, le opzioni + di anteprima sullo schermo, le opzioni di stampa, i comandi da inviare + a LyX attraverso il LyX Server, l'internazionalizzazione, l'installazione + di nuove classi di testo LaTeX e layouts di LyX ecc. + Ovviamente non ci possiamo augurare di prendere in considerazione tutto + quello che è possibile cambiare--i nostri sviluppatori aggiungono nuovi + funzioni più velocemente di quanto riusciamo a documentare--ma andremo + a spiegare le personalizzazioni più comuni e possibilmente cercheremo di + darvi qualche indicazione per quelle più complesse. +\layout Standard + +LyX 1.1.6 introduce una nuova interfaccia utente per le personalizzazioni + che possono essere richiamate attraverso +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default +. + Questo non rende obsoleta la seguente trattazione circa i files di configurazio +ni di LyX, ma si spera invece che semplifichi considerabilmente l'adattamento + di LyX alle +\shape slanted +vostre +\shape default + necessità. +\layout Chapter + +File di configurazione di LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:config} + +\end_inset + + Questo capitolo ha lo scopo di aiutare ad orientarsi all'interno dei file + di configurazione di LyX. + Prima di continuare a leggere questo capitolo, dovreste trovare dove si + trova la directory delle librerie di LyX usando +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +V +\bar default +ersion. + +\family default +\bar under + +\bar default +Questa direcotry è il posto in cui LyX mette i suoi files di configurazione + generale, che chiameremo +\family sans + +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default + nel prosieguo del documento. +\layout Section + + +\size larger +Cosa c'è in +\family typewriter +\size default +LyXDir +\family default +\size larger +? +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default + e le sue sottodirectory contiene numerosi files che possono essere usati + per la personalizzazione del comportamento di LyX. + Nuovo in LyX 1.1.6 è la possibiltà di richiamare questi files dall'interno + dello stesso LyX attraverso il menu +\family sans +\shape smallcaps +\bar under +E +\shape default +\bar default +dit \SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family default + +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default +. + La maggior parte delle personalizzazioni che si effettuano sono possibili + attraverso questo menu. + Tuttavia, molti altri aspetti principali di LyX possono essere personalizzati + modificando gli altri file nella directory +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default +. + Questi sono divisi in differenti categorie, descritte nelle seguenti sottosezio +ni. +\layout Subsection + +Files generati automaticamente +\layout Standard + +Questi files vengono generati quando configurate LyX. + Contengono vari valori predefiniti che vengono fissati mediante una procedura + di ispezione. + In generale, non è una buona idea modificarli, dato che potrebbero essere + sovrascritti in qualsiasi momento. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +lyxrc.defaults +\family default +\series default + contiene i valori di default per vari comandi. + Se non gradite alcuni dei valori assegnati, potete reimpostarli usando + la nuova voce +\family sans +\shape smallcaps +\bar under +E +\shape default +\bar default +dit \SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family default + +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +packages.lst +\family default +\series default + contiene la lista dei pacchetti che sono stati riconosciuti da LyX. + Non è normalmente usata dal programma, ma le informazioni estratte, ed + anche di più sono rese disponibili attraverso +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp \SpecialChar \menuseparator +L +\bar under +a +\bar default +TeX\SpecialChar ~ +Configuration. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +textclass.lst +\family default + è la lista delle classi di testo che sono stati trovate nella vostra directory + +\family typewriter +layout/ +\family default + , insieme alla classe di documento LateX associata e relativa descrizione. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +doc/LaTeXConfig.lyx +\family default + è generata automaticamente durante la configurazione dal file +\family typewriter +LaTeXConfig.lyx.in +\family default +. + Ogni stringa del form +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +@chk_foo@ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + verrà sostituito con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sì +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +no +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + a seconda di dove sia stato trovato il pacchetto +\family typewriter +foo +\family default + . +\layout Subsection + +Directories +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +bind/ +\family default +\series default + questa directory contiene i files con l'estensione +\family typewriter +.bind +\family default + che definiscono i tasti di scelta rapida usati in LyX (vedere la sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: bindings} + +\end_inset + +). + Se esiste una versione internazionalizzata del bindfile chiamato +\family typewriter +$LANG_xxx.bind +\family default + , questo sarà usato per primo. + Vedere il capitolo\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + +, e la sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: bindings} + +\end_inset + + per i dettagli. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +clipart/ +\family default +\series default + contiene immagini Postscript® che possono essere inclusi nei documenti. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +doc/ +\family default +\series default + contiene i files di documentazioni di LyX (incluso quello che state ora + leggendo). + Il file +\family typewriter +LaTeXConfig.lyx +\family default + è particolarmente speciale, come già detto. + Se esiste una versione internazionale del documento di aiuto con +\family typewriter +$LANG_ +\family default + preposto al nome, quello sarà usato per primo. + Guardare il capitolo\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + + per i dettagli. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default + contiene files di esempio che spiegano come usare alcune caratteristiche. + Nel file browser premere il pulsante +\family sans +Example +\family default +per raggiungerlo. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +images/ +\family default + contiene files di immagine che sono usati nel menu +\family sans +Document +\family default +. + In aggiunta, vi sono contenute anche le icone idividuali usate nella toolbar + e nella schermata che viene mostrata all'avvio di LyX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +kdb/ +\family default + contiene i files di keymapping della tastiera. + Guardare il capitolo\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:keymap} + +\end_inset + + per i dettagli. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +layouts/ +\family default + contiene i files di classi di testo descritti nel capitolo\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:textclass} + +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +reLyX/ +\family default + contiene i files che compongono reLyX, il traduttore del +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +buon comportamento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di LaTeX dentro LyX +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +scripts/ +\family default + contiene alcuni files che dimostrano le capacità dell'insieme +\family sans +External\SpecialChar ~ +Template. + +\family default + Riferirsi a +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +External\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Material +\family default + per ulteriori informazioni. + [ +\emph on +Nota dell'autore: se questo file è incorporato in un altro dei documenti + standard, non sarà reperibile in questa locazione---AL +\emph default +]. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +templates/ +\family default + contiene i files templates standard di LyX descritti nel Capitolo\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:templates} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +tex/ +\family default + contiene alcuni files .cls distribuiti con LyX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +ui/ +\family default + contiene i files con estensione +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default + che definiscono l'interfaccia utente di LyX. + Cioè i files definiscono quali oggetti appaiono in quali menu e quelli + che appaiono nella toolbar. + Riferirsi al Capitolo\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ui} + +\end_inset + +per i dettagli. +\layout Subsection + +Files che non volete modificare +\layout Standard + +Questi files sono usati internamente da LyX e generalmente non avete bisogno + di modificarli a meno che non siate sviluppatori. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +CREDITS +\family default +\series default + questo file contiene la lista degli sviluppatori di LyX. + Si può accedere a questo file attraverso il menu +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cr +\bar under +e +\bar default +dits. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +chkconfig.ltx +\family default +\series default + questo è uno script LaTeX usato durante il processo di configurazione. + Non va lanciato direttamente. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +configure +\family default +\series default + questo è lo script usato per riconfigurare LyX. + Crea files di configurazione nella directory in cui è lanciato. +\layout Subsection + +Altri files che necessitano di una riga o due di spiegazioni... +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +encodings +\family default + ??? +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +external_templates +\family default + questo file contiene i template disponibili nella nuova funzione +\family sans +External\SpecialChar ~ +Template +\family default +. + Riferirsi a +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator +External\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +M +\bar default +aterial +\family default + per ulteriori informazioni. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +language +\family default + questo file contiene una lista di tutti i linguaggi correntemente supportati + da LyX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +lyxrc.example +\family default + Deprecato e definitivamente abbandonato. + Questo è il vecchio file di preferenze di LyX. + Probabilmente scomparirà nel prossimo futuro. +\layout Section + + +\size larger +La vostra directory di configurazione +\layout Standard + +Anche se si usa LyX come utente non privilegiato, è possibile voler cambiare + la configurazione per un uso personale. + La directory +\family typewriter +UserDir +\family default + contiene tutti i files della vostra configurazione personale. + E' questa la directory descritta come come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +user directory +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +V +\bar default +ersion. + +\family default + Questa directory è usata come mirror di +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default +, il che significa che ogni file in +\family typewriter + UserDir +\family default + è un sostituto del corrispondente file in +\family typewriter +LyXDir +\family default +. + Ogni file di configurazione descritto nelle sezioni precedenti può essere + posizionato sia nelle grandi directory di sistema, in quel caso agirà su + tutti gli utenti, sia nella vostra directory locale per un uso di carattere + personale. +\layout Standard + +Per rendere chiare le cose, si forniscono alcuni esempi: +\layout Itemize + +Per personalizzare il comportamento di LyX prima della versione 1.1.6, l'utente + doveva copiare il file +\family typewriter +LyXDir/lyxrc.example +\family default + in +\family typewriter +UserDir/lyxrc +\family default + e modificarlo direttamente. + La nuova versione di LyX legge ancora questo file, se presente in +\family typewriter +UserDir +\family default +, ma ogni cambiamento successivo fatto usando il nuovo menu +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + sono salvate nel nuovo file +\family typewriter +preferences +\family default +. + In seguito +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + non sarà più letto e potrà essere rimosso. +\layout Itemize + +Quando si riconfigura attraverso +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +econfigure +\family default + LyX lancia configure ed i files risultanti sono scritti nella vostra directory + di configurazione locale +\family sans +(vedere la sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetected} + +\end_inset + + +\family default +per avere una lista dei settaggi di\SpecialChar \menuseparator + questa sezione).Questo significa che + ogni classe di testo addizionale che potreste aver aggiunto alla directory + +\family typewriter +UserDir/layouts +\family default +sarà aggiunta alla lista delle classi nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar default +ocument. +\layout Itemize + +Similmente, se avete installato alcune classi di documento LaTeX nella vostra + home directory, che LaTeX può trovare nel vostro path +\family typewriter +TEXTINPUTS +\family default +, queste verranno mostrate nella lista delle vostre classi di testo. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +come pure se voi o LyX abbiate un file +\family typewriter +.layout +\family default + per esso, naturalmente. + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Se acquisite della documentazione aggiornata dal sito ftp di LyX e non potete + installarla perchè non avete i permessi di amministratore sul vostro sistema, + potete semplicemente copiare i files in +\family typewriter +UserDir/doc/ +\family default + e saranno raggiungibili attraverso il menu +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp +\family default +! +\layout Section + +Lanciare LyX con configurazioni multiple +\layout Standard + +La libertà di configurazione della relativa directory locale può non essere + sufficiente se volete avere più di una configurazione a vostra disposizione. + Ad esempio, vorreste poter usare differenti scorciatoie da tastiera o settaggi + della stampante in tempi diversi. + Potete ottenere questo attraverso più directory che verranno richiamate + al run-time. +\layout Standard + +Richiamando LyX con lo switch da riga di comando +\family typewriter +-userdir +\family default + < +\emph on +some directory +\emph default +> permette al programma di leggere la configurazione da quella directory + e non dalla directory di default (potete scegliere la directory di default + lanciando LyX senza lo switch descritto sopra). + Se questa directory non esiste, LyX può crearla per voi proprio come fa + per la directory di default la prima volta che si lancia il programma. + Potete modificare le opzioni di configurazione in questa +\family typewriter +Userdir +\family default + addizionale esattamente come fareste per la directory di default. + Queste directory sono completamente indipendenti (ma continuate a leggere). + Notare che settare la variabile ambientale +\family typewriter +LYX_USERDIR_11x +\family default + allo stesso valore ha esattamente lo stesso effetto. +\layout Standard + +Avere molte configurazioni richiede anche più manutenzione: se volete aggiungere + un nuovo layout a +\family typewriter +Userdir/layouts +\family default + che volete disponibile per tutte le vostre configurazioni, dovete aggiungerlo + ad ogni directory separatamente. + Potete evitare questo col seguente trucco: dopo che LyX ha creato la directory + addizionale, la maggior parte delle sottodirectory (vedi sotto) sono vuote. + Se volete che la nuova configurazione faccia da mirror ad una esistente, + sostituite la sottodirectory vuota con un link simbolico alla relativa + sottodirectory di una configurazione esistente. + Fate attenzione tuttavia alla sottodirectory +\family typewriter +doc/ +\family default + dato che contiene un file generato dallo script di configurazione (accessibile + anche attraverso +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +econfigure +\family default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetected} + +\end_inset + +) che è specifico per ogni configurazione. +\layout Chapter + +Il popup +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\layout Section + +Usare il popup per la prima volta +\layout Standard + +Storicamente, è possibile personalizzare il comportamento di LyX attraverso + la modifica del contenuto del file +\family typewriter +UserDir/lyxrc. + +\family default + Questo è cambiato in LyX 1.1.6 perchè ora esiste un menu +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default +per semplificare il processo di semplificazione. + +\family typewriter +UserDir/lyxrc +\family default +verrà ancora letto fino a quando non si usa il nuovo menu per la prima volta. + Successivamente, ogni cambiamento sarà salvato in un nuovo file, +\family typewriter + preferences, +\family default + e +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + non sarà più letto. + Potrà così essere rimosso. +\layout Standard + +Il nuovo file +\family typewriter +UserDir/preferences +\family default +conterrà solo i cambiamenti che sono stati fatti nel comportamento di base, + alcuni dei quali sono ben codificati in LyX ed altri sono contenuti nel + file di sistema +\family typewriter +LyXDir/lyxrc.defaults. + +\family default +Notate che in entrambi i files le righe che iniziano con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +# +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sono solo commenti e non sono interpretati. + Tuttavia, solo gli amministratori di sistema dovrebbero editare +\family typewriter +LyXDir/lyxrc. + +\family default +Gli utenti dovrebbero usare la voce +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + per creare e modificare il loro file personale +\family typewriter +UserDir/preferences. +\layout Standard + +Speriamo che il menu +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + sia ampiamente autoesplicativo. + A quasi tutti i comandi sono stati associati dei commenti, così da non + crearvi particolari difficoltà ad effettuare modifiche a vostro piacimento. + Prima di analizzare alcuni dei comandi più importanti di seguito, vogliamo + fare un avvertimento: L'applicazione di alcuni dei cambiamenti (es. + fonts dello schermo) hanno effetto istantaneo. + Altri (es. + cambiamenti nel file associazioni) non l'avranno. + Abbiate pazienza; questo è un work-in-progress. + Se nulla sembra accadere come cambiamento salvate i cambiamenti e riavviate + LyX. +\layout Section + +Schermo & Fonts +\layout Standard + +Il carattere usato per visualizzare i vostri documenti sullo schermo di + LyX è molto importante, dato che leggerete tutti i documenti con questo + carattere. + Inoltre è importante che il carattere sia leggibile ed abbia il miglior + aspetto possibile. + Il LyX team ha provato a fornire il migliore carattere predefinito, ma + dato che praticamente tutti i sistemi X11 sono differenti, è molto probabile + che il carattere predefinito sia sub-ottimale per il vostro sistema. + Fortunatamente è possibile ovviare a tale situazione, ma prima di chiarirvi + le modalità secondo le quali procedere, sarebbe bene che sapeste qualcosa + di più sui font in quanto la loro scelta nasce da un compromesso tra le + vostre preferenze e le capacità del sistema col quale lavorate. +\layout Standard + +Notate che questa sezione tratta solo dei caratteri visibili sullo +\emph on +schermo +\emph default + all'interno della finestra di LyX. + I caratteri che appaioni sulla +\emph on +carta +\emph default + in uscita dalla stampante sono indipendenti da questi e sono determinati + dalla classe del documento. + Consultate la +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default + per imparare a cambiare il carattere della versione stampata del vostro + documento. +\layout Standard + +Di base, i caratteri che appaiono sullo schermo sono di due tipi differenti: + caratteri scalabili e caratteri bitmap non scalabili. + La distinzione può sembrare leggermente arbitraria, dato che i font non-scalabi +li sono generalmente scalabili nella maggior parte dei moderni renderers + di font. + La differenza sta nella +\emph on +qualità +\emph default + dello scaling, e nella +\emph on +velocità +\emph default + con cui essi vengono visualizzati. + Da ciò ne deriva l'importanza di capire dove sia bene usare l'uno o l'altro + tipo di font. +\layout Standard + +I caratteri scalabili sono costruiti a partire dai +\emph on +contorni +\emph default + di ciascun glifo (cioè carattere) presente nel font. + Questo significa che ogni glifo è definito attraverso curve matematiche + che bene si adattano allo scaling di qualsiasi dimensione. + Il renderer di font ha quindi il compito di interpretare tale definizione + e generare una piccola figura composta di pixels in relazione alla grandezza + ed al glifo richiesto dal programmatore. + Ne segue che l'aspetto dei font scalabili risulta buono per ogni dimensione, + più realisticamente per quasi tutte le dimensioni. + Infatti i fonts scalabili sono definiti in modo astratto e di conseguenza + può essere difficile ottenere un buon rendering per taglie piccole, dove + ogni pixel deve essere perfettamente calcolato per ottenere una buona immagine. + Tale operazione è tecnicamente attuabile mediante la definizione matematica, + ma per consentire un rendering ragionevolmente veloce, si preferisce raggiunger +e un compromesso, con il risultato è che i font scalabili sono più difficili + da leggere per le piccole dimensioni. +\layout Standard + +I font bitmap invece sono definiti da grafica bitmap sin dall'inizio, così + appaiono buoni per ogni dimensione richiesta. + tuttavia, non scalano bene, perchè per scalare un glifo, ogni pixel è allargato + in più pixel. + E' quanto accade se cercate di allargare una fotografia in +\emph on +xv +\emph default + o in qualsiasi altro programma di manipolazione. + Per ridurre questo effetto, i font bitmap sono forniti in varie dimensioni + prestabilite, in genere da 8 pixel a 34 pixel o più in relazione ai possibili + utilizzi. + Il vantaggio derivante dall'uso di font bitmap è che per visualizzare ogni + glifo non sono necessari calcoli complessi, così da rendere i font bitmap + più velocemente rappresentabili sullo schermo rispetto ai font scalari. + Lo svantaggio consiste nel fatto che le dimensioni non comprese in quelle + predefinite, devono essere ottenute raddoppiando i pixel, e conseguentemente + l'aspetto non è dei migliori. +\layout Standard + +Se ne conclude quindi che i font bitmap sono generalmente i migliori per + le piccole taglie, dove disponibili, mentre i font scalabili sono da preferire + per grandi dimensioni. + La logica conclusione sarebbe quella di usare i font bitmap per le piccole + dimensioni, ed i font scalabili per le dimensioni superiori. + Sfortunatamente questa non è una buona idea, dato che i font bitmap e i + font scalabili non sono stati progettati per essere usati insieme ed il + risultato derivante dal loro contemporaneo utilizzo sarebbe piuttosto sgradevol +e. + La soluzione ottimale è dunque quella di provare entrambi gli schemi e + scegliere tra i due quello che meglio si adatta alle proprie esigenze. +\layout Standard + +Di default, Lyx usa i font bitmap non-scalabili. + Per i font serif, è usato +\emph on +times +\emph default +, per i font sans serif, è usato +\emph on +helvetica +\emph default +, mentre +\emph on +curier +\emph default + è usato come font monospazio stile macchina da scrivere. +\layout Standard + +In seguito descriveremo cosa fare se in LyX il testo non ha un bell'aspetto. + Partiremo con i parametri più importanti: DPI e lo zoom dei fonts. +\layout Subsection + +Settaggi DPI e Zoom di Font +\layout Standard + +LyX automaticamente prova a scalare i fonts in modo da farli sembrare il + più possibile uguali a quelli che verranno stampati, a meno del cosiddetto + fattore di zoom. +\layout Standard + +Per far funzionare su ogni sistema, questo meccanismo sfrutta i settaggi + dei DPI (dots per inch) dello schermo. + Il settaggio dei DPI del vostro sistema è rilevato automaticamente da LyX + attraverso le informazioni che fornisce il server X. + Potete controllare cosa rileva LyX circa i DPI, lanciando LyX in questo + modo: +\family typewriter +lyx -dbg 2. + +\family default + +\layout Standard + +Su molti sistemi, X non è settato correttamente, quindi dovrete verificare + la correttezza dei settaggi manualmente. + Lanciate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +xdpyinfo +\family default + +\family typewriter +| more +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e scrivete quali sono i DPI per la risoluzione che usate (che dovrebbe + essere simile a quella che LyX rileva). + E' il numero menzionato come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +risoluzione +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Inserite poi anche il numero di pixel che avete in larghezza ( il primo + numero sotto +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +dimensioni +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Dopodichè prendete il buon vecchio righello e misurate la larghezza visibile + dell'immagine su vostro monitor. + Convertite queste misure in pollici, se usate un righello in centimetri, + dividendo per 2.54. + Ora è possibile determinare il corretto settaggio DPI per il vostro schermo, + dividendo il numero dei pixels della larghezza per la larghezza dell'immagine + sullo schermo del monitor. + Se questo numero è superiore a, per esempio, 5 DPI rispetto al valore autodeter +minato, dovrete correggere l' X setup, o almeno dire a LyX che il valore + di DPI è diverso da quello rilevato. +\layout Standard + +Se non potete correggere l'X setup (che sarebbe la soluzione migliore perchè + ne beneficerebbero altri programmi oltre a LyX), è possibile comunicare + a LyX il corretto settaggio DPI attraverso il menu +\family sans +Preferences. + +\family default + +\layout Standard + +Se il testo è troppo piccolo o troppo grande per il vostro gusto, dovrete + cercare di rimendiare attraverso lo zoom sul carattere. + Questo settaggio è usato per scalare la grandezza del punto del testo. + Se il vostro DPI è corretto, e lo zoom del carattere è settato a 100, questo + significa che LyX proverà a mostrare il testo esattamente alla stessa grandezza + della pagina stampata. + Se il fattore di zoom viene settato a 200, il testo visualizzato sarà il + doppio di quello che si vedrà sulla pagina stampata. + Naturalmente questo accadrà solo se LyX riesce a trovare ed usare un carattere + che abbia una grandezza appropriata. + Ma, dato che LyX è comunque un sistema WYSIWYM, questa limitazione, eventuale, + è improbabile. +\layout Standard + +Il valore di default dello zoom è 150 dato che un monitor è generalmente + più grande che un pezzo di carta, ma dovreste comunque provare a modificarlo + tramite il comando +\family sans +Font\SpecialChar ~ +Zo\SpecialChar \@. +default nel menu Preferences +\family default + per trovare una grandezza che vi soddisfi. + Quando avete trovato un settaggio che possa andare bene per voi (tip: usate + il bottone +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pply +\family default +per lasciare la finestra aperta mentre fate esperimenti), potete poi rendere + questi settaggi come default usando il comando +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +ave +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Mentre è spesso possibile trovare una grandezza adatta al testo sullo schermo, + questo non necessariamente vuol dire, che i fonts siano i migliori ottenibili + dal proprio sistema. + Per aiutarvi ad avere il massimo dal vostro sistema, potete usare i comendi + di definizione dei font per raffinare l'aspetto del testo più in dettaglio. +\layout Subsection + +Comandi di definizione dei Fonts +\layout Standard + +Come menzionato, LyX usa fonts bitmap non scalabili di default. + Per i fonts serif, è usato +\emph on +times +\emph default +, per i fonts sans serif è usato +\emph on +helvetica +\emph default +, mentre +\emph on +courier +\emph default + è usato come font del tipo monospazio/macchina da scrivere. +\layout Standard + +Potete cambiarli attraverso il menu +\family sans +Preferences +\family default +. + Il numero dei fonts disponibili varia a seconda dei sistemi, ma il programma + +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default + dovrebbe essere reperibile ovunque. + Usate questo programma per trovare i fonts adatti. + Quando avete trovato un font che vi piace, provate ad inserire i primi + due elementi del nome (chiamati +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fndry +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fmly +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\family typewriter + xfontsel +\family default +) nel campo appropriato nel menu +\family sans + Preferences +\family default + e premere +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pply +\family default +. + LyX poi riformatterà il vostro documento usando il nuovo font, e se il + font vi piace, dovreste salvarlo con +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +ave +\family default +. + Un punto di partenza per un nuovo font è vedere se il font scalabile +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +utopia +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è disponibile. + Tip: potete vedere se un font è scalabile o bitmap controllando i campi + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +resx +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +resy +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default +. + Se il valore 0 è disponibile, il font è scalabile. + Se il valore 0 non è disponibile, il font è bitmap. +\layout Standard + +Prima che proviate a modificare un font bitmap perchè la larghezza più grande + sembra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bloccata +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, dovreste provare a selezionare il bottone +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Usa fonts scalabili +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Questo è utile solo se usate fonts bitmap, perchè solo questi non scalano + perfettamente. + Se definite questo flag, LyX userà solo le grandezze fisse del carattere + disponibili, e questo garantisce che tutti i fonts bitmap sembrino buoni. + (Potete vedere quale grandezze individuali del carattere son o disponibili + con il comando +\family typewriter +xlsfonts +\family default +. + Provate +\family typewriter +man xlsfonts +\family default +). + Tuttavia il prezzo da pagare è che la differenza tra la grandezza del font + sullo schermo e la grandezza del font sulla carta sarà più grande perchè + LyX dovrà accontentarsi della grandezza più vicina disponibile, e non proverà + a scalare la grandezza per adeguarsi. + Inoltre, c'è il ridchio che alcune grandezze differenti da un punto di + vista logico, come +\family sans +Large +\family default + e +\family sans +Larger +\family default +, saranno mappate come lo stesso font sullo schermo, rendendo difficile + identificare le differenze sullo schermo. + Abbiamo deciso di non usare i fonts scalabili di default a causa di questi + effetti, ma dato che LyX è un sistema WYSIWYM, a molte persone piace comunque + usare i flag, pur sapendo che la grandezza del carattere sullo schermo + potrebbe non essere veritiera. + Ma ricordate che questo flag crea una differenza solo se usate font bitmap. + I font scalabili, come ora potete capire, non verranno toccati da questo + tipo di problema. +\layout Standard + +Un'ultima annotazione su questo flag: dovete sapere che non c'è nulla di + sbagliato nell'usare fonts scalabili e bitmap contemporaneamente per differenti + scopi. + Per esempio, è abbastanza comune usare lo scalabile +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Utopia +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per il testo serif, assieme alla versione bitmap di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Helvetica +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + E potete tranquillamente selezionare +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Usa fonts scalabili +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + senza problemi: sarà solo applicato al font Helvetica. +\layout Standard + +Qualche volta gli artefatti introdotti dall'uso del flag possono essere + eliminate usando il comando fine-detail che definisce a quali grandezze + di punto corrispondono le differenti grandezze logiche dei caratteri. + Lanciate LyX con +\family typewriter +lyx -dbg 513 +\family default + per vedere come funziona concretamente e provate ad aggiustare le voci + corrispondenti nel menu +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + fino a quando i risultati vi soddisfano. + Questo è difficile da fare, perchè LyX usa i settaggi DPI e quelli di zoom + del font per calcolare l'esatta grandezza del font sullo schermo da chiedere + al server X. + Se non riuscite ad ottenere risultati soddisfacenti con la tecnica dello + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sbaglia e riprova +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, potete rendere il processo più trasparente se settate assieme i DPI e + lo zoom a 100, anche se si sa che non è corretto. + questo naturalmente renderà i font scalabili non perfetti, quindi fate + attenzione. +\layout Subsection + +Codifica dei Fonts +\layout Standard + +Di default, LyX userà dei font per scrivere un testo Western European, inclusi + tutti i tipi di inglese. + Viene definito attraverso il cosiddetto +\emph on +font +\emph default + +\emph on +encoding +\emph default +. + Se volete usare Lyx per scivere ad esempio un testo in Eastern European, + Cirillico oppure ogni altro linguaggio non coperto dallo standard ISO-8859-1 + di codifica dei caratteri, potete definirne uno differente con il settaggio + del valore +\family typewriter + +\backslash +screen_font_encoding +\family default +\emph toggle + +\emph default +.Questo richiede che siano installati speciali fonts. + Potete usare +\family typewriter +xfontsel +\family default + per queste modifiche: controllate i campi +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +rgstry +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +encdng +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per valori ISO-8859-X diversi da ISO-8859-1, e quindi cercate quello che + contiene i caratteri della lingua prescelta. + Se non lo trovate è ancora possibile definirlo nel file +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + .Altrimenti bisogna ricercarlo sul Web. +\layout Standard + +Quando settate LyX per l'uso di una codifica differente, dovrete considerare + i cambiamenti nei fonts della finestra pop-up di LyX. + Per esempio il menu +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default + non sarà comprensibile fino a quando non dite a LyX di usare un font differente. + Di default, il menu font è settato su +\family typewriter +-*-helvetica-medium-r +\family default +\emph toggle +, ma spesso helvetica non è disponibile nella codifica dei font di cui avete + bisogno. +\layout Standard + +Inoltre potete cambiare questo font con il comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +screen_font_emenu +\family default +\emph toggle + . +\layout Standard + +Come potete vedere, ci sono alcune opzioni che possono essere usate per + affinare l'aspetto dei vostri fonts. + Questo non dovrebbe spaventarvi dal maneggiare coi settaggi, poichè dopo + tutto, vi augurate di usare molto LyX in futuro. + E contrariamente ai veri word processors WYSIWYG, dove siete costretti + ad usare fonts che hanno un aspetto buono sia sul video che sulla carta, + LyX vi da la possibilità di usare fonts che sono disegnati per essere visti + sullo schermo, se siete abbastanza fortunati da averli. +\layout Standard + +Nella versione di LyX, proveremo a supportare il font renderer +\family typewriter +T1Lib +\family default +\emph toggle +che fornisce un testo con effetto +\emph on +anti-aliased +\emph toggle +. + Questo significa che ogni glifo è costituito da molte ombre colorate piuttosto + che da soli due colori, creando un effetto di alta risoluzione. + Questo non renderà solo il testo più leggibile sullo schermo, ma permetterà + anche a LyX di avvicinare i fonts visti sullo scermo a quelli che verranno + stampati, dato che sarà ad esempio possibile settare un valore di 14.4 punti + al contrario di ora che è possibile solo scegliere il valore arrotondato + 14. +\layout Section + +Bindings +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bindings} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Le associazioni sono usate per assegnare una funzione ad un tasto. + Molti file con associazioni precompilate sono disponibili: un set di associazio +ni CUA (simile ai tipici insiemi di assegnazioni di tastiera PC e CDE), + un set Emacs di associazioni, per quelli di noi che segono la cosiddetta + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +One True Way +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e rifiutano di sottostare agli standards, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Sto scherzando, ovviamente! +\end_inset + + come pure associazioni speciali (broadway e hollywood) ed altri linguaggi + (Francese, Tedesco, ecc..) +\layout Standard + +Se, tuttavia, volete personalizzare le associazioni secondo i vostri specifici + gusti, allora copiate il file della directory +\family typewriter +LyXDir/bind/ +\family default +che meglio si adatta nella vostra +\family typewriter +UserDir/bind/ +\family default +e modificatelo. + Non dimenticate di caricare questo nuovo file in LyX attraverso il menu + +\family sans +Preferences +\family default +(per il momento dovete riavviare LyX per rendere effettivi i cambiamenti). +\layout Standard + +LyX supporta l'internazionalizzazione dell'interfaccia utente (vedere il + Capitolo +\shape italic +\emph on +\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + +) +\shape default +\emph default +. + Se il vostro +\emph on +locale +\shape italic + viene settato con la variabile d'ambiente +\family typewriter +\shape default +\emph default +$LANG +\family default +, LyX proverà ad usare i bindfile preponendo +\family typewriter +$LANG_ +\family default +al loro nome. + Ad esempio, potete mettere una copia tradotta di alcuni bindfile nella + vostra directory +\family typewriter +bind/ +\family default +personale e LyX li userà automaticamente. + [ +\emph on +Nota dell'autore: non sono sicuro se è ancora vero ma forse qualcuno che + utilizza questo metodo potrebbe testarlo---AL +\emph default +]. +\layout Standard + +La sintassi dei files +\family typewriter +.bind +\family default + è la seguente: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bind +\layout Standard + +Sia le combinazioni di tasti che la lyx-function (inclusi gli argomenti) + devono essere racchiusi tra le +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +doppie virgolette +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Tutte le funzioni di LyX sono elencate nella +\emph on +Guida di Riferimento. +\layout Section + +User Interface +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ui} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +L'aspetto del menu e della toolbar può essere cambiato attraverso il menu + +\family sans +Preferences +\family default +. + Basta semplicemente cambiare il file +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default + in +\family typewriter +LyXDir/ui/ +\family default +. + Per il momento esiste solo un file, +\family typewriter +default.ui +\family default +, ma sentitevi liberi di sperimentare. + Copiate il file che create nella directory +\family typewriter +UserDir/ui/ +\family default + e andate! Notate che, per il momento, dovete riavviare LyX per rendere + effettivi i cambiamenti. +\layout Standard + +La sintassi dei files +\family typewriter +.ui +\family default +è la seguente: date uno sguardo a +\family typewriter +default.ui +\family default +. + Le righe riferite alla barra dei menu, +\family typewriter +menu +\family default + e +\family typewriter +toolbar +\family default + devono terminare con un esplicito +\family typewriter +end +\family default +. + Possono poi contenere dei sottomenu, oggetti, separatori, icone e nel caso + del menu +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +file +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, una riga +\family typewriter +lastfiles. + +\family default + Un piccolo avvertimento. + I +\family typewriter +sottomenu +\family default + possono essere inseriti in un +\family typewriter +menubar +\family default + o +\family typewriter +menu +\family default +, ma sono sempre definiti come +\family typewriter +menus +\family default + non come +\family typewriter +submenu +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Convertitori, Formati e Visualizzatori +\layout Standard + +LyX ha un nuovo e potente meccanismo per convertire da e verso ogni formato + di file utilizzando programmi esterni. + Prendiamo un paio di formati, ad es. + +\family typewriter +LaTeX +\family default + e +\family typewriter +PDF +\family default +. + Ora definiamo un convertitore da un formato all'altro. + Nel nostro esempio ci sono due possibili meccanismi. +\layout Enumerate + +Una conversione diretta, da LaTeX a PDF usando pdflatex +\layout Enumerate + +Una via più contorta attraverso formati e convertitori intermedi: LaTeX + a DVI (usando latex) a PostScript® (usando dvips) a PDF (usando ps2pdf) +\layout Standard + +LyX sceglierà sempre la via più veloce, così dovrete specificare due differenti + nomi di Format per i files +\family typewriter +.pdf +\family default +per poterli usare entrambi. + Entrambi sono inclusi di default nel menu +\family sans +Preferences +\family default +. + Date un'occhiata e poi createne dei vostri! +\layout Standard + +Inoltre, ogni Format può essere visto con un Viewer associato ad esso. + Ad esempio, potreste voler usare +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + per esaminare i files PostScript®. +\layout Standard + +[ +\emph on +Nota dell'autore: Questa sezione probabilmente ha bisogno di essere espansa, + ma sostituisce completamente la prossima. + In più, non sono sicuro di quanto importanti siano ancora le sezioni Stampante + e Cambiare Colori. + La sezione Ascii-Export è ancora importante, sebbene ha bisogno di essere + usata per differenziare l'approccio lyxrc da quello del menu Preference. + --- AL +\emph default +]. +\layout Section + +Anteprima sullo schermo +\layout Standard + +Oltre alla normale visualizzazione dei documenti attraverso LyX, è possibile + avere un'anteprima del vostro documento nella forma in cui apparirà sulla + carta dopo stampato. + Di default LyX usa +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + per l'anteprima dei files . +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + (l'output di LaTeX). +\layout Standard + +LyX può anche usare +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + per convertire i files +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + in . +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + e +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + per l'anteprima. + Si possono usare numerose opzioni nel file +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + per personalizzare queste caratteristiche. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +view_dvi_command +\family default +\series default + Permette di rimpiazzare +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + con altri +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + previewer, o per passare argomenti a +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +view_ps_command +\family default +\series default + Permette di rimpiazzare +\family typewriter + ghostview +\family default + con il vostro Post +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +- +\end_inset + +Script previewer preferito, oppure per passare argomenti a +\family typewriter + ghostview +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +view_pspic_command +\family default +\series default + Definisce il programma usato per ottenere anteprime a tutto schermo delle + figure PostScript®. + Non è possibile includere alcuna opzione in questo tipo di settaggio. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +ps_command +\family default +\series default + Definisce il programma per usare le figure PostScript all'interno di un + documento LyX. + Non è possibile includere nessuna opzione. + Se viene definita una stringa vuota (""), LyX non processerà nessuna figura. + Questo può essere utile se avete una macchina lenta e lavorate con molte + figure. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +default_papersize +\family default +\series default + Setta la grandezza della carta usata da LyX per fare l'anteprima dei documenti. + Il valore di default è la carta USletter. + Se LaTeX è configurato per usare una differente grandezza di default, potrete + cambiare questo settaggio. +\layout Section + +Opzioni ASCII-Export +\layout Standard + +Ci sono alcuni comandi che possono essere usati per +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ripulire +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + i files di testo esportati in ASCII. + Notate che LyX automaticamente riconosce ed usa il miglior settaggio per + il vostro sistema sin dalla fase di installazione, ma è possibile modificarli + se non vi piacciono. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +ascii_roff_command +\family default + Questo comando vi permette di settare il comando per produrre migliori + tabelle ASCII con i comandi UNIX +\family typewriter +groff/troff/nroff +\family default + (referirsi alle relative man pages per ulteriori informazioni). + Non definirlo per niente dice a LyX di usare il formattatore interno (inferiore +). + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +ascii_linelen +\family default + Con questo comando potete settare la lunghezza di default della riga dell'outpu +t di un file ASCII. + Settarlo a 0 significa righe infinite. + Il Default è 75 caratteri. +\layout Standard + +Examples: +\layout LyX-Code + +# This let's you generate ASCII tables with latin1 +\newline +# characters, using the groff formatter +\newline +# +\newline + +\backslash +ascii_roff_command groff -t -ms -Tlatin1" +\newline + +\newline +# This let's you generate ASCII tables using the +\newline +# nroff formatter +\newline +# +\backslash +ascii_roff_command "nroff" +\newline +# This sets the line length to 80 characters +\newline +# +\newline + +\backslash +ascii_linelen 80 +\layout Section + +Stampante +\layout Standard + +Ci sono una serie di comandi che vi aiutano a settare il comando della stampante + da LyX. + Normalmente si usano solo alcuni di questi, ma vengono riportati tutti + per questione di completezza. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +printer +\family default +\series default + Questo valore definisce il nome di default della vostra stampante. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_command +\family default +\series default + Questo valore definisce quale comando LyX deve essere usato per stampare + il vostro documento. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_evenpage_flag +\family default +\series default + Questo valore definisce quale flag del comando di stampa comporterà la + stampa delle sole pagine pari. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_oddpage_flag +\family default +\series default + Questo valore definisce quale flag del comando di stampa si occuperà di + stampare solo le pagine dispari. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_reverse_flag +\family default +\series default + Con questo comando, potete definire quale comando di stampa si occuperà + di stampare le pagine in ordine inverso. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_landscape_flag +\family default +\series default + Questo comando definisce quale flag è settata quando si richiede di stampare + il proprio documento in landscape. + se il documento è stampato in portrait, nessuna opzione è passata. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_to_printer +\family default +\series default + Se specificate un esplicito nome per la stampante, dovrete preporre questo + nome con un flag dalla linea di comando della stampante. + Questo comando definisce quale flag dovrebbe apparire prima del nome della + stampante. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_to_file +\family default +\series default + Se volete stampare su un file, dovrete utilizzare un flag prima del nome + del file. + Questo comando vi permette di definire come apparirà questo flag. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_file_extension +\family default +\series default + Quando stampate su un file, con questo comando potete definire quale estensione + potrà avere il file stampato. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_extra_options +\family default +\series default + Con questo comando potete definire una serie di flags che saranno inseriti + nel comandi di stampa dopo gli altri flags. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_spool_cmd +\family default +\series default + Se si specifica qualcosa in questo comando, LyX stamperà in due fasi: Prima + sarà eseguito il programma specificato nel comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +print_command +\family default + con le direttive per stampare su un file. + Poi, il comando specificato con +\family typewriter + +\backslash +print_spool_cmd +\family default + sarà eseguito col file di uotput col precedente comando sulla riga di comando, + e, se specificato, la direttiva ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash +print_to_printer +\family default +) per mandare l'output ad una stampante definita prima del nome del file. +\layout Standard + +Tutto sommato, speriamo che questo vi permetta di stampare i vostri documenti + senza problemi. +\layout Subsection + +Changing Colors +\layout Standard + +E' possibile cambiare i colori dello schermo usando il nuovo menu +\family sans +Preferences +\family default +. + Alternativamente, se vi sentite particolarmente perversi potete usare la + funzione associabile +\family typewriter +set-color +\family default + (vedere la +\emph on +Guida di Riferimento +\emph default +). + L'input avrà il seguente formato: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +set-color LyXName X11Color +\layout Standard + +Di seguito è presentata una lista (parziale) delle funzioni e dei colori + di default: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +Nome LyX +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +Scopo +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +Colore di default (X11) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +background +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +text background +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +black +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +foreground +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +text foreground +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +linen +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +latex +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +LaTeX code +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +DarkRed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +math +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +Mathed formulae +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +DarkBlue +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +mathline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +fraction Lines, brackets, etc. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +Blue +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +mathbag +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +AntiqueWhite +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +mathframe +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +black +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +selection +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +selection background +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\lang english +LightBlue +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +La lista completa si trova correntemente solo nel file sorgente LColor.C +\layout Section + +TeX +\layout Standard + +Alcuni siti +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +come la mia macchina da ufficio -- Dave johnson +\end_inset + + hanno ancora la versione 2.09 di LaTeX. + Sebbene non possiamo immaginare perchè questo dovrebbe essere ancora il + default dato che la versione 2.09, essendo questa obsoleta dal 1994, dovremo + comunque continuare a riferirci con LyX a tale ambiente. + Non bisogna +\emph on +pensare +\emph default + però ad un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fixing +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di LyX per girare sotto LaTeX 2.09. + Aggiornare il vostro LaTeX sarà più facile, ed è comunque la soluzione + migliore. + Molti grandi sistemi dovrebbero avere, anche se di default hanno la 2.09, + una versione disponibile di LaTeX2, ma forse l'eseguibile potrebbe avere + un altro nome. + Potete cambiare il nome del comando LaTeX appropriato, come ad esempio + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +\emph toggle +lyxrc +\family default +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +come la mia macchina da ufficio -- Dave johnson +\end_inset + +con la linea: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +latex_command latex2e +\layout Standard + +nel vostro file +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. + Al momento dell'installazione, LyX proverà a rilevare automaticamente se + questo settaggio è necessario, quindi normalmente, non ve ne dovrete preoccupar +e. +\layout Section + +I settaggi autorilevati +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:autodetected} + +\end_inset + +Ci sono numerosi oggetti che sono rilevati quando lanciate +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +R +\bar default +econfigure. + +\bar under + +\family default +\bar default +In questa sezione elencheremo quelle che si riferiscono a +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. + Quello che segue, tutte le chiamate +\family typewriter +*_command +\family default + sono sono settete a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +niente +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + se non viene stato trovato il comando opportuno. + In questo caso, la corrispondente funzione non è disponibile. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +latex_command +\family default +\series default + è settato su un processore LaTeX2e valido (programmi testati sono +\family typewriter +latex +\family default + e +\family typewriter +latex2e +\family default +). +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +ps_command +\family default +\series default + è settato su +\family typewriter + gs +\family default + se avete Ghostscript installato. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +view_ps_command +\family default +\series default + è settato su +\family typewriter +gv +\family default + o +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + se sono stati trovati nel sistema ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash +view_pspic_command +\family default + è settato per usare lo stesso programma). +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +ascii_roff_command +\family default +\series default + usa +\family typewriter +groff +\family default + oppure +\family typewriter +nroff +\family default ++ +\family typewriter +tbl +\family default +, a seconda di quello disponibile. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +chktex_command +\family default +\series default + è settato su +\family typewriter +chktex +\family default + con in più una serie di opzioni. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +fax_command +\family default +\series default + è settato su +\family typewriter +fax\SpecialChar ~ +send +\family default +o +\family typewriter + sendfax +\family default +, che dipende da che packetto fax e stato trovato. + Le necessarie opzioni del commando vengono anche aggiunti. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_spool_command +\family default +\series default + viene settato to +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + su sistmi (chiamati System V) che hanno questo commando e +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default + altrimenti (sistemi BSD). +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +print_spool_printerprefix +\family default +\series default + viene settato a +\family typewriter + -d o su -p +\family default + a seconda della presenza di +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + o +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium + +\backslash +font_encoding +\family default +\series default + è settato su +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default + se i fonts +\family typewriter +ec +\family default + sono rilevati e LaTeX ha un supporto interno per questi fonts. + Potete settarli manualmente se avete i cosiddetti fonts +\family typewriter +dc +\family default +. + +\layout Section + +Il resto +\layout Standard + +Ci sono molti altri comandi +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + che possono essere usati per personalizzare il comportamento di LyX. + Abbiamo attualmente ancora necessità di documentarli in questa sede, ma + ancora, il file +\family typewriter +lyxrc.example +\family default + è riccamente commentato, così consigliamo di dare un'occhiata per avere + un'idea di quello che potete personalizzare. + Potete infine tentare la fortuna nella +\emph on +Guida di RIferimento, +\emph default + ma non ci sono garanzie dato che è molto difficile tenerla aggiornata. +\layout Chapter + +Il Server LyX +\layout Section + +Introduzione +\layout Standard + +Il server LyX è un metodo implementato in LyX che abilita altri programmi + a parlare con LyX, a chiamare comandi LyX e ad ottenere informazioni sullo + stato interno di LyX. + E' uno strumento principalmente indirizzato ad utenti esperti, che dovrebbero + trovarlo utile. +\layout Section + +Iniziare il Server LyX +\layout Standard + +Il server LyX lavora attraverso l'uso di un paio di canali. + Queste sono di solito locate nella vostra directory home e si chiamano + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.in +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.out +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + I programmi esterni vanno a scrivere in +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.in +\family default + e legge i dati da +\family typewriter +.lyxpipe.out +\family default +. + L'inizio di questi canali può essere specificato nel file +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + aggiungendo una linea del tipo: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +serverpipe "/home/myhome/.lyxpipe" +\layout Standard + +LyX aggiungerà ' +\family typewriter +.in +\family default +' and ' +\family typewriter +.out +\family default +' per creare i canali. + La precedente riga ha inoltre l'effetto di attivare il server LyX. + se uno dei canali già esiste, LyX assumerà che c'è un altro processo LyX + in esecuzione e non lascerà partire il server. + Per avere molti processi LyX con rispettivi servers in contemporanea, dovete + cambiare il +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + tra gli inizi dei programmi. +\layout Standard + +Se state sviluppando un programma client, potreste trovare utile abilitare + una modalità di debugging dal server LyX. + Potete farlo facendo partire LyX con +\family typewriter +lyx -dbg 8192. +\layout Standard + +Attenzione: se LyX va in crash, non può gestire la rimozione dei canali, + e quindi bisognerà farlo manualmente. + Se LyX parte e i canali sono già esistenti, non farà partire alcun server. +\layout Standard + +Oltre a questo, ci sono alcuni punti da considerare: +\layout Itemize + +Sia il server che i clients devono girare su macchine UNIX o OS/2. + Le comunicazioni tra LyX su UNIX e i clients su OS/2 o viceversa non sono + attualmente possibili. +\layout Itemize + +Su OS/2, solo un client per volta può connettersi al server LyX. +\layout Itemize + +Su OS/2, i clients devono aprire il canale d'ingresso in modalità +\family typewriter +O_WRONLY +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Potete trovare degli esempi completi scritti in C nella distribuzione dei + codici come +\family typewriter +development/server_monitor.c +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Comunicazione normale +\layout Standard + +Per assegnare una chiamata LyX, il client scrive una riga di codice ASCII + nel canale di input. + Questa linea ha il seguente formato: +\layout Quote + +LYXCMD: +\emph on +clientname +\emph default +: +\emph on +function +\emph default +: +\emph on +argument +\layout Standard + +In questo caso +\emph on +clientname +\emph default + è un nome che il client può scegliere arbitrariamente. + Il suo unico uso è che LyX gli risponderà se questi manda una risposta + - così un client può mandare risultati da differenti richiedenti. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +function +\emph default + è la funzione che volete che LyX esegua. + E' lo stesso dei comandi che dovreste usare in minibuffer. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +argument +\emph default + è un argomento opzionale rilevante solo per alcune funzioni ( ad esempio + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +auto-inserimento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + che inserisce l'argomento come testo nella posizione del cursore.) +\layout Quote + +La risposta da LyX arriverà nel canale di output e sarà del tipo +\layout Quote + +INFO: +\emph on +clientname +\emph default +: +\emph on +function +\emph default +: +\emph on +data +\layout Standard + +Dove +\emph on + clientname +\emph default + e +\emph on +function +\emph default + sono richiamati dalla richiesta di comando, mentre +\emph on +data +\emph default + è un'informazione più o meno utile a seconda dell'esecuzione del comando. + Alcuni comandi restituiscono informazioni circa lo stato interno di LyX, + come il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +font-state +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, mentre altri restituiscono risposte +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +vuote +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Questo significa che l'esecuzione del comando ha avuto fine. +\layout Standard + +In caso di errori, la risposta da LyX avrà questa forma +\layout Quote + +ERROR: +\emph on +clientname +\emph default +: +\emph on +function +\emph default +: +\emph on +error message +\layout Standard + +dover l' +\emph on +error message +\emph default + dovrebbe contenere la spiegazione del perchè il comando è fallito. +\layout Standard + +Esempi: +\layout LyX-Code + +echo "LYXCMD:test:beginning-of-buffer:" >~/.lyxpipe.in +\layout LyX-Code + +echo "LYXCMD:test:get-xy:" >~/.lyxpipe.in +\newline +read a <~/.lyxpipe.out +\newline +echo $a +\layout Section + +Notifica +\layout Standard + +LyX può notificare ai clients gli eventi asincroni. + Correntemente lo farà soltanto se l'utente assegna una sequenza di tasti + alla funzione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +notifica +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Il formato della stringa che LyX manda è: +\layout Quote + + +\family typewriter +NOTIFY: +\family default +\emph on +key-sequence +\layout Standard + +dove +\emph on +key-sequence +\emph default + è la rappresentazione stampata della sequenza di tasti premuta dall'utente. +\layout Standard + +Questo meccanismo può essere usato per estendere il set di comandi LyX ed + implementare macro: assegnare una sequenza di tasti a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +notifica +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, lanciare un client che ascolta sul canale d'uscita, fornisce il comando + relativo alla sequenza e inizia una funzione che può usare le chiamate + e le richieste di LyX per assegnare un comando o una serie di comandi a + LyX. +\layout Section + +Il Protocollo Server LyX semplice +\layout Standard + +Lyx implementa un semplice protocollo che può essere usato per la gestione + delle sessioni. + Tutti i messaggi sono della forma: +\layout Quote + +LYXSRV: +\emph on +clientname +\emph default +: +\emph on +protocol message +\layout Standard + +dove +\emph on +protocol message +\emph default + può essere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hello +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bye +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Se +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hello +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è ricevuto da un client, LyX ritornerà indietro per informare il client + che sta ascoltando il suo messaggio, mentre +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bye +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + mandato da LyX informa i clients che LyX sta chiudendo. +\layout Chapter + +Internazionalizzare LyX +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:i18n} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX supporta l'uso di interfacce tradotte. + L'ultima volta che abbiamo controllato, LyX forniva testi in 14 linguaggi + diversi oltre l'inglese di base. + Il linguaggio scelto è definito linguaggio +\emph on +locale +\emph default +. + (per ulteriori letture sui settaggi locali, riferirsi alla documentazione + del vostro sistema operativo. + Per Linux, le manual page di locale(5) sono un ottimo punto di partenza). +\layout Standard + +Notate che queste traduzioni funzionano, ma contengono alcuni difetti. + In particolare, tutti i menu di pop-up sono stati progettati in inglese, + questo significa che alcune traduzioni potrebbero essere troppo grandi + rispetto allo spazio ad esse assegnate in fase di progettazione. + Questo è solo un problema di visualizzazione che non causa molti problemi. + Inoltre, potrete notare che che molte delle traduzioni non definiscono + le scorciatoie per tutto. + A volte , molto semplicemente, non ci sono abbastanza lettere disponibili. + Altre volte, il traduttore non lo ha ancorafatto. + Cercheremo di ovviare a questi inconvenienti nelle prossime versioni di + LyX. +\layout Section + +Selezionare un linguaggio alternativo per l'interfaccia utente +\layout Standard + +Questa possibilità è disabilitata di default, ciò significa che il testo + sarà in inglese. + Per abilitare un linguaggio alternativo bisogna settare la variabile ambientale + appropriata. + Usate +\family typewriter +"setenv LANG xx" +\family default + per le interfacce di classe csh o +\family typewriter +"export LANG=xx" +\family default + per la classe sh. + Sostituite le +\family typewriter +xx +\family default + con il codice di due lettere del linguaggio che volete. + Ad esempio +\family typewriter +no +\family default + è Norvegiese. +\layout Standard + +Evidenetemente vorrete mettere la linea appropriata in +\family typewriter +~/.Xsession +\family default + or +\family typewriter +~/.xinitrc +\family default + in modo che la traduzione sia attivata di default. + Ricordate che se LyX è configurato e compilato con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +--disable-nls +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +,questo non funzionerà. +\layout Section + +Usare scorciatoie per linguaggi alternativi +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Una causa principale di inconsistenza nelle versioni tradotte di LyX è il + fatto che tutte le scorciatoie da tastiera per le funzioni del menu sono + basate sulla versione inglese del testo Ad esempio, l'entrata nel menu + +\family sans +M-f t +\family default +aprirà il popup nuovo-file-da-template. + Questo è semplice da cambiare, come tutte le scorciatoie delle operazioni + del menu definite nel file unico +\family typewriter +LyXDir/bind/menus.bind +\family default +. + Ogni utente può avere la propria copia di questo file nella propria directory + privata +\family typewriter +~/.lyx/bind +\family default +, che avrà precedenza rispetto agli altri file di sistema. + In questa copia privata ognugno può facilmente cambiare le definizioni, + ad esempio per la versione tedesca avremo +\family sans +M-f t +\family default + in +\family sans +M-d v +\family default + (per +\family sans +Date\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Vorlage). + +\family default + Per alcuni linguaggi, gli esempi per adattare i files +\family typewriter +menus.bind +\family default + si possono trovare in +\family sans + +\family typewriter +LyXDir/bind/ +\series bold +xx +\series default +_menus.bind +\family sans + ( +\family default +\series bold +xx +\series default + è il codice del linguaggio). + Questi, se esistono (e se il vostro settaggio locale è +\family typewriter +$LANG= +\series bold +xx +\family default +\series default +), saranno automaticamente usati da LyX. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Dovete fare attenzione a che le nuove definizioni per le scorciatoie non + coincidano con altre prima definite. + Ad esempio, l'associazione +\family sans +M-d v +\family default + genererà un errore per quelli che usano +\family typewriter +(x)emacs.bind +\family default +, dove +\family sans +M-d +\family default + è unito a +\family typewriter +word-delete-forward +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Dalla versione 1.0 di LyX, i nomi tradotti per i menu top level (tradotti + nei files +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +po +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) sono usati dal meccanismo di assegnazione, quindi il menu +\emph on +tradotto +\emph default + deve essere usato nel +\family typewriter +menus.bind +\family default + tradotto. +\layout Section + +Tradurre LyX +\layout Subsection + +Tradurre l'interfaccia grafica utente (messaggi di testo). +\layout Standard + +LyX usa la libreria GNU gettext per gestire l'internazionalizzazione dell'interf +accia. + Per far parlare a LyX il vostro linguaggio preferito in tutti i menu e + le caselle di diagolo, avete bisogno di un po-file per quel determinato + linguaggio. + Quando questo è reperibile, dovrete creare da questi un mo-file ed installarlo. + Tutti i passaggi necessari ad eseguire questa operazione sono spiegati + nella documentazione di GNU gettext, ma, in breve, questo è quello che + dovete fare ( +\series bold +xx +\series default + rappresenta il codice del linguaggio): +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Copiare +\family typewriter +LYX-SOURCE-DIR/po/lyx.pot +\family default + in +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +.po +\family default + (se +\family typewriter +lyx.pot +\family default + non esiste, può essere rifatto con +\family typewriter + make lyx.pot +\family default + in quella directory, oppure potete usare un po-file esistente per altri + linguaggi come se fosse un template). +\layout Itemize + +Editare +\family typewriter +xx.po +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Raccomandiamo di usare Emacs per fare questo, dato che la distribuzione + gettext include un appropriato supporto. +\end_inset + +. + Per alcune etichette di menu, ci sono anche scorciatoie da tastiera che + dovrebbero essere tradotte. + Questi tasti sono segnati dopo un ` +\family typewriter +| +\family default +', e dovrebbero essere tradotti in relazione alle parole e alle frasi del + linguaggio +\series bold +xx +\series default +. + C'è uno strumento chiamato +\family typewriter +scgen.pl +\family default + scritto in Prolog in +\family typewriter +LYX-SOURCE-DIR/development/tools/ +\family default + che può essere utile per creare determinate scorciatoie. + Notate che XForms (almeno la versione 0.86) non può manipolare altro che + scorciatoie di caratteri di 7 bit. + Dovreste inoltre aggiungere delle informazioni all'inizio del nuovo file + po come il vostro indirizzo email ecc, cosi gli altri sanno dove possono + rintracciarvi. +\layout Itemize + +Create +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +.mo +\family default +. + Questo può essere fatto con +\newline + +\family typewriter +msgfmt -o +\family default +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +.mo < +\family default +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +.po +\layout Itemize + +Copiare ilfile mo nella vostra directory locale, precisamente nella dirctory + dei messaggi dell'applicazione per il linguaggio +\series bold +xx +\series default +, e, sotto il nome +\family typewriter + lyx.mo +\family default + +\newline +(es. + +\family typewriter +/usr/local/share/locale/ +\family default +\series bold +xx +\family typewriter +\series default +/LC_MESSAGES/lyx.mo +\family default +) +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Aggiungere un nuovo file po alla +\emph on +distribuzion +\emph default +e di LyX comprende il cambiamento degli script di configurazione ed oltre, + ma per come lavora gettext, attualmente non avete bisogno di codice LyX + per tradurlo---se si ha +\family typewriter +lyx.pot +\family default + (o un file po esistente), bastano gli strumenti di gettext. +\layout Standard + +Se avete scritto un file di traduzione per un linguaggio che attualmente + LyX non supporta, ritenetevi liberi di introdurlo magari mandando una patch. + In questo caso vi raccomandiamo di leggere il README della directory +\family typewriter +LYX-SOURCE-DIR/po/ +\family default + per ulteriori informazioni. +\layout Subsection + +Tradurre la documentazione. +\layout Standard + +La documentazione online (nel menu +\family sans +Help) +\family default +può (e dovrebbe!) essere tradotto. + Se ci sono versioni tradotte della documentazione disponibile +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ad Aprile 1999, quasi tutti i documenti sono stati tradotti in tedesco. + Il tutorial è stato tradotto in francese, polacco, portoghese e svedese, + con altre traduzioni in corso. + La libreria dei documenti tradotti cresce rapidamente. +\end_inset + +, e il locale è adeguatamente settato, queste saranno usate automaticamente + da LyX. + LyX cerca di tradurre le versioni come +\family typewriter +LyXDir/doc/ +\series bold +xx +\series default +_DocName.lyx +\family default +, dove +\family typewriter +\series bold +xx +\family default +\series default + indica il linguaggio settato dalla variabile ambientale +\family typewriter +$LANG +\family default +. + Se non c'è nulla, sarà mostrato il linguaggio di default ovvero l'inglese. + Notate che le versioni tradotte devono avere gli stessi nomi dei files + come gli originali ( +\family typewriter +DocName +\family default + di cui sopra). + Se ve la sentite di tradurre la documentazione (un buon modo per leggersi + la documentazione originale BTW!), ci sono alcune cose che dovreste fare: +\layout Itemize + +Leggere +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +, la guida per scrivere documentazione su LyX. + Fare molta attenzione alla sezione traduzioni. +\layout Itemize + +Controllare la pagina web delle traduzioni +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[The LyX Developer's Web Site]{http://www.devel.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +. + In questo modo potete trovare (se ce ne sono) i documenti tradotti e quelli + da tradurre. + Inoltre troverete un responsabile organizzatore (se c'è) che vi aiutera + nella vostra opera. + Se non c'è un organizzatore fateci sapere se siete interessati. +\layout Standard + +Una volta che iniziate a tradurre ci sono alcune cose che dovete ricordare: +\layout Itemize + +Unirvi al team di documentazione! Ci sono informazioni su come farlo in + +\family typewriter +Intro.lyx +\family default + ( +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar \- + paese. + Inventare una vostra propria terminologia potrebbe solo creare confusione + al lettore. + +\emph on +( +\family default +Attenzione! La tipografia da assuefazione! +\family sans +) +\layout Itemize + +Fate una copia del documento. + Questo sarà la vostra copia di lavoro. + Potrete inoltre usarla come vostra copia personale tradotta mettendola + nella vostra directory +\family typewriter + ~/.lyx/doc/ +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Qualche volta il documento originale (dal team LyX) viene aggiornato. + Usate lo strumento CVSweb reperibile presso il sito dello sviluppatore + per vedere i cambiamenti avvenuti +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Alternativamente, potete procurarvi una copia dell'ultima versione del documento + inglese che avete tradotto. +\end_inset + +. + In questo modo potrete facilmente vedere le parti del documento che vanno + aggiornate. +\layout Itemize + +Se per caso trovate un errore nel documento originale, correggetelo e comunicate + al documentation team i cambiamenti! (non avete dimenticato di unirvi al + documentation team vero?). +\layout Section + +Supporto Tastiere Internazionali +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Nota dell'editore: la seguente sezione è a cura di Ivan Schreter. + Necessita di essere corretta in relazione al nuovo Documentation Style + ed al fine di utilizzare le caratteristiche della versione 1.0. + Il tutto va inoltre unito con le sezioni successive.-jw +\layout Subsection + +Definire una propria Mappa della Tastiera: Formato File Keymap +\layout Standard + +Diamo uno sguardo al file di definizione della tastiera più da vicino. + E' un file di testo ASCII che definisce +\layout Itemize + +key-to-key or key-to-string translations +\layout Itemize + +dead keys +\layout Itemize + +dead keys exceptions +\layout Standard + +Per definire una traduzione tasto a tasto o tasto a stringa, usare questo + comando: +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmap +\family default +\emph on + +\family typewriter +\emph default +key +\emph on + +\emph default +outstring +\layout Standard + +dove +\family typewriter +key +\family default + è il tasto che deve essere tradotto e +\family typewriter +outstring +\family default + è la stringa che deve essere inserita nel documento. + P er definire i tasti morti, usare: +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmod +\family default + +\family typewriter +key +\family default + +\family typewriter +deadkey +\layout Standard + +dove +\family typewriter +key +\family default + è il tasto della tastiera e +\family typewriter + +\emph on +deadkey +\family default +\emph toggle + è il nome del tasto morto. + Sono supportati i seguenti tasti morti (le scorciatoie sono tra parentesi): +\layout Quotation + + +\emph on +Name +\hfill +Example +\layout Quotation + +acute (acu) +\hfill +áéíóú +\layout Quotation + +grave (gra) +\hfill +àèìòù +\layout Quotation + +macron (mac) +\hfill + \i \={o} + +\layout Quotation + +tilde (til) +\hfill +ñÑ +\layout Quotation + +underbar (underb) +\hfill + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +b o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +cedilla (ced) +\hfill +çÇ +\layout Quotation + +underdot (underd) +\hfill + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +d o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +circumflex (circu) +\hfill +âêîôû +\layout Quotation + +circle (circl) +\hfill +Å\i \r{u} +\i \r{U} + +\layout Quotation + +tie (tie) +\hfill + +\backslash +t oo +\layout Quotation + +breve (bre) +\hfill +\i \u{a} + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +u o +\end_inset + + +\layout Quotation + +caron (car) +\hfill +\i \v{c} +\i \v{s} +\i \v{z} + +\layout Quotation + +hungarian umlaut (hug) +\hfill +\i \H{o} +\i \H{u} + +\layout Quotation + +umlaut (uml) +\hfill +äöü +\layout Quotation + +dot (dot) +\hfill +\i \.{z} + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +.s +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Dato che in molte tastiere internazionali ci sono delle eccezioni alle funzioni + di alcuni tasti morti, potete definirli usando +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kxmod +\family default + +\family typewriter +deadkey key outstring +\layout Standard + +Ad esempio, sulle tastiere slovacche se immettete +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +caron-o +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, verrà scritto +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +circumflex-o +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, così dovrete cambiare +\layout Quotation + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kxmod +\family default + +\family typewriter +caron o " +\backslash +^o" +\layout Standard + +per farlo funzionare correttamente. + Inoltre, dovrete definire come eccezione i tasti morti su i e j , per rimuovere + il punto prima di inserire un accento. + Lo cambierò appena possibile in quanto non ho ancora avuto il tempo. +\layout Standard + +Circa i caratteri, backslash non è presente, quindi per inserirlo avete + bisogno del doppio backslash. + Inoltre virgolette e # hanno differenti significati. + # segna i commenti, le virgolette iniziano e finiscono i comandi in stile + LaTeX. + Per immettere le virgolette dovete usare +\family typewriter + +\backslash +" +\family default +, per +\family typewriter +# +\family default +, usare +\family typewriter + +\backslash +# +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Se create un file di descrizione della tastiera che va bene per la vostra + lingua, vi prego di mandarmelo, in modo che io possa includerlo nella prossima + distribuzione delle mappe di tastiera. +\layout Standard + +Molte parole chiave saranno presenti nelle future distribuzioni come: +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kinclude filename +\family default +\emph on + +\hfill + +\family typewriter +\emph default +include +\family default + un altro file +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kprog program +\family default +\emph on + +\hfill + +\family typewriter +\emph default +define +\family default + un programma esterno di traduzione della tastiera +\layout Standard + +Inoltre dovrebbe apparire nel file +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + di default (ad esempio un'opzione +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kinclude +\family default + per includere la tastiera di default). +\layout Section + +Materiale sulle tastiere internazionali +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keymap} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Le prossime due sezioni descrivono la sintassi dei file +\family typewriter +.kmap +\family default + e +\family typewriter +.cdef +\family default + nel dettaglio. + queste sezioni dovrebbero aiutarvi a disegnare la vostra mappa di caratteri + se quelle che avete non vi soddisfano. +\layout Subsection + +Il File .kmap +\layout Standard + +Un file +\family sans +. +\family typewriter +kmap +\family default + mappa le pressioni dei tasti sia di caratteri che di stringhe. + Come suggerisce il nome, esso setta la mappa della tastiera. + Il file +\family sans +. +\family typewriter +kmap +\family default + contiene delle parole chiavi come +\family typewriter +kmap,kmod,ksmod +\family default +, e +\family typewriter +kcomb +\family default + qui di seguito descritte. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +kmap +\family default + Mappa il carattere rispetto a una stringa +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmap +\family roman +\emph on +char +\emph default + +\emph on +string +\layout Standard + +Questo mapperà +\emph on +char +\emph default +in +\emph on +string +\emph default +. + Notate che in +\emph on +string +\emph default +, le due virgolette (") e il backslash ( +\backslash +) devono essere evitate con un precedente backslash ( +\backslash +). +\layout Standard + +Un esempio di +\family sans +kmap +\family default + che serve affinchè il simbolo +\family sans + / +\family default +venga generato dal tasto +\family sans + & +\family default +è: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmap & / +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family typewriter +kmod +\family default + Specifica un carattere accentato +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmod +\family roman + +\emph on +char accent allowed +\layout Standard + +Questo farà sì che il carattere +\emph on +char sia accentato sul carattere ammesso +\emph default +. + Questo è un meccanismo di tasto morto +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Il termine tasto morto si riferisce ad un tasto che non produce un carattere + da solo, ma soltanto quando è seguito da un altro tasto. + Ad esempio, si può riprodurre un carattere tedesco con un umlaunt come +\family roman + +\emph on +ä +\emph default +. +\end_inset + + . + +\layout Standard + +Se premete +\emph on +char +\emph default +e poi una altro tasto non in +\emph on +allowed (non permesso) +\emph default +avrete un +\emph on +char +\emph default +seguito da un altro tasto, non abilitato. + Ricordate che un Backspace cancella un tasto morto, così se premete +\emph on +char +\family sans + Backspace +\family default +\emph default +, il cursore non andrà una posizione indietro, bensì cancellerà l'effetto + che il +\emph on +char +\emph default + dovrebbe avere sul tasto successivo. +\layout Standard + +Il seguente esempio specifica che il carattere ' dovrà essere un accento + acuto, abilitato sui caratteri a, e, i, o, u, A, E, I, O, e U: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmod ' acute aeiouAEIOU +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +ksmod Specifica un'eccezione al carattere accentato +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kxmod +\family sans +\emph on + +\family roman +accent char result +\layout Standard + +Questo definisce un'eccezione per l' +\emph on +accent +\emph default +sul +\emph on +char +\emph default +. + L' +\emph on +accent +\emph default +deve essere stato assegnato ad un tasto con una precedente dichiarazione + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmod +\family default + e +\emph on + char +\emph default +non deve appartenere al set degli accenti ( +\emph on +accent +\emph default +) abilitati +\emph on +(allowed) +\emph default +. + Quando immettete la sequenza del carattere accentato ( +\emph on +accent char sequence) +\emph default +, il risultato ( +\emph on +result) +\emph default + viene prodotto. + Se non esiste una dichiarazione nel file +\family typewriter +.kmap +\family default + e voi immettete l' +\emph on +accent char +\emph default +, avrete un' +\emph on +accent_key char +\emph default + dove +\emph on +accent_key +\emph default + è il primo argomento della dichiarazione +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmod +\family default + declaration. + +\layout Standard + +La seguente procedura di comandi fa in modo che venga generato äi immettendo + acute-i ('i): +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kxmod acute i " +\backslash + +\backslash +'{ +\backslash + +\backslash +i}" +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +kcomb +\family default + Combina due caratteri accentati +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kcomb +\family roman +\emph on +accent1 accent2 allowed +\layout Standard + +Questo effetto ha qualcosa di esoterico. + Infatti vi permette di combinare l'effetto di +\emph on +accent1 +\emph default + e +\emph on +accent2 +\emph default + (in quell'ordiner!) su caratteri abilitati +\emph on +(allowed) +\emph default +. + I tasti per +\emph on +accent1 +\emph default + e +\emph on +accent2 +\emph default + devono essere stati settati con un comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +kmod +\family default + in un punto precedente del file. + +\layout Standard + +Consideriamo questo esempio dal file +\family typewriter +greek.kmap +\family default +: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kmod ; acute aeioyvhAEIOYVH +\backslash +kmod : umlaut iyIY +\backslash +kcomb acute umlaut iyIY +\layout Standard + +Questo vi permette di premere +\family sans +;:i +\family default + ed ottenere l'effetto di +\family typewriter + +\backslash +'{ +\backslash +"{i}} +\family default +. + Un backspace in questo caso cancella l'ultimo tasto morto, così se premete +\family sans + ;: Backspace i +\family default +avrete +\family typewriter + +\backslash +'{i} +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Il file .cdef +\layout Standard + +Dopo la mappatura fatta con +\family typewriter + .kmap, +\family sans + +\family default +il file +\family typewriter +.cdef +\family default + mappa le stringhe che i symboli generano rispetto ai caratteri del font + corrente. + La corrente distribuzione di LyX include almeno i files +\family typewriter +iso8859-1.cdef +\family default + e +\family typewriter +iso8859-2.cdef +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +In generale il file +\family typewriter +.cdef +\family sans + +\family default +è una sequenza di dichiarazioni di questa forma: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\family roman +\emph on +char_index_in_set +\emph default + +\emph on + string +\layout Standard + +Ad esempio, per mappare +\family sans + +\backslash +'{e} +\family default + sul corrispondente carattere nel set iso-8859-1 (233), si usa la seguente + dichiarazione +\layout LyX-Code + +233 " +\backslash + +\backslash +'{e}" +\layout Standard + +con +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + e +\family typewriter +" +\family default + estranei alla stringa. + Notate che lo stesso carattere può essere applicato a più di una stringa. + Nel file +\family typewriter +iso-8859-7.cdef +\family sans + +\family default +avete +\layout LyX-Code + +192 " +\backslash + +\backslash +'{ +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash +"{i}}" +\newline +192 " +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash +"{ +\backslash + +\backslash +'{i}}" +\layout Standard + +Se LyX non trova una mappatura per la stringa prodotta dalla pressione del + tasto o da una sequenza con tasti morti, controllerà se assomiglia ad un + carattere accentato e proverà a disegnare un accento sul carattere sullo + schermo. +\layout Subsection + +Tasti morti +\layout Standard + +C'è un altro modo per aggiungere il supporto a caratteri internazionali, + ed è quello che usa la tecnica dei cosiddetti tasti morti. + Un tasto morto lavora in combinazione con una lettera per produrre un carattere + accentato. + In questa sezione spieghiamo come si crea un semplice tasto morto per far + vedere come funziona. +\layout Standard + +Supponiamo di avere bisogno di un carattere circonflesso, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Si potrebbe associare il tasto ^ [a.k.a. +\family sans +\SpecialChar ~ +Shift- +\family default +6] al comando LyX +\family typewriter +accent-circumflex +\family default +nel vostro file +\family typewriter + lyxrc +\family default +. + Ora, se digitate il tasto ^ seguito da una lettera, la lettera avrà un + accento circonflesso su di essa. + Per esempio, la sequenza +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^e +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + produce la lettera e con ^. + Se provate a digitare +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^t +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, tuttavia, LyX segnalerà con un beep che l'operazione non è possibile dato + che la t non ha mai accento. + Premere +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +dopo un deadkey produrrà un accento semplice. + Attenzione a quest'ultimo punto! Se associate un tasto ad un deadkey, dovrete + riassociare il carattere su quel tasto ad un altro tasto ancora. + +\layout Standard + +Un altro modo comune di associare tasti morti è quello di usare +\family sans +Meta- +\family default +, +\family sans +Ctrl- +\family default +, e +\family sans +Shift- +\family default + in combinazione con un accento come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +~ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +^ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Un'altra tecnica consiste nell'uso di +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default + e +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default + per settare il tasto speciale +\family typewriter +Mode_Switch +\family default +. + Il +\family typewriter +Mode_Switch +\family default + si comporta in alcuni casi proprio come lo +\family sans +Shift +\family default + e permette di associare tasti a caratteri accentati. + Potete inoltre convertire tasti semplici in tasti morti associandoli ad + oggetti del tipo +\family typewriter +usldead_cedilla +\family default + e successivamente, associando questo tasto simbolico al corrispondente + comando LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nota da +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +: Questo è esattamente quello che faccio nei miei files +\family typewriter +~/.lyx/lyxrc +\family default + e +\family typewriter +~/.xmodmap +\family default +. + Ho il mio tasto +\family sans +Scroll\SpecialChar ~ +Lock settato come Mode_Shift +\family default + e un sacco di questi tasti simbolici +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +usldead_ +\family typewriter +* +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default + che consentono di ottenere cose del tipo +\family sans +Scroll\SpecialChar ~ +Lock +\family default +- +\family sans +^ +\family default + e +\family sans +Scroll Lock-~ +\family default +. + Questo è il modo in cui genero i miei caratteri accentati. +\end_inset + + Potete fare pressocchè tutto con il tasto +\family typewriter +Mode_Switch +\family default +: uno dei tasti +\family sans +Ctrl- +\family default +, una funzione libera, ecc. + Come per i comandi LyX che producono accenti, consultate il +\emph on +Manuale di Riferimento +\emph toggle + per l'accento acuto. + Troverete lì la lista completa. +\layout Subsection + +Salvare la vostra configurazione di Linguaggio +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:savlang} + +\end_inset + +Potete editare il vostro file +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + in modo che il linguaggio da voi preferito sia configurato e caricato automatic +amente allo startup di LyX. + Questa sezione descrive i comandi +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + da specificare: +\layout Itemize + +default, primary, and secondary keymaps +\layout Itemize + +character set +\layout Standard + +Guardate il vostro file +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + per i vari esempi su come configurarlo. + In particolare, potete settare una keymap così: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kbmap true +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kbmap_primary german +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +kbmap_secondary american +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout Standard + +e una font-mapping ( +\family typewriter +.cdef +\family default + file) in questo modo: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +screen_font_encoding iso8859-2 +\layout Chapter + +Installare Nuove Classi di Documento, Layouts e Templates +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:textclass} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +In questo capitolo si descrivono le procedure per creare ed installare nuovi + layouts di LyX e files template, come anche si procederà ad illustrare + la corretta installazione di nuove classi di documento LaTeX. + Alcune definizioni: una classe di documento è un file LaTeX (che di solito + hanno estensione in +\family typewriter +.cls +\family default + o +\family typewriter +.sty +\family default +) che descrive il formato di un documento come un articolo, report, prestampa + di giornale, ecc. + e tutti i comandi di cui si ha bisogno per realizzare quel formato. + Un file layout è un file LyX che corrisponde ad una classe di documento + LaTeX e che dice a LyX come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +disegnare +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + le cose sullo schermo in modo da rendere le cose il più possibile vicine + alla pagina finale stampata. + Più precisamente, un file layout descrive una +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +textclass +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + che è il costrutto interno che LyX usa per fare il rendering dello schermo. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Layout +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +textclass +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + possono a volta essere usate come sinonimi, ma è meglio riferirsi al file + come il layout, e all'oggetto residente nella memoria di LyX come textclass. + Un file template è semplicemente un documento LyX che contiene un set di + righe predefinite per una data classe di documento che sono generalmente + richiesti per quella classe. + I templates sono in particolare utili per cose come i manoscritti di giornale + che devono essere processati elettronicamente. + +\layout Section + +Installare un nuovo pacchetto LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Alcune installazioni possono non includere un pacchetto LaTeX che vorreste + usare in LyX. + Ad esempio, vorreste avere FoilTeX, un pacchetto comune (e molto potente) + per preparare slides o grafici per capiprogetto. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vedere il manuale +\emph on +Extended LyX Features +\emph default + per ulteriori informazioni su FoilTeX +\end_inset + +Ecco di seguito tutti i passaggi necessari per avere il pacchetto e lanciarlo + se si usa una recente versione di teTeX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Questa procedura è definitivamente valida per la versione v1.0 e tutte le + versioni beta v0.9. + Commenti sul funzionamento per le versioni v.04 sono graditi, anche se è + comunque preferibile aggiornarsi alla versione v1.0.x. +\end_inset + + o altre distribuzioni basate su web2c. +\layout Enumerate + +Procurarsi il pacchetto da CTAN o simili. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vedere il manuale +\emph on +Inventory of your LaTeX configuration +\emph default + per i dettagli su cosa è CTAN e dove possono essere trovate le classi di + documento supportate. +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +Leggere il file +\family typewriter +texmf.cnf +\family default + (che di solito risiede nella directory +\family typewriter + $TEXMF/web2c +\family default +, sebbene possiate lanciare +\family typewriter +kpsewhich texmf.cnf +\family default + per localizzarlo). + Questo descrive come aggiungere una directory locale +\family typewriter + texmf +\family default +; seguire le istruzioni. + Avete bisogno di inserire il nome della vostra directory locale +\family typewriter +texmf +\family default + in +\family typewriter +texmf.cnf +\family default +. + Sotto Linux, +\family typewriter +/usr/local +\family default + è una posizione logica dove installare software che non è presente nelle + normali distribuzioni, così dovete usare +\family typewriter + /usr/local/texmf +\family default +. + Di solito dovete modificare solo due cose: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Settare +\family typewriter +TEXMFLOCAL +\family default + sulla directory che avete scelto; es. + +\newline + +\family typewriter +TEXMFLOCAL = /usr/local/texmf +\layout Enumerate + +Assicuratevi che +\family typewriter + TEXMF +\family default + includa la variabile +\family typewriter +TEXMFLOCAL +\family default + variable; es. + +\newline + +\family typewriter +TEXMF = {$HOMETEXMF,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN} +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Create la vostra directory locale +\family typewriter + texmf +\family default + (es. + +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf +\family default +). + Dovete seguire la struttura dell'esistente directory +\family typewriter + texmf +\family default + (ad esempio, i pacchetti latex dovrebbero andare sotto +\family typewriter + /usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/ +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Installare il pacchetto. + Ad esempio, vogliamo scompattare l'archivio FoilTeX e creare +\family typewriter + /usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/foiltex +\family default +. + La directory +\family typewriter +foiltex +\family default + contiene vari files. +\layout Enumerate + +Lanciare: +\family typewriter +texhash +\family default +. + Questo dovrebbe creare +\family typewriter +/usr/local/texmf/ls-R +\family default +tra le altre. +\layout Enumerate + +Dall'interno di LyX, fate: +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +econfigure +\family default +. + Riavviate LyX. +\layout Standard + +Ora dovreste vedere il vostro nuovo pacchetto--ad esempio +\family sans +slides (FoilTeX) +\family default +---sotto +\family sans +Layout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +, campo +\family sans +Class +\family default +. + Notate che ci sono modi più semplici per installare pacchetti: potete aggiunger +e un link alla nuova directory del pacchetto nella directory di sistema + LaTeX ( +\family typewriter +$TEXMF/tex/latex +\family default +, non dimenticate di lanciare dopo +\family typewriter +texconfig +\family default +), o qualche volta basta semplicemente settare la variabile ambientale $TEXINPUT +S per includere un nuovo pacchetto. + Tuttavia, la procedura formale descritta in +\family typewriter +texmf.cnf +\family default + è garantito che funzioni, così dovreste provare a seguirla fino a che se + ne ha la possibilità (che potrebbe perdersi se non si ha accesso da superuser). +\layout Section + +Layouts +\layout Standard + +Questa sezione descrive come scrivere ed installare i propri files di layout + di LyX (anche detti textclass), utilizzando la textclass +\family typewriter +article +\family default + come esempio. + I files +\family typewriter +.layout +\family default + descrivono quali stili di paragrafi sono disponibili per una data classe + di documenti e come LyX dovrebbe mostrarli. + Proveremo qui a fornire un'accurata descrizione del processo; tuttavia, + ci sono così tanti tipi di documenti supportati dalle classi LaTeX da renderci + impossibile fornire una descrizione esaustiva dell'argomento e delle possibilit +à che si possono manifestare. +\layout Standard + +Quando programmate di scrivere un nuovo layout, è estremamente utile guardare + prima i layout di esempio distribuiti con LyX. + Se usate una classe di documento LaTeX particolarmente bella che può essere + di interesse anche per altre persone e che abbia un buon corrispondente + layout in LyX, siete liberi di mandarcelo in modo da poterlo inserire nella + distribuzione. +\layout Standard + +Tutte le righe di codice di questo paragrafo sono case-insensitive; ciò + significa che +\family typewriter +Style +\family default +, +\family typewriter +style +\family default + e +\family typewriter +StYle +\family default + sono lo stesso comando. + I possibili valori sono scritti tra parentesi dopo il nome della caratteristica. + Il valore di default se una caratteristica non è specificata nella descrizione + della textclass è scritto in +\family typewriter +\emph on +corsivo +\family default +\emph default +. + Se l'argomento è un tipo di dati come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +string +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +float +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, il valore di default è scritto come +\family typewriter +float=default +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Supportare nuove classi di documento +\layout Standard + +Ci sono tre situazioni che potete incontrare se volete supportare una nuova + classe di documento LaTeX. + I due tipi più semplici coinvolgono classe (.cls) e style (.sty) LaTeX2e. + Se siete sfortunati potreste incappare nella terza situazione di supportare + un file di stile LaTeX 2.09. + Il processo di creazione di un file di layout per queste tre situazioni + è simile; tuttavia un passo in più è richiesto per permettere a LyX di + usare LaTeX 2.09. +\layout Subsection + +File sty LaTex2e +\layout Standard + +Se la vostra nuova classe di documento è sotto forma di style file, usato + in aggiunta ad uno esistente, la classe di documento supportata, inizia + copiando il layout della classe esistente nella vostra directory locale. + A causa della mancanza di esempi assumeremo che il file style si chiami + +\family sans +myclass.sty +\family default + e sarà usato con +\family sans +report.cls +\family default + con una classe standard. +\layout LyX-Code + +cp report.layout ~/.lyx/layouts/myclass.layout +\layout Standard + +Poi editiamo +\family typewriter +myclass.layout +\family default + e cambiamo la linea: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass{report} +\layout Standard + +in modo da avere +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass[report, myclass.sty]{report (myclass)} +\layout Standard + +Poi aggiungiamo: +\layout LyX-Code + +Preamble +\backslash +usepackage{myclass}EndPreamble +\layout Standard + +presso l'inizio del file. +\layout Standard + +Lanciamo LyX e selezioniamo +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +econfigure +\family default +. + Riavviamo LyX e proviamo a creare un nuovo documento. + Dovreste vedere +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +report (myclass) +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default + come una classe di documento opzione nel men +\family sans +u +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +. + E' probabile che alcuni dei comandi di sezionamento ed altri differiscano + dal modo di lavorare delle classi base +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Report +\family default + nell'esempio +\end_inset + +, così potrete giocare con i settaggi per le differenti sezioni se vorrete. + In seguito l'argomento sarà ripreso. +\layout Subsection + +File cls LaTeX2e +\layout Standard + +In questo caso, dovrete +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +vedervela da soli +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + con il vostro layout. + Raccomandiamo fortemente di copiare un file di layout esistente che usa + una classe di testo LaTeX simile e modificarlo per quanto possibile. + oppure si può almeno usare un file esistente come punto di partenza in + modo da capire quali oggetti servano ai vostri scopi. + Ancora, più avanti ci saranno altri dettagli. +\layout Subsection + +File sty LaTeX 2.09 +\layout Standard + +Se il file +\family typewriter +.sty +\family default + è specifico per l'ormai defunto LaTeX 2.09 potete stabilirlo attraverso + uno di questi due modi: +\layout Enumerate + +Un file di esempio o la documentazione nel file +\family sans +sty +\family default + stabilisce l'uso con +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentstyle{myclass} +\family default + (opposto a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Lanciare LaTeX su un file di esempio produrra un banner con l'avvertimento + che si sta entrando nel +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +compatibility mode +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +LyX tecnicamente supporta solo documenti LaTeX2e. + Ma non mollate ancora! Dove c'è volontà c'è un modo ( oppure +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +adattarsi è impossibile, ma l'abbiamo comunque fatto. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + Il supporto esistente per ReVTeX 3.1, ad esempio, comprende il codice 2.09 + da usare nei documenti formattati 2e. + Potete riutilizzare l'adattatore ReVTeX per la vostra +\family typewriter +myclass.sty +\family default + (se risulta essere di codice 2.09). + +\layout Standard + +Bene, ecco cosa dovete fare: +\layout LyX-Code + +cp LyXDir/tex/revtex.cls ~/tex/myclass.cls +\layout Standard + +oppure dove avete i vostri files locali TeX. + Ora editate +\family typewriter +myclass.cls +\family default + e fate un trova-e-sostituisci tra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +revtex +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +myclass +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + E' probabile che alcune delle dichiarazioni +\family typewriter + +\backslash +DeclareOption +\family default +nel file non sono rilevanti per il vostro file di stile, ma non ci interessano + per il momento. +\layout Standard + +Il prossimo passo è quello di ripetere il processo di creazione del file + di layout myclass.layout di prima; solo per questa volta usate: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass{myclass} +\layout Standard + +e non dovreste aver bisogno di definizioni di tipo +\family typewriter +Preamble +\family default +. + Lanciate LyX e riconfigurate, riavviate LyX e con un po di fortuna avrete + un sistema che ha bisogno solo di qualche accorgimento allo schermo e null'altr +o. + Questo implica il manipolare dei valori usati da LyX per lo spazio, lo + stile dei fonts e le altre cose definite nei files +\family typewriter +.layout +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Avrete inoltre bisogno di controllare che avete tutte le variabili d'ambiente + da +\family typewriter +myclass.sty +\family default + disponibili nel file +\family typewriter +myclass.layout +\family default +. + Se mancano alcune bisognerà inserirle. + Copiate un altro stile che sembra simile e modificatelo. + Il modo più semplice per farlo è con: +\layout LyX-Code + +Style MissingStyle +\layout LyX-Code + + CopyStyle SimilarStyle +\layout LyX-Code + + # whatever is different you now redefine +\layout LyX-Code + +End +\layout Standard + +Guardare in seguito per i dettagli circa quello che fa ogni elemento nel + file +\family typewriter +.layout +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Dovrebbe essere abbastanza per mettervi sulla giusta strada. + Fate riferimento alle successive sezioni per i dettagli sui contenuti attuali + dei files layout e ricordate che se ci sono problemi potete chiedere aiuto + alla mailing list di LyX. + Siamo sempre lieti di avere nuove classi di documento. +\layout Section + +Dichiarare una nuova textclass +\layout Standard + +Quando è finalmente giunta l'ora di sporcarvi le mani e creare un vostro + personale file di layout, la seguente sezione descrive a cosa andrete incontro. + Il nostro consiglio è di procedere piano, salvare e testare spesso, ascoltare + musica soffusa e bere un paio di bevande per adulti che gradite; qualcuna + in più se siete particolarmente disorientati. + Non è molto difficile, eccetto per la moltitudine di opzioni che possono + creare problemi se cercate di molte cose contemporaneamente. + Andate a prendervi un'altra bibita, solo per precauzione. +\layout Standard + +Andiamo! +\layout Standard + +Le linee in un file di layout che iniziano con # sono commenti. + C'è una eccezione a questa regola: tutti i layouts dovrebbero iniziare + con queste linee: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass{article} +\layout Standard + +La seconda linea è usata quando configurate LyX. + Il file di layout è letto dallo script LaTeX +\family typewriter + chkconfig.ltx +\family default +, in un modo speciale e tale che # venga ignorato. + La prima linea è solo un commento LaTeX, e la seconda contiene la dichiarazione + della classe di testo. + Se queste linne appaiono in un file chiamato +\family typewriter +article.layout +\family default +, definiranno una textclass dal nome +\family typewriter +article +\family default + (il nome del file di layout) che usa la classe di documento LaTeX +\family typewriter +article.cls +\family default + (Il default è quello di usare lo stesso nome del layout). + La stringa +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +article +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + che appare sopra è usata come descrizione della textclass nel menu +\family sans +\bar under + L +\bar default +ayout +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar default +ocument . +\layout Standard + +Assumiamo che scrivete la vostra texclass utilizzando la classe di documento + +\family typewriter +article.cls +\family default +, dove avete cambiato le sezioni di testa. + Se lo mettete in un file +\family typewriter +myarticle.layout +\family default +, le intestazioni di questo file dovrebbero essere: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass[article]{article (with my own headings)} +\layout Standard + +Questi dichiarano una textclass +\family typewriter +myarticle +\family default +, associata con la classe di documento LaTeX +\family typewriter +article.cls +\family default + e descritta come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +article (con le vostre intestazioni) +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Se la vostra textclass dipende da molti pacchetti, potete dichiararla come: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareLaTeXClass[article,foo.sty]{article (with my own headings)} +\layout Standard + +Queste indicano che la vostra textclass usa il pacchetto foo.sty. + Infine è anche possibile dichiarare classi per codice SGML e DocBook. + Le dichiarazioni tipiche avranno questa forma: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\size small +# +\backslash +DeclareSGMLClass{SGML (LinuxDoc)} +\layout Standard + +oppure +\layout LyX-Code + +#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +# +\backslash +DeclareDocBookClass[article]{SGML (DocBook article)} +\layout Standard + +Notate che a queste dichiarazioni può essere anche dato come parametro opzionale + che dichiara il nome della classe di documento (ma non una lista). +\layout Standard + +Quando la textclass è stata modificata secondo i vostri gusti, tutto quello + che dovete fare è copiarla in +\family typewriter +$LyXDir/layouts/ +\family default + o in +\family typewriter +$UserDir/layouts +\family default + e lanciare +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +ptions +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +R +\bar default +econfigure. + +\family default + Chiudete LyX e rilanciatelo; a questo punto la vostra nuova textclass dovrebbe + essere disponibile insieme alle altre. +\layout Subsection + +Parametri generali di textclass +\layout Standard + +Questi sono i parametri generali che descrivono la struttura dell'intero + documento: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Columns +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +1 +\emph default +, 2 +\family default +] A seconda che la classe di default abbia una o due colonne. + Può essere cambiato nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar default +ocument. + +\family default + Questo settaggio (a volte si confonde con +\family typewriter +Sides +\family default +) è importante: se le vostre textclass hanno due colonne di default, ma + dimenticate di settarlo correttamente, l'opzione LaTeX +\family typewriter +twocolumn +\family default + +\emph on +non +\emph default + sarà mostrata quando selezionate +\family sans +Two Columns +\family default + in +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar default +ocument. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Sides +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +1 +\emph default +, 2 +\family default +] A seconda che la classe di default debba stampare su uno o entrambi i + lati del foglio. + Può essere cambiato nel menu +\family sans +\bar under + L +\bar default +ayout +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +\emph toggle + +\family sans +\emph default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +PageStyle +\series default + +\family default +[ +\family typewriter +\emph on +plain +\emph default +, empty, headings +\family default +] La classe di default pagestyle. + Può essere cambiata nel menu the +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar default +ocument. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +MaxCounter +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Counter_Chapter +\emph default +, Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection, Counter_Paragraph, + +\newline +Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI, Counter_EnumII, +\newline +Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV +\family default +] Il più alto livello di enumerazione automatica. + Valori utili sono +\family typewriter +Counter_Chapter +\family default + per un libro o un report e +\family typewriter +Counter_Section +\family default + per un articolo. + Se non c'è bisogno di enumerazione, ad esempio all'interno di una classe + di lettere, +\family typewriter +MaxCounter +\family default + dovrebbe essere settato su +\family typewriter +Counter_EnumI +\family default +. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ClassOptions\SpecialChar \ldots{} +End +\family default +\series default + Questa sezione descrive varie opzioni globali supportate dalla classe di + documento. + Guardare la sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Ref: sec:classoptions} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ProvidesAmsmath +\family default +\series default +[ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Se la classe già carica il pacchetto +\family typewriter +amsmath +\family default +. + Questo è il caso delle classi di documento +\family typewriter +amsart +\family default + e +\family typewriter +amsbook +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ProvidesMakeidx +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Se la classe fornisce la funzione del pacchetto +\family typewriter +makeidx +\family default +. + Questo è il caso delle classi di documento +\family typewriter +amsart +\family default + e +\family typewriter +amsbook +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ProvidesUrl +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Se la classe fornisce la funzione del pacchetto +\family typewriter +url +\family default +. + Questo è il caso della classe di documento +\family typewriter +AASTeX +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +DefaultFont +\family default +\series default + Questo è usato per descrivere il font di default del documento. + Guardare la sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts} + +\end_inset + + per una descrizione. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{} +EndPreamble +\family default +\series default + Un set di macro definizione che saranno emesse all'inizio dei files LaTeX. + Usatelo per definizioni globali. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Input +\family default +\series default + Come implica il nome, questo comando permette di inserire un altro file + di definizione di textclass per evitare una ripetizione dei comandi. + Molti files di textclass, per esempio, mettono +\family typewriter +stdclass.inc +\family default +, che contiene molti dei layouts di base. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NoStyle +\family default +\series default + Questo comando elimina uno stile esistente. + E' particolarmente utile quando si vuole sopprimere un layout definito + in un input file. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Sezione +\family typewriter +ClassOption +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:classoptions} + +\end_inset + + La sezione +\family typewriter +ClassOption +\family default + può contenere le seguenti righe: +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +FontSize +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="10|11|12" +\family default +] Una lista delle grandezze dei font disponibili per il font principale + del documento, separato da +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +| +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +PageStyle +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="empty|plain|headings|fancy" +\family default +] La lista degli stili di pagina disponibili, separati da +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +| +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Other +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] Alcune opzioni di classi di documento, separate da una virgola, che sarà + aggiunta alla parte delle opzioni del comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Layouts specifici di paragrafo +\layout Standard + +La descrizione di un layout description è di questo tipo +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Notate che questo può definire un nuovo layout o modificarne uno esistente. +\end_inset + +: +\layout LyX-Code + +Style +\family roman +\emph on +name +\layout LyX-Code + + +\noun on +... +\layout LyX-Code + +End +\layout Standard + +dove sono consentiti i seguenti comandi: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +CopyStyle +\family default +\series default + Questo è usato per copiare tutte le caratteristiche di un layout esistente + in quello corrente. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LatexType +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Paragraph +\emph default +, Command, Environment, Item_Environment, +\family default + +\family typewriter +List_Environment +\family default +] Come dovrebbe essere tradotto il layout in LaTeX. + +\family typewriter +Paragraph +\family default + non significa nulla in particolare. + +\family typewriter +Command +\family default + significa +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\emph on +LatexName +\emph default +{\SpecialChar \ldots{} +} +\family default + e +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default + significa +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{ +\emph on +LatexName +\emph default +}\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\backslash +end{ +\emph on +LatexName +\emph default +} +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +Item_Environment +\family default + è lo stesso di +\family typewriter +Environment +\family default +, eccetto che per +\family typewriter + +\backslash +item +\family default + che è generato per ogni paragrafo di questo ambiente. + +\family typewriter +List_Environment +\family default + è lo stesso di +\family typewriter +Item_Environment +\family default +, eccetto +\family typewriter +LabelWidthString +\family default + che è passato come argomento per l'ambiente. + +\family typewriter +LabelWidthString +\family default + può essere definito nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragraph. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +InTitle +\series default + [1, 0] +\family default +Se il valore è 1, segna il layout come necessitante di un +\family typewriter + +\backslash +maketitle +\family default +. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LatexName +\family default +\series default + Il nome del corrispondente materiale LaTeX. + Può essere sia di ambiente che di comando. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LatexParam +\family default +\series default + Il parametro opzionale per il relativo materiale +\family typewriter +LatexName +\family default +. + Questo parametro non può essere cambiato da LyX. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Margin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Static +\emph default +, Manual, Dynamic, First_Dynamic, Right_Address_Box +\family default +] +\newline +Il tipo di margine che il layout ha sul lato sinistro. + +\family typewriter +Static +\family default + significa un margine statico. + +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + significa che il margine sinistro dipende dalla stringa immessa nel menu + +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragraph. + +\family default +Questo è usato per intestazione enumerate automatiche. + +\family typewriter + Dynamic +\family sans + +\family default +significa che il margine dipende dalla grandezza dell'etichetta. + +\family sans + +\family default +E' ovvio che l'intestazione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +5.4.3.2.1 Very long headline +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + deve avere un margine sinistro più ampio (ampio quanto +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +5.4.3.2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.2 Very long headline +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, anche se altri word processors non sono in grado di farlo. + +\family sans + +\family typewriter +First_Dynamic +\family default + è s simile, ma solo la prima riga del paragrafo è dinamica, mentre le altre + sono statiche. + usato ad esempio per le descrizioni. + +\family typewriter +Right_Address_Box +\family default + significa che il margine è scelto in modo tale che la riga più lunga di + questo paragrafo arriva fino al margine destro. + Usato per scrivere indirizzi in alto a destra della pagina. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NextNoIndent +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +1, +\emph on +0 +\family default +\emph default +] Se si vuole consentire al paragrafo successivo di staccare dal margine + la prima riga, 0 consente di farlo, 1 no. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +ParIndent +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] Il capoverso della prima linea del paragrafo. + L'argomento è passato come una stringa. + Ad esempio +\family typewriter +"MM" +\family default + significa che il paragrafo rientra con una larghezza di +\family typewriter +"MM" +\family default + nel font normale. + Potete anche avere una larghezza negativa premettendo il valore +\family typewriter +"-" +\family default +. + Questo al fine di ottenere lo stesso effetto per ogni font. + Il +\family typewriter +Parindent +\family default + sarà fisso per un certo layout. + L'eccezione è lo Standard layout, dato che il rientro del paragrafo di + layout standard poò essere proibito con +\family typewriter +NextNoIndent +\family default +. + Inoltre, i paragrafi con Standard layout, usano il +\family typewriter + Parindent +\family default + dell'ambiente, non il loro nativo. + ad esempio, i paragrafi Standard dentro una numerazione non hanno il rientro. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Parskip +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] LyX permette di scegliere sia il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +rientra +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + che il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +salta +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per redigere un documento. + Quando si sceglie +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +rientra +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, questo valore è completamente ignorato. + Quando si sceglie +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +salta +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + l'indentazione di un layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Paragrafo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in stile LaTeX è ignorato e tutti i paragrafi sono addizionalmente separati + da questo argomento parskip. + Lo spazio è verticale è calcolato con +\family typewriter +value*DefaultHeight() +\family default + dove +\family typewriter +DefaultHeight() +\family default + è l'altezza di una riga con il font normale. + In questo modo l'aspetto rimane lo stesso indipendentemente dai fonts. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +TopSep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] Lo spazio vericale con cui il primo di una catena di paragrafi con questo + layout è separato dal precedente. + Se il paragrafo precedente ha un altro layout, le separazioni non sono + semplicemente ma è preso il massimo. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +BottomSep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] La stessa cosa di +\family typewriter +TopSep +\family default + per l'ultimo paragrafo. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Parsep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] Lo spazio verticale tra due paragrafi di questo layout. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Itemsep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +float=0 +\family default +] Questo è uno spazio extra tra i paragrafi di un ambiente di layout. + Se immettete altri layouts nello stesso ambiente, ognuno sarà separato + con +\family typewriter +Parsep +\family default +. + Ma la totalità degli oggetti presenti nell'ambiente sono separati addizionalmen +te con +\family typewriter +Itemsep +\family default +. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LeftMargin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] Se immettete layouts nell'ambiente, i margini sinistri non sono semplicemente + aggiunti, ma aggiunti con un fattore +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{4}{depth+4}$ +\end_inset + +. + Notate che questo parametro è usato anche quando il bordo è definito come + +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + o +\family typewriter +Dynamic +\family default +. + Poi è aggiunto al bordo manuale o dinamico. + Questa stringa ha lo stesso significato di +\family typewriter +ParIndent +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +RightMargin +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] Simile a +\family typewriter + LeftMargin +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Labeltype +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +No_Label +\emph default +, Manual, Static, Top_Environment, +\newline +Centered_Top_Environment, Sensitive, Counter_Chapter, +\newline +Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection, +\newline +Counter_Paragraph, Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI, +\family default + +\family typewriter + +\newline +Counter_EnumII, Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV +\family default +] +\newline + +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + significa che l'etichetta è la primissima parola (lettera). + +\family typewriter +Static +\family default + viene definito nel layout (vedere +\family typewriter +LabelString +\family default +). + +\family typewriter +Top_Environment +\family default + e +\family typewriter +Centered_Top_Environment +\family default + sono casi speciali di +\family typewriter + Static +\family default +. + L'etichetta sarà stampata sopra il paragrafo, ma solo in cima all'ambiente + o in cima ad una catena di paragrafi con questo layout. + L'uso è ad esempio il layout +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + o il +\family sans + Bibliography +\family default +. + E' questo anche il caso di etichette +\family typewriter +Manual +\family default + con tipo LaTeX +\family typewriter +Enviroment +\family default +, per creare layouts per teoremi messi giù correttamente. + +\family typewriter +Sensitive +\family default + è un caso speciale per le etichette di testo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Figura +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Tabella +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\family typewriter +Sensitive +\family default + significa che la stringa dell'etichetta dipende dal tipo di oggetto flottante. + I tipi di etichetta +\family typewriter +Counter_xxx +\family default + sdivrebbero essere abbastanza chiare. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Labelsep +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] Lo spazio orizzontale tra l'etichetta e il corpo del testo. + Usato solo per etichette che non sono sopra il corpo del testo. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LabelBottomsep +\family default +\series default + [float=0] Lo spazio verticale tra l'etichetta e il corpo del testo. + Usato solo per etichette che sono sopra il corpo del testo ( +\family typewriter +Top_Environment +\family default +, +\family typewriter +Centered_Top_Environment +\family default +). +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LabelString +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +string="" +\family default +] La stringa usata per un'etichetta del tipo +\family typewriter +Static +\family default +. + Quando il bordo è manuale questa stringa è anche usata come suggerimento + per +\family typewriter +LabelWidthString +\family default + che può essere settato nel menu +\family sans +\bar under + L +\bar default +ayout +\family typewriter +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragraph +\family default +. + Quando il tipo label è Counter_xxx, questa stringa viene preposta al contatore. +\layout Description + + +\series medium +Align +\series default + [ +\emph on +block +\emph default +, left, right, center] Allineamento del paragrafo. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +AlignPossible +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +block +\emph default +, left, right, center +\family default +] Sono +\emph on +liste +\emph default +, separate da una virgola, di possibili allineamenti. + Alcuni stili LaTeX proibiscono certi allineamenti, dato che questi non + hanno senso. + Ad esempio una numerazione allineata a destra o centrata non è possibile. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Fill_Top +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +,1 +\family default +] Con questo parametro il valore +\family sans +Fill +\family default + della lista +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Spazi verticali sopra +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + del menu +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \- + +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Nota di Jean-Marc: +\emph default + Non sono sicuro che questo settaggio sia molto usato, e sarà probabilmente + rimosso nelle versioni successive. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Fill_Bottom +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +,1 +\family default +] Simile a +\family typewriter +Fill_Top +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +NeedProtect +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +,1 +\family default +] Qualora comandi fragili in questo layout necessitassero di essere protetti + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +protetti +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Newline +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +0, +\emph on +1 +\family default +\emph default +] Se le nuove linee sono tradotte in nuove linee LaTeX ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\family default +) o no. + La traduzione può essere evitata per facilitare l'editing di LaTeX all'interno + di LyX. + +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +FreeSpacing +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Di solito LyX non vi permette di inserire più di uno spazio tra le parole, + dato che lo spazio è considerato come una separazione tra due parole, non + un carattere o un simbolo a se stante. + Questa è una cosa molto simpatica ma a volte annoiante, ad esempio quando + si scrive il codice di un programma o codice LaTeX. + Per queste ragioni, +\family typewriter +FreeSpacing +\family default + può essere abilitato. + Notate che LyX creerà bianchi protetti per i bianchi addizionali se in + un modo diverso dal modo-LaTeX. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +KeepEmpty +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +0 +\emph default +, 1 +\family default +] Di solito LyX non vi consente di lasciare un paragrafo vuoto, dato che + porterebbe ad un output LaTeX vuoto. + Ci sono alcuni casi in cui però questo è auspicabile: in un template di + lettera i campi richiesti possono essere rappresentati da spazi vuoti, + così da agevolare le persone; in alcune classi speciali, un layout potrebbe + essere usato come un tipo di interruzione, che non contiene testo, ecc. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Spacing +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +single +\emph default +, onehalf, double, other +\family default +\emph on +value +\emph default +] Questo definisce la spaziatura di default del layout. + Gli argomenti +\family typewriter + single +\family default +, +\family typewriter +onehalf +\family default + e +\family typewriter +double +\family default + corrispondono rispettivamentead un valore multiplo di 1, 1.25 e 1.667. + Se specificate l'argomento +\family typewriter +other +\family default +, dovrete poi fornire un argomento numerico che sarà l'attuale moltiplicatore. + Notate che, contrariamente agli altri parametri, +\family typewriter +Spacing +\family default + implica la generazione di uno specifico codice LaTeX, usando il pacchetto + +\family typewriter +setspace.sty +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Font +\family default +\series default + Il font usato +\emph on +sia +\emph default + per il corpo del testo +\emph on +che +\emph default + per l'etichetta. + Vedere la sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Ref: sec:fonts} + +\end_inset + +.Notare che definire questo font automaticamente definisce +\family typewriter +LabelFont +\family default +allo stesso valore. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +TextFont +\family default +\series default + Il font usato per il corpo del testo. + Vedere la sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +LabelFont +\family default +\series default + Il font usato per le etichette. + Vedere la sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{} +EndPreamble +\family default +\series default + Un set di macro definizione che saranno emesse all'inizio dei files LaTeX + quando il layout è usato. + Usatelo per definire le macro di cui si hanno bisogno per questo particolare + layout. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Descrizione dei Font +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:fonts} + +\end_inset + +Una descrizione di un font appare così: +\layout LyX-Code + +Font +\family roman +\emph on + or +\family default +\emph default +LabelFont +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +EndFont +\layout Standard + +e i seguenti comandi sono disponibili: +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Family +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Roman +\emph default +, Sans, Typewriter +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Series +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Medium +\emph default +, Bold +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Shape +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +Up +\emph default +, Italic, SmallCaps +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Size +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +tiny, small, +\emph on +normal +\emph default +, large, larger, largest, huge, giant +\family default +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Color +\series default + +\series bold +[ +\series default +\emph on +none +\emph default +, black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow +\series bold +] +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +\series medium +Latex +\family default +\series default + [ +\family typewriter +\emph on +no_latex +\emph default +, latex +\family default +] +\family typewriter +no_latex +\family default + significa che LyX tradurrà tutto in LaTeX. + +\family typewriter +Latex +\family default + significa una stampata rossa e nessuna traduzione. +\layout Section + +Creare Templates +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:templates} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +I templates vengono creati come normali documenti. + L'unica differenza è che i documenti normali contengono tutti i possibili + settaggi, inclusi schemi di font e dimensioni della carta. + Di solito l'utente non vuole che il template sovrascriva il suo default, + per questo motivo il progettatore di template dovrebbe rimuovere i corrisponden +ti comandi come +\family typewriter + +\backslash +fontscheme +\family default + or +\family typewriter + +\backslash +papersize +\family default + dal file di template di LyX. + Questo si può fare con un qualsiasi editor di testo come +\family typewriter + vi +\family default + o +\family typewriter +xedit +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +Mettete il template editato che avete creato in +\family typewriter +$UserDir/templates/ +\family default +, copiate quello che usate dalla directory globale dei template in +\family typewriter +$LyXDir/templates/ +\family default + nello stesso posto, e ridefinite la directory dei template in +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + usando il comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +template_path +\family default +. +\layout Chapter + +Un Tutorial sulla Stampante +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:printer} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Introduzione +\layout Standard + +Questo capitolo descrive come sia possibile fare il setup di una stampante + sotto Unix, in modo da poterla usare in LyX. + Se avete un sistema Linux, e avete bisogno di settare la vostra stampante, + potete anche leggere il file +\family typewriter +Printing-HOWTO +\family default + [spesso nella directory +\family typewriter +/usr/doc/FAQ/HOWTO/ +\family default + o +\family typewriter +/usr/doc/HOWTO/ +\family default + a seconda del sistema]. + Inoltre dovrete installare il pacchetto Ghostscript dal vostro CD-ROM, + se non lo avete ancora o mai fatto. +\layout Standard + +Alcune distribuzioni Linux attualmente hanno i cosiddetti +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +filtri magici +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + che settano automaticamente il vostro sistema e lo rendono pronto all'uso. + Potete usare questi strumenti in alternativa o in aggiunta a quello che + andremo a descrivere, anche se i risultati con questi strumenti saranno + molto inferiori rispetto alle rispettive potenzialità. + Se la vostra distribuzione ha un tool di configurazione anche in fase di + installazione, potete certamente usarlo, ma dovrete comunque leggervi il + +\family typewriter +Printing-HOWTO +\family default + quando vorrete personalizzare il setup. +\layout Standard + +Così, se vi sentite avventurosi, o non avete altra scelta, continuate a + leggere! +\layout Section + +Il file +\family typewriter +/etc/printcap +\layout Subsection + +Descrizione +\layout Standard + +Il file +\family typewriter +/etc/printcap +\family default + è quello che permette di comunicare a Linux i dati della vostra stampante. + Ogni entrata definisce una stampante, le da un nome con cui gli utenti + possono chiamarla, e dice a Linux come gestire il relativo output. + Potete ovviamente avere più +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +stampanti +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + nel vostro sistema anche se gli utenti accedono ad una stessa stampante + fisica, però con differenti setup o funzioni abilitate. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nota di +\noun on + John Weiss +\noun default +: Io ho una Epson Stylus Color IIs. + Quando c'è bisogno di cambiare le testine per usare il colore sulla Stylus + IIs, faccio un setup per una stampante separata, che chiamo +\family typewriter +color +\family default +. + Ho anche creato una stampante +\family typewriter +draft +\family default + che usa una risoluzione di stampa minore e meno caratteristiche di stampa. + Quindi potete intuire la funzionalità di printcap. +\end_inset + + Naturalmente, avrete bisogno di un'entrata printcap per ogni stampante + fisica che avete. +\layout Standard + +Ecco un esempio +\family typewriter +/etc/printcap +\family default +: +\layout LyX-Code + +lp|Text on an Epson: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lp=/dev/lp1: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lf=/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:mx#0: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sh: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sf: +\newline + +\layout LyX-Code + +draft|Postscript on an Epson Stylus Color IIs, 180dpi: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lp=/dev/lp1: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sd=/var/spool/lpd/draft: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lf=/var/spool/lpd/draft/errs: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:if=/var/spool/lpd/draft/draft.filter: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:mx#0: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sh: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sf: +\newline + +\layout LyX-Code + +ps|Postscript on an Epson Stylus Color IIs, 360dpi: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lp=/dev/lp1: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sd=/var/spool/lpd/ps: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lf=/var/spool/lpd/ps/errs: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:if=/var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:mx#0: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sh: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sf: +\layout Standard + +Prima di avventurarci nella spiegazione di questi geroglifici, abbiamo un + messaggio importante: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.51cm \align center +ATTENZIONE! ATTENZIONE! ATTENZIONE! +\layout Standard +\align center +Usate solo una linea tra le entrate!!! +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom 0.51cm \align center +Assicuratevi che la linea fra le entrate sia COMPLETAMENTE BIANCA!!! +\layout Standard + +Anche se lasciate uno spazio bianco tra le entrate, possono accadere cose + strane, ed il sistema non interpreterà correttamente il file +\family typewriter +/etc/printcap +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Date uno sguardo ad una delle entrate dell'esempio precedente. + Ogni parte dell'entrata è seguita da un carattere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +. + Il carattere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + alla fine di ogni linea dice a Linux che l'entrata continua alla riga successiv +a. + Non mettete nulla dopo il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, nemmeno uno spazio. + Il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dovrebbe seguire il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + dell'ultima parte dell'entrata sulla linea che avete interrotto. +\layout Standard + +Se scegliete di interrompere un'entrata di +\family typewriter +printcap +\family default + in linee multiple, assicuratevi di mettere un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + all'inizio del +\emph on +testo +\emph default + della nuova linea, dopo ogni spazio. + Ad esempio, potremmo aver scritto la prima entrata dell'esempio precedente + come: +\layout LyX-Code + +lp|Text:lp=/dev/lp1:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp:lf=/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs: +\layout Standard + +Notate che c'è un solo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + tra ognuna delle parti dell'entrata. + Se volete dividere questa entrata in due linee: +\layout LyX-Code + +lp|Text:lp=/dev/lp1:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lf=/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs: +\layout Standard + +Abbiamo interrotto la linea al punto +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + aggiungendo un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, e iniziando la nuova linea che degli spazi e poi un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + prima di continuare. + E' uso comune quello di far rientrare la linea successiva di un pochettino + in questi casi. +\layout Standard + +Andremo ora a spiegare ogni parte di un'entrata di +\family typewriter +/etc/printcap +\family default +. + Notate che ci sono altre opzioni che potete aggiungere ad un'entrata. + Noi ci occuperemo soltanto delle quattro basi quì, e vi preghiamo di riferirvi + alle man page su +\family typewriter +printcap +\family default + per le informazioni addizionali. +\layout Subsection + +Il Nome della Stampante +\layout Standard + +La prima linea di un'entrata di +\family typewriter +printcap +\family default + è il nome della stampante. + Contiene il nome della stampante, seguito da un carattere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +| +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + , seguito da un testo che descrive la stampante, e infine, naturalmente, + il carattere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +. + Ad esempio: +\layout LyX-Code + +draft|OurPrinter in Draft Mode: +\backslash + +\layout Standard + +è una stampante chiamata +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +draft +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + con la descrizione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Nostra stampante in modalità bozza +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [Notate che l' +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + alla fine della linea, indica che continueremo l'entrata alla riga successiva.] + Il nome +\family typewriter +draft +\family default + è quello che in genere passate a molte stampanti con l'opzione +\family typewriter +-P +\family default + dei comandi. + [Il programma +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default + è come un comando.] +\layout Standard + +Di solito si usa chiamare la vostra stampante principale PostScript® come + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e chiamare la vostra stampante di testo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Il Dispositivo di Stampa +\layout Standard + +La prossima parte del nostro esempio di entrate +\family typewriter +printcap +\family default + identifica il dispositivo di stampa. + in tutti gli esempi citati c'è una linea: +\layout LyX-Code + +:lp=/dev/lp1: +\backslash + +\layout Standard + +[Ancora, notate che +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + alla fine della linea, così some l'inizio con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + con relativi spazi di rientro.] +\layout Standard + +Il tag +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lp= +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + porta il nome del dispositivo di stampa. + In questo caso è +\family typewriter +/dev/lp1 +\family default +, ovvero la porta parallela. + Ci sono stampanti che che si connettono tramite porta seriale. + se ne avete una, dovrete usare +\family typewriter +/dev/ttyS0 +\family default + per la prima porta seriale, +\family typewriter +/dev/ttyS1 +\family default + per la successiva e così via. + Se volete aggiungere altri comandi relativi alla stampante nelle entrate + di +\family typewriter +printc +\family default +ap, come il baud rate della stampante, dovete riferirvi alle man pages di + +\family typewriter +printcap +\family default +, che possono aiutarvi. +\layout Standard + +Molte stampanti, tuttavia, usano la porta parallela. + In aggiunta, la porta stampante sulla +\emph on +maggior parte +\emph default + dei computer PC-compatibli sarà +\family typewriter +/dev/lp1 +\family default +. + Se volete sapere perchè, guardatevi questa nota. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Perchè è +\family typewriter +/dev/lp1 +\family default + e +\emph on +non +\family typewriter +/dev/lp0 +\family default +\emph default + la prima porta stampantet? Va rilevato che l'indirizzo I/O di ogni porta + parallela è codificato nel kernel di linux. + L'indirizzo +\family typewriter +0x3BC +\family default + è +\family typewriter +/dev/lp0 +\family default +; l'indirizzo +\family typewriter +0x378 +\family default + è +\family typewriter +/dev/lp1 +\family default +; e +\family typewriter +0x278 +\family default + è +\family typewriter +/dev/lp2 +\family default +. + Dato che molti dei computer PC-compatibli assegna la prima porta parallela + all'indirizzo I/O +\family typewriter +0x378 +\family default + di default, +\family typewriter +/dev/lp1 +\family default + sarà quindi la porta parallela sulla maggior parte dei sistemi. +\layout Standard + +Se avete più di una porta parallela, la situazione cambia. + Inoltre se alterate l'indirizzo I/O della porta per qualsiasi motivo, poi + uno degli altri dispositivi +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + potrebbe puntare sulla porta parallela. + Su alcuni sistemi questo può creare molti problemi. + in alcuni casi potete andare in DOS è controllare quale indirizzo è stato + assegnato alla vostra porta. + Dopodichè potete usare questo indirizzo per stabilire se la porta parallela + è +\family typewriter +/dev/lp0 +\family default +, +\family typewriter +/dev/lp1 +\family default +, o +\family typewriter +/dev/lp2 +\family default +. +\end_inset + + Il vostro sistema non sarà differente, tuttavia controllate sempre a cosa + corrisponde la vostra porta parallela. +\layout Subsection + +La Directory Spool e il File Log +\layout Standard + +Oltre a dare un nome alla vostra stampante e a dire a Linux quale dispositivo + è, avete ancora bisogno di una directory per il print spooling. + la sigla +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +sd= +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + identifica la directory di spool per la stampante. + E' inoltre una buona idea avere un log file per gli eventuali errori. + la sigla +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lf= +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + lo identifica. +\layout Standard + +Molti sistemi mettono tutte le code di stampa nella directory +\family typewriter +/var/spool/lpd +\family default +; alcuni usano solo +\family typewriter +/var/spool +\family default +. + In ogni caso, entrata del printcap tradizionalmente ha la sua propria spool + directory dichiarata dopo il nome della stampante. + Dovrete essere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +root +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e creare queste directory da soli. + Dovrete inoltre cambiare la proprietà di queste directory, cosicchè il + loro gruppo sia il gruppo +\family typewriter +daemon +\family default +. + Potete farlo col comando, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +chgrp daemon +\family default +\emph on +dirname +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, dove +\emph on +dirname +\emph default + è il nome della directory di spool. +\layout Standard + +Ad esempio, guardiamo l'entrata per la stampante +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + nell'esempio. + Contiene le linee: +\layout LyX-Code + +:sd=/var/spool/lpd/ps: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lf=/var/spool/lpd/ps/errs: +\backslash + +\layout Standard + +Questo indica che la directory di spool è +\family typewriter +/var/spool/lpd/ps +\family default + e che il log file è +\family typewriter + /var/spool/lpd/ps/errs +\family default +. + Dovete +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +creare +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + questo file con il comando +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +touch errs +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + nella directory di spool. +\layout Standard + +Similmente, l'entrata per la stampante +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + contiene: +\layout LyX-Code + +:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lf=/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs: +\backslash + +\layout Standard + +Ancora, la spool directory è +\family typewriter +/var/spool/lpd/lp +\family default + e il log file è +\family typewriter +/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs +\family default +. + +\layout Subsection + +Il Filter File +\layout Standard + +A differenza di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, che passa semplicemente il testo non formattato alla stampante, le stampanti + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +draft +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + hanno bisogno di un filtro [ecco perchè c'è una riga addizionale]. + La riga +\family typewriter +printcap +\family default + per il programma filtro è +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +if= +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [sta per +\family typewriter +i +\family default +nput +\family typewriter +f +\family default +ilter, significa l'input dello spool]. +\layout Standard + +Ci sono generalmente molte righe per i programmi filtro, che permettono + di specificare un filtro differente per diversi scopi. + Potete selezionare i filtri come opzioni a +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default +, ma non ci inoltriamo per questa strada. +\layout Standard + +Diamo un'occhiata alle righe per la stampante +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: +\layout LyX-Code + +:if=/var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter: +\backslash + +\layout Standard + +Il file +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps.filter +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è uno script di shell che risiede nella directory di spool per la stampante + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Potete anche specificare l'indirizzo e il nome del file del programma; + tuttavia, chiamando un programma con uno script di shell vi permette di + specificare le opzioni dalla riga di comando. +\layout Standard + +Tutti i filtri, sia programmi o script di shell, dovrebbero prendere l'input + da +\family typewriter +stdin +\family default + [il flusso di input standard] e mandare il loro output a +\family typewriter +stdout +\family default + [il flusso standard di uotput.the standard output stream]. +\layout Subsection + +Entrate Addizionali +\layout Standard + +Ci sono tre cose addizionali che dovete mettere nel vostro +\family typewriter +printcap +\family default +. + Potete vederle alla fine dei tre esempi, e sono: +\layout LyX-Code + +:mx#0: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sh: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sf: +\layout Standard + +Il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +mx#0 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + significa +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +non limitare la grandezza del file che possiamo stampare. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +sf +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + previene che il form-feed sia mandato dopo la fine del documento. + Infine, l' +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +sh +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + previene che l'intestazione sia mandata all'inizio di ogni job. + Probabilmente voi volete sempre aggiungere queste entrate al vostro +\family typewriter +printcap +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Creare un Filtro di Stampa +\layout Subsection + +Stampare Files PostScript® Usando Ghostscript +\layout Standard + +Il modo più semplice per far capire alla vostra stampante il PostScript® + è quello di usare il programma Ghostscript come filtro di stampa. + Ci sono probabilmente altri modi, ma questo è quello più comune. + Se, per qualche ragione non potete o volete usare Ghostscript, dovrete + provvedere da soli [guardatevi +\family typewriter +Printing-HOWTO +\family default + per iniziare]. +\layout Standard + +La prima cosa che dovete fare è installare Ghostscript. + C'è almeno una versione in ogni distribuzione Linux. + se non c'è la potete ottenereThe first thing you should do is install Ghostscri +pt. + There should be a version in your Linux da uno dall'archivio FTP di Linux + +\family typewriter +sunsite.unc.edu +\family default +. + Una volta installato, lanciatelo usando +\layout LyX-Code + +gs -h | more +\layout Standard + +dalla linea di comando. + Questo farà una lista dei dispositivi di stampa disponibili con relativi + formati. + Quì di seguito riportiamo una lista che vi aiuta a capire meglio a quale + dispositivo Ghostscript corrisponde ogni stampante. +\layout Itemize + +Stampanti Apple: +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +appledmp Apple dot matrix printers +\layout Description + +iwhi Imagewriter in high-res mode +\layout Description + +iwlo Imagewriter in low-res mode +\layout Description + +iwlq Imagewriter LQ in +\begin_inset Formula $320\times216$ +\end_inset + + dpi mode +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Stampanti Canon: +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +bj10e BubbleJet BJ-10e +\layout Description + +bj200 BubbleJet BJ-200 +\layout Description + +bjc600 Color BubbleJet BJC-600, BJC-4000 and BJC-70. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Buona anche per alcune Apple come la StyleWriter 2x00 +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +bjc800 Color BubbleJet BJC-800 +\layout Description + +lbp8 LBP-II8 laser printer +\layout Description + +lips3 LIPS-III laser printer in CaPSL mode +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Stampanti DEC: +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +la50 LA50 +\layout Description + +la70 LA70 +\layout Description + +la70t LA70 with low-res text enhancement +\layout Description + +la75 LA75 +\layout Description + +la75plus LA75 Plus +\layout Description + +ln03 LN03 +\layout Description + +lj250 LJ250 color printer +\layout Description + +declj250 Alternate LJ250 driver0 +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Stampanti Epson: +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +ap3250 ActionPrinter AP3250 [ed ogni stampante che usa il linguaggio ESC/P2] +\layout Description + +escp2 Tutte le stampantil Epson che usano i comandi ESC/P2 [questo driver + non è più disponibile, usare +\series bold +ap3250 +\series default +.] +\layout Description + +epson All 9- and 24-pin dot matrix printers [e compatibili] +\layout Description + +eps9mid All 9-pin dot matrix printers [e compatibili] in intermediate resolution +\layout Description + +eps9hi All 9-pin dot matrix printers [e compatibili] in triple resolution +\layout Description + +epsonc LQ-2550 color printer [buono anche per Fujitsu 1200, 2400, e3400] +\layout Description + +st800 Stylus 800 inkjet +\layout Description + +stcolor the Stylus Color, Stylus Color Pro, Stylus Color II and IIs color + inkjet printers +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Stampanti Hewlet Packard [HP]: +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +lp2563 2563B line printer +\layout Description + +cdeskjet DeskJet 500C with 1 bpp color +\layout Description + +cdjcolor DeskJet 500C [and 540C] with 24 bpp color and Floyd-Steinberg dithering +\layout Description + +cdjmono DeskJet 500C [and 510C, 520C, 540C], monochrome only. +\layout Description + +cdj500 same as +\series bold +cdjcolor +\layout Description + +cdj550 DeskJet 550C and 560C +\layout Description + +deskjet DeskJet and DeskJet Plus +\layout Description + +djet500 DeskJet 500 +\layout Description + +djet500c Alternate DeskJet 500C driver [does not work with the 550C or the + 560C] +\layout Description + +dnj650c DesignJet 650C +\layout Description + +ljet2p LaserJet IId, LaserJet IIp, and LaserJet III* with TIFF compression +\layout Description + +ljet3 LaserJet III* with Delta Row compression +\layout Description + +ljet3d LaserJet IIID with duplex capability +\layout Description + +ljet4 LaserJet 4 [default res=600dpi] +\layout Description + +lj4dith LaserJet 4 with Floyd-Steinberg dithering +\layout Description + +ljetplus LaserJet Plus +\layout Description + +pj PaintJet XL +\layout Description + +pjetxl Alternate PaintJet XL driver +\layout Description + +pjxl PaintJet XL color +\layout Description + +pjxl300 PaintJet XL300 color [and 1200C] +\layout Description + +paintjet Alternate PaintJet color driver +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Stampanti Tektronix: +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +t4693d2 4693d color printer with 2 bits/RGB component [=6 bpp] +\layout Description + +t4693d4 4693d color printer with 4 bits/RGB component [=12 bpp] +\layout Description + +t4693d8 4693d color printer with 8 bits/RGB component [=24 bpp] +\layout Description + +tek4696 4695 and 4696 inkjet plotters +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Stampanti varie: +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +cp50 Mitsubishi CP50 color printer +\layout Description + +ibmpro IBM 9-pin Proprinter +\layout Description + +imagen Imagen ImPress printers +\layout Description + +jetp3852 IBM Jetprinter ink-jet color printer (Model #3852) +\layout Description + +m8510 C.Itoh M8510 printer +\layout Description + +necp6 NEC P6/P6+/P60 printers at 360 dpi +\layout Description + +nwp533 Sony Microsystems NWP533 laser printer [Sony only] +\layout Description + +oce9050 OCE 9050 printer +\layout Description + +oki182 Okidata MicroLine 182 +\layout Description + +okiibm Okidata MicroLine IBM-compatible printers +\layout Description + +r4081 Ricoh 4081 laser printer +\layout Description + +sj48 StarJet 48 inkjet printer +\layout Description + +sparc SPARCprinter +\layout Description + +xes Xerox XES printers (2700, 3700, 4045, etc.) +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Se il pacchetto Ghostscript che avete nella vostra distribuzione non include + la vostra stampante potete sempre scaricarvi il codice e compilarvelo da + soli. + Se la vostra stampante non è +\emph on +direttamente +\emph toggle + supportata da Ghostscript, provate a scegliere una compatibile. +\layout Standard + +Notate che alcune stampanti richiedono comandi speciali. + Ad esempio il driver +\family typewriter +stcolor +\family default + richiede che il file +\family typewriter +stcolor.ps +\family default + sia letto prima dell'input file. + Vi conviene leggere la documentazione di Ghostscript per i dettagli. +\layout Standard + +Poi, create il filtro. + Suggeriamo di dargli il nome +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +pname +\family typewriter +\emph default +.filter +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, dove +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +pname +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è il nome che avete dato alla stampante nel file +\family typewriter +printcap +\family default +. + Suggeriamo inoltre di mettere lo script di filtro nella directory di spool + della stampante. + Il filtro dovrebbe contenere quanto segue: +\layout LyX-Code + +#!/bin/sh +\layout LyX-Code + +/usr/bin/gs -q -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE= +\family roman +\emph on +devname +\family default +\emph default + +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +[-r +\family roman +\emph on +ResNum +\family default +\emph default + +\family roman +\emph on +ExtraOptions +\family default +\emph default +] -sOutputFile=- [ +\family roman +\emph on +precmd +\family default +\emph default +.ps] - +\layout Standard + +dove +\emph on +devname +\emph default + è il nome del dispositivo Ghostscript; +\emph on +ResNum +\emph default +è la risoluzione che volete usare;s the resolution you want to use; +\emph on +ExtraOptions +\emph default + indica ogni opzione addizionale passata a Ghostscript; e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +precmd +\emph default +. +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è il nome del file che deve essere letto prima dell'input [come il file + +\family typewriter +stcolor.ps +\family default + per il driver +\family typewriter +stcolor +\family default +]. + La +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + spezza il comando in linee multiple. +\layout Standard + +Notate che gli esempi fatti assumono che +\family typewriter +gs +\family default + sia nella directory +\family typewriter +/usr/bin +\family default +. + Il vostro sistema potrebbe avere una configurazione diversa. +\layout Standard + +Differenti drivers Ghostscript trattano l'argomento +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +-r +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + differentemente. + Alcuni cercano un numero singolo, ad esempio, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +-r600 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Altri vogliono risoluzioni DPI separate per le direzioni x e y, es. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +-r360x360 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Il driver della stampante può avere altre opzioni, quindi è meglio consultare + la documentazione di Ghostscript per maggiori informazioni. +\layout Standard + +Dopo che avete creato il printer filter, usate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +chmod a+x +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sullo script file per renderlo eseguibile. + [dovete essere root per farlo]. +\layout Standard + +Ecco un esempio print file Ghostscript, usato da +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default + per la sua Epson Stylus Color IIs: +\layout LyX-Code + +#!/bin/sh +\layout LyX-Code + +/usr/bin/gs -q -dSAFER -sDEVICE=stcolor +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +-r360x360 -sDithering=fsmono +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +-dNOPAUSE -dnoWeave +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +-sOutputFile=- stcolor.ps - +\layout Standard + +Questo filtro genera un output monocromatico a 360dpi su una Epson Stylus + Color IIs. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nota da +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +: Questa è la mia stampante ps. + Io uso un filtro simile sulla stampante +\family typewriter +draft +\family default +, che ha l'opzione +\family typewriter +-r180x180 +\family default + invece di quello che avete visto. + E per la mia stampante +\family typewriter +color +\family default +, uso un valore differente dell'opzione +\family typewriter +-sDithering +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Se Già avete una Stampante PostScript®\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Standard + +Molte stampanti laser moderne oggi hanno il supporto per PostScript®. + Su alcune stampanti laser, PostScript® è attualmente il linguaggio nativo + della stampante. + Se avete una stampante, non avete bisogno del filtro e potete passare un + file PostScript® direttamente alla stampante. + Di contro, se volete stampare un file di testo, avrete comunque bisogno + di formattarlo in qualche modo in PostScript®. +\layout Standard + +Siamo a conoscenza di tre programmi che traducono il testo ASCII in PostScript®: + +\family typewriter +nenscript +\family default +, +\family typewriter +a2ps +\family default +, e +\family typewriter +mpage +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +mpage +\family default + possono anche stampare pagine multiple su un singolo foglio di carta. + Dovete quindi creare uno script di filtro usando uno di questi programmi + per la stampante +\family typewriter +lp +\family default +. + [La stampante +\family typewriter + lp +\family default + è tradizionalmente il nome della stampante che stampa file di testo ASCII.] + Leggete il +\family typewriter +Printing-HOWTO +\family default + per maggiori informazioni. +\layout Section + +Il Demone Print Spool, +\family typewriter +lpd +\layout Standard + +Il programma che generalmente fa lo spooling e la stampa dei files è +\family typewriter +lpd +\family default +. + E' anche il programma che legge il file +\family typewriter +/etc/printcap +\family default +. + Da qualche parte nei vostri scripts di bootup, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Alcune macchine tengono i loro scripts di bootup nella directory +\family typewriter +/etc/rc.d +\family default +. + Altri usano +\family typewriter +/etc/init.d +\family default +. + Dovete capire da voi che sistema è usato. +\end_inset + + dovete eseguire +\family typewriter +lpd +\family default + per iniziare lo spooling ad ogni avvio del sistema. + Potete anche eseguire +\family typewriter +lpd +\family default + come un job di backgroung dalla linea di comando se loggate come root. + +\layout Standard + +Una volta che +\family typewriter + lpd +\family default + è in esecuzione sul vostro sistema, potete controllare il suo comportamento + e quello del print spool usando il comando +\family typewriter +lpc +\family default +. + Ancora una volta, dovete essere root per pare ciò. +\layout Section + +Assemblando il Tutto +\layout Standard + +Concluderemo questo mini-HOWTO con i passaggi che dovete seguire per avere + un setup minimale. + Quando avrete finito, avrete due stampanti, una chiamata +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per stampare testoASCII, e una seconda chiamata +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per i files PostScript®. + Il file filtro per la stampante +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [incluso sotto] funziona su ogni stampante compatibile Epson [ovvero pressocchè + la totalità delle stampanti dot-matrix attualmente in commercio], usando + la risoluzione di stampa di default. +\layout Enumerate + +Entrate come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +root +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o usate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +su root +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Enumerate + +Eseguite i seguenti comandi: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +cd /var/spool +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +mkdir lpd +\family default + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[se non esiste già] +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +chgrp lp lpd +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[potreste dover usare +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +daemon +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + al posto di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +cd lpd +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +mkdir lp ps +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[fatelo solo se queste directory non esistono già] +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +touch lp/errs ps/errs +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +chgrp daemon lp ps lp/errs ps/errs +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Ora editate il file +\family typewriter +/etc/printcap +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Se il file esiste, quindi\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +rinominate la vecchia versione in qualcosa tipo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +/etc/printcap.orig +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +oppure, commentate tutto il file mettendo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +# +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + all'inizio di ogni riga. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Mettete quanto segue in +\family typewriter +/etc/printcap +\family default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout LyX-Code + +lp|Text printer: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lp=/dev/lp1: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lf=/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:mx#0:sh:sf: +\newline + +\layout LyX-Code + +ps|Postscript printer: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lp=/dev/lp1: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:sd=/var/spool/lpd/ps: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:lf=/var/spool/lpd/ps/errs: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:if=/var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter: +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +:mx#0:sh:sf: +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +ASSICURATEVI CHE: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +le linee bianche tra due entrate non abbiano nulla al loro interno, nemmeno + spazi bianchi. +\layout Enumerate + +niente segue il carattere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + alla fine di ogni linea. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Poi, create lo script filtro per la stampante +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Mettete quanto segue nel file +\family typewriter +/var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter +\family default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout LyX-Code + +#!/bin/sh +\layout LyX-Code + +/usr/bin/gs -q -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE +\backslash + +\layout LyX-Code + +-sDEVICE=epson -sOutputFile=- - +\layout Standard + +[Se non avete una stampantedot-matrix compatibile Epson, rimpiazzate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +epson +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + con l'appropriato nome del dispositivo Ghostscript. + Inoltre, se il programma +\family typewriter +gs +\family default + non è in +\family typewriter +/usr/bin +\family default +, mettete l'indirizzo corretto.] +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Eseguite questi comandi: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +chmod a+x /var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +chgrp daemon /var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Infine, lanciate il demone della stampante, +\family typewriter +lpd +\family default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Se non è già in uso, usate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lpd & +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per avviarlo. +\layout Enumerate + +Se è già in esecuzione, eseguite +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lpc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Poi, da dentro +\family typewriter +lpc +\family default +, date un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +restart all +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +up all +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per attivare i nuovi spools di stampa. + [Il comando +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +quit +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + abbandona +\family typewriter +lpc +\family default +]. +\layout Enumerate + +Assicuratevi di aggiungere il comando appropriato ai vostri scripts di bootup + in modo che +\family typewriter +lpd +\family default + sia eseguito ad ogni avvio del sistema. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Potete ora uscire da root e testare le vostre nuove stampanti per assicurarvi + che funzionino. + Date il comando +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lpr -Plp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + seguito dal nome di un piccolo file di testo ASCIIper verificare che la + stampante +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + funzioni. + Poi usate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lpr -Pps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + seguito dal nome di un piccolo file PostScript® per testare la stampante + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + +Un avvertimento: quando testate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, se qualcosa va storto, il sistema potrebbe passare dell'iimondizia alla + stampante. + Se avviene questo, spegnete la stampante ed usate i comandi +\family typewriter +lpq +\family default + e +\family typewriter +lprm +\family default + per killare il print job. + Dopo aver killato il print job, potete riaccendere la stampante. +\layout Standard + +Se nessuna di queste stampanti funziona, controllate di nuovo tutto, consultate + le pagine +\family typewriter +man +\family default + per +\family typewriter +printcap +\family default + e +\family typewriter +lpd +\family default +, e leggete il +\family typewriter +Printing-HOWTO +\family default + per aiuto. +\layout Standard + +Se tutto funziona, congratulazioni! +\layout Chapter + +Il materiale esterno +\layout Section + +Background +\layout Standard + +Una caratteristica spesso richiesta dagli utenti LyX è quella di interfacciare + LyX con Xfig, Dia, o altre applicazioni specializzate nella produzioni + di un certo tipo di diagrammi, figure, schemi e simili cose che possono + essere rilevanti per il vostro documento. + Prima in LyX era solo possibile includere immagini fisse, statiche, noiose + con l'insieme figure, ma ci sono numerose limitazioni relative a questo + approccio: +\layout Itemize + +Se volete cambiare la figura, dovete richiamare manualmente un programma + esterno +\layout Itemize + +LyX non notifica i cambiamenti ai riferimenti dei files, così quello che + è visualizzato sullo schermo può rapidamente diventare obsoleto, e questo + è aggravato da una media di aggiornamenti dello schermo +\layout Itemize + +L'insieme delle figure supporta solo materiale PostScript +\layout Itemize + +L'insieme delle figure non fornisce nessun meccanismo per copiare con differenti + formati esportati come DocBook, HTML, o raw Ascii +\layout Standard + +L'insieme del materiale esterno prova a risolvere tutti questi problemi +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Anche se l'insieme delle figure non può risolvere tutti i problemi, è ancora + valutabile perchè fornisce un'anteprima in linea della figura, e supporta + trasformazioni geometriche avanzate con una semplice interfaccia utente. +\end_inset + +. + Effettua ciò offrendo un metodo generale per interfacciare LyX alle applicazion +i esterne. + Invece di introdurre una lunga lista di insiemi ritagliati per ogni specifica + applicazione, abbiamo scelto di sacrificare la visualizzazione in line + del materiale incluso al fine di fornire uno strumento generale per affrontare + una grande quantità di applicazioni. + Il risultato è l'insieme esterno. + Un insieme esterno presenta se stesso nel documento semplicemente come + un bottone, ma non lasciatevi ingannare. + Quando ci cliccate sopra, apparirà una finestra di dialogo che vi permetterà + di scegliere esattamente quale materiale includere, è più avanti imparerete + che in realtà è un potente meccanismo che può risolvere molti problemi + ed anche di più. +\layout Section + +Come funziona? +\layout Standard + +L'insieme esterno è basato sul concetto di +\emph on +template +\emph default +. + Un template è una specificazione di come LyX dovrebbe interfacciarsi con + un certo tipo di materiale. + In genere LyX viene distribuito con una serie di template predefiniti per + figure XFig, diagrammi Dia, varie immagini in formato raster, gnuplot, + ed oltre. + Potete controllare la lista attuale attraverso il comando +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert external material. + +\family default +Inoltre, è possibile adattare i vostri personali template per supportare + uno specifico tipo di materiale. + Più avanti descriveremo più in dettaglio gli elementi coinvolti, e si spera + che possiate creare dei template che poi ci manderete per includerli nelle + successive versioni di LyX. +\layout Standard + +Un'altra idea di base dell'insieme esterno è di distinguere tra il file + originale che serve come base per il materiale finale e il file prodotto + che è incluso nel vostro documento esportato o stampato. + Per esempio, consideriamo il caso di una figura prodotta con XFig. + L'applicazione XFig lavora su un file originale con estensione +\family typewriter +.fig +\family default +. + All'interno di XFig create e modificate la vostra figura, e quando avete + finito salvate il file +\family typewriter +fig +\family default +. + Quando vorrete includere la figura nel vostro documento, basta richiamare + +\family typewriter +transfig +\family default + al fine di creare un file PostScript che può essere prontamente incluso + nel vostro file LaTeX. + In questo caso, il file +\family typewriter +.fig +\family default + è il file originale, è il file PostScript è quello prodotto. +\layout Standard + +Questa distinzione è importante al fine di effettuare l'aggiornamento del + materiale mentre si è in fase di scrittura del documento. + Inoltre, ci fornisce quella flessibilità che è necessaria per supportare + molteplici formati di export. + Ad esempio, nel caso di un file Ascii, non è esattamente una buona idea + quella di includere la figura come un raw PostScript; dovreste invece preferire + l'includere un riferimento alla figura oppure provare a richiamare qualche + convertitore grafico da Ascii per rendere il risultato finale accettabile. + L'insieme materiale esterno vi permette di farlo, perchè è parametrizzato + su differenti formati di export supportati da LyX. +\layout Standard + +Oltre a supportare la produzione di differenti prodotti in relazione al + formato esportato, l'insieme esterno supporta una stretta integrazione + con le applicazioni di editing e di visualizzazione. + Nel caso di una figura XFig, potete richiamare xfig sul file originale + con un singolo clic all'interno di LyX oltre che avere un'anteprima del + file PostScript prodotto con ghostview sempre con un semplice clic. + Non c'è più bisogno di smanettare con la riga di comando o con il browser + per trovare e manipolare i files originali o quelli prodotti. + In questo modo potrete finalmente utilizzare a pieno molte differenti applicazi +oni che risultano rilevanti nella scrittura di un documento, al fine di + essere maggiormente produttivi. +\layout Standard + +Quindi, in definitiva, LyX ha informazioni circa un numero di programmi + differenti da usare dietro le quinte per realizzare tutto questo marchingegno. + Questa informazione, infatti, è esattamente ciò che è contenuto nei templates. + Per ogni template, c'è associata una lista di linee di comando usate per + irchiamare le applicazioni, convertire il file originale nel file prodotto + ed altro ancora. + Questo meccanismo permette all'utente avanzato di estendere le capacità + di LyX senza smanettare col codice sorgente. + Questo richiede un imponente lavoro per definire tutti i differenti comandi + e flags, ma fortunatamente, il team di LyX ha già fatto questo lavoro per + voi! +\layout Standard + +Ma prima che gli alberi diventino grattacieli, dobbiamo ammettere che abbiamo + fatto alcuni piccole scorciatoie. + Siccome il set esterno può produrre molti tipi di files prodotti per i + relativi formati di export, ci si potrebbe anche aspettare che sia possibile + vedere l'anteprima di ogni prodotto. + Ma, ancora una voltea, il team di LyX ha deciso per una linea che mantenesse + l'interfaccia utente semplice. + Per evitare di mettere un pulsante per ogni formato di file esportato, + si è deciso di introdurre il concetto di formato primario di file ed avere + solo un bottone. + Quando si preme View result nella finestra dell'insieme esterno, verrà + visualizzata un'immagine del file prodotto nel formato di file primario. + E questo è specificato dalla vostra classe di documento. + Per la maggior parte delle classi di documento il formato primario di file + è LaTeX, ma per la classe di documento DocBook, il formato di file primario + è DocBook. + Così quando si visualizza il file prodotto, ricordatevi che sarà solo un'antepr +ima di quello che sarà il risultato principale. + Se volete vedere come lavorano gli altri formati, dovete esportarli e fare + l'anteprima manualmente. +\layout Section + +La finestra di dialogo Materiale Esterno +\layout Standard + +Inserite un insieme esterno dal menu +\family sans +Insert +\family default +. + Quando fate questo, un bottone viene inserito nel vostro documento e viene + mostrata la finestra di dialogo dell'insieme materiale esterno. + Questa finestra vi permette di descrivere esattamente quale materiale deve + essere incluso. + Inoltre, fornisce un accesso alle applicazioni esterne per vedere, editare + e produrre il materiale usato nel file risultante. +\layout Standard + +In cima a questa finestra, c'è una lista a cascata dove è possibile scegliere + quale template l'insieme deve usare. + Immediatamente sotto troviamo un'area di testo con una descrizione del + template scelto che dovrebbe aiutarvi ad usarlo. + Più spesso, fornisce oltre ad una descrizione del template anche alcune + indicazioni su come parametrizzarne l'uso. + Ancora più in basso si trova un campo di inserimento di nome di file con + un bottone browse che permette di scegliere quale file deve essere incluso. + Questo campo specifica il file originale. + Siccome il file prodotto è generato automaticamente quando se ne ha bisogno, + non c'è motivo per consentirne l'accesso nell'interfaccia utente. +\layout Standard + +In basso alla finestra di dialogo troverete una casella di immissione chiamata + +\family sans +parameters +\family default +. + Questo box è generalmente usato per parametrizzare uno specifico template. + L'uso specifico dovrebbe essere indicato e chiarito nella casella di definizion +e e aiuto associata al template, ma in genere permette tipicamente di definire + le variazioni su come il file prodotto dovrebbe essere generato. +\layout Standard + +Nella parte destra della finestra ci sono tre bottoni: +\family sans +Edit file +\family default +, +\family sans +View result +\family default + e +\family sans +Update result +\family default +. + Questi rispettivamente permettono di editare il vostro file originale con + l'applicazione di editing opportuna, vedere il file prodotto come incluso + nel formato primario di documento, ed infine forzare un aggiornamento del + materiale risultante nel formato primario. + Normalmente il bottone +\family sans +Update result +\family default + sarà disabilitato perchè molti template sono configurati per aggiornare + automaticamente il file prodotto quando ce ne è bisogno. + In questi casi non c'è bisogno di forzare la produzione di un nuovo file + prodotto. + Tuttavia alcuni templates sono configurati per non produrre automaticamente + il prodotto residuale, in quanto il costo di produrre un file prodotto + potrebbe essere così grande da renderne impossibile l'attuazione. + Questi insiemi sono conosciuti come insiemi +\emph on +manuali +\emph default +esterni. + In questi casi potete usare il bottone per forzare la produzione del file + prodotto proprio quando ne avete bisogno, controllando così il lavoro che + viene fatto. + Infatti, è sotto la +\emph on +vostra +\emph default + responsabilità fare questo per mantenere i files prodotti costantemente + aggiornati: prima di stampare, prima di esportare, prima di visualizzare, + ecc. + Forse, in futuro, sarà possibile che LyX vi aiuti in questo compito. + Sarebbe infatti simpatico poter usare un comando +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update all external inset +\family default + per aggiornare tutti gli insiemi esterni che usano un template manuale. + Ma vi anticipiamo che potrebbe richiedere molto tempo per l'implementazione. +\layout Standard + +In basso alla finestra di dialogo troverete i soliti bottoni +\family sans +OK +\family default + e +\family sans +Cancel +\family default +. + L'unica cosa utile da ricordare circa questi è che ogni cambiamento nel + template, nome del file o parametri sono attualmente applicati quando si + premono i bottoni +\family sans +Edit file +\family default +, +\family sans +View result +\family default + e +\family sans +Update result +\family default +. + Questo implica che dopo aver usato uno di questi, potrete sono annullare + i cambiamenti che sono stati effettuati attraverso quei bottoni premendo + +\family sans +cancel +\family default +. + Fortunatamente, potete usare la funzione undo generale in LyX per ritornare + allo stato precedente. +\layout Section + +Esempi +\layout Standard + +In questa sezione, dovremmo includere alcuni esempi circa l'uso dell'insieme + del materiale esterno. + Questi esempi potrebbero includere: +\layout Itemize + +Immagini raster esterne +\layout Itemize + +figure esterne XFig +\layout Itemize + +Diagrammi a scacchi +\layout Itemize + +Campioni di suoni +\layout Itemize + +Uso dei makefiles +\layout Itemize + +Templates LyX esterni ricorsivi +\layout Section + +Il file di configurazione external template +\layout Standard + +E' relativamente semplice aggiungere definizioni di template esterni a LyX. + Tuttavia state attenti poichè fare queste cose in maniera approssimativa + +\emph on +potrebbe +\emph default + probabilmente creare un buco di sicurezza facilmente sfruttabile. + Così prima di procedere, leggete il successivo capitolo sulla sicurezza. +\layout Standard + +Dopo aver detto queste cose, vi incoraggiamo a farci pervenire ogni template + interessante che create. +\layout Standard + +I templates sono definiti nel file +\family typewriter +lib/external_template +\family default +. + Forse, prima o poi qualcuno documenterà i contenuti dei templates e la + sintassi usata per definirne di propri. +\layout Section + +Il meccanismo di sostituzione +\layout Standard + +Quando l'insieme del materiale esterno richiama un programma esterno, è + fatto sulla base di un comando definito nel file di configurazione del + template. + Questi comandi possono contenere varie macro che vengono espanse prima + dell'esecuzione. + L'esecuzione avviene sempre nella directory del documento contenuto. +\layout Standard + +Inoltre, ogni volta che viene visualizzato un insieme esterno, il nome sarà + prodotto dal meccanismo di sostituzione. +\layout Standard + +Le macro disponibili sono le seguenti: +\layout Description + +$$FName Il nome del file specificato nella finestra dell'insieme esterno. +\layout Description + +$$Basename Il nome del file senza estensione. +\layout Description + +$$Tempname Un nome e un indirizzo completo di un file temporaneo che sarà + automaticamente cancellato quando si chiude il documento contenuto, oppure + quando è cancellato l'insieme esterno. +\layout Description + +$$Contents("filename.ext") Questa macro espanderà il contenuto del file col + nome +\family typewriter +filename.ext +\family default +. +\layout Description + +$$Sysdir Questa macro espanderà all'indirizzo assoluto della directory di + sistema. + E' tipicamente usato per puntare i vari script di aiuto che sono inseriti + in LyX +\layout Standard + +In aggiunta a questi gli strumenti espanderanno le variabili d'ambiente + generali con una sintassi del tipo +\family typewriter +${PATH} +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Discussione sulla sicurezza +\layout Standard + +L'insieme del materiale esterno si interfaccia con molti programmi esterni + e lo fa automaticamente, per questo vanno considerate le implicazioni di + sicurezza di questo. + In particolare, siccome avete l'opzione di includere dei vostri nomi dei + file e/o stringhe di parametri, e questi vengono aperti in un comando, + sembrerebbe che sia possibile creare un documento maligno che può eseguire + comandi arbitrari quando un utente vede o stampa un documento. + Questo lo vogliamo definitivamente evitare. +\layout Standard + +Tuttavia, dato che i comandi dei programmi esterni sono specificati solo + nel file di configurazione del template, non ci sono problemi di sicurezza + se LyX è configurato bene solo con templates sicuri. + E' così perche i programmi esterni sono richiamati con la chiamata di sitema + +\family typewriter +execvp +\family default + piuttosto che con +\family typewriter +system +\family default +, quindi non è possibile eseguire comandi arbitrari dal file o dalla sezione + dei parametri attraverso la shell. +\layout Standard + +Tutto ciò implica che siete limitati nelle stringhe di comando che potete + usare nei template dei materiali esterni, In particolare canali e redirection + non sono subito disponibili. + Ciò dovrebbe essere così se LyX dovesse rimanere sicuro. + Se volete usare alcune funzioni della shell, dovrete scrivere uno script + sicuro per farlo in maniera controllata, dopodochè richimare lo script + dalla linea di comando. + Nella directory +\family typewriter +lib/scripts +\family default + dell'installazione di LyX, potrete trovare uno script sicuro preconfezionato + +\family typewriter +general_command_wrapper.py +\family default + che supporta la redirection di input e output. + Questo può essere un esempio di come scrivere script di template sicuri. + Per un esempio più avanzato che usa fork e simili, date uno sguardo allo + script di conversione +\family typewriter +pic2ascii.py +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +E' possibile progettare un template che interagisce direttamente con la + shell, ma dato che questo potrebbe permettere ad un utente con cattive + intenzioni di eseguire comandi arbitrari scivendo intelligenti filename + e/o parametri, raccomandiamo in generale di usare solo script sicuri che + lavorano solo con le chiamate di sistema +\family typewriter +execvp +\family default + in maniera controllata. + Naturalmente se si lavora in un ambiente controllato potrebbe essere allettante + ritornare ad usare gli script di shell ordinari. + Se lo fate state attenti poichè +\emph on +andrete a creare +\emph default + un buco di sicurezza facilmente sfruttabile nel vostro sistema. + Naturalmente è ragionevole che questi templates non sicuri non verranno + mai inclusi nella distribuzione LyX standard, sebbene incoraggiamo le persone + a sottoporre nuovi templates nella tradizione open source. + Ma LyX come rilasciato nei canali ufficiali di distribuzioni non avrà mai + tamplates non sicuri. +\layout Standard + +L'insieme del materiale esterno fornisce molta potenza, perciò dovete stare + attenti a non introdurre elementi di azzardo sulla sicurezza a questa potenza. + Un lieve errore in una singola riga di un semplice script può creare grandi + problemi di sicurezza. + Così, se non capite completamente questo tema, vi consigliamo di consultare + un professionista della sicurezza oppure il team di sviluppo di LyX se + avete domande sulle implicazioni di sicurezza circa uno script. + E, ovviamente, fate questo prima di usare lo script in un ambiente non + sicuro. +\layout Section + +Il futuro dell'insieme esterno +\layout Standard + +La corrente implementazione dell'insieme esterno èun costrutto potente e + stabile che fornisce un accesso diretto alle parti più interne di LyX, + ma come ogni caratteristca di LyX, dovrebbe essere sempre considerata un + work-in-progress. + Quando e se qualcuno ha il tempo di continuare a lavorarci su, ecco alcune + direzioni generali che possono essere seguite: +\layout Itemize + +Supportare l'anteprima in linea in vari formati, piuttosto che il bottone + di testo a cui si è obbligati attualmente. +\layout Itemize + +Supportare l'editing in linea attraverso l'uso di OpenParts o altri protocolli + rilevanti. +\layout Itemize + +Estendere l'informazioni dinamica per avere campi di parametri opzionali + per i comandi di conversione in tutti i formati di export, ed avere campi + di parametri opzionali per ciò che è prodotto all'interno di tutti i differenti + formati esportati. + Al momento siamo costretti ad usare una sola stringa di parametri che è + multiplata tra queste numerosi applicazioni. + Inoltre un cambiamento come questo ci permetterebbe di liberarci delle + strane restrizioni del formato principale. +\layout Itemize + +Estendere l'area di lavoro per fornire delle opzioni di personalizzazione + più intelligenti in aggiunta alla piuttosto semplicistica stringa di parametri. + Con un linguaggio di script adatto, sarà possibile implementare versioni + user friendly di molti insiemi di personalizzazione che supportano una + grande quantità di formati, pacchetti LaTeX, editors, ecc. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/it_Intro.lyx b/lib/doc/it_Intro.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..604798aeb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/it_Intro.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,957 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language italian +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Introduzione a LyX +\newline +ovvero +\newline +Come utilizzare questi files di documentazione! +\layout Author + +di John Weiss e il Team di LyX +\newline +tradotto in italiano da Giovanni Iachello +\layout Section + +Navigare attraverso la documentazione +\layout Standard + +Benvenuti +\color magenta + +\color default +in +\color magenta + +\color default +LyX! +\layout Standard + +Per facilitare la risposta alle vostre domande e per descrivere tutte le + caratteristiche di LyX, la documentazione è stata suddivisa in diversi + files. + Ognuno ha il suo scopo, come descritto più avanti. + Prima che vi tuffiate nella loro lettura, tuttavia, dovreste leggere attentamen +te questo documento, dato che contiene una grande quantità di informazioni + utili e commenti che possono farvi risparmiare tempo in seguito. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom bigskip \align center +ATTENZIONE!!!! +\layout Standard + +Nonostante LyX sia giunto alla versione 1.0 [o successiva], alcune parti + della documentazione potrebbero essere incomplete, o addirittura riferirsi + a versioni precedenti. + Come il resto di LyX, i manuali sono il frutto del lavoro di volontari + che hanno +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lavori Veri, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + famiglie, piatti da lavare, lettiere del gatto da pulire, ecc. + Facciamo del nostro meglio per mantenere in perfette condizioni i manuali, + ma potremmo non riuscirci sempre. + [Se volete contribuire a rimediare a questo problema, leggete la sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + + di questo documento.] +\layout Standard + +Infine, fateci un favore --- se trovate qualcosa in questi manuali che vi + confonde, che non è chiaro, o sbagliato, non esitate a farcelo sapere! + Potete raggiungere gli attuali responsabili della documentazione all'indirizzo + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@\SpecialChar \- +lists.lyx.org +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Il formato dei manuali +\layout Standard + +Qualcuno di voi avrà stampato i manuali, altri li staranno leggendo sullo + schermo, come un file all'interno di LyX. + Per coloro che li leggono sullo schermo, ci sono delle differenze rispetto + alla versione stampata. + Innanzitutto, il titolo compare all'inizio del testo, e non su una pagina + separata come in alcune delle versioni stampate. + Non sono inoltre visibili le note a piè pagina o l'indice. + C'è un popup per visualizzare l'indice: per aprirlo, seleziona +\family sans +Sommario +\family default + dal menù +\family sans +Modifica +\family default +. + Per aprire una nota a piè pagina, che appare così, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ciao! +\layout Standard + +Per chiudermi, clicca il rettangolo grigio a destra, con la scritta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + all'interno. +\end_inset + + dovete cliccarci sopra con il tasto sinistro del mouse. +\layout Standard + +Nei manuali stampati, tutti i riferimenti incrociati appaiono con i numeri + del capitolo, sezione o sottosezione (ecc.) cui si riferiscono. + Nella versione elettronica, invece, tutti i riferimenti incrociati appaiono + come un rettangolo grigio come questo: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +. + [I manuali stampati mostrano un numero al suo posto.] Se si clicca sul rettangol +o con il tasto sinistro del mouse, LyX passerà direttamente a quella sezione. + Digitando +\family sans +C-< +\family default + si ritornerà alla posizione precedente. + [Si veda più avanti per sapere che cosa significa +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C-< +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +.] +\layout Standard + +Ora che abbiamo chiarito alcune differenze fra la versione stampata e quella + elettronica di questo file, possiamo esaminare il formato di questo documento. + Avrete notato l'utilizzo occasionale di caratteri diversi: +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Lo stile enfatizzato +\emph default + viene utilizzato in genere per evidenziare, per indicare argomenti generali, + titoli di libri, nomi di sezioni di altri manuali, e note degli autori. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default + viene utilizzato per nomi di files e programmi, per il codice LaTeX e per + codice e funzioni di LyX. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Sans Serif +\family default + viene usato per indicare i menù, i bottoni, o i nomi delle finestre di + popup, e i nomi dei tasti o loro combinazioni. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Stampatello +\noun default + viene usato per i nomi di persone. +\layout Standard + +Per i tasti e le loro associazioni, verrete rimandati alla sezione +\emph on +Key Bindings +\emph default + del +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Manuale di Riferimento +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [il file +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\family default +]. + Quando ci riferiamo a tasti particolari, useremo la seguente convenzione + per i prefissi: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + indica il tasto +\family sans +Control- +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + indica il tasto +\family sans + Shift- +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + indica il tasto +\family sans +Meta- +\family default +, che su alcune tastiere appare come il tasto +\family sans +Alt- +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sono i tasti funzione. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è il tasto di escape. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Sinistra +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Destra +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Su +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Giù +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: si spiegano da soli. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Ins +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Canc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Inizio +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Fine +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PagSu +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PagGiù +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: questi sono i sei tasti che appaiono sopra i tasti direzione sulle tastiere + di molti PC. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PagSu +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PagGiù +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sono chiamati +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Precedente +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Seguente +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + su alcune tastiere. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Return +\family default + e +\family sans +Invio +\family default + si riferiscono entrambi allo stesso tasto. + Alcune tastiere indicano i tasto +\family sans + Return +\family default + come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Return, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + altre come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Invio, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [sulle tastiere inglesi: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Enter +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] altre ancora sono dotate di due tasti distinti. + LyX li considera tutti come lo stesso tasto e quindi si userà +\family sans +Return +\family default + e +\family sans +Invio +\family default + indistintamente. +\layout Standard + +Di tanto in tanto vedrete anche qualcosa come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +[Si veda il +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + +Manuale di Riferimento +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + +] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: tutte le possibili associazioni prefissate dei tasti per una determinata + funzione sono state infatti elencate nel +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Manuale di Riferimento +\emph default +, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e perciò all'occorrenza si viene rimandati lì. +\layout Section + +I manuali +\layout Standard + +La seguente lista descrive i contenuti di ciascuno dei files nella documentazion +e: +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Introduzione \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Questo file. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Tutorial \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Se avete appena incominciato ad usare LyX, e non avete mai usato il LaTeX, + dovreste cominciare da qui. + Se credete che il LaTeX sia il materiale con cui si fanno i preservativi, + avete decisamente bisogno di leggere il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + Si noti che dopo aver letto il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, penserete ancora che il LaTeX sia qualche strana sostanza gommosa, --- + ma almeno saprete come usare LyX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Se avete usato il LaTeX in precedenza, leggete comunque il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, a partire dalla sezione intitolata +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX per utenti LaTeX. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [Dare un'occhiata al resto del documento non farebbe comunque male.] +\layout Standard + +Se, in qualsiasi momento, non riuscite a fare qualcosa con LyX, provate + a dare un'occhiata al +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +prima di tuffarvi in uno degli altri manuali: si tratta di un buon trampolino. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Guida\SpecialChar ~ +dell'Utente \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Si tratta della documentazione principale. + Proveremo a coprire la maggior parte delle funzionalità di base e delle + caratteristiche di LyX in questo documento. + Questo manuale assume che si sia letto il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +o almeno che abbiate una conoscenza adeguata del LaTeX. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Funzionalità\SpecialChar ~ +Avanzate \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline + +\emph default +Si tratta di una estensione della +\emph on +Guida dell'Utente +\emph default +. + Documenta layouts addizionali ed alcune caratteristiche di editing speciali, + assieme ad alcuni trucchi per gli esperti di LaTeX. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Personalizzazione \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Si tratta di una descrizione delle caratteristiche avanzate di LyX, e fra + l'altro descrive come personalizzare il comportamento generale di LyX\SpecialChar \@. + Questo + include fra l'altro le associazioni dei tasti, l'uso per lingue diverse + dall'inglese, e i files di configurazione. + Non pensiate neanche di aprire questo manuale prima di leggere il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Manuale\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +Riferimento \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Questo contiene una dettagliata ed esauriente descrizione delle caratteristiche + di LyX, ma senza gli utili suggerimenti d'uso che si trovano nella +\emph on +Guida dell'Utente +\emph default +, o nel +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, o in altri manuali. + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Bugs\SpecialChar ~ +Noti \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Questo file contiene una lista di bugs noti in LyX, e anche informazioni + su che cosa dovreste fare qualora trovaste un bug nuovo in LyX. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Configurazione\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +LyX esamina il sistema durante l'installazione. + Questo file contiene informazioni su ciò che LyX ha trovato nel sistema. + Controllatelo nel caso manchi qualcosa che vorreste invece avere. +\layout Standard + +Questi files fanno riferimento l'uno con l'altro quando necessario. + Per esempio, la +\emph on +Guida dell'Utente +\emph default + contiene alcune informazioni sull'installazione e la personalizzazione, + ma rimanda il lettore al manuale +\emph on +Personalizzazione +\emph default + per maggiori informazioni. +\layout Standard + +È importante rimarcare ancora un punto importante: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.51cm \added_space_bottom 0.51cm \align center +Se usate LyX per la prima volta, leggete il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + Ora. +\layout Standard + +Altrimenti potreste perdere tempo inutilmente: LyX fa tutto quello che si + richiede da un elaboratore di testi, ma utilizza un approccio differente + dalla maggior parte degli altri programmi. +\layout Section + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +Come contribuire al progetto di documentazione +\layout Subsection + +Riportare gli errori nei manuali. +\layout Standard + +Questo è facile. + Potete mandare un messaggio alla mailing list degli sviluppatori [Developer + Mailing List] o a quella degli utenti [User's Mailing List]. + Il team di documentazione, comunque, preferisce che mandiate un messaggio + a +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + Se i cambiamenti sono piccola entità, qualcuno li farà. + Altrimenti, vi consigliamo di partecipare alla mailing list e di mettervi + in contatto con noi prima di qualsiasi altra cosa. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 1.06cm \added_space_bottom 1.06cm \align center + +\emph on +Mai apportare dei cambiamenti ai manuali prima del consenso del team di + documentazione! +\layout Standard + +Comunque, questi cambiamenti non entreranno mai nella documentazione principale, + dato che è il team di documentazione a mantenere le copie principali sull'archi +vio CVS. +\layout Subsection + +Partecipare al team di documentazione. +\layout Standard + +Il progetto di documentazione di LyX, come qualsiasi altra parte di LyX, + ha sempre bisogno di aiuto! Se siete interessati a contribuire al progetto + di documentazione, dovete fare +\emph on +prima di tutto +\emph default + le seguenti operazioni: +\layout Enumerate + +Procurarvi l'ultima versione del codice sorgente di LyX. + Scompattatelo. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +I più avventurosi possono prelevare l'ultima versione in modo anonimo dall'archi +vio CVS di LyX. +\end_inset + + Troverete una directory nell'albero principale chiamata +\family typewriter +development +\family default +. + All'interno di tale directory si trova un file chiamato +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +. + Leg\SpecialChar \- +ge\SpecialChar \- +te\SpecialChar \- +lo; è il foglio di stile per la documentazione. +\layout Enumerate + +Prendetevi un paio di giorni di pausa, e poi leggete +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + nuovamente. +\layout Enumerate + +Poi, leggete la +\emph on +Guida dell'Utente +\emph default + ed il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Lo scopo di questo esercizio è quello di darvi delle idee. + Dato che il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + e la +\emph on +Guida dell'Utente +\emph default + saranno sempre i documenti più aggiornati, dovrebbero mostrarvi come vogliamo + che siano il contenuto e la forma dei manuali. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Leggete +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + di nuovo. +\layout Enumerate + +Infine, contattate il team a: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\layout Standard + +Vogliamo che capiate il foglio di stile +\emph on +prima +\emph default + di cominciare a scrivere. + Altrimenti vi faremo correggere i lavori presentati. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Non pensate +\emph default +nemmeno +\emph on + +\emph default +di cominciare a scrivere qualsiasi cosa prima di una chiacchierata via posta + elettronica. + Potete verificare l'attività attuale del team di documentazione sulla pagina + web del team [appena in funzione] o mediante gli archivi delle mailing + list che si trovano presso +\family typewriter +www.lyx.org +\family default +. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/it_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/it_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8d6d9390b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/it_Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,5946 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language italian +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +Il Tutorial di LyX +\layout Author + +scritto da Amir Karger e dal LyX Team +\newline +traduzione italiana di Claudio Coco +\size normal + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introduzione +\layout Section + +Benvenuti in Lyx! +\layout Standard + +Questo file è destinato a tutti coloro che non hanno mai sentito parlare + del LaTeX, o al più ne hanno una scarsa conoscenza. +\layout Standard + +Non c'è comunque da preoccuparsi - non sarà necessario che voi impariate + il LaTeX per usare LyX, d'altronde è proprio questa la caratteristica principal +e del LyX, ovvero fornire al LaTeX una interfaccia WYSIWYG. + In ogni caso è bene che apprendiate alcune nozioni fondamentali che vi + permettano di utilizzare LyX in tutte le sue potenzialità. +\layout Standard + +Tra i motivi che vi avranno spinto alla lettura di questo documento vi saranno + sicuramente i tentativi, peraltro conclusisi con un fallimento, di compiere + alcune azioni, per voi divenute ormai una consuetudine attraverso l'uso + di altri programmi di videoscrittura, ad esempio, aggiungere due spazi + consecutivi dopo un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o tre righe vuote consecutive tra due paragrafi. +\layout Standard + +La spiegazione a quella che può sembrare una mancanza è piuttosto semplice: + Lyx mette l'utente nelle condizioni di potersi dedicare alla stesura del + testo e disinteressarsi della sua formattazione (contrariamente alla maggior + parte dei programmi di videoscrittura, i quali obbligano l'utente non solo + a scrivere il documento, ma anche ad aggiungere spazi, scegliere il carattere, + etc.), operazione quest' ultima che verrà eseguita opportunamente dallo + stesso LyX. +\layout Standard + +Armatevi dunque di pazienza e proseguite nella lettura, il tempo impiegato + sarà ben speso. +\layout Section + +Che cosa aspettarsi da questo Tutorial (e cosa non ...) +\layout Standard + +Prima di proseguire, vogliamo sottolineare che, qualora il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + sia il primo documento di guida al quale ci si sia riferiti, è preferibile + dapprima la lettura della +\emph on +Introduzione +\emph default +, nella quale viene descritta la notazione in uso nel seguito, in caso contrario + saprete già il significato da attribuire a ciascun font e quindi possiamo + dedicarci brevemente all'analisi delle finalità del +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Trarre il massimo dal Tutorial +\layout Standard + +Se desiderate ottenere il massimo profitto dalla lettura di questo documento + (del quale, per comodità, si potrebbe effettuare una stampa in formato + PostScript®), vi consigliamo di applicare ciascuno degli esempi o esercizi + di cui si compone il tutorial, anche i più semplici o all'apparenza più + stupidi o noiosi, verificandone la correttezza. +\layout Standard + +Qualora abbiate già una certa dimestichezza con il LaTeX, probabilmente + riuscirete a scorrere il Tutorial abbastanza velocemente, poichè molte + delle idee sviluppate in LyX non sono altro che caratteristiche del LaTeX + in altra forma, sebbene vi siano alcuni aspetti peculiari da evidenziare. + +\layout Standard + +Chi non volesse proseguire nella lettura del +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, dia comunque una occhiata alla Sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +, scritta specificamente per coloro che si ritengono dei buoni conoscitori + del LaTeX. + +\layout Standard + +Riguardo la Sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + +, essa è la revisione di una vecchia versione del Tutorial e sebbene sia + abbastanza coincisa, può andar bene per farsi una idea delle funzionalità + del Lyx. +\layout Subsection + +Tutto ciò che non troverete: +\layout Itemize + +Qualcuno disposto ad imboccarvi come i bambini: non a caso oggi vi è la + tendenza a realizzare documenti di supporto che si ritengano debbano essere + letti da persone con un quoziente intellettivo pressochè nullo o in alternativa +, se preferite, estremamente pigre, ebbene noi riteniamo invece che la maggior + parte degli utenti non siano stupidi e ricorrano ad un manuale, ed in particola +re ad un tutorial, quando si sentono smarriti. +\layout Itemize + +Le istruzioni relative all'uso del mouse o della tastiera. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Se non siete in grado di usare il vostro PC, potete stare tranquilli, nei + documenti di supporto al LyX non troverete comunque nulla al riguardo. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Un'analisi dettagliata di tutte le proprietà del LyX, che sono invece descritte + nella +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +D'altronde se tali proprietà fossero qui riportate, il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + sarebbe soltanto un doppione di qualcosa che già esiste e per questo risultereb +be del tutto inutile, il suo scopo è piuttosto quello di introdurre i vari + argomenti, rimandando implicitamente gli interessati alla lettura della + +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Dettagli relativi al LaTeX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Pensate che avrebbe senso parlare del funzionamento del motore se a voi + interessa soltanto che la macchina vi trasporti ? Chi volesse imparare + i trucchi del Latex, si riferisca piuttosto ai diversi testi esistenti + sull'argomento. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Giunti a questo punto, possiamo adesso proseguire con la prossima sezione + oppure saltare direttamente alla +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Che cosa è LyX? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Sguardo d'insieme +\layout Standard + +I dubbi che nascono inizialmente nel comune utilizzo di Lyx sono essenzialmente + legati alla differente prospettiva di lavoro nella quale bisogna porsi. +\layout Standard + +Fino a qualche anno fa, l'unico strumento a nostra disposizione per l'elaborazio +ne di un documento era rappresentato dalla macchina da scrivere e per ovviare + alle sue limitazioni era necessario ricorrere a determinati accorgimenti + per ottenere l'impaginazione desiderata: pensate, ad esempio, alla sottolineatu +ra di una parola, attraverso l'uso del carattere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, per enfatizzarla o alla necessità, nel processo di creazione di una tabella, + di calcolare in anticipo le dimensioni di ciascuna colonna, nonchè il loro + corretto posizionamento attraverso il tasto tab. + I problemi di collocazione del testo interessavano anche la scrittura delle + lettere, e più in generale, di testi giustificati a destra, mentre la divisione + di una parola alla fine di un rigo richiedeva continua attenzione e prudenza. +\layout Standard + +In altre parole, siete stati abituati a preoccuparvi di tutti i più piccoli + dettagli relativi al posizionamento di ciascun carattere e quasi tutti + i programmi di videoscrittura sono stati progettati per mantenere il medesimo + approccio: aggiungere spazi attraverso il tasto tab, adoperarsi affinchè + ciascun oggetto occupi un ben determinato punto della pagina, dare importanza + al testo mediante font differenti in analogia al cambiamento dell'ingranaggio + della macchina da scrivere per ottenere il medesimo obiettivo. + Spero di aver reso l'idea. +\layout Standard + +A questo punto dovreste aver già capito che cosa differenzia LyX dagli usuali + programmi di videoscrittura: non c'è più alcun bisogno che vi interessiate + della disposizione degli elementi nella pagina, dovrete solo comunicare + al LyX le vostre intenzioni, sarà poi lui a pensare al resto attraverso + l'applicazione di un insieme di regole che identificano un particolare + +\emph on +stile +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +Supponiamo, ad esempio, di voler scrivere una relazione. + Per prima cosa, vorreste iniziare con un paragrafo chiamato +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Introduzione +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e per far ciò, dopo aver deciso la dimensione del carattere da utilizzare, + vi mettereste alla ricerca, tra i menù del vostro programma di videoscrittura, + del comando finalizzato allo scopo, quindi attivereste il neretto ed in + ultimo digitereste +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1.__Introduzione +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Se in un secondo tempo doveste poi decidere che questo paragrafo debba apparire + altrove all'interno del documento oppure voleste farlo precedere da un + ulteriore paragrafo, sarebbe necessario modificare la sua numerazione nonchè + quella di tutti i paragrafi successivi, aggiornando nel contempo il contenuto + dell'indice. +\layout Standard + +In LyX è sufficiente selezionare la voce +\family sans +Section +\family default +dal menù a tendina presente all'estremo sinistro della barra dei pulsanti + e quindi scrivere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Introduzione +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, nient'altro; successivamente, potrete spostarla a vostro piacimento, penserà + LyX a rinumerarla automaticamente, aggiornando nel contempo qualsiasi riferimen +to alla sezione presente nel documento. +\layout Standard + +Si pone inoltre un problema di consistenza. + Dopo cinque giorni decidete di continuare la vostra relazione a partire + dalla sezione 4, dimenticando però che in precedenza avevate usato un carattere + neretto di 18 punti piuttosto che 16 e digitando così l'intestazione della + sezione 4 con un font differente rispetto alla sezione 1. + Anche questo è un problema che non incontrerete mai in LyX, in quanto sarà + il computer a tener traccia della dimensione dei font per ciascun elemento. + D'altronde il computer è stato creato proprio a questo scopo. +\layout Standard + +Facciamo un altro esempio, supponiamo che vogliate creare una lista: con + gli altri programmi di videoscrittura, una lista si compone mediante la + successione di spazi, ottenuti con il tasto tab, e nuove linee. + Avete quindi la necessità di valutare, per ciascuna voce della lista, la + forma della marcatura e la rispettiva posizione, il numero di linee vuote + che devono separare due voci consecutive e altro ancora. + Sotto LyX dovete definire solo due proprietà: il tipo di lista ed il suo + contenuto, questo è quanto. +\layout Standard + +L'idea di base è dunque la seguente: specifica ciò che fai, ma non il modo + in cui lo fai. + Questa affermazione giustifica, in riferimento al LyX, l'uso del paradigma + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +quello che vedi è quanto vuoi esprimere +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (in inglese +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +what you see is what you mean +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + - WYSIWYM) piuttosto che +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +quello che vedi è quanto otterrai +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (in inglese +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +what you see is what you get - WYSIWYG). +\layout Subsection + +Differenze tra LyX e gli altri programmi di videoscrittura +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Qui non stiamo cercando di generare (o vincere) una guerra santa tra word + processor, però riteniamo che sia importante descrivere le caratteristiche + di LyX ed una delle principali, ovvero il paradigma WYSIWYM, è concettualmente + diversa dall'idea che il 99% delle persone ha in mente. + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Qui di seguito sono riportate alcune tra le caratteristiche che non troverete + in LyX: +\layout Itemize + +Il righello +\layout Itemize + +Il tasto Tab +\layout Itemize + +Spazi aggiuntivi [ ad esempio, premendo il tasto +\family sans +Invio +\family default + o +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + due o più volte ] +\layout Standard + +Tab stops ed il righello vi mostrano la posizione degli elementi all'interno + della pagina ed essi sono ovviamente inutili in LyX, essendo il programma + a preoccuparsi della disposizione degli stessi. + Una analoga considerazione è valida per gli spazi aggiuntivi, LyX lì introdurrà + dove necessario a seconda del contesto in cui si trova ad operare. + Sebbene l'impossibilità di aggiungere due linee vuote in una colonna vi + potrà inizialmente infastidire, tutto vi sembrerà più sensato quando imparerete + a pensare secondo la filosofia WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +Tra le proprietà che invece sono presenti, ma che in LyX hanno una diversa + connotazione, ritroviamo: +\layout Itemize + +I controlli relativi all'indentazione +\layout Itemize + +Le interruzioni di pagina +\layout Itemize + +Spaziatura tra le righe [ad esempio spazio singolo, spazio doppio, etc.] +\layout Itemize + +Spazi vuoti, orizzontali e verticali +\layout Itemize + +Tipo e dimensione dei font +\layout Itemize + +Aspetto dei caratteri [neretto,italico, sottolineato, etc.] +\layout Standard + +Solitamente non vi sarà alcun bisogno che ricorriate ad essi, in quanto + sarà LyX a settare, per ciascun documento e per le varie parti che lo compongon +o, il tipo di carattere e la dimensione del font. + L'indentazione di ciascuna sezione dipende in genere dal contesto e quindi + sezioni diverse presenteranno una differente indentazione. + Le interruzioni di pagina verrano generate in maniera automatica, mentre + lo spazio che separa due righe, parole o sezioni è variabile. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Esistono naturalmente vari modi [solo alcuni dei quali richiedono la conoscenza + di LaTeX] per agire su ognuna delle proprietà riportate, sia in riferimento + ad un intero documento che a porzioni specifiche dello stesso. + Per i dettagli vi rimandiamo alla lettura della +\emph on +Guida dell'Utente +\emph default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Vi sono, in ultimo, alcune aree nelle quali LyX [e LaTeX] si dimostrano + nettamente superiori agli altri programmi di videoscrittura: +\layout Itemize + +Interruzione delle parole a fine riga +\layout Itemize + +Liste di qualunque tipo +\layout Itemize + +Matematica +\layout Itemize + +Tabelle +\layout Itemize + +Riferimenti incrociati +\layout Standard + +Molti programmi di videoscrittura di ultima generazione permettono ormai + la gestione di formule matematiche, tabelle e la divisione delle parole + a fine riga, ed alcuni di essi stanno orientandosi verso la definizione + di stili e l'adozione del paradigma WYSIWYM, però solo di recente hanno + reso disponibili tali funzionalità, mentre LyX si basa sul sistema di costruzio +ne di documenti LaTeX. + Questi svolge egregiamente il suo lavoro da più di 10 anni e tutti i suoi + bachi sono stati eliminati molto tempo fa. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Sappiamo che niente è perfetto, ma LaTeX è, fra tutti i programmi per computer, + il più vicino ad essere privo di bachi. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Ma cosa è LaTeX? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX è un sistema per la preparazione di documenti elaborato da Leslie + Lamport nel 1985 +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +La fonte delle informazioni riportate in questa sezione è il documento +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di Helmut Kopka e Patrick Daly, riportato nella bibliografia della +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default +. +\end_inset + +a partire da un linguaggio di formattazione denominato TeX, a sua volta + creato da Donald Knuth nel 1984. + Molta gente manifesta nei confronti del +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + una certa ostilità, sebbene in tanti non riescono a capire che cosa sia + effettivamente. + TeX legge, a partire da un file di script scritto in ASCII, una sequenza + di comandi mirati alla formattazione e li esegue. + Questo modo di procedere è un po' più complicato che usare una macchina + da scrivere, ma non paragonabile alla complessità richiesta da una moderna + macchina da stampa. + In ogni caso, il risultato della elaborazione del TeX è un file in formato + +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, o per esteso, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +device independent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, il quale potrà essere letto attraverso programmi appositi oppure convertito + in altri formati, come ad esempio il PostScript®. +\layout Standard + +Il TeX potrebbe essere dunque visto come un semplice programma che consente + di ottenere pagine di bell'aspetto da stampare, se non fosse per la possibilità + di definire delle macro. + +\layout Standard + +Molte persone che adoperano TeX utilizzano un pacchetto di macro che Knuth + creò con l'obiettivo di nascondere molti dettagli relativi alla formattazione. + D'altronde è questo l'aspetto più noto del TeX, il comune utente non utilizza + i comandi di formattazione di più basso livello, bensì pacchetti di macro + creati ad hoc. + Fu proprio in base a tale considerazione che Leslie Lamport, desiderando + avere a disposizione un pacchetto di macro che fosse più orientata all' + utente e meno alla formattazione, ovvero un insieme di comandi che componessero + in modo consistente paragrafi, tabelle o formule matematiche secondo uno + stile uniforme, creò LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Immediatamente, in parallelo allo sviluppo e alla crescita di LaTeX, altre + persone iniziarono a realizzare dei pacchetti di macro personalizzati in + base alle loro esigenze, chi per scrivere lucidi, chi articoli per riviste + matematiche e così via. +\layout Standard + +Per far ciò alcuni usavano il TeX di base, altri modificavano il LaTeX. + Per cercare di ristabilire un'ordine in tutta questa confusione, una squadra + di LaTeX-iani, [tra i quali anche Lamport, naturalmente] iniziarono a lavorare + sul LaTeX2e, l'attuale versione di LaTeX, verso la fine degli anni 80. + Questa nuova versione di LaTeX introduce comandi che forniscono una interfaccia + di più semplice utilizzo alle funzioni relative alla creazione di macro + in TeX [ricordate il TeX?], facilitano l'uso di nuovi font ed altro ancora. + A tutti gli effetti LaTeX è di per sè stesso un linguaggio estensivo e + ciò ha permesso agli utenti attorno al mondo di creare le proprie aggiunte + al LaTeX al di là dello standard. + +\layout Standard + +Esistono due diversi modi di ampliare LaTeX, rispettivamente attraverso + le classi e gli stili. + Una +\emph on +classe +\emph default + è un insieme di macro in LaTeX [e TeX] mirate a descrivere un nuovo tipo + di documento, come un libro o un articolo. + Vi sono classi per lucidi, per riviste di fisica e matematica\SpecialChar \ldots{} +alcune università + hanno addirittura una classe per il loro fomato di tesi! Uno +\emph on +stile +\emph default + differisce da una classe in quanto esso non definisce un nuovo formato + di documento, bensì un diverso +\emph on +comportamento +\emph default + che un documento può seguire. + Per esempio, LyX gestisce i margini di pagina e la spaziatura fra le linee + servendosi di due differenti files di stile di LaTeX progettati con quest'inten +to. + Sono stati scritti files di stile per gli usi più disparati: la stampa + di etichette o buste, la variazione della indentazione, l'aggiunta di nuovi + fonts, la manipolazione di grafici, la realizzazione di intestazioni di + pagina decorate, la personalizzazione di bibliografie, la possibilità di + variare la posizione e l'aspetto delle note a piè di pagina, delle tabelle + e delle figure, la customizzazione delle liste, eccetera, eccetera. +\layout Standard + +Segue un breve sommario: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Linguaggio di formattazione con capacità di definizione delle macro. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Insieme di macro costruite sul TeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +classi: Descrizione di un tipo di documento, mediante LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +stili: Modifica in qualche modo il comportamento di default del LaTeX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Word-processor visuale di tipo WYSIWYM che fa uso del LaTeX in tutte + le sue potenzialità per effettuare la stampa. +\layout Standard + +L'obiettivo di questo paragrafo era quello di cercare di illustrare +\emph on +perchè +\emph default + LyX +\emph on +lavora +\emph default + in alcuni casi in maniera così differente rispetto agli altri programmi + di videoscrittura. + La ragione è semplice: LyX utilizza LaTeX come processo finale per la stampa. + Proprio come il LaTeX, LyX mette a fuoco il contesto del vostro scrivere + --- +\emph on +ciò +\emph default +che voi digitate. + Sarà il computer invece a gestire il suo aspetto. +\layout Standard + +Oh --- un'ultima cosa. + LaTeX si pronuncia come TeX. + Solitamente fa rima con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hey blech. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ha blech +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, dipende da come pronunciate la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +a +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + . + Lamport nel suo libro dice che, comunque, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +anche +\emph on + lay +\emph default +-tecks è possibile +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dall'altra parte, si pronuncia +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +licks. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + O +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lucks, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +looks, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dipende dalla vosta nazionalità\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Primi passi in LyX +\layout Section + +Il vostro primo documento con LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + +OK. + Anche se siete pronti per iniziare a scrivere, abbiate la pazienza di leggere + queste ultime annotazioni, le quali, speriamo, rendano il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + ancora più istruttivo, utile e divertente. + +\layout Standard + +Poichè vi sono un sacco di cose che non vi diremo, la +\series bold +prima +\series default + cosa che dovrete fare è trovare gli altri file di aiuto. + +\series medium + +\series default +Fortunatamente per voi, questa operazione è abbastanza semplice, vi basta + lanciare LyX e scegliere +\emph on +, +\emph default + ad esempio, la +\emph on + Guida dell'utente +\emph default +dal menù +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +iuto +\family default +. + Oppure potreste voler leggere proprio il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + (se non lo state già facendo sullo schermo). + In questo modo, siete in grado di consultarli mentre procedete alla scrittura + del vostro file +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Possono anche servire come esempi su come usare le varie proprietà di LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Fate attenzione al fatto che nel momento in cui avete più documenti aperti, + potete passare dall'uno all'altro attraverso il menù +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +i. + Precisiamo che il +\emph on + Tutorial +\emph default + non tratterà nei dettagli gli argomenti trattati negli altri manuali del + LyX e sebbene questo possa costituire uno scoglio, specialmente all'inizio, + d'altra parte consente di rendere il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + abbastanza breve. + Inoltre la sua lettura vi abituerà all'uso dei manuali successivi e nel + lungo periodo vi farà risparmiare un mare di tempo. +\layout Standard + +In questo +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + stiamo assumendo che abbiate una versione completamente funzionante di + LyX, LaTeX, +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + o altro visore di file dvi , +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + o altro programma di conversione di documenti +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + in PostScript®, nonchè una stampante anch'essa funzionante. + Se una qualunque delle richieste non fosse verificata, voi (o l'amministratore + di sistema) dovrete provvedere a configurare il vostro sistema. + Troverete le informazioni di configurazione in altri manuali. +\layout Standard + +Per concludere, abbiamo scritto un file, chiamato +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +, per farvi mettere in pratica le vostre abilità con LyX. + Immaginate che sia stato scritto da qualcuno che non conosceva nessuna + delle fantastiche proprietà di LyX. + Ebbene, non appena imparate nuove funzioni di LyX, vi suggeriamo di correggerlo. + Esso contiene anche utili suggerimenti riguardo a come effettuare le correzioni. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +I suggerimenti sono individuabili dall' etichetta gialla +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Note +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, il cui testo può essere letto semplicemente cliccando su di essi. +\end_inset + +. + Se volete barare (o verificare quanto avete fatto), consultate il file + +\family typewriter +example_lyxified.lyx +\family default + il quale contiene lo stesso testo scritto e formattato da un esperto di + LyX. +\layout Standard + +I file di esempio sono localizzati nella cartella +\family typewriter + examples/ +\family default + , che può essere raggiunta selezionando +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +A +\bar under +p +\bar default +ri +\family default + e quindi cliccando sul tasto +\family sans +Esempi +\family default +. + Aprite il documento scorretto e mediante +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Sal +\bar under +v +\bar default +a come +\family default +salvatene una copia, sulla quale lavorare, nella vostra cartella. + Ogni qual volta effettuate delle correzioni, andate a vedere come i vari + cambiamenti modificano il file dvi risultante. +\layout Standard + +In ogni caso, la cartella +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default + contiene molti file di esempio ed ognuno di essi vi mostrerà come realizzare + operazioni elaborate con LyX. + Risultano utili soprattutto a mostrare tutto ciò che, a causa della lunghezza + o per altre ragioni, sarà escluso dalla documentazione. + Dopo che avrete letto il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, o quando siete confusi su come realizzare quacosa di elaborato, date una + occhiata a questi file. +\layout Subsection + +Digitazione, Lettura e Stampa +\layout Itemize + +Crea un nuovo file con +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +uovo +\layout Itemize + +Digita una frase, ad esempio: +\family typewriter +Questo è il mio primo documento scritto con LyX! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Potete scrivere ciò che volete, non ha importanza. + In questa sede vi chiediamo scusa per la stupidità di questa frase e delle + altre che vi chiederemo di scrivere in futuro. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Salvate il documento con +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Sal +\bar under +v +\bar default +a\SpecialChar ~ +come\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +Lanciate LaTeX per creare il dile +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, con +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Anteprima\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Potreste vedere apparire strani messaggi all'interno della finestra nella + quale avete lanciato il comando +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default +, ebbene non preoccupatevi, sono prodotti da LaTeX, ignorateli pure. + LyX lancerà quindi +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (o qualche altro visore di +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +), il quale mostrerà, in una nuova finestra, il vostro documento così come + apparirà una volta stampato. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Potete risparmiare del tempo lasciando girare +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + in background. + Quando LaTeX avrà terminato, basterà scegliere +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile->Aggiorna\SpecialChar ~ +DVI +\family default + e cliccare sulla finestra di +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (oppure renderla visibile dopo averla minimizzata). +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Stampate scegliendo +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Stam +\bar under +p +\bar default +a +\family default + e premendo +\family sans +OK\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Congratulazioni! Avete scritto e stampato il vostro primo documento con + LyX. + Il resto è solo un insieme di dettagli che vi saranno illustrati nella + rimanente parte del +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, nella +\emph on + Guida dell'utente +\emph default +, e nel +\emph on +Manuale di riferimento +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Operazioni Elementari +\layout Standard + +LyX svolge naturalmente molte delle funzioni che vi aspettate di trovare + in un programma di videoscrittura. + Esso word-wrap e indenta i paragrafi automaticamente. + Se provate in questo momento ad aprire qualcuno dei menu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Se siete come molti fra gli utenti +\noun on +unix +\noun default +, lo avrete già fatto molto tempo prima di iniziare a leggere il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\end_inset + +, noterete che molti tra i comandi più comuni (ad esempio, +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Esci da LyX, Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator +I +\bar under +n +\bar default +colla, +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Stam +\bar under +p +\bar default +a) +\family default +sono indicati nello stesso modo in cui vi aspettavate, si trovano negli + stessi menù dove pensavate potessero trovarsi, e, cosa più importante, + svolgono le stesse operazioni che avevate associato loro. + Segue una veloce descrizione di come svolgere qualche altra semplice azione. +\layout Description + +Annulla LyX è capace di infiniti Annulla, cioè potete annullare tutto le + operazioni che avete eseguito dall'inizio della vostra sessione di lavoro + corrente, selezionando +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +nnulla +\family default + più e più volte. + Se avete esagerato, scegliete +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator +R +\bar under +i +\bar default +pristina +\family default + per tornare indietro. + +\emph on +Al momento, l'operazione di Annulla è limitata a 100 passi e non funziona + proprio per +\emph default +tutte +\emph on + le azioni eseguite, ad esempio quando si effettuano cambiamenti all'impaginazio +ne del documento. +\layout Description + +Taglia/Incolla/Copia Scegliete +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +aglia +\family default +, +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator +I +\bar under +n +\bar default +colla +\family default +, e +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +opia +\family default + per tagliare, incollare, e copiare, oppure incollate automaticamente il + testo selezionato con il +\emph on +tasto centrale +\emph default + del mouse. +\layout Description + +Find/Replace La voce +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cerca\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +s +\bar default +ostituisci +\family default +vi è utile per ricerche con distinzione tra maiuscole e minuscole. + Nella finestra che verrà visualizzata, effettuate la ricerca servendovi + delle frecce in avanti e indietro, e usate il bottone +\family sans +Cam +\bar under +b +\bar default +ia +\family default + per sostitutire la parola trovata. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Una volta finito potete chiudere la finestra oppure lasciarla aperta se + vi fa più comodo. + Molte delle tabelle che compaiono in LyX --- comprese quelle di +\family sans +Cerca\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +s +\bar default +ostituisci +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +ommario +\family default +, e +\family sans + +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\family default +, nonchè quelle relative alla matematica --- potrebbero essere minimizzate + piuttosto che chiuse. + Alcune, come quella +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile-> +\bar under +A +\bar default +pri +\family default +, non vi permettono di digitare nulle nella finestra principale di LyX fino + a quando non provvedete a chiuderle. + Siate sicuri di avere attiva la giustra finestra quando provate a scrivere + nella finestra principale di LyX oppure volete eseguire un comando in qualche + altra sua finestra. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Formattazione\SpecialChar ~ +dei\SpecialChar ~ +caratteri Potete +\emph on +enfatizzare +\emph default + il testo (ciò generalmente viene fatto mediante caratteri in italico), + metterlo in +\series bold +neretto +\series default +, oppure in +\noun on +maiuscolo +\noun default + (di solito le lettere minuscole, usate per i nomi di persona) mediante + i bottoni in rilievo presenti nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Barra\SpecialChar ~ +degli\SpecialChar ~ +strumenti Sulla barra degli strumenti risiedono dei tasti (proprio + sotto i menu) che vi permettono di eseguire alcune tra le funzioni più + frequenti, come +\family sans +Incolla +\family default + e +\family sans +Stampa +\family default +. + Se portate il mouse sopra uno di questi tasti sulla barra degli strumenti, + una piccola etichetta gialla vi comunicherà quale è la funzione ad esso + associata. +\layout Description + +Minibuffer La riga grigia posta nella parte più bassa della finestra di + LyX è chiamata minibuffer. + Questa riga vi mostrerà tutta una serie di informazioni utili. + Per esempio, quando salvate, vi mostrerà il nome del file appena salvato. + Anche alcuni messaggi di errore potrebbero essere mostrati lì. + Fata attenzione al fatto che vi è permesso +\emph on +scrivere +\emph default + nel minibuffer. + Ciò vi permette di sfruttare un insieme di funzioni molto interessanti, + tra le quali alcune che potrebbero distruggere il vostro documento, quindi + non digitate nel minibuffer a meno che non sappiate quello che state facendo. +\layout Standard + +Sicuramente non avrete ancora scritto a sufficienza per aver fatto uso di + tutte le funzioni descritte, dunque, man mano che provate, vi consigliamo + di esercitarvi con i comandi Annulla, Incolla, etc. +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM: Spaziatura in LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +Una delle difficoltà più grandi per i nuovi utenti è costitutita dal modo + in cui LyX gestisce gli spazi. + Pur premendo il tasto +\family sans +Invio +\family default + più volte, otterete sempre una sola linea vuota e alla stessa maniera, + la pressione ripetuta del tasto +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +, restituirà come risultato un solo spazio. + In corrispondenza di una linea vuota, LyX non vi permetterà di digitare + neanche uno spazio, mentre il tasto +\family sans +Tab +\family default + non sposterà avanti il cursore del numero di caratteri cui siete abituati, + semplicemente perchè questa funzione non esiste in LyX! Ancora, in cima + alla pagina non troverete nessun righello che vi permetta di fissare le + dimensioni del tab o i margini della pagina. +\layout Standard + +Molti programmi di videoscrittura commerciali sono basati sul principio + WYSIWYG : +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Ciò che vedi è quanto otterai +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +In inglese +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, da qui l'acronimo WYSIWYG +\end_inset + + . +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + LyX, d'altro canto, si basa sul paradigma secondo il quale +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Ciò che vedi è quanto vuoi esprimere +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +In inglese +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Mean +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Voi digitate quello che volete dire, e LyX si prenderà cura di formattarlo + al posto vostro, affinchè la resa finale sia gradevole. + Un +\family sans + Invio +\family default + grammaticalmente separa i paragrafi, mentre uno +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + grammaticalmente separa le parole, per cui non c'è ragione di introdurne + un gran numero per una stessa riga; un +\family sans +Tab +\family default + non ha grammaticalmente alcuna funzione, quindi LyX non lo supporta. + Con LyX, trascorrerete la maggior parte del vostro tempo a preoccuparvi + del +\emph on +contenuto +\emph default + del vostro documento piuttosto che del suo +\emph on +aspetto +\emph default +. + Per maggiori informazioni sul concetto WYSIWYM, fate riferimento alla sezione + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +LyX ha molti modi per permettervi di raffinare la formattazione dei vostri + documenti. + Dopo tutto, LyX potrebbe non formattare +\emph on +esattamente +\emph default + ciò che volete dire. + La +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default +contiene delle informazioni al riguardo. + Ad esempio, in esso si parla di +\family sans +Riempimento orizzontale +\family default + e spazi verticali --- molto più potenti e versatili che gli spazi multipli + o linee vuote --- nonchè dei metodi per cambiare manualmente la dimensione + dei font, il tipo di carattere, e l'allineamento dei paragrafi. + L'idea di fondo, comunque, è quella di scrivere l'intero documento, concentrand +osi sul contenuto, e preoccuparsi solo alla fine di migliorare i dettagli. + Con i comuni programmi di videoscrittura, siete invece distratti dalla + formattazione del documento per tutta la durata della vostra sessione di + scrittura. +\layout Section + +Ambienti +\layout Standard + +Parti differenti di un documento hanno diverse finalità; noi indichiamo + tali parti come +\emph on +ambienti +\emph default +. + La maggior parte di un documento è in genere costituito da semplice testo. + I titoli di ciascuna sezione (capitolo, sottosezione, etc.) fanno capire + al lettore che un nuovo argomento o sottoargomento sarà trattato. + Determinati tipi di documento hanno speciali ambienti. + L'articolo di una rivista sarà caratterizzato da un sunto +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +In inglese +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +abstract +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + + dell'articolo e dal titolo. + Una lettera non avrà nessuna di queste parti, ma probabilmente avrà un + ambiente relativo all'indirizzo del mittente. +\layout Standard + +Gli ambienti costituiscono un punto fondamentale nella filosofia +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Ciò che vedi è quanto vuoi esprimere +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di LyX. + Un dato ambiente richiede, in genere, un font appartenente ad una ben determina +ta famiglia, una certa dimensione dei caratteri, una particolare indentazione, + spaziatura e altro ancora. + Inoltre la rigorosa formattazione per un assegnato ambiente può essere + soggetta a variazioni: una rivista potrebbe usare il neretto a 18 punti, + con titoli delle sezioni al centro mentre un'altra il corsivo a 15 punti, + con giustificazione a sinistra; linguaggi diversi possono essere caratterizzati + da differenti standard di indentazione e allo stesso modo i formati delle + bibliografie possono differire fortemente gli uni dagli altri. + LyX evita che dobbiate imparare tutti gli stili di formattazione. +\layout Standard + +L'indicatore d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default + è posto all'estrema sinistra della barra degli strumenti (proprio sotto + il menù +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile +\family default +) e indica l'ambiente sotto il quale state attualmente scrivendo. + Mentre scrivevate il vostro primo documento, indicava +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Standard, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ovvero l'ambiente di default per il testo. + Adesso provate ad introdurre alcuni ambienti nel vostro nuovo documento + affinchè possiate rendervi conto di come funzionano. + Per far ciò, usate il menù +\family sans +Ambient +\family default +e, che va aperto cliccando sulla icona +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +freccia in basso +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + presente sulla destra dell'indicatore d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Sezioni e sottosezioni +\layout Standard + +Digitate la parola +\family typewriter + Introduzione +\family default + sulla prima riga del vostro file, quindi selezionate +\family sans +Section +\family default + dal menù +\family sans +Ambiente +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Non c'è bisogno di selezionare la riga. + Se non è selezionato nulla, LyX cambia il paragrafo dove vi trovate attualmente + nell'ambiente desiderato. + In alternativa, potete cambiare più paragrafi in un ambiente differente + selezionandoli prima di scegliere l'ambiente stesso. +\end_inset + +. + LyX numererà la sezione con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e formatterà l'intestazione della sezione (titolo) con un font più grande. + (Naturalmente, l'intestazione della sezione sarà formattata correttamente + anche nel documento stampato o in quello +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +.) Quindi premete +\family sans +Invio +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Noterete che l'indicatore d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default + tornerà da +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Ciò si spiega col fatto che l'intestazione di una sezione, come molti ambienti, + si assume sia terminata una volta premuto il tasto +\family sans +Invio +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Riferitevi alla +\emph on + Guida dell'utente +\emph default + per sapere come scrivere titoli con due o più linee. + L'ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default + può naturalmente essere usato per molti paragrafi. + Anche altri ambienti della lista (vedi sotto) non terminano quando si preme + +\family sans +Invio +\family default +. + Potete sempre verificare l'ambiente nel quale state lavorando dando un'occhiata + all'indicatore d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default +. +\end_inset + + Digitate l'introduzione del documento: +\layout LyX-Code + +Questa è una introduzione al mio primo documento in LyX. +\layout Standard + +Premete ancora +\family sans + Invio +\family default +, selezionate ancora +\family sans +Section +\family default + dal menù d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default +. + LyX scriverà un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e attenderà che scriviate un titolo. + Digitate +\family typewriter +Altro soggetto +\family default +, vedrete che LyX lo rappresenterà ancora una volta come un titolo di sezione. +\layout Standard + +Ma le cose interessanti non terminano qua. + Andate alla fine della sezione uno (dopo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +al mio primo documento in LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), digitate +\family sans +Invio +\family default + e selezionate +\family sans +Section +\family default + dal menù d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default +. + LyX stamperà +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e attenderà perchè digitiate un titolo. + Scrivete +\family typewriter + Circa questo documento +\family default +. + La sezione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Altro soggetto +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, identificata come la sezione 2, sarà automaticamente rinumerata come sezione + 3! Nel vero stile WYSIWYM, dovete identificare soltanto il testo che rappresent +erà il titolo della sezione, LyX si preoccuperà di numerare le sezioni e + formattarle. +\layout Standard + +Premete +\family sans +Invio +\family default + per ritornare all'ambiente +\family sans + Standard +\family default + e digitate le seguenti cinque linee: +\layout LyX-Code + +Sezioni e sottosezioni sono descritte sotto. +\layout LyX-Code + +Descrizione della sezione +\layout LyX-Code + +Le sezioni sono più grandi delle sottosezioni. +\layout LyX-Code + +Descrizione della sottosezione +\layout LyX-Code + +Le sottosezioni sono più piccole delle sezioni. +\layout Standard + +Cliccate sulla seconda linea e scegliete +\family sans +Sottosezione +\family default + dal menù d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default +. + LyX numererà la sottosezione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e la formatterà con un font che è più grande del testo comune, ma più piccolo + del titolo della sezione. + Allo stesso modo modificate la quarta linea con l'ambiente +\family sans + Sottosezione +\family default +. + Come probabilmente vi aspettatavate, LyX numererà la sezione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Se introducete ancora un'altra sezione prima della sezione 2, questa verrà + renumerata come sezione 3 e le sottosezioni come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + +Ulteriori livelli di suddivisione sono le +\family sans +Sottosottosezioni +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragrafi +\family default +, e +\family sans +Sottoparagrafi +\family default +. + Questi provateli da voi. + Dovreste notare che le intestazioni dei paragrafi e dei sottoparagrafi + non sono numerati per default, e che i sottoparagrafi sono indentati; riferitev +i alla +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default + per effetuare delle modifiche al riguardo. + Le intestazioni dei +\family sans +Capitoli +\family default + sono al momento il più alto livello di suddivisione, sopra le +\family sans +Sezioni +\family default +, ma vi è permesso di usarli soltanto in alcuni tipi (textclasses) di documenti + in LyX(see Section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +). + +\layout Standard + +In ultimo, potreste volere sezioni o sottosezioni non numerate. + Ci sono ambienti anche per questo. + Se cambiate una delle vostre intestazioni nell'ambiente +\family sans +Section* +\family default + (scorrete il menù +\family sans + Ambiente +\family default + per trovarlo), LyX userà la stessa dimensione del font prevista dalla normale + sezione,ma senza effettuare la numerazione. + Troverete le intestazioni d'ambiente +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +stellate +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + anche per le +\family sans +Sottosezioni +\family default + e le +\family sans +Sottosottosezioni +\family default +. + Provate a cambiare alcune delle sezioni e sottosezioni con gli ambienti + stellati e osservate come vengono aggiornati gli altri numeri di sezione. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Correggete le intestazioni delle sezioni e sottosezioni nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + +\layout Subsection + +Liste e sottoliste +\layout Standard + +LyX possiede parecchi ambienti per la formattazione delle liste, i quali + vi eviteranno di pigiare il tasto +\family sans +Tab +\family default + un milione di volte durante la scrittura di un elenco o di renumerare l'intera + lista se decideste di aggiungere un elemento in mezzo alla lista, lasciandovi + concentrare sul contenuto della lista stessa. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ebbene, stiamo forse evidenziando eccessivamente questo concetto lungo il + +\emph on +Tutorial, +\emph default +ma è la filosofia di base di LyX, quindi, perdonateci, per favore. +\end_inset + + Differenti tipi di documenti richiedono per logica diversi ambienti di + lista: +\layout Itemize + +Una presentazione con i lucidi potrebbe richiedere l'ambiente di lista puntata + +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + per descrivere diversi argomenti. + +\layout Itemize + +Per un elenco sarebbe da preferire l'ambiente di lista numerata +\family sans + Enumerate +\family default + (e sottoliste scandite da lettere). + +\layout Itemize + +Un documento che descriva molti pacchetti software potrebbe far uso dell'ambient +e +\family sans +Description +\family default +, nel quale ciascun elemento della lista comincia con una parola in neretto. + +\layout Itemize + +L'ambiente +\family sans + List +\family default + --- non presente in LaTeX --- che si discosta leggermente dal +\family sans + Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Elenchiamo un insieme di motivi per i quali LyX è migliore degli altri programmi + di videoscrittura. + Digitate da qualche parte nel vostro documento: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Lyx è migliore degli altri programmi di videoscrittura perchè: +\layout Standard + +e premete +\family sans +Invio +\family default +. + Adesso selezionate +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + dal menù d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default +. + LyX inserirà un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pallino +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (al momento vedrete un asterisco, il quale sarà convertito in un pallino + nel documento finale). + Adesso riportate le vostre ragioni: +\layout LyX-Code + +La formattazione è fatta per voi. +\layout LyX-Code + +La matematica is WYSIWYG +\layout LyX-Code + +Le liste sono davvero facili da creare! +\layout Standard + +Gli ambienti di lista, contrariamente alle intestazioni, non terminano quando + schiacciate +\family sans +Invio +\family default +. + LyX, infatti, presume che vogliate introdurre un altro elemento nella lista. + Quanto riportato sopra produrrà quindi una lista con tre elementi. + Se desiderate immettere più di un paragrafo all'interno di un +\emph on +elemento +\emph default + della lista, un metodo è quello di utilizzare il +\family sans +Ritorno\SpecialChar ~ +Protetto +\family default +, che otterete digitando +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default +. + Per terminare la lista, dovrete riselezionare l'ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default + (oppure da tasiera, con +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Avete così ottenuto un bell'elenco puntato. + Potreste voler lanciare LaTeX per vedere come apparirà una volta stampato. + E se aveste voluto numerare le motivazioni? Ebbene, selezionate l'intera + lista +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX non vi permetterà di selezionare il primo pallino in quanto verrebbe + incluso anche il paragrafo che precede l'elenco, cosa che probabilmente + non rientra nelle vostre intenzioni. + Similmente, non vi è possibile selezionare il numero presente nel titolo + di una sezione numerata. + Non preoccupatevi. +\end_inset + + e scegliete +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + dal menù d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default +. + Sorpresa! Come vi avevamo detto, se aggiungete o eliminate un elemento, + LyX aggiusterà la numerazione. +\layout Standard + +Mentre l'elenco è ancora selezionato, provate a usare gli altri due ambienti, + +\family sans +Description +\family default + e +\family sans +List +\family default +, per rendervi conto del loro effetto. + Relativamente a questi ultimi, ogni loro elemento è costituito da un primo + termine, costituente la prima parola dell'elemento stesso, seguito da una + definizione, la quale rappresenta la parte restante del paragrafo (fino + a quando non viene premuto +\family sans +Invio +\family default +.) Il primo termine è formattato o in neretto ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +) o separato da un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Tab +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Questo è però un tab compositore, che varia per adattarsi alla dimensione + del termine più grande, non il patetico, rigido, immutabile +\family sans +Tab +\family default + della macchina da scrivere. +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +List +\family default +) dal resto del paragrafo. + Se desiderate avere più di una parola nella definizione, separate le parole + con gli +\family sans +Spazi\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +protezione +\family default +, ottenuti con la combinazione di tasti +\family sans + C-Spazio +\family default +; essi appariranno come piccole +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di colore viola. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Formattate l'elenco presente nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Standard + +Potete annidare le liste internamente ad altre nei modi più interessanti. + Un esempio abbastanza ovvio potrebbe essere quello relativo alla realizzazione + di schemi. + Gli elenchi numerati e puntati avranno differenti schemi di numerazione + ed elementi puntati per le sottoliste. + Per i dettagli relativi ai possibili tipi di liste, fate riferimento alla +\emph on + Guida dell'utente +\emph default +, come pure per gli esempi nei quali compaiono molti annidamenti. +\layout Subsection + +Ulteriori ambienti: Versi, Citazioni e altro ancora +\layout Standard + +Esistono due ambienti per separare le citazioni dal testo circostante: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + per citazioni brevi e +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + per quelle più lunghe. + Il codice dei programmi (l'ambiente +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, utilizzato anche nel +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + per gli esempi in cui è necessario digitare lunghe frasi) è scritto con + un font simile a quello delle +\family typewriter +macchine da scrivere +\family default +; questo è l'unico ambiente di LyX dove è concesso l'impiego di spazi multipli + per consentire l'indentazione del codice. + Per le poesie +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +assumendo che voi siate sufficientemente creativi da saperle, in primo luogo, + scrivere. +\end_inset + + potete ricorrere anche allo stile +\family sans +Verse +\family default +, servendovi del tasto +\family sans + Invio +\family default + per separare le strofe, e +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default + per ottenere più righe all'interno di una stessa strofa. + Per una più completa descrizione di tutti gli ambienti disponibili in LyX, + leggete la +\emph on + Guida dell'utente +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Formattate correttamente gli elementi +\family sans +Quote, LyX-Code, +\family default + e +\family sans +Verse +\family default + nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Scriviamo un documento +\layout Standard + +Il capitolo precedente vi dovrebbe aver permesso fiduciosamente di iniziare + a scrivere un semplice testo con LyX. + Esso vi ha infatti illustrato le operazioni basilari del programma, nonchè + il potente strumento di scrittura rappresentato dagli ambienti. + La maggior parte di coloro che usano LyX, comunque, desidereranno realizzare + un intero documento: saggi, articoli, libri, manuali, o lettere. + Lo scopo di questo capitolo è proprio quello di insegnarvi a scrivere un + documento completo. + In primo luogo saranno introdotte le classi di testo, le quali vi permetteranno + di ottenere diverse forme di documento, quindi seguirà l'analisi di quegli + elementi che trasformano il testo all'interno di un documento, quali i + titoli, note a piè di pagina, riferimenti incrociati, bibliografie, e tabelle + dei contenuti. +\layout Section + +Classi di testo e Modelli: Le Lettere +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +Tipi differenti di documento richiedono in genere una diversa formattazione. + Per esempio, i libri sono in genere stampati a doppia facciata, mentre + gli articoli a singola facciata. + Inoltre, molti documenti contengono ambienti speciali: le lettere prevedono + l'indirizzo del mittente e la firma, elementi che non hanno alcun senso + in un libro o un articolo. + La +\emph on +classe di testo +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Per coloro che usano LaTeX: la classe di testo equivale alla classe di documento + del LaTeX. + +\end_inset + + prevista in LyX si preoccupa proprio di queste differenze macroscopiche + tra tipi diversi di documenti. + Questo Tutorial +\emph default +, per esempio, è stato scritto nella classe di testo +\family sans +Book +\family default +. + Le classi di testo sono un altro degli elementi centrali su cui si fonda + la filosofia WYSIWYM; esse spiegano al LyX come va formattato il documento, + in questo modo non c'è bisogno che impariate a farlo voi. +\layout Standard + +Il vostro documento è stato probabilmente scritto con la classe di testo + +\family sans +Article +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Di solito è la classe di testo di default, sebbene vi sia possibile settarla + all'interno del vostro file +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + Provate a utilizzare le altre classi (mediante il menù +\family sans +C +\bar under +l +\bar default +asse +\family default + presente nella finestra che appare scegliendo +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento +\family default +) per osservare come varia la formattazione degli uni rispetto agli altri. + Se ad esempio scegliete la classe di testo +\family sans +Book +\family default + e date una occhiata all'elenco degli +\family sans +Ambienti +\family default +, noterete che adesso vi è permesso utilizzare l'ambiente +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +. + Quando non sapete quali sono gli ambienti utilizzabili nell'ambito di una + assegnata classe di testo, consultate il menù d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +La dimensione dei caratteri, la stampa su una o due colonne e le intestazioni + sono alcuni dei possibili elementi rispetto ai quali può differire la formattaz +ione di una rivista rispetto alle altre. + Con l'avanzare dell'Era dei Computer, le riviste hanno iniziato ad accettare + la sottomissione informatica, creando dei +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +file di stile +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per LaTeX in modo tale che gli autori potessero sottoporre articoli correttamen +te formattati. + LyX prevede anche questo tipo. + Per esempio, LyX supporta la formattazione (e gli ambienti supplementari) + della rivista dell'American Mathematics Society nella classe di testo +\family sans +Article\SpecialChar ~ +(AMS) +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Qui di seguito sono brevemente riportati dei riferimenti relativi ad alcune + di queste classi di testo. + Come sempre, leggete la +\emph on + Guida dell'utente +\emph default + per maggiori dettagli. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nome +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Note +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +una facciata, non prevede i capitoli +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +struttura & ambienti per l'American Math Society +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +più lungo dell'articolo, doppia facciata +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +relazione + fronte e retro +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +lucidi (include anche FoilTeX) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +molti ambienti aggiuntivi per l'indirizzo, la firma\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Modelli: Scrivere una Lettera +\layout Standard + +Una delle classi di testo più conosciute è la classe +\family sans +Letter +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Per scrivere una lettera potreste scegliere la voce +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +uovo +\family default +dal menù +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile +\family default +, quindi selezionare +\family sans +Letter +\family default + nel menù +\family sans +C +\bar under +l +\bar default +asse +\family default + presente nella finestra a comparsa ottenibile mediante +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento +\family default +. + Sebbene questa possa essere il processo logico più ovvio per scrivere una + lettera, è in realtà tutta fatica sprecata. + Ogni qual volta dovete scrivere una lettera d'affari, desiderereste che + fosse già presente il vostro indirizzo, l'indirizzo del destinatario, un + corpo centrale, la firma, etc. + LyX include, a tal fine, un +\emph on +modello +\emph default + per la scrittura delle lettere, che contiene una lettera d'esempio; avendo + a disposizione un modello, vi basterà, all'occorrenza, sostituire le parti + d'interesse con i vostri dati. +\layout Standard + +Create un nuovo file con +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nuovo\SpecialChar ~ +da\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +m +\bar default +odello +\family default +. + Dopo aver assegnato un nome al file, scegliete +\family typewriter +letter.lyx +\family default + dalla finestra a comparsa +\family sans +Scegli\SpecialChar ~ +il\SpecialChar ~ +modello +\family default +. + Salvate e stampate il file per osservare la formattazione dei diversi ambienti. +\layout Standard + +Se aprite il menù d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default +, potrete osservare la presenza di diversi ambienti, come il +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +, che certo non esiste in altre classi di testo. + Altri, come +\family sans +Quote +\family default + e +\family sans +Description +\family default +, sono invece già noti. + Provate un attimo ad immaginare l'azione svolta dai diversi ambienti. + Noterete ad esempio che l'ambiente +\family sans +Signature +\family default + pone in rosso il termine +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +Firma: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + davanti al testo che sostituisce la firma. + Questa parola non verrà mostrata nel documento finale, la sua presenza + è mirata solo ad indicarvi dove va messa la firma. + Inoltre, non importa dove sia posizionata la riga +\family sans +Signature +\family default + all'interno della pagina. + Ricordate infatti che LyX è WYSIWYM, di conseguenza ovunque sarà l'ambiente + +\family sans +Signature +\family default +, LyX sa che in fase di stampa, la firma dovrebbe trovarsi alla fine. +\layout Standard + +Un modello non è altro che un normale file di LyX, quindi una volta che + riempite con i vostri dati i campi relativi all'indirizzo e alla firma, + potete sarvarlo come un nuovo modello. + D'ora in poi, il nuovo modello vi farà risparmiare del tempo ogni volta + che dovrete scrivere una lettera. + Probabilmente non c'è bisogno di suggerirvi alcun esercizio a riguardo, + cimentatevi a scrivere una lettera a qualcuno +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Un avvertimento, qualora stiate ricorrendo al modello. + Se cancellate tutto il testo relativo ad un ambiente ---ad esempio, se + cancellate l'intero campo +\family sans +Il\SpecialChar ~ +mio\SpecialChar ~ +indirizzo +\family default + per sostituirlo con il vostro --- e quindi spostate il cursore senza aggiungere + nulla, l'ambiente potrebbe sparire. + Ciò si deve al fatto che molti ambienti non possono esistere senza che + siano accompagnati da un testo. + Scegliete nuovamente l'ambiente dal menù d' +\family sans +Ambiente +\family default + per farlo tornare al suo posto. +\end_inset + +! +\layout Standard + +I modelli possono risparmiarvi un sacco di tempo, e vi esortiamo a sfruttarli + il più possibile. + Inoltre, possono rappresentare un valido aiuto per imparare ad usare alcune + delle classi di testo più elaborate, nonchè tornare utile a coloro che + hanno bisogno di configurare LyX per un gran numero di utenti poco esperti + di computer. + Sarebbe, ad esempio, molto meno traumatico, qualora fosse la loro prima + volta in LyX, che avessero a che fare con un modello di lettera personalizzata + per a loro società. +\layout Section + +I Titoli di un Documento +\layout Standard + +LyX (similmente al LaTeX) ritiene che il titolo --- che potrebbe comprendere + il titolo reale, il nome dell'autore, la data ed eventualmente anche un + estratto del testo --- costituisca una parte del documento a sè stante + . +\layout Standard + +Riprendete il file +\family typewriter +newfile.lyx +\family default +e verificate di stare utilizzando la classe di testo +\family sans + Article +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +In ogni caso non dovreste avere in uso la classe di testo +\family sans +Letter +\family default +, poichè questa non permette di introdurre alcuna intestazione. +\end_inset + + Digitate un titolo sulla prima riga e settate l'ambiente +\family sans +Title +\family default +. + Sulla seconda riga, digitate il vostro nome in associazione con l'ambiente + +\family sans +Author +\family default +, mentre sulla successiva ponete la data con l'ambiente +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + A questo punto riassumete in uno o due paragrafi il contenuto del documento, + servendovi dell'ambiente +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +, quindi verificate il risultato finale. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Correggete il titolo, la data, e l'autore nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Etichette e Riferimenti Incrociati +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + +Una operazione importante per la navigazione di un testo è costituita dalla + possiblità di associare una etichetta a ciascuna sezione (o sottosezione, + o, più raramente, appena una piccola porzione di testo) di un documento. + A seguito di ciò, sarete in grado di fare riferimento ad essa, da qualunque + punto del documento, mediante i riferimenti incrociati, nella forma del + numero della sezione oppure della pagina nella quale la sezione compare. + Così come per le sezioni e le note a piè di pagina, LyX gestisce al posto + vostro i riferimenti incrociati. + I riferimenti incrociati e le etichette automatici costituiscono uno degli + elementi nei confronti del quale LyX (e LaTeX) sono superiori ai programmi + di videoscrittura convenzionali. +\layout Subsection* + +La vostra prima etichetta +\layout Standard + +Supponiamo di voler contrassegnare la nostra seconda sezione, dal titolo + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Circa questo documento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Fermate il cursore alla fine della riga contenente il titolo della sezione, + quindi scegliete la voce +\family sans +\bar under + I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Etic +\bar under +h +\bar default +etta +\family default +. + Una finestra a comparsa vi chiederà di introdurre un nome con il quale + indicare la sezione. + Digitate +\family typewriter +sec:circaildocument +\family default +o, la quale è di certo una buona etichetta descrittiva che non andrà così + confusa con altre etichette che potremmo decidere di aggiungere. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Abbiamo scritto +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + perchè le etichette possono applicarsi anche a equazioni, tabelle e immagini. +\end_inset + + Premendo +\family sans +OK +\family default +, l'etichetta prescelta verrà posizionata all'interno di un piccolo rettangolo + in prossimità del titolo della sezione. +\layout Standard + +Ad ogni modo, avreste potuto, allo stesso modo, porre l'etichetta ovunque + nella sezione; i riferimenti alla sezione rimanderebbero all'ultima sezione + o sottosezione la cui intestazione è seguita dalla etichetta. + E' però vero che il suo inserimento nella stessa riga del titolo della + sezione (o, forse, nella prima riga di testo della sezione) garantisce + che i riferimenti di pagina rimanderanno all'inizio della sezione. +\layout Standard + +Fin qui non avete fatto nulla --- il file +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + vi sembrerà esattamente lo stesso, dato che le etichette non vengono mostrate + nel documento finale. + Comunque, una volta che avete aggiunto una etichetta, potete riferirvi + ad essa con un riferimento incrociato. + E' ciò che faremo al prossimo passo. +\layout Subsection* + +Il vostro primo riferimento incrociato +\layout Standard + +Posizionate il cursore in qualche punto della sezione 2 nel vostro documento + e digitate +\layout LyX-Code + +Se volete saperne di più su questo documento, allora date +\newline +una occhiata alla sezione, che si trova a pagina. +\layout Standard + +Adesso --- con il cursore posto dopo la parola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sezione +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\family default +--- scegliete +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Rife +\bar under +r +\bar default +imento Incrociato +\family default +. + Apparirà la finestra +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +un\SpecialChar ~ +riferimento +\family default +, nella quale saranno elencate tutte le possibili etichette alle quali potete + riferirvi. + Al momento, dovrebbe esservene soltanto una, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec:circaildocumento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Selezionatela (potrebbe essere selezionata per default) e cliccate sul + tasto +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar ~ +il\SpecialChar ~ +riferimento +\family default +. + Allo stesso modo, con il cursore dopo la parola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pagina +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, cliccate su +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +il\SpecialChar ~ +numero\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +p +\bar default +agina +\family default + nella finestra +\family sans + Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +un\SpecialChar ~ +riferimento +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX inserirà i riferimenti in un rettangolo alla destra della posizione + in cui si trovava il cursore. + Nel documento finale, essa sarà sostituita con il numero della pagina o + della sezione (a seconda della vostra scelta nella finestra a comparsa + +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +un\SpecialChar ~ +riferimento +\family default +). + Per comodità, un riferimento incrociato si comporterà come un link ipertestuale + durante la composizione di un documento in LyX; se dunque vi cliccate, + il cursore sarà spostato presso la corrispondente etichetta. + Mediante +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +A +\bar under +g +\bar default +giorna\SpecialChar ~ +DVI +\family default +, potrete osservare che nell'ultima pagina facciamo riferimento alla +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sezione 2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e alla +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pagina 1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (o qualunque altra pagina della sezione nella quale si trova la seconda + etichetta). +\layout Subsection* + +Divertiamoci con le etichette +\layout Standard + +Vi abbiamo prima detto che LyX si preoccupa di gestire la numerazione dei + riferimenti incrociati, ebbene adesso lo verificheremo. + Aggiungete una nuova sezione prima della sezione 2, rilanciate LaTeX, e + --- sorpresa! --- il riferimento incrociato alla sezione è stato cambiato + in 3! Modificate l'ambiente della sezione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Circa questo documento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + a sottosezione, ed il corrispondente riferimento indicherà adesso la sottosezio +ne 2.1 piuttosto che la sezione 3. + Naturalmente il riferimento alla pagina non sarà modificato a meno che + non aggiungiate un'intera pagina di testo prima della etichetta. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Se desiderate acquisire maggiore dimestichezza con le etichette, provate + allora ad inserire una etichetta, denominata +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec:lamiaprimaetichetta +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, lì dove prima si trovava il vostro primo riferimento incrociato, e riferitevi + ad essa in qualunque parte del documento. + Qualora adoperaste frequentemente i riferimenti incrociati (per esempio, + scivendo un articolo per una rivista), potrebbe risultarvi utile lasciare + aperta la finestra +\family sans + Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +un\SpecialChar ~ +riferimento +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Per essere sicuri che i riferimenti incrociati restituiscano i corretti + numeri di pagina anche nel caso di documenti più estesi, effettuate un + +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +opia +\family default + di qualche pagina della +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default +e riportatele nel vostro documento con +\family sans +I +\bar under +n +\bar default +colla +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ad ogni modo, copiare il titolo di un capitolo potrebbe causare un errore, + in quanto i capitoli non sono permessi nella classe articolo. + Se dovesse verificarsi, vi basterà cancellare il titolo del capitolo. + Se invece volete conoscere la causa di tale comportamento, andate alla + sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Correggete i riferimenti nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Note a Piè di pagina e Note al Margine +\layout Standard + +Per inserire le note a piè di pagina, vi basterà premere il tasto +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +piè\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +pagina +\family default + presente nella barra degli strumenti +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Il bottone mostra una freccia che punta ad un testo di colore rosso, posizionato + sotto del testo in nero. +\end_inset + + oppure scegliere la voce +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +p +\bar default +iè\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +pagina +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Ponete il cursore dopo la parola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + presente in qualche punto del documento e pigiate il bottone +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +piè\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +pagina +\family default +, vedrete comparire, appena sotto la riga sulla quale stavate lavorando, + una ulteriore riga, sottolineata in rosso, preceduta alla sinistra dalla + parola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, di colore rosso su sfondo grigio: essa individua lo spazio nella quale + potrete inserire il testo relativo alla vostra nota a piè di pagina. + LyX dovrebbe posizionare il cursore all'inizio della riga. + Digitate +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX è un programma di videoscrittura formattante. +\layout Standard + +A questo punto cliccate su +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e conseguentemente vedrete sparire il testo appena inserito, mentre rimarrà + la parola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, soprascritta in rosso, ad indicare la posizione della nota nel testo; + questa è l'operazione di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +chiusura +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + della nota a piè di pagina. + L'operazione di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +apertura +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + potrà essere eseguita in qualunque momento --- con la possibilità di rieditare + il testo, se lo si desidera --- semplicemente cliccando sull'identificatore + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di colore rosso. +\layout Standard + +Vi chiederete perchè l'identificatore sia una parola piuttosto che un numero, + ebbene, anche in questo caso LyX (in realtà LaTeX) si preoccupa di gestire, + in vece vostra, la numerazione delle note a piè di pagina direttamente + nel documento finale. + Per accertarvi di questo, vi è sufficiente visualizzare il file +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + (oppure stamparlo). + Qualora doveste inserire altre note, LyX automaticamente effettuerà la + loro renumerazione e da ciò si deduce il perchè non ci sia dunque alcuna + necessità di introdurre un numero come marcatore. +\layout Standard + +Sulle note a piè di pagina sono permesse, similmente al normale testo, le + operazioni di taglia e incolla: se non siete convinti, provate! Tutto ciò + che dovrete fare è selezionare il marcatore della nota +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Potrebbe risultare più semplice effettuare la selezione mediante la tastiera, + mentre con il mouse non è infrequente aprire accidentalmente la nota stessa. +\end_inset + + , scegliere +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +aglia +\family default + e successivamente +\family sans +I +\bar under +n +\bar default +colla +\family default +. + E' anche molto semplice convertire del semplice testo in una nota a piè + di pagina, basterà selezionarlo e quindi premere il tasto +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +piè\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +pagina +\family default +; l'operazione inversa si realizza alla stessa maniera, con il cursore posiziona +to stavolta su una nota a piè di pagina. +\layout Standard + +Le note al margine vanno invece inserite mediante il tasto +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +margine +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Il bottone, che dovrebbe trovarsi accanto al tasto +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +piè\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +pagina +\family default + nella barra degli strumenti, mostra una freccia che punta ad un testo di + colore rosso, posizionato accanto (al margine del) al testo in nero. +\end_inset + + oppure la voce +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +m +\bar default +argine +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Le note al margine sono simili a quelle a piè di pagina, escludendo che: + +\layout Itemize + +il marcatore sullo schermo è +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + piuttosto che +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +le note saranno posizionate al margine, piuttosto che al di sotto della + pagina di testo +\layout Itemize + +le note al margine non presentano alcuna numerazione +\layout Itemize + +quando una nota viene +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +chiusa +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, al margine sarà inserito un punto esclamativo, che ovviamente non apparirà + nel documento finale. +\layout Standard + +Provate a convertire le vostre note a piè di pagina in semplice testo, e + quindi ulteriormente in note al margine, lanciando in ultimo LaTeX per + vedere l'aspetto delle stesse. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Correggete la nota a piè di pagina nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Bibliografie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +Le bibliografie somigliano ai riferimenti incrociati. + La bibliografia contiene infatti un elenco di riferimenti, posto alla fine + del documento, ciascuno dei quali può essere richiamato in un qualunque + punto del documento stesso. + Similmente ai titoli di sezione, LyX e LaTeX vi facilitano il lavoro, gestendo + in modo automatico la numerazione degli elementi della bibliografia e aggiornan +do le citazioni al variare dei numeri associati a ciascuna voce. +\layout Standard + +Andate alla fine del documento e scegliete l'ambiente +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +. + A questo punto, ogni paragrafo che digiterete costituirà un riferimento. + Scrivete +\family typewriter +Il Tutorial di LyX, scritto dal LyX DocTeam +\family default + come vostro primo riferimento. + Noterete che LyX automaticamente inserirà un numero all'interno di un rettangol +o prima di ciascun riferimento. + Se adesso cliccate sul numero dentro al rettangolo, apparirà la finestra + +\family sans +Oggetto\SpecialChar ~ +bibliografico +\family default +. + Il campo +\family sans +Chiave +\family default + va utilizzato per richiamare il riferimento all'interno del documento. + Di default è un numero, voi cambiatelo in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lyxtutorial +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in maniera da ricordarlo più facilmente. +\layout Standard + +Adesso spostate il cursore laddove desiderate inserire il riferimento e + scegliete la voce +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Riferimento\SpecialChar ~ +ad\SpecialChar ~ +una\SpecialChar ~ +cita +\bar under +z +\bar default +ione\SpecialChar \@. + +\family default + LyX disegnerà un rettangolino grigio con tre punti interrogativi racchiusi + tra parentesi quadre e comparirà la finestra +\family sans +Citazione +\family default +, nella quale il primo campo, denominato anch'esso +\family sans +Chiave +\family default +, vi permette di scegliere quale voce della bibliografia citare +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Per questo è meglio assegnare alle chiavi nomi unici e scelti con logica, + piuttosto che lasciare i numeri assegnati per default all'interno del campo + +\family sans +Chiave +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + Servitevi della freccia alla destra del campo +\family sans +Chiave +\family default + per far scendere il menù a comparsa e selezionate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lyxtutorial +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (adesso è abbastanza semplice, è l'unica voce presente nella bibliografia). + Se provate a lanciare LaTeX, vedrete nel testo, racchiusa fra parentesi + quadre, la presenza della citazione relativa alla bibliografia presente + alla fine del documento. +\layout Standard + +Il campo +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +emark +\family default + nella finestra +\family sans + Citazione +\family default + permette di introdurre una nota (allo stesso modo di un riferimento ad + una pagina o un capitolo all'interno del libro o articolo al quale ci si + riferisce) fra le parentesi quadre, a seguire il riferimento. + Se volete che nel documento finale i riferimenti siano delle etichette + piuttosto che dei numeri (per esempio, alcune riviste scriverebbero +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +[Smi95] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per indicare un articolo di Smith del 1995), usate il campo +\family sans +Label +\family default +presente nella finestra +\family sans + Oggetto\SpecialChar ~ +bibliografico +\family default +. + Come al solito, per i dettagli leggete la +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio: +\series default +Correggete la bibliografia e la citazione nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Indice +\layout Standard + +Potreste a questo punto desiderare di avere un indice all'inizio del vostro + documento, ebbene con LyX è davvero semplice, vi basterà premere +\family sans +Invio +\family default + fra il titolo e la prima sezione del documento +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Non perdete il vostro tempo cercando di porre il cursore prima del numero + di sezione, non vi riuscirete. + Dovreste ricordare che non vi è permesso editare in alcun modo il numero + di sezione, poichè la numerazione è gestita automaticamente da LyX. +\end_inset + + e quindi scegliere +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Li +\bar under +s +\bar default +te\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Indici\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ommario +\family default +. + A seguito di questa operazione, all'interno di un rettangolo, sulla prima + riga del documento, apparirà la scritta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Sommario +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + +Sebbene può non sembrarvi di alcuna utilità, vi basterà dare un occhiata + al file +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + per accorgervi della presenza dell'indice, nel quale sono elencate le diverse + sezioni e sottosezioni. + Come è ormai consuetudine, se doveste riordinare le sezioni o crearne di + nuove, tali cambiamenti verranno riportati nel documento finale una volta + che esso sarà stato aggiornato. + +\layout Standard + +L'indice non viene riportato sullo schermo durante la digitazione in quanto + non vi è possibile modificarlo, però potete consultarlo in una finestra + a parte semplicemente cliccando sull'identificatore dell'indice oppure + scegliendo la voce +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator +So +\bar under +m +\bar default +mario +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Il comando presente nel menù funzionerà anche se nel vostro documento non + è presente alcun indice. +\end_inset + +. + La finestra Sommario +\family default + risulta molto utile anche per navigare il documento: se infatti scegliete + uno dei titoli di (sotto)sezione riportati nella finestra (servendovi eventualm +ente anche dei tasti contrassegnati dalle frecce per spostarvi lungo l'elenco), + esso verrà evidenziato ed il cursore (nella finestra relativa alla digitazione) + verrà posizionato nel punto corrispondente del documento. + In taluni casi potrebbe essere conveniente lasciare aperta la finestra + per tutta la durata della vostra sessione di scrittura. +\layout Standard + +Riguardo l'eliminazione dell'indice, il corrispondente identificatore può + essere cancellato alla stregua di qualunque altro carattere. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Correggete l'indice nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +L'uso della matematica +\layout Standard + +Molti di coloro che lavorano in ambito scientifico fanno spesso uso del + LaTeX per l'ottima resa grafica delle equazioni, evitando così di dover + ricorrere ai caratteri di controllo usati dai programmi di videoscrittura + e dai rispettivi editor di equazioni. + E' però vero che scrivere equazioni in LaTeX può risultare davvero frustrante + in quanto tale operazione assomiglia più alla programmazione che alla scrittura + vera e propria. + Fortunatamente LyX possiede un supporto WYSIWYM apposito per la gestione + delle equazioni. + Se siete abituati al LaTeX, potrete continuare a digitare normalmente tutti + i comandi LaTeX per la matematica, con la differenza che vi verranno mostrati + nello stile WYSIWYM. + Se invece non avete mai usato LaTeX, allora il +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +matematico +\family default + vi permetterà di scrivere in maniera semplice e veloce formule matematiche + dall'aspetto professionale +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX non verifica se le formule da voi scritte siano +\emph on +corrette +\emph default +. + Ci scusiamo per questo. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Modalità matematica +\layout Standard + +Digitate nel vostro documento la frase seguente: +\layout LyX-Code + +Mi piace ciò che Einstein ha detto, E=mc^2, per la +\newline +sua semplicità. +\layout Standard + +L'equazione riportata non ha davvero un bell'aspetto, neanche nel file +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +; non vi è alcun spazio fra le lettere e l'uguale, e vi piacerebbe poter + scrivere il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + come indice. + La scadente formattazione così ottenuta si spiega facilmente col fatto + che non abbiamo indicato al LyX che stavamo per scrivere una espressione + matematica, così esso ha provveduto a formattare l'equazione come se si + trattasse di un normale testo. + +\layout Standard + +Le espressioni matematiche sono solitamente scritte in Mathed, altrimenti + nota come modalità matematica. + Per attivare la modalità matematica, è sufficiente cliccare il tasto sulla + barra degli strumenti contrassegnato con la scritta +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + + di colore blu. + A seguito di ciò, LyX creerà una piccolo quadrato blu, circondato da un + rettangolo viola. + Il quadrato blu rappresenta un +\emph on +punto di inserimento +\emph default +, e sta ad indicare che Mathed è in attesa che inseriate qualcosa, mentre + il rettangolo vi informa che Mathed è attivo. + LyX avrà posizionato il cursore nel quadrato blu, quindi digitate ancora + una volta +\family typewriter +E=mc^2 +\family default +. + Vedrete che l'espressione sarà riportata in blu, ed il quadrato blu scomparirà + non appena il punto di inserzione non è più vuoto. + Adesso premete il tasto +\family sans +Esc +\family default + per uscire da Mathed (Nota: l'ulteriore pressione del tasto +\family sans +matematica +\family default + non disattiverà la modalità matematica), noterete che il rettangolo viola + sparirà, il cursore sarà posizionato alla destra della espressione e qualunque + cosa scriviate adesso, apparirà nella forma di semplice testo. +\layout Standard + +Lanciate LaTeX e osservate il file +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + L'espressione si presenta adesso con una formattazione davvero elegante, + con la presenza di spazi fra le lettere ed il segno di uguale, nonchè il + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + come indice. + Poichè si assume che le lettere, nella modalità matematica, siano delle + variabili, esse verrano scritte in corsivo, mentre i numeri non muteranno + ovviamente il loro aspetto. +\layout Standard + +Mathed è un altro esempio della filosofia WYSIWYM. + Con LaTeX, scrivereste una espressione matematica servendovi del testo + e comandi come ad esempio +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +; ciò può essere frustrante, in quanto non avete la possibilità di osservare + come essa appare graficamente fino a quando il file non verrà processato + da LaTeX, e soltanto allora potreste accorgervi di eventuali dimenticanze + o errori. + D'altronde LyX non cerca, durante la digitazione, di rendere l'espressione + in una forma grafica perfetta (WYSIWYG), quanto piuttosto di dare una idea + piuttosto precisa di come essa apparirà. + Sarà poi LaTeX a prendersi cura di una formattazione professionale. + Nel 99% delle volte, non desidererete operare alcun cambiamento sulla dimension +e dei font o sulla spaziatura che LaTeX utilizzerà nel documento finale. + In questo modo (scusateci per la ripetitività) potrete concentrarvi sul + +\emph on +contenuto +\emph default + delle vostre espressioni matematiche, non sul loro aspetto. +\layout Section + +Navigare una Equazione +\layout Standard + +Provate adesso a modificare +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Utilizzate i tasti cursore per spostare il cursore all'interno della espression +e, noterete che quando ciò accade, apparirà il rettangolo viola ad indicare + che siete nuovamente in Mathed. + Mediante i tasti +\family sans +Sinistra +\family default +e +\family sans +Destra +\family default + sistemate il cursore dopo l'uguale e digitate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1+ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Analogamente a quanto fatto in precedenza, servitevi dei tasti cursore + o di +\family sans +Esc +\family default + per abbandonare l'espressione, ciò vi sarà confermato dalla scomparsa del + rettangolo viola. + Anche se molti ritengono che i tasti cursore siano comodi, nulla toglie + che potete anche servirvi del mouse per posizionare il cursore nel punto + della espressione da modificare e attivarere la modalità matematica. +\layout Standard + +A parte i tasti speciali che saranno descritti nel seguito, la scrittura + nella modalità matematica è simile alla scrittura del testo semplice. + Servitevi del tasto +\family sans +Canc +\family default + (o +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +) per cancellare. + Selezionate il testo o con i tasti cursore o con il mouse. + La voce +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +odifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +nnulla +\family default + funziona anche nella modalità matematica, ed in egual maniera le operazioni + di taglia e incolla. + Una cosa alla quale fare attenzione: se vi trovate alla destra (esternamente) + di una espressione matematica e premete il tasto +\family sans +Canc +\family default + (o +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +), essa verrà cancellata. + Fortunatamente, esiste il comando +\family sans +Annulla +\family default + per porvi rimedio. +\layout Standard + +Cosa fare invece per modificare +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + +? Usate il mouse (o i tasti cursore) per posizionare il cursore nel punto + d'interesse, ovvero tra la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ed il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, a questo punto, premendo il tasto +\family sans +Su, +\family default + esso si sposterà all'altezza dell'indice, a precedere il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e potrete aggiungere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +.5 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, successivamente la pressione del tasto +\family sans +Giù +\family default + riporterà il cursore alla normale altezza. + In realtà, se premete +\family sans +Giù +\family default + da qualunque punto interno all'indice, il cursore sarà posizionato subito + +\emph on +dopo +\emph default + l'indice stesso (di modo che possiate quindi digitare +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Per navigare una espressione potete anche far uso del tasto +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +. + Se al momento vi trovate all'interno di un qualunque elemento Mathed (pedice, + indice, frazione, radice quadrata, delimitatori, o matrici, ciascuno dei + quali descritto nelle prossime lezioni), premendo il tasto spazio +\family sans + Spazio +\family default + il cursore sarà spostato nella posizione successiva all'elemento, mantenendosi + però in modalità matematica. + In questo modo, se il cursore è in un qualunque punto dell'indice, premendo + +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + esso si posizionerà in basso, alla normale altezza e proprio dopo l'indice. + Ciò comporta che vi è possibile scrivere +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{1+x}-2$ +\end_inset + + senza far uso del mouse o dei tasti cursore, un metodo che prediligerete + una volta che avrete acquisito maggiore esperienza. + State invece attenti a non usare lo +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + fra l'uno ed il segno più, altrimenti uscirete dall'indice. + Ove queste azioni non hanno alcun senso (diciamo, tra la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), lo +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +non sortirà alcun effetto +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Lo +\family sans + Spazio +\family default + ed il +\family sans +Tab +\family default + +\series bold +non +\series default + sono utilizzabili per aggiungere spazi supplementari fra le diverse parti + di una equazione. + Quel tipo di spaziatutra è una proprietà di formattazione, ciò significa + che dovreste lasciare che sia LyX (LaTeX) ad occuparsene (leggete Sec. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +). + Se non siete completamente soddisfatti, esistono alcuni metodi per agire + in maniera precisa sulla spaziatura, i quali sono descritti nel +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default + --- l'importante è che non vi cimentiate con le regolazioni di precisione + fino a quando non abbiate introdotto tutti i contenuti nel vostro documento. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Osservate che dopo aver digitato la vostra espressione ed essere usciti + con +\family sans +Esc +\family default +, essa non sarà seguita da nessun spazio. + Ciò può essere utile se state terminando un periodo o introducendo una + virgola, ma non nel caso in cui desideriate scrivere una parola dopo la + formula, in tal caso avete bisogno, una volta usciti dall'ambiente matematico, + di premere il tasto +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +. + Comunque, un metodo che velocizza l'operazione è quello di premere +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +, con il cursore posto proprio alla fine di una espressione matematica, + l'azione che ne consegue è infatti quella di chiusura del modo matematico + e aggiunta di uno spazio dopo l'espressione. + Così vi è possibile scrivere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + è la mia equazione preferita +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + piuttosto di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + +è la mia èquazione preferita. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Esponenti e Indici +\layout Standard + +Per scrivere un esponente potete ricorrere al menu +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematica +\family default +, sebbene sia effettivamente più semplice usare il segno di omissione, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX posizionerà un punto di inserimento (il qudrato blu, ricordate?) nell'indic +e, di modo che qualunque cosa scriviate da quel momento in poi si troverà + sull'indice e con una dimensione dei font più piccola, e ciò fino a quando + non premerete +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + (o +\family sans +Esc +\family default + per abbandonare del tutto l'ambiente matematico) . +\layout Standard + +Scrivere un pedice (incide) è davvero semplice --- iniziatene uno mediante + il tasto di sottolineatura, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +. + Potete mettere come pedice o indice anche elementi contenenti ulteriori + pedici o indici come questo che segue: +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Eserciczio +\series default +: Riportate l'equazione 1 del file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + nella modalità matematica. +\layout Section + +Il +\family sans +Pannello Matematico +\layout Standard + +Il +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default + rappresenta un modo conveniente per introdurre simboli o riportare funzioni + matematiche complesse. + Molte di queste funzioni possono essere realizzate mediante la tastiera + o il menu +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematica +\family default +. + Ad ogni modo, vogliamo concentrare la nostra attenzione sul +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default +, proprio per mettervi a conoscenza del suo contenuto; avrete la possibilità + di imparare successivamente le scorciatoie ottenibili da tastiera, leggendo + gli altri manuali (questo è un suggerimento). + Aprite dunque il +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default + e lasciatelo in evidenza durante la lettura dell'intera sezione. +\layout Subsection + +Lettere greche e simboli +\layout Standard + +Se cliccate sul tasto contrassegnato dalla scritta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, dovreste veder comparire un menù dal quale scegliere una lettera Greca, + che verrà riportata nel punto dove si trova il cursore. + Osservate che esistono un paio di varianti della epsilon, pi, phi, theta, + e sigma. + Come scorciatoia, se state digitando del testo, la scelta di un elemento + dal +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default + comporterà l'apertura automatica della modalità matematica. +\layout Standard + +Altri quattro tasti nella parte inferiore del +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default + vi permettono di scegliere da una vasta gamma di simboli usati in matematica: + diversi tipi di frecce, relazioni, operatori, sommatorie ed integrali. + E' bene evidenziare che mediante indici e pedici è possibile assegnare + i limiti inferiori e superiori alle sommatorie e agli integrali. + L'ultimo tasto è l'adorata miscellanea. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Non c'è nulla che tu non possa fare\SpecialChar \ldots{} + Tutto ciò di cui hai bisogno è +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (N.d.T. + Citazione di un verso della canzone +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +All you need is love +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dei Beatles) +\layout Subsection + +Radici quadrate, accenti e separatori +\layout Standard + +Per scrivere una radice quadrata è sufficiente cliccare sul tasto contrassegnato + dall'immagine corrispondente e digitare variabili, numeri, altre radici + quadrate, frazioni o qualsiasi altra cosa desideriate, in corrispondenza + del nuovo punto di inserimento presente all'interno della radice quadrata + che sarà comparsa nel frattempo sullo schermo. + LyX automaticamente ridimensionerà la radice quadrata per adattarla al + suo contenuto. +\layout Standard + +L'accentazione di un carattere ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +) o di un gruppo di caratteri ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +) va effettuata alla stessa maniera. + Premete il tasto +\family sans +Decorazione +\family default +, sul quale è presente un quadrato blu sormontato da una tilde di colore + nero\SpecialChar ~ +(~), per aprire la finestra +\family sans +Decorazione +\family default +. + Cliccate su una decorazione, e LyX provvederà a stamparla con un punto + di inserimento sotto (o sopra) di essa. + Digitate quindi quanto volete, e premete in ultimo +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + per +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +uscire +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dalla decorazione. +\layout Standard + +I separatori come le parentesi tonde, quadre e graffe, pur lavorando alla + stessa maniera, sono un tantino più complicati. + Premendo il tasto +\family sans +Separatore +\family default +, identificato da un quadrato blu racchiuso tra parentesi quadre, apparirà + la finestra +\family sans +Separatore +\family default +. + Scegliete un separatore a sinistra con il +\emph on +tasto sinistro del mouse +\emph default + e un separatore a destra con il +\emph on +tasto destro del mouse +\emph default +. + (In alternativa, fate uso dei tasti a pressione con l'etichetta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\bar under +S +\bar default +inistra +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\bar under +D +\bar default +estra +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, scegliendo i separatori con il +\emph on +tasto sinistro del mouse +\emph default +.) I delimitatori ai quali fate attualmente ricorso sono rappresentati in + uno spaio rettangolare nella parte alta della finestra. + Gli elementi predefiniti sono due parentesi tonde, ma il metodo descritto + vi permette di scegliere una coppia di parentesi graffe, una graffa ed + una tonda o anche un quadrato vuoto per ottenere una espressione del tipo + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (il separatore vuoto è disegnato sullo schermo come una linea spezzata + di colore nero, che ovviamente non figurerà nel documento finale). +\layout Standard + +Dopo aver scelto i separatori, cliccate su +\family sans +OK +\family default + per riportarli nella vostra espressione (oppure premete +\family sans +Applica +\family default + se volete che la finestra rimanga aperta per usi successivi). + Se siete pigri, potete digitare le parentesi direttamente in modalità matematic +a, piuttosto che servirvi della finestra +\family sans +Separatore +\family default +, sebbene esse avranno le medesime dimensioni del normale testo ed un aspetto + piuttosto scadente qualora fra le parentesi si abbia una frazione o una + matrice dalle grandi dimensioni. + Mediante la finestra +\family sans +Separatore +\family default + è invece garantito che la dimensione dei separatori è adeguata agli oggetti + presenti al loro interno. +\layout Standard + +I separatori o la radice quadrata o una decorazione possono essere applicati + su del testo preesistente. + Per far ciò, selezionate la parte della formula da modificare, quindi cliccate + sul tasto oppotuno sul +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default +. + Provate ad applicare quanto appena detto alla seconda legge di Newton, + portandola dalla forma scalare a quella vettoriale ( +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + Una volta che avrete imparato ad usare le matrici, saprete già come inserirle + fra parentesi tonde o quadrate. +\layout Subsection + +Frazioni +\layout Standard + +Le frazioni sono facilmente ottenibili nella modalità matematica, vi basterà + premere il tasto +\family sans +frazione +\family default +presente nel +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default +, il quale mostra una frazione con due quadrati di colore blu al numeratore + ed al denominatore. + LyX porrà due punti di inserzione in una frazione. + Così come vi aspettereste, potete muovervi lungo la frazione mediante i + tasti funzione o il mouse. + Raggiungete il quadrato superiore e digitate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Adesso schiacciate +\family sans +Giù +\family default + e digitate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Avete ottenuto una frazione! I due rettangoli possono naturalmente ospitare + qualunque elemento: variabili con esponenti, radici quadrate, altre frazioni, + etc. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Riportate la equazione 2 nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + in modalità matematica. +\layout Subsection + +Modalità TeX: Limiti, logaritmi, seni e altro ancora +\layout Standard + +Poichè in modalità matematica le lettere sono considerate delle variabili, + se digitate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + nella modalità matematica, LyX penserà che stiate scrivendo il prodotto + di tre variabili +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + +, e +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + +. + Le tre lettere appariranno in italico, sebbene ciò che volevate era scrivere + la parola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in Roman. + Inoltre LyX non lascerà alcuna spaziatura tra la parola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (digitando +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + usciremmo dalla modalità matematica). + Come ottenere dunque +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + invece di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Scegliete +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dall'elenco riportato nel riquadro +\family sans +Funzioni +\family default +, presente nel +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default +. + Il termine +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è riportato in rosso, nel carattere Roman, altrimenti conosciuto come modalità + TeX. + La parola è dunque considerata come un unico simbolo, per cui, premendo + +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +, essa verrà cancellata . + Adesso digitate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, la quale verrà riportata in italico di colore blu, come vi sareste aspettati + in Mathed. + Verificate come nel file +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + l'espressione sarà formattata correttamente. +\layout Standard + +Tra le funzioni che devono essere poste in modalità TeX, mediante la lista + nel riquadro +\family sans +Funzioni +\family default +, ritroviamo le funzioni trigonometriche e le corrispondenti inverse, le + funzioni iperboliche, logaritmi, limiti, e poche altre ancora. + Esse ammettono pedici e indici, caratteristica importante per digitare + ad esempio +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Trascrivete la equazione 3 presente nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + in modalità matematica. +\layout Subsection + +Matrici +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +Premendo sul tasto +\family sans +matrix +\family default + nel +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default +, comparirà la finestra Matrice, contenente due elementi scorrevoli attraverso + i quali fissare il numero di righe e di colonne che devono comporre la + matrice. + Scegliete 2 righe e 3 colonne, confermando con +\family sans +Applica +\family default + o +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + LyX definirà sullo schermo 6 punti di inserimento in una matrice di dimensioni + +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + +. + Come sempre, ciascun punto di inserimento potrà contenere qualunque tipo + di espressione Mathed (una radice quadrata, un'altra matrice, etc.) oppure + essere lasciato vuoto, se lo si desidera. + . +\layout Standard + +Il tasto +\family sans +Tab +\family default +, nel caso specifico, permette di spostarsi orizzontalmente lungo le colonne + della matrice. + In alternativa, si può navigare la matrice servendosi dei tasti cursore + - premendo +\family sans +Destra +\family default + al termine di una cella, il cursore verrà spostato nella cella successiva, + +\family sans +Giù +\family default + lo porterà nella riga successiva, etc. +\layout Standard + +Consultate la +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default + per avere informazioni relative alla possibilità di modificare l'allineamento + orizzontale di ciascuna colonna e la posizione verticale dell'intera matrice. + Se desiderate scrivere una tabella contenente del testo, dovreste ricorrere + il meraviglioso supporto per le tabelle di cui LyX è dotato, piuttosto + che cercare di scrivere il testo in una matrice. +\layout Subsection + +Modalità centrata +\layout Standard + +Le espressioni scritte fino ad ora si trovavano disposte su ciascuna riga + in maniera uguale al testo che precedeva o che seguiva, altrimenti note + come espressioni in linea. + Se tale caratterizzazione è utile nel caso di espressioni semplici e piuttosto + brevi, è però necessario ricorrere alla modalità centrata qualora vogliate + invece scrivere espressioni estese o che si distanzino dal testo. + Inoltre, soltanto le espressoni centrate possono essere etichettate e numerate + (riferitevi alla +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default +), mentre le equazioni su più righe (see Sec. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +) devono essere in modalità centrata. +\layout Standard + +Cliccate sul tasto +\family sans +centrato +\family default + nel +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default +, raffigurante due coppie di linee di testo tra le quali si trova un rettangolo + centrato di colore blu. + LyX definirà, su una nuova riga, un punto di inserimento centrato all'interno + della riga stessa. + Ora digitate una espressione e lanciate LaTeX per osservare il risultato + finale. + Il tasto +\family sans +centrato +\family default + è al momento un tasto che agisce anche su elementi introdotti in precedenza; + usatelo per modificare qualche espressione dalla modalità in linea a quella + centrata e viceversa. + +\layout Standard + +La modalità centrata presenta qualche differenza rispetto all'usuale Mathed: +\layout Itemize + +Il font predefinito è più piccolo per alcuni simboli, quali +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Pedici e indici per limiti e sommatorie (ma non integrali) si trovano al + di sotto dei simboli piuttosto che dopo di essi +\layout Itemize + +Il testo è centrato +\layout Standard + +Comunque, a parte queste differenze, le espressioni centrate e quelle in + linea sono molto simili. +\layout Standard + +Un'ultima annotazione relativa alla modalità di formattazione delle equazioni + centrate: fate attenzione al fatto se state introducendo la vostra equazione + in un nuovo paragrafo oppure no. + Qualora l'equazione si trovi a metà di una frase o di un capoverso, non + premete +\family sans +Invio +\family default +, in quanto, così facendo, il testo che segue l'equazione verrà forzato + ad iniziare a capo, sarà dunque indentato, sebbene probabilmente non lo + si desideri. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Riportate le diverse equazioni presenti nel file +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + in modalità centrata, e osservate la loro differente formattazione. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Esercizio +\series default +: Mediante le diverse tecniche che avete acquisito in questa sezione, dovreste + essere in grado di scrivere una equazione del tipo: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Equazioni su più righe +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +Provate a scrivere le seguenti equazioni ed a dare un'occhiata al corrispondente + file +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Avrete bisogno di introdurre due distinte equazioni in modalità centrata. + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y+y+y+y+y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +=5y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Non ha per niente un bell'aspetto! Qualora scriviate due o più equazioni + in successione, esse risulterebbero visivamente più gradevoli se i segni + di uguaglianza corrispondenti fossero allineati e ciò è a maggior ragione + vero se la seconda equazione non possiede il primo membro. + LyX vi permette di scrivere equazioni su più righe con la possiblità di + controllare in parte l'allineamento. + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\ + & = & 5y\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Quest'ultima è sicuramente +\shape slanted +molto +\shape default + meglio! I segni di uguaglianza sono allineati e la spaziatura verticale + tra le equazioni è ridotta. +\layout Standard + +Per creare una equazione multi-linea, aprite una espressione Mathed centrata + e digitate +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default +. + LyX stamperà sullo schermo due righe, ciascuna contenente tre punti di + inserzione vuoti. + In maniera analoga alle matrici, potete servirvi del mouse, dei tasti funzione, + o del tasto +\family sans +Tab +\family default + per spostarvi tra i punti di inserzione. + Cercate di riprodurre l'equazione su più righe di cui sopra. + Osservate che, in una equazione multi-linea, è lecito lasciare uno o più + punti di inserzione vuoti, in quanto tale espediente può essere utile sia + nel caso di equazioni quali quella riportata sopra oppure qualora si desideri + partizionare equazioni molto lunghe, ad esempio: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & a+b+c+d\\ + & & +e+f+g\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX allinerà il secondo campo (quello centrale) di ciascuna riga, per questo + motivo, di solito porrete in esso il segno di uguaglianza o gli altri operatori + relazionali, sebbene possa contenere ciò che si desidera. + Ad ogni modo, per definire un vettore, non usate una equazione multi-linea, + bensì servitevi di una matrice (leggete la Sez. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Per inserire un set di equazioni ancora più lungo, vi basterà premere +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default + per vedere comparire una nuova riga con tre punti di inserimento vuoti. + Qualora eseguiste tale operazione mentre non vi trovate alla fine di una + riga, la restante parte della riga considerata verrà spostata sulla nuova + riga. + Se premete +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default + dopo aver già scritto una equazione (su una sola riga), l'intera equazione + andrà ad occupare il primo campo. + Posizionate il cursore prima del segno uguale e mediante +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default + spostate la parte di equazione alla destra del cursore nel secondo campo. + Quindi portatevi dopo il segno uguale e, servendovi ancora una volta di + +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default +, spostate il lato destro dell'equazione nel terzo campo. + Provate a modificare l'equazione +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +in +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +E & =mc^{2}\\ + & = & mc\times c\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Può accadere di aver introdotto righe in eccesso, in tal caso ponete il + cursore alla fine di una riga ed invocate +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default +. + Tale procedura cancellerà l'intera riga successiva, raggruppando gli elementi + contenuti nei suoi tre punti di inserzione alla fine della riga considerata. + Se la riga che segue è vuota, essa sarà eliminata del tutto. + Avvertimento: l'utilizzo dell sequenza +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + mentre non ci si trova al termine della riga potrebbe causare strani comportame +nti. +\layout Section + +Ulteriori Sciocchezze Matematiche +\layout Standard + +L'ambiente Mathed permette di fare molto di più. + Adesso, avendo acquisito dimestichezza con i concetti di base, riferitevi + alla +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default + per avere informazioni su come: +\layout Itemize + +Etichettare e numerare le espressioni +\layout Itemize + +Cambiare l'aspetto del carattere, ad esempio per scrivere del testo in neretto + all'interno di una espressione. + Facciamo osservare che, agendo sul pulsante +\family sans +matematica +\family default + nella barra degli strumenti mentre siete già in modalità matematica, il + testo successivo sarà scritto in Roman fino a quando non digiterete uno + spazio (non-protetto). +\layout Itemize + +Controllare con precisione la dimensione dei font e la spaziatura nell'ambito + di una espressione. + (Non preoccupatevi di ciò fino a quando non avrete terminato la prima bozza!) +\layout Itemize + +Scrivere le macro. + Esse rappresentano uno strumento molto potente, in quanto, dopo averle + definite una volta per tutte all'inizio, potrete sempre servirvene lungo + il documento. + Modificando la definizione della macro, i riferimenti alla macro verrano + ovviamente aggiornati ed inoltre è importante sottolineare che le macro + possono anche accettare argomenti. +\layout Itemize + +Fare una moltitudine di altre cose delle quali non possiamo fare menzione + in questo +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + a causa di mancanza di tempo. +\layout Chapter + +Miscellanea +\layout Section + +Ulteriori Caratteristiche Importanti di LyX +\layout Standard + +Non abbiamo passato in rassegna tutti i possibili comandi previsti in LyX + e non pensiamo neanche a programmare una cosa del genere. + Come al solito, leggete la +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default + per maggiori informazioni. + La funzione svolta da ciascun comando presente nel menù è descritta nel + +\emph on +Manuale di riferimento +\emph default +. + Adesso citeremo qualcuna delle operazioni più importanti che LyX è in grado + di svolgere\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Itemize + +Supporto delle tabelle in modo WYSIWYG. + Invocate +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +le +\family default + per creare una tabella. + Cliccate sulla tabella con il +\emph on +tasto destro +\emph default + per vedere comparire la finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +della\SpecialChar ~ +Tabella +\family default + mediante la quale controllare le proprietà della stessa. +\layout Itemize + +Possibilità di inserimento di figure PostScript® (o LaTeX grezze) all'interno + di un documento. + (Invocate +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +igura +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Successivamente cliccate sulla figura per scegliere il file da includere, + fissare il grado di rotazione o il fattore di scala, etc. + ) Le tabelle e le figure possono essere accompagnate da una didascalia, + e LyX automaticamente provvede a generare gli elenchi delle figure e/o + delle tabelle. +\layout Itemize + +Supporto del controllo delle versione, mediante RCS ( +\family typewriter +man rcsintro +\family default + per maggiori informazioni). +\layout Itemize + +LyX è estremamente configurabile. + Tutto ciò che va, dall'aspetto della finestra di LyX alla generazione del + documento finale, è configurabile in un certo numero di modi distinti. + Molti aspetti della configurazione vanno fissati editando il file +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Al momento siete costretti a modificare il file +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + con un editor di testi. + Gli sviluppatori sperano di creare una GUI (N.d.T. + Interfaccia Grafica d'Utente) di configurazione che possa girare all'interno + di LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Per informazioni ad essa attinenti, consultate +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +iuto\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +ersonalizzazione\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +LyX è sviluppato da una squadra di programmatori sparsi per i cinque continenti. + A seguito di ciò, LyX ha un miglior supporto per le lingue diverse dall'inglese + (come l'Olandese, il Tedesco, il Greco, il Ceco, il Turco, \SpecialChar \ldots{} +) rispetto a + molti altri programmi di videoscrittura. + Avete non solo la possibilità di scrivere documenti in altre lingue, ma + anche di configurare LyX perchè in altre lingue mostri anche i menù ed + i messaggi di errore . +\layout Itemize + +La possibilità di invocazione dei comandi dei menù mediante i tasti. + Ciò significa che potete impartire +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +pri +\family default + digitando +\family sans +M-F +\family default + seguito da O. + Le scorciatoie da tastiera sono comunque configurabili (ed esse esistono + anche per alcuni dei menù tradotti dall' Inglese). + Per informazioni al riguardo, consultate +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +iuto\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +ersonalizzazione\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +LyX è in grado di leggere documenti LaTeX. + Leggete la Sez. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Controllo ortografico dei documenti mediante +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +o +\bar default +rrettore +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Attenzione al fatto che il correttore effettua il controllo dal punto in + cui si trova il cursore fino alla fine del documento. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +LyX per gli Utilizzatori di LaTeX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +Se non avete alcuna conoscenza di LaTeX, non avete bisogno di leggere questa + sezione. + Realmente, potreste voler imparare ad usarlo, e quindi leggete questo capitolo. + Comunque, molti di coloro che iniziano con LyX, hanno familiarità con LaTeX + e se voi rientrate nella categoria, potreste rimanere stupiti dal fatto + che LyX è in grado di eseguire tutti i compiti svolti da LaTeX. + In breve LyX svolge gran parte di quello che LaTeX può fare in una forma + o in un'altra, è semplifica in modo preciso gran parte della stesura di + un documento LaTeX. + Al momento, potrebbero sussistere alcuni problemi nella conversione di + vecchi documenti LaTeX ed in qualche altro campo, ma le versioni successive + di LyX provvederanno a risolverli definitivamente. +\layout Standard + +Trattandosi semplicemente di un tutorial, è nostra intenzione citare soltanto + gli elementi ai quali i nuovi utenti di LyX sarebbero maggiormente interessati. + Nell'ottica di rendere breve il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, forniremo di seguito solo le nozioni basilari. + La +\emph on +Guida dell'utente +\emph default + contiene una gran mole di notizie relative alle differenze esistenti fra + LyX e LaTeX, e a come ottenere in LyX molti trucchi di LaTeX. +\layout Subsection + +Modalità TeX +\layout Standard + +Qualunque cosa scriviate in modalità Tex verrà passata direttamente in LaTeX, + e sarà riportata in rosso sullo schemo. + Attivate la modalità TeX invocando +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Comandi\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +Te +\bar under +X +\family default +\bar default + oppure cliccando sul bottone rosso in rilievo con la scritta TeX posto + sulla barra degli strumenti. +\layout Standard + +In Mathed, la modalità TeX è gestita in modo un po' differente. + Attivate la modalità TeX digitando un backslash. + Esso non verrà visualizzato, ma tutto ciò che segue sarà riportato in rosso. + Per uscire dalla modalità TeX basterà premere +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + o qualche altro carattere differente da una lettera dell'alfabeto, ad esempio + un numero, sottolineato, il segno di omissione, o la parentesi tonda. + A questo punto, se LyX riconosce il comando TeX che avete digitato, provvederà + a metterlo nella forma WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@. + Quindi, se , in Mathed, digitate +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default +, dopo che avrete premuto +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +, LyX muterà la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +gamma +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di colore rosso in una +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di colore blu. + Questa procedura dovrebbe dare esito positivo per quasi tutte le macro + matematiche non troppo complesse (sebbene possiate osservare che le funzioni, + quali ad esempio +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sin +\family default +, si manterranno di colore rosso, in quanto essa è già nella forma WYSIWYM) + e garantire, nel contempo, una maggiore velocità rispetto al +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default +, risultando particolarmente conveniente per gli utilizzatori più esperti + di LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Come caso particolare, se digitate una parentesi graffa in modalità TeX + all'interno della modalità matematica , Mathed riporterà le parentesi, + iniziale e finale, in rosso , quindi disattiverà la modalità TeX e posizionerà + il cursore tra le parentesi. + Ciò risulta di grande utilità per introdurre comandi che accettano un argomento + e che la modalità matematica non conosce . +\layout Standard + +LyX non riesce (ancora?) a svolgere tutto ciò che LaTeX è in grado di fare. + Alcune funzioni piuttosto ricercate non sono affatto supportate, mentre + altre sono operative ma non nella forma WYSIWYG. + La modalità TeX permette agli utilizzatori di sfruttare tutta la flessibilità + di LaTeX, garantendo loro, nel contempo, tutte le utili proprietà di LyX, + quali le espressioni matematiche WYSIWYG, le tabelle, e la possibilità + di effettuare modifiche. + LyX potrebbe non supportare mai ciascun pacchetto LaTeX. + Ad ogni modo, digitando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{foo} +\family default + nel preambolo (leggete la Sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +), siete in grado di far uso di qualunque pacchetto desideriate --- sebbene + non avrete disponibile il supporto WYSIWYG per le peculiarità del pacchetto. +\layout Subsection + +Importazione di Documenti LaTeX --- +\family typewriter +reLyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +Per importare un file LaTeX in LyX, è sufficiente invocare il comando +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +mporta\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaTeX +\family default +. + Questi lancerà uno script in Perl, denominato +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +, il quale creerà un file +\family typewriter +foo.lyx +\family default + dal file +\family typewriter +foo.tex +\family default +, e quindi provvederà all'apertura dello stesso. + Qualora la conversione fallisca, provate a lanciare +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + da linea di comando +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +All'atto dell'installazione di LyX, nella medesima directory contenente + l'eseguibile +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + sarà inserito un ulteriore file eseguibile denominato +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + (p.e., +\family typewriter +/usr/local/bin/reLyX +\family default +). + +\family typewriter + reLyX +\family default + richiede Perl (la versione 5.002 al momento in cui sto scrivendo). +\end_inset + +, possibilmente facendo uso delle opzioni più elaborate. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + convertirà la maggior parte dei comandi validi in LaTeX, ma non tutti, + riportando in modalità TeX ciò che non capisce, di modo che , dopo aver + convertito un file con +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +, vi basterà cercare il testo colorato in rosso e modificarlo a mano nella + maniera più opportuna. +\layout Standard + +Poichè +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + possiede il proprio manuale in linea, è preferibile che li leggiate per + determinare quali comandi e ambienti LaTeX non sono supportati, gli eventuali + bachi (e come aggirarli), nonchè come usare le diverse opzioni. +\layout Subsection + +Conversione di Documenti LyX in LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Potreste voler convertire un Documento scritto in LyX in un file LaTeX. + Per esempio, un co-autore o qualcuno che lavora per voi, i quali non possiedono + LyX, potrebbero volerlo leggere. + Questo fine è facilmente raggiungibile in LyX, vi basterà scegliere +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +E +\bar under +s +\bar default +porta\SpecialChar \menuseparator +In\SpecialChar ~ +file\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default + e a seguito di ciò verrà creato un file +\family typewriter +qualunque.tex +\family default + a partire dal file +\family typewriter +qualunque.lyx +\family default + sul quale state lavorando. + LyX riesce a generare file LaTeX in modo soddisfacente in quanto esso ricorre + sempre alla creazione di file LaTeX temporanei per la lettura o la stampa + dei documenti. +\layout Subsection + +Preambolo LaTeX +\layout Subsubsection + +Classe di Documento +\layout Standard + +La finestra +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento +\family default + consente di fissare molte delle opzioni che andrebbero introdotte attraverso + il comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +, ad esempio la possibilità di modificare la classe, la dimensione predefinita + dei font e del foglio. + Qualora vogliate passare, al comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +, eventuali opzioni supplementari, servitevi del campo +\family sans +Altre\SpecialChar ~ +Opzi +\bar under +o +\bar default +ni +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Altri Elementi del Preambolo +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +LyX vi permette di usare comandi speciali nel preambolo di un file LaTeX, + in tal caso sarà sufficiente scegliere +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preambolo\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +L +\bar under +a +\bar default +tex +\family default + e introdurre i comandi desiderati nella finestra corrispondente. + Qualunque cosa voi scriviate sarà inviata (in modalità TeX) direttamente + a LaTeX. +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX supporta bene, ma non pienamente, BibTeX, il quale vi permette di costruire + dei database di riferimenti bibliografici dei quali poter fare uso in doumenti + differenti. + Selezionate +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Li +\bar under +s +\bar default +te\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Indici\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Riferimenti\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +B +\bar default +ibTeX +\family default +per includere un +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + file, quindi cliccate sull'elemento rettangolare riportante la dicitura + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Riferimenti generati da BibTeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e a seguito di ciò comparirà la finestra +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +. + Nel campo +\family sans +Database +\family default + digitate ciò che digitereste tra le parentesi graffe del comando +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Così come in LaTeX, differenti bibliografie vanno separate mediante la virgola, + senza l'introduzione di alcun spazio . +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\family default +, mentre nel campo +\family sans +Stile +\family default + ciò che digitereste tra le parentesi graffe del comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Dopo questa operazione, sarete in grado di fare riferimento ad un qualunque + elemento appartente alle bibliografie che avete incluso con +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Riferimento\SpecialChar ~ +ad\SpecialChar ~ +una\SpecialChar ~ +cita +\bar under +z +\bar default +ione +\family default + (leggete la Sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +). + LyX si occuperà di lanciare BibTeX. + Il motivo per cui abbiamo scritto che LyX +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +supporta bene, ma non pienamente +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è che LyX non può creare +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + files, e quindi non otterrete, all'interno della finestra +\family sans +Citazione +\family default +, un elenco di tutti i riferimenti presenti nel vostro +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + file. +\layout Subsection + +Miscellanea +\layout Standard + +Inserite uno spazio vuoto con +\family sans +C-spazio +\family default +. + Questo vi sarà mostrato sullo schermo come una piccola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di colore rosa. + Ve ne sono molti disseminati lungo tutto il +\emph on +Tutorial\SpecialChar \@. + +\emph default +Scegliete +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Carattere\SpecialChar ~ +s +\bar under +p +\bar default +eciale +\family default + per inserire altri caratteri speciali, inclusi i puntini sospensivi, l'interruz +ione di linea, ed il separatore di sillabe. +\layout Section + +Errori! +\layout Standard + +Talvolta quando +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +compilate +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + un documento con LaTeX, si verificheranno degli errori, legati a qualcosa + che LyX o LaTeX non comprendono. + Quando ciò accade, LyX visualizzerà un messaggio di errore (un'area rettangolar +e contenente al suo interno la parola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +errore +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + Cliccando su di essa si aprirà una finestra nella quale viene descritto + il tipo di errore. + Se si tratta di qualcosa di errato che riguarda LyX, si tratterà di un + errore di LyX, evento in genere abbastanza raro. + Se il problema interessa LaTeX (molto di frequente, esso si deve ad elementi + trascritti in modalità TeX), in quel caso LyX riporterà proprio il messaggio + d'errore del LaTeX. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/it_UserGuide.lyx b/lib/doc/it_UserGuide.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bea9c3d98d --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/it_UserGuide.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,24324 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!! +% +% I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints +% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, +% parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you +% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact +% the documentation team intead of messing around in here. --jpw 4/97 + +%% Widens the vertical table spacing +%% +\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25} +\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.45em} + + +%% Provides certain commands which are missing. +%% +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textyen}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{msa}\selectfont\char85}% +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textcurrency}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char27}% +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textcent}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char103}% +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textbrokenbar}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char124}% +} + + +%% For some odd reason, this character isn't defined in T1-encoding. +%% +\DeclareInputText{"0AD}{\textendash} + + +%% Accented characters missing in non-T1 encodings. +%% +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\quotedblbase}{% +\raisebox{-1ex}{\textquotedblright} +\hspace{-0.7em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\quotesinglbase}{% +\raisebox{-1ex}{\textquoteright} +\hspace{-0.7em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotleft}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \ll\!\!\!}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotright}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \gg}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guilsinglleft}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle <\!\!\!}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guilsinglright}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle >}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\DH}{% +D\hspace{-0.7em}\rule[0.8ex]{0.30em}{0.08ex}\hspace{0.40em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\dh}{% +\ensuremath{\mathrm{\partial}} +\hspace{-0.65em}\rule[1.35ex]{0.3em}{0.08ex}\hspace{0.35em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\TH}{% +\textsc{I\hspace{-0.325em}p} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\th}{% +p\hspace{-0.55em}l +} +\end_preamble +\language italian +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +La Guida dell'Utente di LyX +\layout Author + +dal LyX Team +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard +\noindent +Questa guida viene mantenuta aggiornata da +\noun on +Mike Ressler +\noun default +, mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu e tradotta in italiano da +\noun on +Claudio Coco, +\noun default + lacocio@libero.it. + Potete inviare commenti o segnalare errori ad uno di loro. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introduzione +\layout Section + +Cos'è LyX? +\layout Standard + +LyX è un sistema per la realizzazione di documenti. + Esso consente di produrre bei manuscritti, libri pubblicabili, lettere + di lavoro e di presentazione, ed anche poesie. + La differenza rispetto a molti altri +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +word processor +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + consiste nel far uso di un linguaggio di marcatura quale suo paradigma + fondamentale di scrittura. + Ciò significa che quando inserite l'intestazione di una sezione, la marcherete + come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Sezione +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e non +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Grassetto, dimensione 17 pt, giustificato a sinistra, spaziatura di 5 mm + verso il basso +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX si preoccupa di curare per voi l'aspetto, mentre voi potete concentrarvi + sui contenuti e non sul meccanismo di funzionamento. +\layout Standard + +Questa filosofia è spiegata con dovizia di particolari nella +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Introduzione +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Se non l'avete ancora letta, fatelo. + Adesso! +\layout Standard + +La +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Introduzione +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + descrive molte altre cose in aggiunta alla filosofia sulla quale poggia + LyX: la più importante è quella relativa il formato di tutti i manuali. + Se non procedete alla sua comprensione, perderete sicuramente del tempo + nella navigazione di questo manuale. + Potreste ricavare dei benefici leggendo in altri manuali diversi da questo. + Ma la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Introduzione +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + parla di quello. + +\layout Section + +Iniziare ad utilizzare LyX +\layout Subsection + +Eseguire LyX +\layout Standard + +LyX viene mandato in esecuzione semplicemente digitando +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + al prompt dei comandi, proprio come altri programmi Linux (e più in generale + Unix). + Si possono anche aggiungere alcune opzioni, inclusi diversi nomi di file. + Non spiegheremo qui le opzioni disponibili da linea di comando; per questo + si può far riferimento alla man-page di LyX, digitando al prompt +\family typewriter +man lyx +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vogliamo aggiungere però una o due cosette: +\layout Itemize + +Se digitate più di un nome di file nella linea di comando, LyX li caricherà + tutti anche se non li mostrerà contemporaneamente a schermo; torneremo + a parlare di questa caratteristica tra poco. +\layout Subsection + +L'Interfaccia di LyX +\layout Subsubsection + +La Finestra Principale +\layout Standard + +Come la maggior parte delle applicazioni, LyX presenta la familiare barra + dei menu nella parte alta della finestra principale. + Al di sotto c'è un menu a tendina ed una serie di bottoni. + C'è, naturalmente, una barra di scorrimento verticale ed un'area principale + per l'editazione dei documenti. + All'estremità inferiore è presente una piccola finestra che può contenere + una singola linea di testo: questa finestra si chiama +\emph on +minibuffer +\emph default + (un termine che abbiamo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +preso in prestito +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + da GNU Emacs). + Il minibuffer non solo mostra delle informazioni, ma accetta comandi dall'utent +e. +\layout Standard + +Osservate che non c'è la barra di scorrimento orizzontale; questo non è + un bug o una svista, ma è intenzionale. + Quando leggete un libro vi aspettate che la fine della linea vada a capo + alla seguente. + Il testo +\emph on +scorre verticalmente +\emph default + nelle pagine, +\emph on +non orizzontalmente +\emph default +; per questo motivo non avete bisogno della barra di scorrimento orizzontale + ma solo di quella orizzontale. + +\layout Standard + +Ci sono tre casi nei quali potreste aver bisogno di una barra di scorrimento + orizzontale. + Il primo si verifica quando nel testo che state realizzando sono presenti + delle figure molto grandi mostrate in modo WYSIWYG. + Questo comunque è dovuto ad una pecca nella routine che mostra le figure + nella finestra di LyX; le figure dovrebbero essere correttamente scalate + per entrare interamente nella finestra, proprio come entrano nelle pagine + di un libro. + Il secondo ed il terzo caso sono quelli delle equazioni o delle tabelle + che sono più larghe della finestra principale. + Questi sono effettivamente dei problemi che dovrebbero essere risolti nelle + future versioni di LyX; potrebbe anche capitare che, nel momento in cui + leggerete queste pagine, essi saranno già stati risolti. + Una parziale correzione esiste ad oggi per le tabelle: potete infatti servirvi + dei tasti cursore per spostarvi orizzontalmente lungo la tabella. +\layout Subsubsection + +Le finestre di dialogo +\layout Standard + +La maggior parte delle finestre di dialogo di Lyx hanno tre bottoni fondamentali +: +\family sans +OK +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pplica +\family default +ed +\family sans + Annulla +\family default +. + Molte hanno anche il tasto +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +estore +\family default +. + +\family sans +OK +\family default + e +\family sans +Annulla +\family default + sono autoesplicativi. + Il bottone +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pplica +\family default + funziona in modo simile al bottone +\family sans +OK +\family default + poiché attiva istantaneamente ogni cambiamento fatto nella finestra di + dialogo; comunque non chiude la finestra, contrariamente al tasto +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + Il tasto +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +estore +\family default + è utile nel caso in cui abbiate effettuato delle modifiche all'interno + della finestra di dialogo, ma vogliate tornare ai parametri precedenti + e provare di nuovo. + Questi quattro tasti possono essere attivati anche attraverso delle scorciatoie + da tastiera: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +OK +\family default + si attiva col tasto +\family sans +Return +\family default +, come nella maggior parte dei programmi +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pplica +\family default + si attiva con +\family sans +M-a +\family default + [come potreste aspettarvi]. + (Se non sapete cosa significhi +\family sans +M-a +\family default +, consultate la Sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:key bindings} + +\end_inset + +.) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Cancella +\family default + si attiva con il tasto +\family sans +Esc +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +estore +\family default + si attiva con la coppia +\family sans +M-r +\family default + [come da copione]. +\layout Standard + +Ci sono alcuni popup che hanno altri bottoni. + Non bisogna preoccuparsi perché in genere sono autoesplicativi. + Volevamo soltanto dire da qualche parte in questa guida a cosa servissero + i tasti +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pplica +\family default + e +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +estore +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +AIUTO! +\layout Standard + +Prima di tutto le cattive notizie: il sistema di aiuto in linea di LyX non + è così completo o a prova d'idiota come quelli di molte applicazioni commercial +i. + Pazienza. + Ci stiamo lavorando su. + Beh, ora le buone notizie: il sistema di aiuto in linea consiste nei manuali + di LyX. + Potete leggere +\emph on +tutti +\emph default + i manuali proprio dalla finestra principale di LyX. + Basta scegliere il manuale che vi serve dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +iuto +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Già che ci siamo, ci piacerebbe fare un piccolo commento sui manuali: i + manuali di LyX non sono per imbranati. + Una volta, uno degli autori, +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +, disse a proposito dei manuali: +\layout Quotation + +Odio i manuali. +\layout Quotation + +Sfido chiunque a non aver mai avuto a che fare con dei manuali criptici + o tradotti da cani [cosa che naturalmente non vale per quello che state + leggendo - +\emph on +NdT +\emph default +]. + E nel tempo stanno peggiorando, soprattutto quelli che semplificano all'eccesso +! Per prima cosa spendono metà delle pagine nello spiegare come si usa il + mouse, cos'è un menu, etc. + etc. + fino alla nausea. + Per favore, se qualcuno non sa come si accende il suo computer o cos'è + un'interfaccia grafica, lo impari +\emph on +prima +\emph default + di mettersi a capo di un potente programma software. +\layout Quotation + +Poi nei manuali le informazioni sono scritte come se chi leggesse fosse + un emerito deficiente. + Che maledetta assurdità! Gli utenti spesso sono a metà strada fra l' imbranato + ed l'intimidito, ma, per favore, non stupidi. + Tra l'altro, se qualcuno è veramente impedito nell'apprendere, ha bisogno + di un aiuto che un manuale per un programma software non può certo dare. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Nota dell'Editore: Tenendo ben presenti in mente queste parole, ho dato + istruzioni agli altri autori della documentazione di evitare di essere + paternalistici con voi lettori e di essere più pedagogici che pedanti. + Così come dico a quelli che sono troppo pigri per leggere e capire i manuali: + chi non lavora non mangia. + - jw +\layout Section + +L'Interfaccia di LyX +\layout Subsection + +Operazioni di Base sui File +\layout Standard + +Sotto il menu +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile +\family default + sono disponibili le nove operazioni base per qualunque word processor in + aggiunta ad alcune operazioni avanzate: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +uovo +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Nuovo\SpecialChar ~ +da +\bar under +\SpecialChar ~ +m +\bar default +odello +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pri +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +hiudi +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +alva +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Sal +\bar under +v +\bar default +a\SpecialChar ~ +come +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +R +\bar under +i +\bar default +torna\SpecialChar ~ +all'ultima\SpecialChar ~ +versione\SpecialChar ~ +salvata +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Stam +\bar under +p +\bar default +a +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Esci +\layout Standard + +Questi comandi fanno esattamente le stesse cose che fanno in altri word + processor, con alcune piccole differenze. + Il comando +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nuovo\SpecialChar ~ +da +\bar under +\SpecialChar ~ +m +\bar default +odello +\family default + non soltanto richiede il nome di un nuovo file, ma richiede anche la scelta + di un modello da utilizzare. + La selezione di un modello piuttosto che di un altro avrà come effetto + l'impostazione di alcuni parametri di impaginazione che altrimenti andrebbero + impostate manualmente. + Tali modelli possono essere utili per la compilazione di certi tipi di + documento, specialmente quelli per le lettere commerciali [si veda in proposito + la sez. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes} + +\end_inset + +]. +\layout Standard + +Osservate che non c'è nessun documento di default o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Senza Titolo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Finché non dite a LyX di aprire un file o di crearne uno nuovo, quel grande + spazio grigio rimarrà tale e quale. +\layout Standard + +Il comando +\family sans +R +\bar under +i +\bar default +torna\SpecialChar ~ +all'ultima\SpecialChar ~ +versione\SpecialChar ~ +salvata +\family default + è utile nel caso in cui più persone stiano lavorando ad un documento contempora +neamente +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Se pensate di fare qualcosa del genere, dovreste leggere qualcosa sulle + funzioni di Controllo della Versione nella guida +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Caratteristiche avanzate di LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + +. + Tale comando ricarica semplicemente il documento corrente dal disco. + Esso può essere utilizzato anche per tornare alla versione precedente di + un documento che avete modificato e del quale non vi soddisfano le modifiche. +\layout Standard + +Altra nota riguardo alle funzioni +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +hiudi +\family default + e +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Esci +\family default +. + Entrambe, una volta invocate, visualizzano una finestra di conferma che + permette di salvaguardarci dalla nostra irruenza. + Infatti, qualora cercaste di chiudere un file che ha subito cambiamenti + [o anche di chiudere LyX], sarete prontamente informati che si tratta di + file non salvati. + +\layout Subsection + +Caratteristiche di Base +\layout Standard + +Come tutti i moderni word processor, LyX è in grado di eseguire operazioni + di taglia ed incolla su blocchi di testo, permette di spostarsi per carattere, + parola o schermate e permette di cancellare parole intere o singoli caratteri. + Le prossime quattro sezioni spiegano le caratteristiche basilari di modifica + del testo. + Inizieremo con le funzioni di taglia e incolla. +\layout Standard + +Come potreste aspettarvi, il menu +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica +\family default + presenta i comandi di taglia ed incolla, insieme ad altre funzioni. + Alcune di esse sono piuttosto particolari e verranno spiegate in sezioni + successive, come il menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert +\family default +. + Le funzioni basilari sono: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +aglia +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +opia +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +I +\bar under +n +\bar default +colla +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +C +\bar under +e +\bar default +rca\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +s +\bar default +ostituisci +\layout Standard + +Le prime tre sono autoesplicative. + Una cosa da osservare è che quando si cancella un blocco di testo che è + al momento selezionato, esso viene automaticamente memorizzato nella clipboard. + I tasti +\family sans +Delete +\family default + e +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + hanno lo stesso effetto del comando +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +aglia +\family default +. + Fate attenzione anche quando avete del testo selezionato: se premete un + tasto, quanto selezionato verrà sostituito con quanto avete appena digitato + (questo comportamento è configurabile). + Per recuperare quanto cancellato, potete ricorrere al comando +\family sans +Annulla +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +L'elemento di menu +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +e +\bar default +rca\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +s +\bar default +ostituisci +\family default +apre il relativo popup. + Inserite il testo che desiderate cercare all'interno del campo testuale + +\family sans +C +\bar under +e +\bar default +rca. + +\family default + I due bottoni a freccia permettono la ricerca in avanti oppure a ritroso +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Si possono comandare le due frecce anche da tastiera mediante +\family sans +M-f +\family default + e +\family sans +M-b +\family default + (per andare avanti e indietro) con il cursore all'interno della finestra. +\end_inset + +. + Una volta trovata una parola o una espressione, LyX la seleziona e permette, + premendo l'apposito bottone, di sostituirne il contenuto con quello della + casella +\family sans +Sostituisci +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +con +\family default +; se esiste un'altra occorrenza della parola, LyX giungerà subito ad essa. + Per evitare la sostituzione di una particolare occorrenza della parola + ricercata, utilizzate la freccia rivolta a destra. +\layout Standard + +Per sostituire in modo automatico tutte le occorrenze di una parola nel + documento, schiacciate +\family sans +Cambia +\bar under +\SpecialChar ~ +t +\bar default +utto +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +L'opzione +\family sans +Maiu +\bar under +s +\bar default +/minus +\family default + può essere utilizzata qualora vogliate trovare solo le parole che coincidono + esattamente con l'espressione che avete digitato nella casella di ricerca; + se attivata, la ricerca di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +venerdì +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + salterà la parola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Venerdì +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Analogamente, l'opzione +\family sans +Parola com +\bar under +p +\bar default +leta +\family default + serve a trovare solo parole intere e non loro parti; in questo modo, la + ricerca di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +casa +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + non evidenzierà +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +casale +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Annulla e Ripristina +\layout Standard + +Se commettete un errore, potete facilmente rimediare. + LyX ha una memoria dedicata alla funzione di Annulla/Ripristina piuttosto + capace. + Selezionate +\family sans +\bar under + M +\bar default +odifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +nnulla +\family default + per annullare un errore. + Se accidentalmente avete annullato troppo, usate +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +odifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator +R +\bar under +i +\bar default +pristina +\family default + per +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +annullare quanto precedentemente annullato +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + La funzione Annulla è limitata a 100 passi per minimizzare la quantità + di memoria utilizzata. +\layout Standard + +Non potete usare +\family sans +Ripristina +\family default + per cambiamenti precedenti a quelli più recenti. + Analogamente, non potete usare +\family sans +\bar under + +\bar default +Annulla +\family default + per cambiamenti precedenti il primo effettuato successivamente all'apertura + del file. + In questi casi, le corrispondenti voci di menu saranno disattivate. + E' da notare il fatto che se annullate tutti i cambiamenti fino ad arrivare + al documento come era stato salvato l'ultima volta, LyX comunque non si + accorge che il documento non ha effettivamente subito alcun reale cambiamento + rispetto alla sua apertura iniziale. + Questo è una conseguenza diretta del limite dei 100 passi di cui si è detto + sopra. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Annulla +\family default +e +\family sans +Ripristina +\family default + funzionano praticamente su ogni cosa in LyX. + Queste operazioni hanno anche qualche stranezza: esse non annullano o ripristin +ano il testo immesso carattere per carattere, ma per blocchi di testo. + Questo fatto può richiedere un po' di pratica; dovrete usare +\family sans +Annulla +\family default + e +\family sans +Ripristina +\family default + per capire quanto esse annulleranno o ripristineranno, e dopo un po' di + tempo, magari apprezzerete il loro funzionamento. + Inoltre, +\family sans +\bar under + +\bar default +Ripristina +\family default + non funziona quando si è in modalità matematica. + Suggerimento: se entrate in modalità matematica, cambiate un'equazione + e poi uscite dalla modalità matematica, +\family sans +Annulla +\family default + ripristinerà la vecchia versione dell'equazione, ovvero quella presente + prima di entrare in modalità matematica. +\layout Subsection + +Operazioni Basilari con il Mouse +\layout Standard + +Non abbiamo intenzione di mostrare qui tutto quello che si può fare con + il mouse in LyX. + In altre sezioni di questo manuale si parlerà di operazioni specifiche + che potete eseguire con il mouse, mentre qui mostreremo solo quelle fondamental +i. +\layout Enumerate + +Spostamento +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Cliccare col +\emph on +tasto sinistro +\emph default + del mouse in un punto qualunque della finestra principale. + Il cursore si porterà sul testo presente sotto al puntatore del mouse. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Selezione di testo +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Cliccate con il +\emph on +tasto sinistro +\emph default + e mantenendo la pressione del tasto spostate il mouse. + LyX seleziona il testo compreso tra la nuova e la vecchia posizione del + mouse. + Utilizzate il comando +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +o +\bar default +py +\family default + per mantenere in memeoria una copia di quanto selezionato. +\layout Itemize + +Riposizionate il cursore e quindi incollate il testo copiato mediante il + comando +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +P +\bar under +a +\bar default +ste +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Se non utilizzate +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +P +\bar under +a +\bar default +ste +\family default +, ma ricorrete al tasto centrale del mouse, verrà incollato quanto contenuto + nella memoria del server grafico X piuttosto che il contenuto della memoria + di LyX. + Le parole saranno le stesse, ma verrano perse tutte le eventuali formattazioni + eventualmente applicate sul testo. + Questo meccanismo di copiatura è utile quando si desidera esportare il + contenuto di LyX ad una altra applicazione che lavora sotto X. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Note a pie' di pagina ed a margine, Figure e Tabelle flottanti, etc. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Un click con il +\emph on +tasto sinistro +\emph default + apre o chiude uno qualunque di questi oggetti. + Consultate le sezioni appropriate di questo manuale per avere maggiori + informazioni a riguardo. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Tabelle +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Un click con il +\emph on +tasto destro +\emph default + apre un popup che permette di manipolare e modificare la tabella. +\end_deeper +\layout Subsection + +Operazioni Basilari con la Tastiera +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:key bindings} + +\end_inset + +Anche qui non mostreremo tutte le operazioni che è possibile effettuare + servendosi della combinazione di tasti. + D-altronde dovreste sapere come utilizzare una tastiera. + Potete comunque consultare il manuale per la personalizzazione di LyX che + contiene la lista completa di +\emph on +tutte +\emph default + le associazioni disponibili. + Sappiate che esistono almeno due differenti mappe primarie di associazioni + di tastiera: CUA e Emacs. + Vi garantisco che c'è da uscire pazzi quando premendo Control-d per cancellare + un carattere, vi vedete lanciare una anteprima DVI (o viceversa). + Alcuni tasti come +\family sans +PagSu +\family default +, +\family sans +PagGiu +\family default +, +\family sans +Sinistra +\family default +, +\family sans +Destra +\family default +, +\family sans +Su +\family default +, e +\family sans +Giu +\family default + fanno proprio quello che ci aspettiamo che facciano. + Altri tasti invece si comportano in modo differente: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + Non c'è niente di simile al tabulatore in LyX. + Se questo non vi è ben chiaro, andate immediatamente a leggere le Sezioni + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro} + +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments} + +\end_inset + +, e con particolare attenzione la Sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists} + +\end_inset + +. + Se, dopo, siete ancora confusi, consultate il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + Questo è il tasto +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Annulla +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ed è utilizzato in generale nelle operazioni di annullamento. + In altre parti del manuale questo sarà spiegato meglio. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Inizio +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ +e\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Fine +\family default + Questi tasti muovono il cursore rispettivamente all'inizio ed alla fine + di una riga, a meno che non stiate usando le associazioni Emacs ed in questo + caso gli stessi tasti muoveranno il cursore all'inizio o alla fine del + documento. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ +e\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +Canc +\family default + Se la vostra tastiera è configurata correttamente sotto X, +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + funziona come al solito, mentre +\family sans +Canc +\family default + elimina il carattere sul quale si trova il cursore (se non c'è alcun testo + selezionato). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Se non avete configurato la vostra tastiera sotto X, o non avete idea di + cosa questo voglia dire, andate a leggervi subito la sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys} + +\end_inset + +. + Vi risparmierete diversi mal di testa. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Poi ci sono i cosiddetti modificatori: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Control- +\family default + Questo tasto può funzionare almeno in un paio di modi, in relazione al + tasto in combinazione col quale è utilizzato: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Insieme a +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + o +\family sans +Canc +\family default +, cancella un'intera parola anziché un singolo carattere. +\layout Itemize + +Insieme ai tasti +\family sans + Sinistra +\family default + e +\family sans +Destra +\family default +, sposta il cursore di parole intere invece che di singoli caratteri. +\layout Itemize + +Insieme ad +\family sans +Inizio +\family default + e +\family sans +Fine +\family default +, sposta il cursore all'inizio oppure alla fine del documento. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Shift- +\family default + Potete utilizzarlo insieme ai tasti cursore per selezionare il testo compreso + tra la vecchia e la nuova posizione del cursore. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Meta- +\family default + Questo corrisponde su molte tastiere al tasto +\family sans +Alt +\family default +-, a meno che la vostra tastiera non possieda un differente tasto Meta. + Sfortunatamente, X talvolta scambia le loro funzionalità, quindi, qualora + doveste possedere entrambi i tasti, avrete bisogno di effettuare delle + prove per verificare quale di essi svolga il ruolo del tasto Meta. + Questo tasto esegue diverse operazioni, e, tra le altre cose, attiva le + scorciatoie alle voci di menu. + Se premuto insieme alle lettere sottolineate in un menu o in una voce all'inter +no dello stesso, lo seleziona. + Se utilizzate le scorciatoie di menu per selezionarne una voce all'interno + e premete la barra spaziatrice, lo aprirete. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Per esempio, la sequenza +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + incolla del testo. + Digitando +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M-f +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + si apre il menu +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Ci sono altre caratteristiche legate al tasto +\family sans +Meta- +\family default + , ma dovrete scoprirle sul +\emph on +Manuale di +\emph default + +\emph on +Riferimento +\emph default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Siamo convinti del fatto che imparerete altre operazioni e scorciatoie possibili + con la tastiera durante l'utilizzo di LyX; quando eseguite un'operazione, + il minibuffer mostra una serie di informazioni tra cui il tipo di azione + e le eventuali combinazioni di tasti che possono realizzarla. + La notazione per la descrizione dei tasti è molto simile a quella usata + in questi manuali, quindi non dovreste aver problemi nel comprenderla. + Comunque ricordate che i modificatori +\family sans +Shift- +\family default + sono esplicitamente menzionati: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M-p S-A +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + vuol dire +\family sans +Meta-p +\family default + seguito da una +\family sans +A +\family default + maiuscola; così +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S-C-s +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + vuol dire +\family sans +Shift-Control-s +\family default +. + +\layout Section + +Utilizzare LyX con altri programmi +\layout Subsection + +L'importazione di file ASCII +\layout Standard + +E' possibile importare del testo da un file ASCII utilizzando il comando + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +scii\SpecialChar ~ +text\SpecialChar ~ +as_lines +\family default + oppure +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +scii\SpecialChar ~ +text\SpecialChar ~ +as_paragraphs +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +scii\SpecialChar ~ +text\SpecialChar ~ +as_lines +\family default + mette ogni linea del file in un differente paragrafo di LyX. + Ciò torna utile quando si importa un un file di testo che contiene una + semplice lista. + Comunque è bene ricordare che se il file è già organizzato in paragrafi, + questa opzione potrebbe alterare la struttura dei paragrafi preesistente. + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +scii\SpecialChar ~ +text\SpecialChar ~ +as_paragraphs +\family default + conserva gli eventuali paragrafi presenti nel file di testo. + Spesso in un file di testo la consuetudine porta a non disporre il contenuto + di un intero paragrafo su una sola linea, bensì utilizzare il tasto +\family sans +Invio +\family default + per distribuire lo stesso su più righe. + Utilizzando il comando +\family sans +as_paragraphs +\family default +, LyX è in grado di distinguere questa distribuzione e riunisce tutte le + righe +\emph on +comprese tra due righe vuote +\emph default + in un unico paragrafo. + L'interruzione di paragrafo e l'inizio di uno nuovo vengono identificati + dalla presenza di una linea completamente bianca. + +\emph on +Ricordate +\emph default +: se non c'è una +\emph on +linea vuota +\emph default + tra i due paragrafi del file di testo, LyX li considererà come un unico + paragrafo. +\layout Standard + +Utilizzate queste funzioni con accortezza. + Siete stati avvisati! +\layout Subsection + +Taglia e Incolla tra LyX ed altri Programmi X +\layout Standard + +Le funzioni di +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +ut, C +\bar under +o +\bar default +py +\family default +e +\family sans + P +\bar under +a +\bar default +ste +\family default +consentono di trasferire del testo in e da LyX. + Per copiare del testo da LyX in un'altra finestra di X, selezionate il + testo che desiderate copiare, quindi andate all'interno della finestra + di destinazione e incollate il testo mediante il tasto centrale del mouse. +\layout Standard + +Incollare del testo in LyX funziona più o meno allo stesso modo che in X. + Selezionate il testo con il mouse in una finestra di X, quindi andate all'inter +no della finestra di LyX e incollate il testo con il tasto centrale del + mouse. + +\layout Chapter + +Il Setup di LyX e le Applicazioni di Supporto +\layout Section + +Introduzione +\layout Standard + +Se state utilizzando LyX su di un sistema che qualcuno ha già configurato, + potete tranquillamente saltare questo capitolo. + Qui sono descritte infatti tutte le operazioni che vanno eseguite per avere + una distribuzione LyX perfettamente funzionante. +\layout Standard + +Se state installando LyX sul vostro sistema, +\emph on +dovete leggere prima il file README che è fornito insieme alla distribuzione +\emph default +, quindi +\family sans +Aiuto\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configurazione\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default +. + Questo capitolo non descrive il processo di installazione della distribuzione + sorgente né la configurazione della distribuzione binaria (Non tutto, insomma\SpecialChar \ldots{} +). + Qui sono descritti tutti i particolari che vi servono a far lavorare LyX + al meglio. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Questo è il luogo deputato a documentare un insieme di informazioni per + far girare LyX correttamente, includendo anche quali altri programmi consentono + di rendere LyX maggiormente produttivo. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Requisiti di Sistema +\layout Standard + +La distribuzione binaria di LyX ha bisogno solamente di un sistema X Windows + (X11R6) correttamente installato e funzionante. + I sorgenti di LyX compileranno comunque anche sotto X11R5. + LyX è un programma abbastanza compatto (circa 2M senza XForms) e non necessita + neanche di molta memoria RAM per gestire i documenti. + Non è velocissimo +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX potrebbe aver bisogno di un po' di tempo a mostrare del testo in un + nuovo font, poiché il font deve essere prima caricato nel server X. + LyX cercherà normalmente di non caricare tutti i font se non quelli di + cui ha realmente bisogno, per cui non tuttti i font sono immediatamente + disponibili. +\end_inset + +, ma è abbastanza veloce da poter essere utilizzato su di 386DX40 con 8Mb + di RAM +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nota di +\noun on +Matthias +\noun default +: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +So di persone che lo fanno. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Se volete avere l'anteprima di stampa o volete stampare, avrete bisogno + di una installazione completa di LaTeX2e, inclusi i pacchetti +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + ed +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + Lyx non funzionerà assolutamente con il LaTeX2.09 (le modifiche che andrebbero + apportate ai sorgenti sarebbero così consistenti che converrebbe piuttosto + l'upgrade al LaTeX2e). + Potete ottenere una distribuzione completa di LaTeX (e di tutto il materiale + relativo a TeX e LaTeX) da uno dei membri del Comprehensive TeX Archive + Network (CTAN). + Ci sono tre server ftp ed un host di server nella rete: i server primari + sono ftp.dante.de (Germania), ftp.tex.ac.uk (Gran Bretagna) e ctan.tug.org (USA). + Una lista completa dei mirror si trova al sito ufficiale del CTAN: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Se volete compilare LyX avrete poi bisogno della libreria XForms. + Per la versione 1.1.6 di LyX avrete bisogno di utilizzare una tra le versioni + 0.88 o 0.89 della XForms; noi raccomandiamo la 0.88, poiché la 0.89 è la versione + in via di sviluppo. + Potete reperire le librerie XForms da: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://world.std.com/~xforms/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ncmir.ucsd.edu/pub/xforms/} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Avrete poi bisogno della libreria pixmap (libXpm). + Dal momento che di solito essa è parte integrante delle moderne distribuzioni + Unix, non dovreste aver problemi. + Solo assicuratevi che siate in possesso della versione adatta per la versione + della libreria XForrms che state utilizzando perché ci sono alcune incompatibil +ità. + Avete bisogno delle versioni 4.7 o 4.8 di libXpm, sebbene la 4.11 sia preferibile. +\layout Standard + +Per compilare LyX\SpecialChar \ldots{} + bene, non dovreste leggere questo documento ora se non + aveste già compilato LyX, vero? +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Se poi per caso aveste tra le mani una versione stampata del manuale ed + i file sorgente, chiedete aiuto a chi ve l'ha data; oppure leggete i file + README che trovate nella distribuzione dei sorgenti. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Setup Elementare di LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup} + +\end_inset + +Sicuramente non stareste leggendo questo file se non foste già in possesso + dell'eseguibile funzionante di LyX, per cui non parleremo di questo. + Ci sono solo alcune cosette che vogliamo dirvi a proposito dell'installazione + e della configurazione di LyX. +\layout Standard + +Ci sono due modi per eseguire LyX. + Il primo è di installare LyX con i suoi file di supporto sul vostro sistema; + per far questo sono necessari i privilegi di amministratore. + Il secondo modo non richiede i privilegi di amministratore di sistema poiché + permette di installare LyX a partire dal vostro account. + LyX automaticamente si rende conto di dove si trova purché le directory + di supporto siano al posto giusto. +\layout Standard + +Ci sono diverse caratteristiche di LyX che possono essere configurate direttamen +te dall'interfaccia grafica del programma, senza alcun accesso diretto ai + file di configurazione. + Innanzitutto LyX è in grado di ispezionare il vostro sistema e rendersi + conto di quali programmi, classi di documento e pacchetti LaTeX sono disponibil +i. + In questo modo vengono ragionevolmente impostati in modo predefinito i + valori di molte variabili di +\family typewriter +configurazione +\family default +. + Nonostante tale operazione sia già stata fatta durante l'installazione, + è possibile che abbiate alcuni pacchetti installati localmente e che non + sono visibili a LyX. + Per aggiornare la configurazione di LyX basta allora semplicemente eseguire + il comando +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +iconfigura +\family default +. + Per accertarvi che tutte le modifiche siano state effettivamente recepite, + dovrete poi riavviare LyX. + Per quanto riguarda le classi di documenti ed i pacchetti LaTeX installati, + è sufficiente leggere il file cui si accede da +\family sans +Aiuto\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configurazione\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default + per averne un rapporto. +\layout Standard + +Il secondo gruppo di opzioni disponibili riguarda le impostazioni dei documenti + che si possono cambiare attraverso i popup +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento +\family default + e +\family sans +Preambolo\SpecialChar ~ +L +\bar under +a +\bar default +TeX +\family default + nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Forse gli utenti di LyX 0.10.x ricorderanno che tali impostazioni potevano + direttamente essere modificate nel file di configurazione generale. + Ora questo non è più possibile. +\end_inset + +. + +\family default +Per far questo, aprite un documento (possibilmente createne uno nuovo), + scegliete le impostazioni che più vi aggradano e quindi salvatele con l'apposit +o bottone presente nella finestra di dialogo. + Questo genererà un modello predefinito chiamato +\family typewriter +default.lyx +\family default + che viene caricato automaticamente alla creazione di un nuovo documento + privo di modello secondo le impostazioni che avrete prescelto. +\layout Standard + +Ci sono poi una serie di impostazioni addizionali e definibili dall'utente + che è possibile fissare in LyX. + All'avvio, LyX cerca di leggere un file per le opzioni globali chiamato + +\family typewriter +lyxrc.defaults +\family default +. + Quindi tenterà di leggere un file chiamato +\family typewriter +~/.lyx/preferences +\family default + all'interno della vostra home directory. + Invocando da menu il comando +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default +, apparirà una finestra di personalizzazione che vi consentirà di decidere + molti dei +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +comportamenti +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di LyX agendo direttamente sul file delle preferenze; il manuale +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Personalizzazione di LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + contiene maggiori informazioni a proposito della finestra dedicata alle + preferenze e di questi file di configurazione. +\layout Section + +Impostare la Tastiera sotto X +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys} + +\end_inset + +Per utilizzare LyX correttamente, è +\emph on +necessario +\emph default + impostare correttamente l'ambiente X. + Questo è particolarmente importante nel caso in cui stiate usando le caratteris +tiche di supporto internazionale e vogliate utilizzare mappature di tastiera + diverse da quella inglese. + Sfortunatamente, quasi nessuno se ne preoccupa, specialmente quegli utenti + che hanno installato Linux sul proprio PC. + Anche gli amministratori di rete dei grandi sistemi possono però non prestare + troppa attenzione a questo tipo di configurazione, per cui non sentitevi + al sicuro se siete utenti di grandi sistemi. + Grazie al cielo ogni utente può impostare X per utilizzare al meglio la + propria tastiera. + Per far ciò non avete bisogno del vostro amministratore di rete. + I due programmi di cui parleremo tra breve sono gli unici di cui avete + bisogno per mappare la tastiera come desiderate. +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default + e +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\layout Standard + +Per prima cosa leggete le pagine di manuale di questi due programmi. + Sono i nostri migliori alleati per riuscire ad impostare la mappatura della + tastiera: se non li avete, procurateveli ed installateli. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\layout Standard + +Questo documento non contiene informazioni sull'utilizzo del programma +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default +. + Nel manuale di +\emph on +Personalizzazione +\emph default +è riportato un file +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default + di esempio. + Per caricare automaticamente la nuova mappatura della tastiera, basta aggiunger +e il comando +\family typewriter +xmodmap\SpecialChar ~ +.Xmodmap +\family default + in uno degli script di avvio del sistema (per esempio i file +\family typewriter +.cshrc +\family default +, +\family typewriter +.profile +\family default +, +\family typewriter +.login +\family default +, oppure +\family typewriter +.xinitrc +\family default +). +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\layout Standard + +Questo programma è praticamente un sogno avverato! Mostra in forma grafica + la struttura della tastiera e permette di modificarla; inoltre consente + di esportare le modifiche in un formato comprensibile ad +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default +. + E' molto utile quando si vuol creare un nuovo file +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default +, sebbene sarà necessario effettuare un po' di copia ed incolla. +\layout Subsection + +Modificatori e cambio modalità +\layout Standard + +LyX supporta tre tipi di modificatori: Shift [ +\family sans +S- +\family default +], Control [ +\family sans +C- +\family default +], e Meta [ +\family sans +M- +\family default +]. + Inoltre, se uno dei tasti della vostra tastiera è configurato come tasto + +\family sans +Compose +\family default +, allora potete usarlo per digitare dei caratteri non presenti sulla tastiera. + Questo tasto +\family sans +Compose +\family default + può funzionare sia come modificatore (come +\family sans +Shift +\family default + o +\family sans +Control +\family default +) che come tasto prefisso. + Ecco alcuni esempi di impiego: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose+e+' +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + é +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose+O+R +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + ® +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose+1+2 +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + ½ +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose+<+< +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + « +\layout Standard + +Questo modalità di inserimento è particolarmente utile quando si digita + un certo carattere solo di rado. + Funziona automaticamente per i caratteri latin1 ma può essere programmato + per comportarsi diversamente attraverso la corretta impostazione delle + variabili d'ambiente +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +locale +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Suggerimenti Utili e Piccoli Trucchi +\layout Standard + +Per prima cosa, aprite due terminali sotto X. + Utilizzate il primo per creare un nuovo file +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default + e il secondo per mandare in esecuzione +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default +. + Mediante +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default +, rimappate la tastiera secondo i vostri desideri. + Premete dunque il bottone che permette l'output della nuova mappa; +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default + manderà l'output al terminale da cui è stato chiamato per cui basterà eseguire + una semplice operazione di taglia ed incolla tra i due terminali per ottenere + il file +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default + desiderato +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Potete anche risparmiare del tempo mandando in esecuzione +\family typewriter +xkeycaps > .Xmodmap +\family default +. + Questi genererà un file di mappatura utilizzabile. + Naturalmente, se schiacciate più volte il tasto di output presente in +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default +, il file di mappatura risultante sarà un bel casino. + Dopo tutto, +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default + è uno strumento; per questo non è più intelligente della persona che lo + utilizza. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Ci sono degli altri modi che possono darvi una mano ad orientarvi. + Provate ad eseguire il comando +\family typewriter +xmodmap -v -pm +\family default +. + Questi vi mostrerà tutti i modificatori attivi in quel momento. + Provate anche il comando +\family typewriter +xmodmap -v -pke | more +\family default +per conoscere le corrispondenze tra codici tastiera ed i caratteri con nomi + simbolici. + Vi sarà utile anche per farvi una idea della sintassi del file +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +C'è un'ultima cosa da controllare: verificate che +\family sans +Delete +\family default + e +\family sans +BackSpace +\family default + +\emph on +non +\emph default + siano definiti da X con lo stesso simbolo! Osservate che dare a questi + tasti lo stesso simbolo non altera necessariamente il normale funzionamento + di molti programmi. + Emacs, ad esempio, li tratta allo stesso modo, per cui non vi accorgereste + della differenza. + Altri programmi, invece, li utilizzano per operazioni differenti - e LyX + è uno di questi. + Se i due tasti sono individuati da X con lo stesso codice, potreste avere + dei problemi nell'uso di LyX. +\layout Section + +LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Se volete fare qualcosa di più con LyX che generare file +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +, allora avrete bisogno del LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Nel caso in cui non lo sapeste, LaTeX è un linguaggio di marcatura verso + TeX; quest'ultimo è a sua volta un sistema di composizione tipografica + inventato nel 1984 da Donald Knuth. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Una precisazione relativamente alla pronuncia: TeX nasce dalle lettere greche + , +\begin_inset Formula $\tau\epsilon\chi$ +\end_inset + +, che fanno rima con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blec. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Questo è il modo corretto di pronunciare +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaTeX. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + TeX accetta file in ingresso di tipo ASCII contenenti testo e metacomandi + e genera come risultato file in un formato +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +indipendente dal dispositivo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, denominato Dvi (N.d.T. + Dvi è l'acronimo di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +DeVice Independent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + Una volta generato, un file Dvi può essere direttamente mandato in stampa. + Il TeX è completamente programmabile ed il LaTeX non è altro che una collezione + (tra l'altro, enorme) di macrofunzioni TeX. + In genere il LaTeX fa parte delle distribuzioni TeX, per cui l'unica cosa + di cui avete bisogno è una distribuzione TeX. +\layout Standard + +Ad oggi esistono due versioni diverse di LaTeX. + Una è il più vecchio LaTeX 2.09, che è diventato obsoleto dal 1994 ed inizia + a non essere più utilizzato, l'altro è il più recente LaTeX2e. + LyX funziona solo con LaTeX2e, non con LaTeX 2.09. + Quest'ultimo è solitamente presente solo su vecchi sistemi universitari; + se avete installato Linux su di un PC negli ultimi cinque anni e caricato + il pacchetto TeX allegato (teTeX o NTeX), non doveste avere problemi. +\layout Standard + +Chiariamolo una volta per tutte: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.23cm \added_space_bottom 0.23cm \align center +LyX +\emph on +FUNZIONA SOLO CON +\emph default +LaTeX2e!!! +\layout Standard + +Se sul vostro sistema è installato il 2.09, chiedete al vostro amministratore + di effettuare l'aggiornamento. + Se utilizzate Linux, LaTeX dovrebbe essere presente nella vostra distribuzione. + Date un'occhiata alle istruzioni riportate con la vostra distribuzione + Linux [nella maggior parte dei casi su CD-ROM] ed installate il pacchetto + TeX, qualora non l'abbiate già fatto. + Non vi serve altro. +\layout Standard + +Per altri sistemi, dovete consultarvi con il vostro amministratore di sistema + affinchè installi TeX/LaTeX sulla vostra macchina, nell'ipotesi che non + ci sia già. +\layout Standard + +A proposito, vi abbiamo già detto che LyX funziona solo con LaTeX2e? +\layout Section + +Dvips e Ghostscript +\layout Subsection + +Elementi indispensabili +\layout Standard + +Per stampare i documenti generati con LyX avete bisogno di effettuare dapprima + alcune operazioni prelimiari. + In primo luogo la vostra stampante deve essere configurata correttamente + [fate riferimento alla sezione che segue], quindi dovrete installare, qualora + non siano già presenti sul sistema, i seguenti programmi (o eventualmente + programmi compatibili con quelli di seguito riportati): +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +dvips +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +xdvi +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +ghostview +\layout Standard + +Gli ultimi due servono a visualizzare le anteprime di stampa nei formati + Dvi e PostScript® +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +PostScript® è un marchio registrato di Adobe Systems Incorporated, ed è + il principale linguaggio di descrizione pagina del mondo UNIX. + +\end_inset + +. + Se non sapete cos'è il formato Dvi, probabilmente non avete mai lavorato + con LaTeX e dovreste leggere il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + di LyX prima di continuare con questo manuale. + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + converte i file dvi in formato PostScript®, che è, al giorno d'oggi, il + formato utilizzato dalla maggior parte delle stampanti sul mercato. + Quelli che possiedono una stampante ad aghi o a getto d'inchiostro, , sono + comunque in grado di stampare attraverso il programma +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +, che produce un output adatto a moltissimi tipi di stampanti, a partire + dai file in formato PostScript®. + La prossima sezione, dedicata all'impostazione della stampante, descrive + come effettuare questi passaggi in modo automatico ogni qual volta che + si stampa. + Per ora concentreremo la nostra attenzione su +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Dvips +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig} + +\end_inset + +Sia che utilizziate LyX a casa oppure su un sistema dipartimentale, dovreste + preoccuparvi di configurare +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +, in base alla sua configurazione, permette sia di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +stampare su file +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + che di inviare direttamente un documento in stampa. + Se è configurato per +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +stampare su file +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e non si specifica nessuna etichetta, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + genererà un file +\family typewriter +pippo.ps +\family default + a partire dal file +\family typewriter +pippo.dvi +\family default +. + Nella maggior parte dei casi, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + è configurato in maniera predefinita per mandare il file che genera alla + stampante; con LyX avete la possibilità di fare entrambe le cose. +\layout Standard + +Se non ve la sentite di configurare +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + per la vostra stampante, potete tranquillamente saltare questa sezione. + Siete comunque avvisati che il risultato su carta potrebbe non soddisfare + le vostre aspettative in termini di qualità. + Comunque qualcosa verrà fuori. +\layout Standard + +Se utilizzate teTeX (una distribuzione TeX particolarmente diffusa nel mondo + Linux), dovreste eseguire il programma +\family typewriter +texconfig +\family default +. + Per far riconoscere a +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + una nuova stampante, dovreste selezionare la voce +\family sans +Dvips +\family default + dal menu, quindi aggiungere la nuova stampante. + Inserite i parametri richiesti e, prima di uscire dal programma, ricordatevi + di eseguire +\family sans +Rehash +\family default + per attivare le modifiche. +\layout Standard + +Vediamo adesso come sia possibile configurare manualmente +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +: per far si che un file +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + venga automaticamente convertito in un file +\family typewriter +.ps +\family default + adatto alla stampante +\family typewriter +printer1 +\family default +, avete bisogno di un file di configurazione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +config.printer1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, presente in una qualche directory. + Di solito, nella maggior parte delle distribuzioni TeX, i file di configurazion +e di +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + si trovano nella directory +\family typewriter +/usr/lib/texmf/dvips +\family default +. + Il vostro sistema apparirà sicuramente differente, motivo per il quale + vi suggeriamo di cercare la sottodirectory +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + all'interno della directory principale di TeX. + +\layout Standard + +Generalmente, dovreste trovare presente almeno il file di configurazione +\family typewriter + config.ps +\family default +. + Questo è il file di configurazione standard e viene letto +\emph on +sempre +\emph default + da dvips +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Questo file non è strettamente connesso all'esistenza di un file denominato + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + Date un'occhiata a questo file per rendervi conto di quali siano le opzioni + da cambiare per la vostra stampante; quindi scrivete il file +\family typewriter +config.printer1 +\family default + che contiene solo le righe rilevanti. +\layout Standard + +C'è poi almeno un'altra cosa da fare al file di configurazione. + Potrebbe esistere una linea del tipo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +o | lpr +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (senza le virgolette naturalmente\SpecialChar \ldots{} +); cambiatela in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +o | lpr -Pprinter1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, in modo che l'output sia mandato automaticamente alla stampante +\family typewriter +printer1 +\family default +. + Inoltre dovreste guardare anche le righe contrassegnate da +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +M +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +D +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, che definiscono rispettivamente la modalità Metafont e la risoluzione + della stampante. + Se non sapete cosa sia la modalità Metafont, potete immaginarla come un + driver per stampante: adatta la forma dei font TeX per assicurare il miglior + risultato possibile per la stampante. + Fate attenzione però al fatto che definire diverse modalità Metafont farà + si che +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + generi diverse copie degli stessi font su disco, con conseguente aoccupazione + di spazio sul disco. +\layout Standard + +Quando avete impostato correttamente il funzionamento della stampante dovete + dire a LyX di utilizzare questa configurazione. + Per far questo, invocate il comando +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + e all'interno della finestra +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + impostate correttamente le voci +\family typewriter +adapt_output +\family default + e +\family typewriter +spool_command +\family default + che si trovano all'interno dell'area +\family sans +Outputs\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Printer +\family default +, come descritto nelle informazioni di aiuto presenti all'interno della + stessa finestra. + +\layout Standard + +Potete usare tanti file di configurazione quante sono le vostre stampanti; + quella di default può essere specificata all'interno della finestra +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + o mediante la variabile d'ambiente +\family typewriter +PRINTER +\family default +. + E' anche possibile scegliere quale stampante utilizzare direttamente da + LyX, come sarà descritto più avanti. + Una volta che avete fatto tutto questo, siete pronti a stampare con LyX + su una stampante PostScript® o su di un file. + +\layout Standard + +Se la vostra stampante non è compatibile PostScript®, sarà necessario utilizzare + +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + come filtro per la coda di stampa. + Le operazioni necessarie sono descritte in diversi HOWTO e manuali. + Nella documentazione di LyX c'è una sezione che accenna alla configurazione + di +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Ad alcuni non piace utilizzare l'accoppiata +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + più +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +. + In alternativa, potete ricorrere a un qualunque programma che converta + il file dvi in un formato direttamente comprensibile alla vostra stampante; + anche questi programmi possono essere specificati all'interno della finestra + +\family sans +Preferences +\family default +. + C'è però un grosso svantaggio nell'utilizzare questo metodo: non è possibile + includere file PostScript® (ad esempio una immagine) nei vostri documenti + poiché il programma di conversione non lo interpreterebbe; considerato + il fatto che le immagini sono in formato PostScript®, il team di LyX consiglia + a tutti l'uso della coppia +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +/ +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + per la stampa dei documenti. +\layout Subsection + +Ghostscript, Xdvi e Ghostview +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Xdvi +\family default + e +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + sono dei visualizzatori. + Il primo gestisce i file +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default +, mentre il secondo si interfaccia con +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + per visualizzare i file PostScript®. +\layout Standard + +Una breve nota su questi due programmi: entrambi si aggiornano automaticamente + se il file che stanno visualizzando +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Il cambiamento interessa cioè i file +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + o +\family typewriter +.ps +\family default + e non i file generatori. +\end_inset + + cambia. + Potete comunque in forzare l'aggiornamento; per questo motivo, nel momento + in cui lanciate uno dei due visualizzatori, non è poi necessario che lo + chiudiate. + Inoltre entrambi i programmi forniscono le stesse prestazioni ed hanno + le stesse funzioni. +\layout Standard + +Il team di LyX raccomanda l'uso di +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + nel caso di affinamento dei dettagli, decisamente più veloce in quanto + viene eseguito un passo di elaborazione in meno. + Ecco un esempio: +\layout Enumerate + +Utilizzate +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + per visualizzare l'anteprima di stampa di un documento LyX; lasciatelo + in esecuzione e tornate a LyX. +\layout Enumerate + +Modificate il documento con LyX. +\layout Enumerate + +Invocate +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\family default + dal menu per visualizzare i cambiamenti. + Quando LaTeX ha finito di compilare il documento, cliccate sulla finestra + di +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +, e, come per magia, +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + si aggiornerà automaticamente. +\layout Standard + +Ora, questo non vuol dire che +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + non serve a nulla. + +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + è più adatto nei casi in cui vi serve visualizzare +\emph on +proprio +\emph default + la versione PostScript® del documento. + Per visualizzare piccoli cambiamenti che non siano dipendenti da PostScript® + è meglio utilizzare +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + Esiste un'alternativa a +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + con un'interfaccia decisamente migliore: +\family typewriter +gv +\family default +. + LyX lo utilizzerà automaticamente al posto di ghostscript qualora sia disponibi +le. +\layout Section + +La Stampante +\layout Standard + +Tutti quelli che utilizzano un computer all'interno di una rete di grandi + dimensioni non dovrebbero aver problemi con le stampanti. + Il vostro amministratore di rete (o voi stessi se siete l'amministratore + di rete) dovrebbe già aver configurato le stampanti. + Tutto ciò che vi resta da fare è sapere il nome della stampante che intendete + utilizzare e configurare la vostra installazione +\size normal + +\size default +come descritto nell'ultima sezione. + +\layout Standard + +Quelli di voi che usano Linux dovranno tuttavia fare un po' di lavoro in + più. + Molti oggi installano una distribuzione Linux, quali Red Hat o Slackware, + direttamente da CR-ROM. + Costoro, seguendo le istruzioni, riescono a completare l'installazione + e ad avere Linux funzionante, senza però interessarsi della configurazione + della stampante. + Se volete stampare, +\size normal + +\size default +questo è un passo obbligato. + Abbiamo scritto qualcosa in proposito per venirvi in aiuto, fate riferimento + al capitolo +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Guida alla Stampante +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + presente all'intenro del manuale di +\emph on +Personalizzazione. +\layout Chapter + +Nozioni Fondamentali su LyX +\layout Section + +I Tipi di Documento +\layout Subsection + +Introduzione +\layout Standard + +Nel momento in cui vi mettete a scrivere, prima di fare qualunque cosa, + dovete sapere che +\emph on +tipo +\emph default + di documento volete comporre. + Differenti tipi di documento sono caratterizzati infatti da differente + impaginazione, titolazioni, stili di carattere, etc. + Inoltre, tipi di documento distinti dispongono di diversi ambienti paragrafo, + generando un formato differente per il titolo. +\layout Standard + +Una +\emph on +classe di documento +\emph default + descrive un insieme di caratteristiche comuni ad un particolare tipo di + documento. + Scegliendo una di queste classi, si impostano una serie di parametri di + stile e di impaginazione, facilitando così il processo di stesura. + Se non scegliete una classe di documento, LyX ne sceglie una di default; + così sta a voi specificarne una. +\layout Standard + +Di seguito troverete una descrizione delle classi di documento disponibili + in LyX e di come modificarne in dettaglio alcuni parametri. +\layout Subsection + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes} + +\end_inset + +Le Varie Classi di Documento +\layout Subsubsection + +Introduzione +\layout Standard + +In LyX esistono cinque classi standard di documento: +\layout Description + +Article per semplici articoli +\layout Description + +Report per scrivere relazioni +\layout Description + +Book adatto alla stesura di libri +\layout Description + +Letter per lettere in stile anglosassone +\layout Description + +Slides si usa per realizzare lucidi +\layout Standard + +Ci sono anche classi non standard, che LyX utilizza solo se LaTeX è configurato + per supportarle: +\layout Description + +Aapaper Per articoli aventi il formato della rivista Astronomy & Astrophysics +\layout Description + +Amsart Per articoli secondo le convenzioni tipografiche della AMS (American + Mathematical Society). + Ci sono tre diverse strutture di documento amsart. + Quella standard utilizza uno schema di numerazione tipico per teoremi, + +\emph on +etc +\emph default +. + che prepone il numero di sezione al numero dell'enunciato. + Tutti i blocchi di tipo enunciato (proposizioni, corollari e così via) + sono numerati in sequenza, ma le definizioni, gli esempi e tutto il materiale + di questo tipo possiedono una numerazione propria. + La +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +numerazione sequenziale +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + non prepone il numero di sezione a ciascun enunciato ma numera gli oggetti + lungo tutto l'articolo secondo un'unica sequenza. + Ogni tipo di risultato ha quindi la sua numerazione indipendente. + Infine è disponibile anche una struttura che non numera affatto i risultati. +\layout Description + +Amsbook Per i libri secondo le convenzioni AMS. + E' fornito solo lo schema di numerazione standard, avendo assunto che non + vogliate numerare i risultati consecutivamente lungo tutto il libro e che + abbiate bisogno di numerare i risultati. +\layout Description + +Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art +\layout Description + +Foils si utilizza per i lucidi ma è migliore di +\family sans +slides +\layout Description + +Iletter per lettere all' italiana +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +riporato in italiano nel testo originale - +\emph on +NdT +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Linuxdoc Usato insieme al pacchetto SGML-tools (noto in precedenza come + LinuxDoc), consente a LyX di produrre output in formato SGML. + L'SGML è un linguaggio a marcatori ed è il predecessore dell'HTML\SpecialChar \@. + Il pacchetto + SGML-tools consente di convertire un documento SGML in HTML ed in molti + altri formati, tra cui quello utilizzato da Linux per le pagine dei manuali + di +\family typewriter +man +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Paper per l'utilizzo della classe LaTeX +\family typewriter +paper +\family default + ( non presente in tutte le distribuzioni) +\layout Description + +Revtex è utilizzato per scrivere articoli per le pubblicazioni della Società + dei Fisici Americani (APS), dell'Istituto Americano di Fisica (AIP), e + della Società Americana di Ottica (OSA). + Questa classe comunque non è del tutto compatibile con le funzionalità + di LyX. +\layout Standard + +Non entreremo nei dettagli sull'uso di ciascuna di queste classi. + Troverete tutti i particolari sulle classi non standard nel manuale +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Caratteristiche avanzate +\emph on + +\emph default +di LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Qui parleremo di alcune caratteristiche comuni a tutte le classi di documento. +\layout Subsubsection + +Selezionare una Classe +\layout Standard + +Potete selezionare una classe attraverso il popup +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +documento +\family default +, accedibile selezionando +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento... + +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\family default +. + Quindi utilizzate il menu a tendina +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +lasse +\family default + per scegliere quella di vostro interesse e controllare nel dettaglio ciascuna + delle opzioni disponibili. + +\layout Subsubsection + +Proprietà +\layout Standard + +Ogni classe è caratterizzata da un certo insieme predefinito di opzioni. + La tabella che segue ne da una veloce panoramica: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Stile delle Pagina +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Lati +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Colonne +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Mass. + livello di sezionamento +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Uno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Una +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Sezione +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Uno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Una +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Capitolo +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Headings +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Due +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Una +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Capitolo +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Uno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Una +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +nessuno +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +linuxdoc +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Uno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Una +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Sezione +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +aapaper +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Due +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Due +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Sezione +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +amsart +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Headings +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Uno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Una +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Sezione +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +dinbrief +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Uno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Una +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +nessuno +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +iletter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Uno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Una +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +nessuno +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +paper +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Headings +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Uno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Una +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Sezione +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Non c'è alcun valore preimpostato per le +\family sans +Altre\SpecialChar ~ +Opzi +\bar under +o +\bar default +ni +\family default + o per la +\family sans +Separazione +\family default + per nessuna di queste classi. + +\layout Standard + +Vi starete probabilmente chiedendo cosa voglia dire +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Massimo livello di sezionamento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Ci sono diversi ambienti paragrafo utilizzati per costruire le intestazioni + di sezione. + Diverse classi di documento permettono diversi tipi di intestazione di + sezione. + Solo due classi utilizzano l'intestazione +\family sans +Capitolo +\family default +; le altre invece partono dalla +\family sans +Sezione +\family default +. + Altre clasi invece, come ad esempio le tre disponibili per le lettere, + non utilizzano alcuna intestazione di sezione. + Ricordate che oltre alle intestazioni +\family sans +Capitolo +\family default + e +\family sans +Sezione +\family default +, sono presenti anche quelle di +\family sans +Sottosezione +\family default +, +\family sans +Sottosottosezione +\family default + e così via in ordine gerarchico. + Le descriveremo tutte in dettaglio nella sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Analisi dettagliata dei parametri per le classi +\layout Standard + +Come già anticipato dal titolo, questa sottosezione analizza le proprietà + relative all'insieme dei parametri predefinit associati a ciascuna classe. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Stile\SpecialChar ~ +della\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +p +\bar default +agina +\family default + Può essere scelto fra cinque possibili impostazioni e definisce lo stile + delle intestazioni e dei numeri di pagina per una data classe +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Di questo se ne occupa LaTeX. +\end_inset + +: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Default +\family default +Utilizza lo stile di pagina predefinito per la classe corrente. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Empty +\family default + Nessun numero di pagina od intestazione. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Plain +\family default + Solo numeri di pagina. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Headings +\family default + Vengono stampati i numeri di pagina insieme all'intestazione di capitolo + o sezione corrente; che sia l'uno o l'altro dipende dal massimo livello + di sezionamento assegnato. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Fancy +\family default + Questa opzione permette di creare delle intestazioni personalizzate nel + caso in cui abbiate installato il pacchetto +\family sans +fancyhdr +\family default +. + Attualmente il supporto in LyX a tale pacchetto si limita a questa opzione. + Per utilizzarne appieno le caratteristiche, è necessario inserire del codice + su misura all'interno del preambolo del documento; per maggiori informazioni + fate riferimento alla documentazione a corredo del pacchetto +\family sans +fancyhdr +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Lati +\family default + No, purtroppo LyX non farà stampare la vostra stampante su due facciate! + In ogni caso potrà produrre documenti con un formato differente per le + pagine pari e dispari; così qualora abbiate una stampante che sia in grado + di stampare in fronte-retro, i numeri di pagina si troveranno sempre verso + l'esterno ed il testo sarà spostato per far spazio alla rilegatura. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ci sono due bottoni di scelta qui: +\family sans +Uno +\family default + per documenti a singola facciata, +\family sans +Due +\family default + per quelli a doppia facciata. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Colonne +\family default + Con questa opzione potete scegliere il numero di colonne presenti sulla + pagina, attraverso l'apposito tasto. + Le possibili scelte sono +\family sans + Uno +\family default +e +\family sans + Due. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Osservate che LyX in ogni caso non mostrerà a schermo più di una colonna. + Mostrare due colonne a video non sarebbe pratico, il risultato quasi sempre + illeggibile e comunque estraneo alla filosofia WYSIWYM. + Le due colonne saranno naturalmente visibili nel documento finaler prodotto. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Altre\SpecialChar ~ +op +\bar under +z +\bar default +ioni +\family default + Il comando LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + permette di specificare diverse opzioni; LyX ne fissa alcune automaticamente + e questa casella consente di specificarne altre. + Vi è sufficiente digitare le opzioni una dietro l'altra separandole con + una virgola. + Date un'occhiata ad un qualunque buon libro su LaTeX per scoprire quali + opzioni possano essere specificate. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Separazione +\family default + Questo ha una sezione dedicata. + Fate riferimento alla sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro} + +\end_inset + + per una sua descrizione. +\layout Subsection + +Dimensione della pagina, orientamento e margini +\layout Standard + +Ci sono molte altre caratteristiche che possono essere specificate all'interno + della finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +Documento +\family default +. + Pur avendo carattere globale, hanno scopi particolari e influenzano solo + determinate funzionalità. + Provvederemo dunque ad analizzare tali caratteristiche nelle sezioni nelle + quali le medesime funzionalità verranno trattate. + Qui ci soffermiamo invece a parlare di due proprietà che agiscono sull'intera + struttura del documento e che sono contenute all'interno della finestra + di dialogo +\family sans +Foglio +\family default +sotto il menu +\family sans +Struttura +\family default +: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Orientamento +\family default + Consente di scegliere se stampare i documenti con orientamento +\family sans +Verticale +\family default + o +\family sans +Orizzontale +\family default +. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormato +\family default + Le dimensioni della pagina; le scelte possibili sono: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Predefinito +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +A3, A4, +\family default + +\family sans +A5 +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +B3, B4, B5 +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Lettera US +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Legale US +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Executive US +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Personalizzato +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Alcuni di questi formati richiedono che abbiate installato il pacchetto + +\family sans +geometry +\family default +. + Lo stesso pacchetto permette anche di specificare i margini nella finestra + +\family sans +Foglio +\family default + . +\layout Subsection + +Nota Importante: +\layout Standard + +Se cambiate classe di documento, LyX provvede ad adattare +\emph on +tutto +\emph default + il contenuto del documento alla nuova classe. + Compresi gli ambienti paragrafo. + Alcuni ambienti paragrafo sono standard, ovvero sono comuni a tutte le + classi; altri sono specifici di solo alcune di esse. + Nel caso in cui state lavorando proprio con una di queste classi e decidete + di cambiare per una diversa, LyX trasformerà gli ambienti paragrafo mancanti + in +\family sans +Standard +\family default + e inserirà una segnalazione di errore all'inizio del paragrafo. + Vi basterà cliccare sul messaggio di errore per saperne di più sulla conversion +e e sulla causa dell'errore. +\layout Section + +Indentazione e Separazione di Paragrafi +\layout Subsection + +Introduzione +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro} + +\end_inset + +Prima di descrivere tutti i vari ambienti paragrafo, vorremmo spendere una + parola o due riguardo all'indentazione dei paragrafi. +\layout Standard + +A quanto pare, ciascuno ha una propria convenzione per separare i paragrafi + gli uni dagli altri. + La maggior parte degli Americani indentano la prima riga di un paragrafo. + Altri non indentano ma inseriscono una riga vuota tra due paragrafi consecutivi. + Gli utilizzatori di LyX seguono la medesima convenzione adottata dai tipografi. + Il +\emph on +primo +\emph default + paragrafo di una sezione, o dopo una figura, una equazione, una tabella, + una lista, etc. + +\emph on +non +\emph default + è indentato. + Viene indentato solo un paragrafo che segue immediatamente un altro paragrafo. + Ad alcune persone questa convenzione non piace, ma se volete utilizzare + l'indentazione dei paragrafi dovrete imparare a conviverci +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +C'è in realtà un modo per dire a LaTeX di indentare tutti i paragrafi. + LyX non mostrerà a schermo tale indentazione, ma LaTeX +\emph on +stamperà +\emph default + come desiderato. + Per far questo è necessario un package LaTeX ed un apposito comando nel + preambolo. + [ +\emph on +Nota dell'editore: Inserirò questa informazione non appena avrò tempo. + - jw +\emph default +] +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Tutte le proprietà di spaziatura quale lo spazio tra i paragrafi o la spaziatura + di linea sono già prefissate in LyX. + Come vi abbiamo già detto in precedenza, non preoccupatevi di quanto spazio + inserire tra i vari elementi, se ne occupa LyX. + Tra l'altro gli elementi di spaziatura verticale non sono fissati ma sono + programmati come intervalli. + In questo modo LyX è in grado di adattare gli spazi in modo che, ad esempio, + una figura entri perfettamente in una pagina insieme al testo, un titolo + di sezione non si trovi alla fine di una pagina e così via. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ovviamente LaTeX si occupa di questo solo all'atto della generazione di + un file destinato alla stampa. +\end_inset + + Comunque prefissati non significa che essi siano non modificabili. + LyX vi permette infatti di modificare +\emph on +tutte +\emph default + le caratteristiche di spaziatura per l'intero documento. + Di questo parleremo in seguito. +\layout Subsection + +Modalità di indentazione predefinita +\layout Standard + +Per impostare la modalità di indentazione predefinita, selezionate la voce + +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento... + +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\family default + per aprire la finestra di dialogo +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +documento +\family default +. + Al suo interno vi basterà scegliere la voce +\family sans +Capo +\bar under +v +\bar default +erso +\family default + o +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +alto +\family default + per indentare rispettivamente i paragrafi oppure aumentare la spaziatura + tra i paragrafi. +\layout Subsection + +Regolazione puntuale +\layout Standard + +E' possibile anche cambiare il metodo di indentazione di un singolo paragrafo. + In questo caso è sufficiente scegliere +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragrafo... + +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\family default + per aprire la finestra di dialogo +\family sans + Ambiente\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +Paragrafo +\family default +. + Cliccate sul tasto +\family sans +Ness +\bar under +u +\bar default +no +\family default + per modificare lo stato del paragrafo corrente. + +\lang english + +\layout Standard + +Se il paragrafo è indentato secondo la modalità predefinita, il tasto sarà + inizialmente disattivato. + Se i paragrafi non hanno indentazione e sono piuttosto separati mediante + righe di spaziatura aggiuntive, il tasto sarà completamente disattivato + (non sarà dunque applicabile ai singoli paragrafi). +\layout Standard + +Dovreste aver bisogno di indentare a livello del singolo paragrafo solo + nel caso di un controllo puntuale del documento. + In alternativa, selezionate +\family sans +Capo +\bar under +v +\bar default +erso +\family default + o +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +alto +\family default + per l'intero documento e continuate a scrivere. +\layout Subsection + +Interlinea +\layout Standard + +E' possibile scegliere l'interlinea dalla finestra di dialogo +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +Documento +\family default + nel caso in cui abbiate installato il pacchetto LaTeX +\family sans +setspace +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Gli Ambienti Paragrafo +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +I nomi degli ambienti paragrafo non sono ancora stati tradotti in italiano + nella versione corrente di LyX - +\emph on +NdT +\emph default +. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Introduzione +\layout Standard + +Gli ambienti paragrafo corrispondono alle varie sequenze di comandi del + tipo +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{ +\family default +\emph on +environment +\family typewriter +\emph default +} ... + +\backslash +end{ +\family default +\emph on +environment +\family typewriter +\emph default +} +\family default + di un tipico file LaTeX. + +\layout Standard + +Se non conoscete LaTeX, oppure se il concetto di ambiente paragrafo vi è + completamente sconosciuto, è meglio che leggiate subito il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + Il +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + contiene inoltre molti più esempi di quanti riportati in questo manuale. +\layout Standard + +Un ambiente paragrafo è semplicemente un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +contenitore +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per un paragrafo e ad esso attribuisce alcune proprietà. + Queste possono comprendere un determinato tipo di carattere, margini differenti +, uno schema di numerazione, etichette e così via. + Inoltre potete nidificare gli ambienti gli uni dentro gli altri, consentendo + ad un ambiente di ereditare le proprietà di un altro. + I vari ambienti paragrafo eliminano la necessità di utilizzare tasti di + tabulazione, correzioni dei margini estemporanee ed altre amenità ereditate + dalle macchine da scrivere. + Esistono diversi tipi di ambienti paragrafo specifici per particolari tipi + di documento. + In questa sede descriveremo i più comuni. +\layout Standard + +Per scegliere un nuovo ambiente paragrafo, fate ricorso al menu a tendina + presente alla estremità sinistra della barra degli strumenti. + [Cliccate sulla freccia in basso per aprirlo e chiuderlo.] LyX cambierà + l'ambiente dell' +\emph on +intero +\emph default + paragrafo in cui si trova il cursore. + Potete anche cambiare il tipo di ambiente per un gruppo di paragrafi, seleziona +ndo quelli di interesse prima di scegliere il nuovo ambiente. +\layout Standard + +Osservate che la pressione del tasto +\family sans +Return +\family default + genera +\emph on +di solito +\emph default + un nuovo paragrafo di tipo +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Abbiamo enfatizzato +\emph on +di solito +\emph default + in quanto non è una regola. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Se siete in uno di questi ambienti: +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +vspace{-2ex} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quote +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quotation +\layout Standard + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Verse +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Itemize +\layout Standard + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Standard + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +List +\layout Standard + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX manterrà il precedente ambiente paragrafo anche premendo +\family sans +Return +\family default +, piuttosto che impostare l'ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Verrà in ogni caso azzererato il livello di nidificazione. +\end_inset + + Normalmente l'inizio di un nuovo paragrafo reimposta l'ambiente paragrafo + e la profondità di nidificazione [ne parleremo diffusamente nella sezione + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} + +\end_inset + +]. + A volte comunque LyX mantiene il vecchio ambiente; ad oggi ciò dipende + dal contesto, per cui in generale potete aspettarvi il comportamento usuale. + Se desiderate che un paragrafo mantenga l'ambiente paragrafo e la profondità + di nidificazione, fate ricorso alla combinazione +\family sans +M-Return +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Essa invoca la funzione +\family typewriter +break-paragraph-keep-layout +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\family default + al posto di +\family sans +Return. + +\layout Subsection + +L'ambiente Standard +\layout Standard + +L'ambiente paragrafo predefinito è quello +\family sans +Standard +\family default + per la maggior parte delle classi di documento e caratterizza un paragrafo + semplice. + E' quello che LyX decide di impostare ogni qual volta deve resettare l'ambiente + paragrafo. + Anche quello che state leggendo adesso [e di fatto la maggior parte dei + paragrafi presenti in questo manuale] sono scritti in ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +E' il tipo di ambiente predefinito, cioè quello a cui si ritorna premendo + il tasto +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Di fatto, il paragrafo che state leggendo ora (così come la maggior parte + di quelli del libro) è di tipo +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Da ultimo, potete nidificare ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default + praticamente in ogni altro ambiente ma non è mai possibile l'operazione + inversa. +\layout Subsection + +I Titoli +\layout Standard + +Una pagina dei titoli LaTeX è composta da tre parti: il titolo stesso, il + nome o i nomi degli autori ed un'eventuale +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +nota a pie' di pagina +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per ringraziamenti ed informazioni per essere contattati. + Per alcuni tipi di documento, LaTeX prevede l'inserimento di questi elementi + in una pagina a parte, insieme alla data corrente. + Per altri tipi di documento, la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pagina +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + titolo si trova in cima della prima pagina del documento. + LyX fornisce un'interfaccia ai comandi LaTeX per la creazione dei titoli + attraverso gli ambienti paragrafo +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans +Author +\family default + e +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Ecco come utilizzarli: +\layout Itemize + +Usate l'ambiente +\family sans +Title +\family default + per il titolo del documento. +\layout Itemize + +Inserire il nome o i nomi degli autori nell'ambiente +\family sans +Author +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Se volete che la appaia in un certo modo, sia prefissata, abbia un certo + aspetto o se volete piuttosto inserire del testo al posto della data, utilizzat +e l'ambiente +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Quest'ultimo ambiente è comunque facoltativo. + Se non lo utilizzate, LaTeX automaticamente inserirà al suo posto la data + corrente. +\layout Standard + +Assicuratevi di inserire questi elementi all'inizio del documento e ricordate + che potete utilizzare le note a pie' di pagina per inserire eventuali ringrazia +menti o le modalità per essere contattati. +\layout Subsection + +Intestazioni +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings} + +\end_inset + + Ci sono ben nove ambienti paragrafo adatti a produrre intestazioni di sezione; + della loro numerazione se ne occupa LyX. + Voi dovete solo decidere come si chiamerà la sezione 3 del capitolo 9. +\layout Subsubsection + +Intestazioni Numerate +\layout Standard + +Esistono sei tipi di intestazioni di sezione numerate e sono: +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Chapter +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Section +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Subsection +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Paragraph +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Subparagraph +\layout Standard + +LyX etichetta tutte le intestazioni [separate le une dalla altre da periodi] + con una serie di numeri. + I numeri descrivono la posizione nel documento. + Tutte le intestazioni dividono il documento in porzioni di testo distinte. + Per esempio, supponiamo che stiate scrivendo un libro. + Normalmente dividereste il libro in capitoli. + LyX effettua la suddivisione del testo in maniera simile: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + [ +\family sans +Capitolo +\family default +] o +\family sans +Section +\family default + [ +\family sans +Sezione +\family default +] individuano il massimo livello gerarchico. +\layout Itemize + +Ciascun +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + [ +\family sans +Capitolo +\family default +] è suddiviso in +\family sans +Section +\family default + [ +\family sans +Sezioni +\family default +]. +\layout Itemize + +Le +\family sans +Section +\family default + [ +\family sans +Sezioni +\family default +] sono divise in +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + [ +\family sans +Sottosezioni +\family default +]. +\layout Itemize + +Le +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + [ +\family sans +Sottosezioni +\family default +] sono divise in +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default + [ +\family sans +Sottosottosezioni +\family default +]. +\layout Itemize + +Le +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default + [ +\family sans +Sottosottosezioni +\family default +] sono divise in +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default + [ +\family sans +Paragrafi +\family default +]. +\layout Itemize + +I +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default + [ +\family sans +Paragrafi +\family default +] sono divisi in +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default + [ +\family sans +Sottoparagrafi +\family default +]. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Nota: +\emph default + non tutti i tipi di documento hanno +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + come massimo livello di divisione il capitolo; in questi casi il massimo + livello di separazione è +\family sans +Section +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Dunque, se usate l'ambiente +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default + per una nuova sottosottosezione, LyX le assegnerà un numero, oltre ai numeri + di sottosezione, sezione ed eventualmente capitolo, che la contengono. + Ad esempio, la quinta sezione del secondo capitolo di questo manuale avrà + l'etichetta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.5 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Intestazioni Non Numerate +\layout Standard + +Esistono tre tipi di sezioni non numerate, rispettivamente: +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Section* +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Subsection* +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Subsubsection* +\layout Standard + +Il simbolo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +* +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dopo ogni nome di sezione indica che queste intestazioni non sono numerate; + esse funzionano allo stesso modo delle corrispondenti numerate. +\layout Subsubsection + +Cambiare la Numerazione +\layout Standard + +Se lo desiderate, potete scegliere quali livelli di sezione saranno numerati + e quali appariranno nel sommario. + Le modifiche che presentiamo non eliminano alcun livello di sezione; queste + caratteristiche sono proprie delle classi di documento. + Alcune classi presentano un insieme di livelli che vanno dal +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + fino al +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +, mentre altre partono dalle +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + Similmente, non tutte le classi di documento numerano ogni livello di sezione. + La maggior parte non numera +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default + e +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. + Vi è dunque possibile ridefinire questo comportamento. +\layout Standard + +Aprite la finestra di dialogo +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +Documento +\family default + [mediante la voce +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument... + +\family default + presente nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout +\family default +] e scegliete la pagina +\family sans +Extra +\family default +. + Al suo interno dovreste vedere un contatore denominato +\family sans +Massimo\SpecialChar ~ +numero\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +sezioni +\family default +. + Questo contatore stabilisce quale è il livello di sezione massimo la cui + intestazione LyX provvede a numerare. + Purtroppo i numeri che scegliete con i tasti di incremento e decremento + sono piuttosto criptici, segue dunque una tabella che fa associa l'effetto + corrispondente a ciascun valore: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Max. + numero di sezioni +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +LyX numera queste +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +valore: +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +intestazioni di sezione: +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +nessuna numerazione +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Aggiungi +\family sans +Part +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-0 e 0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Aggiungi +\family sans +Chapter +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Aggiungi +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Aggiungi +\family sans +Subsection +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Aggiungi +\family sans +Subsection +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Aggiungi +\family sans +Paragraph +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Aggiungi +\family sans +Subparagraph +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +I numeri crescenti sono cumulativi: un valore +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +0 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + numererà parti e capitoli, mentre +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + numererà parti, capitoli, sezioni e sottosezioni. + Naturalmente, se impiegate una classe di documento che non utilizza le + intestazioni per le parti o i capitoli ( +\emph on +ad esempio +\emph default + la classe predefinita article), ne segue che la numerazione comincia con + le intestazioni a livello di +\family sans +Section +\family default + e anche il codice +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +0 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + corrisponde a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +nessuna numerazione +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Nella stessa finestra di dialogo c'è un altro contatore, chiamato +\family sans +Profondità\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +sommario +\family default +. + Esso funziona allo stesso modo di +\family sans +Massimo\SpecialChar ~ +numero\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +sezioni +\family default +, ma si applica alle voci di sommario e fissa il massimo livello di sezione + la cui intestazione LyX provvede a inserire nel sommario. + Questo è di grande utilità: supponete di voler numerare +\emph on +tutte +\emph default + le intestazioni di sezione ma desiderate che il sommario riporti solo +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +, +\family sans +Section +\family default + e +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +. + In questo caso, vi sarà sufficiente impostare la voce +\family sans +Massimo\SpecialChar ~ +numero\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +sezioni +\family default + al valore +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +5 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e la voce +\family sans +Profondità\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +sommario +\family default + al valore +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + E' semplice, no? +\layout Subsubsection + +Informazioni Speciali +\layout Standard + +Le seguenti informazioni si applicano agli ambienti +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +, +\family sans +Section +\family default +, +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +, +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +, +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default + così come a +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, +\family sans +Subsection* +\family default + e +\family sans +Subsubsection* +\family default +: +\layout Itemize + +Non potete inserire note a margine in nessuno di questi ambienti. +\layout Itemize + +Vi è consentito introdurre espressioni matematiche in linea. +\layout Itemize + +Non potete nidificare usando questi ambienti.. +\layout Itemize + +Si possono utilizzare etichette e riferimenti incrociati che rimandano alle + numerazioni delle loro intestazioni. +\layout Standard + +Se cercare esempi relativi a questi ambienti paragrafo, guardatevi attorno! + Li stiamo usando lungo tutto il manuale che avete sotto mano. +\layout Subsubsection + +Creare un'Appendice +\layout Standard + +Per creare una appendice, aggiungete una nuoav intestazione di capitolo + o sezione, quindi spostate il cursore all'inizio dell'intestazione e selezionat +e +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Start\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +A +\bar default +ppendix\SpecialChar ~ +Here +\family default +. + Un rettangolo di colore rosso/marrone contornerà la restante parte del + documento per indicare che essa individua qualcosa di particolare e i riferimen +ti numerici a capitoli e sezioni saranno mutati in una lettera. +\layout Subsection + +Citazioni e Poesia +\layout Standard + +LyX implementa tre differenti ambienti paragrafo per inserire citazioni + o testo poetico. + Questi sono +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + e +\family sans +Verse +\family default +. + Dimenticate i giorni passati a cambiare spaziature e ad impazzire con i + margini: questi ambienti paragrafo impostano questi valori in maniera predefini +ta. + Tutti e tre aumentano il margine sinistro e aggiungono dello spazio sopra + e sotto il testo che contengono. + Inoltre questi ambienti sono nidificabili, quindi vi è possibile, ad esempio, + inserire un +\family sans +Verse +\family default + in un +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +, così come all'interno di altri ambienti paragrafo. +\layout Standard + +Altra caratteristica comune a questi ambienti è che essi non ritornano automatic +amente all'ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default + quando iniziate un nuovo paragrafo; potete dunque scrivere più strofe senza + preoccuparvi dell'ambiente. + Per tornare all'ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, vi sarà sufficiente selezionarlo manualmente quando avrete terminato di + scrivere in versi. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Quote +\family default + e +\family sans +Quotation +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote} + +\end_inset + +Dopo che abbiamo descritto le caratteristiche comuni dei tre ambienti, spieghiam +o quali sono le differenze. + +\family sans +Quote +\family default + e +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + sono identici eccetto per un aspetto: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + utilizza un interlinea maggiore per separare i paragrafi e non indenta + mai la prima riga. + +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + indenta +\emph on +sempre +\emph default + la prima riga di un paragrafo e usa sempre il medesimo interlinea. + +\layout Standard + +Ecco un esempio dell'ambiente +\family sans +Quote +\family default +: +\layout Quote + +Questo è l'ambiente +\family sans +Quote +\family default +. + Posso continuare a scrivere, allungando il testo della riga nella quale + mi trovo fino a farlo andare a capo. + Vedete? Non c'è indentazione. +\layout Quote + +Questo è un secondo paragrafo di citazione. + Anche qui non c'è +\emph on +indentazione +\emph default +; c'è però uno spazio supplementare tra un paragrafo e l'altro. +\layout Standard + +Finiamo qui il primo esempio e mostriamo la differenza di comportamento + dell'ambiente +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +: +\layout Quotation + +Questo è l'ambiente +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +. + Se continuo a scrivere, vedrete l'indentazione. + Se nel vostro paese le regole di stile vogliono che i paragrafi siano separati + dall'indentazione, allora +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + è quello che fa per voi! Beh, sempre nel caso che abbiate bisogno di scrivere + delle citazioni. +\layout Quotation + +Ecco un altro paragrafo. + Potrei continuare per ore, come un politico in periodo elettorale, ma probabilm +ente voi vi annoiereste presto. +\layout Standard + +Abbiamo finito con gli esempi. + Per ricapitolare: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + è adatto per coloro che preferiscono separare i paragrafi con dello spazio + supplementare, mentre +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + è preferibile per chi preferisce utilizzare in alternativa l'indentazione. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Verse +\layout Standard + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse} + +\end_inset + +Verse +\family default + è l'ambiente paragrafo per la poesia, le rime, i versi e così via. + Ecco un esempio: +\layout Verse + +Queste righe sono in versi +\newline +Ma io e Leopardi siamo diversi! +\layout Verse + +Poteva anche andar peggio. + Questa linea potrebbe essere lunga, molto lunga, ma davvero lunga; così + lunga che potremmo andare a capo. + Tutto sembra normale sullo schermo, ma su carta le righe succcessive sono + leggermente indentate. + Ok, ora stiamo scrivendo in prosa e non in poesia... + mi perdonerete. +\layout Verse + +Se una riga vuoi spezzare +\newline +e le cose belle far sembrare, +\newline +allora +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + devi schiacciare! +\layout Standard + +Come potete osservare, +\family sans +Verse +\family default + non indenta entrambi i margini. + Ogni strofa dei versi o della poesia si trova in un paragrafo separato. + Per interrompere ciascuna linea di una strofa si utilizza la funzione +\family typewriter +break-line +\family sans + +\family default +mediante la combinazione +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Le Liste +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists} + +\end_inset + +Quella che andiamo a trattare è l'area dove LyX si differenzia nettamente + dai comuni programmi di videoscrittura. + Una delle lamentele e delle segnalazioni di bachi che più spesso affollano + le mailing list di LyX sono del tipo: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Non riesco a inserire più di uno spazio! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Tipicamente, l'utente in questione sta cercando un modo per indentare il + testo con la finalità di inserire un commento spostato rispetto alla normale + indentazione o un elenco. + Dopo tutto, nei blasonati programmi di videoscrittura commerciali, se desiderat +e inserire una lista, dovete ricorrere più volte al tasto tab, alle indentazioni + e ad un mucchio di altri comandi di spaziatura orizzontale. +\layout Standard + +Ma perchè dovreste fare tutto ciò? Il tasto per le tabulazioni va bene per + chi scrive a macchina, in quanto non ha altro mezzo per indentare il testo. + Un computer è invece abilissimo nei calcoli e nella esecuzione di operazioni + ripetitive. + Dunque non dovreste avere alcun bisogno di tenere traccia delle numerazioni + di lista, delle indentazioni e di cose simili. + Con LyX, infatti, non ne avrete bisogno. +\layout Standard + +LyX possiede quattro ambienti paragrafo per la creazione di differenti tipi + di liste. + Negli ambienti +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + e +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +, LyX contrassegna gli elementi della lista rispettivamente con indici e + numeri. + Negli ambienti +\family sans +Description +\family default + e +\family sans +List +\family default +, LyX vi permette di personalizzare le etichette che desiderate utilizzare. + Presenteremo successivamente i dettagli relativi a ciascun tipo di lista + dopo aver descritto alcune caratteristiche comuni a tutte. +\layout Subsubsection + +Caratteristiche generali +\layout Standard + +I quattro ambienti paragrafo per le liste si differenziano dagli altri ambienti + per diversi motivi. + In primo luogo, LyX tratta ogni paragrafo come se fosse un elemento della + lista. + Premendo +\family sans +Invio +\family default + l'ambiente +\emph on +non +\emph default + verrà riportato a +\family sans +Standard +\family default + ma verrà mantenuto l'ambiente corrente e creato un nuovo elemento nella + lista. + Comunque, la profondità di annidamento viene solitamente al livello predefinito + e se desiderate mantenere sia l'ambiente paragrafo che la profondità di + annidamento presente, dovrete interrompere i paragrafi mediante il comando + +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +E' possibile annidare liste di qualunque tipo una dentro l'altra. + Infatti LyX modifica le etichette degli elementi di una certa lista in + funzione del tipo di annidamento. + Se intendete usare uno qualunque degli ambienti paragrafo lista, vi +\emph on +raccomandiamo fortemente +\emph default + di leggere l'intera sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} + +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Itemize +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize} + +\end_inset + +Il primo tipo di lista che descriveremo in dettaglio è l'ambiente paragrafo + +\family sans +Itemize. + +\family default + Esso possiede le seguenti caratteristiche: +\layout Itemize + +Ciascun elemento è etichettato con un particolare indice o simbolo. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +LyX utilizza lo stesso simbolo per tutti gli elementi che si trovano ad + un determinato livello di annidamento. +\layout Itemize + +Il simbolo compare all'inizio della prima riga. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Gli elementi possono avere lunghezza qualsiasi. + LyX fissa automaticamente l'indentazione rispetto al margine sinistro di + ciascun elemento. + Il valore dell'indentazione rispetto al margine è sempre relativo all'ambiente + all'interno del quale è posta la lista +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Se annidate un ambiente +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + all'interno di un altro ambiente +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +, all'etichetta sarà associato un simbolo differente. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Esistono quattro simboli diversi che permettono di ottenere fino ad un massimo + di quattro annidamenti. +\layout Itemize + +LyX mostra sempre lo stesso simbolo sullo schermo, un asterisco. +\layout Itemize + +Per una esaustiva trattazione sull'annidamento, fate riferimento alla sezione + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} + +\end_inset + +. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Naturalmente quanto appena spiegato rappresenta un esempio pratico sull'uso + della lista +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + L'ambiente +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + è da preferirsi per tutte quelle liste dove non si è interessati all'ordine. +\layout Standard + +Abbiamo detto che a livelli differenti sono associati simboli diversi quali + etichette. + Segue un esempio di tutti e quattro i possibili simboli. + Fate attenzione al fatto che chi di voi sta leggendo questo manuale in + linea non noterà nessuna differenza. +\layout Itemize + +L'etichetta per il primo livello +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + è un grande punto nero. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +L'etichetta per il secondo livello è un trattino. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +L'etichetta per il terzo è un asterisco. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +L'etichetta per il quarto è un punto centrato. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Indietro al terzo livello. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Indietro al secondo livello. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Indietro fino al livello più esterno. +\layout Standard + +Queste sono le etichette predefinite per la lista +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + Potete personalizzare le etichette aggiungendo i comandi appropriati al + preambolo LaTeX (consultate il manuale +\emph on +Extended LyX Features +\emph default +). + Naturalmente in LyX ciò non sarà visibile; questo è il fondamento della + filosofia WYSIWYM. + Qualunque personalizzazione effettuiate apparirà nel documento finale. +\layout Standard + +Osservate come lo spazio che separa gli elementi diminuisca al crescere + della profondità. + Analizzeremo l'annidamento e tutti i trucchi a cui potete ricorrere al + variare della profondità nella sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} + +\end_inset + +. + Non dimenticatevi di leggerla! +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate} + +\end_inset + +L'ambiente +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + consente di creare liste e commenti fuori linea numerati. + Gode delle seguenti proprietà: +\layout Enumerate + +Ogni elemento ha una enumerazione quale sua etichetta. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Il tipo di enumerazione dipende dalla profondità di annidamento. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +LyX conteggia automaticamente gli elementi al posto vostro e aggiorna le + etichette in maniera appropriata. +\layout Enumerate + +Ogni nuovo ambiente +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + resetta il contatore a 1. +\layout Enumerate + +Similmente all'ambiente +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +, l'ambiente +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Indenta gli elementi rispetto al margine sinistro. + Gli elementi possono avere lunghezza qualsiasi. +\layout Enumerate + +Riduce lo spazio tra gli elementi al crescere della profondità di annidamento. +\layout Enumerate + +Fa uso di etichette differenti in funzione della profondità di annidamento. +\layout Enumerate + +Permette fino a quattro annidamenti. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Contrariamente all'ambiente +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +, +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + +\emph on +visualizza +\emph default + le etichette differenti per ciascun elemento. + Qui di seguito viene mostrato come LyX etichetta i quattro possibili livelli + relativi ad una lista +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +: +\layout Enumerate + +Il primo livello di una lista +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + utilizza la numerazione Araba seguita da un periodo. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Il secondo livello impiega lettere minuscole poste tra parentesi. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Il terzo livello usa la numerazione Romana minuscola seguita da un periodo. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Il quarto livello è caratterizzato da lettere maiuscole seguite da un periodo. +\layout Enumerate + +Ancora, fate attenzione alla diminuzione dello spazio che intercorre tra + gli elementi al crescere della profondità dell'annidamento. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Indietro al terzo livello. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Indietro al secondo livello. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Indietro al livello più esterno. +\layout Standard + +Anche in questo caso potete personalizzare il tipo di numerazione usato + nell'ambiente +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. + Ciò richiede comunque l'aggiunta di alcuni comandi al preambolo LaTeX (consulta +te il manuale +\emph on +Extended LyX Features +\emph default +). + Come nel caso precedente, tale personalizzazione viene mostrata soltanto + nel documento finale e non all'interno di LyX. +\layout Standard + +C'è molto altro relativamente all'annidamento degli ambienti +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + rispetto a quanto riportato finora e dovreste +\emph on +davvero +\emph default + leggere la sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} + +\end_inset + + per saperne di più a riguardo. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist} + +\end_inset + +Contrariamente ai due ambienti precedenti, la lista +\family sans +Description +\family default + non ha etichette prefissate. + In questo caso, LyX utilizza la prima +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +parola +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + della prima riga quale etichetta. + Ecco un esempio: +\layout Description + +Example: Questo è un esempio dell'ambiente +\family sans + Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX rappresenta l'etichetta in grassetto e inserisce dei caratteri di spaziatura + tra essa ed il resto della linea. +\layout Standard + +In questo momento vi starete chiedendo cosa intendiamo con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +utilizza la prima 'parola'. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Come accennato in precedenza, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Nota dell'editore: Dovrebbe essere riportato da qualche parte all'inizio\SpecialChar \ldots{} + + -jw +\end_inset + + il tasto +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + non aggiunge caratteri di spaziature, ma separa le parole le une dalle + altre. + All'interno di un ambiente +\family sans +Description +\family default +, il tasto +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + indica a LyX che, qualora ci troviamo all'inizio della prima riga di un + elemento, l'etichetta è terminata. + [ +\emph on +Nota dell'editore: Siamo speranzosi sul fatto che qualcuno modifichi questa + parte. + Sarebbe carino se, ad esempio, il tasto +\family sans +Tab +\family default + terminasse l'etichetta, tenendo conto che LaTeX vi permette di utilizzare + uno spazio ridimensionabile nella etichetta di una lista descrittiva. + -jw +\emph default +] +\layout Standard + +E se aveste bisogno o voleste che l'etichetta di un ambiente +\family sans +Description +\family default + fosse costituita da più di una parola? Semplice: ricorrete ad uno +\family sans +Spazio Unificatore +\family default +. + [Inseritelo mediante +\family sans +C-Spazio +\family default + oppure +\family sans +Carattere\SpecialChar ~ +S +\bar under +p +\bar default +eciale\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spazio\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +U +\bar default +nificatore +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci +\family default +. + Per maggiori informazioni consultate la sez. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace} + +\end_inset + +.] Eccovi un esempio: +\layout Description + +Secondo\SpecialChar ~ +Esempio: Quest'ultimo mostra come impiegare uno +\family sans +Spazio\SpecialChar ~ +Unificatore +\family default + nella etichetta di un elemento di una lista +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Utilizzo: Dovreste ricorrere all'ambiente +\family sans +Description +\family default + in occasione di definizioni e teoremi. + Fatene uso quando avete bisogno di evidenziare una parola rispetto al testo + la descrive. + L'ambiente +\family sans +Description +\family default + non è adatto per descrivere il significato di intere espressioni. + In questo caso sono da preferirsi gli ambienti +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + o +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +, annidando diversi paragrafi +\family sans +Standard +\family default + al loro interno. +\layout Description + +Annidamento: E' possibile naturalmente annidare gli ambienti +\family sans +Description +\family default + uno dentro l'altro, annidarli all'interno di altri tipi di liste e così + via. + Consultate la sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} + +\end_inset + + per imparare ad usare gli annidamenti. +\layout Standard + +Osservate come LyX indenti le righe successive alla prima, rientrandole + rispetto a quest'ultima. +\layout Subsubsection + +L'ambiente +\family sans +List +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist} + +\end_inset + +L'ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default + è una estensione di LyX al LaTeX. + +\layout Standard + +Se siete giunti fino a questo punto saltando le sezioni +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize} + +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist} + +\end_inset + +, avete commesso un errore. + L'ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default + +\emph on +non +\emph default + origina liste numerate. + Questo è quanto viene svolto dall' +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + ed è documentato nella sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate} + +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + +Come il +\family sans +Description +\family default + l'ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default + è caratterizzato dall'avere etichette definite dall'utente per ciascun + elemento della lista. + Esistono alcune differenze sostanziali tra questo ambiente di lista e gli + altri tre: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + +etichette\SpecialChar ~ +per\SpecialChar ~ +gli\SpecialChar ~ +elementi LyX utilizza la prima +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +parola +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + di ciscuna riga come etichetta dell'elemento. + Il primo +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + dopo l'inizio della prima riga di un elemento delimita la fine dell'etichetta. + Se avete bisogno di più di una parola nell'etichetta, interponete lo +\family sans +Spazio\SpecialChar ~ +Unificatore +\family default + [ +\family sans +C-Spazio +\family default +] fra loro. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + +margini Come potete osservare, LyX utilizza margini differenti per l'etichetta + dell'elemento ed il corpo del testo dell'elemento corrispondente. + Il corpo dell'elemento ha un margine sinistro più largo, pari alla larghezza + predefinita dell'etichetta più un piccolo spazio aggiuntivo. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + +larghezza\SpecialChar ~ +dell'etichetta LyX fissa la larghezza della etichetta pari al valore + maggiore tra la reale larghezza e la larghezza predefinita. + Se la larghezza reale è più estesa, allora l'etichetta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +prosegue +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + all'interno della prima riga. + In altre parole, il testo della prima riga non è allineato col margine + sinistro delle righe successive del testo dell'elemento. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + +larghezza\SpecialChar ~ +predefinita Potete scegliere la larghezza predefinita in modo semplice + ed indolore, assicurandovi che i testi di ciascun elemento in un ambiente + +\family sans +List +\family default + possiedano tutti lo stesso margine sinistro. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + +impiego Dovreste usare l'ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default + allo stesso modo della lista +\family sans +Description +\family default +, ovvero quando avete bisogno che una parola risalti rispetto al testo che + la descrive. + L'ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default + garantisce la possibilità di raggiungere questo obiettivo in modo alternativo, + mediante una differente struttura. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + +annidamento E' possibile annidare gli ambienti +\family sans +List +\family default + gli uni dentro gli altri, annidarli all'interno di altri tipi di lista + e così via. + Funzionano allo stesso modo degli altri ambienti di lista descritti finora. + Consultate la sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} + +\end_inset + + per saperne di più sull'annidamento. +\layout Standard + +Quello descritto è dunque un ambiente paragrafo dotato di alcune funzionalità! +\layout Standard + +Per modificare la larghezza predefinita dell'etichetta, selezionate le etichette + all'interno della lista. + Potete anche limitarvi a spostare il cursore su di un elemento +\family sans +List +\family default + qualora desideraste modificare soltanto la larghezza della sua etichetta. + Quindi aprite la finestra +\family sans +Ambiente del paragrafo +\family default + [scegliete +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragraph... + +\family default + nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\family default +] ed individuate il campo di testo +\family sans +Larg +\bar under +h +\bar default +.\SpecialChar ~ +etichetta +\family default +. + La lunghezza del testo contenuto nel campo +\family sans +Larg +\bar under +h +\bar default +.\SpecialChar ~ +etichetta +\family default + fissa la larghezza predefinita dell'etichetta. + Se davvero lo desiderate, potete inserirvi il testo della vostra etichetta + più estesa, ma non ne avete bisogno. + Vi raccomandiamo di servirvi più volte della lettera +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + E' il carattere più ampio e caratterizza una unità di larghezza predefinita + in LaTeX. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Naturalmente potreste usare più volte consecutivamente anche altri caratteri + oppure una combinazione di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +| +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +0 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ed +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Ad ogni modo, la larghezza della lettera +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph on +è +\emph default + una unità predefinita di spaziatura orizzontale sotto LaTeX. + E' questo il motivo per cui vi incoraggiamo ad utilizzare sequenze consecutive + di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + + L'estensione dell'etichetta predefinita nell'esempio +\family sans +List +\family default + è pari a 6 +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Servendovi della +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + come unità di larghezza nel campo +\family sans +Larg +\bar under +h +\bar default +.\SpecialChar ~ +etichetta +\family default + godrete di un altro vantaggio: non avete bisogno di occuparvi di modificare + il contenuto di +\family sans +Larg +\bar under +h +\bar default +.\SpecialChar ~ +etichetta +\family default + ogni qual volta alterate una etichetta in un ambiente +\family sans +List. +\layout Standard + +Esiste un'altra funzionalità dell'ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default + che è bene conosciate. + Come potete osservare dagli esempi, LyX in maniera predefinita giustifica + a sinistra le etichette di ciascun elemento. + In realtà, alla fine della etichetta vi è inserito un +\family sans +Riempimento Orizzontale +\family default +. + Tratteremo successivamente i +\family sans +Riempimenti Orizzontali +\family default + nella sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace} + +\end_inset + +. + Seguono alcuni esempi: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + +Sinistra Il modo predefinito per le etichette degli elementi +\family sans +List +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\hfill +Destra Un +\family sans +Riempimento Orizzontale +\family default + all'inizio della etichetta comporta una giustificazione a destra. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\hfill +Center +\hfill + Un +\family sans +Riempimento Orizzontale +\family default + all'inizio ed una alla fine della etichetta fa sì che questa venga centrata. +\layout Standard + +Non vi preoccupate se non avete ancora idea di cosa siano i +\family sans +Riempimenti Orizzontali +\family default +. + Ricordate però che potete servirvene per personalizzare l'aspetto dell'ambiente + +\family sans +List +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Questo è quanto per ciò che riguarda i quattro ambienti paragrafo per la + generazione di liste. + A proposito - vi abbiamo già ricordato che, per usare al meglio questi + ambienti di lista, dovreste consultare la sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} + +\end_inset + + per saperne di più sull'annidamento dei paragrafi? +\layout Subsection + +Lettere +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Address +\family default + e +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +: una visione di insieme +\layout Standard + +Sebbene LyX possieda delle classi di documento per le lettere, abbiamo anche + provveduto a creare due ambienti paragrafo chiamati rispettivamente +\family sans +Address +\family default + e +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nota da +\noun on +Matthias +\noun default +: Sono orgoglioso di questa struttura right address. + Provate ad ottenere lo stesso risultato tipografico con i normali programmi + di videoscrittura. + Dovreste creare un riquadro e posizionarlo manualmente con il mouse e ricorrere + a tutti quei buffi stratagemmi. +\end_inset + + Per utilizzare la classe lettera, dovete ricorrere a specifici ambienti + paragrafo in un particolare ordine, in caso contrario LaTeX mutilerebbe + il documento. + Invece potete utilizzare ovunque senza alcun problema gli ambienti paragrafo + +\family sans +Address +\family default + e +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +, eventualmente annidandoli dentro altri ambienti, sebbene non sia vero + il viceversa. +\layout Standard + +Naturalmente non siete vincolati all'impiego di +\family sans +Address +\family default + e +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + soltanto all'interno delle lettere. + +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +, in particolare, è utile per creare titoli di articolo simili a quelli + utilizzati nei documenti accademici Europei. +\layout Subsubsection + +Utilizzo +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage} + +\end_inset + +L'ambiente +\family sans +Address +\family default + formatta il testo nello stile tipico di un indirizzo, al quale si ricorre + anche in alcune nazioni per l'apertura e per la firma di chiusura. + Similmente, l'ambiente +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + formatta il testo nello stile di un indirizzo gustificato a destra, utilizzato + in alcune nazioni per l'indirizzo del mittente e per la data. + Segue un esempio di ciascuno di essi: +\layout Right Address + +Right Address +\newline +Chi sono +\newline +Dove abito +\newline +Che giorno è oggi? +\layout Standard + +Quest'ultimo era il +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +. + Notate come le righe abbiano tutte lo stesso margine sinistro, fissato + da LyX in modo tale da disporre la più estesa porzione di testo su di una + sola riga. + Eccovi un esempio dell'ambiente +\family sans +Address +\family default +: +\layout Address + +Chi sono +\newline +Dove devo spedire questa lettera +\newline +Il vostro ufficio postale e nazione +\layout Standard + +Come potete osservare, sia +\family sans +Address +\family default + che +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + introducono dello spazio aggiuntivo tra loro ed il paragrafo successivo. + A riguardo, se schiacciate +\family sans +Invio +\family default + in uno di questi ambienti, LyX resetta la profondità di annidamento e torna + all'ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Ciò ha però senso in quanto +\family sans +Invio +\family default + ha la funzione di +\family typewriter +interruzione di paragrafo +\family default + e le singole righe di un indirizzo non sono paragrafi. + Quindi, dovreste ricorrere alla +\family typewriter +interruzione di linea +\family default + [ +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default + o +\family sans +Carattere\SpecialChar ~ +s +\bar under +p +\bar default +eciale\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Interruzione\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +l +\bar default +inea +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci +\family default +] per iniziare una nuova riga all'interno di un ambiente +\family sans +Address +\family default + o +\family sans + Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Scrittura Accademica +\layout Standard + +La maggior parte dei documenti accademici iniziano con un abstract e terminano + con una bibliografia o un elenco di riferimenti. + LyX prevede degli ambienti paragrafo per entrambi gli elementi sopracitati. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Abstract +\layout Standard + +L'ambiente +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + è utlizzato per il sommario di un articolo. + Tecnicamente +\emph on + potreste +\emph default + impiegare questo ambiente dappertutto, ma realisticamente +\emph on +dovreste +\emph default + ricorrervi soltanto all'inizio del documento, dopo il titolo. + Inoltre non perdete tempo nel cercare di annidare +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + in qualcos'altro o viceversa, in quanto non funzionerà. +\layout Standard + +L'ambiente +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + svolge per voi alcune operazioni. + In primo luogo, posiziona al centro l'etichetta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Sommario +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sopra il testo. + L'etichetta ed il testo del sommario sono separati da alcune righe vuote. + In secondo luogo, imposta un font più piccolo, così come vi aspettereste. + In ultimo inserisce qualche riga vuota tra il sommario ed il testo successivo. + In realtà questo è il modo in cui verrà rappresentato sullo schermo di + LyX. + Se il vostro documento è nella classe +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +report +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, il sommario al momento viene riportato, nella versione di stampa del file, + su una pagina separata . +\layout Standard + +L'inizio di un nuovo paragrafo mediante il tasto +\family sans +Invio +\family default + +\emph on +non +\emph default + resetta l'ambiente paragrafo. + Il nuovo paragrafo sarà ancora nell'ambiente +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + e quindi dovrete essere voi a provvedere al cambio di ambiente nel momento + in cui avrete terminato di inserire il sommario del vostro documento. +\layout Standard + +Ci piacerebbe fornirvi un esempio dell'ambiente +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +, ma non possiamo in quanto questo documento è nella classe +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +book +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Se non avete mai sentito parlare di un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +abstract +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + fino a questo momento, ignorate tranquillamente questo ambiente. +\layout Standard + +Un'ultima nota: l'ambiente +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + è utile soltanto nelle classi di documento +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +article +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +report +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [ed anche +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +amsart, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + che non è altro che una versione specializzata di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +article +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +]. + La classe di documento +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +book +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ignora completamente l' +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +, mentre è davvero disdicevole far uso dell' +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + nella classe di documento +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +letter +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Bibliography +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography} + +\end_inset + +L'ambiente +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + è solitamente utilizzato per elencare i riferimenti. + Tecnicamente +\emph on +potreste +\emph default + invocare quest'ambiente dappertutto, ma realisticamente +\emph on +dovreste +\emph default + impiegarlo soltanto alla fine di un documento. + Inoltre non cercate di innestare +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + in qualche altro ambiente o viceversa, vi anticipiamo che non funzionerà. +\layout Standard + +Quando aprite per la prima volta un ambiente +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +, LyX inserisce una spaziatura verticale piuttosto estesa, seguita dalla + intestazione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bibliografia +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Riferimenti +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in dipendenza della classe di documento. + L'intestazione è resa mediante un carattere grande in grassetto. + Ogni paragrafo dell'ambiente +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + è un elemento della bibliografia. + In questo modo, la pressione del tasto +\family sans +Invio +\family default + +\emph on +non +\emph default + resetta l'ambiente paragrafo. +\layout Standard + +Allo +\emph on + inizio +\emph default + della +\emph on +prima riga +\emph default + di ciascun paragrafo osserverete un rettangolo di colore grigio contenente + un numero. + Se cliccate su di esso, comparirà una finestra nella quale potete scegliere + una +\family sans +chiave +\family default + ed una +\family sans +etichetta +\family default +. + La chiave è il nome simbolico mediante il quale farete riferimento a questo + particolare elemento della bibliografia. + Per esempio, supponiamo che il primo elemento nella bibliografia fosse + un testo sul LaTeX e per esso potremmo scegliere la chiave +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +latexguide +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Se assegniamo anche l'etichetta, essa verrà riportata all'interno del rettangol +o grigio. +\layout Standard + +Il campo +\family sans +chiave +\family default + non è privo di utilità. + Infatti potete riferirvi agli elementi della vostra bibliografia mediante + il comando +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Riferimento\SpecialChar ~ +ad\SpecialChar ~ +una\SpecialChar ~ +citazione +\family default +. + Vi basta scegliere la chiave all'interno del pannello +\family sans +\bar under +B +\bar default +ibliography\SpecialChar ~ +keys, +\family default +quindi aggiungerla al pannello +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nset\SpecialChar ~ +keys +\family default +con la freccia rivolta a sinistra. + E' possibile avere riferimenti multipli scegliendo più di una chiave. + Un esempio di +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + è riportato alla fine di questo documento e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Consultate +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} + +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Capitolo 3]{latexcompanion} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è un esempio di come citare due degli elementi in essa contenuti. + Nella seconda citazione ci siamo serviti del campo +\family sans +Text\SpecialChar ~ +after +\family default + presente nella finestra citazione per aggiungere il testo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Capitolo 3 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Le scritte +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +latexguide +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +latexcompanion +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + che osservate sullo schermo saranno sostituite in fase di stampa dal numero + o dall'etichetta relativa al corrispondente elemento della bibliografia. +\layout Standard + +LyX supporta inoltre BibTeX, il pacchetto più avanzato per la gestione di + bibliografie LaTeX. + Per avere chiarimenti inerenti il suo utilizzo, leggete il documento +\emph on +Caratteristiche Avanzate di LyX +\emph default +. + +\layout Subsection + +Ambienti speciali +\layout Standard + +Ci sono tre ambienti paragrafo predefiniti che non rientrano in nessuna + categoria in quanto sono specialistici per particolari applicazioni. + Descriveremo adesso le loro caratteristiche e modalità d'uso. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Caption +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:captionlayout} + +\end_inset + +L'ambiente +\family sans +Caption +\family default + è l'ambiente paragrafo predefinito per le +\family sans +Figure\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti +\family default + e le +\family sans +Tabelle\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti +\family default +. + All'interno di LyX, vedrete sia l'etichetta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Figure: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Table: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, in dipendenza del tipo di +\family sans +Flottante +\family default + preso in considerazione. + Inoltre, l'ambiente +\family sans +Caption +\family default + inserisce nel documento finale un numero di figura o di tabella. +\layout Standard + +Non potete ovviamente annidare nulla dentro un ambiente +\family sans +Caption +\family default + o vice versa. + In aggiunta, la pressione del tasto +\family sans +Invio +\family default + resetta l'ambiente paragrafo a +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, un +\family sans +Caption +\family default + occupa dunque un solo paragrafo. +\layout Standard + +L'ambiente +\family sans +Caption +\family default + non è utilizzabile al di fuori di una +\family sans +Figura\SpecialChar ~ +Flottante +\family default + o di una +\family sans +Tabella\SpecialChar ~ +Flottante +\family default +. + Consultate le sezioni +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} + +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables} + +\end_inset + + per ulteriori informazioni sulle +\family sans +Figure\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti +\family default + e le +\family sans +Tabelle\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\layout Standard + +L'ambiente +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + è un'altra estensione di LyX. + Esso imposta un font tipico per la scrittura a macchina ed inoltre considera + il tasto +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + come un carattere vuoto di dimensione fissa; +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nell'ambiente +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, il tasto +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + è trattato alla stregua di un +\family sans +Riempimento\SpecialChar ~ +orizzontale +\family default + piuttosto che come un marcatore di fine parola. +\end_inset + + questo è l'unico caso in LyX nel quale è prevista la digitazione di più + spazi consecutivi. + Se avete bisogno di inserire righe vuote, dovrete ancora ricorrere a +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default + [la funzione +\family typewriter +interruzione di linea +\family default +]. + +\family sans +Invio +\family default + interrompe i paragrafi. + Comunque fate attenzione al fatto che +\family sans +Invio +\family default + +\emph on +non +\emph default + resetta l'ambiente paragrafo. + Quindi, quando terminate di utilizzare l'ambiente +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, dovrete modificare da voi l'ambiente paragrafo. + Inoltre vi è +\emph on +possibile +\emph default + annidare l'ambiente +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + all'interno degli altri. +\layout Standard + +Esistono alcune limitazioni riguardanti tale ambiente: +\layout Itemize + +Non potete usare +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default + all'inizio di un nuovo paragrafo [ad esempio non potete far seguire un + +\family sans +Invio +\family default + da un +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default +]. +\layout Itemize + +Non potete inserire un +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default + seguito da uno +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Iniziate un nuovo paragrafo con +\family sans +Invio +\family default +, quindi potete far uso dello +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +O in alternativa ricorrete a +\family sans +C-Spazio +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Non è possibile avere un paragrafo vuoto o una riga vuota. + Dovete inserire almeno uno +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + in ciascuna riga che volete sia vuota. + In caso contrario LaTeX genererà degli errori. +\layout Itemize + +Non potete ottenere i doppi apici tipici della scrittura a macchina digitando + +\family sans +" +\family default + poichè tale azione porterà all'inserzione di doppi apici +\emph on +reali +\emph default +. + In tal caso dovrete usare +\family sans +C-" +\family default + (o +\family sans +C-q +\family default + se utilizzate le associazioni da tastiera simil-Emacs). +\layout Standard + +Eccovi un esempio: +\layout LyX-Code + +#include +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout LyX-Code + +int main(void) +\layout LyX-Code + +{ +\layout LyX-Code + + printf("Ciao Mondo +\backslash +n"); +\layout LyX-Code + + return 0; +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout Standard + +Questo è il tipico codice per ottenere sullo schermo la nota frase +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Ciao Mondo! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + ha un solo obiettivo: formattare del codice, ad esempio i sorgenti delle + applicazioni, files di script per le shell, rc-files e così via. + Ricorretevi soltanto in quei casi molto speciali nei quali dovete generare + del testo come se aveste fatto ricorso ad una macchina per scrivere. +\layout Subsubsection + +Comment +\layout Standard + +L'ambiente paragrafo +\family sans +Comment +\family default + serve a inserire commenti relativi al vostro documento che non dovranno + apparire nel risultato finale. + Per far sì che ciò sia evidente, LyX rappresenterà l'ambiente comment in + un colore differente rispetto al resto del testo. +\layout Section + +Annidamento degli ambienti +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nest} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +La grande scommessa +\layout Standard + +Nelle sezioni precedenti vi abbiamo constantemente tartassati con la frase + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +andate a leggere la Sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Adesso vi starete chiedendo quale sia la grande rivelazione che vi aspetta, + ebbene, essa consiste nel fatto che LyX differisce nettamente dal tradizionale + concetto +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +programma di videoscrittura in sostituzione della glorificata macchina da + scrivere +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Con una macchina da scrivere, il testo è semplicemente inchiostro sulla + pagina. + La maggior parte dei programmi di videoscrittura non sono poi tanto migliori, + trattando il testo come pixels sullo schermo e come bytes in memoria. + Di contro, LyX considera il testo come un unico blocco all'interno di un + particolare contesto e con proprietà ben definite. + D'altronde, cosa occorrerebbe fare se voleste che un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blocco +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ereditasse alcune proprietà di un altro +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blocco +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Riportiamo un esempio più specifico: gli elementi evidenziati. + Supponiamo dobbiate mettere in evidenza tre punti fondamentali, con il + punto #2 contenente altri due sottopunti. + In altre parole, avete una lista +\emph on +dentro +\emph default + un'altra lista, con la lista più interna +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +attaccata +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + all'elemento #2: +\layout Enumerate + +uno +\layout Enumerate + +due +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +sottolista - elemento #1 +\layout Enumerate + +sottolista - elemento #2 +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +tre +\layout Standard + +Come fate ad inserire una lista dentro una lista? +\layout Standard + +D'ora in poi la risposta è semplice: annidando una lista dentro l'altra. + Comunque l'annidamento non è limitato alle liste. + In LyX potete annidare praticamente ogni cosa dentro qualunque altra e + ciò rappresenta la vera forza dell'annidamento degli ambienti paragrafo. +\layout Subsection + +Annidamenti permessi e proibiti +\layout Standard + +Prima di sommergervi con un elenco di ambienti paragrafo, dobbiamo dirvi + qualcosa di più riguardo le modalità di funzionamento dell'annidamento. +\layout Standard + +L'annidamento è un affare più complesso di un semplice sì o no, di un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +si può o non si può +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + C'è anche la questione del +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +come si applica +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Potete annidare questo ambiente dentro qualunque altro? Ed un altro ambiente + nel primo? Rispondere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sì +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + alla prima domanda non garantisce il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sì +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + alla seconda. +\layout Standard + +Gli ambienti paragrafo in LyX possono comportarsi in tre modi diversi quando + si parla di annidamento. + Primo, un ambiente può essere completamente non annidabile. + Secondo, ci sono ambienti che sono sempre annidabili e quindi potete annidarle + all'interno di altri elementi o viceversa. + L'ultimo tipo di ambiente può essere annidato dentro altri ambienti, ma + non è invece permessa l'operazione inversa. +\layout Standard + +Riportiamo qui di seguito una lista dei tre possibili comportamenti di annidamen +to e degli ambienti paragrafo ai quali si riferiscono: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Per qualche strana ragione, LyX vi permette di annidare in modo completo + sia +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + che +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +. + LyX consente anche di annidare +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans +Author +\family default +, e +\family sans +Date +\family default + in altri ambienti. + Vi raccomandiamo di non farlo. + LaTeX potrebbe avere strani comportamenti se provaste. + Non lo sappiamo per certo. + Comunque, non ha senso, contestualmente a questi ambienti, far risocorso + all'annidamento, quindi perchè mai dovreste volerlo? +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Non\SpecialChar ~ +annidabili Non potete annidarli e annidare al loro interno. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Part +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Chapter +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Section +\family default + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subsection +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subparagraph +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Part* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Chapter* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Section* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subsection* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subsubsection* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Bibliography +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Abstract +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Title +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Author +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Date +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Completamente\SpecialChar ~ +annidabili Potete annidarli e annidare al loro interno. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Verse +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quote +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quotation +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Itemize +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +List +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Annidabili\SpecialChar ~ +internamente Potete annidarli all'interno di altri elementi, ma + non viceversa. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Standard +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Address +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +LaTeX +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +L'ambiente +\family sans +Caption +\family default + non rientra in nessuna categoria in quanto si utilizza solo nelle +\family sans +Tabelle\SpecialChar ~ +flottanti +\family default + e nelle +\family sans +Figure\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Annidamento di altri elementi: tabelle, formule matematiche, oggetti flottanti, + etc. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting} + +\end_inset + +Esistono altri elementi che non sono ambienti paragrafo, ma che sono comunque + soggetti ad annidamento. + Essi sono rispettivamente: +\layout Itemize + +Equazioni +\layout Itemize + +Tabelle +\layout Itemize + +Figure +\layout Standard + +[Nota: se inserite una figura o una tabella all'interno di un +\family sans +Oggetto Flottante +\family default +, quanto appena affermato non risulta più vero. + Per ulteriori informazioni proseguite nella lettura della guida o consultate + le sezioni +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} + +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables} + +\end_inset + +.] +\layout Standard + +LyX è in grado di trattare i tre oggetti citati sia come una singola parola + che come un paragrafo. + Non potete inserire una tabella in linea, ma potete farlo con le formule + e le figure. + Se una figura o una equazione è in linea, essa si posizionerà lì dove andrebbe + il paragrafo. +\layout Standard + +In altre parole, se avete una equazione, figura o tabella all'interno di + un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +paragrafo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dedicato solo a loro, esso si comporta alla stessa stregua di un ambiente + paragrafo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +annidabile +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Vi è consentito annidarlo dentro qualunque ambiente, ma non annidare [ovviament +e] qualcosa al suo interno. +\layout Standard + +Eccovi un esempio con una tabella: +\layout Enumerate + +Primo Elemento +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è (a) ed è annidato. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +d +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è (b). + La tabella è al momento annidata dentro (a). +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Indietro di un livello. +\layout Standard + +Se non avessimo annidato affatto la tabella, la lista sarebbe apparsa nel + seguente: +\layout Enumerate + +Primo Elemento +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è (a) ed è annidato. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +d +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è (b). + La tabella +\emph on +non +\emph default + è annidata dentro (a), anzi non è annidata per niente. +\layout Enumerate + +Indietro di un livello. +\layout Standard + +Notate come l'elemento (b) non solo non sia più annidato, ma sia diventato + addirittura il primo elemento di una nuova lista! +\layout Standard + +C'è un altra trappola nella quale potreste cadere: annidare la tabella, + ma non andare sufficientemente in profondità. + LyX converte tutto ciò che segue la tabella in una nuova [sotto]lista. +\layout Enumerate + +Primo Elemento +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è (a) ed è annidato. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +d +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è (b). + La tabella è annidata dentro Primo Elemento, ma +\emph on +non +\emph default + dentro (a). +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Indietro di un livello. +\layout Standard + +Come potete osservare, l'elemento (b) è stato convertito nel primo elemento + di una nuova lista, ma creata +\emph on +internamente +\emph default + all'elemento 1. + La stessa cosa sarebbe accaduta ad una figura o ad una equazione. + Quindi, se annidate tabelle, figure o equazioni, assicuratevi di aver fissato + il corretto livello di profondità. +\layout Standard + +In ultimo consideriamo i cosidetti +\family sans + Oggetti Flottanti +\family default +. + Un +\family sans +Oggetto Flottante +\family default + è una porzione di testo associato con un qualche tipo di etichetta, ma + che non possiede una collocazione fissata univocamente. + Esso può infatti +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +flottare +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + avanti o indietro di una o due pagine, lì dove meglio si adatta. + Le +\family sans +Note\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +piè\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +pagina +\family default + e le +\family sans +Note\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +margine +\family default + sono elementi flottanti, così come le +\family sans +Tabelle\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti +\family default +, +\family sans +Figure\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti +\family default +, +\family sans +Tabelle\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti\SpecialChar ~ +Larghe +\family default + e le +\family sans +Figure\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti\SpecialChar ~ +Larghe +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +La differenza tra gli oggetti flottanti larghi e non è rilevante solo nei + documenti con due colonne, dove i flottanti larghi si estendono in larghezza + su due colonne piuttosto che una soltanto. + Nei documenti ad una colonna, le voci di menu per le +\family sans +Tabelle\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti\SpecialChar ~ +Larghe +\family default + e le +\family sans +Figure\SpecialChar ~ +Flottanti\SpecialChar ~ +Larghe +\family default + sono non disponibili. +\end_inset + + Quando scrivete un documento con LyX, un +\family sans +Oggetto Flottante +\family default + chiuso viene visualizzato come una parola all'esponente di colore rosso + disposta all'interno del paragrafo nel quale si trova. + D'altronde, poichè un +\family sans +Oggetto Flottante +\family default + non ha una posizione prefissata nel testo finale, l'annidamento non ha + effetto sul suo collocamento dopo che il vostro documento sia stato affidato + al LaTeX. +\layout Subsection + +Utilizzo e caratteristiche generali +\layout Subsubsection + +Casi possibili +\layout Standard + +Dopo avervi detto cosa è possibile annidare, è venuto il momento di parlarvi + del +\emph on +come +\emph default + si effettua l'annidamento degli elementi! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Nota dell'autore: avrei voluto inserire questa sezione prima delle due precedent +i, ma sono tutte e tre così legate tra loro che è stato difficile trovare + loro un ordine. + -jw +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Per prima cosa, per annidare potete ricorrere alla tastiera, ad un apposito + bottone nella barra degli strumenti e al comando da menu. + Scegliendo +\family sans +Change\SpecialChar ~ +En +\bar under +v +\bar default +ironment\SpecialChar ~ +Depth +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\family default + si +\emph on +incrementa +\emph default + la profondità di annidamento di un livello. + Potete aumentare la profondità anche mediante il tasto nella barra degli + strumenti caratterizzato dall'icona rappresentativa di una pagina con una + freccia su un lato di un paragrafo indentato. + In ultimo, la profondità di annidamento +\emph on +cresce +\emph default + con la combinazione di tasti +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Destra +\family default +, +\emph on +decresce +\emph default + con +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Esistono due modi per annidare del testo. + Potete selezionare il testo da annidare o semplicemente spostare il cursore + nel paragrafo del quale volete cambiare la profondità. + Il primo metodo vi consente di agire su più paragrafi in una sola volta. +\layout Standard + +Sappiate che LyX modifica la profondità solo se gli è possibile, in caso + contrario non produce alcun effetto. + Inoltre, se modificate la profondità di un paragrafo, questa operazione + si ripercuoterà sulla profondità di ogni paragrafo annidato al suo interno. + E' difficile prevedere cosa farà LyX in questo caso, ciò dipende essenzialmente + da come appare il vostro testo. + Se volete soddisfare questa vostra curiosità, provate a giocare con le + profondità di annidamento e osservate cosa succede. +\layout Standard + +Desideriamo in ultimo farvi notare che: +\layout Itemize + +Se +\emph on +diminuite +\emph default + la profondità più volte [ad esempio usando ripetutamente +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra +\family default +] LyX si fermerà al livello più esterno. + +\layout Itemize + +Se +\emph on +aumentate +\emph default + la profondità più volte [ad esempio usando ripetutamente +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Destra +\family default +] LyX ricomincia dall'inizio. + Ciò significa che quando raggiungete il livello più interno, LyX non si + ferma e se tentate di aumentare la profondità una volta di più, tornerà + al livello più esterno. +\layout Standard + +Quando parliamo di livello +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +più interno +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + non ci riferiamo al livello più profondo possibile. + E' possibile effettuare annidamenti ad un livello arbitrario, ma qualcosa + deve essere contenuto nel livello soprastante. +\layout Standard + +Riferendoci ai livelli, LyX è in grado di realizzare fino a 6 annidamenti, + in altre parole il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +livello #6 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è quello più profondo. + Eccovi un esempio per chiarirvi le idee: +\layout Enumerate + +livello #1 - il più esterno +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +livello #2 +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +livello #3 +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +livello #4 +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +livello #5 +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +livello #6 +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Lo ripetiamo, LyX ha un massimo di 6 livelli, indifferentemente dagli specifici + ambienti paragrafo da voi utilizzati. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Sfortunatamente, LyX non provvede a superare questo limite. + Se ci provate, LaTeX vi restituirà degli errori nel momento in cui tenterete + di compilare il documento finale. +\end_inset + + Potete dunque annidare fino a sei liste +\family sans +Description +\family default + o ambienti +\family sans +Verse +\family default +, e così via. + Vi è anche possibile mescolare gli ambienti, come vedremo in seguito. +\layout Standard + +Esistono due eccezioni al limite di sei annidamenti e sono mostrate entrambe + negli esempi. + Contrariamente agli altri ambienti completamente annidabili, potete ottenere + solo fino a quattro annidamenti con gli ambienti +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + e +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + Per esempio, se proviamo ad annidare un'altra lista +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + dentro l'elemento +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +A. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, otterremo un errore. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ancora una volta LyX non consente di superare questo limite. + Se ci provate, LaTeX vi restituirà degli errori nel momento in cui tenterete + di compilare il documento finale. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Alcuni Esempi +\layout Standard + +Il modo migliore per illustrare quanto potete fare con gli annidamenti è + sicuramente il loro impiego diretto. + Abbiamo diversi esempi di annidamento, nei quali spieghiamo come l'esempio + è stato ottenuto, di modo che possiate eventualmente riprodurli. +\layout Subsubsection + +Esempio #1: Annidamento di sei elementi e Misto +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#1-a Questo è il livello più esterno. + E' un ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#2-a Questo è il livello #2. + E' stato ottenuto usando +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + seguito da +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Destra +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#3-a Questo è il livello #3. + Questa volta è stato sufficiente premere +\family sans +Invio +\family default +, quindi +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Destra +\family default + due volte in una stessa riga. + Avremmo potuto ottenere lo stesso risultato come nel livello precedente, + schiacciando +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + seguito da +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Destra +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Questo è un ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, annidato dentro +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +#3-a +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Quindi è un livello #4. + Lo abbiamo creato mediante +\family sans +M-Invio, +\family default + quindi +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Destra +\family default +, ed in ultimo cambiando l'ambiente di paragrafo a +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Questo è di grande utilità per realizzare liste aventi più di un paragrafo + - va bene anche per gli ambienti +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + e +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Ecco un altro paragrafo +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, ancora a livello #4, ottenuto con un +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#4-a Questo è il livello #4. + Abbiamo premuto +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + e cambiato l'ambiente paragrafo a +\family sans +List +\family default +. + Ricordate - non possiamo annidare nulla dentro un ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, ciò spiega perchè siamo ancora a livello #4. + Comunque, +\emph on +possiamo +\emph default + inserire annidamenti dentro +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +#3-a +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#5-a Questo è il livello #5\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{} +e questo il livello #6. + Adesso dovreste sapere come li abbiamo costruiti. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#5-b Indietro al livello #5. + Basta schiacciare +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + seguito da un +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#4-b Dopo un altro +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + seguito da un +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra +\family default +, siamo tornati indietro al livello #4. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#3-b Indietro al livello #3. + Ovvio, no? +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#2-b Indietro al livello #2. + +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +#1-b Alla fine, indietro al livello più esterno, #1. + Dopo questa frase, premeremo +\family sans +Invio +\family default + e cambieremo l'ambiente di paragrafo a +\family sans +Standard +\family default + per terminare la lista. +\layout Standard + +Ci siamo! Naturalmente, al posto dell'ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default +, avremmo potuto anche ricorrere agli ambienti +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + o +\family sans +Verse +\family default +. + L'esempio avrebbe funzionato alla stessa maniera. +\layout Subsubsection + +Esempio #2: Ereditarietà +\layout LyX-Code + +Questo è l'ambiente LyX-Code, a livello #1, il più esterno. + +\layout LyX-Code + +Adesso schiacceremo +\family sans +Invio +\family default +, quindi +\family sans +M-p Destra +\family default +, successivamente passeremo all'ambiente +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è l'ambiente +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +, a livello #2. +\layout Enumerate + +Notate come l' +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + annidato eredita dall'ambiente padre [ +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +] non solo i margini, ma anche il carattere e la spaziatura! +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Abbiamo terminato l'esempio premendo +\family sans +Invio +\family default +. + Quindi abbiamo avuto bisogno di riportare l'ambiente di paragrafo a +\family sans +Standard +\family default + e resettare ancora una volta la profondità di annidamento con +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Esempio #3: Etichette e livelli con gli ambienti +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + e +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è il livello #1, in un ambiente di paragrafo +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. + Stiamo per annidarne un bel po'. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è il livello #2. + Abbiamo fatto ricorso a +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + seguito da +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Destra +\family default +. + Cosa succede adesso se proviamo ad annidare qui un ambiente +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +? Sarà un livello #3, ma con quale etichetta? Un asterisco? +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +No! E' il marcatore di lista bullet. + E' il +\emph on +primo +\emph default + livello dell'ambiente +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +, sebbene si trovi a livello #3, quindi la sua etichetta è un bullet. + [Nota: siamo arrivati qui mediante +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default +, quindi +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Destra +\family default +, infine cambiando l'ambiente a +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +.] +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Siamo a livello #4, ottenuto usando +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + e +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Destra +\family default +. + Lo faremo ancora\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +per arrivare a livello #5. + Stavolta siamo tornati all'ambiente paragrafo +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. + Osservate il tipo di numerazione! E' +\emph on +Romano minuscolo +\emph default +, in quanto ci troviamo nel +\emph on +terzo +\emph default + ambiente +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + [per intenderci, siamo in un +\family sans + Enumerate +\family default + dentro un +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + dentro un +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +]. +\layout Enumerate + +Che succede se +\emph on +non +\emph default + cambiamo l'ambiente di paragrafo, ma diminuiamo la profondità di annidamento? + Che tipo di numerazione utilizzerà LyX? +\layout Enumerate + +Qualora non l'abbiate capito, stiamo utilizzando +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + per mantenere l'ambiente e la profondità attuale creando però un nuovo + elemento. +\layout Enumerate + +Usate +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra +\family default + per diminuire la profondità dopo il prossimo +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è il livello #4. + Osservate quale tipo di etichetta sta adoperando LyX! +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Questo è il livello #3. + Sebbene abbiamo cambiato livello, LyX ricorre ancora alla numerazione Romana + minuscola per l'etichetta. + Perchè?! +\layout Enumerate + +Perchè, nonostante la profondità di annidamento sia stata modificata, il + paragrafo è +\emph on +ancora +\emph default + un ambiente +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + di terzo livello. + Fate attenzione al fatto che, comunque, LyX +\emph on +ha provveduto +\emph default + a resettare il contatore relativo all'etichetta. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Un'altra sequenza di +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra +\family default + e ci troviamo nuovamente a livello #2. + Stavolta non solo abbiamo modificato la profondità di annidamento, ma ci + siamo anche spostati all'ambiente +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + di secondo livello. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +La stessa cosa si verifica se applichiamo ancora +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra +\family default +, ritornando a livello #1, il più esterno. +\layout Standard + +In ultimo, riportiamo l'ambiente a +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Come potete vedere, il numero di livello non coincide col tipo di etichetta + adottata da LyX per gli ambienti +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + e +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + Il numero di +\emph on +altri ambienti +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +\emph default + che si trovano attorno determina quale etichetta usa LyX per un elemento + +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. + La medesima regola vale per l'ambiente +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Esempio #4: Per farvi impazzire un po'... +\layout Enumerate + +Adesso andremo a ruota libera. + Non annideremo così in profondità come fatto negli altri esempi, nè scenderemo + nel medesimo grado di dettaglio per le spiegazioni. + [livello #1: +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +] +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[ +\family sans +Invio, M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra, Standard +\family default +: livello #2] Talvolta forniremo tra parentesi quadre una sintetica descrizione + del modo in cui l'esempio è stato creato. + Per esempio, le due associazioni da tastiera indicano come si è provveduto + a modificare la profondità. + L'ambiente è, ovviamente, quello corrente. + Sia prima che dopo di questo, provvederemo ad inserire il livello. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +[ +\family sans +Invio, Enumerate +\family default +: livello #1] Questo è il prossimo elemento della lista. +\begin_deeper +\layout Verse + +Adesso aggiungeremo dei versi. +\newline +Sarà molto peggio. +\newline +[ +\family sans +Invio, M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra, Verse +\family default +: livello #2] +\layout Verse + +Trallallero trallallà. +\newline +La battuta chi la fa? +\newline +[ +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default +] +\layout Verse + +Ecco una tabella tutta per voi: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +pippo-uno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +pippo-due +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +pippo-rosso +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +pippo-blu +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Verse + +[ +\family sans +M-Invio, Table, M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Destra +\family default + 3 volte, +\family sans +M-Invio, Verse, M-p\SpecialChar ~ +Sinistra +\family default +] +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +[ +\family sans +Invio, Enumerate +\family default +: livello #1] Questo è un altro elemento. + Poichè selezionando una +\family sans +Tabella +\family default +, la profondità di annidamento viene riportata a livello #1, abbiamo provveduto + ad incrementare la profondità 3 volte in modo da porre la tabella dentro + l'ambiente +\family sans +Verse +\family default +. + +\layout Quotation + +Adesso stiamo per terminare la lista +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + cambiando su +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +. + Ci troviamo ancora a livello #1. + Desideriamo mostrarvi alcuni degli effetti che è possibile ottenere mescolando + gli ambienti. + I prossimi paragrafi individuano una +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lettera quoted. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Annideremo entrambi gli ambienti +\family sans +Address +\family default + e +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + all'interno di un +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + e ne annideremo un altro per il corpo della lettera. + Useremo +\family sans +M-Invio +\family default + per mantenere la profondità. + Non scordate che avete bisogno di +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default + per inserire più righe negli ambienti +\family sans +Address +\family default + e +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +. + Ecco che arriva: +\begin_deeper +\layout Right Address + +Via Verdi 123 +\newline +20100 Milano +\newline +9-6-96 +\layout Address + +Caro Signor\SpecialChar ~ +Rossi: +\layout Quotation + +Siamo spiacente di informarla che non ci è possibile soddisfare la sua richiesta + per 50 Litri di latte liofilizzato parzialmente scremato a causa di circostanze + che sfuggono al nostro controllo. + Sfortunatamente, molte delle nostre mucche sono misteriosamente esplose, + creando un notevole imbarazzo nella popolazione circostante. + Inseriremo il suo nome all'interno della lista d'attesa e cercheremo di + evaderlo il prima possibile. + Nel frattempo, la ringraziamo per la sua pazienza. +\layout Quotation + +Adesso abbiamo comunque un prezzo speciale sulla carne. + Se è di suo interesse, è pregato di sottoporci il suo ordine, unitamente + al pagamento. +\layout Quotation + +Grazie ancora per la sua pazienza. +\layout Address + +Sinceramente, +\newline +Giovanni Dal Porto +\end_deeper +\layout Quotation + +E così si conclude l'esempio! +\layout Standard + +Come avete potuto osservare, in LyX l'annidamento degli ambienti è uno strumento + molto potente del quale servirsi servendosi di pochi tasti. + Abbiamo potuto annidare facilmente una lista +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + dentro un +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + o +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, o inserire un +\family sans +Quote +\family default + all'interno di una lista +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + Avete a disposizione una enorme varietà di opzioni. +\layout Section + +Fonts e stili di testo +\layout Subsection + +Introduzione +\layout Standard + +Molti linguaggi di scrittura e di marcatura prediligono la scelta dello + stile del testo piuttosto che di un particolare font. + Per esempio, invece di cambiare il font corrente in italico per enfatizzare + il testo, ricorrerete ad uno +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +stile enfatizzato +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Questo concetto si adatta alla perfezione a LyX. + In LyX, voi agite in base al contesto tralasciando i dettagli di formattazione. +\layout Standard + +LyX vi consente di specificare un font predefinito con la possibilità di + disporre degli stili di carattere +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + e +\family sans +Noun +\family default +. + Lo stile +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + corrisponde ad un font italico. + Lo stile +\family sans +Noun +\family default + corrisponde ad un font in maiuscoletto, che alcune lingue e stili di scrittura + utilizzano per scrivere i nomi propri. + Il LyX Team si augura che verrà il giorno in cui ci sarà un insieme completo + di stili di carattere, con la possibilità per l'utente di personalizzare + l'associazione tra font e stile. + Al momento dovreste essere comunque già soddisfatti di quanto abbiamo fatto. +\layout Subsection + +Opzioni Globali +\layout Standard + +Potete scegliere il font predefinito nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura del documento +\family default +, richiamabile invocando +\family sans +Document... + +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +Struttura +\family default +. + Esistono al suo interno due opzioni interessanti, +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ont +\family default + e +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +imensione +\family default +. + Le possibili scelte in +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ont +\family default + includono +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +default +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e una lista dei font disponibili sul vostro sistema. + La scelta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +default +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + corrisponde al font standard TeX, noto come +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +computer modern +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (cm) o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +European modern +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (ec). + La maggior parte dei sistemi tipicamente possiedono alcune versioni dei + font Times ed Helvetica, con altre varianti. + Questo lo dovrete verificare da voi. +\layout Standard + +Per l'opzione +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +imensione +\family default +, esistono tre possibili valori: +\family sans +10 +\family default +, +\family sans +11 +\family default +, and +\family sans +12 +\family default +. + Ricordate che questa è la dimensione +\emph on +base +\emph default + del font. + LyX al momento rapporta ad esso tutte le altre possibili dimensioni dei + font [come anche quelli usati nelle note a piè di pagina e al margine, + esponenti e pedici.]. + Se vi è necessario, avete sempre la possibilità di controllare con maggiore + precisione la dimensione del font all'interno del documento. + D'altronde è piuttosto sconveniente usare un carattere predefinito di dimension +e pari a 8pt o 24pt, in quanto il documento generato sarebbe quasi sicuramente + illeggibile. +\layout Standard + +Osservate che una volta che avete scelto un nuovo valore per +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ont +\family default + o +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +imensione +\family default +, LyX +\emph on +non +\emph default + effettuerà alcuna modifica sullo schermo, ma soltanto sul documento finale, + secondo il concetto della filosofia WYSIWYM. + Dopotutto, se siete abbastanza intelligenti da saper adoperare un computer, + sarete altrettanto intelligenti da ricordare che un testo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Roman +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + all'interno della finestra di LyX corrisponde al carattere predefinito. +\layout Subsection + +Impiego degli stili di carattere +\layout Standard + +Come abbiamo già visto, LyX cambia automaticamente lo stile di carattere + per determinati ambienti paragrafo. + Abbiamo anche menzionato due altri stili di carattere , +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + e +\family sans +Noun +\family default +, che potete attivare sia mediante associazioni di tasti, da menu, nonchè + attraverso la barra degli strumenti. +\layout Standard + +Per attivare lo stile +\family sans +Noun +\family default +, è sufficiente compiere una delle seguenti operazioni: +\layout Itemize + +scegliere +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +oun\SpecialChar ~ +Style +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\layout Itemize + +cliccare sul tasto della barra degli strumenti contrassegnato con una icona + raffigurante un uomo +\layout Itemize + +ricorrere all'associazione da tastiera +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +c +\layout Standard + +Questi comandi sono tutti interruttori. + Quindi, se lo stile +\family sans +Noun +\family default + è già attivo, essi provvederanno a disattivarlo. +\layout Standard + +Uno degli utilizzi più tipici dello stile +\family sans +Noun +\family default + è per i nomi propri. + Per esempio: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich +\noun default + è l'autore originale di LyX. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Lo stile +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + è uno stile di carattere di più largo impiego. + Potete attivarlo [o disattivarlo - è anch'esso un interruttore] compiendo + una delle seguenti operazioni: +\layout Itemize + +scegliere +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +mphasize\SpecialChar ~ +Style +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\layout Itemize + +cliccare sul tasto della barra degli strumenti contrassegnato dal carattere + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +ricorrere all'associazione da tastiera +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +e +\layout Standard + +Al momento, lo stile +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + è equivalente all'italico. + Abbiamo pianificato di rendere in futuro tale associazione maggiormente + configurabile da parte dell'utente. +\layout Standard + +Abbiamo utilizzato lo stile +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + dappertutto all'interno di questo documento. + Eccone un altro esempio: +\layout Quotation + + +\emph on +Non esagerate con gli stili di carattere! +\layout Standard + +L'esempio è anche un avvertimento. + Il modo di scrivere di ognuno di noi dovrebbe assomigliare ad una normale + conversazione. + Così come in genere non stiamo sempre a gridare gli uni verso gli altri, + analogamente dovremmo evitare la cattiva abitudine di abusare degli stili + di carattere. + +\layout Standard + +Oh --- un'ultima nota: Potete sempre tornare al font predefinito mediante + l'associazione +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Spazio +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Controllo più accurato con la finestra +\family sans +Struttura del Carattere +\layout Standard + +Si verificheranno sempre delle occasioni nelle quali avrete bisogno di un + controllo più accurato, a tal fine LyX vi da la possibilità di creare uno + stile di carattere personalizzato. + Per esempio, una rivista accademica o una azienda potrebbero avere un foglio + di stile nel quale in determinate situzioni potrebbe essere necessario + usare un font sans-serif. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nota di +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +: Esiste, infatti, un foglio di stile dedicato per la Documentazione di + LyX, per garantire ai manuali un certo grado di consistenza. +\end_inset + + Ancora, gli scrittori talvolta impiegano un font diverso per evidenziare + i pensieri di un personaggio dal normale dialogo. +\layout Standard + +Prima di istruirvi sulle modalità per personalizzare lo stile di carattere, + desideriamo avvertirvi ancora una volta: Non abusate degli stili di carattere. + Molti moderni programmi di videoscrittura possiedono una vasta gamma di + font disponibili, fornendovi tutti le potenzialità in dotazione ad una + tipografia. + Sfortunatamente, c'è la tendenza ad abusare di questi strumenti. + Viene in mente la frase, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Utilizzare un carrarmato per uccidere una mosca +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + E, come scaturisce dai vecchi detti, i documenti che fanno troppo uso di + font diversi e con dimensioni differenti somigliano a qualcuno che è stato + riempito di grossi buchi. +\layout Standard + +Sufficientemente chiaro. +\layout Standard + +Per ottenere dei font personalizzati, aprite la finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +Carattere +\family default + mediante +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +arattere... + +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\family default +. + In questa finestra sono disposti sette bottoni, ciascuno dei quali corrisponde + ad una differente proprietà del font. + Per ognuna delle sette proprietà potete scegliere una opzione o, in alternativa +, +\family sans +Nessuna\SpecialChar ~ +modifica +\family default +, che mantiene lo stato attuale della proprietà. + La voce +\family sans +Resetta +\family default + provvederà a resettare la proprietà al valore predefinito per l'ambiente + paragrafo in analisi. + Potete ricorrervi per resettare in una sola volta gli attributi di una + moltitudine di diversi ambienti paragrafo. +\layout Standard + +Le sette proprietà per i font e le loro opzioni [in aggiunta a +\family sans +Nessuna\SpecialChar ~ +modifica +\family default + e +\family sans +Reset +\family default +ta] sono: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +amiglia +\family default + L'aspetto complessivo del font. + Le possibili opzioni sono: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Roman +\family default + Questa è la famiglia di font Roman ed è anche la famiglia predefinita. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione da tastiera= +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default +] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Sans\SpecialChar ~ +Serif +\family default + +\family sans +Questa è la famiglia di font Sans Serif. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione da tastiera= +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Typewriter +\family default + +\family typewriter +Questa è la famiglia di font Typewriter. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione da tastiera = +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default +] +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +erie +\family default + Questo identifica il peso di stampa. + Le opzioni sono: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Medium +\family default + Questa è la serie del font Media ed è la serie predefinita. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Bold +\family default + +\series bold +Questa è la serie del font Grassetto. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Potete attivare o disattivare questa serie servendovi della voce +\family sans +\bar under +B +\bar default +old\SpecialChar ~ +Style +\family default + presente nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\family default + o mediante l'associazione da tastiera +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +For +\bar under +m +\bar default +a +\family default + Il nome si spiega da solo. + Le opzioni sono: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Normale +\family default + Questa è la forma del font Normale. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Essa è anche la forma predefinita. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Italico +\family default + +\shape italic +Questa è la forma del font Italico +\shape default +\emph on +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Corsivo +\family default + +\shape slanted +Questa è la forma del font Corsivo +\family sans + +\family default +\shape default +(sebbene non sia evidente sullo schermo, essa è differente dall'italico). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Maiuscoletto +\family default + +\shape smallcaps +Questo è la forma del font maiuscoletto +\shape default +\noun on +. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +Dimensione +\family default +Modifica la dimensione del font. + Non troverete nessun valore numerico, in quanto tutte le possibili dimensioni + sono proporzionali alla dimensione del font predefinito. + Ancora una volta, non imponete a LyX i dettagli, ma una descrizione generale + di ciò che volete ottenere. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Le opzioni [e le loro associazioni da tastiera] sono: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Minuscolo +\family default + +\size tiny +Qeusta è la dimensione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Minuscolo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family default + o +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\family default +] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Piccolissimo +\family default +\size scriptsize +Questa è la dimensione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Piccolissimo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +2] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Molto\SpecialChar ~ +piccolo +\family default +\size footnotesize +Questa è la dimensione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Molto piccolo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S +\family default + o +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +3] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Piccolo +\family default + +\size small +Questa è la dimensione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Piccolo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[ +\size small + associazione +\size default + = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + o +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +4] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Normale +\family default + Questa è la dimensione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Normale +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +E' anche la dimensione predefinita. + [associazione = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + o +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +5] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Grande +\family default + +\size large +Questo è la dimensione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Grande +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +l +\family default + o +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +6] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Molto\SpecialChar ~ +grande +\family default + +\size larger +Questa è la dimensione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Molto grande +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-L +\family default + o +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +7] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Grandissimo +\family default + +\size largest +Questa è la dimensione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Grandissimo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +8] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Enorme +\family default + +\size huge +Questa è la dimensione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Enorme +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +h +\family default + o +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +9] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Gigante +\family default + +\size giant +Questa è la dimensione +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Gigante +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[associazione = +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +H +\family default + o +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +0] +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Vi avvertiamo +\emph on +nuovamente +\emph default +: non esagerate con questa caratteristica. + Nella maggior parte dei casi non dovreste aver bisogno di cambiare la dimension +e del font. + LyX ridimensiona automaticamente i font in funzione del particolare ambiente + paragrafo utilizzato - piuttosto usate quello. + Questa proprietà serve +\emph on +solo +\emph default + per un controllo più accurato! +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans +Al +\bar under +t +\bar default +ro +\family default + Da qui potete cambiare qualche altra caratteristica legata ai caratteri. + Le opzioni sono: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Enfatizzato +\family default + +\emph on +Questo è il testo con l'opzione di enfatizzazione attiva +\emph default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Potrebbe sembrare identico all' +\shape italic +Italico +\shape default +, ma al momento è un po' diverso. + Se usate l'opzione Enfatizzato su di un testo in Italico, quest'ultimo + verrà raddrizzato. + Nelle future versioni di LyX ci auguriamo di consentirvi l'esatta personalizzaz +ione di questa proprietà +\emph on +logica +\emph default +. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Sottolineato +\family default + +\bar under +Questo è il testo con Sottolineato attivo. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[da tastiera = +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +u +\family default +] +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM + + +\family sans +Maiuscoletto +\family default + +\noun on +questo è il testo con Maiuscoletto attivo. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Come +\family sans +Enfatizzato +\family default +, questo è un attributo logico. + Al momento, è equivalente al +\family sans +Maiuscoletto +\family default +, ma è in progetto di modificarlo un giorno o l'altro. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Se potete, cercate di evitare il sottolineato. + E' una eredità del tempo in cui si usavano le macchine per scrivere e non + era possibile cambiare i caratteri. + Non abbiamo più bisogno di enfatizzare il testo ricalcandolo con un carattere + sottolineato. + E' presente in LyX solo perchè lo è in LaTeX e anche perchè qualcuno +\emph on +potrebbe +\emph default + averne bisogno per conformità ai fogli di stile nel sottoporre articoli + alle riviste (d'altronde noi vi ricorriamo per indicare le associazioni + da tastiera alle voci del menu). +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Colore +\family default +Attraverso questa voce, potete agire sulla scelta del colore del testo. + Naturalmente, per adoperarlo, avete bisogno di una stampante a colori e + di aver installato il pacchetto LaTeX +\family sans +color +\family default +. + Sappiate che +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + non è in grado di visualizzare questi colori. + Oltre a +\family sans +Nessun\SpecialChar ~ +colore +\family default +, che rappresenta il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +colore +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + predefinito, potete scegliere tra +\family sans +Nero, Bianco, Rosso, Verde, Blu, Ciano, +\family default + +\family sans +Magenta +\family default + e +\family sans +Giallo +\family default +. + Non li mostreremo in questa sede in quanto la maggior parte delle persone + non possiedono una stampante a colori (N.d.T Sarà ancora vero? ;-). +\layout Standard + +Disponete dunque di una enorme varietà di combinazioni tra le quali scegliere. +\layout Standard + +Una volta che avete scelto un nuovo stile di carattere mediante la finestra + +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +Carattere +\family default +, potete attivarlo usando il tasto nella barra degli strumenti contrassegnato + con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Font +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + [In alternativa potete ricorrere anche ai normali tasti +\family sans +OK +\family default + e +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pplica +\family default +.] Il tasto nella barra degli strumenti vi permette di agire sullo stato + del vostro stile di carattere personalizzato anche quando la finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +Carattere +\family default + non è visibile. + +\layout Standard + +Come abbiamo affermato in precedenza, per resettare completamente lo stile + di carattere a quello predefinito, utilizzate +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Spazio +\family default +. + Se volete attivare solo quelle proprietà che avete appena cambiato (supponiamo + che abbiate appena scelto +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +corsivo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per la forma e la serie a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +grassetto +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), selezionate +\family sans +Abilita tutti +\family default + e quindi schiacciate +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pplica +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Concludiamo con lo stesso avvertimento di sempre: Non eccedete nell'impiego + dei caratteri. + Essi sono, nella maggior parte dei casi, nient'altro che un penoso e orribile + sostituto del buon scrivere. + Il vostro scrivere dovrebbe parlare da solo --- e lo farà. +\layout Section + +Stampa e anteprima +\layout Subsection + +Introduzione +\layout Standard + +Ora che abbiamo analizzato alcune delle caratteristiche di base per la preparazi +one di documenti mediante LyX, probabilmente desiderate sapere in che modo + stampare il vostro scritto. + Prima di chiarirvi quanto detto, desideriamo darvi una breve spiegazione + di quello che accade dietro-le-quinte. + L'argomento è maggiormente dettagliato all'interno del manuale +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX utilizza un programma chiamato +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + quale elemento di base. + [Attualmente LaTeX è solo un pacchetto di macro per il sistema di composizione + tipografica TeX, ma per evitare confusione, ci riferiremo all'intero sistema + con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaTeX. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] Pensatelo in questo modo: LyX è ciò che usate per scrivere. + Quindi, LyX invoca LaTeX per convertire ciò che avete scritto in un formato + stampabile. + Il tutto accade in un paio di passaggi: +\layout Enumerate + +In primo luogo, LyX converte il vostro documento in un insieme di comandi + di testo per LaTeX, generando un file con estensione, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Enumerate + +Successivamente, LaTeX utilizza i comandi presenti nel file +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + per produrre un documento stampabile. + Tuttavia LaTeX non sa nulla della vostra stampante, bensì genera quello + che è noto come un file +\emph on +indipendente-dal-dispositivo +\emph default +, o brevemente Dvi. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +N.d.T DVI dall'inglese +\emph on +DeVice-Independent. +\end_inset + + Il risultato finale è un file con estensione , +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + I file Dvi sono completamente portabili e possono quindi essere trasportati + da una macchina ad un'altra senza aver bisogno di alcuna forma di conversione. +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +NOTA: Il file dvi contiene ciò che era all'interno dello stesso file LaTeX. + Se avete inserito immagini PostScript® nel documento, esisterà solo un + collegamento a questi file. + Dunque non scordate di spostare le immagini qualora voleste portare il + file +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + su un altro computer. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Considerate il file +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + quale +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +risultato finale. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Una volta che lo avete prodotto, potrete visualizzarlo, stamparlo o convertirlo + in un altro formato. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Potete visualizzare i file +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + mediante il programma chiamato +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Alcune stampanti e sistemi Unix +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +capiscono +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + il formato Dvi e sono in grado di stampare i vostri file +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + direttamente. +\layout Enumerate + +Oggi la maggior parte delle stampanti comprendono il formato PostScript®. + LyX converte automaticamente il file +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + in un file PostScript® quando intendete stampare il vostro documento. + LyX vi permette anche di visualizzare un'anteprima di una versione PostScript® + del documento usando il programma +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Un vantaggio derivante dall'uso del PostScript® è che il convertitore [chiamato + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +] inserisce qualunque immagine PostScript® che abbiate incluso nel documento + all'interno della versione PostScript® finale del documento stesso. + Include inoltre qualunque carattere speciale del quale avete fatto uso. + Di fatto ciò rende la versione nel formato PostScript® molto, ma molto + più portabile che quella nel formato Dvi. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +LyX esegue per voi tutti questi passi in automatico. +\layout Standard + +Come avete potuto vedere, prima che possiate stampare od ottenere una anteprima + del documento succedono un muccho di cose. + Di conseguenza, non preoccupatevi se stampare richiede un po' più di tempo + rispetto agli altri programmi di videoscrittura. + Il risultato finale vale la vostra attesa. + La qualità ha sempre il suo piccolo prezzo da scontare. + +\layout Subsection + +Anteprima veloce con +\family typewriter +xdvi +\layout Standard + +Per dare una occhiata alla versione finale del documento, con tutte le interruzi +oni di linea al loro posto, le note a piè di pagina numerate correttamente + e così via, selezionate +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew +\family default +. + Quindi aspettate un attimo. +\layout Standard + +Quando tutto ciò che accade dietro le quinte sarà giunto al termine, LyX + invocherà il programma +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + Adesso osservate il risultato. + [Se volete saperne di più su +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +, consultate le pagine +\family typewriter +man +\family default + relative.] +\layout Description + +Trucchetto: Mantenete aperta la finestra +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +, magari spostandola in un altro desktop. + Quindi, dopo aver effettuato delle modifiche al documento, usate +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew +\family default +. + Adesso cliccate sulla finestra +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + Il programma +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + automaticamente rileggerà il file +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + e aggiornerà la visualizzazione. +\layout Subsection + +Anteprima della versione PostScript® con +\family typewriter +ghostview +\layout Standard + +In generale, il modo più semplice e veloce per effettuare l'anteprima del + vostro documento è mediante l'uso di +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + Ci sono però dei casi nei quali potreste voler vedere la versione PostScript®. + Uno dei motivi potrebbe, ad esempio, essere rappresentata dai caratteri. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nota di +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +: Un altro motivo è la paranoia. + Mi piace dare una occhiata al file PostScript® prima di mandarlo in stampa, + in questo modo so esattamente cosa sto inviando alla stampante\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + All'interno di un documento LaTeX potete usare caratteri PostScript®, ma + +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + non ve li mostrerà. + In tale occasione avrete bisogno di ricorrere a +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + o a qualche altro visualizzatore di file PostScript® per verificare il + risultato finale. +\layout Standard + +Per vedere la versione PostScript® del documento, selezionate +\family sans +Pos +\bar under +t +\bar default +Script +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew +\family default + e andate a farvi un caffè. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Note di +\noun on +Matthias Zenker: +\noun default + Una macchina sufficientemente veloce comunque non ve ne darà il tempo\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + Quando tutte le computazioni dietro le quinte saranno state eseguite, LyX + invocherà +\family typewriter + ghostview +\family default + e voi potrete finalmente vedere ciò che vi interessa. +\layout Standard + +Riguardo all'efficacia del comando +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdat +\bar under +e\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar default +PostScript +\family default + presente nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew +\family default +, per aggiornare la visualizzazione ricordatevi di cliccare sulla finestra + di +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + dopo aver invocato il comando. +\layout Subsection + +Stampa di un file +\layout Standard + +Per stampare un file, selezionate +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +rint... + +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile +\family default + menu, o ricorrete al tasto presente nella barra degli strumenti contrassegnato + da una stampante. + Ciò porterà all'apertura della finestra +\family sans +Stampa +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Di seguito riportiamo un elenco di tutte le possibili differenti opzioni: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMM + + +\family sans +Stampa +\family default + Tre tasti di selezione attraverso i quali scegliere quali pagine inviare + in stampa. + Potete scegliere: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Tutte\SpecialChar ~ +le\SpecialChar ~ +pa +\bar under +g +\bar default +ine +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Solo\SpecialChar ~ +le\SpecialChar ~ +pagine\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +d +\bar default +ispari +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Solo\SpecialChar ~ +le\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +p +\bar default +agine\SpecialChar ~ +pari +\layout Standard + +Potete servirvi di queste opzioni per stampare su entrambi i lati di un + foglio anche se disponete di una stampante a foglio singolo. + Vi basta infatti prima stampare le pagine dispari, quindi invertite i fogli + e stampate solo le pagine pari. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMM + + +\family sans +Ordine +\family default + Due tasti di selezione per scegliere l'ordine di stampa. + Alcune stampanti restituiscono le pagine ordinandole dall'inizio, altre + dalla fine. + Sceglendo un certo ordine, potrete prelevare tutta la pila di fogli senza + aver bisogno di doverle riordinare. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMM + + +\family sans +Stampa\SpecialChar ~ +su +\family default + Due tasti di selezione ancorati a dei campi di testo. + Potete stampare sia su file che su stampante: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMM + + +\family sans +Sta +\bar under +m +\bar default +pante +\family default + Questo è il nome della stampante sulla quale inviare i documenti. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Osservate che questo nome di stampante non è per il comando +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default + ma per +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + Ciò significa che +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + deve essere configurato per questo nome di stampante. + Consultate la sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:dvipsconfig} + +\end_inset + + o la documentazione di +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + per ulteriori dettagli. + La stampante predefinita può essere scelta anche in +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. +\end_inset + + La stampante dovrebbe +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +capire +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + i file PostScript®. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMM + + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile +\family default + Il nome del file sul quale stampare. + Il risultato finale sarà nel formato Post\SpecialChar \- +Script®. + Il file verrà generalmente salvato nella directory corrente, a meno che + non venga specificato l'intero percorso. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +La stampa potrebbe richiedere un po' di tempo, in quanto LaTeX, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + e, se non disponete di una stampante PostScript, anche +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +, avranno bisogno di processare il vostro documento. +\layout Section + +Poche parole su alcune notazioni tipografiche +\layout Subsection + +Hyphens and Hyphenation +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens} + +\end_inset + +In LyX, il carattere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + esiste in tre diverse lunghezze, spesso chiamate rispettivamente +\emph on +hyphen +\emph default +, +\emph on +en dash +\emph default + e +\emph on +em dash +\emph default +: +\layout Enumerate + +hyphen +\hfill +- +\hfill +ottenuta con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +en dash +\hfill +-- +\hfill +ottenuta con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +em dash +\hfill +--- +\hfill +ottenuta con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +segno meno +\hfill + +\begin_inset Formula $-$ +\end_inset + + +\hfill +un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + in modalità matematica +\layout Standard + +Per inserirli vi basta usare il carattere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + più volte in una riga. + LyX automaticamente li convertirà in tratteggi della giusta lunghezza all'inter +no del documento finale. +\layout Standard + +I tre tipi di tratteggio sono differenti dal segno meno, che compare in + modalità matematica ed ha una specifica lunghezza. + Qui di seguito riportiamo alcuni esempi di utilizzo del carattere +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +: +\layout Enumerate + +interruzioni-di-linea-e-di-pagina +\hfill +( +\emph on +hyphen +\emph default +) +\layout Enumerate + +Dalla A--Z +\hfill +( +\emph on +en dash +\emph default +) +\layout Enumerate + +Oh --- c'è un tratteggio. +\hfill +( +\emph on +em dash +\emph default +) +\layout Enumerate + + +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$ +\end_inset + + +\hfill +( +\emph on +segno meno +\emph default +) +\layout Standard + +Quelli di voi che stanno leggendo da LyX non vedranno nessuna differenza, + sebbene sia presente nella versione stampata. +\layout Standard + +Un'ultima nota sulla sillabazione --- LyX automaticamente spezza le parole + e inserisce gli hyphens nei testi in Inglese. + [Al momento è LaTeX che si occupa di questo ed è in grado di sillabare + parole anche in +\emph on +alcune +\emph default + altre lingue.] Le parole non saranno sillabate fina a quando non genererete + il documento finale. + +\layout Standard + +Se, per qualche ragione, LaTeX non riuscisse a spezzare una parola correttamente +, potete inserire manualmente i punti di sillabazione, servendovi della + voce +\family sans +Hyphenation\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +P +\bar default +oint +\family default + sotto +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +pecial\SpecialChar ~ +Characters +\family default + all'interno del menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert +\family default +. + Osservate che questi punti di sillabazione aggiuntivi sono solo raccomandazioni + al LaTeX. + Se la divisione in sillabe non fosse necessaria, LaTeX li ignorerà completament +e. +\layout Subsection + +I Punti +\layout Subsubsection + +Abbreviazioni e fine di una frase +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev} + +\end_inset + +Quando LyX invoca LaTeX per generare la versione finale del vostro documento, + LaTeX automaticamente distingue tra parole, frasi e abbreviazioni. + LaTeX aggiunge quindi la +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +giusta quantità di spazio +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: le frasi presentano un po' più di spazio tra il periodo e la parola successiva. + Le abbreviazioni inseriscono dopo il periodo lo stesso spazio che si inserisce + tra un parola e l'altra di una frase. +\layout Standard + +Sfortunatamente l'algoritmo utilizzato per distinguere una abbreviazione + dalla fine di una frase è davvero troppo elementare. + Se un +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +. +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è preceduto da una lettera minuscola, è il termine di una frase; se invece + è preceduto da una lettera maiuscola, allora è una abbreviazione. +\layout Standard + +Ecco alcuni esempi di abbreviazioni e fine di frasi interpretate +\emph on +correttamente +\emph default +: +\layout Itemize + +M. + Butterfly +\layout Itemize + +Non preoccupatevi. + Siate felici. +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +e qui un esempio di errato funzionamento dell'algoritmo: +\layout Itemize + +p. + e. + qui c'è troppo spazio! +\layout Itemize + +Questa è una I. + Va bene. +\layout Standard + +Non vedrete nulla che non vada bene fino a quando non consulterete la versione + finale del vostro documento. +\layout Standard + +Per risolvere il problema, ricorrete a una dei seguenti espedienti: +\layout Enumerate + +Usate uno +\family sans +Spazio\SpecialChar ~ +protetto +\family default + dopo le abbreviazioni minuscole (consultate la sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Enumerate + +Usate un +\family sans +Fine\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +periodo +\family default + che troverete sotto +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special\SpecialChar ~ +Character +\family default + per forzare l'utilizzo di uno spazio tra periodi. + E' possibile accedere a questa funzionalità anche mediante +\family sans +C-punto +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Con le correzioni, i precedenti esempi appaiono nel seguente: +\layout Itemize + +p.\SpecialChar ~ +e.\SpecialChar ~ +qui c'è troppo spazio! +\layout Itemize + +Questa è una I\SpecialChar \@. + Va bene. +\layout Standard + +Alcune lingue non utilizzano spazi aggiuntivi tra i periodi. + Se la vostra lingua è tra queste, non dovete preoccuparvi. + Per coloro che hanno bisogno di sicurezza, c'è un aiuto che permetterà + loro di ovviare a questi stupidi errori: servitevi della funzione +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Check\SpecialChar ~ +TeX +\family default + descritta in +\emph on +Extended Editing +\emph default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Virgolette +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes} + +\end_inset + +LyX imposta correttamente le virgolette. + In particolare, inserirà le virgolette d'apertura all'inizio di una citazione + e le virgolette di chiusura alla fine. + Per esempio, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +apertura chiusura +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Il carattere della tastiera, +\family sans +" +\family default +, lo genera automaticamente. +\layout Standard + +Potete cambiare il comportamento del tasto +\family sans +" +\family default + mediante la finestra +\family sans +Quotes +\family default +. + Scegliete +\family sans +\bar under +Q +\bar default +uotes... + +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Language +\family default +. + Selezionando il tasto +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ouble +\family default + consente di produrre la sequenza +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + per mezzo del tasto +\family sans +" +\family default +. + Il tasto +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +ingle +\family default +, in contrasto, fa sì che il tasto +\family sans +" +\family default + generi: +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + +'. +\layout Standard + +Potete anche scegliere virgolette per diversi linguaggi mediante l'opzione + +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ype +\family default +. + Esistono sei possibili scelte: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Testo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Utilizza virgolette come questa +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +doppia +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + +singola +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Testo +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + Utilizza virgolette come +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +queste +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes sls +\end_inset + +queste +\begin_inset Quotes srs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Testo +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Utilizza virgolette come +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +queste +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes gls +\end_inset + +queste +\begin_inset Quotes grs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Testo +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\family default +Utilizza virgolette come +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +queste +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes pls +\end_inset + +queste +\begin_inset Quotes prs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Testo +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Utilizza virgolette come +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +queste +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes fls +\end_inset + +queste +\begin_inset Quotes frs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMM + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +Testo +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + +\family default + Utilizza virgolette come +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +queste +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes als +\end_inset + +queste +\begin_inset Quotes ars +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ancora, ciò influisce sul carattere che il tasto +\family sans +" +\family default + genera. +\layout Standard + +D'altronde, se volete generare un carattere di virgolette di fiducia, digitate + +\family sans +C-" +\family default +ottenendo: +\family typewriter +" +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Ligatures +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures} + +\end_inset + +Una pratica comune in ambito tipografico è quella di raggruppare alcune + lettere insieme stampandole come un unico carattere. + Questi gruppi di lettere sono conosciuti come +\emph on +ligatures +\emph default +. + Poichè LaTeX comprende le ligatures, anche i vostri documenti LyX li potranno + contenere. + Eccovi alcune possibili ligatures: +\layout Itemize + +ff +\layout Itemize + +fi +\layout Itemize + +fl +\layout Itemize + +ffi +\layout Itemize + +ffl +\layout Standard + +Talvolta potrebbe accadere che non vogliate una ligature all'interno di + una parola. + Mentre una ligature potrebbe andar bene in una parola quale, ad esempio, + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +graffiti +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + apparirebbe alquanto strana in parole composte, quali +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cufflink +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o la tedesca +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Dorffest. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Per spezzare una ligature, utilizzate il comando LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +/ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + tra le lettere. + [Per marcare il testo come comando LaTeX, servitevi del tasto nella barra + degli strumenti contrassegnato con TeX. + Consultate il manuela +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default +.] Ciò modifica +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cufflinks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cuff +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +links +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Dorffest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Dorf +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +fest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Vedove e Orfani +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows} + +\end_inset + +All'epoca della nascita dei programmi di videoscrittura, le interruzioni + di pagina finivano laddove capitava che la pagina finisse. + Non c'era alcuna cura su come il testo si disponesse. + Dovreste ricordare come una volta, dopo aver stampato un documento, poteva + capitare di trovare l'intestazione di una nuova sezione alla fine di una + pagina, la prima riga di un nuovo paragrafo tutto solo alla fine della + pagina o l'ultima linea di un paragrafo in cima ad una nuova pagina. + Questi spezzoni di testo divennero noti come +\emph on +vedove +\emph default + e +\emph on +orfani +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +Chiaramente, LyX può evitare di interrompere le pagine dopo l'intestazione + di una sezione. + Questo è uno dei vantaggi degli ambienti paragrafo. + Ma cosa si può fare per vedove e orfani del tipo, la pagina si interrompe + lasciando una linea di un paragrafo da sola in cima o in fondo ad una pagina? + Esistono delle regole interne a LaTeX per la gestione delle interruzioni + di pagina, e alcune di quelle sono dedicate a prevenire la generazione + di vedove e orfani. + Questo è uno dei vantaggi che ha LyX nell'usare LaTeX come elemento di + base. +\layout Standard + +Non esiste alcun modo nel quale possiamo intervenire sulle regole di interruzion +i di pagina decise da TeX e LaTeX, o su come alterare quel comportamento. + Alcuni libri su LaTeX elencati nella bibliografia [quali\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion} + +\end_inset + + o\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} + +\end_inset + +] potrebbero darvi più informazioni. + Comunque, voi non dovrete preoccuparvi quasi mai di questo genere di cose. +\layout Chapter + +Oggetti flottanti: tabelle, figure, note a piè di pagina e al margine +\layout Section + +Note a piè di pagina +\layout Standard + +Contrariamente ad altri programmi di formattazione, LyX utilizza oggetti + flottanti +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ripiegabili +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + piuttosto che riportare le sue note a piè di pagina in fondo allo schermo + o in un qualunque altro punto del testo. + Quando inserite una nota a piè di pagina mediante +\family sans +\series medium +\bar under +I +\bar no +nse +\series default +\bar default +risci +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar default +Nota\SpecialChar ~ +a +\bar under +p +\bar default +iè\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +pagina +\series medium +\bar no +, +\family default +\series default +\bar default +vedrete apparire, all'interno del vostro documento, un rettangolo rosso, + all'interno del quale immettere il testo di interesse, contrassegnato dall'etic +hetta +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default +\series default +\bar default +; tale rettangolo identifica proprio la rappresentazione, in LyX, della + nota a piè di pagina +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +. + +\family default +\series default +\bar default +Se provate a cliccare in corrispondenza dell'etichetta +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +foot +\family roman + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family default +\series default +\bar default +il rettangolo si +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +chiuderà +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +. + +\family default +\series default +\bar default +Viceversa potete accedere, in un secondo tempo, al contenuto della nota + cliccando sulla parola +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +foot +\family roman + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default +\series default +\bar default +, +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + +\family default +\series default +\bar default +soprascritta in rosso +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + +\family default +\series default +\bar default +nel testo: infatti, a seguito di tale operazione, la nota a piè di pagina + si +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +aprirà +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Per chiudere questa nota a piè di pagina, cliccate sul rettangolo rosso + presente a sinistra. +\end_inset + + Mentre continuate a digitare, non vedrete comparire alcun numero, ad ogni + modo non avete nulla di cui preoccuparvi, LyX procederà alla numerazione + delle note a piè di pagina al posto vostro, disponendo le stesse in fondo + alle pagine corrispondenti, all'atto del processamento del vostro file. + Se desiderate convertire un testo già preesistente in una nota a piè di + pagina, vi sarà sufficiente selezionarlo e premere il tasto relativo alla + nota a piè di pagina sulla barra degli strumenti (caratterizzato dall'immagine + di una freccia che punta ad un testo, posizionato in un margine posto in + fondo alla pagina). +\layout Standard + +LyX non è ancora in grado di soddisfare esigenze particolari quali il poter + resettare nuovamente ad 1 il valore iniziale della numerazione delle note + a piè di pagina, al termine di ciascuna sezione, nell'ambito della classe + di documento +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +article +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family roman + +\family default +oppure variare lo stile del contatore +\family roman +. + +\family default +In tal caso dovrete ricorrere all'inserzione di comandi +\family roman +LaTeX +\family default +quali quelli descritti nella sezione +\emph on +Trucchi per le Note a piè di pagina e a Margine +\emph default + del manuale +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Caratteristiche avanzate di LyX. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph on + +\layout Description + +NOTA: In LaTeX ed in LyX un oggetto flottante non è un semplice paragrafo, + cosí come è invece inteso nei comuni programmi di videoscrittura. + Esso è piuttosto un complesso costrutto testuale in grado di contenere + qualunque elemento, comprese figure e tabelle, eccetto però ulteriori oggetti + flottanti. + Potreste averne raramente bisogno, ma all'occorrenza è una funzionalità + davvero graziosa. + +\newline +Se avete intenzione di usare il correttore, ricordate che gli oggetti flottanti + +\emph on +devono essere aperti +\emph default +per poter essere verificati. +\layout Section + +Note a Margine +\layout Standard + +In LyX le note al margine sono molto simili, sia nell'aspetto che nel comportame +nto, alle note a piè di pagina. + Quando inserite una nota a margine mediante +\family sans +\series medium +\bar under +I +\bar no +nser +\series default +\bar default +isci +\series medium +\bar no +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\series default +\bar default +Nota\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +m +\series medium +\bar no +argin +\series default +\bar default +e +\family default + oppure la pressione del tasto presente sulla barra degli strumenti (il + quale contiene l'immagine di una freccia che punta ad un testo, posizionato + nel margine laterale), vedrete comparire, nel punto ove era posto il cursore, + un rettangolo rosso, contrassegnato dall'etichetta +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family default +\series default +\bar default +margin +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\bar default +. +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Questa è una nota a margine. +\end_inset + + Questo rettangolo, in grado di ospitare il testo +\family default +\series default +della +\family roman +\series medium + nota, non è altro che la rappresentazione grafica +\family default +\series default +della +\family roman +\series medium + nota a margine. + Se provate a cliccare l'etichetta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, il rettangolo si +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +chiuderà +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default +\series default +. + +\family roman +\series medium + Potrete comunque +\family default +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +aprire +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + la nota per +\family roman +\series medium +accedere al testo in esso contenuto, cliccando nuovamente sulla parola +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family roman +\series default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX assume una larghezza predefinita dei margini pari a 1,9 cm (0.75 pollici) + per garantire lo spazio necessario per le note a margine. + Questo valore potrebbe non corrispondere alle vostre aspettative, ma, come + nel caso delle note a piè di pagina, LyX non è ancora in grado di fare + tutto ciò che fa LaTeX. + In tal caso provate a consultare un manuale su LaTeX per comandi aggiuntivi. + +\layout Section + +Figure e Grafici Importati +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures} + +\end_inset + +Nessun sistema di preparazione di documenti può ritenersi completo se non + è in grado di importare oggetti grafici generati da altri programmi. + In LyX, tali oggetti sono indicati come ``figure'' sia se si tratti di + figure nel senso tradizionale del termine o semplicemente un qualche genere + di immagine importata. + LyX presenta una ottima gestione delle figure PostScript® Incapsulate, + facendo esso uso di +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + per rappresentare una immagine sullo schermo all'interno della finestra + di lavoro e del comando LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +includegraphics +\family default +per inserire la figura nel documento finale. + +\layout Standard + +Osservate che le figure alle quali ci si riferisce in questa sede sono prive + di didascalie e verranno inserite esattamente lì dove le avete posizionate. + Se avete bisogno di una delle caratteristiche descritte, leggete sez.\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} + +\end_inset + + sottostante. +\layout Standard + +Per inserire una figura, cliccate sul secondo bottone da destra presente + sulla barra degli strumenti o selezionate +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphics +\family default +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + dal menu. + +\layout Standard + +A seguito di ciò sarà introdotto un elemento grafico all'interno del documento + e comparirà una finestra di dialogo attraverso la quale scegliere il file + da caricare e modificare i parametri che vi interessano. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename /usr/share/lyx/doc/mobius.eps + display color + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +PS +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +sulla\SpecialChar ~ +linea +\family default +: Anche questa opzioni è mirata all'inserzione di figure PostScript®, sebbene + esse si comportino diversamente in quanto vengono disposte lungo il testo + come +\begin_inset Graphics + filename /usr/share/lyx/doc/mobius.eps + display color + width 1in + height 0.2in + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + questo piccolo furfante. +\layout Standard + +L'inserimento di una figura +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX\SpecialChar ~ +o\SpecialChar ~ +TeX +\family default + secondo la modalità appena descritta è mirato alla possibilità di poter + stabilire alcune caratteristiche relative all'inserimento stesso. + La gestione di tali caratteristiche non è sempre consentita, ciò accade + quando inserite direttamente un file LaTeX tramite il comando +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Inclu +\bar under +d +\bar default +i\SpecialChar ~ +un\SpecialChar ~ +file +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +La seconda fase per la manipolazione di una figura si attua cliccando il + tasto sinistro del mouse col cursore posizionato sulla figura stessa. + A seguito di ciò, comparirà una finestra di dialogo, nella quale potrete + inserire il nome del file e numerosi altri parametri. + Le modifiche che opererete diverranno attive soltanto con la pressione + del tasto +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pplica. +\layout Standard + +Questa finestra contiene numerosi parametri, la maggior parte dei quali + dovrebbero essere autoesplicativi. + Il pannello +\family sans +File +\family default + vi consente di scegliere il vostro file immagine (sono supportati automaticamen +te svariati formati). + L'opzione +\family sans +Subfigure +\family default + è utile nel caso di figure flottanti (consultate la Sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} + +\end_inset + +). + La figura può essere modificata applicando una rotazione di un certo angolo, + una cornice oppure un cambio di dimensione. + Per alcuni formati d'immagine è possibile inserire automaticamente una + cornice (fate riferimento al pannello +\family sans +Bounding\SpecialChar ~ +Box +\family default +). + Molto utile nel caso di figure aventi grandi dimensioni la funzionalità + che consente di controllare separatamente la dimensione della figura in + LyX e la dimensione nel documento finale. + Il pannello +\family sans +Extras +\family default + permette di specificare ulteriori comandi LaTeX aggiuntivi. +\layout Subsection + +Figure Flottanti +\layout Subsubsection + +Usare le Figure Flottanti +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats} + +\end_inset + +L'inserzione diretta di immagini nel testo spesso rende l'impaginazione + del documento estremamente difficoltosa. + Nell'ottica di aderire alla filosofia di automatizzazione di siffatti processi + da parte di LyX, potreste preferire l'uso della +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +igura\SpecialChar ~ +Flottante +\family default +, che LyX (in realtà, LaTeX) è libero di spostare lungo il documento nell'ottica + di garantire una migliore disposizione grafica. + Come risultato, LyX genera l'elenco di queste figure e vi dà la possibilità + di inserirvi una didascalia, mediante l'ambiente +\family sans +Caption +\family default +, analizzato nella sez.\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:captionlayout} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Per inserire una +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +igura\SpecialChar ~ +flottante +\family default + invocate semplicemente da menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +O +\bar under +g +\bar default +getti\SpecialChar ~ +flottanti\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +igura\SpecialChar ~ +flottante +\family default +. + Otterrete un oggetto flottante privo di contenuti, nel quale immettere + l'immagine mediante il tasto , presente sulla barra degli strumenti, descritto + in precedenza. + Nei documenti, aventi il testo disposto su due colonne, scegliete +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +O +\bar under +g +\bar default +getti\SpecialChar ~ +flottanti\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Fi +\bar under +g +\bar default +ura\SpecialChar ~ +flottante\SpecialChar ~ +larga +\family default +per far sì che l'oggetto flottante occupi la pagina in tutta la sua larghezza. +\begin_inset Float figure +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed true + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher} + +\end_inset + +M.C. + Escher on acid. +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename /usr/share/lyx/doc/escher-lsd.eps + display color + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Float figure +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed true + +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename /usr/share/lyx/doc/platypus.eps + display color + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat} + +\end_inset + +Un ornitorinco fortemente distorto come figura flottante. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Può sembrare semplice, ma ci vuole astuzia nel posizionare la didascalia. + Se preferite che la didascalia stia sotto la figura, allora inserite la + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +igura +\family default + quando il cursore si trova proprio all'inizio della didascalia (oppure + cancellate la didascalia e ricreatela, scegliendo l'ambiente +\family sans +Caption +\family default +, dopo aver inserito l'immagine). + Questo è quanto abbiamo fatto per la figura +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat} + +\end_inset + +. + Se il cursore si trova invece alla fine della didascalia all'atto dell'invocazi +one del comando +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +igura +\family default +, l'inserzione avverrà dopo la didascalia stessa, come nel caso della +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher} + +\end_inset + +. + E' sempre bene far uso di una singola +\family sans +Figur +\family default +a per ogni +\family sans +Oggetto Flottante +\family default +, in quanto, in tale condizione, LyX [o piú realisticamente LaTeX] garantisce + una migliore disposizione delle stesse. +\layout Standard + +Dall'osservazione della figura, è evidente anche la possibilità di definire, + per essa, una etichetta da utilizzare nella generazione di riferimenti + incrociati; cosí come vi aspettereste, dopo la lettura della sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref} + +\end_inset + +, potete inserire una +\family sans +Etic +\bar under +h +\bar default +etta +\family default + nella didascalia e riferirvi normalmente ad essa mediante il comando +\family sans +Rife +\bar under +r +\bar default +imento\SpecialChar ~ +incrociato +\family default +. + E', nella fattispecie, davvero importante far uso dei riferimenti incrociati + con le figure flottanti, piuttosto che ricorrere a vaghi riferimenti del + tipo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +la figura sopra +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, in quanto LaTeX disporrà, nel documento finale, gli oggetti flottanti + nel modo piú opportuno e ciò comporta che essa potrebbe non trovarsi necessaria +mente +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sopra +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Qualora non sia possibile far coesistere, in armonia nella medesima pagina, + oggetti flottanti e testo contenente riferimenti a questi ultimi, le immagini + verranno poste da sole in una pagina separata. + Solitamente il risultato complessivo è davvero soddisfacente. +\layout Standard + +Esistono altre due proprietà relative all'inserimento di una +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +igura\SpecialChar ~ +flottante +\family default + o una +\family sans +Fi +\bar under +g +\bar default +ura\SpecialChar ~ +flottante +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +larga +\family default +: la prima è che l'immagine viene automaticamente inclusa in una +\family sans +Lista\SpecialChar ~ +delle\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +f +\bar default +igure +\family default + (come descritto nella sez.\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListsOf} + +\end_inset + +) che potreste decidere di voler inserire nel vostro documento, mentre la + seconda prevede la possibilità di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +chiudere +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +aprire +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + l'immagine stessa (proprietà caratteristica per tutti gli elementi flottanti), + consentendovi di nasconderla alla vista e concentrare la vostra attenzione + sul testo. +\layout Subsubsection + +Collocazione degli elementi flottanti +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn} + +\end_inset + +Adesso, l'idea che sta dietro una +\family sans +Figura\SpecialChar ~ +Flottante +\family default + [cosí come una +\family sans +Tabella\SpecialChar ~ +Flottante +\family default +, della quale discuteremo piú avanti] è quella di far sí che LyX posizioni + la figura [o la tabella] nella pagina in modo coerente e razionale. + Questa funzionalità sarebbe del tutto inutile se voi non poteste esercitare + una qualche forma di controllo sul +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +modo razionale +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX ha a disposizione quattro diverse collocazioni dove tentare di posizionare + una figura: +\layout Description + +Qui: LyX cerca di effettuare l'inserimento del +\family sans +Flottante +\family default + nello stesso punto del testo indicato dal cursore. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Se non c'è sufficiente spazio, LyX prova con uno dei restanti tre tipi di + locazione. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +In\SpecialChar ~ +cima: LyX cerca di effettuare l'inserimento del +\family sans +Flottante +\family default + nella sommità della pagina attuale e qualora non si accordi ad essa, viene + spostata sulla pagina successiva. + +\layout Description + +In\SpecialChar ~ +fondo: LyX cerca di effettuare l'inserimento del +\family sans +Flottante +\family default + in fondo alla pagina attuale e qualora non si accordi ad essa, viene spostata + sulla pagina successiva. + +\layout Description + +Pagina\SpecialChar ~ +isolata: LyX cerca di disporre il +\family sans +Flottante +\family default + in una pagina a sè stante. +\layout Standard + +La scelta della collocazione va fatta nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +documento +\family default + [aperta mediante +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento +\family default +] all'interno del pannello +\family sans +Extra +\family default +, ove è presente il campo +\family sans +Posi +\bar under +z +\bar default +.\SpecialChar ~ +ogg.\SpecialChar ~ +flottanti +\family default + che controlla la disposizione totale dei +\family sans +Flottanti. + +\family default + Tale proprietà può essere anche settata isolatamente per ciascuna figura + flottante cliccando col tasto destro sulla figura. +\layout Standard + +Segue adesso qualche indicazione su come va effettuata la scelta. + Nel campo +\family sans +Posi +\bar under +z +\bar default +.\SpecialChar ~ +ogg.\SpecialChar ~ +flottanti +\family default + potete riportare una qualunque combinazione di quattro lettere , in qualunque + ordine: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +h +\family default + per +\emph on +here +\emph default +(qui) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +t +\family default + per +\emph on +top +\emph default + (in cima) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +b +\family default + per +\emph on +bottom +\emph default + (in fondo) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +p +\family default + per +\emph on +page +\emph default + (pagina isolata) +\layout Standard + +L'ordine indica quale collocazione LyX tenterà per prima. + Se questa fallisse, tenterà con la successiva e cosí via fino alla fine, + sebbene +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +h +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + abbia sempre la precedenza qualora compaia nella sequenza. + La sequenza predefinita è +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +tbp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: prova dapprima in cima alla pagina di testo, quindi in fondo alla stessa, + in ultimo in una pagina a sè. + Se volete che LyX tenti di posizionare, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +in maniera molto energica +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, l'immagine lí dove gli avete imposto, fate precedere la sequenza da un + punto esclamativo; per esempio +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +!htbp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Seguono alcune possibili sequenze e l'azione ad esse associata: +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +hbp +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Prova dapprima la collocazione della figura/tabella nel punto ove si trova + il cursore nel testo. + Se non dovesse andar bene, prova in fondo alla pagina e nel caso di un + ulteriore fallimento la dispone in una pagina a sè. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +!hbp +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tenta in modo energico di porre la figura/tabella nella sua posizione attuale, + quindi in fondo, successivamente in una pagina separata \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +tp +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Dispone la figura/tabella in cima a ciascuna pagina. + Se dovesse essere troppo estesa, le dedica una pagina separata. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +p +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Inserisce sempre le figure in una pagina a sè stante. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Un'ultima annotazione: il campo +\family sans + Posi +\bar under +z +\bar default +.\SpecialChar ~ +ogg.\SpecialChar ~ +flottanti +\family default + regola la posizione di +\emph on +entrambi +\emph default + gli oggetti flottanti, siano essi immagini o tabelle. +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + e LyX +\layout Standard + +A questo punto vi starete chiedendo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +con quale strumento dovrei realizzare le mie figure? +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Fortunatamente, la risposta è già contenuta in molte distribuzioni Linux + e/o LaTeX ed è rappresentata da +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default +, un programma di disegno potente e fortemente raccomandato. + Se desiderate inserire figure create con +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default +, esistono diversi modi per farlo. + Da parte nostra, vi consigliamo i seguenti: +\layout Enumerate + +Esportate le figure come PostScript® Incapsulato, il cui inserimento in + LyX dovrebbe risultare piuttosto semplice in base a quanto esposto nelle + sezioni precedenti. + Il grande vantaggio derivante da ciò consiste nel poter disporre pienamente + della potenza del PostScript®, con la possibilità di ottenere curve di + Bezier, colori, linee di qualunque spessore ed altro ancora. + L'inserimento di testo in un documento Xfig non costituisce un problema + in quanto esso verrà riportato con font PostScript®\SpecialChar \@. + Inoltre la figura può + essere manipolata, secondo quanto descritto sopra, alla stregua di qualunque + altra figura EPS. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +L'unico neo è l'impossibilità di creare formule nella forma di testo PostScript® + se non a mano. + Qualora abbiate bisogno che nella vostra figura compaiano formule o anche + semplicemente indici o esponenti, è preferibile che passiate alla lettura + del passo successivo. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Esportate la figura in formato LaTeX. + Ciò vi permetterà di importarla in LyX facilmente, con il vantaggio di + poter utilizzare, lavorando sul testo in Xfig, tutti i comandi LaTeX. + Ad ogni modo, è però necessario che settiate in Xfig la +\emph on +special flag +\emph default +per il testo oppure invochiate il programma con +\family typewriter +xfig\SpecialChar ~ +-specialtext +\family default +. + Sotto questa condizione, provate a scegliere un font LaTeX e a scrivere + semplicemente +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +$H_2$ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +; se esportate questa figura in LaTeX e la importate in LyX con +\family sans +\bar under + I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Inclu +\bar under +d +\bar default +i\SpecialChar ~ +un\SpecialChar ~ +file +\family default + (consultare il manuale +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Caratteristiche avanzate di LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), questo testo apparirà come +\begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Lo svantaggio relativo a questo modo di procedere consiste essenzialmente + nella minore potenzialità grafica di LaTeX rispetto al PostScript®\SpecialChar \@. + Non + potrete tracciare linee di qualunque spessore e, cosa ancor piú fastidiosa, + con inclinazione qualsiasi. + Per questo motivo, nel caso di figure complesse, è preferibile che seguiate + la terza modalità descritta. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Esportate le figure in un formato misto LaTeX/PostScript®. + In tal caso, +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + [in verità, +\family typewriter +transfig +\family default +, ] genererà due file distinti: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +la parte PostScript® +\family typewriter +foo.ps_tex +\family default +, che conterrà tutti i disegni. +\layout Enumerate + +la parte LaTeX +\family typewriter +foo.ps_tex_t +\family default +, che conterrà il testo ed un collegamento alla parte PostScript®. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Vi sarà poi sufficiente importare la parte LaTeX come descritto in precedenza, + in quanto automaticamente verrà inserita anche la parte PostScript®. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Se si dovesse verificare un errore del tipo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +unknown graphics extension ps_tex +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dovrete dichiarare queste estensioni grafiche. + Penso si tratti di un baco di transfig che si verifica con LaTeX2e. + Aggiungete semplicemente una riga del tipo +\layout Standard + + +\backslash +@namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}} +\layout Standard + +nel file +\family typewriter +/usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def +\family default +. + Quindi inserite +\family typewriter +ps_tex +\family default + all'estensione: +\layout Standard + + +\backslash +def +\backslash +Gin@extensions{eps, ps, ps_tex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ} +\layout Standard + +Questa procedura dovrebbe mettere le cose a posto. + Quale alternativa, sebbene piuttosto fastidiosa, potreste esportare la + parte postscript come +\family typewriter +foo.eps +\family default + e modificare manualmente la parte LaTeX +\family typewriter +foo.ps_tex_t +\family default +. + But this is annoying. + +\end_inset + + La terza modalità vi permette di sfruttare unitamente la potenza di PostScript® + e LaTeX, a meno della possibilità di ridimensionare la figura, dopo averla + realizzata. + Qualora desideriate immagini scalabili, il formato PostScript® rimane la + vostra unica scelta. + Un ulteriore piccolo vantaggio derivante dal lasciare a LaTeX la composizione + del carattere è quella per cui lo stesso font comparirà nelle figure e + nel testo, dando un effetto un po' piú gradevole. +\layout Section + +Tabelle +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables} + +\end_inset + +LyX permette anche la creazione e la modifica di tabelle WYSIWYM. + LaTeX gestisce le tabelle in maniera sicuramente piú completa di quanto + LyX sia in grado di fare adesso; vi consigliamo quindi di consultare un + buon manuale su LaTeX qualora troviate che le funzionalità, relative alle + tabelle, offerte da LyX risultino inadeguate alle vostre esigenze. +\layout Standard + +Per inserire una tabella vi è sufficiente cliccare sull'apposito tasto presente + sulla barra degli strumenti oppure invocare +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar ~ +una\SpecialChar ~ +tabella +\family default +. + A seguito di tale azione comparirà una finestra, nella quale vi verrà chiesto + di inserire il numero di righe e di colonne. + La tabella predefinita è caratterizzata da linee presenti nella parte superiore + e sinistra di ogni cella, una linea alla destra della colonna piú a destra + e una linea nella parte bassa della riga terminale, atte a racchiudere + la tabella in un rettangolo. + Inoltre, la prima riga presenta una linea in basso, la quale sembra separi + la stessa riga dal resto della tabella. + Qui ne abbiamo un esempio: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +12 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +45 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +98 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +A +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +B +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +multi +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +C +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +La finestra Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +della\SpecialChar ~ +tabella +\layout Standard + +Cliccando sulla tabella con il tasto destro del mouse, apparirà sullo schermo + una finestra delle opzioni , fra le quali troviamo: +\layout Itemize + +Aggiungere/rimuovere i bordi da una riga o una colonna. + Qualora rimuoviate la linea in alto da una delle righe, in LyX vedrete + una riga tratteggiata, sebbene questa non verrà poi riportata nel documento + finale. + Se selezionate la linea in basso di una riga e quella in alto della riga + sotto, le righe saranno separate da un piccolo spazio, come potete osservare + nella riga superiore dell'esempio riportato sopra. + Verticalmente si può procedere alla stessa maniera, selezionando stavolta + la linea destra di una colonna e quella sinistra della colonna alla sua + destra. +\layout Itemize + +Allineamento del testo in una colonna +\layout Itemize + +Appendere righe e colonne +\layout Itemize + +Cancellare righe, colonne o l'intera tabella +\layout Itemize + +Multicolonna +\layout Itemize + +Fissare la larghezza di una colonna +\layout Itemize + +Opzioni per tabelle lunghe - sono di grande utilità qualora la tabella è + piú alta del foglio. + In questo caso la tabella sarà divisa al termine della pagina e continuata + sulla pagina successiva +\layout Itemize + +Ruotare l'intera tabella o una singola cella lateralmente di 90 gradi +\layout Standard + +Potrete accedere alle opzioni anche da menu, invocando +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +ella +\family default + con il cursore posto all'interno di una tabella. +\layout Standard + +La maggior parte di queste opzioni agiscono anche su singole parti selezionate; + conseguentemente, qualora selezioniate piú celle, colonne o righe (dovete + sempre selezionare delle celle, ma dipende dall'azione, come le celle seleziona +te vanno interpretate) l'operazione interesserà l'intera selezione. +\layout Standard + +Quando appendete una riga, essa verrà aggiunta +\emph on +sotto +\emph default + la riga contenente il cursore. + Analogamente, le colonne saranno appese alla +\emph on +destra +\emph default +del cursore. + Ciò rende difficile aggiungere colonne alla estrema sinistra della tabella + se non ricorrendo ripetutamente al Taglia ed Incolla. + La cancellazione interessa sempre la riga o la colonna contenente il cursore. + +\layout Standard + +Il Multicolonna fonde due celle adiacenti su una riga assegnata. + Per esempio, nella tabella vista sopra, la riga +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +B +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + è stata interessata dal multicolonna applicato alle colonne contrassegnate + con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +45 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +98. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Per adoperarlo, dovete prima selezionare le celle, quindi scegliere +\family sans +Multicolumn +\family default + da menu. +\layout Standard + +Il +\family sans +Multicolonna +\family default + risulta di grande utilità se avete bisogno di controllare specificatamente + una singola cella di una tabella, con riferimento alle linee costituenti + il bordo superiore ed inferiore, nonchè l'allineamento del testo. + Segue un esempio della gestione speciale di una cella: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +x +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +y +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +punto a & b +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +103 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +punto b & a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +599 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +340 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +punto abc +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1009 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +52 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +punto abcd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +96 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +11 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Osservate come le celle di testa sono allineate al centro, mentre la colonna + di sinistra è allineata a sinistra e le restanti a destra; sono state anche + rimosse la linea inferiore e quella superiore di due celle della tabella. +\layout Standard + +Qualora desideriate che le colonne presentino una larghezza prestabilita, + inserite la dimensione desiderata nel campo +\family sans +Largh. + +\family default +\emph on + +\emph default +nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +della\SpecialChar ~ +tabella +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Può accadere che la tabella divenga troppo larga per essere contenuta dalla + struttura di documento verticale (portrait), in tal caso attivate l'opzione + +\family sans +Ruota\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +9 +\bar default +0° +\family default +, e la tabella verrà ruotata (ciò significa una disposizione orizzontale + in un orientamento di pagina verticale). + Tale proprietà è applicabile anche alle singole celle della tabella con + lo scopo di avere a disposizione piú spazio orizzontalmente. + Il seguente esempio vi dimostrerà quando potreste aver bisogno di questa + funzione. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Avvertimento: +\emph default + L'opzione +\family sans +Ruota\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +9 +\bar default +0° +\family default + +\emph on +non +\emph default +avrà una corrispondenza visiva sullo schermo, ma il suo effetto sarà attivo + +\emph on +solo +\emph default + sul documento PostScript®, consultabile invocando il comando +\family sans +An +\bar under +t +\bar default +eprima\SpecialChar ~ +PostScript +\family default + ( +\family sans +An +\bar under +t +\bar default +eprima\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default + invece non funzionerà). +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Description +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Flag 1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Flag 2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Flag 3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Flag 4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Flag 5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Flag 6 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Flag 7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Flag 8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Flag 9 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Flag 10\SpecialChar ~ + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Total +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Total +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +30 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +E' immediato osservare, nell'esempio riportato sopra, come il testo contenuto + nella linea di testa (Flag 1\SpecialChar \ldots{} +Flag 10) non sarebbe contenuto nella larghezza + del foglio se non fosse stato prima opportunamente ruotato. +\layout Subsection + +Cosa possiamo inserire dentro una tabella? +\layout Standard + +Ciascuna cella di una tabella è in grado di ospitare contemporaneamente + un gran numero di oggetti differenti, quali la singola linea di testo, + un inserto matematico (ma non una equazione multilinea o centrata), o una + figura. + La dimensione e la forma del font possono essere modificate e conseguentemente + la tabella si adatterà per rappresentarli correttamente. + Non vi è però consentito inserire, all'interno della cella di un'altra + tabella, nè una tabella, nè un ambiente speciale (quale +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, etc.), in quanto, in quest'ultimo caso, LyX tenterebbe di riportare l'intera + tabella nell'ambiente scelto, considerandola come un paragrafo. + Il risultato di tale operazione è impredicibile. +\layout Subsection + +Taglia & Incolla & Tabelle +\layout Standard + +Il taglia ed incolla tra le tabelle funziona abbastanza bene. + Potete tagliare ed incollare anche piú righe contemporaneamente, selezionandole + o con il mouse o con il tasto +\family sans +Shift +\family default + insieme ai tasti funzione. + I valori nella seconda tabella riportata sotto sono stati tagliati ed incollati + dalla prima, mediante il mouse. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Fate attenzione al fatto che il taglia ed incolla potrebbe portare a effetti + indesiderati qualora la tabella di destinazione non abbia lo stesso numero + di colonne della tabella sorgente. +\layout Standard + +Potete anche copiare ed incollare la tabella interamente in un'unica soluzione. +\layout Subsection + +Celle con righe multiple +\layout Standard + +E' possibile ottenere piú righe all'interno delle tabelle, ma non mediante + modalità completamente WYSIWYM. + Esistono diversi metodi per perseguire questo obiettivo: +\layout Enumerate + +Defininendo una colonna di larghezza prestabilita nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +della\SpecialChar ~ +tabella +\family default +. + A seguito di ciò, quando la lunghezza del testo supera la lunghezza fissata, + esso verrà automaticamente ripartito su piú righe con la cella che si estenderà + verticalmente. +\layout Enumerate + +Rimuovendo la riga tra due (o piú) righe adiacenti. + Cosí si otterrà soltanto una imitazione approssimata di una vera cella + multi-riga. + +\layout Enumerate + +Definendo una colonna di larghezza prestabilita nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +della\SpecialChar ~ +tabella +\family default + e sfruttando il comando +\family sans +Interruzione di linea +\family default +. + Adesso dovreste essere in grado di forzare l'inserzione di interruzioni + di linea scrivendo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in modalità TeX, ma ciò non dovrebbe essere necessario in quanto invocare + +\family sans +Interruzione di linea +\family default + significa che tali interruzioni saranno nella forma WYSIWYG nel documento + finale. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Segue una tabella d'esempio: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Questo è un elemento multilinea di una tabella. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Adesso è piú lungo. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Questo è un elemento multilinea di una tabella. + Adesso è piú lungo. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +10 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Questo è un elemento +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\end_inset + + +\emph on +multilinea +\emph default + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\end_inset + + di una tabella.Dovrebbe essere uguale a quello sotto. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +11 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +12 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Questo è un elemento +\emph on +multilinea +\emph default +di una tabella.Dovrebbe essere uguale a quello sopra. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +13 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Osservate che in LyX, il testo multilinea non appare effettivamente su piú + righe, sebbene lo sia nel file finale. + Qualora le righe siano troppo lunghe, premete +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + per ottenere, nella medesima cella, una nuova riga nella quale continuare + a scrivere. + Sappiate che il documento finale +\emph on +NON +\emph default + rispetterà queste interruzioni di riga, bensí considererà il testo presente + nella cella come se si trovasse su una sola riga. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Il problema, legato in qualche modo a quanto detto finora, è quello per + cui il testo inserito all'interno di una cella non si dispone in maniera + tale da adattarsi alla pagina, di conseguenza, se una linea di testo, in + una tabella, è troppo estesa, la tabella si estenderà oltre il margine + destro della pagina. + Analogamente, l'inserto della tabella, una volta giunto alla fine della + pagina, non proseguirà nella pagina successiva e potrebbe estendersi al + di sotto del margine inferiore. + Esistono diverse possibili alternative per risolvere il problema: +\layout Enumerate + +Suddividere la tabella in due tabelle distinte, per gestire correttamente + interruzioni di pagina e margini. +\layout Enumerate + +Premere il tasto +\family sans +Tabella lunga +\family default + nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +della\SpecialChar ~ +tabella +\family default +. + Tale opzione ripartirà automaticamente la tabella su piú pagine, qualora + essa dovesse essere troppo estesa, e attiverà i bottoni presenti nell'elenco + +\family sans +Tabella lunga +\family default +, permettendovi adesso di definire: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Primo testa +\family default +: La riga corrente e tutte quelle sopra ad essa, per le quali non sia specificat +a alcuna opzione speciale, saranno usate come linee di testa della prima + pagina della tabella multipagina. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Testa +\family default +: La riga corrente e tutte quelle sopra ad essa, per le quali non sia specificat +a alcuna opzione speciale, saranno usate come linee di testa di tutte le + pagine della tabella multipagina, eccetto per la prima pagina qualora fosse + stato definito +\family sans +Primo testa +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Coda +\family default +: La riga corrente e tutte quelle sopra ad essa, per le quali non sia specificat +a alcuna opzione speciale, saranno usate come linee di coda di tutte le + pagine della tabella multipagina, eccetto per l'ultima pagina qualora fosse + stato definito +\family sans +Ultimo coda +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Ultimo coda +\family default +: La riga corrente e tutte quelle sopra ad essa, per le quali non sia specificat +a alcuna opzione speciale, saranno usate come linee di coda dell'ultima + pagina della tabella multipagina. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Nuova pag. +\family default +: Questa opzione forza l'inserzione di una interruzione di pagina dopo la + riga per la quale essa è settata. +\layout Standard + +Qualora effettuaste piú scelte in una stessa riga, ricordate che soltanto + la prima verrà utilizzata per le righe definite nella tabella, mentre le + altre verranno definite come +\emph on +vuote +\emph default +. + In quest'ambito la prima è da intendersi sulla base del seguente ordinamento: + +\family sans +Coda, Ultimo coda, +\family default + +\family sans +Testa, +\family default + +\family sans +Primo testa +\family default +. + Date un'occhiata al file di esempio +\family typewriter +TableExamples.lyx +\family default + per meglio comprendere tale meccanismo +\emph on +. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Usare il campo +\family sans +Larghezza +\family default + presente nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +della\SpecialChar ~ +tabella +\family default + per diminuire la larghezza della tabella fino a quando essa non si accordi + orizzontalmente alla pagina. +\layout Enumerate + +Come descritto nel seguito, una tabella potrà anche essere posta dentro + un elemento flottante, che TeX disporrà all'interno della pagina nel miglior + modo possibile. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +Una\SpecialChar ~ +ultima\SpecialChar ~ +annotazione: +\family sans +Tabella\SpecialChar ~ +lunga +\family default + e +\family sans +Ruota\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +90° +\family default + fanno uso di particolari pacchetti LaTeX, quindi dovreste consultare il + manuale +\family sans +Configurazione\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +LaTe +\bar under +X +\family default +\bar default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +iuto +\family default + per capire se il vostro sistema supporta o meno tali funzionalità. +\layout Subsection + +Tabelle Flottanti +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float} + +\end_inset + +Se per inserire una tabella fate uso del tasto corrispondente sulla barra + degli strumenti, oppure invocate il comando +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\shape up +\bar default +i +\shape default +fica\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\shape up +Ta +\bar under +b +\shape default +\bar default +ella +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\shape up +I +\bar default +nser +\shape default +isci\SpecialChar ~ +una +\shape up +\SpecialChar ~ + +\shape default +t +\shape up +ab +\shape default +ella +\shape up + +\family default +\shape default +da menu, la tabella sarà posizionata esattamente nel punto in cui si trovava + il cursore, al centro di una riga isolata. + Servendovi invece delle voci +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +abella +\shape up +\SpecialChar ~ + +\shape default +flottante +\family default + o +\family sans +Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +ella\SpecialChar ~ +flottante\SpecialChar ~ +larga +\family default +, dal menu +\family sans +\shape up +\bar under +I +\bar default +nser +\shape default +isci +\shape up +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\shape default +Og +\bar under +g +\bar default +etti\SpecialChar ~ +flottanti +\family default +, consentirete a LaTeX di posizionare la tabella lí dove meglio si accordi, + piuttosto che nel punto in cui avete effettuato l'inserzione. + La collocazione del flottante per le tabelle flottanti è simile a quella + per le immagini flottanti +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} + +\end_inset + +, ed è appunto descritta nella sezione relativa al posizionamento del flottante + per le figure +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn} + +\end_inset + +. + La tabella +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float} + +\end_inset + + è un esempio di tabella flottante, il cui punto di inserzione si trova + al termine di questo periodo. + Cosí come per la +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +igura\SpecialChar ~ +flottante +\family default +, la differenza tra una +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +abella +\shape up +\SpecialChar ~ + +\shape default +flottante +\family default + e una +\family sans +Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +ella\SpecialChar ~ +flottante\SpecialChar ~ +larga +\family default +consiste nel fatto che la versione larga va a disporsi su entrambe le colonne + (N.D.T. + occupa cioè la pagina su tutta la sua larghezza) di un documento a due + colonne. + +\begin_inset Float table +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float} + +\end_inset + +Una tabella flottante. +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Joe +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Mary +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Ted +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} +a & b\\ +c & d\end{array}\right]$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsubsection + +Didascalia di una tabella flottante. +\layout Standard + +Quando create una tabella flottante, la prima cosa che viene chiesta è la + definizione di una didascalia, mentre la reale inserzione della tabella + avviene con la pressione dell'icona della tabella, presente sulla barra + degli strumenti, nell'ipotesi in cui il cursore si trovi internamente al + flottante. + Avete inoltre la possibilità di decidere se la didascalia debba stare sopra + la tabella oppure sotto la stessa. + Se definite la didascalia (consistente di una singola frase) immediatamente + dopo la parola +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Table: +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dentro il flottante, e cliccate sull'icona della tabella dopo la didascalia, + questa verrà posta sopra la tabella, come per la Tabella\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table: A table float} + +\end_inset + +. + Se invece cliccate prima sull'icona per dar vita alla tabella e a seguire + scrivete la didascalia, essa apparirà sotto la tabella, come per la Tabella\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float with caption below} + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Float table +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float with caption below} + +\end_inset + +Una seconda tabella flottante, con la didascalia sotto. +\end_inset + +Potete anche creare una tabella flottante priva di didascalia, inserendo + una tabella visibile (cioè non all'interno di un flottante), selezionandola + interamente, ed invocando in ultimo la voce del menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Og +\bar under +g +\bar default +etti\SpecialChar ~ +flottanti\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +abella\SpecialChar ~ +Flottante +\family default +. + Questo è quanto è stato fatto per la Tabella\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:captionless} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Float table +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:captionless} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + +, la quale non sarà numerata in quanto priva di didascalia, sebbene il riferimen +to sia numerato; in ogni caso non è possibile associare una didascalia ad + una tabella a meno che questa non sia flottante. + Osservate che le tabelle etichettate sono automaticamente numerate ed i + riferimenti incrociati (descritti nella sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref} + +\end_inset + +) riporteranno tale numero nel documento finale. +\layout Subsubsection + +Disposizione del flottante +\layout Standard + +Le tecniche per controllare la disposizione delle tabelle flottanti sono + del tutto identiche a quelle descritte nel caso delle +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +igure\SpecialChar ~ +flottanti +\family default +. + Per chiarimenti riferitevi alla sezione\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Sommario ed altri elenchi +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc} + +\end_inset + +Una delle caratteristiche piú utili di LaTeX è sicuramente rappresentata + dalla facilità con cui permette di creare diversi tipi di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Elenchi +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, come ad esempio un sommario. + Per far ciò dovrete semplicemente utilizzare, nel vostro documento, determinati + ambienti ed inserire un riferimento nel punto in cui desiderate che l'elenco + appaia. + +\layout Standard + +Se siete degli utilizzatori di LaTeX o avete lavorato con versioni piú vecchie + di LyX, dovreste ricordare che LaTeX avrebbe dovuto essere lanciato piú + volte per ottenere il risultato desiderato. + Fortunatamente, questo non è piú necessario in quanto adesso sarà LyX ad + accertarsi che LaTeX sia lanciato un numero di volte sufficiente a garantire + che gli elenchi appaiano correttamente nel file dvi. +\layout Subsection + +Il Sommario +\layout Standard + +Per creare un Sommario, dovete compiere 5 operazioni: +\layout Enumerate + +Fare uso di una classe di documento che supporti il Sommario (tutte tranne + +\family typewriter +letter +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Ricorrere a stili che siano supportati dalla funzione Sommario: +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +, +\family sans +(Sub...) Section +\family default +, +\family sans +(Sub...) Paragraph +\family default +. + Osservate che gli stili contrassegnati da un +\family sans +* +\family default +, come +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, +\emph on +non +\emph default + appariranno nel Sommario. +\layout Enumerate + +Assegnare i valori appropriati ai campi +\family sans +Massimo\SpecialChar ~ +numero\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +sezioni +\family default +e +\family sans +Profondità\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +sommario +\family default + nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +documento +\family default +. + Se, per esempio, desiderate che nel sommario compaiano soltanto i capitoli + e le sezioni, settate il valore a 3. +\layout Enumerate + +Invocate il comando relativo al sommario dove piú vi aggrada, mediante il + percorso del menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lis +\bar under +t +\bar default +e\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Indici\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ommario +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Il sommario può anche servire ad altro. + Infatti, indipendentemente dal fatto che abbiate o meno inserito un sommario + nel testo, vi è sempre possibile invocare la funzione +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar \menuseparator +So +\bar under +m +\bar default +mario +\family default +, che visualizzerà una seconda finestra nella quale sarà visualizzato un + sommario attraverso il quale potrete navigare lungo il documento. + +\layout Subsection + +Liste delle Figure, delle Tabelle e delle Equazioni +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf} + +\end_inset + +Le Liste delle Figure (LdF), Liste delle Tabelle (LdT) e le Liste delle + Equazioni (LdE) somigliano molto ai Sommari, sebbene esistano alcune sottili + differenze che è bene voi conosciate. + La seguente procedura, valida per le Liste delle Figure, è applicabile + anche alle LdT e alle LdE. +\layout Enumerate + +Se desiderate che le vostre figure siano riportate nella LdF, +\emph on +dovete +\emph default + far uso di figure flottanti, ottenibili mediante il comando +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Oggetti\SpecialChar ~ +flottanti\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +igura\SpecialChar ~ +flottante +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Impartite il comando per l'inserzione della LdF dove piú vi aggrada. + Selezionate anche +\family sans +Lista\SpecialChar ~ +delle\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +f +\bar default +igure +\family default + dal sottomenù +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Li +\bar under +s +\bar default +te\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Indici +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +[ +\emph on +Nota dell'autore: il lettore astuto dovrebbe notare come, in questo Guida + dell'utente, non ci sia alcun riferimento alle equazioni . + Questo si spiega col fatto che le equazioni flottanti sono una nuova caratteris +tica per la quale non è stata ancora prodotta alcuna documentazione -jml +\emph default +] +\layout Chapter + +Formule Matematiche +\layout Section + +Elementi base +\layout Standard + +Le formule matematiche in LyX sono quasi del tutto WYSIWYM. + Ciò preoccupa molti vecchi utilizzatori di TeX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Nota dell'autore: Io appartengo a questa schiera. + - dlj +\end_inset + +. + A questi ultimi, infatti, piace poter far uso della tastiera per scrivere + cose del tipo +\family typewriter +$ +\backslash +alpha$ +\family default + (comando che, nel TeX ordinario, restituisce una +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + nel documento finale), ritenendolo un modo piú veloce che non perdersi + fra i menu alla ricerca di un simbolo. + Qui di seguito è riportata la testimonianza di uno di loro, +\noun on +David Johnson: +\layout Quotation + +Mi ero alla fine convinto che la modalità matematica (altrimenti nota come + Mathed) fosse una strada da percorrere se, con poche modifiche, avessi + potuto usarlo nello stesso modo cui ero abituato scrivendo in TeX. + Ad esempio, ho ottenuto questa +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + digitando i seguenti tasti: dapprima +\family typewriter + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family typewriter + +\family default +per attivare la +\family typewriter + modalità matematica +\family default +, quindi +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alpha +\family sans + +\family default +, seguito da +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + ed +\family sans + Esc +\family default +. + Non appena ho digitato +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +, la +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + è correttamente comparsa sullo schermo. + +\layout Standard + +La sequenza +\family sans + M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default + attiva la +\family typewriter +modalità matematica +\family default + (potete usare anche +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default +) , +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alpha +\family default + è il consueto codice TeX, mentre +\family sans +Esc +\family default + causa l'abbandono della +\family typewriter +modalità matematica +\family default +. + Sebbene l'attivazione della +\family typewriter +modalità matematica +\family default + sia un po' piú lenta che non con il TeX standard, si hanno diversi vantaggi: + +\layout Itemize + +Avete una rispondenza visuale immediata attraverso la quale verificare la + correttezza del codice TeX che avete inserito, +\layout Itemize + +Sullo schermo è riportata la corrente espressione matematica, con la quale + potete verificare la correttezza delle formule (almeno da un punto di vista + formale), +\layout Itemize + +La gestione di tutti gli ambienti speciali di LaTeX è affidata a LyX, non + a voi, +\layout Itemize + +Non avrete piú bisogno di vagare attraverso il codice alla ricerca di un + $ in meno o di un +\family sans +{ +\family default + in piú. +\layout Itemize + +Se non ricordate il nome LaTeX di un particolare simbolo, quale +\begin_inset Formula $\wp$ +\end_inset + +, niente paura, lo potete trovare nelle finestre a comparsa del pannello + matematico. +\layout Standard + +-- questi vantaggi mostrano come sia più veloce scrivere formule matematiche + con LyX piuttosto che con il solo LaTeX. +\layout Subsection + +Attivazione di Mathed +\layout Standard + +Esistono diversi modi per invocare +\family roman +Mathed +\family typewriter +. + +\family default +Uno di questi è rappresentato dal tasto contrassegnato dalla scritta +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + +. + A seguito di ciò, LyX visualizzerà un piccolo quadrato blu, contornato + da un rettangolo viola. + Il quadrato blu indica la posizione del cursore matematico, mentre il rettangol +o vi informa che la modalità matematica è attiva. + Lo stesso risultato è ottenibile mediante una voce del menu +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematica +\family default +, oppure servendovi di una macro da tastiera, +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default +, +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default + o +\family sans +C-m +\family default + (solo CUA). + Cliccando sul tasto della barra degli strumenti, saranno elencate tutte + le macro da tastiera equivalenti per entrare in Mathed. + I modi elencati consentono la creazione di equazioni in linea, mentre se + desiderate inserire una equazione centrata, scegliete +\family sans +Equa +\bar under +z +\bar default +ione\SpecialChar ~ +centrata +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematica +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Se usate la +\family typewriter +modalità matematica +\family default + per scrivere semplicemente una lettera Greca, ad esempio +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +, esiste una particolare scorciatoia, vi basta digitare +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +g\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family default + per ottenere +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +, +\family sans + M-m\SpecialChar ~ +g\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + per ottenere +\begin_inset Formula $\beta$ +\end_inset + +, +\emph on +etc. +\layout Standard + +E' anche possibile invocare Mathed dal cosiddetto +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +matematico +\family default +, una finestra a comparsa che risulta incredibilmente utile nella realizzazione + di formule e che, una volta aperta (scegliendo +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +matematico +\family default + dal menu +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematica +\family default +), potreste voler lasciare in qualche punto dello schermo. + La scelta di un qualunque elemento dal +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +matematico +\family default + attiverà l'ambiente matematico. +\layout Subsection + +Navigare una Equazione +\layout Standard + +Cliccando su una equazione già esistente (qualunque cosa che appaia in blu), + attiverete automaticamente Mathed con il cursore disposto lí dove avete + effettuato la pressione del tasto del mouse. + Ad ogni modo, il miglior controllo sul posizionamento del cursore all'interno + di una equazione si ottiene mediante i tasti cursore. + Poichè la modalità matematica richiede una disposizione dei simboli molto + piú complessa rispetto alla semplice disposizione lineare, in essa si usano + piccoli quadrati per indicare dove può essere effettuata l'inserzione di + un qualche elemento. + +\layout Standard + +I tasti cursore consentono di navigare attraverso le aree di testo di qualunque + struttura matematica. + La pressione di un tasto cursore che punti all'esterno della struttura + dedicata a Mathed, quando ci si trova ad un estremità dello stesso, causa + l'uscita dall'ambiente matematico. + Se vi trovate in modalità matematica, la pressione dello +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + causa l'abbandono di una frazione o di un'altra struttura matematica (una + radice quadrata +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ +\end_inset + +, o le parentesi +\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$ +\end_inset + +, o una matrice +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} +1 & 2\\ +3 & 4\end{array}\right]$ +\end_inset + +). + Il tasto +\family sans +Esc +\family default + disattiva Mathed, posizionando il cursore alla destra del rettangolo contenente + l'equazione. + Anche lo +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + causa l'uscita da Mathed, ma in tal caso il cursore sarà separato dal rettangol +o mediante uno spazio, che verrà opportunamente inserito qualora non sia + già presente. + Il tasto +\family sans +Tab +\family default + può essere usato per muoversi orizzontalmente in una struttura Mathed, + quali le righe di una matrice o le diverse posizioni di una equazione su + piú righe. +\layout Standard + +Lo +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + sembra non produrre alcun effetto nell'ambito della modalità matematica, + poichè, di fatto, non aggiunge spazi tra i caratteri, bensí consente di + uscire da una struttura nidificata. + Per questo motivo è necessario che facciate attenzione nell'uso dello +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +. + Per esempio, se volete ottenere +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$ +\end_inset + +, digitate +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family sans +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +seguito da +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +, quindi +\family sans +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family typewriter +2x+1 +\family default +, e non invece +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family sans +\SpecialChar ~ +Spazio\SpecialChar ~ + +\family typewriter +2x +\family sans +\SpecialChar ~ +Spazio\SpecialChar ~ + +\family typewriter ++ +\family sans +\SpecialChar ~ +Spazio\SpecialChar ~ + +\family typewriter +1 +\family default +, in quanto, nel secondo caso solo il termine +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Formula $2x$ +\end_inset + + +\family default + si troverà sotto la radice quadrata, +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$ +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + +A proposito della barra spaziatrice, potreste voler creare degli spazi vuoti + in aggiunta alla spaziatura standard supportata da LaTeX. + Non vi stiamo suggerendo di ricorrere ad esso come se fosse una cosa naturale, + in quanto l'idea che sta alla base della filosofia WYSIWYM è quella di + rivolgere l'attenzione al contenuto del testo piuttosto che alla formattazione. + Esistono comunque alcune situazioni nelle quali vorreste aggiungere degli + spazi, in tal caso una prima cosa da fare è premere +\family sans +C-Spazio +\family default +. + Questa coppia di tasti genera uno spazio di piccole dimensioni, e stampa + sullo schermo un piccolo elemento sottolineato di colore rosso: +\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ +\end_inset + +. + Il trucco successivo consiste nel modificare l'estensione dello spazio. + +\emph on +Prima +\emph default + che muoviate il cursore, ma dopo aver digitato +\family sans +C-Spazio +\family default +, qualora premiate nuovamente +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +, modificherete la dimensione dello spazio, secondo un certo numero di taglie + differenti. + L'ultima fra queste è di colore blu e caratterizza uno spazio negativo. + Per esempio: +\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$ +\end_inset + +, o +\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +In genere potete lasciare molte strutture Mathed, come questa matrice, riempite + solo in parte : +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +\lambda_{1}\\ + & \ddots\\ + & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right).\] + +\end_inset + +Qualora lasciaste una frazione parzialmente riempita, oppure un pedice privo + di contenuti, l'esito non è predicibile, sebbene per molti oggetti non + abbia alcuna importanza. + +\layout Subsection + +Selezione del testo +\layout Standard + +La selezione del testo in modalità matematica può effettuarsi in due modi + distinti. + Posizionate il cursore ad una estremità della stringa di testo prescelta, + quindi selezionate il testo mediante +\family sans +Shift-Tasti\SpecialChar ~ +Cursore +\family default +. + A seguito di tale operazione, esso verrà evidenziato alla stessa stregua + della normale operazione di selezione del testo. + In alternativa, potete servirvi del mouse per effettuare la medesima operazione. + Il testo cosí +\emph on +catturato +\emph default + può essere quindi copiato o tagliato mediante i bottoni presenti nella + barra degli strumenti ed incollato all'interno di un qualunque inserto + matematico (non è però possibile effettuare tale operazione all'esterno + di LyX, o in una area di testo regolare al suo interno). + Un testo selezionato in LyX da qualunque altra sua parte non può (al momento) + essere incollata in un inserto matematico, cosí come non possono essere + inseriti elementi selezionati all'esterno di LyX. + +\layout Subsection + +Esponenti e Pedici +\layout Standard + +Sebbene possiate servirvi del menu +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematica +\family default + per inserire esponenti ( +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +sponente +\family default + nel menu) o pedici (invocati con +\family sans +Pe +\bar under +d +\bar default +ice +\family default +), la via piú semplice per effettuare tale operazione è rappresentata dal + metodo TeX standard. + Per ottenere +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ +\end_inset + +, digitate (in Mathed) +\family typewriter +x^2 +\family default + quindi premete +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +. + Lo +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + finale riposiziona il cursore sulla linea base della espressione, piuttosto + che sull'esponente. + Se digitate +\family typewriter +x^2y +\family default +, avrete +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$ +\end_inset + +, mentre per +\emph on +ottenere +\emph default + +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$ +\end_inset + +, dovete digitare +\family typewriter +x^2 +\family sans + +\family default +quindi lo +\family sans +Spazio +\family default +seguito da +\family sans +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family typewriter +y +\family default +. + I pedici sono del tutto simili, ad esempio l'espressione +\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$ +\end_inset + + è facilmente realizzabile digitando, in Mathed, +\family typewriter +a_1 +\family sans +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +quindi +\family sans + Spazio +\family default +. + +\layout Subsection + +Frazioni +\layout Standard + +Per creare una frazione potete servirvi del comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +frac +\family sans + +\family default +(in Mathed) o dell'icona corrispondente che compare nel +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default + o ancora della voce +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +razione +\family default +nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematica +\family default +. + Vedrete comparire una frazione priva di contenuto, con due ambienti Mathed + al numeratore e denominatore destinati all'inserimento dei dati. + Entrando nella struttura, il cursore si posiziona al numeratore, potete + quindi passare al denominatore con la semplice pressione del tasto +\family sans +Giú +\family default +, e successivamente riposizionarvi al numeratore con il tasto +\family sans +S +\family default +ù. + Una frazione è in grado di ospitare al suo interno qualunque struttura + matematica, come appare chiaro dal seguente esempio: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc} +2 & 3\\ +4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Sommatorie ed Integrali +\layout Standard + +I segni di sommatoria +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + ed integrale +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + sono spesso accompagnati da uno o piú indici, che in LyX (cosí come in + TeX) sono riportati nella forma di pedici ed esponenti. + La sommatoria disporrà automaticamente tali indici sopra e sotto il simbolo + di sommatoria nel caso di equazione centrata, mentre gli stessi appariranno + lateralmente quando l'equazione è in linea, come ad esempio +\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$ +\end_inset + +, contro +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right).\] + +\end_inset + +Il segno di integrale, tuttavia, non posiziona i limiti sopra e sotto il + simbolo come regola prestabilita nelle equazioni centrate , come dimostrano + le espressioni +\begin_inset Formula $\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x)$ +\end_inset + +, e +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi.\] + +\end_inset + +Entrambi i simboli sono automaticamente ridimensionati quando vengono inseriti + in modalità centrata. + Inoltre, sempre in modalità centrata, la posizione dei limiti (rispettivamente + sopra e sotto oppure alla destra del segno) è modificabile disponendo il + cursore davanti al segno e premendo +\family sans +M-m l +\family default +. + I cambiamenti che si verificano dipendono dal tipo di segno considerato. + Anche altre espressioni matematiche godono di questa proprietà, come ad + esempio +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\] + +\end_inset + +che disporrà +\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$ +\end_inset + + sotto +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lim +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in modalità centrata, ma non nella modalità in linea, +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$ +\end_inset + +. + L'elemento +\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ +\end_inset + +, in rosso, assume un significato particolare. + Il motivo per cui gestisce il pedice nella maniera descritta è da ricercarsi + nel fatto che LaTeX lo ritiene un oggetto speciale. + In LyX potete ottenerlo digitando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lim +\family default +nella modalità matematica o scegliendo la voce corrispondente dal menu +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +funzioni +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + presente all'interno del +\family sans +Pannello Matematico +\family default +. + Ulteriori +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +parole +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + speciali sono +\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ +\end_inset + + e molte altre funzioni trigonometriche descritte nel paragrafo +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-functions} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Il pannello matematico +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel} + +\end_inset + +Come affermato in precedenza, il +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +annello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default + (accessibile da menu mediante +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default +), contenente un insieme piuttosto esteso di simboli e strutture, può essere + mantenuto aperto durante la scrittura di formule matematiche, semplificando + le modalità di inserzione dei diversi elementi previsti nella +\family typewriter +modalità matematica +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +Le prime due icone nel +\family sans +Pannello Matematico +\family default +, cosí come indicato, permettono di generare rispettivamente una radice + quadrata, +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ +\end_inset + +, o una frazione, +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Il terzo tasto, raffigurante delle parentesi quadre attorno un'area di + inserzione, mette in evidenza la finestra +\family sans +Separatore +\family default + contenente tutte le possibili scelte relative a separatori di grandi dimensioni + da porre a destra e a sinistra, +\begin_inset Formula $\left\{ 3\right\rangle $ +\end_inset + +, i quali si adattano a tutto ciò che è racchiuso fra di essi. + La quarta icona richiama la finestra +\family sans +Decorazione +\family default +, mediante la quale inserire barre, frecce, tilde e parentesi graffe sopra + o sotto il punto di inserimento, +\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\widehat{V}}$ +\end_inset + +. + Anch'esse si adattano in funzione della struttura matematica che contengono. + Il tasto successivo attiva il pannello +\family sans +Spaziatura +\family default +, il quale riporta i possibili tipi di spazi protetti disponibili nella + modalità matematica +\begin_inset Formula $2\qquad3$ +\end_inset + +. + Il sesto permette di accedere alla finestra Matrice, attraverso la quale + è possibile controllare la dimensione della matrice creata, cosí come l'allinea +mento +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{clr} +1 & 2 & 3\\ +45 & 67 & 89\end{array}\right]$ +\end_inset + +. + Le parentesi quadre che contengono la matrice sono state introdotte mediante + la finestra +\family sans +Separatore +\family default +. + L'ultima icona, se cliccata mentre il cursore è in modalità testo, da origine + ad una struttura matematica priva di contenuto: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +1+2=3.\] + +\end_inset + + Se invece il cursore si trova in modalità matematica, la pressione della + stessa icona consentirà di passare alternativamente da modalità matematica + in linea a modalità centrata. +\layout Standard + +Per ottenere l'espressione radice n-sima, digitate +\family typewriter +math-insert root +\family default + nel minibuffer ed otterete il simbolo di radice con uno spazio aggiuntivo + sopra lo stesso segno di radice. + A quel punto basterà servirsi dei tasti +\family sans +Su +\family default + e +\family sans +Giú +\family default + per muoversi tra i due rettangoli in essa presenti. + Potreste eventualmente associare una combinazione di tasti al segno di + radice n-sima in maniera tale da non essere costretti a servirvi del minibuffer. + (Leggere +\emph on +Personalizzazione +\emph default + per i dettagli.) +\layout Standard + +In aggiunta, il +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default + possiede molti altri sottomenù contenenti simboli matematici. + Nella prossima sezione mostreremo come utilizzarli. +\layout Subsection + +Ulteriori simboli matematici +\layout Standard + +Simboli di uso comune, ed altri menu, possono ottenersi direttamente dal + menu +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematica +\family default +, che prevede +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +razione, Radice\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +q +\bar default +uadrata, +\bar under +E +\bar default +sponente, Pe +\bar under +d +\bar default +ice, +\bar under +S +\bar default +omma, I +\bar under +n +\bar default +tegrale, +\bar under +M +\bar default +odalità\SpecialChar ~ +matematica +\family default + e +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +annello\SpecialChar ~ +matematico...\SpecialChar ~ +. + +\family default + La maggior parte dei simboli matematici si trovano nella finestra a comparsa + +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +annello\SpecialChar ~ +matematico +\family default + sotto una delle diverse categorie, +\family sans +Greco +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + +, +\family sans +operatori +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$ +\end_inset + +, +\family sans +relazioni +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$ +\end_inset + +, +\family sans +frecce +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + +, +\family sans +operatori\SpecialChar ~ +estesi +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$ +\end_inset + +, e la spaventosa +\family sans +miscellanea +\family default +\emph on +, Altro +\emph default +. + Se conoscete la macro LaTeX standard per un particolare simbolo che desiderate + usare, non avete bisogno di ricorrere alle finestre a comparsa, ma esse + vi saranno sicuramente di aiuto per quei simboli di cui non sapete il nome + in LaTeX. + In particolare, per la macro LaTeX che vi è nota, vi sarà sufficiente digitarla +, facendola precedere dal carattere +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + utilizzato da LaTeX (come in +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alpha +\family default +) ed automaticamente sarà convertita nel simbolo corrispondente non appena + avrete premuto +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + o qualunque altro simbolo non alfabetico. + Il testo sarà di colore rosso durante la digitazione, ma muterà in un simbolo + blu (il +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + non sarà più visibile) che vi comunica in maniera visuale che LyX ha compreso + ciò che desideravate. + Se l'ambiente matematico non è in grado di convertire il simbolo digitato, + esso permarrà in rosso (questo è denominato +\emph on +modalità macro +\emph default +). + +\layout Standard + +Non tutti i simboli disponibili in LaTeX possono (ancora) essere visualizzati + WYSIWYM in LyX. + Se provate con un simbolo LaTeX di cui conoscete il nome, come ad esempio + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +oint +\family default + corrispondente a +\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ +\end_inset + +, quando terminate di digitare la stringa e premete +\family sans +Spazio +\family default + (o un numero o un altro carattere non standard), LyX visualizzerà il simbolo + corrispondente alla macro se gli è possibile. + In caso contrario, lascerà la macro in rosso, come ad esempio +\begin_inset Formula $A\hookrightarrow B$ +\end_inset + +. + Ad ogni modo, qualora LaTeX riesca a gestisce la macro, essa sarà stampata + in accordo alla sua definizione. + Alcuni dei simboli accessibili dal +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +matematico +\family default + saranno visualizzati in questo modo, allo stesso modo di quelli già definiti + in LaTeX ma non ancora nei menu di LyX. + Ciò vi permette anche di definire le vostre macro di scorciatoia (attraverso + l'opportuna stringa di comando nel preambolo - fate riferimento al manuale + +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default +). + Per esempio, la stringa: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +a}{ +\backslash +alpha} +\family sans + +\layout Standard + +nel preambolo vi permetterà di usare +\family typewriter + +\backslash +a +\family sans + +\family default +in Mathed piuttosto che +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alpha +\family sans + +\family default +per generare +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +. + Fate comunque attenzione al fatto che LyX non è in grado di verificare + se una macro è valida o meno, e dunque non riporterà nessun messaggio di + errore fino a quando non tenterete di ottenere una anteprima o una stampa + (o di lanciare LaTeX). + Per ulteriori informazioni, fate riferimento al manuale +\emph on +Extended Features +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Funzioni matematiche +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions} + +\end_inset + + Il menu +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematica\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +annello\SpecialChar ~ +matematico... + +\family default + contiene un certo numero di +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +funzioni +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, quali +\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ +\end_inset + +, +\emph on +etc +\emph default +. + (queste possono essere ottenute digitando +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + seguito dal nome della funzione all'interno di un inserto matematico). + E' consuetudine che le funzioni individuate da nomi, quale ad esempio +\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ +\end_inset + +, non siano riportate in italico. + Poichè digitando +\begin_inset Formula $sin$ +\end_inset + + nell'ambiente matematico, esso sarà trascritto in italico, si è pensato + dunque di ricorrere a queste speciali macro per risolvere il problema. + In realtà la loro azione sul documento finale non si limita alla sola variazion +e della forma dei caratteri. + Per esempio, l'espressione +\begin_inset Formula $\sin t$ +\end_inset + + verrà riportata con un piccolo spazio aggiuntivo tra la n e la t. + Per parole che individuano oggetti matematici piú complessi, ad esempio + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ +\end_inset + +, la macro modifica la posizione del pedice, in funzione del fatto che l'inserto + matematico sia in linea o centrato: +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$ +\end_inset + + in opposizione a +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L.\] + +\end_inset + +Queste due espressioni sono state digitate alla stessa maniera, ma facendo + uso della macro +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lim +\family default + (o della scelta da menu) si altera la sua rappresentazione (al momento + è la versione in linea ad essere stata modificata al fine di migliorare + la spaziatura tra le righe). +\layout Subsection + +Simboli aggiuntivi +\layout Standard + +Esistono alcuni simboli matematici che non sono ottenibili da LaTeX (o LyX), + ma che sono frequentemente utilizzati nelle notazioni matematiche, quali + ad esempio il font old-German Fraktur ed i font stilizzati +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blackboard bold +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + usati normalmente per indicare i numeri reali o complessi oppure gli interi. + Ad aggiungere queste funzionalità è adesso una voce nei menu, in particolare + nella finestra a comparsa +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento... + +\family default + è presente una voce selezionabile denominata +\family sans +Usa matem. + A +\bar under +M +\bar default +S +\family default +. + Una volta attivata, saranno disponibili tutti i simboli e gli ambienti + AMS-LaTeX. + Qualora includeste tali funzionalità nel preambolo, incorrereste in degli + errori in quanto LyX definisce a parte alcune delle macro da esse utilizzate. + Le strutture AMS richiamano automaticamente tali pacchetti. +\layout Subsection + +Accenti +\layout Standard + +Nella modalità matematica l'inserimento dei caratteri accentati avviene + alla stessa maniera che in modalità testo ed esso potrebbe dipendere dalla + vostra tastiera o dal file di associazione impiegato. + Potete anche servirvi di macro equivalenti a quelle previste in TeX. + In questo modo vi sarà possibile inserire sullo schermo +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ +\end_inset + + ed ottenerne lo stesso effetto nel documento finale anche se la vostra + tastiera non dovesse supportare gli accenti. + Quest'ultimo è ad esempio ottenibile digitando +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hat a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in Mathed. + Sono di seguito riportate le equivalenze tra i nomi in modalità testo e + quelli in modalità matematica per i diversi accenti: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +testo +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +matem. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +esempio +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +circonflesso +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +cappello +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +grave +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +grave +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +acuto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +acuto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +dieresi +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +doppio puntato +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +tilde +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +tilde +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +puntato +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +puntato +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +breve +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +breve +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +caron +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +spuntato +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +lungo +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +barrato +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +--- +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +vettore +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Parentesi e decorazioni +\layout Standard + +LyX dispone di differenti tipi di parentesi. + Per la maggior parte degli scopi dovrebbe essere sufficiente ricorrere + ai tasti +\family typewriter +[{]}()| +\backslash +<> +\family default +, ma un risultato migliore è ottenibile mediante la finestra +\family sans +Separatore +\family default + dal +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +matematico +\family default + [fate riferimento alla sez. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-panel} + +\end_inset + +], soprattutto nei casi in cui desiderate inserire tra parentesi una struttura + di grandi dimensioni, quale una matrice o una frazione o ancora un elemento + con piú livelli di parentesi. + Per esempio, questo è il modo in cui vorreste apparissero le parentesi + contenenti una matrice standard del tipo: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left[\begin{array}{cc} +1 & 2\\ +3 & 4\end{array}\right],\] + +\end_inset + +e per rendere piú semplice la rappresentazione dei livelli di parentesi + presenti nel seguente abominio : +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\] + +\end_inset + +o anche: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right).\] + +\end_inset + +Tutte le parentesi presenti nel menu saranno ridimensionate per adattarsi + alle dimensioni della struttura che devono contenere (In LaTeX ciò avviene + mediante +\family typewriter + +\backslash +left( blah +\backslash +right) +\family default + ). + +\layout Standard + +Costruire le parentesi che si desidera utilizzare è davvero semplice. + Cliccate sulla parentesi che volete si trovi a sinistra con il bottone + sinistro del mouse, quella che volete a destra con il tasto destro ed infine + inseritele nel documento schiacciando il tasto sul quale sono riportate + le vostre scelte. + Se desiderate non avere nessuna parentesi su uno dei due lati, servitevi + del tasto vuoto. + In LyX esso apparirà come una linea tratteggiata, ma nulla verrà riportato + nel documento finale. +\layout Standard + +Se doveste decidere successivamente di inserire delle parentesi (o un'altra + struttura matematica, come una radice quadrata, o un'altra decorazione) + attorno a qualche struttura matematica, ciò è realizzabile evidenziando + (selezionando) la parte che si vuole sia posta tra parentesi (per evidenziare, + tenete premuto il tasto +\family sans +Shift +\family default + e muovetevi con i tasti cursore oppure fate uso del mouse). + Successivamente scegliete le parentesi appropriate per la sinistra e la + destra, schiacciate +\family sans +Applica +\family default + e vedrete inserire le parentesi attorno la struttura selezionata. +\layout Section + +Vettori ed equazioni multilinea +\layout Standard + +I vettori, cosí come le matrici, sono in LyX facilmente inseribili. + Nel +\family sans +Pannello\SpecialChar ~ +Matematico +\family default +è infatti presente un'icona +\family sans +matrice +\family default +, che apre una finestra a comparsa nella quale fissare il numero di righe/colonn +e. + Qui di seguito è riportato un esempio: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +1 & 2 & 3\\ +4 & 5 & 6\\ +7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right).\] + +\end_inset + +Le parentesi non sono inserite automaticamente, ma possono essere aggiunte + facilmente dal menu +\family sans +separatore +\family default + dopo aver selezionato la matrice all'interno dell'ambiente matematico (Posizion +ate il mouse su un lato della matrice, tenete premuto il tasto +\family sans +Shift +\family default +, e usate i tasti cursore per spostarvi lungo la matrice). + All'atto della costruzione della matrice avete inoltre la possibilità di + decidere se tutte le colonne (o solo alcune di esse) dovranno essere giustifica +te a sinistra, a destra o al centro, servendovi del campo che ha +\family typewriter +ccc +\family default + quale valore predefinito. + Fate comunque attenzione al numero di righe e colonne di cui volete disporre, + in quanto vi è permesso aggiungere o cancellare delle righe in una matrice + preesistente usando rispettivamente +\family sans +C-Invio +\family default + e +\family sans + M-e +\series medium +k +\family default +\series default + +\emph on +[Nota dell'editore: al momento questa sembra non funzionare --- mer] +\emph default +, ma ciò non è ancora possibile per le colonne. + Segue un ulteriore esempio nel quale si è fissato un differente tipo di + allineamento per le tre colonne: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{array}{lcr} +questa & questa\, colonna & questa\, colonna\\ +colonna & è & è\, allineata\\ +è\, allineata\, a\, sinistra & allineata\, al\, centro & a\, destra\end{array}.\] + +\end_inset + +Esistono un gran numero di ulteriori vettori usati da LaTeX in modalità + matematica, in particolare con i pacchetti inclusi nell'AMS-LaTeX, come + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cases +\family default + ed i diagrammi commutativi. + Questi non sono ancora supportati in LyX (come vettore, l'ambiente +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cases +\family default +, è attualmente implementato nelle versioni di sviluppo di LyX). + Comunque, è possibile introdurre queste strutture mediante una matrice + (la quale, ad ogni modo, coincide esattamente con la macro +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cases +\family default +). + Qui di seguito è riportato un esempio di come LyX riporta casi differenti: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x):=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} +\frac{1}{q}, & \mathrm{se}\, x=\frac{p}{q}\\ +0, & \mathrm{se}\, x\,\mathrm{è}\,\mathrm{irrazionale}\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + +Esso è stato costruito scegliendo dapprima i delimitatori, con quello a + destra vuoto, ed inserendo successivamente tra di essi una matrice +\begin_inset Formula $2\times2$ +\end_inset + +, con entrambe le colonne giustificate a sinistra. + La procedura per ottenere un testo in Roman sarà illustrata in seguito. +\layout Standard + +LyX consente inoltre di realizzare in modo semplice equazioni multilinea. + Se vi trovate in modalità equazione centrata, premendo +\family sans +\series medium +C-E +\series default +nter, +\family default + essa verrà automaticamente convertita nel formato +\family typewriter +\series medium +eqnarray +\family default +\series default + (il formato LaTeX per la gestione di equazione centrata multilinea). + Qualora decideste di utilizzare una equazione centrata multilinea, il modo + migliore per ottenerla sarebbe quello di inserire subito una nuova linea + (con +\family sans +\series medium +C-Enter +\family default +\series default +). + Ciascuna linea è costituita dunque da tre campi, sinistro, centrale e destro, + attraverso i quali potete muovervi mediante i tasti cursore, il mouse o + il tasto +\family sans +\series medium +Tab +\family default +\series default +. + E' riportato di seguito un esempio: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +3 & = & 1+2\\ +4+5 & = & 9.\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + +Una equazione centrata preesistente è sempre convertibile in una equazione + multilinea mediante i tasti +\family sans +\series medium +C-Enter +\family default +\series default + nell'ipotesi che il cursore si trovi in un punto qualunque della formula + originaria. + LyX comunque +\emph on +non +\emph default + cercherà di stabilire in quali punti spezzare la formula per ottenere tre + parti distinte, ma si limiterà a posizionarla per intero nel campo di sinistra. + Per effettuare da voi tale operazione, posizionate il cursore lí dove volete + inizi la parte centrale e premete +\family sans +C-Tab. + +\family default +A seguito di ciò vedrete che tutti gli elementi che si trovavano alla destra + del cursore saranno stati spostati nel campo centrale (per il quale, ad + ogni modo, LaTeX non setta la dimensione del carattere allo stesso modo + di una equazione centrata, quindi dovreste evitare di introdurvi espressioni + estese quali, ad esempio, le frazioni). + Allo stessa maniera, spostate il cursore nel punto in cui volete inizi + la parte destra e premete ancora +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default +. + Vedrete quindi sparire i punti di inserimento +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +extra +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + presenti nella linea. + +\layout Standard + +Per cancellare una riga di una equazione multilinea, disponete il cursore + su di essa e premete +\family sans +M-e +\series medium +k +\family default +\series default +, mentre per crearne di nuove usate +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Numerazione delle equazioni ed etichette +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label} + +\end_inset + +Numerare una equazione è in LyX un'operazione davvero molto semplice e consiste + semplicemente nel modificare una equazione centrata come: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +1+2=3\] + +\end_inset + +nella equazione numerata : +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +1+2=3\label{mathed:first-eqn}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +servendosi della voce +\family sans +Etic +\bar under +h +\bar default +etta... + +\family default + presente nel menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci +\family default +. + Essa apre una finestra nella quale dovrete immettere un qualche testo che + verrà applicato come etichetta. + Non vi è però alcun bisogno che inseriate alcun numero, in quanto sarà + LaTeX ad occuparsi della rinumerazione della equazione. + Ciò comporta dunque che le etichette introdotte non appariranno come tali + nel documento finale, ma al loro posto saranno presenti i numeri appropriati + per ciascuna equazione. + Le etichette sono utilizzate internamente per effettuare i riferimenti + incrociati. + Per attivare la numerazione senza una etichetta specifica, è sufficiente + scrivere +\family typewriter +math-number +\family default + nel minibuffer (la riga sotto la finestra principale di LyX, la quale visualizz +a solitamente informazioni inerenti il documento. + Cliccate su di essa ed il minibuffer si svuoterà permettendovi di inserire + dei comandi come quello citato.) mentre il cursore è all'interno della equazione +: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +1+1=2.\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +Esso agisce come un interruttore, infatti scrivendo +\family typewriter +math-number +\family default + nel minibuffer una seconda volta la numerazione verrà eliminata. + Potete far riferimento ad una equazione etichettata (non è sufficiente + che sia numerata), (cf. + ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:first-eqn} + +\end_inset + +)) mediante la finestra +\family sans +Riferimento\SpecialChar ~ +Incrociato +\family default + alla quale si accede mediante la scelta da menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Rife +\bar under +r +\bar default +imento\SpecialChar ~ +incrociato... +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ +. + Fate attenzione a +\emph on +non +\emph default +usare spazi nelle etichette in quanto essi verrebbero eliminati ed i riferimenti + incrociati non funzionerebbero piú. + Questo è un baco di LyX con il quale è però possibile convivere. +\layout Standard + +Per equazioni multilinea numerate o etichettate, di norma ogni riga è numerata + separatamente. + Quando inserite una etichetta per numerare una equazione, a tutte le righe + successive sarà associata un simbolo #. + Naturalmente questa associazione può essere modificata con una etichetta + differente mediante la quale effettuare un riferimento, come ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:third-eqn} + +\end_inset + +) sotto. +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:second-equation}\\ +2 & = & 4-2\\ +4 & \leq & 7.\label{mathed:third-eqn}\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +Per disattivare la numerazione di una data riga, inserite il comando +\family typewriter +math-nonumber +\family default + nel minibuffer (sotto la finestra principale di LyX) mentre il cursore + si trova sulla linea interessata della equazione numerata multilinea. + Anche questa si comporta come un interruttore. + Sebbene possa sembrare strano, scrivendo ancora +\family typewriter +math-nonumber +\family default + attiverete nuovamente la numerazione per la quella linea. +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:fourth-eqn}\\ +2 & = & 7-5\\ +1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\ +16 & \equiv & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn}\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +Osservate che nell'insieme riportato sopra la prima equazione ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fourth-eqn} + +\end_inset + +) è etichettata, la successiva è numerata, ma priva di etichetta, la terza + è non numerata, mentre l'ultima è anch'essa etichettata ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fifth-eqn} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Section + +Macro definite dall'utente in modalità matematica +\layout Standard + +LyX permette all'utente di definire delle macro. + Trovandoci in modalità matematica queste non appaiono come parole di colore + rosso che LyX non sa come rappresentare (quest'ultima è formalmente nota + come modalità macro, adesso semplicemente modalità TeX), bensí come bottoni + di colore grigio sui quali è riportato il nome della macro in blu (colore + associato alle strutture matematiche). + Se cliccate sul bottone, al suo posto comparirà un tipico campo matematico + dove vi è permesso scrivere. + Provate subito: +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\macro}{a+b} +\end_inset + + Il contenuto della prima cella sarà utilizzato quando la definizione della + macro è esportata in LaTeX. + Il contenuto della seconda cella verrà invece utilizzata per la rappresentazion +e della macro sullo schermo. + Normalmente laddove l'esportazione e la rappresentazione coincidono, la + seconda cella può essere lasciata vuota e LyX utilizzerà il contenuto della + prima per entrambe le finalità. +\layout Standard + +Per usare la stessa macro in altre strutture matematiche è sufficiente che + digitiate il suo nome in modalità TeX , nel caso specifico +\family typewriter + +\backslash +macro +\family default +, ed essa sarà automaticamente espansa: +\begin_inset Formula $c=\macro$ +\end_inset + +. + Potete verificare di persona che il cursore non può entrare dentro la macro, + in quanto essa è equivalente ad un unico carattere, ed il codice di questa + espressione generato dal TeX è +\family typewriter +c = +\backslash +macro. + +\layout Standard + +Ad ogni modo il cursore può essere spostato all'interno di quelle macro + che prevedono degli +\emph on + argomenti +\emph default +. + Nella definizione di una macro, un argomento è rappresentato dal simbolo + +\family typewriter +# +\family default + seguito dal numero dell'argomento: +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Una volta espansa, questa macro inserisce l'usuale rettangolo vuoto nel + quale potete inserire ciò che desiderate: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +macrowarg = +\begin_inset Formula $\macrowarg{}$ +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Example: +\begin_inset Formula $b=\macrowarg{x-2}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + +Quando una macro è esportata in LaTeX, la sua definizione introdurrà il + comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +macrowarg}[1]{2+ +\backslash +sqrt{#1}}. +\layout Subsection + +Direttive sull'uso delle macro +\layout Subsubsection + +Come creare le macro +\layout Standard + +Per costruire il rettangolo che identifica una macro usate questa sintassi + nel minibuffer: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +math-macro [numero degli argomenti] +\layout Standard + +Per esempio +\family typewriter + +\backslash +macro +\family default + è stata creata con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +math-macro macro +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, mentre +\family typewriter + +\backslash +macrowarg +\family default + mediante +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +math-macro macrowarg 1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Per inserire il simbolo inerente un argomento (ovviamente solo all'interno + del rettangolo di definizione) servitevi del comando: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +math-macro-arg +\layout Standard + +Il simbolo dell'argomento nella macro +\family typewriter + +\backslash +macrowarg +\family default + è stato inserito con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +math-macro-arg 1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Non potete inserire piú di 9 argomenti, numerati da 1 a 9. + Un argomento è ripetibile dentro il rettangolo di definizione, ma naturalmente + può essere editato solo una volta. + In ultimo, non è possibile utilizzare un numero superiore al massimo numero + di argomenti inizialmente previsti per la macro. + +\layout Subsubsection + +Come navigare una macro +\layout Description + +Con\SpecialChar ~ +i\SpecialChar ~ +tasti\SpecialChar ~ +cursore: Aprendo il rettangolo di definizione di una macro da sinistra + troverete il cursore posto sul primo argomento, per muovervi sul secondo + usate il tasto TAB. + Ricordate che premendo la barra Spaziatrice il cursore verrà spostato sul + lato destro della macro e al di fuori di essa. +\layout Description + +Con\SpecialChar ~ +il\SpecialChar ~ +mouse: Come al solito, cliccate sul campo dell'argomento desiderato. + Se il campo è vuoto o troppo piccolo può accadere che questa operazione + non riesca. +\layout Standard + +Al momento all'utente è consentita la definizione di macro per comandi, + ma non per ambienti. +\layout Section + +Controllo dei dettagli +\layout Subsection + +Tipi di carattere +\layout Standard + +In modalità matematica sono disponibili diversi tipi di carattere, ma (almeno + per il momento) dovete servirvi di comandi da tastiera per poterne fare + uso. + Non tutto funziona esattamente in maniera WYSIWYM, qualcosa addirittura + per niente. + Il font tipicamente utilizzato per il testo è l'italico, +\begin_inset Formula $testo$ +\end_inset + +, mentre per i numeri il font standard è il Roman. + Per scrivere un testo con font Roman all'interno della modalità matematica, + digitate +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default + una volta dentro la modalità matematica, ottenendo cosí +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{testo}$ +\end_inset + +. + Se desiderate il grassetto, +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{testo}$ +\end_inset + +, servitevi del comando +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family typewriter + +\family default +in modalità matematica, mentre il font calligrafico per le lettere maiuscole + (font che sullo schermo assomiglia alla famiglia Helvetica italica, ma + la cui resa è piú gradevole sul documento finale), +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{TESTO}$ +\end_inset + +, digitate +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +i +\family typewriter + +\family default +(sempre all'interno della modalità matematica). + I font supportati sono riportati nella seguente tabella: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Modalità testo +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Matematica +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Gruppo di tasti da usare in Mathed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Grassetto +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{Grassetto}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Enfatizzato +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAFICO}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +e +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +--------- +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +r +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +p +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Predefinito +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $Predefinito$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Spazio +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Il comando da tastiera per passare ad un particolare font è interpretato + dalla modalità matematica nel modo indicato. + La modalità matematica non supporta tutti i caratteri in tutti i font, + e solo le lettere sono utilizzabili con questi stili; per il font calligrafico + solo le lettere maiuscole . +\layout Standard + +Per ciascuno di questi font, dovete fare attenzione a come inserite il testo. + Se esiste del testo alla destra del punto di inserzione, il font ritornerà + a quello stile dopo un carattere. + Affinché possiate essere in grado di digitare una stringa con un particolare + font, dovrete assicurarvi che ci sia uno spazio protetto alla destra del + cursore. + Inoltre l'inserimento di uno spazio protetto riporterà il testo ad esso + susseguente al font predefinito. + +\layout Standard + +E' possibile (in AMS-LaTeX) rendere in grassetto (non italico) numeri e + simboli speciali all'interno della modalità matematica. + Allo stato attuale, LyX non supporta ancora questa funzionalità in maniera + WYSIWYM, sebbene la stampa avverrà correttamente\SpecialChar \@. + Per ottenere simboli in + grassetto, per esempio una +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +, inserite +\family typewriter + +\backslash +boldsymbol{ +\backslash +alpha} +\family default + trovandovi in modalità matematica. + La parentesi graffa di chiusura apparirà (in rosso) automaticamente nel + momento in cui digiterete la parentesi graffa di apertura. + Questa procedura funziona sia per i simboli che per i numeri. + E' possibile anche ottenere il font Fraktur (Tedesco tradizionale) inserendo, + diciamo, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathfrak{g} +\family default + per una +\begin_inset Formula $g$ +\end_inset + + Fraktur, o le maiuscole a doppia linea in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +grassetto da lavagna +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + con +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathbb{R} +\family default +. + Questi simboli appariranno in modalità WYSIWYM solo se i font adatti sono + disponibili all'X server e si fa uso dei pacchetti AMS-LaTeX (incluso +\family typewriter +amsfonts +\family default +). + Aggiungendo questi pacchetti, nella finestra che compare mediante la voce + da menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento... + +\family default + sarà disponibile un tasto di selezione denominato +\family sans +Usa matem. + AMS +\family default +. + Una volta attivato, tutti i simboli e gli ambienti AMS-LaTeX saranno disponibil +i. + +\layout Standard + +Non abbiamo inserito esempi di questi font nella Guida in modo tale che + di essa se ne possa fare l'anteprima e la stampa senza i pacchetti precedenteme +nte citati, i quali non sono in genere disponibili a tutti. +\layout Subsection + +Modalità testuale-matematica +\layout Standard + +I tipi di carattere illustrati sono utili per l'inserimento di nomi di variabili + secondo un ben specifico font, ma non possono essere utilizzati per altri + scopi ed in si rivelano non adatti all'inserzione di testi. + Per digitare frasi piú lunghe bisogna ricorrere al modo testuale-matematico, + attivabile mediante i tasti +\family sans +M-m m +\family default + nell'ipotesi che vi troviate già in modalità matematica. + (Lo stesso comando provvede a disattivare la modalità citata.) La modalità + testuale-matematica appare sullo schermo in nero piuttosto che in blu. + Non vi è permesso inoltre inserire segni di punteggiatura o effettuare + modifiche di font +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Inoltre, la modalità matematica-testuale traduce il suo contenuto dentro + un +\family typewriter + +\backslash +textrm{} +\family default +, sebbene +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mbox +\family default + (o un +\backslash + +\family typewriter +text +\family default +in AMSLaTeX ) avrebbe potuto essere una scelta migliore. +\end_inset + +. + Qui è riportato un esempio: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\begin{array}{cc} +x & \textrm{in un caso}\\ +-x & \textrm{in tutti gli altri}\end{array}\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Dimensioni dei font +\layout Standard + +Esistono quattro dimensioni (relative) per i font (o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +stili +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) utilizzati in modalità matematica, dimensioni che sono fissate automaticamente + nella maggior parte delle situazioni. + Esse sono denominate rispettivamente +\emph on +textstyle (stiletesto) +\emph default +, +\emph on +displaystyle (stilecentrato) +\emph default +, +\emph on +scriptstyle +\emph default + e +\emph on + scriptscriptstyle +\emph default +. + Per molti caratteri, stiletesto e stilecentrato hanno al momento la stessa + dimensione, ma le frazioni, gli esponenti, i pedici, nonchè qualche altro + elemento caratteristico, sono, nello stilecentrato, piú grandi o posizionati + differentemente. + Eccetto per alcuni operatori, che si ridimensionano autonomamente per adattarsi + a differenti situazioni, LaTeX provvederà ad assegnare a tutto il testo + una delle dimensioni presentate in maniera appropriata. + E' possibile prescindere da tali scelte fissando il valore +\family typewriter +math-size +\family default + nel minibuffer. + Per esempio, potete ottenere +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + + normalmente (stiletesto), o renderla piú grande (con un cambiamento della + spaziatura) mediante stilecentrato, ottenuto immettendo +\family typewriter +math-size displaystyle +\family default + nel minibuffer mentre il cursore si trova nella riga principale dell'inserto + matematico, +\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + Fate comunque attenzione al fatto che se il cursore è posto nel denominatore + della frazione, solo il numeratore sarà reso più grande +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + +! Ciò riflette una caratteristica +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +non prevista +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +E' cioè un baco. +\end_inset + + di LaTeX e non dipende dunque da LyX. + Queste variazioni delle dimensioni dei font non sono molto più evidenti + nel documento finale che in LyX. + Seguono dei testi nei differenti stili: +\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Le dimensioni dei font in modalità matematica sono relative nel senso che + se l'intero inserto matematico ed il testo da esso racchiuso hanno una + certa grandezza, tutte le dimensioni analizzate saranno rapportate alla + prima. + Similmente, se la grandezza del font di partenza in un documento viene + modificata, tutti i font saranno modificati di conseguenza. + +\layout Standard + + +\size largest +Questo è un +\family roman + paragra +\family default +fo +\family roman + +\family default +nel font +\family roman + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family default +più grande +\family roman + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\family default +con i simboli +\family roman +: +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Allo stesso modo ciò viene applicato ai font matematici presenti nei Titoli, + +\emph on +etc. +\layout Chapter + +Altre Funzionalità +\layout Section + +Riferimenti Incrociati +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref} + +\end_inset + + Quelli che tra di voi stanno leggendo questo manuale in linea potranno + osservare la presenza, proprio prima dell'inizio di questa frase, di un + rettangolo grigio con un testo al suo interno. + Tale rettangolo identifica una +\family sans +Etichetta +\family default +, la quale rappresenta propriamente la metà di un riferimento incrociato. + L'altra metà è costituita proprio dal +\family sans +Riferimento +\family default + che figura nel seguente modo: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref} + +\end_inset + +. + Ancora, chi di voi sta leggendo il manuale in linea vedrà un rettangolo + grigio contenente un testo, mentre chi sta consultando la versione stampata + osserverà un numero --- in questo caso il numero di questa sezione. + Esistono anche altre varietà di riferimento incrociato: ad esempio +\begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:crossref} + +\end_inset + +. + Questo è il numero di pagina dove è posizionata l'etichetta. + Ecco svelata la funzione di un riferimento incrociato: permettervi di fare + riferimento ad altre parti del vostro documento. + Naturalmente non avete bisogno di ricordare quale fosse il numero di sezione + o quant'altro --- LyX eseguirà per voi tale operazione! Voi dovrete limitarvi + a marcare con una +\family sans +Etichetta +\family default +una sezione, una figura, una tabella, una equazione, etc., e quindi riferirvi + ad essa mediante un +\family sans +Riferimento +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Per inserire una etichetta, usate la voce +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar default +Etic +\bar under +h +\bar default +etta +\family default +. + Apparirà una finestra nella quale specificare l'etichetta che desiderate + inserire. + Potrete eventualmente cambiare successivamente il nome dell'etichetta semplicem +ente cliccando su di essa e riaprendo la finestra relativa all'etichetta. +\layout Standard + +Per inserire un riferimento vi basterà selezionare da menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar default +Rife +\bar under +r +\bar default +imento\SpecialChar ~ +incrociato +\family default +. + Sullo schermo apparirà la finestra a comparsa +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +un\SpecialChar ~ +riferimento +\family default + contenente un elenco di etichette. + Scegliendo uno degli elementi della lista e confermando con +\family sans +OK +\family default +, verrà inserito un riferimento nel testo; per inserire il numero di pagina + o qualche altro tipo di riferimento, agite sul campo +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +eference type +\family default + . + In ultimo, il tasto +\family sans +A +\bar under +g +\bar default +giorna +\family default + torna utile qualora decideste di lasciare la finestra aperta ed aggiungere + successivamente altre etichette. +\layout Standard + +Osservate che se tagliaste e incollaste del testo prelevato da un altro + documento contenente una +\family sans +Etichetta +\family default + o un +\family sans +Riferimento +\family default +, o se cancellaste una etichetta dal vostro testo, LaTeX replicherà nel + seguente: +\layout Quote + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Warning: Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z. +\newline +LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references. +\layout Standard + +Inoltre al posto del riferimento vedreste due punti interrogativi . +\layout Standard + +Vi è qualche altra considerazione da fare riguardo le +\family sans +Etichette +\family default +. + Esse riportano sempre il numero relativo alla intestazione della sezione + a loro più vicina. + Quindi --- se desiderate inserire una etichetta su un +\family sans +Capitolo +\family default +, ma questi è immediatamente seguito da una intestazione +\family sans +Sezione +\family default +, avete bisogno di porre la +\family sans +Etichetta +\family default + +\emph on +al'interno +\emph default + dell'ambiente +\family sans +Capitolo +\family default +. + Non importa dove, e comunque sembrerà strano sullo schermo. + Ad ogni modo, questo è l'unica maniera per far sì che si possa etichettare + un +\family sans +Capitolo +\family default + separatamente da una +\family sans +Sezione +\family default +. + Lo stesso discorso vale per tutte le altre intestazioni di sezione. + Se un semplice testo segue ad una intestazione di sezione che desiderate + etichettare, allora e solo allora potrete inserire una +\family sans +Etichetta +\family default + nel testo stesso senza alcuna preoccupazione. + Ritenetevi avvertiti. +\layout Standard + +Inoltre, una +\family sans +Etichetta +\family default + ha significato +\emph on + soltanto +\emph default + in intestazioni di sezione, tabelle e figure flottanti +\emph on +numerate +\emph default +. + Le figure e le tabelle semplici non sono numerate, di conseguenza, similmente + alle intestazioni di sezione non numerate, non vi è consentito usare +\family sans +Etichette +\family default +su di esse. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ebbene, in realtà +\emph on +potete +\emph default +, ma solo se usate il riferimento al +\family sans +Numero\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +pagina +\family default +. + Il +\family sans +Reference +\family default + classico --- quello che fa riferimento ad un numero di sezione/tabella/figura + --- non funzionerà, in quanto non c'è nulla di numerato a cui riferirsi! + Potreste anche usare +\family sans +Etichette +\family default + spoglie come marcatori di pagina, quindi far loro riferimento mediante + il riferimento al +\family sans +Numero\SpecialChar ~ +di\SpecialChar ~ +pagina +\family default +. + Ancora una volta, il classico +\family sans +Riferimento +\family default + non funzionerà molto bene. + Esso si riferirà a qualcosa, ma quel qualcosa sarà tipicamente il numero + della intestazione della precedente sezione numerata. +\end_inset + + Consultate rispettivamente le sezioni +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:table float} + +\end_inset + +, e +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-label} + +\end_inset + + per ulteriori informazioni sull'uso di +\family sans +Etichette +\family default + con figure, tabelle ed equazioni. + +\layout Section + +URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) +\layout Standard + +Si ha spesso la necessità di includere in un documento lunghe sequenze di + caratteri quali gli URLs dei siti Web, indirizzi e-mail, etc.; tipicamente + tali sequenze non contengono spazi al loro interno e la loro corretta rappresen +tazione è in genere piuttosto difficoltosa. + Può infatti accadere che un siffatto elemento si presenti alla fine di + un rigo e non essendo partizionabile, fa sì che vi siano righe con un numero + eccessivo o troppo ridotto di caratteri a seconda delle circostanze. + In questo caso usate la voce +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +RL +\family default + per inserire un URL esteso e se necessario sarà ripartito elegantemente + entro limiti automaticamente determinati. +\layout Standard + +Nel punto ove desiderate inserire l'URL (o qualunque altra entità simile + ad un indirizzo) scegliete semplicemente +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +RL +\family default + ed apparirà una finestra nella quale potrete inserire l'URL completo (nel + campo +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +rl +\family default +). + Questo è quanto dovete fare secondo la modalità di utilizzo più semplice. + Cliccate sul seguente rettangolo grigio per vedere come sarebbe introdotto + l'indirizzo della homepage di LyX: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Qualora desideraste associare all'URL una qualche frase specifica, servitevi + del campo +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +ome +\family default + presente nella stessa finestra; essa sarà riportata come semplice testo + immediatamente prima della URL. + Per esempio, potrei dirvi che tutto il materiale riguardante LaTeX è diponibile + al sito +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[CTAN]{http://ctan.tug.org} + +\end_inset + +. + Nel documento finale, l'ultima frase termina con +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tutto il materiale riguardante LaTeX è diponibile al sito CTAN +\family typewriter +http://ctan.tug.org +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +[ +\emph on +Nota dell'Autore: Non ho idea di quale sia la funzione del tasto +\family sans +\emph default + Tipo +\bar under +H +\bar default +TML +\family default +\emph on + presente nella finestra. + Sembra non apporti nessuna variazione al file LaTeX esportato nè alcun + cambiamento evidente al file DVI. + --- mer +\emph default +] +\layout Section + +Controllo manuale dei dettagli +\layout Subsection + +Spazi orizzontali aggiuntivi +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace} + +\end_inset + +Il +\family sans + Riempimento orizzontale +\family default +è una funzionalità di LyX mediante la quale aggiungere più spazi in maniera + uniforme. + Esso consiste attualmente in un elemento di spaziatura avente una lunghezza + variabile pari allo spazio residuo che separa i margini sinistro e destro. + Qualora vi sia più di un +\family sans +Riempimento\SpecialChar ~ +orizzontale +\family default + su una stessa riga, questi si divideranno lo spazio +\emph on +disponibile +\emph default + equamente fra di loro. + +\layout Standard + +Nota: se inserite un +\family sans +Riempimento\SpecialChar ~ +orizzontale +\family default + all'inizio di una riga che +\emph on +non +\emph default +è la prima in un paragrafo, LyX ignorerà il carattere di riempimento al + fine di evitare che questo possa essere accidentalmente spostato su una + nuova riga. +\layout Standard + +Il +\family sans + Riempimento orizzontale +\family default + è ottenibile da menu attraverso la voce +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Carattere\SpecialChar ~ +s +\bar under +p +\bar default +eciale\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Riempimento\SpecialChar ~ +ori +\bar under +z +\bar default +zontale +\family default +. + Riportiamo adesso alcuni esempi che illustrano il suo impiego: +\layout Quote +\noindent +Ci troviamo sul lato sinistro +\hfill +Qui siamo sul lato destro +\layout Quote +\noindent +Sinistro +\hfill +Centro +\hfill +Destro +\layout Quote +\noindent +Sinistro +\hfill +1/3 a sinistra +\hfill + +\hfill +Destro +\layout Standard + +Il precedente era un esempio nell'ambiente +\family sans +Quote +\family default +. + Questo: +\hfill +:è invece all'interno di un paragrafo predefinito. + Nel testo stampato potrebbe o meno essere evidente, ma il riempimento è + posto tra i due +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Ricordate che abbiamo detto in precedenza che un +\family sans +Riempimento orizzontale +\family default + riempie sempre lo spazio esistente tra i margini? Su una riga potrebbe + esistere più di un insieme di margini. + Segue un esempio con l'ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + +uno +\hfill +due :tre +\hfill +quattro +\hfill +cinque +\hfill +sei +\layout Standard + +Il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + contrassegna l'inizio di un elemento. + [Al momento esiste un +\family sans +Riempimento orizzontale +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +nascosto +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dentro l'etichetta dell'ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default +, posto quasi per magia alla fine dell'etichetta stessa.] Il +\family sans +Riempimento orizzontale +\family default + opera nello stesso modo in altre situazioni +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +multimargine +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, come la modalità a due colonne. +\layout Subsection + +Spazi verticali aggiuntivi +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace} + +\end_inset + +Per inserire più righe vuote sopra o sotto un paragrafo, utilizzate la voce + +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aragrafo +\family default + mediante la quale aprire la finestra +\family sans +Ambiente\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +paragrafo +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +Qui non stiamo fornendovi un esempio di +\family sans +Riempimento verticale +\family default + in quanto si tratterebbe di uno sperpero di carta. + L'azione svolta è simile a quella associata ad un qualunque altro elemento + di riempimento, incluso anche il +\family sans +Riempimento orizzontale +\family default + in quanto provvede a riempire lo spazio verticale rimasto in una pagina + con dello spazio vuoto. + Se in una stessa pagina dovessero esistere più +\family sans +Riempimenti verticali +\family default +, questi si ripartirebbero equamente lo spazio verticale a disposizione. + Può quindi tornarvi utile per centrare un testo in una pagina o posizionarlo + a 2/3 o ad 1/4 e così via. +\layout Subsection + +Modificare l'allineamento di un paragrafo +\layout Standard + +Mediante la finestra +\family sans + Ambiente\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +paragrafo +\family default + vi è anche consentito cambiare l'allineamento di un paragrafo. + Esistono quattro possibilità: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Giusti +\bar under +f +\bar default +icato +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Si +\bar under +n +\bar default +istra +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +estra +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Cen +\bar under +t +\bar default +rato +\layout Standard + +L'allineamento predefinito è nella maggior parte dei casi quello giustificato, + per il quale la spaziatura tra una parola ed un'altra è variabile ed ogni + riga di un paragrafo riempie l'intera zona compresa tra i margini sinistro + e destro. + Gli altri tre tipi di allineamento dovrebbero essere abbastanza espliciti, + e appaiono nella seguente maniera: +\layout Standard +\align right +Questo paragrafo è allineato a destra, +\layout Standard +\align center +questo al centro, +\layout Standard +\align left +quest'ultimo a sinistra. +\layout Standard + +In alcuni ambienti l'allineamento predefinito è differente dal giustificato. + +\layout Subsection + +Forzare una interruzione di pagina +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak} + +\end_inset + +Se non vi piace il modo in cui LaTeX effettua le interruzioni di pagina + all'interno del vostro documento, potete forzare da voi l'inserzione di + una interruzione nei punti desiderati. + In generale ciò +\emph on +non +\emph default +si rende necessario in quanto LaTeX è piuttosto efficiente in merito, come + d'altronde era stato accennato nella sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:widows} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Non è dunque necessario usare la funzionalità descritta nel seguito e vi + raccomandiamo +\emph on +espressamente +\emph default +di +\emph on +non +\emph default +invocarla fino a quando non abbiate +\emph on +realmente +\emph default +terminato di scrivere e non abbiate verificato nella anteprima della +\emph on +reale +\emph default +necessità di intervenire sulle interruzioni di pagina. + +\emph on +Soltanto +\emph default +in questi casi forzate una interruzione sopra o sotto un paragrafo selezionando + +\family sans +Inter.pagina-So +\bar under +p +\bar default +ra +\family default +o +\family sans +S +\bar under +o +\bar default +tto +\family default + all'interno della finestra +\family sans +Ambiente\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +paragrafo +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Potreste voler usare una interruzione di pagina per far sì che una figura + o una tabella siano posizionate in cima alla pagina. + Naturalmente questo è un modo sbagliato per raggiungere tale finalità in + quanto LyX vi da la possibilità di garantire che automaticamente le vostre + figure o tabelle appaiano in cima ad una pagina [o in fondo oppure nella + pagina in cui le stesse risiedono] senza dovervi preoccupare riguardo a + ciò che precede o segue la figura o la tabella. + Per saperne di più consultate le sezioni +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} + +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables} + +\end_inset + + e leggete le parti che trattano degli +\family sans +Oggetti flottanti +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Altre funzioni +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline} + +\end_inset + +Questa sezione descrive in breve come ottenere con LyX alcune funzioni ben + note agli utilizzatori di LaTeX. +\layout Itemize + +Lo spazio unificatore: E' usato per comunicare a LyX (e a LaTeX) di non + interrompere la riga in un dato punto. + Potrebbe risultare necessario per evitare interruzioni di linea poco felici, + come in: +\begin_deeper +\layout Quote + +Una buona documentazione dovrebbe pesare non più di 1 +\newline +kg. + +\layout Standard + +Ovviamente sarebbe comodo inserire uno spazio unificatore tra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +kg +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Per far ciò scegliete da menu +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Carattere speciale \SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spazio unificatore +\family default +o da tastiera con +\family sans +C-Space. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +L'interruzione di linea: per forzare una interruzione di linea dentro un + paragrafo scegliete +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Carattere speciale \SpecialChar \menuseparator +Interruzione di linea +\family default +o da tastiera +\family sans +C-Return. + +\family default + Non dovreste tuttavia averne bisogno in quanto LaTeX assolve molto +\emph on +bene +\emph default + questa mansione \SpecialChar \ldots{} + (consultate la sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pagebreak} + +\end_inset + +). + Esistono comunque alcune situazioni nelle quali è necessario che vi serviate + attivamente della interruzione di linea, ad esempio in una poesia o per + un Indirizzo (leggete le sezioni +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote} + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:verse} + +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:adress_usage} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Itemize +\line_bottom +Le linee orizzontali sopra o sotto un paragrafo: sono utili nelle intestazioni + e li trovate nella finestra +\family sans +Ambiente\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +paragrafo +\family default +. + Questo: +\begin_deeper +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +ne è un esempio. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Section + +Controllo ortografico +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking} + +\end_inset + +LyX non possiede un correttore ortografico integrato, ma sfrutta come backend + l'applicativo esterno +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +L'ultima versione può essere trovata nel sito WWW di ispell +\family typewriter +http://ficus-www.cs.ucla.edu/ficus-members/geoff/ispell.html +\end_inset + + o il più recente ed in generale migliore +\family typewriter +aspell +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +http://metalab.unc.edu/kevina/aspell/ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Per avere notizie sulla installazione e su dove trovare i dizionari, consultate + la documentazione relativa ad +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + presente nella distribuzione di +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +. + Dopo aver installato +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + potrete servirvi della voce +\family sans +C +\bar under +o +\bar default +rrettore +\shape up +... + +\family default +\shape default + dal menu +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica +\family default + (assicuratevi che il file binario di +\family typewriter +\shape up +ispell +\family default +\shape default + si trovi in una delle directory del vostro +\family typewriter +PATH +\family default +. + Se disponete di una versione +\family typewriter +4.* +\family default + di +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, sarebbe una buona idea sostituirla con la versione attuale, la +\family typewriter +3.1.20 +\family default +. + La 4 è stata una versione GNU di ispell che ha avuto vita breve e manifestava + numerosi problemi.) +\layout Standard + +Avviate il processo di correzione scegliendo +\family sans +C +\bar under +o +\bar default +rrettore +\shape up +... + +\family default +\shape default + dal menu +\family sans +Mo +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica +\family default +, ricordando che la verifica avrà inizio a partire dalla posizione corrente + del cursore. + A seguito di ciò comparirà sullo schermo una finestra contenente due righe, + sulla prima delle quali sarà riportata qualunque parola errata (o sconosciuta) + incontrata da +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, parola che vi sarà possibile modificare e sostiture servendovi della seconda + riga. + Quando +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + individua una parola sconosciuta, questa viene evidenziata e la finestra + di testo aggiornata in modo da rendere visibile la parola. + Nella finestra +\family sans +Correttore +\family default + è presente inoltre il rettangolo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +vicino manca +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + che mostra gli eventuali termini possibili trovati da +\family typewriter +\shape up +ispell +\family default +\shape default +. + Cliccando su uno di essi, il termine prescelto sarà copiato nel campo +\family sans +Cambia +\family default + (doppio click per attuare la sosituzione). + Le funzioni associate ai tasti contenuti all'interno della finestra +\family sans +Correttore +\family default + sono abbastanza intuitive: +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Lancia\SpecialChar ~ +il\SpecialChar ~ +correttore +\family default + inizia la scansione delle parole dal punto del documento in cui è posto + il cursore. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Inserisci\SpecialChar ~ +nel\SpecialChar ~ +dizionario\SpecialChar ~ +personale +\family default + immette la parola in un dizionario di +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + di modo che la parola sia, da quel momento in poi, sempre riconosciuta. + +\layout Description + + +\family sans +\shape up +Acce +\shape default +tta\SpecialChar ~ +la +\shape up +\SpecialChar ~ + +\shape default +parola\SpecialChar ~ + +\shape up +in\SpecialChar ~ + +\shape default +questa\SpecialChar ~ +sessione +\family default + accetta il termine restituito +\family typewriter +da +\shape up +ispell +\family default +\shape default + per il resto della sessione attiva di controllo, senza però inserirla nel + dizionario personale . +\layout Description + + +\family sans +\shape up +Ignor +\shape default +a\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +parola +\family typewriter +\shape up + +\family default +\shape default +non modifica la parola individuata da +\family typewriter +\shape up +ispell +\family default +\shape default +, ma garantisce che venga nuovamente bloccata se dovesse essere incontrata + succesivamente lungo il documento. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Cambia\SpecialChar ~ +la\SpecialChar ~ +parola +\family default + sostituisce la parola con ciò che avete digitato nel campo +\family sans +Cambia +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Ferma\SpecialChar ~ +il\SpecialChar ~ +correttore +\family default + ferma il processo di correzione operato da +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, ma lascia aperta la finestra del controllore\SpecialChar \- +ortografico. + Ricordate che potete fermare l'operazione di controllo in ogni momento, + non solo dopo che sia stata trovata una parola errata. + +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Opzioni\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +correttore +\shape up +... + +\family default +\shape default + apre un'altra finestra mediante la quale agire sulle opzioni offerte da + +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +\shape up +C +\shape default +hiudi\SpecialChar ~ +il\SpecialChar ~ +correttore +\family default + fa ciò che vi aspettate che faccia. +\layout Standard + +In fondo alla finestra è presente un indicatore dello stato di avanzamento + della operazione di controllo ortografico. +\layout Subsection + +Opzioni del correttore ortografico +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt} + +\end_inset + +Nella finestra +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +pzioni\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +correttore +\family default + possono essere fissate le seguenti opzioni (alle quali è possibile accedere + attraverso il menu +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +pzioni +\family default +): +\layout Subsubsection + +Dizionario +\layout Standard + +Come comportamento predefinito il file di dizionario da utilizzare è scelto + per mezzo della lingua del documento che state verificando, lingua che + può essere scelta nella finestra invocata con +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\shape up +\bar default +ocument +\shape default +o +\family default + . + Se non possedeste un dizionario per la lingua del documento, +\family typewriter +\shape up +ispell +\family default +\shape default + uscirà subito dopo essere stata invocato e sul vostro stderr sarà stampato + un messaggio del tipo: +\layout Quote + + +\family typewriter +Can't find file /usr/lib/ispell/xyz.hash +\layout Standard + +mentre una finestra a comparsa vi informerà del fallimento dell'operazione. + In questo caso, potete specificare un altro file di dizionario all'interno + dell'apposito campo presente nella finestra +\family sans + Opzioni del correttore, +\family default +attivando nel contempo l'opzione +\family sans +Usa\SpecialChar ~ +un\SpecialChar ~ +dizionario\SpecialChar ~ +alternativo\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +p +\bar default +ersonale +\family default + o in alternativa cambiare la proprietà +\family sans +\shape up +L +\shape default +ingua +\family default + nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +documento +\family default + (raggiungibile mediante +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\shape up +D +\bar default +ocument +\shape default +o +\shape up +) +\family default +\shape default +. +\layout Standard + +Una ulteriore soluzione consiste nell'inserire un link che colleghi, ad + esempio, il file +\family typewriter +deutsch.(aff|hash) +\family default + al file +\family typewriter +german.(aff|hash) +\family default + o a qualunque altro che vada bene per la vostra lingua. + Ciò si spiega col fatto che i file di dizionario di ispell sono comunemente + indicati col nome nativo della lingua ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +deutsch +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) mentre +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, quando viene lanciato da lyx, cerca la versione Inglese del nome usato + con il pacchetto LaTeX babel ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +german +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Potreste avere problemi anche nel caso in cui la codifica dei caratteri + non fosse appropriata per quel dizionario. + Se scegliete una lingua con codifica latin1 e settate l'opzione +\family sans +Codi +\bar under +f +\bar default +ica +\family default + nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +documento +\family default + a +\family sans +latin1 +\family default + (o a qualunque altra differente da +\family sans +default +\family default +), questa stessa opzione dovrà essere prevista dal dizionario della vostra + lingua, in caso contrario sul stderr vi sarà comunicato il seguente messaggio + d'errore: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1' +\layout Standard + +Il correttore ortografico vi restituisce un errore con il quale vi informa + di non aver potuto lanciare il processo +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + a causa di qualche problema legato al file contenente il dizionario. + +\layout Standard + +Esistono quattro soluzioni a tale inconveniente. + La più semplice è quella di attivare l'opzione +\family sans +Co +\bar under +d +\bar default +ifica\SpecialChar ~ +d'ingresso\SpecialChar ~ +per\SpecialChar ~ +ispell +\family default + nella finestra relativa al correttore. + Se ciò non dovesse avere effetto, provate a settare +\family sans +Codi +\bar under +f +\bar default +ica +\family default + a +\family sans +default +\family default + nel momento in cui invocate il correttore. + La terza possibilità consiste nell'aggiungere l'opzione +\family typewriter +latin1 +\family default + al file di dizionario +\family typewriter +\emph on +< +\family default +lingua +\family typewriter +> +\emph default +.aff +\family default + di cui fate uso e ricompilare il dizionario (non è detto che questa operazione + sia semplice in quanto è probabile che abbiate installato il pacchetto + mediante una qualche distribuzione e non possediate la directory della + lingua contenente i sorgenti di +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +). + In tal caso fate riferimento alla documentazione di +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +! La quarta soluzione è quella di inviare un messaggio al manutentore del + pacchetto o ancora meglio al manutentore del file di dizionario preso in + considerazione, chiedendogli di risolvere il problema. +\layout Subsubsection + +Dizionario personale +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + immagazzina in un file di dizionario personale le parole che non sono contenute + nel dizionario principale in maniera tale da non notificare sempre le stesse + parole ogni qual volta effettuate la scansione di un documento. + Il nome assegnato a questo file è di solito ottenuto nella forma +\family typewriter +$HOME/.ispell_ +\family default +\emph on +dizionario +\family typewriter +\emph default +, +\family default + dove +\emph on +dizionario +\emph default +è la denominazione del dizionario globale utilizzato. + Di frequente il file (per il dizionario di default) è semplicemente +\family typewriter +$HOME/.ispell_words +\family default +. + Nel caso in cui desideraste fare riferimento ad un file differente quale + vostro dizionario personale, potrete effettuare tale scelta nella finestra + +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +pzioni\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +correttore +\family default +. + Fate attenzione al fatto che la directory nella quale +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + conserverà il vostro file è la vostra directory d'utente e non quella contenent +e il documento sul quale state lavorando! Specificando il nome di un file + inesistente, si otterrà come risultato un messaggio di errore sul stderr + che potete anche ignorare ( +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + creerà il file al termine della sessione di controllo ortografico attivata). +\layout Subsubsection + +Ulteriori opzioni +\layout Standard + +La finestra +\family sans +\bar under +O +\bar default +pzioni\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +correttore +\family default + contiene alcune opzioni addizionali il cui significato è abbastanza evidente: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ratta le parole raggruppate come accettabili +\family default + +\newline +Trattiene +\family sans +ispell +\family default + dal riportare le parole composte come errate. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Usa un dizionario alternativo +\bar under +p +\bar default +ersonale +\newline + +\family default +Qui potete specificare il nome da assegnare al file contenente un dizionario + personale. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Altri caratteri +\bar under +s +\bar default +peciali permessi nelle parole +\family default + +\newline +Vi permette di aggiungere caratteri non standard che saranno considerate + come parole da +\family typewriter +\shape up +ispell +\family default +\shape default +, ad esempio la dieresi tedesca. + Ciò non dovrebbe essere di norma necessario. +\layout Subsection + +Problemi +\layout Standard + +Se non riuscite ad effettuare il controllo ortografico dei caratteri internazion +ali, provate ad attivare l'opzione +\family sans +Codifica\SpecialChar ~ +d'ingresso\SpecialChar ~ +per\SpecialChar ~ +ispell +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Limitazioni +\layout Standard + +Anche quando +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + potrebbe verificare le contrazioni in modo corretto, ciò sembra non essere + vero se +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + è utilizzato dentro LyX. + Inoltre non è ancora del tutto chiaro se le opzioni per trattare le parole + raggruppate come accettabili o per includere ulteriori caratteri speciali + funzionano correttamente. +\layout Standard + +Alcuni utenti hanno espresso il desiderio di poter essere in grado di cambiare + globalmente l'ortografia di una singola parola piuttosto che effettuare + la medesima operazione separatamente per ciascuna occorrenza della parola + all'interno del testo. + Quest'ultima funzionalità verrà presa in considerazione per le versioni + successive di LyX. +\layout Section + +Supporto Internazionale +\layout Standard + +Qusta sezione si propone di descrivere come utilizzare LyX con qualunque + lingua desideriate. + LyX utilizza una configurazione predefinita che supporta la lingua Inglese + su una tastiera U.S.-style, con una dimensione del foglio standard U.S. + ed il correttore ortografico impostato su Inglese U.S. + Potete modificare qualunque di queste impostazioni a vostro piacimento, + applicando le modifiche limitatamente alla sessione di lavoro corrente + oppure utilizzandole nell'ambito di una nuova configurazione predefinita. +\layout Standard + +Se possedete una tastiera accordata al linguaggio che state impiegando (per + esempio, una tastiera tedesca per scrivere in Tedesco) ed il vostro ambiente + X è stato configurato correttamente, in LyX dovrete limitarvi a specificare + la vostra lingua, il tipo di codifica dei caratteri e la dimensione di + pagina desiderata. + Fate riferimento a +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:langlay} + +\end_inset + + per ulteriori informazioni. +\layout Standard + +Qualora abbiate una tastiera U.S.-style e volete scrivere in una lingua che + non sia l'Inglese, potete utilizzare una differente mappa di tastiera. + Per esempio, nel caso abbiate una tastiera U.S.-style ma desiderate scrivere + in Italiano, dovreste configurare LyX affinchè utilizzi una mappa di tastiera + Italiana. + Per i dettagli consultate +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:optkey} + +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + +In ultimo, potreste voler cambiare la mappatura di alcuni tasti o addirittura + crearne una totalmente nuova. + Ad esempio, normalmente vorreste scrivere in Italiano su una tastiera U.S. + ma con la possibilità di includere occasionalmente citazioni in Tedesco. + In tal caso, vi è consentito fissare la vostra personale mappa di tastiera + oppure modificarne una esistente per adattarla a quelle che sono le vostre + esigenze. + +\layout Standard + +I particolari inerenti le modalità di personalizzazione linguistica di LyX + esulano dagli obiettivi di questo manuale, sappiate però che è possibile + non solo modificare la struttura della tastiera, ma anche cambiare le intestazi +oni dei menu, etc., affinchè LyX +\emph on +comunichi +\emph default + nella vostra lingua. + Per saperne di più a riguardo, siete invitati a leggere il manuale +\emph on +Personalizzzazione +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Opzioni per la lingua presenti in +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay} + +\end_inset + +La finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +documento +\family default +, richiamabile da menu mediante +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +o, vi permette di settare la lingua e la codifica di carattere che vi sono + congeniali. +\layout Standard + +Per la scelta della lingua cliccate sulla freccia presente nella lista a + comparsa +\family roman + +\family sans +Lingua +\family roman + +\family default +contenuta nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +documento +\family default + (il valore predefinito è Inglese U.S.) e scorrete le varie scelte fino a + quando non trovate quella che vi interessa. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nel mondo LaTeX, selezionare una lingua diversa da quella predefinita significa + utilizzare il supporto di Babel. + Se non avete Babel installato, procuratevelo riferendovi ad altre distribuzioni + di LaTeX. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Il campo +\family sans +Codi +\bar under +f +\bar default +ica +\family default + vi permette di scegliere la mappa di codifica dei caratteri che intendete + utilizzare. + Quella predefinita è la codifica +\family typewriter +ASCII +\family default + che è in genere sufficiente per l'Inglese U.S. + Una estensione della codifica +\family typewriter +ASCII +\family default + è la codifica +\family typewriter +Latin1 +\family default +, che comprende i caratteri impiegati nelle diverse lingue dell'Europa Occidenta +le. + La terza scelta, +\family typewriter +Latin2 +\family default +, supporta invece i linguaggi dell'Europa Orientale. + (Per maggiori informazioni sulle codifiche di carattere consultate +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:keytab} + +\end_inset + +.) +\layout Standard + +Per modificare la dimensione del documento, selezionate da menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +oglio +\family default +, quindi scegliete la voce più appropriata dalla lista +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormato +\family default +. + Il valore predefinito è Lettera U.S. +\layout Standard + +Confermando con il tasto +\family sans +OK +\family default +, la nuova configurazione nata a seguito delle vostre modifiche su lingua, + dimensione del documento o codifica rimarrà attiva per l'intera durata + della vostra sessione d'uso di LyX. + +\layout Subsection + +Configurazione della mappa di tastiera +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey} + +\end_inset + + La finestra delle preferenze vi consente di specificare fino a due mappe + di tastiera. + Vi è così possibile scegliere la mappa dei tasti da utilizzare per la vostra + tastiera U.S.-style, indicando la lingua primaria e secondaria desiderate + e quale delle due intendete impiegare. + +\layout Standard + +Per prima cosa cliccate sulla freccia rivolta in basso relativamente alla + lista a comparsa +\family sans + Primaria +\family default + e scegliete la lingua per la mappa di tasti stati che preferite. + Procedete in maniera analoga per la lingua secondaria nella finestra +\family sans +Secondaria +\family default +. + Potete quindi procedere alla attivazione della mappa primaria o secondaria + all'interno della sezione +\family sans +Mappa +\family default + oppure scegliere +\family sans +\shape up +N +\shape default +essuna\SpecialChar ~ +mappa +\family default + se non volete far uso di una mappa diversa. + +\layout Standard + +Se la vostra lingua utilizza più di un insieme di caratteri, la finestra + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsieme dei caratteri +\family roman +\shape up + +\family default +\shape default +fa al caso vostro. + +\family roman +\shape up + +\family default +\shape default +Il Greco +\family roman +\shape up +, +\family default +\shape default +ad esempio +\family roman +\shape up +, u +\family default +\shape default +tilizza due insiemi differenti: un utente +\family roman +\shape up + Gre +\family default +\shape default +co +\family roman +\shape up + +\family default +\shape default +potrebbe quindi specificare +\family roman +\shape up + +\family typewriter +iso-8859-7 +\family roman + +\family default +\shape default +all'interno di questo campo +\family roman +\shape up + +\family default +\shape default +e vedere caricata, qualora fosse disponibile, la mappa dei caratteri appropriata + +\family roman +\shape up +( +\family default +\shape default +un file +\family typewriter + +\shape up +.cdef +\family roman +). + +\layout Standard + +Osservate come tra le scelte per le mappe primaria e secondaria vi sia +\family sans +other +\family default +. + Quest'ultima è da prendere in considerazione quando intendete usare una + mappa personalizzata creata da voi stessi. + Per esempio, le attuali distribuzioni di LyX forniscono una file di mappatura +\family roman + +\family typewriter +american-2 +\family default + all'interno della directory +\family typewriter +$LYX_DIR/kbd +\family default +. + Esso supporta alcuni caratteri accentati per altre lingue in aggiunta alla + mappa U.S. + Per adottare la mappa +\family typewriter +american-2 +\family default +, scegliete +\family sans + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pzioni\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +astiera +\family default + da menu, selezionate +\family sans +other +\family default + nella campo di selezione primario, quindi inserite il nome della mappa +\family roman + ( +\family typewriter +american-2 +\family roman +) +\family default +e confermate con +\family sans +\shape up +OK +\family default +\shape default +. + A questo punto dovreste essere in grado di produrre caratteri accentati + mediante la nuova mappa di tastiera. +\layout Subsection + +Tabelle dei Caratteri +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab} + +\end_inset + +Qui di seguito è riportata una tabella contenente tutti i caratteri previsti + dall'insieme +\family typewriter +Latin1 +\family default +. + Dovreste essere in grado di generare tutti i caratteri riprodotti direttamente + da tastiera senza servirvi di troppi tasti modificatori (questo naturalmente + nell'ipotesi che la vostra tastiera sia settata correttamente). + Fate attenzione al fatto che per usare questo insieme di caratteri avete + bisogno di impostare la vostra codifica (nella lista a comparsa +\family sans +Codi +\bar under +f +\bar default +ica +\family default + della finestra +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +truttura\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocumento +\family default +) a +\family sans +latin1 +\family default +, e a +\family sans +latin2 +\family default + per l'insieme +\family typewriter +Latin2 +\family default +. + +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny +00 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny +10 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny +20 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny +30 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny +40 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny +50 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny +60 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny +70 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny +80 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny +90 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size tiny 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+\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +/ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +? +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +O +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +_ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +o +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +¿ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Ï +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ß +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ï +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ÿ +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ci sono alcune cose che è bene sappiate su questa tabella. + Questo manuale è realizzato --- manualmente, ricordatelo --- per stampare + tutti i caratteri riportati sopra. + Ciò non è neanche lontanamente il comportamento predefinito. + Eccovi alcuni particolari che dovete tenere a a mente quando utilizzate + i caratteri dell'insieme +\family typewriter +Latin1 +\family default +: +\layout Itemize + +I caratteri aventi coordinate A2, A4, A5, A6 e AD -- il cent, lo yen, il + simbolo di valuta generica, la linea verticale spezzata e la linea breve + -- sono semplicemente scomparsi nelle codifiche predefinite. + Non sappiamo dove si trovino, nè il motivo di ciò. +\layout Itemize + +Anche se avete selezionato +\family sans +latin1 +\family default + nella finestra +\family sans +Struttura\SpecialChar ~ +del\SpecialChar ~ +documento +\family default +, tutti coloro che per LaTeX possiedono solo i font +\family typewriter +OT1 +\family default + [o chi ha i font +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default + ma non ne fa uso] perderanno ancora alcuni caratteri: D0, F0, DE, FE, AB + e BB -- i caratteri eth e thorn maiuscoli e minuscoli e le virgolette francesi + -- non saranno mostrati. +\layout Itemize + +Gli utenti che utilizzano i font +\family typewriter +OT1 +\family default + possono, tuttavia, ottenere le virgolette francesi [caratteri AB e BB] + includendo all'interno dei loro documenti o il pacchetto +\family typewriter +umlaute.sty +\family default + o il pacchetto +\family typewriter +german.sty +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Questo stratagemma funziona soltanto quando volete inserire queste virgolette + da voi. + La funzione di citazione, descritta nella Sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes} + +\end_inset + +, genererà automaticamente il codice LaTeX compatibile con i font ed i pacchetti + disponibili. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Segue adesso un elenco di tutti i caratteri accentati che LyX è in grado + di rappresentare in maniera diretta. + Tale elenco include non solo i caratteri accentati presenti nella tabella + precedente, ma anche quelli inerenti le codifiche da +\family typewriter +ISO8859--2 +\family default + fino a +\family typewriter +4 +\family default +. + +\layout Itemize + +Da +\family typewriter +ISO8859--1 +\family default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ +\hfill +dieresi +\layout Standard + +Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û +\hfill +circonflesso +\layout Standard + +` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù +\hfill +grave +\layout Standard + +Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý +\hfill +acuto +\layout Standard + +~ Ã Ñ Õ ã ñ õ +\hfill +tilde +\layout Standard + +¸Çç +\hfill +cedilla +\layout Standard + + +\hfill +macron +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Il macron morto è in genere non necessario, in quanto per esso farete uso + di un tasto non--morto. + Per esempio, S-M-minus, o se +\family typewriter +\shape up +.Xmodmap +\family default +\shape default + è corretto, S-M-macron. +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Da +\family typewriter +ISO8859--2 +\family default + fino a +\family typewriter +4 +\family default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +\i \^{H} +\i \^{J} +\i \^{h} +\i \^{\j} +\i \^{C} +\i \^{G} +\i \^{S} +\i \^{c} +\i \^{g} +\i \^{s} + +\hfill +circonflesso +\layout Standard + +\i \'{S} +\i \'{Z} +\i \'{s} +\i \'{z} +\i \'{R} +\i \'{L} +\i \'{C} +\i \'{N} +\i \'{r} +\i \'{l} +\i \'{c} +\i \'{n} + +\hfill +acuto +\layout Standard + +\i \~{I} +\i \~{\i} +\i \~{U} +\i \~{u} + +\hfill +tilde +\layout Standard + +\i \c{S} +\i \c{s} +\i \c{T} +\i \c{t} +\i \c{R} +\i \c{L} +\i \c{G} +\i \c{r} +\i \c{l} +\i \c{g} +\i \c{N} +\i \c{K} +\i \c{n} +\i \c{k} + +\hfill +cedilla +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Questi caratteri potranno non apparire molto graziosi sullo schermo, ma + il risultato è decisamente apprezzabile una volta lanciato LaTeX e effettuata + la stampa. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +\i \={E} +\i \={e} +\i \={A} +\i \={I} +\i \={O} +\i \={U} +\i \={a} +\i \={\i} +\i \={o} +\i \={u} + +\hfill +macron +\layout Standard + +\i \H{O} +\i \H{U} +\i \H{o} +\i \H{u} + +\hfill +dieresi ungherese +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tutti i caratteri di cui sopra sono supportati dai font TeX. + In aggiunta TeX permette di gestire gli accenti su quasi tutti i caratteri. + Assicuratevi inoltre di fare uso della codifica per i font +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default + e di avere installato il pacchetto +\family typewriter +umlaute.sty +\family default + con il file di definizione +\family typewriter +iso.def +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Supporto internazionale del correttore ortografico +\layout Standard + +LyX impiega +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + quale correttore ortografico. + Se non l'avete già fatto dovreste provvedere alla sua configurazione affinchè + funzioni sul vostro sistema. + Per ottenere il dizionario per la lingua desiderata, consultate il file + +\family typewriter +Where +\family default + che accompagna il pacchetto +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +. + Fate attenzione al fatto che alcuni dizionari non supportano la codifica + +\family typewriter +Latin1 +\family default + ed in questi casi il correttore ortografico potrebbe per alcuni non funzionare. + Per ulteriori informazioni riguardo il controllo ortografico internazionale + fate riferimento alla sezione +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:spellchecking} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Chapter + +Crediti +\layout Standard + +La documentazione è una sorta di esercizio all'interno di un grande calderone, + tante sono le mani di coloro che hanno contribuito in qualche modo alla + zuppa. +\layout Standard + +Prima di tutto, dobbiamo dare i giusti meriti a tutti coloro che ci hanno + preceduto. + Essi hanno gettato le fondamenta sulle quali sono stati costruiti i nuovi + manuali ed alcuni continuano nel fornire ulteriori contributi: +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich +\noun default + ha scritto la documentazione originale, dalla quale è nato questo manuale + così come l'introduzione allo stesso [o il +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Manifesto di LyX, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + come alcuni di noi lo chiamano]. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Lars Gullik Bjønnes +\noun default + ha scritto molti minidocumenti, inclusa parte delle informazioni riguardanti + il supporto internazionale in LyX. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Ivan Schreter +\noun default + ha scritto anch'egli un minidocumento relativo al supporto internazionale, + in particolare ciò che riguarda le mappe di tastiera e la personalizzazione + internazionale. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Pascal André +\noun default + ha documentato in origine l'interfaccia LinuxDoc SGML. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Alejandro Aguilar Sierra +\noun default + ha descritto in origine la modalità matematica ed ha fornito le descrizioni + relative alle funzioni matematiche nel file +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\layout Itemize + +Ringraziamenti speciali vanno al LyX Team\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit} + +\end_inset + + per l'aiuto e le risposte ai quesiti. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ora è tempo di dare i crediti al +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Gruppo per la Documentazione di LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ovvero tutti coloro che hanno fornito un aiuto nel processo di riscrittura + della vecchia documentazione nella forma che ha assunto dopo la versione + 0.10: +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +David Johnson +\noun default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Contributore alla FAQ e al vecchio +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +HowDoI-.lyx +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [ora defunto]. +\layout Itemize + +assistenza nella fase di digitazione. +\layout Itemize + +Documentazione su: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +modalità matematica +\layout Itemize + +tabelle +\layout Itemize + +controllo ortografico +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +in +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Rich Fields +\noun default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Contributore principale per +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\layout Itemize + +Documentazione della interfaccia base di LyX in +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Paul Evans +\noun default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Secondo manutentore della FAQ e del vecchio +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +HowDoI-.lyx +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [ora defunto]. +\layout Itemize + +Documentazione relativa a LinuxDoc in +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Paul Russel: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Documentazione relativa alle immagini ed all'importazione di grafici in + +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +John Raithel +\noun default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Documentazione per le funzionalità di internazionalizzazione in +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Robin Socha: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Documentazione sulle: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +note a piè di pagina +\layout Itemize + +note a margine +\layout Itemize + +sommario +\layout Itemize + +riferimenti incrociati +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +in +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Amir Karger +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Contributore principale per +\family typewriter +Tutorial.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Matthias Zenker: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Documentazione su +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +controllo manuale dei dettagli +\layout Itemize + +uso di LaTeX da LyX +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +in +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Organizzazione generale e formato dei documenti. +\layout Itemize + +Documentazione su : +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +installazione di LyX +\layout Itemize + +ambienti paragrafo, struttura del documento, annidamenti, note tipografiche, + caratteri +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +con qualche modifica minore alla sezione introduttiva di +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich +\noun default + in +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Responsabile anche della Introduzione in +\family typewriter +Tutorial.lyx +\layout Itemize + +Editor dei documenti. + [dal 6/96-inizio 1997] +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +A partire dall'inizio del 1997, il LyX Team si è incaricato della completa + manutenzione della documentazione. +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {lyxcredit} + +The LyX source tree. + File: CREDITS. +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {latexbook} + +Leslie Lamport. + +\emph on +LaTeX: A Document Preparation System. + +\emph default +Addison-Wesley, seconda edizione, 1994 +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {latexcompanion} + +Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach e Alexander Samarin: +\emph on +The +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + +LaTeX Companion. + +\emph default +Addison-Wesley, 1994 +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {latexguide} + +A Guide to LaTeX2e, Kopka Daly. + +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {texbook} + +Donald E. + Knuth. + +\emph on +The TeXbook +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/mobius.eps b/lib/doc/mobius.eps new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fb8dee0fa1 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/mobius.eps @@ -0,0 +1,724 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: (ImageMagick) +%%Title: (mobius.eps) +%%CreationDate: (Sun Aug 17 01:45:11 1997) +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 367 158 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For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language dutch +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage widemarginsa4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Inleiding tot LyX +\newline +of +\newline +Hoe gebruik je de Documentatie!! +\layout Author + +door John Weiss en het LyX Team +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Door de Documentatie Navigeren +\layout Standard + +Welkom bij LyX! +\layout Standard + +Om het beantwoorden van je vragen gemakkelijker te maken en om alle mogelijkhede +n van LyX te beschrijven, is de documentatie opgesplitst in een aantal verschill +ende delen. + Elk onderdeel heeft een eigen functie die verderop zal worden beschreven. + Echter, voordat je de documentatie begint door te ploegen, zou je eerst + grondig deze inleiding moeten doorlezen. + Er staat veel nuttige informatie in en het bevat tips die je veel tijd + kunnen besparen. +\layout Standard + +Alhoewel het versienummer van LyX nu 1.0 (of hoger) is, kan de documentatie + gedeeltelijk incompleet zijn of een versie achter lopen. + Net als de rest van LyX, is de documentatie het product van een groep vrijwilli +gers die +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +echte banen +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + hebben, en families, en afwas te doen, kattebak te legen, enzovoort, enzovoort, + enzovoort. + We doen ons best om de handleidingen picco-bello in orde te houden, maar + mogelijk lukt dit ons niet altijd. + (Als je ons wilt helpen deze situatie te verbeteren, lees dan in ieder + geval paragraaf\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + + in aanvulling op de rest van dit document.) +\layout Standard + +Nog een verzoekje---als iets in deze handleidingen je verwart, of als het + onduidelijk is of fout, aarzel dan niet het ons te laten weten! Je kunt + de huidige documentatiebeheerders bereiken door naar +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default + te mailen. + Als je vragen hebt die niet in de documentatie worden beantwoord, en je + hebt snel hulp nodig, is er een actieve mailing list die je kunt bereiken + op +\family typewriter +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org. +\layout Section + +Het formaat van de Handleidingen +\layout Standard + +Misschien hebben sommigen van jullie de handleiding(en) uitgeprint. + Anderen lezen het misschien online, als een bestand binnen LyX. + Voor diegenen die het online lezen zijn er enkele verschillen met de uitgeprint +e versie. + Ten eerste, staat de titel gewoon bovenaan het document en niet geformatteerd + op een aparte pagina zoals in sommige van de uitgeprinte versies. + Ook zijn de voetnoten onzichtbaar, en de inhoudsopgave ontbreekt. + Een voetnoot ziet er uit als volgt: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Hoi! +\layout Standard + +Om mij te sluiten, moet je op het grijze vakje links drukken, daar waar + je het woord +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ziet staan. +\end_inset + +. + Om de inhoud van een voetnoot te bekijken moet je er met de linker muisknop + op drukken. + Voor de inhoudsopgave kun je op de grijze knop +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Table of Contents +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + drukken (hiet te vinden onder de titel) of je kunt het Navigate menu gebruiken + waar de inhoud automatisch staat weergegeven. + (Probeer het maar!) +\layout Standard + +In de uitgeprinte handleidingen wijzen alle kruisverwijzingen naar de feitelijke + nummers van een hoofdstuk, paragraaf, subparagraaf, enzovoort. + Online, verschijnen kruisverwijzingen echter als een grijze knop zoals + hier: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +. + (De uitgeprinte handleidingen laten hier een nummer zien). + Als je hier met je linker muisknop drukt, verschijnt er een popup scherm + met daarin een lijst van alle kruisverwijzingen in het document. + Deze inleiding heeft er slechts een, genaamd Contrib. + Je kunt naar de plek gaan waar de kruisverwijzing naar wijst door op de + knop met het label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Go to reference +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + te drukken. + Teruggaan naar de plek waar je vandaan kwam is net zo makkelijk. + +\layout Standard + +Nu we een aantal verschillen hebben verduidelijkt tussen uitgeprinte en + de online versies van dit bestand, kunnen we naar de vorm van dit document + gaan kijken. + Nu en dan zul je dingen in een verschillend lettertype tegenkomen: +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Cursieve Stijl +\emph default +wordt over het algemeen gebruikt om nadruk te geven, voor algemene argumenten, + boektitels, titels van paragrafen van andere handleidingen, en opmerkingen + van de auteurs. + +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Typemachine +\family default + wordt gebruikt voor programma,- en bestandsnamen, LaTeX-code, en LyX-code + en functies. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Sans Serif +\family default + wordt gebruikt voor het aanduiden van menu(onderdelen), knoppen, titels + van popup-vensters, en voor de toetsen van het toetsenbord. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Hoofdletter stijl +\noun default + wordt gebruikt voor eigennamen. +\layout Standard + +Toetsen en toetscombinaties worden behandeld in de paragraaf +\emph on +Toetscombinaties +\emph default + van de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Referentiehandleiding +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (het bestand +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\family default +). + Als we evenwel toch naar toetsen moeten refereren, zullen we de volgende + afspraken hanteren: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + betekent de +\family sans +Control- +\family default + toets. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + betekent de +\family sans +Shift- +\family default + toets. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + betekent de +\family sans +Meta- +\family default + toets, wat op veel toetsenborden de +\family sans +Alt- +\family default + toets is. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + zijn de funcitie toetsen. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is de escape toets. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +L +\family default +inks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Rechts +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Op +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Neer +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: de cursortoetsen. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Insert +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Home +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +End +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: dit zijn de 6 toetsen die bij veel toetsenborden boven de cursortoetsen + zitten. + Op sommige toetsenborden heten de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + toetsen: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Prior +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Next +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Return +\family default + en +\family sans +Enter +\family default + refereren beiden naar dezelfde toets. + Op sommige toestenborden is deze gelabeld met +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Enter +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Return +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, op anderen staat een geknikte pijl. + Weer andere toetsenborden hebben beide toetsen. + Voor LyX zijn beide toetsen gelijkwaardig dus zullen we beiden door elkaar + gebruiken. +\layout Standard + +Af en toe zal je aanwijzingen als +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +[Zie de +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + +Referentie Handleiding +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + +] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + zien. + Daar zijn, voor elke functie, alle mogelijke toetsencombinaties opgesomd. + Je kunt daar dus altijd kijken. + Merk op dat er twee verschillende sets toetscombinaties in gebruik zijn + bij de LyX gemeenschap: de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +CUA +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + stijl is de standaard en vertrouwd voor degenen die uit de PC-wereld komen. + De andere stijl is de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +emacs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + stijl die vertrouwd is voor degenen die zijn opgegroeid met een Unix systeem + en de Emacs editor gebruiken. + Tenzij er specifiek op wordt gewezen zijn de toetscombinaties beschreven + in de documentatie die van de standaard CUA set. + Als je Emacs gewend bent zul je vast en zeker slim genoeg zijn om de documentat +ie te lezen en zelf de toetscombinaties uit te vogelen. +\layout Section + +De Handleidingen +\layout Standard + +De volgende lijst beschrijft de inhoud van elk onderdeel van de documentatie: + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Inleiding \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Dit bestand. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Tutorial \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Als LyX nieuw voor je is en je nog nooit eerder LaTeX hebt gebruikt, zou + je hier moeten beginnen. + Als je denkt dat LaTeX het spul is waar condooms van worden gemaakt, moet + je hier zeker beginnen. + Waarschijnlijk ben je na het lezen van de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +nog steeds van mening dat LaTeX rekbaar materiaal is maar je weet dan in + ieder geval hoe je met LyX om moet gaan. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Als je LaTeX +\emph on +wel +\emph default + eerder hebt gebruikt, zou je nog steeds de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + moeten lezen, beginnend bij de paragraaf over +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX voor LaTeX gebruikers. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (Het vluchtig doornemen van de rest kan natuurlijk nooit kwaad.) +\layout Standard + +Mocht je ooit in de situatie zitten dat je het even helmaal niet meer snapt, + probeer dan eens de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + aandachtig door te lezen voordat je in de andere handleidingen duikt. + Het is een goede springplank. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Het belangrijkste deel van de documentatie. + We zullen trachten hier alle basismogelijkheden en functies van LyX te + beschrijven. + Deze handleiding gaat er van uit dat je de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + hebt gelezen. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +of dat je oppervlakkig bekend bent met LaTeX. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Uitgebreide\SpecialChar ~ +Mogelijkheden \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline + +\emph default +Uitbreiding van de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default +. + Documenteert aanvullende layouts en specifieke bewerkingsmogelijkheden, + inclusief enkele trucjes van de LaTeX tovenaars. + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Instellingen \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Een beschrijving van geavanceerde LyX mogelijkheden, inclusief het instellen + van het globale gedrag van van LyX zoals toetscombinaties, internationalisatie, + en configuratiebestanden. + Peins er zelfs niet over om hier te komen voordat je de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + hebt gelezen. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Referentie\SpecialChar ~ +Handleiding \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Dit bevat een volledige en gedetailleerde beschrijving van de mogelijkheden + van LyX, maar zonder de handige gebruiksaanwijzingen en beschrijvingen + zoals je die vindt in de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default +, de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, of andere handleidingen. + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Bekende\SpecialChar ~ +fouten \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Dit bestand bevat een lijst van bekende fouten van LyX, en tevens informatie + over wat je moet doen als je een fout in LyX hebt gevonden. + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +configuratie \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Bij het installeren onderzoekt LyX je systeem. + Dit bestand bevat de tijdens de installatie gevonden informatie. + Bekijk het eens, om te zien of er mogelijk ontbrekende LaTeX pakketten + tussen zitten die je graag geinstalleerd zou willen hebben. + +\layout Standard + +Daar waar nodig, refereren deze bestanden naar elkaar. + Bijvoorbeeld, de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + bevat +\emph on +wat +\emph default + informatie over het installeren en het instellen, maar verwijst de lezer + naar de handleiding +\emph on +Instellingen +\emph default + voor meer informatie. + +\layout Standard + +We zullen het nog een keer zeggen: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.51cm \added_space_bottom 0.51cm \align center +Als je voor het eerst met LyX werkt, lees dan de Tutorial. + En wel nu meteen\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Je zou jezelf nodeloos kunnen frustreren als je het niet doet. + LyX doet alles wat je van een tekstverwerker mag verwachten, maar het heeft + een andere aanpak. +\layout Section + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +Meehelpen met het Documentation Project +\layout Subsection + +Fouten in de Handleidingen Rapporteren +\layout Standard + +Dat is makkelijk genoeg. + Je zou een bericht kunnen sturen naar de Developer's Mailing List of de + User's Mailing List. + Het Documentatie Team heeft echter liever dat je een bericht stuurt naar + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org. + +\family default + Als het kleine aanpassingen zijn zal iemand dit veranderen. + Als het grote veranderingen zijn, stellen we voor dat je je bij de mailing + list aanmeldt en enige tijd met ons praat voordat je iets doet. + +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 1.06cm \added_space_bottom 1.06cm \align center + +\emph on +Verander nooit iets in een handleiding zonder toestemming van het Documentatie + Team! +\layout Standard + +Je veranderingen zouden anders nooit in de documentatie terechtkomen, omdat + het Documentatie Team de originelen beheert via het CVS systeem. + +\layout Subsection + +Jezelf Aanmelden bij het Documentation Team. +\layout Standard + +Net als de rest van het LyX Project, kan het Documentatie Project altijd + hulp gebruiken! Als je geïnteresseerd bent om mee te helpen met het Documentati +e Project, zorg dan dat je het volgende +\emph on +eerst +\emph default + doet: +\layout Enumerate + +Haal de broncode op van de meest recente versie van LyX, en pak het uit. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Als je avontuurlijk bent ingesteld kun je ook anoniem meest actuele LyX + broncode ophalen via CVS systeem. +\end_inset + + Je zult hierin een map vinden getitelt +\family typewriter +development +\family default +. + Hierin bevindt zich het bestand +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx. + +\family default + Lees dit; het beschrijft de stijl voor de documentatie. + +\layout Enumerate + +Neem een paar dagen vakantie en lees dan nogmaals het +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + bestand. +\layout Enumerate + +Lees hierna de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + en de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Het idee hierachter is, om je op ideeën te brengen. + De +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + en de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + zullen altijd het meest up-to-date van alle documentatie zijn. + Je zult op deze manier wat inzicht vergaren in hoe wij ons een handleiding + voorstellen. + +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Lees +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + opnieuw. +\layout Enumerate + +En als laatste; neem contact op met het team: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\layout Standard + +We willen ons ervan verzekeren dat je de stijl begrijpt +\emph on +voordat +\emph default + je met schrijven begint, anders zul je je teksten moeten herschrijven. + +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Begin pas met schrijven +\emph on +nadat +\emph default + we via email contact met elkaar hebben gehad. + Op de webpagina van het Documentatie Team, of via de archieven van de mailingli +jsten op +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org} + +\end_inset + + kun je zien wat er op het gebied van documentatie gaande is. + +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/nl_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/nl_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bdbdf06d96 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/nl_Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,6016 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language dutch +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +De LyX Tutorial +\layout Author + +door Amir Karger en het LyX Team +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Inleiding +\layout Section + +Welkom bij LyX! +\layout Standard + +Dit document is bedoeld voor een ieder die nog nooit van LaTeX heeft gehoord + of er weinig van weet. + Wees niet bezorgd! Je hoeft geen LaTeX te kennen om LyX te kunnen gebruiken. + Dat is per slot van rekening precies de bedoeling van LyX: het leveren + van een bijna-WYSIWYG omgeving voor LaTeX. + Er zijn echter bepaalde dingen die je zult moeten leren om effectief van + LyX gebruik te kunnen maken. +\layout Standard + +Waarschijnlijk heb je deze tutorial opgezocht omdat je probeerde twee spaties + achter een +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + te zetten, of omdat je 3 lege regels tussen twee paragrafen wilde hebben. + Pas na veel gevloek ontdekte je dat dat niet lukt. + Je zult ondervinden dat veel handigheden, die je normaliter in andere + tekstverwerkers gebruikt, gewoonweg niet werken in LyX. + Dat komt omdat de meeste tekstverwerkers die je tot nu toe gebruikte van + je verlangen dat alle spaties, font veranderingen enz. + door jou zelf worden ingevoerd. + Uiteindelijk ben je dus niet alleen een tekst aan het schrijven, maar + moet je het nog opmaken ook. + LyX neemt het opmaak werk van je over, op een consistente manier, zodat + je je aandacht bij de belangrijke dingen kunt houden, zoals de inhoud van + je tekst. +\layout Standard + +Wees dus geduldig en lees verder. + Het lezen van deze tutorial is echt de moeite waard. +\layout Section + +Wat deze Tutorial +\emph on +wel +\emph default + is en wat het +\emph on +niet +\emph default + is +\layout Standard + +Voordat we met dit onderdeel beginnen hebben we nog een kleine aanwijzing. + De +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + gebruikt de notatie die in de +\emph on + Introductie +\emph default + wordt uitgelegd. + Als dit de eerste handleiding is die je bekijkt, lees dan nu de +\emph on +Introductie +\emph default +. + Ja, we bedoelen nu meteen. +\layout Standard + +En nu je weet wat de verschillende fonts betekenen, kunnen we iets uitleggen + over wat de bedoeling is bij deze +\emph on + Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Hoe je het maximale uit deze Tutorial kunt halen. +\layout Standard + +Deze tutorial bestaat uit voorbeelden en oefeningen. + Om het maximale uit dit document te halen zul je, al lezend, alle stomme + kleine dingen moeten typen die we je opdragen, en alle oefeningen moeten + doen om te kijken of je ze goed doet. + Gemakshalve zou je de PostScript® versie van dit document kunnen uitprinten. +\layout Standard + +Als je al vertrouwd bent met LaTeX, zul je deze +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + waarschijnlijk iets sneller kunnen doorlezen. + De meeste LyX concepten zijn namelijk gewoon LaTeX concepten in vermomming. + LyX heeft echter een aantal eigenaardigheden +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +anders gezegd , +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +kenmerken +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + die je zult willen leren. + Zelfs als je geen zin hebt de rest van de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + door te lezen, zou je zeker Sectie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexgebruikers} + +\end_inset + + door moeten nemen die speciaal voor ervaren LaTeX gebruikers is geschreven. +\layout Standard + +Sectie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:wat-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + is een overblijfsel van een oudere versie van de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +en is een beetje pittige kost. + Het is evenwel een aardig overzicht van LyX dus misschien wil je het doorlezen + om een gevoel te krijgen waar het bij LyX nu eigenlijk over gaat. +\layout Subsection + +Wat je +\emph on +niet +\emph default + zult vinden: +\layout Itemize + +Oplepelen van informatie of denken dat de lezers achterlijk zijn. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +De trend in doe-het-zelf literatuur voor computers vandaag de dag +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Notitie van +\noun on +John +\noun default +Weiss: \SpecialChar \ldots{} +wel, in ieder geval in Amerika, waar we alles simplificeren tot het + niveau van de grootste gemene deler\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + lijkt te zijn: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Neem aan dat de gebruiker het IQ van een garnaal heeft. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Dit zullen wij niet doen. +\layout Standard + +Aan de andere kant begrijpen we dat de meeste gebruikers een handleiding + opzoeken, en speciaal een tutorial, als ze de weg kwijt zijn. + Hoewel we dus zullen aannemen dat u, de gebruiker, niet stom bent, begrijpen + we dat u een beetje verward bent. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Instructies hoe je je muis of je toetsenbord moet gebruiken. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Als je er nu nog niet achter bent hoe je je computer moet gebruiken, kunnen + wij je niet helpen. + Zulke dingen vallen buiten het bereik van de LyX handleidingen +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Afgezien daarvan, als je LyX al gebruikt zal je waarschijnlijk wel slimmer + zijn de gemiddelde mens. + +\end_inset + +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Gedetailleerde beschrijvingen van alle eigenschappen van LyX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Wat! je wilt twee versies van de gebruikshandleiding? +\layout Standard + +Zonder gekheid, de bedoeling is om je een goede start te geven zodat je + alleen nog maar de gebruikshandleiding nodig hebt. + Als we zouden proberen alle informatie over alle eigenschappen van LyX + te hier te dupliceren, zou de Tutorial overtollig, te lang en voor altijd + verouderd zijn. + Het enige wat we hier doen is dingen introduceren; Denk maar dat er op + het einde van elke sectie een +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +zie de gebruikshandleiding +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + staat. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Gedetailleerde beschrijvingen van LaTeX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Onnodig. + Als je echt nieuwsgierig bent naar gave trucjes die je met LaTeX kunt uithalen, + kan je altijd een LaTeX boek halen. + Er zijn verscheidene goede boeken over verschenen. + Geen noodzaak om het wiel opnieuw uit te vinden\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Zo, dappere lezer, het is tijd om verder te gaan. + Je kunt een korte excursie door de volgende sectie nemen, of je kunt doorgaan + naar sectie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:eerste-doc} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Wat is LyX? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:wat-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Overzicht +\layout Standard + +De aanvankelijke uitdaging van het gebruik van LyX ligt deels in het omschakelen + in denken dat jij, de gebruiker, moet maken. + Vroeger waren typemachines het enige hulpmiddel om documenten te maken + en leerden we allemaal bepaalde trucjes om hun beperkingen te omzeilen. + Onderstrepen, wat niet meer is dan de regel overtypen met het +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + teken, was een manier om tekst nadruk te geven. + Om een tabel te maken, zocht je van te voren uit hoe groot elke kolom moest + zijn en vervolgens zette je de desbetreffende tabs. + Hetzelfde gold voor brieven en andere rechts uitgelijnde tekst. + Woordafbreking aan het einde van een regel vereiste een kundig oog en ver + vooruit kunnen zien. +\layout Standard + +Met andere woorden, we waren allemaal getraind om na te denken over kleine + details als: welk teken moet waar staan. +\layout Standard + +Als gevolg van hiervan hebben bijna alle tekstverwerkers deze gedachtegang. + Ze gebruiken nog steeds tabs om witruimte toe te voegen. + Je moet nog steeds nadenken over waar precies iets op het papier moet komen. + Tekst nadruk geven betekent het lettertype veranderen, alsof je er een + ander typemachinewiel op zet. + Je snapt wat we bedoelen. +\layout Standard + +Hier verschilt LyX van een gewone tekstverwerker. + Je houdt je niet bezig met welk teken waar moet komen. + Je vertelt LyX wat je aan het doen bent en LyX doet de rest, volgens een + stel regels dat een stijl wordt genoemd. + Laten we naar een klein voorbeeld kijken: +\layout Standard + +Stel, je schrijft een rapport. + Aan het begin van je rapport wil je een sectie genaamd +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Introductie. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Dus je gaat naar het menu-onderdeel van je tekstverwerker dat de fontgrootte + verandert en je kiest een groter of kleiner lettertype. + Vervolgens zet je +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Vet +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + aan en typ je: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +Introductie +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Als je later besluit dat dit gedeelte ergens anders in het document hoort, + of als je er een nieuwe sectie voor zet, moet je de nummering voor deze + en alle volgende secties aanpassen, evenals elke referentie in de inhoudsopgave. +\layout Standard + +In LyX ga je naar het menu helemaal links op de knoppenbalk, je selecteert + Sectie en typt +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Introductie +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Dat is alles. + Als je de sectie verplaatst zal het automatisch hernummerd worden--- overal. + Er is zelfs een manier om automatisch elke referentie in het document naar + de betreffende sectie, door LyX te laten bijwerken. +\layout Standard + +Laten we vervolgens eens naar het probleem van consistentie kijken. + Vijf dagen later heropen je je rapport en je begint te typen bij sectie + 4. + Je was echter vergeten dat je een fontgrootte van 18pt vet gebruikte in + plaats van 16pt, dus typ je de kop van sectie 4 in een andere fontgrootte + dan die je gebruikte voor sectie 1. + Dat probleem bestaat niet eens in LyX. + De computer regelt al het vervelende boekhoudwerk en onthoudt welk onderdeel + welke fontgrootte had, niet jij. + Per slot van rekening is dat waar computers goed in zijn. +\layout Standard + +Nog een voorbeeld. + Stel, je bent een lijst aan het maken. + In andere tekstverwerkers is een lijst niet anders dan een stel tabs en + nieuwe regels. + Je moet voor elk item zelf uitzoeken waar het label komt, welk label het + moet zijn, hoe veel lege regels er tussen elk item moeten komen, enzovoort. + Bij LyX hoef je je maar met twee dingen te bemoeien: wat voor soort lijst + is het en wat wil ik er in zetten. + Dat is alles. +\layout Standard + +Het basisidee achter LyX is dus: zeg +\emph on +wat +\emph default + je aan het doen bent, niet +\emph on +hoe +\emph default + je het moet doen. + In plaats van +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +wat je ziet is wat je krijgt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, is het LyX model: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +wat je ziet is wat je bedoelt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (In het Engels: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +what you see is what you mean +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, afgekort : +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +WYSIWYM +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\layout Subsection + +Verschillen tussen LyX en Tekstverwerkers +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nee, we proberen hier niet een heilige oorlog over tekstverwerkers te starten + (of te winnen). + Maar we zijn wel van mening dat het belangrijk is om de eigenschappen van + LyX te beschrijven. + En een van de belangrijkste eigenschappen, WYSIWYM, is een fundamenteel + ander idee dat 99% van de mensheid heeft over tekstverwerken. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Hier is een lijst van zaken die je niet in LyX zult vinden: +\layout Itemize + +De liniaal +\layout Itemize + +Tabs +\layout Itemize + +Extra witruimte (d.w.z. + twee of meer keren achter elkaar op +\family sans +Enter +\family default + of +\family sans +Spatie +\family default +drukken) +\layout Standard + +Tabs, en een liniaal die de positie van objecten op een pagina aangeeft, + zijn zinloos in LyX. + Het programma zoekt uit waar dingen op het papier komen, niet jij. + Hetzelfde geldt voor extra witruimte; LyX voegt dit toe daar waar dit nodig + is, afgaand op de context. + In het begin zal het irritant zijn om niet twee lege regels achter elkaar + te kunnen invoegen, maar het wordt logisch als je in WYSIWYM termen gaat + denken. +\layout Standard + +Hier zijn aan aantal dingen die wel in LyX bestaan, maar die op een andere + manier worden gebruikt als je zou denken: +\layout Itemize + +Regels voor het inspringen +\layout Itemize + +Het afbreken van paginas +\layout Itemize + +Ruimte tussen regels (d.w.z. + enkele regelafstand, dubbele regelafstand, enz.) +\layout Itemize + +Witruimte, zowel horizontaal als verticaal +\layout Itemize + +Lettertypen en groottes +\layout Itemize + +Typefaces (vet, cursief, onderstreept, etc.) +\layout Standard + +Hoewel ze in LyX bestaan, heb je ze in het algemeen niet nodig. + LyX zal deze dingen voor je verzorgen, afhankelijk van wat je aan het doen + bent. + Verschillende onderdelen van het document worden automatisch in een verschillen +de typeface en lettergrootte gezet. + Het inspringen van paragrafen is afhankelijk van de context; verschillende + paragraaftypen worden verschillend ingesprongen. + Pagina-afbreking wordt ook automatisch verzorgd. + In het algemeen is de regelafstand, woordafstand en de afstand tussen paragrafe +n variabel, en worden deze gezet door LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Er zijn manieren of al deze dingen zelf aan te passen [slechts enkele behoeven + kennis van LaTeX], ofwel voor een heel document, ofwel voor een specifieke + plaats in een document. + Zie de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + voor details. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Tenslotte zijn er een aantal dingen waar LyX (en LaTeX) veel tekstverwerkers + voorbijstreeft: +\layout Itemize + +Woordafbreking +\layout Itemize + +Lijsten in elk type +\layout Itemize + +Wiskunde +\layout Itemize + +Tabellen +\layout Itemize + +Verwijzingen +\layout Standard + +Toegegeven, veel moderne tekstverwerkers kunnen overweg met wiskundige symbolen, + tabellen, en woordafbreking en sommigen hebben zelfs stijldefinities en + gaan meer richting het WYSIWYM concept. + Dit is echter iets wat ze pas recentelijk hebben kunnen doen terwijl LyX + voortbouwt op het het LaTeX document opmaak systeem. + LaTeX bestaat al meer dan 15 jaar, en het +\emph on +werkt +\emph default +. + Alle fouten en oneffenheden zijn reeds lang geleden gladgestreken. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +OK, niets is perfect, maar LaTeX is zo foutvrij als een computerprogramma + maar kan zijn. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Een laatste, en meest belangrijk, verschil tussen LyX en andere tekstverwerkers + is stabiliteit. + Anders dan bepaalde commerciële tekstverwerkers claimt LyX niet stabiel + te zijn om vervolgens elke 30 minuten te crashen als zij een groot document + te verwerken krijgt. + Het LyX Team weet dat we niet elke fout zullen vinden, noch zullen we proberen + de fouten af te doen als programma-eigenschappen. + ( It's not a bug, it's a feature!). + Wanneer die fouten (oh, sorry\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +programma-eigenschappen +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +) de kop opsteken en LyX doen crashen, zou je denken dat LyX de laatste + 3 pagina's van je creatieve onderneming mee de verdoemenis in neemt. +\layout Standard + +Neeheej. +\layout Standard + +Mocht LyX crashen, dan bewaart het, voordat het afgesloten wordt, eerst + elk document dat in het geheugen zit in een noodbestand. + Bij een herstart, zal LyX deze noodbestanden opmerken, in het bijzonder + als je de betreffende bestanden wilt openen. + LyX zal je dan attenderen en vragen of je het noodbestand wilt laden, of + het origineel, afhankelijk welke nieuwer is. + Vele gebruikers hebben hun doctorale dissertaties met LyX geschreven. + Zelden of nooit zijn ze een pagina kwijtgeraakt, ondanks een crash zo nu + en dan. +\layout Subsection + +Wat +\emph on +is +\emph default + dat LaTeX eigenlijk? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX is een document-opmaak-systeem ontworpen door Leslie Lamport in 1985 +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +De bron voor de info in deze paragraaf is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\emph default +, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + door Helmut Kopka en Patrick Daly. + Een verwijzing naar dit boek is te vinden in de bibliografie bij de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + +. + Dit was weer gebaseerd op een opmaaktaal genaamd TeX, door Donald Knuth + geschreven in 1984. +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + wordt uitgesproken als +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Teg +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Vele mensen vinden het te technisch. + De meesten, echter, begrijpen niet wat TeX eigenlijk is. + TeX leest een serie opmaakcodes, geschreven in een script in een ASCII + bestand, en voert deze vervolgens uit. + Het is een beetje ingewikkelder dan een typemachine, maar lang niet zo + ingewikkeld als een drukkerijmachine. + Wat in ieder geval uit TeX komt, is een bestand in het zogenaamde +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +apparaat onafhankelijke +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +device independent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) formaat, +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + in het kort. + Je kunt dit +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestand hierna invoeren in elk programma dat dit formaat begrijpt, of dit + kan omzetten naar andere formaten zoals het PostScript® formaat. +\layout Standard + +Zou het niet voor één andere programma-eigenschap zijn, dan was TeX niets + anders geweest dan een opmaakmotor. + TeX laat je echter ook macros definieren. + En dán begint het leuk te worden. +\layout Standard + +De meeste mensen die TeX gebruiken, gebruiken in feite een door Knuth gemaakt + macropakket om een hoop van het opmaakwerk te verbergen. + Het is dit waar mensen aan denken bij TeX. + Gewone gebruikers werken niet met rauwe TeX; de kale opmaakcodes dus. + Dat doen de mensen die nieuwe macropakketten maken. + En hier komt Leslie Lamport ons verhaal binnen. + Hij wilde een macropakket dat meer op de gebruiker was georiënteerd en + minder op de zetter; een set commando's dat dingen als paragrafen, tabellen + of wiskundige vergelijkingen, consistent en uniform opmaakte, met zo min + mogelijk poeha. + En zo ontstond LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Tegelijkertijd met de ontwikkeling en groei van LaTeX waren anderen bezig + hun eigen macropaketten voor TeX te maken; voor transparanten of artikelen + voor wiskunde tijdschriften enzovoort. + Sommigen gebruikten hiervoor rauwe TeX, anderen begonnen LaTeX aan te passen. + Om chaos te vermijden begon eind jaren 80, een groep LaTeXneuten, (waaronder + Leslie Lamport natuurlijk) aan de ontwikkeling van LaTeX2e, de huidige + versie van LaTeX. + Deze nieuwe versie van LaTeX heeft commando's die het gebruik van de macromaken +de codes van TeX (ken je TeX nog?) vergemakkelijkt, behulpzaam is in het + gebruik van nieuwe fonts enzovoort. + In feite is LaTeX zelf een uitgebreide taal op zich. + Overal in de wereld hebben gebruikers, naast de standaard uitbreidingen, + hun eigen toevoegingen voor LaTeX gemaakt. +\layout Standard + +Er zijn twee manieren om LaTeX uit te breiden: middels klassen en stijlen. + Een +\emph on +klasse +\emph default + is een set LaTeX (en TeX) macro's die een nieuw type document beschrijven + zoals een boek of een artikel. + Er zijn klassen voor transparanten, voor natuurkunde-, en wiskunde- vakbladen\SpecialChar \ldots{} + + sommige universiteiten hebben zelfs een klasse voor het formaat van hun + eigen proefschriften! Een stijl verschilt van een klasse hierin, dat het + niet een nieuw type document definieert, maar een ander gedrag van een + document kan gebruiken. + Bijvoorbeeld, LyX bepaalt de kantlijnen en de afstand tussen de regels + door gebruik te maken van twee verschillende LaTeX stijl-bestanden die + hier speciaal voor zijn gemaakt. + Er zijn stijl-bestanden voor een hele hoop dingen: het printen van labels + of enveloppen, het veranderen van het inspring-gedrag, het toevoegen van + nieuwe lettertypen, het manipuleren van plaatjes, het ontwerpen van mooie + pagina-koppen, het aanpassen van bibliografieën, het veranderen van de + plaats en vorm van voetnoten, tabellen en figuren, het aanpassen van lijsten, + enzovoort, enzovoort, enzovoort. +\layout Standard + +Hier is een overzicht: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Opmaaktaal met gebruik van macro's. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Macropakket gebaseerd op TeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +klassen: Beschrijving van een type document, gebruik makend van LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +stijlen: Verandert op een bepaalde manier het standaard gedrag van LaTeX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Visuele, WYSIWYM tekstverwerker dat LaTeX in al zijn glorie gebruikt + om het printwerk te doen. +\layout Standard + +Het idee van deze sectie was proberen te verklaren +\emph on +waarom +\emph default + LyX ietwat anders werkt dan andere tekstverwerkers. + Het antwoord is eenvoudig: LyX gebruikt LaTeX als basis om te printen. + Evenals LaTeX, concentreert LyX zich op de inhoud van je teksten--- +\emph on +wat +\emph default + je aan het typen bent. + De computer regelt dan hoe het er uit hoort te zien. +\layout Standard + +Oja --- nog een laatste opmerking. + LaTeX wordt net zo uitgesproken als TeX. + Het rijmt op +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hee zeg! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Gewoonlijk, echter, zegt Lamport in zijn boek, dat +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +leeteks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ook tot de mogelijkheden behoort. +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX wordt echter uitgesproken als +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +liks. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +luuks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +loeks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, afhankelijk van het land waar je vandaan komt\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Beginnen met LyX +\layout Section + +Je Eerste LyX Document. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:eerste-doc} + +\end_inset + + OK\SpecialChar \@. + Je bent klaar om te beginnen met schrijven. + Voordat je echter begint zijn er een aantal dingen die we willen zeggen + die de Tutorial hopelijk instructiever, nuttiger en leuker maken. +\layout Standard + +Omdat er veel informatie is die we je niet hier zullen geven, is het van + belang dat je weet hoe je de andere hulpbestanden moet vinden. + Dit is gelukkig erg eenvoudig. + Start LyX op. + Kies de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + van het +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp +\family default + menu. + Je zou de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + ook nog kunnen laden (als je deze al niet op het scherm aan het lezen bent). + Op deze manier kun je ze lezen terwijl je je eigen tekst aan het schrijven + bent +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ze dienen tevens als goede voorbeelden van de vele mogelijkheden van LyX + . +\end_inset + +. + Merk op dat als je twee of meer documenten open hebt, je het menu +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocuments +\family default + kunt gebruiken om te wisselen. + De +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + zal niet in detail onderwerpen bespreken die in andere LyX handleidingen + worden behandeld. + Dit zal het in het begin moeilijker voor je maken, maar zo blijft de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + kort. + Het zal je er tevens aan wennen de andere handleidingen te gebruiken, wat + je op den duur veel tijd zal schelen. +\layout Standard + +In de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + zullen we aannemen dat je een volledig werkende versie van LyX hebt, evenals + LaTeX, +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (of een soortgelijk programma om +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestanden te bekijken), +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + (of een andere manier om +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestanden om te zetten naar Postscript®-bestanden), en een werkende printer. + Dit zijn nogal wat aannames. + Als een hiervan onjuist is, zul je zelf (of een bevriende systeem beheerder) + een werkend systeem moeten opzetten. + Informatie hierover kun je in andere handleidingen vinden. +\layout Standard + +Tenslotte hebben we een bestand gemaakt waarmee je je LyX-vaardigheden kunt + oefenen. + Het heet +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\family default +. + Doe alsof het is geschreven door iemand die niets van de fantastische mogelijkh +eden van LyX af weet. + Telkens als je een nieuwe functie van LyX hebt geleerd, stellen we voor + dat je de corresponderende delen van dit bestand corrigeert. + Het bevat tevens subtiele aanwijzingen en tips hoe je te werk kunt gaan +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +De aanwijzingen bevinden zich in gele +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Notities +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Door er op te klikken kun je de inhoud lezen. +\end_inset + +. + Als je wilt spieken (of controleren of je het goed gedaan hebt), bestaat + er ook een bestand +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_verlyxt.lyx +\family default + dat dezelfde tekst bevat, maar dan bewerkt door een LyX-goeroe. +\layout Standard + +De voorbeeldbestanden kunnen worden gevonden in de map +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default +. + Je kunt hier komen door eerst +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen +\family default + te kiezen en dan op de knop +\family sans +Examples +\family default + te drukken. + Open het ruwe document, en gebruik +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save +\bar under +A +\bar default +s +\family default + om een werkkopie in je eigen map te bewaren. + Bekijk, terwijl je de onderdelen van het document repareert, via de dvi + output wat de uiteindelijke effecten zijn. +\layout Standard + +Tussen twee haakjes, de map +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default + bevat nog veel meer voorbeeld bestanden. + Deze laten je zien hoe je een aantal bijzondere dingen kunt doen in LyX. + Ze zijn met name handig om dingen te laten zien die (vanwege de lengte + of andere redenen) niet in de documentatie thuis horen. + Nadat je de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + hebt gelezen, of wanneer je niet precies weet hoe je iets bijzonders moet + doen in LyX, moet je eens naar deze voorbeelden kijken. +\layout Subsection + +Schrijven, Bekijken, en Printen +\layout Itemize + +Open een nieuw bestand met +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +ew +\layout Itemize + +Typ een zin als: +\family typewriter +Dit is mijn eerste LyX document! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Toegegeven. + Je zou in feite alles kunnen typen wat je wilt. + Het maakt in weze niet uit. + We verontschuldigen ons hier voor de zinloosheid van deze zin, en tevens + voor alles wat we je in het vervolg vragen te typen. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Bewaar je document met +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +A +\bar default +s\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +Met +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default + start je LaTeX op om een +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestand aan te maken\SpecialChar \@. + Mogelijk zie je enkele meldingen in het terminalscherm + van waaruit je LyX hebt opgestart. + Deze meldingen zijn afkomstig van LaTeX die je voorlopig kunt negeren. + LyX zal +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (of een ander programma om +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + bestanden te bekijken) opstarten. + Hierdoor verschijnt er een nieuw scherm met daarin je document, zoals het + er uit ziet als het zou worden geprint +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Je kunt tijd besparen door +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + in de achtergrond te laten lopen. + Op die manier kun je +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default + gebruiken, en hoef je alleen maar op het +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +-scherm te klikken nadat LaTeX klaar is. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Print met +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +rint, +\family default + en druk op +\family sans +OK +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Gefeliciteerd! Je hebt je eerste LyX document geschreven en geprint. + De rest is slechts detail, welke in het vervolg van de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + en de +\emph on +Referentiehandleiding +\emph default + zal worden behandeld. +\layout Subsection + +Eenvoudige Bewerkingen +\layout Standard + +De meeste dingen die je met een tekstverwerker gewend bent te doen, kun + je natuurlijk ook met LyX doen. + Het uitlijnen van woorden en het inspringen van paragrafen, gebeurt automatisch. + Bekijk enkele menus +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Als je bent zoals je meeste +\noun on +unix +\noun default + gebruikers, zal je dit reeds hebben gedaan lang voordat je de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + begon te lezen. +\end_inset + + en je zult zien dat de meeste eenvoudige opdrachten (b.v. + +\family sans +\bar under + F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +E +\bar under +x +\bar default +it, +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aste, +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +rint +\family default +) de naam hebben die je zou verwachten, in het menu staan waarin je ze zou + verwachten, en functioneren op een manier zoals je dat zou verwachten. + Hier volgt een korte beschrijving hoe je enkele andere eenvoudige opdrachten + kunt uitvoeren. +\layout Description + +Herstel LyX heeft de +\emph on +mogelijkheid +\emph default + voor +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +oneindig herstel +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, wat zoveel betekent dat je alles wat je hebt gedaan sinds het begin van + je bewerkingen, kunt herstellen door herhaaldelijk op +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +ndo +\family default + te drukken. + Als je te ver bent gegaan, kies je gewoon +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +edo +\family default + om de bewerking terug te krijgen. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(Momenteel is herstel beperkt tot 100 stappen. + Ook werkt herstellen niet voor +\emph on +alles +\emph default +, bijvoorbeeld niet voor veranderingen in de opmaak van het document.) +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Knippen/Plakken/Kopiëren Met +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ut +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aste +\family default +, en +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +o +\bar default +py +\family default + kun je knippen, plakken en kopiëren. + Je kunt ook automatisch geselecteerde tekst plakken met de +\emph on +middelste muisknop +\emph default +. +\layout Description + +Zoeken/Vervangen Gebruik +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +ind\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\family default +voor een hoofdletter-gevoelige zoekopdracht. + In het popup-zoekscherm, kun je voorwaarts en achterwaarts zoeken met de + pijlknoppen. + Gebruik de +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +eplace +\family default + knop om een gevonden woord te vervangen. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Sluit het zoekscherm als je klaar bent. + Of laat het staan als je dat makkelijker vindt. + De meeste popup-schermen in LyX --- inclusief de +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ind\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\family default +, +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default +, en +\family sans +Layout +\family default + popups, als ook de verschillende wiskunde popups --- kunnen evengoed worden + geminimaliseerd als afgesloten. + Daarentegen blokkeren andere popup-schermen zoals +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen, +\family default +de tekstinvoer in het hoofdscherm van LyX totdat je het popup-scherm hebt + afgesloten. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Tekenopmaak Je kunt tekst +\emph on +nadruk +\emph default + geven (wat in het algemeen de letters cursief maakt), +\series bold +vet +\series default + maken, in +\noun on +hoofdletter stijl +\noun default + zetten (gewoonlijk kleine hoofdletters, voor het gebruik van eigennamen), + via de aan/uit (Engels: toggle) knoppen in het +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout +\family default + menu. +\layout Description + +Knoppenbalk Er staan op de knoppenbalk (vlak onder de menus) enkele knoppen + die veelgebruikte functies zoals +\family sans +Plakken +\family default + en +\family sans +Printen +\family default + mogelijk maken. + Als je de muis boven een van de knoppen van de knoppenbalk stil houdt, + verschijnt er een kleine gele notitie waarin de functie van de knop wordt + beschreven. +\layout Description + +Minibuffer De grijze regel, helemaal onderaan het LyX scherm word de minibuffer + genoemd. + Deze laat allerlei handige informatie zien. + Bijvoorbeeld: als je een document bewaart zal het de naam van het bestand + waaronder het document bewaard wordt weergeven. + Mogelijk zullen sommige foutmeldingen daar ook verschijnen. + Merk op dat je ook in de minibuffer kunt +\emph on +typen +\emph default +. + Dit geeft je toegang tot allerlei interessante functies, inclusief sommige + waarmee je je document kunt verwoesten. + Met andere woorden: type niet in de minibuffer tenzij je weet wat je doet. +\layout Standard + +Uiteraard heb je nu nog niet genoeg in LyX geschreven om het merendeel van + deze functies nuttig te kunnen gebruiken. + Probeer echter terwijl je schrijft, te knippen en plakken, herstellen, + enzovoort. +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM: Witruimte in LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:witruimte} + +\end_inset + +Een van de moeilijkste dingen waar nieuwe gebruikers aan moeten wennen is + de manier waarop LyX met witruimte omgaat. + Hoe vaak je ook op de +\family sans +Return +\family default +-knop drukt, je krijgt maar één nieuwe regel. + Hoe vaak je ook op de spatiebalk drukt, je krijgt maar één spatie. + Op een nieuwe regel laat LyX je niet eens een enkele spatie typen. + De +\family sans +Tab +\family default + laat je niet een tab-stop voorwaarts gaan; in feite +\emph on +zijn +\emph default + er zelfs geen tab-stops! Er is ook geen liniaal bovenaan de pagina om tabs + te zetten, of om de marge aan te passen. +\layout Standard + +Veel commerciële tekstverwerkers zijn gebaseerd op het WYSIWYG principe: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (Wat je ziet is wat je krijgt). + LyX, daarentegen, is gebaseerd op het principe: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You +\emph on +Mean +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (Wat je ziet is wat je +\emph on +bedoelt +\emph default +). + Je typt in wat je bedoelt en LyX regelt de opmaak zodat het resultaat er + netjes uitziet. + Een +\family sans +Return +\family default + scheidt paragrafen grammaticaal en een +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + scheidt woorden grammaticaal. + Er is dus geen reden om er meerdere achter elkaar te hebben. + Een +\family sans +Tab +\family default + heeft grammaticaal gezien helemaal geen functie dus deze worden dan ook + niet door LyX ondersteund. + Als je LyX gebruikt, zul je meer tijd gebruiken om na te denken over de +\emph on + inhoud +\emph default + van je document, en minder over de vorm. + Zie paragraaf +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:wat-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + voor meer informatie over het WYSIWYM principe. +\layout Standard + +LyX heeft wel degelijk (vele) manieren om de opmaak van je document te aan + te passen. + Per slot van rekening zou LyX de opmaak anders kunnen doen dan je voor + ogen had. + De +\emph on +Gebruikersgids +\emph default + bevat hierover informatie. + Onder andere vind je hier informatie over HFills en verticale witruimte + --- dat krachtiger is, en veelzijdiger dan meerdere spaties of nieuwe regels + achter elkaar --- en manieren om lettertypen, fontstijlen, en paragraaf + uitlijning handmatig te veranderen. + De idee is dat je je hele document kunt schrijven, gefocusseerd op de inhoud, + en pas hoeft na te denken over het fijnstellen van de vorm als je klaar + bent. + Met standaard tekstverwerkers zul je gedurende het schrijven voortdurend + worden afgeleid door de opmaak. +\layout Section + +Omgevingen +\layout Standard + +Verschillende onderdelen van een document hebben verschillende bedoelingen; + we zullen deze onderdelen +\emph on +omgevingen +\emph default + noemen. + Het grootste gedeelte van een document bestaat uit gewone tekst. + Titels (van een hoofdstuk of paragraaf enz) laten de lezer weten dat een + nieuw onderwerp of onderdeel wordt aangesneden. + Bepaalde typen documenten hebben speciale omgevingen. + Een tijdschriftartikel zal een titel en een samenvatting hebben. + Een brief zal geen van beide hebben, maar zal waarschijnlijk een omgeving + hebben die het adres van de schrijver bevat. +\layout Standard + +Omgevingen zijn een belangrijk bestanddeel van de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Wat Je Ziet Is Wat Je Bedoelt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + filosofie van LyX. + Een bepaalde omgeving vereist een bepaald lettertype, lettergrootte, inspringaf +stand, regelafstand en meer. + Dit probleem wordt nog verergerd doordat de precieze vormgeving van een + bepaalde omgeving nog kan verschillen: het ene tijdschrift gebruikt voor + titels misschien een vet, 18 punts gecentreerd lettertype, terwijl een + ander tijdschrift hiervoor een cursief, 15 punts links uitgelijnd lettertype + gebruikt. + Verschillende talen kennen verschillende standaarden voor het inspringen + van tekst, en de opmaak van een bibliografie kan enorm variëren. + LyX behoedt je ervoor alle verschillende opmaakstijlen te moeten leren. +\layout Standard + +De +\family sans +Omgeving +\family default + statusregel vind je links op de knoppenbalk (net onder het menu-onderdeel +\family sans +\bar under + F +\bar default +ile +\family default +). + Het laat zien in welke omgeving je momenteel schrijft. + Toen je je eerste document aan het schrijven was stond er +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, wat de standaard omgeving is voor tekst. + Je zult nu een aantal omgevingen in je nieuwe document gebruiken zodat + je kunt zien hoe ze werken. + Dit doe je met het +\family sans +Omgeving +\family default + menu, welke je kunt openen door op het icoontje met de neerwaartse pijl + te drukken, net rechts van de +\family sans +Omgeving +\family default + statusregel. +\layout Subsection + +Secties en Subsecties +\layout Standard + +Typ het woord +\family typewriter +Inleiding +\family default + op de eerste regel van je LyX bestand, en selecteer +\family sans +Section +\family default + in het +\family sans + Omgeving +\family default + menu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Je hoeft de regel niet vooraf te selecteren. + Als er niets geselecteerd is zal LyX de paragraaf waarin je op dat moment + aan het werken bent veranderen in de geselecteerde omgeving. + Anderzijds kan je verscheidene paragrafen veranderen naar een andere omgeving + door ze te selecteren voordat je een omgeving kiest. +\end_inset + +. + LyX nummert de sectie met een +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en zet de kop (titel) in een groter font. + Druk nu op +\family sans +Return. + +\family default + Merk op dat de tekst in de +\family sans +Omgeving +\family default +-statusregel terug verandert van +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + naar +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Net als alle andere omgevingen, worden sectiekoppen verondersteld te eindigen + wanneer je een +\family sans +Return +\family default + typt +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Zie de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + om titels te schrijven met twee of meer regels. + De +\family sans +Standaard +\family default + omgeving kan natuurlijk meerdere paragrafen omspannen. + De omgevingen voor lijsten (zie hieronder) eindigen ook niet als je een + +\family sans +Return +\family default + geeft. + Je kunt altijd zien in welke omgeving je zit door naar de +\family sans + Omgeving +\family default + statusregel te kijken. +\end_inset + +. + Typ nu de inleiding van het document: +\layout LyX-Code + +Dit is een inleiding voor mijn eerste LyX document. +\layout Standard + +Geef opnieuw een +\family sans +Return +\family default +, en selecteer opnieuw +\family sans +Sectie +\family default + van het menu +\family sans +Environment +\family default +. + LyX zet een +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en verwacht dat je de tekst van een titel intypt. + Typ: +\family typewriter +En Dan Nog Iets +\family default + en je zult zien dat LyX het weer opmaakt als een sectiekop. +\layout Standard + +Het wordt al leuker. + Ga naar het einde van sectie 1 (na +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Mijn eerste LyX document +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) en geef weer een +\family sans +Return +\family default +, en selecteer opnieuw +\family sans +Sectie +\family default + van het menu +\family sans +Environment +\family default +. + Wederom zal LyX een +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + neerzetten en wachten op de tekst van de sectiekop. + Typ: +\family typewriter +Over Dit Document +\family default +. + De sectie +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +En Dan Nog Iets +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, wat eerst sectie 2 was, is automatisch hernummerd naar 3! In de ware geest + van WYSIWYM hoef je slechts aan te duiden welke teksten sectiekoppen zijn, + en LyX zorgt voor het nummeren en het opmaken ervan. +\layout Standard + +Geef een +\family sans +Return +\family default + om terug te komen naar de +\family sans +Standard +\family default + omgeving, en typ de volgende vijf regels: +\layout LyX-Code + +Secties en subsecties worden hieronder beschreven. + Beschrijving van Sectie +\layout LyX-Code + +Secties zijn groter dan subsecties. +\layout LyX-Code + +Beschrijving van Subsectie +\layout LyX-Code + +Subsecties zijn kleiner dan secties. +\layout Standard + +Klik op de tweede regel en selecteer +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + van het +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu. + LyX nummert deze subsectie +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en zet het in een lettertype dat groter is dan normale tekst, maar kleiner + dan de sectietitel. + Selecteer tevens de vierde regel als subsectie-omgeving. + Zoals je waarschijnlijk verwachtte heeft LyX de sectie automatisch +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + genummerd. + Als je nog een andere sectie voor sectie 2 zet, zal deze hernummerd worden + als sectie 3, en de subsecties zullen automatisch hernummerd worden naar +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Andere sectieniveaus zijn +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +, en +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. + Speel ermee en probeer het uit. + Het zal je misschien opvallen dat de omgevingstypen +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +, en +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default + standaard niet genummerd worden, en dat sub-paragrafen worden ingesprongen; + zie de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + om dit te veranderen. + Tenslotte is er nog de omgevingstype +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + die nog voor +\family sans +Section +\family default + komt. + Deze kun je echter alleen in bepaalde typen Tekstklassen gebruiken . + Zie hiervoor sectie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tekstklassen} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Maar misschien wil je helemaal niet dat de paragrafen en secties genummerd + worden! Gelukkig zijn ook hiervoor enige omgevingstypen beschikbaar. + Verander bijvoorbeeld eens een van de sectiekoppen in +\family sans +Section*. + +\family default + LyX zal de titel in het zelfde lettertype weergeven als voorheen, maar + de sectie zal niet meer genummerd zijn. + Er zijn ook corresponderende +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +be-sterde +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + omgevingen voor +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + en +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +. + Probeer eens enkele van de secties of subsecties te veranderen in de besterde + omgevingen en kijk dan hoe de nummering van de opvolgende secties verandert. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening +\series default +: Corrigeer de sectie en subsectie-koppen in +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Lijsten en Deel-lijsten +\layout Standard + +LyX heeft verschillende omgevingen om lijsten op te maken. + Deze omgevingen bevrijden je van het duizendmaal op de tab-toets drukken + om een overzicht uit te lijnen, of het hernummeren van een lijst wanneer + je in het midden iets wilt toevoegen. + Hierdoor kun je je volledig op de inhoud van de lijst concentreren. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ja , we leggen te veel nadruk op dit punt in de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + Maar het +\emph on +is +\emph default + het centrale punt van LyX, dus vergeef het ons alsjeblieft. +\end_inset + + Naar gelang de strekking van de tekst, zul je verschillende lijstomgevingen + willen gebruiken: +\layout Itemize + +Een presentatie met overheadsheets zou een lijst kunnen bevatten met opsommingst +ekens om verschillende punten te beschrijven. + Gebruik hiervoor de +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +omgeving. +\layout Itemize + +Een overzicht zal eerder de +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +-omgeving gebruiken om een genummerde of geletterde lijst te maken +\layout Itemize + +Een document dat bijvoorbeeld verschillende softwarepakketten beschrijft + zou de +\family sans +Description +\family default +-omgeving kunnen gebruiken, waarin ieder item begint met een vetgedrukt + woord. +\layout Itemize + +Het omgevingstype +\family sans +List +\family default + --- welke in LaTeX niet voorkomt --- is een iets andere vorm van het omgevingst +ype +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Laten we eens een lijst opstellen met de redenen waarom LyX beter is dan + andere tekstverwerkers. + Typ de volgende regel ergens in je document: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +LyX is beter dan andere tekstverwerkers omdat: +\layout Standard + +en geef een +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Selecteer nu +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + van het menu +\family sans +Environment. + +\family default + LyX plaatst een opsommingsteken op de regel (in dit geval een asterisk + (sterretje) welke in de output er uit zal zien als een ronde cirkel). + Typ nu je argumenten: +\layout LyX-Code + +Het zetwerk wordt voor je gedaan. +\layout LyX-Code + +Wiskunde is WYSIWYG +\layout LyX-Code + +Lijsten zijn heel makkelijk te maken! +\layout Standard + +Lijstomgevingen, anders dan koppen, eindigen niet als je een +\family sans +Return +\family default + hebt gegeven. + LyX neemt namelijk aan dat je het volgende item van de lijst wilt maken. + Het bovenstaande zal dus in een lijst met 3 items resulteren. + Als je binnen een +\emph on +item +\emph default + meerdere paragrafen wilt hebben, kun je in plaats van een normale +\family sans +Return, +\family default + een +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Return +\family default + geven door +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + te typen. + Om de lijst te verlaten, moet je weer de +\family sans +Standard +\family default + omgeving selecteren (of de toetscombinatie +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + gebruiken). +\layout Standard + +Je hebt nu een prachtige lijst met items. + Je zou het resultaat op papier kunnen bekijken door LaTeX te runnen. + Maar wat nu als je de items wilt nummeren? Heel makkelijk: selecteer de + gehele lijst +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX staat het niet toe het eerste opsommingsteken te selecteren tenzij je + ook de paragraaf +\emph on +voor +\emph default + de lijst selecteert, wat je waarschijnlijk niet wilt doen. + Je kunt evenmin de nummers van een sectietitel selecteren. + Maak je daar echter geen zorgen over. +\end_inset + + en kies nu +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + van het +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu. + Poef! Zoals we al eerder hebben gezegd: als je items toevoegt of verwijdert + zal LyX de nummering bijwerken. +\layout Standard + +Je kunt de lijst, zolang deze nog geselecteerd is, veranderen in nog twee + andere lijsttypen: +\family sans +Description +\family default + en +\family sans +List +\family default +. + In deze twee omgevingen bestaat elk item uit een term (bestaande uit het + eerste woord van het item), gevolgd door een definitie (de rest van de + paragraaf totdat je een +\family sans +Return +\family default + geeft). + De term is ofwel gezet in een vet lettertype ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +), ofwel gescheiden door een +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Tab +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Een tab van een zetter wel te verstaan, welke zich aanpast aan de lengte + van de grootste term, niet een zielige, stijve, onveranderlijke +\family sans +Tab +\family default + van een typemachine. +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +List +\family default +) van de rest van de paragraaf. + Als je meer dan één woord in de definitie wilt hebben, scheidt dan de woorden + met +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Space +\family default +s die je krijgt met de toetscombinatie +\family sans +C-Space. + +\family default + Deze verschijnen in de tekst als kleine blauwe +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +s. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening +\series default +: Maak de lijst op in +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\layout Standard + +Je kunt op allerlei interessante manieren lijsten binnen elkaar inbedden. + Een voor de hand liggend voorbeeld is bij het schrijven van schetsen. + Genummerde lijsten, en lijsten met opsommingstekens hebben verschillende + wijzen waarop items in de sublijsten worden aangegeven. + Zie de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + voor details over de verschillende soorten lijsten, alsook voorbeelden + met +\emph on +veel +\emph default + inbeddingen. +\layout Subsection + +Andere Omgevingen: Poëzie, Citaten en Meer +\layout Standard + +Er zijn twee omgevingen om citaten van omringende tekst te scheiden: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + voor korte aanhalingen en +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + voor langere citaten. + Computercode (de +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + omgeving, die in de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + gebruikt wordt voor de lange typvoorbeelden) wordt geschreven in een +\family typewriter +typemachine +\family default + lettertype. + Dit is de enige plek in LyX waar je meerdere spaties achter elkaar mag + typen om de code uit te lijnen. + Je kunt zelf poëzie schrijven +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +aangenomen dat je überhaupt creatief genoeg bent om poëzie te schrijven. +\end_inset + + met behulp van de +\family sans +Verse +\family default + stijl. + Gebruik +\family sans +Return +\family default + om coupletten te scheiden, en +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + om lijnen binnen een couplet te scheiden. + Zie de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + voor meer complete beschrijvingen van alle verschillende LyX omgevingen. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening +\series default +: Maak in het document +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\family default +, de +\family sans +Quote, LyX-Code, +\family default + en +\family sans +Verse +\family default + netjes op. +\layout Chapter + +Documenten Schrijven +\layout Standard + +Het vorige hoofdstuk heeft je hopelijk doen wennen aan het schrijven in + LyX. + Het heeft je de basis opmaak-handelingen van LyX laten zien alsmede de + krachtige manier om met omgevingen te werken. + De meeste mensen die LyX gebruiken echter, zullen documenten willen schrijven + zoals voordrachten, artikelen, boeken, handleidingen of brieven. + Dit hoofdstuk neemt je een stap voorbij het simpelweg kunnen schrijven + in LyX, naar het kunnen schrijven van een compleet document. + Het zal je introduceren tot tekstklassen die het mogelijk maken verschillende + soorten documenten te schrijven. + Vervolgens zal het veel extras beschrijven zoals titels, voetnoten, kruisverwij +zingen, bibliografieën en inhoudsopgaven; de dingen die een stukje tekst + omtoveren in Een Document. +\layout Section + +Tekstklassen en Sjablonen: Brieven Schrijven +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tekstklassen} + +\end_inset + +Verschillende soorten documenten moeten ook op een verschillende wijze worden + opgemaakt. + Bijvoorbeeld: boeken worden gewoonlijk tweezijdig afgedrukt, terwijl artikelen + meestal enkelzijdig zijn. + Daarnaast bevatten veel documenten speciale omgevingen: brieven bevatten + omgevingen --- zoals het adres van de afzender en de handtekening--- welke + in een boek of artikel zinloos zijn. + De +\emph on +tekstklasse +\emph default + van LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LaTeX gebruikers: dit is hetzelfde als de documentklasse in LaTeX +\end_inset + + regelt deze grote-lijn verschillen tussen de verschillende soorten documenten. + Deze +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + bijvoorbeeld, is geschreven in de tekstklasse +\family sans +Book +\family default +. + Tekstklassen zijn een ander belangrijk punt van de WYSIWYM filosofie; zij + vertellen LyX hoe het document moet worden opgemaakt zodat jij dit niet + hoeft te doen. +\layout Standard + +Jouw document wordt waarschijnlijk in de tekstklasse +\family sans +Article +\family default + geschreven +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Dat is gewoonlijk de tekstklasse die standaard aan een nieuw document wordt + toegewezen. + Je kunt dit veranderen in je +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + bestand. +\end_inset + +. + Probeer het eens te veranderen naar andere tekstklassen om te kijken hoe + het dan anders wordt opgemaakt. + Dit doe je via het menu +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +lass +\family default + dat je vindt in het popupvenster via +\family sans +\bar under + L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument. + +\family default + Als je je document verandert in de tekstklasse +\family sans +Book +\family default + en vervolgens kijkt naar het +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu, zul je zien dat de meeste omgevingen gewoon toegestaan zijn. + Je zult echter nu ook de omgeving +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + kunnen gebruiken. + Als je niet zeker weet welke omgevingen toegestaan zijn in een bepaalde + tekstklasse, raadpleeg dan het +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu. +\layout Standard + +De grootte van het lettertype, paginakoppen en het afdrukken in een of twee + kolommen, zijn slechts een paar dingen waarmee tijdschriften in hun opmaak + van elkaar kunnen verschillen. + Het computertijdperk vordert en tijdschriften accepteren tegenwoordig artikelen + in elektronische vorm. + Hierbij hanteren zij LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +stijl-bestanden +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + zodat auteurs hun artikelen meteen met de juiste opmaak kunnen inleveren. + LyX ondersteunt deze opzet ook. + Bijvoorbeeld: LyX ondersteunt de opmaak (en de extra omgevingen) voor de + tijdschriften van de American Mathematics Society, door gebruik te maken + van de tekstklasse +\family sans +Article\SpecialChar ~ +(AMS) +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Hier is een zeer kort overzicht van sommige tekstklassen. + Zoals gewoonlijk: zie de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + voor details. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Naam +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Opmerkingen +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +enkelzijdig, geen hoofdstukken +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +opmaak & +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +omgevingen voor American Mathematics Society +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +langer dan article, dubbelzijdig +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +report + voor en achterzijde +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +gedoe +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +transparanten (inclusief FoilTeX) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +veel extra omgevingen voor adressen, handtekeningen\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Sjablonen: Een Brief Schrijven +\layout Standard + +Een van de meest populaire tekstklassen is +\family sans +Letter +\family default +. + Een manier om een brief op te stellen zou zijn om een nieuw bestand te + openen, en te kiezen voor +\family sans +Letter +\family default + van het +\family sans +\bar under + C +\bar default +lass +\family default + menu, dat je vindt via het popupvenster +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument. + +\family default + Alhoewel dit de meest voor de hand liggende manier is om een brief te schrijven +, lijkt het op extra werk. + Elke keer als je een een zakenbrief schrijft, wil je je eigen adres hebben, + het adres waarnaar je schrijft, een inhoud, een handtekening, enz. + LyX heeft daarom een +\emph on +sjabloon +\emph default + voor brieven wat eigenlijk een voorbeeldbrief is; als je eenmaal een sjabloon + hebt, kun je iedere keer als je een brief schrijft gewoonweg onderdelen + van de brief vervangen door je eigen tekst. +\layout Standard + +Open een nieuw bestand met +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New\SpecialChar ~ +from\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +t +\bar default +emplate +\family default +. + Kies een bestandsnaam en selecteer +\family typewriter +letter.lyx +\family default + van popupvenster met de titel +\family sans +Choose\SpecialChar ~ +Template +\family default +. + Bewaar en print het bestand om te zien hoe de verschillende omgevingen + worden opgemaakt. +\layout Standard + +Als je naar het +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu kijkt, zul je verschillende omgevingen zien zoals de +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + omgeving, die in de meeste tekstklassen niet eens bestaan. + Andere, zoals +\family sans +Quote +\family default +en +\family sans +Description +\family default +, zijn bekend. + Je kunt zelf op onderzoek uitgaan om te kijken hoe de verschillende omgevingen + werken. + Je zult bijvoorbeeld ontdekken dat de +\family sans +Signature +\family default + omgeving het woord +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Signature: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + in rood voor de feitelijke tekst van de handtekening zet. + Dit woord zal uiteindelijk niet in de brief verschijnen, zoals je zult + zien als je de brief uitprint. + Het staat daar om je te laten zien waar de handtekening komt. + Merk ook op dat het niet uitmaakt waar in het bestand de +\family sans +Signature +\family default + regel staat. + Onthoudt dat LyX WYSIWYM is; je kunt de +\family sans +Signature +\family default +omgeving overal neerzetten, LyX weet dat in de uitgeprinte versie, de handtekeni +ng aan het einde moet staan. +\layout Standard + +Een sjabloon is gewoon een normaal LyX bestand. + Dit betekent dat je je adres kunt invullen en je handtekening, en het bestand + vervolgens kunt bewaren als een nieuw sjabloon. + Vanaf nu kun je iedere keer als je een brief wilt schrijven het nieuwe + sjabloon gebruiken om tijd te sparen. + We hoeven hier waarschijnlijk geen +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +oefening +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + voor te stellen; schrijf gewoon een brief aan iemand +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Een waarschuwing als je een vanaf een sjabloon schrijft: als je alle tekst + in een omgeving verwijdert--- bijvoorbeeld als je het gehele +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + veld verwijdert zodat je het met je eigen tekst kunt vervangen--- en dan + de cursor beweegt zonder ook maar iets te schrijven, zou de omgeving kunnen + verdwijnen. + Dit gebeurt omdat de meeste omgevingen niet kunnen bestaan zonder een tekst + te bevatten. + Selecteer de omgeving gewoon opnieuw van het +\family sans +Environment +\family default + menu om het terug te krijgen. +\end_inset + +! +\layout Standard + +Sjablonen kunnen enorm veel tijd besparen en we moedigen je dan ook aan + om ze zo vaak mogelijk te gebruiken. + Daarnaast kunnen ze iemand helpen gebruik te leren maken van enkele van + de de meer bijzondere tekstklassen. + Tenslotte kunnen ze handig zijn voor iemand die LyX configureert voor mensen + die wat minder van computers afweten. + Als zij LyX leren gebruiken zal het een stuk minder intimiderend zijn als + er bijvoorbeeld een briefsjabloon voor hun bedrijf is dat al voor hen is + opgemaakt. +\layout Section + +Document titels +\layout Standard + +LyX (net als LaTeX) beschouwt de titel --- die de feitelijke titel, de auteur, + de datum, en zelfs een samenvatting van een artikel kan bevatten--- als + een apart gedeelte van het document. +\layout Standard + +Ga terug naar je +\family typewriter +newfile.lyx +\family default +document en overtuig jezelf ervan dat het de tekstklasse +\family sans +Article +\family default + gebruikt. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Je moet de brief niet langer gebruiken, omdat de tekstklasse +\family sans +Letter +\family default + geen titels toelaat. +\end_inset + + Typ een titel op de eerste regel, en verander de regel in de +\family sans +Title +\family default + omgeving. + Op de volgende regel typ je je eigen naam en verander je dit in de +\family sans +Author +\family default + omgeving. + Op de volgende regel typ je de datum in de +\family sans +Date +\family default + omgeving. + Typ nu een paragraaf of twee waarin je een samenvatting schrijft, gebruik + makend van de +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + omgeving. + Bekijk nu hoe het resultaat er op papier uit ziet. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening +\series default +: Repareer de titel, datum en auteur in +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\layout Section + +Labels en Kruisverwijzingen +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + +Je kunt een label toewijzen aan een sectie (of een subsubsectie of wat minder + vaak voorkomt, een willekeurig stuk tekst) van je document. + Als je dit eenmaal hebt gedaan kun je naar dit gedeelte verwijzen in andere + delen van het document, door gebruik te maken van kruisverwijzingen. + Je kunt ofwel naar het sectienummer verwijzen, of naar de pagina waar de + sectie zich bevind. + Net als bij secties en voetnoten, regelt LyX de kruisverwijzingen zelf. + Automatische labels en kruisverwijzingen zijn de grootste voordelen van + LyX (en LaTeX) boven conventionele tekstverwerkers. +\layout Subsection* + +Je eerste label +\layout Standard + +Laten we onze tweede sectie, met de titel +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Over dit document +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, markeren. + Klik op het einde van de regel van de sectietitel, en selecteer +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +abel +\family default +. + Een popupscherm vraagt je naar een sectienaam. + Typ: +\family typewriter +sec:overdocument +\family default +, wat een goede beschrijvende labelnaam lijkt waarmee we niet in war zullen + raken als we later andere labels willen toevoegen. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +We schrijven +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + omdat je ook aan vergelijkingen, tabellen en figuren een label kunt toewijzen. +\end_inset + + Als je op +\family sans +OK +\family default + drukt, zal de naam van de label in een rechthoek naast de sectietitel worden + geplaatst. +\layout Standard + +Tussen twee haakjes, je zou de label ook ergens anders in de sectie kunnen + plaatsen; referenties naar secties zullen altijd refereren naar de sectie + waar de label zich in bevind. + Als je het echter op dezelfde regel zet als de sectietitel (of misschien + op de eerste regel van de tekst van de sectie) weet je zeker dat referenties + met +\emph on +paginanummers, +\emph default + wijzen naar de pagina waar de sectie begint. +\layout Standard + +Tot nu toe heb je nog niets gedaan; het +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestand zal er nog hetzelfde uitzien omdat labels niet in de uitgeprinte + versie komen. + Nu je echter een label hebt toegevoegd kun je hier naar verwijzen met een + kruisreferentie. + Dit zullen we nu gaan doen. +\layout Subsection* + +Je eerste kruisverwijzingen +\layout Standard + +Zet de cursor ergens in sectie 2 van je document en typ: +\layout LyX-Code + +als je meer over dit document wilt weten, zie dan sectie +\newline +dat je vindt op pagina . +\layout Standard + +Zet nu de cursor na het woord +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sectie +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en kies +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ross-Reference +\family default +. + Het +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + popupvenster verschijnt. + Het toont een lijst van mogelijke labels waarnaar je kunt refereren. + Op dit moment behoort er slechts een te zijn, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec:overdocument +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Selecteer dit (mogelijkerwijs is het reeds bij verstek geselecteerd) en + klik op +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default +. + Zet de cursor nu na het woord +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pagina +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en klik op +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +P +\bar default +age\SpecialChar ~ +Number +\family default + van het +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + popupvenster. +\layout Standard + +LyX zet de referenties in een rechthoek daar waar de cursor zich bevond. + In de uitgeprinte versie zal de referentiemarkering vervangen worden door + ofwel een paginanummer of een sectienummer (dit hangt af wat je in het +\family sans + Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + popupvenster geselecteerd hebt). + Een kruisverwijzing kan handig als een hyperlink worden gebruikt als je + een document in LyX aan het bewerken bent; als je er op klikt zal er een + popup venster verschijnen met een lijst van alle kruisverwijzingen. + Door op de knop +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Go to reference +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + te drukken ga je naar de plek waar de kruisverwijzing naar wijst. + Door op de knop +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Go Back +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + te drukken ga je terug naar de plek waar je vandaan kwam. + Je kunt hiervoor trouwens ook de toetscombinaties C-< en C-> gebruiken. + Gebruik +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +, en je zult zien dat we op de laatste pagina naar +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sectie 2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pagina 1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + verwijzen (of in ieder geval de pagina waar de titel van sectie 2 op staat). +\layout Subsection* + +Leuke dingen met labels +\layout Standard + +We vertelden je dat LyX het nummeren van kruisverwijzingen regelt; je kunt + dit nu uitproberen. + Voeg een nieuwe sectie toe voor Sectie\SpecialChar ~ +2. + Doe nu een nieuwe LaTeX run, en --- voilà! --- de kruisverwijzing naar + Sectie\SpecialChar ~ +2 is veranderd naar 3! Verander +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Over dit document +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in een subsectie, en de kruisverwijzing zal naar Subsectie\SpecialChar ~ +2.1 refereren + in plaats van Sectie\SpecialChar ~ +3. + De paginaverwijzing zal niet veranderen tenzij je natuurlijk voor het label + een hele pagina tekst toevoegt. +\layout Standard + +Als je nog wat meer wilt oefenen met labels, probeer dan eens een label + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec:myfirstlabel +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + te zetten bij je eerste kruisverwijzing. + En verwijs hiernaar vanaf een andere plek in je document. + Als je veel kruisverwijzingen toevoegt (bijvoorbeeld als je vakliteratuur + schrijft), is het misschien makkelijk om het +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + venster open te laten. +\layout Standard + +Als je zeker wilt weten dat de paginaverwijzingen ook voor grote documenten + goed werken, kopieer dan een aantal pagina's tekst van de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + in je document +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tussen twee haakjes, het kopiëren van een hoofdstuk-titel kan resulteren + in een foutmelding van LyX omdat hoofdstukken niet toegestaan zijn in de + klasse article. + Als dit gebeurt, verwijder dan gewoon de titel van het hoofdstuk. + Als je wilt weten waarom dit gebeurt bekijk dan Sectie\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tekstklassen} + +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening +\series default +: Herstel de verwijzingen in +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\layout Section + +Voetnoten en Margenoten +\layout Standard + +Voetnoten kunnen worden toegevoegd met de +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default +-knop in de knoppenbalk +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +De knop laat een pijl naar rode tekst zien welke net onder wat zwarte tekst + staat. +\end_inset + + of via +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +ootnote +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Klik aan het einde van het woordje +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ergens in je document en klik op de +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default +-knop. + Een voetnoot regel opent onder de regel waar je op dat ogenblik aan het + typen bent. + Helemaal links zul je het woord +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + zien in rode letters op een grijze achtergrond. + De rest van de regel heeft een rode rand; dit is waar de tekst van de voetnoot + komt. + LyX zet de cursor aan het begin van de regel. + Typ: +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX is tekstverwerker die tekst opmaakt. +\layout Standard + +Klik nu op het woord +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + De voetnootregel verdwijnt, het woord +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + als index achterlatend in rode letters, op deze wijze zichtbaar makend + waar de voetnoot markering in de geprinte tekst komt. + Dit wordt het +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +opvouwen +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + van de voetnoot genoemd. + Je kunt de voetnoot altijd uitvouwen --- en als je wilt, de inhoud bewerken + --- door op de rode +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + markering te klikken. +\layout Standard + +Je zult je misschien afvragen waarom de voetnootmarkering een woord is in + plaats van een nummer. + Het antwoord is dat LyX de nummering van voetnoten voor zijn rekening neemt. + Je kunt dit zien door naar het +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestand te kijken (of de uitgeprinte versie). + Als je andere voetnoten toevoegt zal LyX de voetnoten hernummeren. + Omdat LyX (eigenlijk LaTeX) het nummeren van de voetnoten voor zijn rekening + neemt is er in feite geen noodzaak om de nummers in het LyX bestand te + zetten. +\layout Standard + +Een voetnoot kan net als gewone tekst worden geknipt en geplakt. + Probeer het maar! Het enige wat je hoeft te doen is het selecteren van + de voetnootmarkering en deze te knippen en te plakken met +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +ut +\family default + en +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +aste +\family default +. + Daarnaast kun je gewone tekst veranderen in een voetnoot door het te selecteren + en op de +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default +-knop te drukken. + Andersom kun je ook een voetnoot in gewone tekst veranderen door op de +\family sans + Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default +-knop te drukken als de cursor binnen een voetnoot staat. +\layout Standard + +Margenoten (aantekeningen in de kantlijn) kunnen worden toegevoegd met behulp + van de +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Margin\SpecialChar ~ +Note +\family default +-knop +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +De knop laat een pijl zien die naar rode tekst wijst welke naast (d.w.z. + in de kantlijn staat van) zwarte tekst. + De knop zou naast de +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default +-knop op de knoppenbalk moeten zitten +\end_inset + +, of via +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +argin\SpecialChar ~ +Note +\family default +. + Margenoten zijn net als voetnoten behalve dat: +\layout Itemize + +Je op het scherm +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ziet in plaats van +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +De aantekeningen in de kantlijn worden geplaatst in plaats van onderaan + de pagina. +\layout Itemize + +Margenoten niet genummerd worden. + +\layout Itemize + +Als een aantekening wordt opgevouwen wordt een uitroepteken in de kantlijn + geplaatst. + Dit uitroepteken zal niet in de uitgeprinte versie te zien zijn. +\layout Standard + +Verander jouw LyX voetnoot in gewone tekst, en verander het dan vervolgens + in een kantlijnaantekening. + Bekijk het resultaat. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening +\series default +: Herstel de voetnoot in +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\layout Section + +Bibliografieën +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliografieën} + +\end_inset + +Bibliografieën lijken op kruisverwijzingen. + De bibliografie bevat een lijst verwijzingen aan het einde van een document. + Hiernaar kan binnen het document weer worden verwezen. + Net als bij sectietitels maken LyX en LaTeX je taak makkelijker door automatisc +h de items in de bibliografie te nummeren en de citaten te veranderen als + de nummers van de items veranderen. +\layout Standard + +Ga naar het einde van het document en ga in de +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + omgeving. + Elke paragraaf die je nu typt zal een referentie worden. + Typ: +\family typewriter + De Lyx Tutorial, door het LyX DocTeam +\family default + als je eerste referentie. + Merk op dat LyX automatisch voor elke referentie een nummer in een rechthoek + zet. + Klik op het nummer van de referentie en een +\family sans +Bibliography\SpecialChar ~ +item +\family default + popup verschijnt. + Je gebruikt het eerste veld, de sleutel: +\family sans +Key +\family default +, om binnen het LyX document naar deze referentie te verwijzen. + Standaard is het een nummer. + Verander de sleutel in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lyxtutorial +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + om het gemakkelijker te kunnen onthouden. +\layout Standard + +Kies nu een plek in je document waar je een referentie wilt invoegen. + Doe dit met +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +i +\bar default +tation\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default +. + LyX tekent een grijze rechthoek met drie vraagtekens omgeven door haakjes, + en een +\family sans +Citation +\family default + popup verschijnt. + Het eerste veld in deze popup heet ook wel +\family sans +Key +\family default +, en dit veld laat je kiezen welk item in de bibliografie je wilt citeren +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Dit is waarom het een goed idee is om de sleutels unieke en logische namen + te geven, in plaats van de standaard nummers te gebruiken in het +\family sans +Key +\family default +-veld. +\end_inset + +. + Gebruik makend van het menu met de pijl, rechts van het +\family sans +Key +\family default +-veld, selecteer je +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lyxtutorial +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (op het ogenblik is dit het enige item in de bibliografie). + Doe nu een LaTeX run om het resultaat te bekijken en je zult zien dat het + citaat tussen haken in de tekst verschijnt, verwijzend naar de bibliografie + aan het einde van het document. +\layout Standard + +Hoe worden de andere velden gebruikt? Het +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +emark +\family default +-veld in +\family sans +Citation +\family default + popupvenster zal een opmerking (zoals een referentie naar een pagina of + hoofdstuk binnen het boek of artikel waarnaar verwezen wordt) tussen haken + achter de referentie zetten. + Als je wilt dat de referenties in de uitgeprinte versie labels hebben in + plaats van nummers (Sommige tijdschriften zouden bijvoorbeeld +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +[Smi95] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + gebruiken om een artikel te refereren geschreven door Smith in 1995), gebruik + dan het +\family sans +Label +\family default +-veld in het +\family sans +Bibliography\SpecialChar ~ +item +\family default +. + Zie zoals gewoonlijk de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + voor details. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening: +\series default +Herstel de bibliografie en het citaat in +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\layout Section + +Inhoudsopgave +\layout Standard + +Misschien wil je een inhoudsopgave aan het begin van je document. + Met LyX is dit heel eenvoudig te realiseren. + Geef een +\family sans +Return +\family default + na de document-titel en voor je eerste sectietitel +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Raak niet gefrustreerd door te trachten met de backspace toets, of met muisklikk +en voor het sectienummer te komen. + Dit zal nooit lukken. + Je mag het sectienummer toch niet bewerken omdat LyX de nummering voor + zijn rekening neemt. +\end_inset + + en kies +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lists\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +T +\bar default +OC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ontents +\family default +. + De woorden +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Table of Contents +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + zullen in een rechthoek verschijnen (ook wel bekend als een inzet) op de + eerste regel van het document. +\layout Standard + +Dit lijkt niet erg nuttig te zijn. + Als je echter naar je +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestand kijkt zul je zien dat er een inhoudsopgave is gegenereerd met daarin + de verschillende secties en subsecties. + Zoals gewoonlijk zullen veranderingen in de volgorde van de secties weerspiegel +d worden in het +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestand, nadat je deze vernieuwd hebt. +\layout Standard + +De inhoudsopgave wordt in LyX niet afgebeeld op het scherm omdat je het + toch niet kunt bewerken. + Je kunt echter wel de inhoudsopgave in een apart venster afbeelden door + op de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +table of contents +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + inzet te klikken, of via +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +able\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Het menucommando werkt zelfs als je geen +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +table of contents +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + inzet in je document hebt. +\end_inset + +. + Dit is een erg nuttig hulpmiddel. + Je kunt het Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default +-venster gebruiken om door je document te manoeuvreren. + Als je op een (sub)sectie-titel in het +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default +-venster klikt zal deze doen oplichten en de cursor in het LyX scherm naar + die plek in het document verplaatsen. + Je kunt ook de pijltjestoetsen gebruiken om naar boven of beneden te bewegen + in de inhoudsopgave. + Je zult het daarom misschien handig vinden om dit venster open te houden + gedurende een LyX sessie. +\layout Standard + +Om de inhoudsopgave te verwijderen kun je de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +table of contents +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + markering met de delete toets verwijderen net zoals je dat bij een gewone + letter zou doen. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening +\series default +: Herstel de inhoudsopgave in +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Wiskundige Uitdrukkingen Gebruiken +\layout Standard + +LaTeX wordt door menig wetenschapper gebruikt omdat de vergelijkingen er + in de uitvoer fantastisch uitzien en omdat je ze kunt maken zonder gebruik + te hoeven maken van de toetscombinaties die je bij veel tekstverwerkers + en hun vergelijkingseditors nodig hebt. + Vele van deze wetenschappers zijn echter gefrustreerd omdat het schrijven + van een vergelijking in LaTeX meer weg heeft van programmeren dan van schrijven. + LyX lost dit probleem op een elegante manier op. + Als je met LaTeX bekend bent zul je zien dat alle wiskunde codes van LaTeX + gewoon gebruikt kunnen worden, maar dat ze verschijnen op een WYSIWYG manier. + Indien je echter nog nooit eerder met LaTeX hebt gewerkt, stelt het +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Math Panel +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + je in staat snel en gemakkelijk professioneel-uitziende vergelijkingen + te produceren +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Lyx kan niet controleren of de vergelijking die je invoert +\emph on +correct +\emph default + is. + Sorry. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Math Modus +\layout Standard + +Typ ergens in je LyX document: +\layout LyX-Code + +Ik hou van wat Einstein zei, E=mc^2, omdat het zo eenvoudig is. +\layout Standard + +Zelfs in het +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestand ziet die vergelijking er niet echt goed uit; er is geen spatiëring + tussen de letters en het gelijkheidsteken, en je zou graag een superscript + gebruiken voor de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Die slechte opmaak kwam omdat we LyX niet verteld hadden dat we een wiskundige + uitdrukking schreven, waardoor het de vergelijking als gewone tekst weergaf. +\layout Standard + +Wiskundige uitdrukkingen worden geschreven in Mathed, ook gekend als Math + modus. + Om de math modus te starten, klik je simpelweg op de knop in de werkbalk + waarop in het blauw +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + +staat. + LyX zal dan een klein blauw vierkant openen met een paarse rechthoek er + omheen. + Het blauwe vierkant is het +\emph on +invoegpunt +\emph default +, wat aangeeft dat je je in Mathed bevindt. + LyX heeft de cursor in het blauwe vierkant geplaatst, dus je kunt +\family sans + +\family typewriter +E=mc^2 +\family default + gewoon nogmaals intypen. + De uitdrukking wordt blauw weergegeven en het blauwe vierkant verdwijnt + zodra het invoegpunt niet leeg is. + Typ nu +\family sans +Esc +\family default + om Mathed te verlaten (Noot: door nogmaals klikken op de math knop verlaat + je Mathed +\emph on +niet +\emph default +). + De paarse rechthoek verdwijnt en de cursor bevindt zich rechts van de uitdrukki +ng. + Als je nu iets invoert, verschijnt het weer als gewone tekst. +\layout Standard + +Bekijk nu het +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestand. + (In de statusbalk zie je dat LyX het programma LaTeX opstart om het +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-bestand te maken). + Merk op dat de vergelijking nu netjes is opgemaakt, met spatiëring tussen + de letters en het gelijkheidsteken, en de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in superscript. + In de Math modus worden letters als variabelen geïnterpreteerd en cursief + weergegeven. + Cijfers blijven gewoon cijfers. +\layout Standard + +Mathed is nogmaals een voorbeeld van de WYSIWYM filosofie. + In LaTeX schrijf je een wiskundige uitdrukking door gebruik te maken van + tekst en codes zoals +\backslash +sqrt. + Dit kan frustrerend zijn omdat je niet kunt zien hoe de uitdrukking eruit + ziet tot je het bestand door LaTeX laat interpreteren. + Je verspilt dan tijd met het zoeken naar ontbrekende haakjes of andere + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bugs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Anderzijds probeert LyX niet de uitdrukking perfect weer te geven (WYSISWYG) + maar geeft het je een goed idee hoe de uitdrukking eruit zal zien. + LaTeX zorgt verder voor de professionele opmaak. + In 99% van de gevallen hoef je verder niets meer te veranderen aan de fontgroot +te of spatiëring. + Hierdoor (we vallen in herhaling - sorry) kun je je concentreren op de + inhoud van je wiskundige uitdrukkingen in de plaats van de opmaak ervan. +\layout Section + +Navigeren in een Vergelijking +\layout Standard + +Laten we nu een keer +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + veranderen in +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Gebruik de pijltjestoetsen om de cursor in de vergelijking te zetten. + Merk op dat de paarse rechthoek weer verschijnt als je in de vergelijking + zit, om aan te geven dat je je wederom in Mathed bevindt. + Gebruik nu +\family sans +Links +\family default + of +\family sans +Rechts +\family default + om de cursor voorbij het gelijkheidsteken te plaatsen, en typ dan +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1+ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Gebruik nu opnieuw de pijltjestoetsen om de uitdrukking te verlaten of + druk op +\family sans +Esc +\family default +, waarna de paarse rechthoek zal verdwijnen. + Veel mensen vinden de pijltjestoetsen handig om mee te werken, maar je + kunt ook gewoon ergens in de uitdrukking klikken en Mathed starten. +\layout Standard + +Buiten de hieronder beschreven speciale toetsen, is het typen in de math + modus hetzelfde als het bewerken van gewone tekst. + Gebruik +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (of +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +) om iets te verwijderen. + Selecteer tekst via de pijltjestoetsen (samen met de +\family sans +Shift +\family default +-toets) of met behulp van de muis. + Zowel +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +ndo +\family default + als knippen en plakken werkt in de math modus. + Voor één ding moet je opletten: als je je net buiten een Mathed uitdrukking + bevindt en je drukt op +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (of +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +), dan verwijder je de gehele uitdrukking. + Gelukkig kun je dit met +\family sans +Undo +\family default + ongedaan maken. +\layout Standard + +Wat gedaan als je +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + wil veranderen naar +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + + ? Je kunt opnieuw gebruik maken van de muis om de cursor op de juiste plaats + te zetten. + Je kunt echter ook gebruik maken van de pijltjestoetsen. + Als de cursor zich juist achter de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + bevindt maar voor de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, dan brengt een druk op +\family sans +Omhoog +\family default + je op dezelfde hoogte als de exponent, juist voor de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Voeg nu +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +.5 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + toe. + Als je nu op +\family sans +Omlaag +\family default + drukt, kom je terug op het normale niveau. + Zelfs als je op een willekeurige plaats in de exponent op +\family sans +Omlaag +\family default + drukt, zal de cursor zich juist na de exponent bevinden (waar je dan +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + kunt intypen). +\layout Standard + +Je kunt ook +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + gebruiken om te navigeren in de uitdrukking. + Als je je momenteel in een Mathed structuur (subscript, superscript, breuk, + vierkantswortel, afbakeningen of matrix, die allemaal behandeld worden + in de volgende secties) bevindt, dan zal het indrukken van de +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + de cursor verplaatsen tot voorbij die structuur, maar nog wel binnen Mathed. + Dus als de cursor zich ergens in het superscript bevindt zal het indrukken + van de +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + tot gevolg hebben dat de cursor terug op het normale niveau terechtkomt, + juist achter het superscript. + Dit betekent dat je +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{1+x}-2$ +\end_inset + + kunt intypen zonder de muis of de pijltjestoetsen te gebruiken, een werkwijze + die je hoogstwaarschijnlijk zal prefereren wanneer je meer ervaring hebt. + Zorg er wel voor dat je geen +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + typt tussen de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en het plusteken, anders verlaat je het superscript. + Op een plaats waar het indrukken van +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + geen zin heeft (bijvoorbeeld tussen de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), zal dit geen gevolg hebben +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + en +\family sans +Tab +\family default + worden niet gebruikt voor extra witruimte tussen delen van een vergelijking. + Witruimte is een onderdeel van letterzetting, wat betekent dat je dit aan + LyX (LaTeX) moet overlaten (Zie sec. + 2.1.3). + Als je hier geen vrede mee kan nemen, dan bestaan er manieren om de witruimte + te manipuleren. + Meer hierover vindt je in de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + --- maar wacht met het aanpassen van de witruimte tot de inhoud van je + document afgewerkt is. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Merk op dat wanneer je een uitdrukking invoert en die daarna weer verlaat + met +\family sans + Esc +\family default +, er geen +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + achter de uitdrukking zal staan. + Dit is gewenst wanneer je daarna een punt of een komma typt, maar wanneer + je een woord na de formule wilt plaatsen, moet je expliciet +\family sans + Spatie +\family default + indrukken na het verlaten van Mathed. + Een eenvoudiger manier is het indrukken van +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + wanneer de cursor zich aan het einde van een Mathed uitdrukking bevindt. + Hierdoor verlaat je Mathed en wordt er een +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + geplaatst na de uitdrukking. + Op deze manier kun je dan schrijven: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + is mijn favoriete uitdrukking +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in plaats van +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + +is mijn favoriete uitdrukking +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Exponenten en Indices +\layout Standard + +Een exponent kan worden ingevoegd vanuit het +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath +\family default + menu, maar het is echter eenvoudiger om een karet +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + te typen. + LyX plaatst dan een invoegpunt (herinner je je het blauwe vierkant?) in + het superscript waardoor alles wat daaropvolgend ingetypt wordt, in het + superscript en in een kleiner lettertype gezet wordt. + Totdat een +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + wordt ingedrukt (of +\family sans +een Esc +\family default + om Mathed helemaal te verlaten), zal alles wat je intypt in het superscript + komen. +\layout Standard + +Een subscript (index) is net zo eenvoudig; begin met het typen van een underscor +e, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Subscript of superscript kan bestaan in zowel sub- als superscript. + Bijvoorbeeld: +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening: +\series default + Plaats vergelijking 1 van +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\family default + in math modus. +\layout Section + +Het +\family sans +Math Panel +\layout Standard + +Het +\family sans +Math Panel +\family default + is handig om symbolen in te voeren of vele ingewikkelde Mathed functies + te gebruiken. + Veel van deze functies kunnen worden verkregen door middel van het toetsenbord + of het +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath +\family default + menu. + We gaan ons echter concentreren op het +\family sans +Math Panel +\family default +, gewoon om je te laten weten hoe het in mekaar zit. + De toetscombinaties kun je later uit andere handleidingen leren (hint, + hint). + Open dus het +\family sans +Math Panel +\family default + en laat het open terwijl je dit onderdeel leest. +\layout Subsection + +Griekse Symbolen +\layout Standard + +Als je klikt op de knop met het opschrift +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\varepsilon\varepsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, krijg je een menu waar je een Griekse letter uit kunt kiezen die dan ter + hoogte van de cursor geplaatst zal worden. + Merk op dat er een aantal varianten zijn van epsilon, pi, phi, theta en + sigma. + Handig: wanneer je tekst aan het intypen bent, en je kiest iets van het + +\family sans +Math Panel +\family default +, wordt Mathed automatisch geopend. +\layout Standard + +Vier andere knoppen aan de onderkant van het Math Panel geven je toegang + tot een ruim assortiment aan symbolen die in de wiskunde gebruikt worden: + verschillende pijlen, relaties, operatoren, en sommen en integralen. + Merk op dat je via subscript en superscript de boven- en onder-limieten + van sommen en integralen kunt definieren. + De laatste knop is de beruchte +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +overige +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (Miscellaneous). + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Nothing you can do that can't be done\SpecialChar \ldots{} +All you need is +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Vierkantswortels, accenten en afbakeningen +\layout Standard + +Om een vierkantswortel in te voeren, klik je simpelweg op de knop met een + vierkantswortel erop afgebeeld. + De vierkantswortel verschijnt, en de cursor bevindt zich in een nieuw invoegpun +t onder de vierkantswortel. + Je kunt nu invoeren wat je maar wilt: variabelen, getallen, andere vierkantswor +tels, breuken enz. + LyX zal automatisch de grootte van de vierkantswortel aanpassen, zodat + alles wat eronder zit erin past. +\layout Standard + +Een accent plaatsen boven een enkel karakter ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +) of een groep van karakters\SpecialChar ~ +( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +) gebeurt op dezelfde manier. + Klik op de +\family sans +Decoratie +\family default + knop: een blauwe rechthoek met een zwarte tilde\SpecialChar ~ +(~) erboven. + Het +\family sans +Decoratie +\family default + venster zal nu verschijnen. + Klik nu op een decoratie, waardoor LyX deze zal afbeelden met een invoegpunt + eronder (of erboven). + Typ nu wat je op die plek wilt hebben gevolgd door een +\family sans +Spatie +\family default + om de decoratie te +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +verlaten +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Afbakeningen zoals ronde haakjes, vierkante haakjes en accolades werken + op een gelijkaardige manier maar zijn iets ingewikkelder. + Druk op de +\family sans +Afbakenings +\family default + knop: een blauw vierkant omringt door zwarte vierkante haakjes. + Hierdoor verschijnt het +\family sans +Afbakenings +\family default + (Engels: Delimiter) venster. + Klik op een linkse afbakening met de +\emph on +linker muisknop +\emph default + en een rechtse afbakening met de +\emph on +rechter muisknop +\emph default + (Je kunt ook gebruik maken van de optieknoppen waarnaast +\family sans +Links +\family default + en +\family sans +Rechts +\family default + staat, waarna je een afbakening kiest met de +\emph on +linker muisknop +\emph default +). + Je huidige keuze van afbakening wordt getoond op een knop in de rechter + bovenhoek van het venster. + De standaardwaarde is een paar ronde haakjes, maar via de selectiemethode + kun je een paar vierkante haakjes of een rond haakje en een vierkant haakje + kiezen, je kunt zelfs voor het lege vierkant opteren om iets als +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a$ +\end_inset + + = +\begin_inset Formula $\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + te verkrijgen (de lege afbakening wordt in LyX getoond als een gebroken + zwarte lijn, maar wordt niet getoond in de uitvoer). +\layout Standard + +Wanneer je de afbakening gekozen hebt, klik dan op +\family sans +OK +\family default + het in te voegen (of druk op +\family sans +Apply +\family default + wanneer je het venster wil openlaten voor de volgende keer). + Als je lui bent, kun je ook de eigenlijke haakjes intypen in Math mode, + in plaats van het +\family sans +Afbakenings +\family default + venster te gebruiken. + De haakjes zullen echter van dezelfde grootte zijn als normale tekst en + zullen er slecht uitzien wanneer er zich een grote breuk of matrix tussen + de haakjes bevindt. + Het gebruik van het +\family sans +Afbakenings +\family default + venster garandeert dat de grootte van de haakjes gebaseerd is op wat er + zich tussen hen bevindt. +\layout Standard + +Je kunt ook afbakeningen, vierkantswortels of decoraties plaatsen op al + bestaande tekst. + Selecteer het deel van de formule dat je wilt aanpassen, en klik dan op + de knop naar keuze in het +\family sans +Math Panel +\family default +. + Probeer zo de tweede wet van Newton van scalaire naar vectoriële vorm te + veranderen ( +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + naar +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + Zodra je over matrices hebt geleerd zal je op deze manier ook de haakjes + om een matrix zetten. + +\layout Subsection + +Breuken +\layout Standard + +Breuken zijn heel makkelijk in Mathed. + Klik simpelweg op de +\family sans +breuken +\family default + knop in het Math Panel: een breukstreep met een blauw vierkant in de teller + en de noemer. + LyX plaatst twee invoegpunten in een breuk. + Zoals verwacht kun je de pijltjestoetsen of de muis gebruiken om binnen + de breuk te manoeuvreren. + Klik op het bovenste vierkant en typ dan +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Druk nu op +\family sans +Omlaag +\family default + en typ dan +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Je hebt net een breuk gemaakt! Natuurlijk kun je van alles in de twee vakjes + invoeren: variabelen met exponenten, vierkantswortels, andere breuken, + wat je maar wilt. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening: +\series default + Plaats vergelijking 2 van +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\family default + in math modus. +\layout Subsection + +TeX modus: Limieten, log, sin, en andere +\layout Standard + +Aangezien letters in math modus gezien worden als variabelen, denkt LyX + dat je een product van drie variabelen: +\emph on +s +\emph default +, +\emph on +i +\emph default + en +\emph on +n +\emph default + ingeeft wanneer je +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + typt in math modus. + Deze drie letters verschijnen in het cursief, terwijl je het woord +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in Roman lettertype wou. + Ook zal LyX geen spatie plaatsen tussen +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + en +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (het intypen van Spatie verlaat math modus). + Hoe krijg je dan +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in plaats van +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Klik op +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in de +\family sans +Functies +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Functions +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) lijst van het +\family sans +Math Panel +\family default +. + Het woord +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + verschijnt dan in het rood, in Roman lettertype, ook wel bekend als TeX + modus. + Het hele woord wordt gezien als één symbool. + Wanneer je dus +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + indrukt, wordt het hele woord verwijderd. + Typ nu +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in, hetgeen in blauw cursief verschijnt, zoals verwacht in Mathed. + In het +\family sans +dvi +\family default +bestand is de letterzetting van de uitdrukking correct. + Probeer het maar. +\layout Standard + +Andere codes die je in TeX modus moet invoeren, gebruik makend van de +\family sans +Functies +\family default + lijst, omvatten de andere trigonometrische functies en hun inversen, hyperbolis +che functies, logaritmen, limieten en een heleboel andere. + Deze functies kunnen worden voorzien van sub- en superscripts, belangrijk + voor dingen als +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening: +\series default + Plaats vergelijking 3 van +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\family default + in math modus. +\layout Subsection + +Matrices +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Matrices} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Klik op de +\family sans +matrix +\family default + knop in het +\family sans +Math Panel +\family default +. + Het Matrix venster heeft twee schuifknoppen waarmee je het aantal rijen + en kolommen van je matrix kunt kiezen. + Kies rijen en kolommen en druk op +\family sans +Apply +\family default + of +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + LyX toont dan invoegpunten in een +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + + matrix. + Zoals gewoonlijk kun je een willekeurige Mathed uitdrukking (een vierkantsworte +l, een andere matrix, etc.) plaatsen in elk invoegpunt. + Indien je dat wilt kun je ook enkele invoegpunten leeg laten. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + kan gebruikt worden om door de verschillende kolommen te bewegen. + Je kunt echter ook de pijltjestoetsen gebruiken: op +\family sans +Rechts +\family default + drukken aan het einde van een vakje verplaatst je naar het volgende vakje, +\family sans + Omlaag +\family default + verplaatst je naar de volgende rij, etc. +\layout Standard + +Raadpleeg de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + om te weten te komen hoe je de horizontale alignering van elke kolom kunt + aanpassen, en hoe je de verticale positionering van de hele matrix kunt + veranderen. + Merk op dat indien je een tabel wilt maken die tekst bevat, je beter gebruik + kunt maken van de fantastische tabelondersteuning van LyX, in plaats van + tekst in een matrix proberen te schrijven. +\layout Subsection + +Weergave Modus +\layout Standard + +Alle uitdrukkingen die we tot nu toe gemaakt hebben, bevonden zich op dezelfde + regel als de tekst die ervoor en erachter stond, ook gekend als inline + uitdrukkingen. + Dit is uitstekend voor korte, eenvoudige uitdrukkingen, maar wanneer je + grotere uitdrukking gaat construeren, kun je ze beter in weergave modus + schrijven. + Daarenboven, enkel uitdrukkingen in weergave modus kunnen van een label + en een nummer voorzien worden (zie de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default +). + Multi-lijn vergelijkingen (zie Sec. +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{multi-lijn verg} + +\end_inset + +)moeten zelfs in de weergave modus geschreven worden. +\layout Standard + +Klik op de +\family sans +weergave +\family default + knop in het +\family sans +Math Panel +\family default +, voorgesteld door een aantal lijnen tekst onder en boven een gecentreerd + blauw vierkant. + LyX opent een invoegpunt, maar het invoegpunt bevindt zich op een nieuwe + regel, en is gecentreerd op die regel. + Typ nu een uitdrukking en start LaTeX om het resultaat te zien. + De weergave knop is eigenlijk een aan/uit schakelaar; gebruik het nu om + een aantal van je uitdrukkingen naar weergave modus om te zetten en omgekeerd. +\layout Standard + +Weergave modus verschilt hier en daar van de gewone Mathed: +\layout Itemize + +Het standaard font is groter voor enkele symbolen zoals +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + en +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Sub- en superscripts voor limieten en sommen (maar niet voor integralen) + worden onder in plaats van naast de symbolen geplaatst +\layout Itemize + +Tekst is gecentreerd +\layout Standard + +Buiten deze verschillen echter komen uitdrukkingen in weergave modus en + inline uitdrukkingen grotendeels overeen. +\layout Standard + +Een laatste opmerking over de letterzetting van een vergelijking in weergave + modus: let op of je je vergelijking wel in een nieuwe paragraaf wilt plaatsen + of niet. + Wanneer je vergelijking zich in het midden van een zin of een paragraaf + bevindt, druk dan niet op +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Als je dat doet wordt de tekst achter de vergelijking als een nieuwe paragraaf + beschouwd en zal dan ook worden ingesprongen. + Dit is waarschijnlijk niet wat je wilt. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening: +\series default + Plaats de verschillende vergelijkingen van +\family typewriter +nl_voorbeeld_ruw.lyx +\family default + in weergave modus en bekijk hoe de opmaak verandert. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Oefening: +\series default + Door gebruik te maken van de verschillende hulpmiddelen die je in dit deel + hebt leren kennen, zou je nu in staat moeten zijn een uitdrukking zoals + de volgende te schrijven: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Multi-lijn vergelijkingen +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{multi-lijn verg} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Probeer de volgende vergelijking te construeren en kijk dan naar het resultaat + in het +\family sans +dvi +\family default + bestand. + Je zal twee afzonderlijke vergelijkingen in weergave modus moeten invoeren. +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y+y+y+y+y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +=5y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Dit lijkt nergens op! Als je twee of meer opeenvolgende vergelijkingen schrijft, + zouden ze er veel beter uitzien als de gelijkheidstekens gealigneerd waren; + vooral wanneer de tweede vergelijking geen linker lid heeft. + In LyX kun je multi-lijn vergelijkingen schrijven en controle hebben over + de alignering. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\ + & = & 5y\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Dit zit er +\emph on +veel +\emph default + beter uit! De gelijkheidstekens zijn gealigneerd, en er is minder verticale + spatiëring tussen de vergelijkingen. +\layout Standard + +Om een multi-lijn vergelijking te beginnen open je een Mathed uitdrukking + in weergave modus en druk +\family sans +je C-Return +\family default +. + Lyx drukt dan twee regels af, elk met drie lege invoegpunten. + Zoals bij matrices kun je de muis, de pijltjestoetsen of Tab gebruiken + om te manoeuvreren tussen de invoegpunten. + Probeer de bovenstaande multi-lijn vergelijking te reproduceren. + Merk op dat het toegelaten is in een multi-lijn vergelijking één of meer + invoegpunten leeg te laten. + Dit kan handig zijn voor voorbeelden zoals de bovenstaande, of om zeer + lange vergelijkingen over meerdere regels te verdelen zoals: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & a+b+c+d\\ + & & +e+f+g\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX aligneert het tweede (centrale) veld van elke regel, dus meestal plaats + je daar gelijkheidstekens of andere relationele operatoren, maar je kunt + er in principe van alles neerzetten. + Gebruik echter geen multi-lijn vergelijking om een array op te bouwen; + gebruik daarvoor een matrix (zie Sec. +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Matrices} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Als je nog een langere set van vergelijkingen wil, gebruik dan +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + om een nieuwe regel met drie lege invoegpunten te krijgen. + Als je je nog niet aan het einde van de regel bevindt wanneer je dit doet, + zal het resterende deel op de volgende regel worden gezet. + Als je op +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + drukt wanneer je reeds een multi-lijn vergelijking (op één regel) geschreven + hebt, zal de hele vergelijking in het eerste veld worden geplaatst. + Plaats de cursor voor het gelijkheidsteken en druk op +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default + om het naar het tweede veld te verplaatsen. + Positioneer de cursor dan achter het gelijkheidsteken en druk nogmaals + op +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default +; het rechter lid van de vergelijking wordt nu naar het derde veld verplaatst. + Probeer nu +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + om te vormen tot +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +E & = & mc^{2}\\ + & = & mc\times c\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Als je teveel regels geschreven hebt, plaats de cursor dan op het einde + van een regel en gebruik +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + om de volgende regel te verwijderen. + Dit verwijdert de linefeed en voegt de volgende regel (alle drie de invoegpunte +n) toe aan de huidige. + Als de volgende regel leeg is, wordt deze domweg verwijderd. + Opgelet: het gebruik van +\family sans +M-e k +\family default + wanneer je je niet op het einde van een regel bevindt, kan vreemde gevolgen + hebben. +\layout Section + +Meer Wiskundige Dingen +\layout Standard + +Mathed kan nog veel meer. + Ondertussen ben je vertrouwd met de basis dus we verwijzen je naar de +\emph on + Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + voor tips hoe je: +\layout Itemize + +Uitdrukkingen kunt voorzien van een label en een nummering +\layout Itemize + +Lettertypes kunt veranderen, bv. + vette tekst in een uitdrukking plaatsen. + Merk op dat het drukken op de +\family sans +math +\family default + knop in de werkbalk wanneer je je al in Mathed bevindt, je toelaat tekst + in het Roman lettertype te schrijven, tot je op een (niet-beschermde) spatie + typt. +\layout Itemize + +Fontgroottes en spatiëring naar je hand kunt zetten binnen een uitdrukking. + (Doe dit soort dingen echter pas bij de laatste kladversie!) +\layout Itemize + +Macros kunt schrijven. + Deze zijn zeer krachtig, omdat je ze slechts één keer hoeft te definieren + aan het begin van je document, en je ze daarna overal kunt gebruiken in + dat document. + Als je de definitie van een macro verandert zal die verandering overal + in het document worden doorgevoerd. + Macros kunnen zelfs voorzien worden van argumenten. +\layout Itemize + +Nog veel meer dingen kunt doen waarvoor we de tijd niet hadden om ze te + vermelden in deze +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout Chapter + +Overige +\layout Section + +Andere belangrijke mogelijkheden van LyX +\layout Standard + +We hebben nog niet alle mogelijkheden van LyX behandeld en we zullen dat + hier ook niet doen. + Zie zoals gewoonlijk de +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + voor meer informatie. + De precieze werking van elk menu-onderdeel wordt beschreven in de +\emph on + Referentiehandleiding +\emph default +. + We zullen hier alleen nog een aantal dingen noemen die LyX kan doen\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Itemize + +LyX heeft WYSIWYG ondersteuning voor tabellen. + Gebruik +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +le +\family default + om een tabel in te voegen. + Klik met de +\emph on +rechter +\emph default + muisknop op de tabel om een +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +Layout +\family default + popup-venster te krijgen waar je de tabel uitgebreid mee kunt bewerken. +\layout Itemize + +LyX ondersteunt het invoegen van figuren in PostScript® formaat (of ruwe + LaTeX) binnen documenten. + (Je raadt het al: +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Fi +\bar under +g +\bar default +ure +\family default +. + Klik vervolgens op het figuur om het bestand te kiezen, het te roteren, + de schaal te veranderen enz.) Tabellen en figuren kunnen onderschriften + hebben en LyX zal automatisch een lijst van tabellen en figuren genereren. +\layout Itemize + +Versiecontrole wordt ondersteund via RCS (doe +\family typewriter +man rcsintro +\family default + voor meer informatie). +\layout Itemize + +LyX is zwaar configureerbaar. + Alles, van hoe het LyX venster er uit ziet tot hoe de uitvoer er uit ziet, + kan op verschillende wijzen worden geconfigureerd. + Dit wordt grotendeels gedaan door het bewerken van het +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + bestand +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Momenteel moet je het +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +-bestand met een tekst editor bewerken. + De ontwikkelaars hopen een grafisch configuratie hulpmiddel te ontwikkelen + binnen LyX. + Dit is in deze versie al grotendeels gedaan. +\end_inset + +. + Kijk voor informatie hierover bij +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ustomization +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +LyX wordt door een team van programmeurs in vijf continenten ontwikkeld. + Daarom heeft LyX een betere ondersteuning voor niet-Engelse talen (zoals + Nederlands, Duits, Grieks, Tsjechisch, Turks\SpecialChar \ldots{} +) dan veel andere tekstverwerkers. + Je kunt documenten in andere talen schrijven maar je kunt LyX ook zo configurer +en dat het de menu's en foutmeldingen weergeeft in een andere taal. +\layout Itemize + +De menus van LyX ondersteunen toetscombinaties. + Dat betekent dat je een bestand kunt openen via +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen, +\family default + of door +\family sans +M-F +\family default + te typen gevolgd door een +\family sans +O +\family default +. + Toetscombinaties kunnen ook worden geconfigureerd (er bestaan zelfs toetscombin +aties voor enkele van de menus die vanuit het Engels zijn vertaald). + Meer informatie vind je via +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ustomization\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +LyX kan LaTeX documenten inlezen. + Zie sectie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Controleer de spelling van je document met +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pellchecker +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Merk op dat de spellingscontrole werkt vanaf het punt waar de cursor zich + op dat moment bevindt tot aan het einde van het document. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +LyX voor LaTeX Gebruikers +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexgebruikers} + +\end_inset + +Als je niets van LaTeX afweet, hoef je dit onderdeel niet te lezen. + Je zou echter LaTeX kunnen willen +\emph on +leren +\emph default +, en daarom deze sectie wel wensen te lezen. + De meeste mensen die met LyX beginnen zijn echter wel bekend met LaTeX. + Als jij zo iemand bent zul je je misschien afvragen of LyX werkelijk alles + kan doen wat LaTeX ook kan. + Een kort antwoord zou zijn dat LyX zo goed als alles kan wat LaTeX ook + kan maar dat het het schrijven van een document in LaTeX enorm vereenvoudigt. + Er zullen enkele ergernissen zijn bij het converteren van oude LaTeX documenten +, maar komende versies van LyX zullen dit soort problemen oplossen. +\layout Standard + +Omdat dit slechts een tutorial is zullen we alleen dingen bespreken die + nieuwe LyX gebruikers interessant zullen vinden. + Omdat we de +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + kort willen houden zullen we hier slechts minimaal informatie verstrekken. + De +\emph on +Gebruikshandleiding +\emph default + heeft veel meer informatie over de verschillen tussen LyX en LaTeX en hoe + je verschillende handigheidjes van LaTeX in LyX kunt doen. +\layout Subsection + +TeX Modus +\layout Standard + +Alles wat je in TeX-modus kunt invoeren zal rechtstreeks naar LaTeX worden + gevoerd en zal in rood op het scherm verschijnen. + Je komt in de TeX-modus via +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Te +\bar under +X +\bar default + Style +\family default + of door op de rode TeX schakelknop op de knoppenbalk te drukken. +\layout Standard + +In Mathed, wordt TeX-modus op een iets andere manier behandeld. + Je komt in TeX-modus door een backslash te typen. + Deze wordt dan niet getoond, maar alles wat je hierna typt is rood van + kleur. + Je verlaat de TeX-modus door een spatie te typen, of een andere niet-alfabetisc +h teken zoals een nummer, een underscore, een karet, of haakjes. + Zodra je TeX-modus verlaat zal LyX het, indien het de TeX code die je zojuist + hebt ingevoerd kent, omzetten in WYSIWYM. + Dus als je in Mathed +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default + typt, en vervolgens een spatie, zal LyX de rode +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +gamma +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + veranderen in een blauwe +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Dit werkt voor bijna alle eenvoudige math-macros. + Merk op dat functies als +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sin +\family default + rood zullen blijven omdat deze al WYSIWYM zijn. + Deze manier van invoeren kan sneller zijn dan het gebruik van het +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +, en het zal in het bijzonder gemakkelijk zijn voor ervaren LaTeX gebruikers. +\layout Standard + +Als speciaal geval, indien je een haakje in Mathed's TeX-modus typt zal + Mathed het beginhaakje +\emph on +en +\emph default + het eindehaakje in rood zetten, je vervolgens uit de TeX modus halen en + de cursor tussen de haakjes zetten. + Dit maakt het eenvoudig codes in te voeren die Mathed niet kent en die + een argument nodig hebben. +\layout Standard + +LyX kan (nog?) niet alles doen wat LaTeX kan. + Sommige bijzondere functies worden in het geheel niet ondersteund, terwijl + andere wel werken maar niet WYSIWYM zijn. + TeX-modus geeft gebruikers de volledige flexibiliteit van LaTeX terwijl + het alle gemak van LyX biedt zoals de WYSIWYG math functies, tabellen en + bewerken. + LyX zou nooit elk LaTeX pakket kunnen ondersteunen. + Echter, door +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{foo} +\family default + in de preambule (zie Sectie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preambule} + +\end_inset + +) te typen kun je elk pakket gebruiken dat je wilt, alhoewel je geen WYSIWYG + ondersteuning voor de mogelijkheden van dat pakket zult hebben. +\layout Subsection + +LaTeX Documenten Importeren--- +\family typewriter +reLyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +Je kunt een LaTeX bestand in LyX importeren via het menu +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaTeX +\family default +. + Dit zal een Perl script aanroepen genaamd +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +. + Dit script zet een bestand genaamd +\family typewriter +foo.tex +\family default + om in het bestand +\family typewriter +foo.lyx +\family default + en opent dit vervolgens. + Als de omzetting niet lukt, kun je proberen +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + vanaf een commandoregel aan te roepen +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Als LyX geïnstalleerd is, zal een apart programma genaamd +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + in dezelfde map geplaatst worden als het LyX programma. + (b.v., +\family typewriter +/usr/local/bin/reLyX +\family default +). + +\family typewriter + reLyX +\family default + vereist Perl (versie 5.002 ten tijde van dit schrijven). +\end_inset + +, mogelijk gebruik makend van speciale opties. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + zal het overgrote deel van LaTeX code omzetten, maar niet alles. + Het zal de dingen die het niet begrijpt in TeX modus zetten. + Dus na het omzetten van een bestand met +\family typewriter + reLyX +\family default + kun je uitkijken naar rode tekst en deze handmatig bewerken zodat het er + goed uitziet. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + heeft zijn eigen man-pagina. + Lees dit om uit te zoeken welke LaTeX codes en omgevingen niet ondersteund + worden, welke fouten er in zitten (en hoe je hier omheen kunt werken) en + hoe je de verschillende opties kunt gebruiken. +\layout Subsection + +LyX Documenten naar LaTeX Converteren. +\layout Standard + +Mogelijk zou je een LyX document naar een LaTeX bestand willen omzetten. + Bijvoorbeeld: een medewerker, of mede-auteur, die LyX niet heeft, zou het + willen lezen. + Dit is gemakkelijk te doen in LyX. + Selecteer +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +E +\bar default +xport\SpecialChar \menuseparator +as\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default +. + Dit zal het bestand +\family typewriter +watdanook.lyx +\family default + welke je op dat moment aan het bewerken bent, omzetten naar +\family typewriter +watdanook.tex +\family default +. + LyX maakt altijd al tijdelijke LaTeX bestanden aan als je een bestand print + of bekijkt, dus LyX is heel goed in het genereren van LaTeX code. +\layout Subsection + +LaTeX Preambule +\layout Subsubsection + +Document klasse +\layout Standard + +Het +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default + popup regelt een groot deel van de vele opties die je in een +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + commando zou zetten. + Verander de klasse, standaard fontgrootte en papierformaat hier. + Zet elke andere optie van het +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + commando in de +\family sans +E +\bar under +x +\bar default +tra\SpecialChar ~ +Options +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Extra Preambule Codes +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preambule} + +\end_inset + +Als je speciale codes in de preambule van een LaTeX bestand moet zetten, + kan je dat ook in LyX doen. + Selecteer +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +atex\SpecialChar ~ +Preamble +\family default + en typ in het popupvenster. + Alles wat je invoert zal (net als in de TeX modus) rechtstreeks in LaTeX + worden gezet. +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX ondersteunt BibTeX. + BibTeX staat je toe een database te maken van de bibliografische referenties + die je in meerdere bestanden kunt gebruiken. + Selecteer +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lists\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +T +\bar default +OC\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +B +\bar default +ibTeX\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + om een +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +-bestand in te voegen. + Klik op de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +BibTeX Generated References +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + knop en je zult een +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +popup krijgen. + In het +\family sans +Database +\family default +-veld typ je wat je normaal tussen de haakjes van een +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\family default +commando zou typen +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Net als in LaTeX moeten meervoudige bibliografieën door kommas gescheiden + zijn, zonder spatiëring. +\end_inset + +. + In het +\family sans +Style +\family default +-veld type je wat je normaal tussen de haakjes van een +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default +commando zou typen. +\layout Standard + +Nadat je dit gedaan hebt kun je de citaten van elke bibliografie die je + via +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +i +\bar default +tation\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + bijgevoegd hebt, gebruiken (zie Sectie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliografieën} + +\end_inset + +). + LyX regelt het BibTeX gedeelte. + Vanaf LyX versie 1.0.1 laat de combo-box in het +\family sans + Citation +\family default + popup venster een lijst van alle referenties in je +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + bestand zien. + +\layout Subsection + +Overige +\layout Standard + +Invoegen van een beveiligde spatie gebeurt met +\family sans +C-space +\family default +. + Dit zal op het scherm verschijnen als een kleine blauwe +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + In deze +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + vind je er vele. + Zie het +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pecial\SpecialChar ~ +Character +\family default + menu voor meer speciale tekens, waaronder ellipsis, geforceerde regeleinde, + en verbindingsstreepje. +\layout Section + +Fouten! +\layout Standard + +Soms als je een document LaTeX't zijn er foutmeldingen: LyX of LaTeX begrijpt + iets niet. + Als dit gebeurt zal LyX een foutknop maken (een rechthoek met het woord + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +error +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + Als je op deze knop drukt verschijnt er een venster met daarin de reden + van de fout. + Als het iets was wat je in LyX hebt fout gedaan, zal het een LyX fout zijn. + Deze zullen echter nauwelijks voorkomen. + Als LaTeX een probleem heeft (dit komt meestal voor bij dingen die je in + TeX-modus hebt ingevoerd) zal LyX gewoon de foutmelding van LaTeX tonen. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/pl_Extended.lyx b/lib/doc/pl_Extended.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6bde143820 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/pl_Extended.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,18484 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +\usepackage{multicol} +\newcommand{\extratablespace}[1]{\noalign{\vskip#1}} +\usepackage{floatflt} +%\usepackage[colorlinks=true,linkcolor=black]{hyperref} +\end_preamble +\language polish +\inputencoding latin2 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 2 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language german +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +LyX -- Zaawansowane mo¿liwo¶ci +\layout Author + +by the LyX Team +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard +\noindent +Opiekunem tego pliku jest aktualnie +\noun on +Mike Ressler +\noun default +, mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu. + Proszê wysy³aæ komentarze i poprawki b³êdów na podany adres. +\end_inset + + +\newline +polskie t³umaczenie: +\newline +Tomasz £uczak +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard +\noindent +Opiekunem wersji polskiej tego pliku jest aktualnie +\noun on +Tomasz £uczak, +\noun default + tlu@technodat.com.pl. + Proszê wysy³aæ komentarze i poprawki b³êdów na podany adres. +\end_inset + + przy wspó³pracy Paw³a Dziekoñskiego +\layout Date + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +today +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +Podrêcznik +\emph on +Zaawansowana Edycja +\emph default +, który w³a¶nie czytasz jest w³a¶ciwie drug± czê¶ci± +\emph on +Podrêcznika U¿ytkownika +\emph default +. + Powód podzia³u jest prosty: +\emph on +Podrêcznik U¿ytkownika +\emph default + jest ju¿ do¶æ obszerny i zawiera opis wszystkich podstawowych funkcji, + które trzeba poznaæ do przygotowania wiêkszo¶ci dokumentów. +\layout Standard + +LyX Team ma d³ugoterminowy cel tworzenia rozszerzeñ LyX-a przez ró¿ne pliki + konfiguracyjne. + To oznacza, ¿e je¶li chcesz obs³ugiwaæ pakiet LaTeX-a +\family sans +Fizzwizzle +\family default +, to mo¿esz utworzyæ plik uk³adu dla tego pakietu bez konieczno¶ci dokonywania + samodzielnie zmian w LyX-ie. + Ju¿ przyczynili¶my siê do powstania kilku nowych funkcji t± drog±. + Ten podrêcznik, to jest miejsce, gdzie wszystko to udokumentowano. +\layout Standard + +Ten podrêcznik dokumentuje tak¿e kilka funkcji specjalnych, jak faksowanie, + kontrola wersji, obs³uga SGML-u, które wymagaj± dodatkowego oprogramowania + do poprawnej pracy. + Ostatni rozdzia³ traktuje o narzêdziach i sposobach LaTeX-a, które mo¿na + zastosowaæ do wykoñczenia Twoich dokumentów u¿ywaj±c funkcji LaTeX-a. + Poza tym LyX jest tylko edytorem WYSIWYM i bêdzie zawsze tylko interfejsem + do pewnych funkcji LaTeX-a. + Oczywi¶cie, z udokumentowanymi wszystkimi funkcjami. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li nie przeczyta³e¶ jeszcze wprowadzenia, to w³a¶nie czytasz niew³a¶ciwy + podrêcznik. + Wprowadzenie jest pierwszym miejscem, od którego powiniene¶ zacz±æ. + Opisuje on notacjê i format wszystkich podrêczników. + Powiniene¶ gruntownie zaznajomiæ siê z +\emph on + Podrêcznikiem U¿ytkownika +\emph default + i wszystkimi podstawowymi funkcjami LyX-a. +\layout Standard + +Wiele rozdzia³ów w tym dokumencie jest niezale¿nymi artyku³ami napisanymi + przez pojedyncze osoby i s± one odpowiednio zaznaczone. + Tymi osobami s± generalnie ci, którzy napisali nowy plik uk³adu (layout) + dla nowej klasy dokumentu lub pakietu LaTeX-a, lub zaimplementowali jak±¶ + funkcjê. + Je¶li nie wspomniano o autorze w rozdziale lub sekcji to znaczy, ¿e zosta³ + napisany przez LyX Documentation Team. +\layout Standard + +Pierwszy rozdzia³ stanowi suplement do narzêdzi edycyjnych LyX-a, nie ujêtych + w +\emph on + Podrêczniku U¿ytkownika +\emph default + i przeznaczony jest dla bardziej zaawansowanych u¿ytkowników. +\layout Standard + +Wszystkie rozdzia³y tego podrêcznika s± w ró¿nym stopniu, ale jednak, opisuj± + wspó³pracê LyX-a i LaTeX-a, pierwszy rozdzia³ opisuje wewnêtrzn± pracê + LyX-a, jak prosto LyX tworzy kod LaTeX-a je¶li chcesz. + To jest oczywiste dla wielu u¿ytkowników LyX-a. +\layout Chapter + +LyX i LaTeX +\layout Section + +Jak LyX u¿ywa LaTeX-a +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxandlatex} + +\end_inset + +To jest rozdzia³ dla TeX-ników i dla ciekawych LaTeX-a. + Wyja¶nimy w nim jak pracuj± LyX i LaTeX tworz±c wynikowe dokumenty do druku. + Tylko w tym miejscu i tylko w tym podrêczniku zak³adamy Twoj± znajomo¶æ + LaTeX-a. +\layout Standard + +Od jakiego¶ czasu LyX-a nazywamy ,,WYSIWYM frontendem do LaTeX'', ale to + nie jest dalej prawd±. + Istniej± równie¿ inne frontendy do LaTeX-a. + To s± generalnie edytory potrafi±ce uruchomiæ LaTeX-a i zaznaczaæ b³êdy + podczas edycji. + Mimo ¿e LyX +\emph on +jest +\emph default + edytorem i +\emph on +potrafi +\emph default + uruchomiæ LaTeX-a, i równie¿ zaznaczaæ b³êdy, i tak¿e wiele, wiele wiêcej. + Dziêki koncepcji WYSIWYM +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +What You See Is What You Mean -- dostajesz to o co Ci chodzi +\end_inset + +, nie musisz znaæ LaTeX-a aby efektywnie u¿ywaæ LyX-a. + LyX posiada tak¿e kilka rozszerzeñ do LaTeX-a +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +The Team did this for parsing/coding reasons. + The new macros allow LyX to more easily produce LaTeX code and ensure that + the resulting code is correct. + Nothing that you, the user, need worry about. +\end_inset + +. + Spróbuj kiedy¶ wybraæ polecenie +\family sans +Eksportuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator + LaTeX +\family default + z menu +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +lik +\family default + i spójrz na preambu³ê utworzonego pliku +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +. + Bêdziesz móg³ zauwa¿yæ ró¿ne nowe makra zdefiniowane specjalnie przez LyX-a +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Trochê historii: kiedy¶ wszystkie makra znajdowa³y siê w pliku +\family typewriter +lyx.sty +\family default +. + Pewnego dnia The Team zdecydowa³, ¿e utworzone pliki +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + powinny byæ bardziej przeno¶ne. + Tak teraz makra s± umieszczone w preambule. +\end_inset + +. + Jednak to wszystko dzieje siê prze¼roczy¶cie dla u¿ytkownika. +\layout Standard + +Mamy kilka poleceñ, które automatycznie wywo³uj± LaTeX-a. + Oto one: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Podgl±d\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Podgl±d\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PostScript/PDF +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Podgl±d\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Aktualizuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator + DVI +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Podgl±d\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Aktualizuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Postscript/PDF +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Plik\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Drukuj +\layout Standard + +Tylko te polecenia wywo³uj± LaTeX-a je¶li dokument siê zmieni³ od czasu + ostatniego uruchomienia LaTeX-a +\layout Standard + +Podczas uruchomienia LaTeX-a podczas edycji pliku, LyX wykonuje nastêpuj±ce + czynno¶ci: +\layout Enumerate + +Konwertuje dokument +\family typewriter +.lyx +\family default + do LaTeX-a i zapisuje plik z rozszerzeniem +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Uruchamia LaTeX-a z plikiem +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + (byæ mo¿e kilka razy). +\layout Enumerate + +Je¶li s± b³êdy , to zaznacza je w dokumencie. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li uruchamiasz LaTeX-a poleceniem podgl±du +\family sans +DVI +\family default +, LyX uruchamia +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + z plikiem +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default +. + Je¶li u¿y³e¶ polecenia podgl±du +\family sans +PostScript +\family default + lub +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +rukuj +\family default +, LyX wykonuje dwa kroki wiêcej: +\layout Itemize + +Uruchamia +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + do konwersji pliku Dvi do pliku postscriptowego: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Dla +\family sans +Podgl±du +\family default +, plik wyj¶ciowy ma rozszerzenie +\family typewriter +.ps_tmp +\layout Itemize + +Dla +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +rukuj +\family default +, plik wyj¶ciowy ma rozszerzenie +\family typewriter +.ps +\family default +, jak mo¿na by³o siê spodziewaæ. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Wywo³uje +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + lub wysy³a plik postscriptowy do drukarki. +\layout Section + +,,Pomocy! LyX utworzy³ nieczytelny plik +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +!'' +\layout Standard + +U¿ytkownicy LaTeX-a bêd± krzyczeæ to przez ca³± noc, gdy deklaracje LyX-a + s± nie do wykorzystania --- oni po prostu nie czytali dokumentacji do LyX-a + (RTFM!) +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Uwaga +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +: I know a certain faculty member who actually did complain to me that LyX + doesn't generate LaTeX files. + Ain't it funny how, sometimes, faculty are the worst at reading instructions? +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Nale¿y postawiæ sprawê jasno. + LyX produkuje dwa rodzaje plików LaTeX-owych. + Jedne s± czytelne dla ludzi. + Inne s± czytelne dla LyX-a. + Za ka¿dym wywo³aniem LaTeX-a przez LyX-a, tworzy on plik LaTeX-a, który + mo¿e byæ ³atwo skanowany w celu poszukiwania b³êdów. + W rezultacie plik +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + nie jest czytelny dla ludzi. + Nie próbuj go czytaæ. + Je¶li chcesz mieæ plik +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + aby móc wys³aæ go koledze, to wybierz polecenie +\family sans +Eksportuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator + LaTeX +\family default + z menu +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +lik +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Powtórzymy to jeszcze raz, specjalnie dla podkre¶lenia : +\layout Quote +\added_space_top 0.23cm \added_space_bottom 0.23cm +Je¶li chcesz plik +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + móc wys³aæ koledze, to wybierz polecenie +\family sans +Eksportuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator + LaTeX +\family default + z menu +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +lik +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Importowanie plików LaTeX-a do LyX-a +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz importowaæ pliki LaTeX-a do LyX-a za pomoc± polecenia +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Importuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX +\family default +. + Polecenie wywo³uje skrypt Perl-a o nazwie +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +, który na podstawie pliku +\family typewriter +foo.tex +\family default + utworzy plik +\family typewriter +foo.lyx +\family default + i otworzy go w LyX-ie. + Je¶li import nie powiedzie siê, mo¿esz spróbowaæ uruchomiæ skrypt +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + z wiersza poleceñ +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Podczas instalacji LyX-a, oddzielny plik wykonywalny o nazwie +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + jest umieszczany w tym samym katalogu z binariami co program +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + (np.: +\family typewriter +/usr/local/bin/reLyX +\family default +). + +\family typewriter + reLyX +\family default + wymaga interpretera jêzyka Perl (wersja 5.002 jak to napisano). +\end_inset + + z odpowiednimi parametrami. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + t³umaczy wiêkszo¶æ konstrukcji LaTeX-a, ale nie wszystkie. + Pozostawi rzeczy, których nie rozumie w trybie TeX, aby¶ po konwersji móg³ + spojrzeæ na zaznaczony na czerwono tekst i rêcznie go poprawiæ. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + ma w³asn± sekcjê w podrêczniku +\emph on +Zaawansowane Mo¿liwo¶ci +\emph default + (a tak¿e odpowiednik w postaci Unix-owego mana), któr± powiniene¶ przeczytaæ, + aby dowiedzieæ siê czego nie interpretuje +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + , b³êdach (oraz jak sobie z nimi poradziæ) i u¿yciu ró¿nych opcji. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li nie mo¿esz u¿yæ do pracy +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + lub je¶li chcesz wstawiæ trochê kodu LaTeX-a do pliku LyX-a, to zajrzyj + do sekcji +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexcodes} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Wstawianie poleceñ LaTeX-a do dokumentów LyX-a +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexcodes} + +\end_inset + + To jest raczej wa¿ny punkt: mo¿esz zawsze wstawiæ kod LaTeX-a do dowolnego + dokumentu LyX-a. + LyX po prostu nie mo¿e i prawdopodobnie nigdy nie bêdzie móg³ wy¶wietliæ + wszystkich mo¿liwych konstrukcji LaTeX. + Je¶li potrzebujesz wstawiæ polecenie LaTeX-a do dokumentu LyX-a, to u¿yj + wstawki ERT, któr± mo¿esz wstawiæ do dokumentu poleceniem +\family sans +\bar under +W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +eX +\family default +. + Wstawka ERT mo¿e wystêpowaæ w trzech formach: +\family sans +collapsed +\family default +, +\family sans +open +\family default + i +\family sans +inlined +\family default +. + Pierwsze dwie formy s± podobne do innych rozwijalnych wstawek (takich jak + np. + wstawka przypisu) i s± wygodne do zaznaczenia poleceñ LaTeX-a. + Forma +\family sans +inlined +\family default + wstawki wy¶wietla jej zawarto¶æ, co jest wygodne dla krótkich fragmentów + kodu LaTeX-a. + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard +% tak jak ten +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz prze³±czaæ siê pomiêdzy tymi formami przez klikniêcie prawym klawiszem + myszy na wstawce. + Uwaga je¶li chcesz wiêcej ni¿ jeden wiersz poleceñ LaTeX-a, to nie mo¿esz + korzystaæ z trybu +\family sans +inlined +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Tutaj jest przyk³ad wstawienia poleceñ LaTeX-a w dokumencie LyX-a. + Oto kod: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +begin{tabular}{ll} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline +This is an example for a minipage environment. + You +\newline +can put nearly everything in it, even (non-floating) +\newline +figures and tables. + +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline +& +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{verbatim} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline +This ... + +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline + +\backslash +end{verbatim} +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline + +\backslash +end{tabular} +\layout Standard + +Wstawka ERT zawieraj±ca powy¿szy tekst jest umieszczona bezpo¶rednio po + tym akapicie. + Je¶li czytasz ten podrêcznik w LyX-ie, to zobaczysz tylko przycisk z czerwonym + tekstem. + Czytaj±c drukowan± wersjê tego podrêcznika zobaczysz rezultaty: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{tabular}{ll} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline +This is an example for a minipage environment. You can put nearly everything in it, even (non-floating) figures and tables. +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline +& +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{verbatim} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline +This ... +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline + +\backslash +end{verbatim} +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline + +\backslash +end{tabular} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ponadto mo¿esz utworzyæ oddzielny plik zawieraj±cy skomplikowan± strukturê + LaTeX-a i do³±czyæ go poleceniem +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +o³±cz plik +\family default + (powiniene¶ wybraæ opcjê +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw +\family default +). + Zalecamy aby¶ do³±cza³ pliki +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +, o których +\emph on +wiesz +\emph default +, ¿e s± poprawne. + W innym wypadku bêdziesz mia³ sporo zajêcia z wyszukiwaniem b³êdów\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Standard + +Kilka ostatnich uwag o wyró¿nieniu: +\layout Itemize + +Wewn±trz LyX-a, kod LaTeX-a pojawia siê +\emph on +na czerwono +\emph default +, +\layout Itemize + +LyX +\emph on +nie +\emph default + sprawdza poprawno¶ci Twojego kodu LaTeX-owego, +\layout Itemize + +Staraj siê nie odkrywaæ ko³a na nowo. +\layout Standard + +Na koniec dwie uwagi. + Po pierwsze, LyX posiada niewiele funkcji ca³kowicie wbudowanych ale bêdzie + wiêcej. + B±d¼ pewien, sprawdzaj±c podrêcznik, ¿e danej funkcji LyX nie posiada zanim + zaczniesz kodowaæ j± w LaTeX-u +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Uwaga od +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun default +-a: I seem to do this an awful lot. + Sat down and merrily began coding something to print out labels, only to + learn that there were already 2 different LaTeX packages to do this. + Worse yet - I had them already! +\end_inset + +. + Po drugie istnieje wiele pakietów LaTeX-a pocz±wszy od sk³adu etykiet czy + kopert do ³adnych wielostronicowych tabel. + Przejrzyj archiwum CTAN aby poznaæ wiêcej szczegó³ów (zobacz sekcjê +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ctan} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Je¶li potrzebujesz zrobiæ trochê dzikich i ³adnych rzeczy wewn±trz dokumentu, + b±d¼ pewien swoich konstrukcji korzystaj±c z dobrej ksi±¿ki o LaTeX-u. + +\layout Standard + +Pewna liczba poleceñ LaTeX-a musi byæ umieszczona przed pocz±tkiem tekstu. + Powinny one zostaæ umieszczone w preambule co opisano w nastêpnej sekcji. +\layout Section + +Preambu³a LyX-a i LaTeX-a +\layout Subsection + +O preambule LaTeX-a +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +Je¶li ju¿ znasz LaTeX-a, to nie potrzebujesz tutaj wyja¶nienia do czego + s³u¿y preambu³a. + Je¶li nie wiesz, to dajemy Ci kilka porad -- zalecamy aby¶ znów zapozna³ + siê z ksi±¿k± o LaTeX-u aby poznaæ wiêcej informacji. + W innym przypadku powiniene¶ czytaæ poni¿sze sekcje, poniewa¿ w nich jest + wyja¶nione co mo¿esz zrobiæ i czego nie musisz zrobiæ w preambule LyX-owego + dokumentu. +\layout Standard + +Preambu³a LaTeX-a znajduje siê na samym pocz±tku dokumentu +\emph on +przed +\emph default +jego tre¶ci±. + S³u¿y ona do: +\layout Itemize + +deklaracji klasy dokumentu. + LyX ju¿ wykonuje to za Ciebie. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Je¶li jeste¶ LaTeX-nikiem i masz ju¿ trochê dopasowanych klas dokumentów, + których chcesz u¿ywaæ, to zajrzyj do podrêcznika +\emph on +Konfiguracja +\emph default + aby dowiedzieæ siê jak wykonaæ do nich interfejs. + Nie zapomnij wys³aæ swoich osi±gniêæ do LyX Team-u aby je w³±czyæ do przysz³ych + wersji! +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +deklaracji u¿ywanych pakietów. + Pakiety LaTeX-a dostarczaj± specjalne polecenia, które s± dostêpne w dokumencie + tylko je¶li zadeklarujemy pakiet w preambule. + Na przyk³ad, +\family typewriter + +\family default +pakiet +\family typewriter +indentfirst +\family default + wymusza wcinanie wszystkich akapitów. + istniej± pakiety dla etykiet, kopert, marginesów itd. +\layout Itemize + +ustawiania liczników, zmiennych, d³ugo¶ci i szeroko¶ci. + Istnieje kilka liczników LaTeX-a i zmiennych, które +\emph on +musz± +\emph default + byæ ustawione globalnie z poziomu preambu³y, aby uzyskaæ ¿±dany efekt [istniej± + inne zmienne, które mo¿na ustawiaæ tak¿e wewn±trz dokumentu]. + Marginesy s± dobrym przyk³adem czego¶ co musi byæ ustawione w preambule. + Innym przyk³adem jest format nalepek na listy. + Mo¿esz ustawiæ je gdziekolwiek, ale najlepszym miejscem do tego jest preambu³a. +\layout Itemize + +deklaracji definiowanych przez u¿ytkownika poleceñ [za pomoc± polecenia + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newcommand +\family default +lub +\family typewriter + +\backslash +renewcommand +\family default +], g³ównie skrótów dla poleceñ LaTeX-a, które wystêpuj± czêsto w tek¶cie + dokumentu. + Mimo to preambu³a jest dobrym miejscem na deklaracje poleceñ, które +\emph on +mog± +\emph default + byæ deklarowane gdziekolwiek indziej [byleby +\emph on +przed +\emph default + ich pierwszym u¿yciem w tek¶cie]. + To mo¿e byæ u¿yteczne je¶li mamy wiele kodu LaTeX-a w dokumencie, który + normalnie nie powinien siê zdarzyæ. +\layout Standard + +LyX dodaje do preambu³y w³asne definicje podczas tworzenia pliku +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +. + To czyni dokumenty LaTeX-a utworzone przez LyX-a przeno¶nymi. +\layout Subsection + +Zmiana preambu³y +\layout Standard + +Polecenia, które dodaje LyX do preambu³y s± zafiksowane i nie mo¿esz ich + zmieniæ bez samodzielnego patchowania LyX-a. + Mo¿esz jednak dodaæ w³asne rzeczy do preambu³y. + Mo¿esz to zrobiæ na dwa sposoby: +\layout Enumerate + +Wybierz polecenie +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +reambu³a +\family default + z menu +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormatowanie +\family default +. + Otworzy siê wówczas okno, w którym mo¿esz wpisaæ swoje polecenia. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Edytor preambu³y jest prymitywny, nie spodziewaj siê po nim zbyt wiele. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Utwórz w swoim domy¶lnym szablonie dokumentu (zobacz +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:setup} + +\end_inset + +) odpowiednie wpisy w preambule. + Wówczas tworz±c nowy dokument na jego podstawie preambu³a bêdzie ju¿ wpisana. +\layout Standard + +LyX nie dodaje niczego do Twojej czê¶ci preambu³y. + Zanim dodasz deklaracje do preambu³y powiniene¶ upewniæ siê, ¿e nie jest + ju¿ to wykonane przez LyX-a [czy pamiêtasz co mówili¶my o ponownym wynalezieniu + ko³a?]. + Ponadto +\emph on +dokonuj poprawnych wpisów w preambule +\emph default + -- LyX nie sprawdza jej poprawno¶ci. +\layout Subsection + +Przyk³ady +\layout Standard + +Tutaj znajduje siê kilka przyk³adów co mo¿na dodaæ do preambu³y: +\layout Subsubsection + +Przyk³ad #1: Przesuniêcie strony +\layout Standard + +Istniej± dwie zmienne LaTeX-a do sterowania pozycj± strony: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hoffset +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +voffset +\family default +. + Ich nazwy s± samoobja¶niaj±ce. + Te zmienne s± u¿yteczne je¶li w tej chwili o etykietach. + Czasami rozmiar medium i obszar medium, na którym bêdziesz drukowaæ nie + pokrywaj± siê. + Wówczas mamy polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hoffset +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +voffset +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Domy¶ln± warto¶ci± dla +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hoffset +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +voffset +\family default + jest 0 pt, czyli strona nie jest przesuniêta. +\layout Standard + +Niestety, niektóre sterowniki DVI wydaj± siê zawsze przesuwaæ stronê. + Nie mamy pomys³u dlaczego lub dlaczego Twój administrator nie poprawi³ + tego. + Je¶li u¿ywasz LyX-a w systemie, którego osobi¶cie nie nadzorujesz, a którego + administrator to ,,doofus'', to polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hoffset +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +voffset +\family default + mog± zaoszczêdziæ Ci dni. + Na przyk³ad Twoje marginesy lewy i górny s± zawsze o pó³ cala zbyt du¿e. + Nale¿y wówczas dodaæ do preambu³y nastêpuj±ce polecenia: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +hoffset}{-0.5 in} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +voffset}{-0.5 in} +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + a Twoje marginesy bêd± teraz poprawne. +\layout Subsubsection + +Przyk³ad #2: Etykiety +\layout Standard + +Mówi±c etykiety mamy na my¶li wydruk etykiet z adresami. + Istnieje mi³y pakiet, dostêpny w najbli¿szym Ci archiwum CTAN, do wydruku + etykiet o nazwie +\family typewriter +labels.sty +\family default +. + Twój system mo¿e nie mieæ go domy¶lnie zainstalowanego -- zostawiamy Ci + to do sprawdzenia. + Pewnie bêdziesz chcia³ przeczytaæ dokumentacjê pakietu -- my nie zrobimy + tego za Ciebie. + Jednak poni¿szym przyk³adem podpowiadamy Ci jak z niego skorzystaæ. +\layout Standard + +Po pierwsze wybierz klasê dokumentu +\family sans +article +\family default +. + Nastêpnie wpisz do preambu³y nastêpuj±ce deklaracje: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +usepackage{labels} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +LabelCols=3 +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +LabelRows=7 +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +LeftBorder=8mm +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +RightBorder=8mm +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +TopBorder=9mm +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +BottomBorder=2mm +\layout Standard + +Te ustawienia s± odpowiednie dla arkusza etykiet Avery, nr #5360. + Teraz jeste¶ gotów do wydruku etykiet, ale potrzeba jeszcze wstawiæ polecenia + LaTeX umieszczaj±c polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{labels} +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{labels} +\family default + wokó³ ka¿dego tekstu z tre¶ci± etykiety. + Ta i inne funkcje pakietu +\family typewriter +labels.sty +\family default + s± wyja¶nione w dokumentacji. +\layout Standard + +Byæ mo¿e, ¿e kiedy¶, kto¶ napisze plik uk³adu LyX-a do obs³ugi tego pakietu + wprost. + Byæ mo¿e to bêdziesz Ty. +\layout Subsubsection + +Przyk³ad #3: Wciêcie akapitu +\layout Standard + +Amerykanie s± wyæwiczeni we wcinaniu pierwszego wiersza +\emph on +ka¿dego +\emph default + akapitu. + Tak jak wszystkie inne dziwne quirks, wiêkszo¶æ Amerykanów bêdzie wyæ i + jêczeæ dopóki nie bêd± mieli wcinanych pierwszych wierszy we wszystkich + akapitach +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Uwaga od +\noun on + Johna Weiss'a +\noun default +: To by³o napisane przez Amerykanina -- przeze +\emph on +mnie +\emph default +! Tak postrzegam moich rodaków. + Nieprzerwanie ja nie lubiê tego. + Thpbpbpbpbpbpbpbp! +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Przyp. + t³um. + Polacy równie¿. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Oczywi¶cie takie zachowanie nie jest standardem w typografii. + W ksi±¿kach wcinana jest tylko pierwszy wiersz akapitu je¶li ten akapit + wystêpuje po poprzednim akapicie. + Ide± wcinania pierwszego wiersza akapitu jest wyró¿nienie s±siaduj±cych + akapitów. + Je¶li jednak nie ma poprzedniego akapitu, np. + pod rysunkiem lub na pocz±tku rozdzia³u czy sekcji, pierwszy akapit nie + bêdzie wyró¿niony wciêciem. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li jeste¶ amerykaninem, to nie przejmuj siê takimi ezoterycznymi rzeczami, + po prostu chcesz mieæ wciêcia! Dodaj to do preambu³y +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Przyp. + t³um. + Klasy +\family sans +mwart +\family default +, +\family sans +mwbk +\family default + i +\family sans +mwrep +\family default + autorstwa +\noun on +Marcina Woliñskiego +\noun default + automatycznie wcinaj± wszystkie akapity. +\end_inset + +: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +usepackage{indentfirst} +\layout Standard + +Je¶li Twoja dystrybucja TeX-a nie jest pod³a, to bêdziesz mia³ ten pakiet + zainstalowany i wszystkie akapity bêd± wcinane tak jak na to zas³uguj±. +\layout Subsubsection + +Przyk³ad #4: Ten dokument +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz tak¿e sprawdziæ jak± preambu³ê posiada ten dokument, aby poznaæ jakie + zaawansowane rzeczy mo¿esz zrobiæ. + Ponadto wiêcej przyk³adów co mo¿na wpisaæ do preambu³y znajdziesz w tym + podrêczniku. +\layout Section + +B³êdy LyX-a i LaTeX-a +\layout Standard + +Gdy LyX wywo³uje LaTeX-a, informuje go aby ignorowa³ wszelkie b³êdy i przetwarza +³ dalej. + Mo¿na to wykorzystaæ do przejrzenia logu przebiegu LaTeX i wykonania post-morte +m czynno¶ci. + Jak wspomnieli¶my wcze¶niej, LyX tworzy dwa rodzaje plików +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +, jeden z nich jest u¿ywany do lokalizacji b³êdów w dokumencie. + Je¶li pojawi siê b³±d, to LyX umie¶ci prostok±t ze s³owem ,,B³±d'' w odpowiedni +m miejscu w dokumencie +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX okazjonalnie nie odgadnie miejsca, w którym zdarzy³ siê b³±d. + To siê zdarza zwykle przy tabelach, rysunkach, matematyce i preambule. +\end_inset + +. + Zostanie tak¿e wy¶wietlony komunikat informuj±cy o fakcie wyst±pienia b³êdów +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz nawigowaæ pomiêdzy b³êdami za pomoc± polecenia +\family sans +B³±d +\family default + z menu +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +awigacja +\family default +. + Mo¿esz ,,otwieraæ'' znaczniki b³êdów i podejrzeæ komunikaty LaTeX-a przez + klikniêcie na znaczniku. +\layout Standard + +Wiele osób lubi zobaczyæ wprost ca³y log, który jest dostêpny z menu +\family sans + +\bar under +P +\bar default +odgl±d\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +K +\bar default +omunikaty LaTeX-a +\family default +. + Istniej kilka powszechnych komunikatów b³êdów i ostrze¿eñ. + Wyja¶nimy je tutaj. + Powiniene¶ zajrzeæ do dobrej ksi±¿ki o LaTeX-u dla zapoznania siê z pe³n± + list±. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Warning: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Komunikat zaczynaj±ce siê tymi s³owy jest komunikatem diagnostycznym LaTeX-a. + Otrzymasz podobne ostrze¿enie gdy dodasz lub zmienisz odno¶nik lub wpis + bibliografii, wówczas LaTeX komunikuje Ci, ¿e powinien zostaæ uruchomiony + jeszcze raz. +\layout Standard + +Ostrze¿enie mo¿na w wiêkszo¶ci zignorowaæ. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Font Warning: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Inny komunikat ostrzegawczy, tym razem o fontach, których LaTeX nie potrafi³ + znale¼æ. + Reszta komunikatu czêsto informuje jakich fontów u¿y³ LaTeX w zastêpstwie. +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz go bezpiecznie zignorowaæ. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Overfull +\backslash +hbox +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +LaTeX absolutnie +\emph on +uwielbia +\emph default + dawaæ takie komunikaty. + Ostrze¿enia dotycz± wierszy, które s± zbyt d³ugie i wystaj± poza prawy + margines. + Prawie zawsze jest to niezauwa¿alne na wydruku. + Albo jeden lub dwa znaki przekraczaj± prawy margines. + LaTeX zdaje siê generowaæ co najmniej jeden taki komunikat dla dowolnego + dokumentu jaki napiszesz. +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz ignorowaæ te g³upie komunikaty. + Zobaczysz na w³asne oczy je¶li co¶ bêdzie zbyt szerokie, spójrz na wynik + przetwarzania. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Underfull +\backslash +hbox +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +LaTeX komunikuje nam, ¿e zbyt ma³e wype³nienie wiersza zmusza go do wstawienia + zbyt du¿ych odstêpów miêdzy wyrazami. + +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz go tak¿e zignorowaæ. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Overfull +\backslash +vbox +\family default + i +\family typewriter +Underfull +\backslash +vbox +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ostrze¿enie o k³opotach z ³amaniem stron -- zbyt ma³ych lub zbyt du¿ych + odstêpach pionowych. + Jeszcze raz spójrz na wynik przetwarzania. + Zobaczysz na w³asne oczy je¶li co¶ bêdzie zbyt szerokie. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Error: File +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + +Xxxx +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + + not found +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Plik ,,Xxxx'' nie jest zainstalowany w systemie. + Ten komunikat pojawia siê czêsto, gdy nie zainstalowa³e¶ pakietów u¿ytych + w dokumencie. + Je¶li nie dotyka³e¶ preambu³y lub nie u¿ywa³e¶ polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{} +\family default +, to znaczy ¿e brakuje jednego z pakietów, które próbuje za³adowaæ LyX. + U¿yj polecenia +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +omoc\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +K +\bar default +onfiguracja LaTeX +\family default + aby zobaczyæ listê pakietów znanych LyX-owi. + Ten plik jest uaktualniany podczas ka¿dej rekonfiguracji LyX-a (polecenie + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dycja +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +R +\bar default +ekonfiguruj +\family default +) i zawiera informacje, które pakiety zosta³y wykryte i do czego s³u¿±. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li +\emph on +u¿y³e¶ +\emph default + polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{} +\family default + i pakiet nie zosta³ zainstalowany, to nale¿y zainstalowaæ go samodzielnie. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Error: Unknown option +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +B³±d pojawia siê gdy podano niezdefiniowan± (lub b³êdn±) opcjê u¿ytego pakietu. + Sprawd¼ dokumentacjê do pakietu. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Undefined control sequence +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Je¶li wstawi³e¶ polecenie LaTeX w dokumencie, ale pope³ni³e¶ np. + b³±d literowy, to otrzymasz taki w³a¶nie komunikat b³êdu. + Byæ mo¿e zapomnia³e¶ za³adowaæ jaki¶ pakiet. + W ogólnym przypadku, komunikat b³êdu zwykle oznacza, ¿e u¿y³e¶ niezdefiniowaneg +o polecenia. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Istniej± jeszcze inne komunikaty b³êdów i ostrze¿eñ, a wiele z nich jest + samoobja¶niaj±cych. + Podane s± czêstymi komunikatami. + Inne s± naprawdê zaszyfrowane. + To s± aktualne komunikaty TeX-a i my na prawdê nie mamy klucza jak je odszyfrow +aæ. +\layout Standard + +Oto ogólny tok postêpowania je¶li zdarzy siê b³±d: +\layout Enumerate + +Sprawd¼ poprawno¶æ poleceñ LaTeX-a wstawionych w dokumencie. +\layout Enumerate + +Je¶li nie ma b³êdów literowych, to sprawd¼ poprawno¶æ ich u¿ycia. +\layout Enumerate + +Je¶li dostaniesz pêk znaczników b³êdów na samym pocz±tku dokumentu, to znaczy, + ¿e jest jaki¶ b³±d w preambule. + Zacznij debugowaæ swoj± preambu³ê. +\layout Enumerate + +Je¶li nie doda³e¶ niczego do preambu³y i nie wstawi³e¶ ¿adnych poleceñ LaTeX-a + do dokumentu, to najpierw sprawd¼ swoj± dystrybucjê LaTeX. + Sprawd¼ brakuj±ce pakiety i zainstaluj je. +\layout Enumerate + +OK, nie brakuje pakietów. + Czy nie u¿y³e¶ jakie¶ opcji dopasowuj±cej w LyX-ie? Precyzuj±c, czy nie + u¿y³e¶ jej niew³a¶ciwie, jak próba rêcznego wstawienia wielu +\family sans +Protected Blank +\family default +s, +\family sans +Linebreak +\family default +s czy +\family sans +Pagebreak +\family default +s? Czy próbowa³e¶ to kludge co¶ razem z nimi zamiast u¿yæ odpowiednich ¶rodowisk + akapitów? +\layout Enumerate + +OK, nie u¿y³e¶ ¿adnej opcji dopasowuj±cej, postêpujesz zgodnie z zasadami. + Czy próbowa³e¶ przeprowadziæ jaki¶ fantastyczny manewr? Czy zrobi³e¶ co¶ + wspania³ego w tabeli czy równaniu, jak wstawienie grafiki do komórki tabeli? +\layout Enumerate + +Czy nie masz zbyt d³ugich akapitów tekstu gdzie LaTeX nie mo¿e znale¼æ miejsca + na prze³amanie wiersza? Domy¶lnie LaTeX jest dok³adny w dodawaniu ekstra + odstêpów miêdzy wyrazami aby prze³amaæ wiersz. + Proponowane jest przerobienie akapitów aby usun±æ ten problem. + Je¶li to nie jest mo¿liwe, mo¿esz obj±æ swój tekst w +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sloppypar +\family default + aby obni¿yæ wymagania LaTeX-a przy ³amaniu wierszy. +\layout Enumerate + +Czy nie przesadzi³e¶ z zagnie¿d¿aniem? LyX [aktualnie] nie sprawdza czy + nie przekroczy³e¶ limitu zagnie¿d¿enia ¶rodowiska. + Je¶li zagnie¼dzi³e¶ ¶rodowiska a¿ do 17 poziomu, to mo¿e byæ problem. +\layout Enumerate + +Nie otrzyma³e¶ ¿adnych komunikatów b³êdów ale wynik ¼le wygl±da. + Je¶li masz tabelê lub rysunek szerszy lub d³u¿szy od strony, to powiniene¶: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +przeskalowaæ rysunek do odpowiednich wymiarów, +\layout Enumerate + +skróciæ tabelê, tak aby pasowa³a. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li dalej jest ¼le z wynikiem i nie próbowa³e¶ przeprowadziæ ¿adnych wspania³y +ch lub kludge opcji dopasowuj±cych, to my nie wiemy co jest nie tak. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Je¶li to nie pomo¿e, to +\emph on +prawdopodobnie +\emph default + znalaz³e¶ b³±d w LyX-ie\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Dodatkowe narzêdzia sk³adu dokumentu +\layout Section + +Przygotowanie bibliografii za pomoc± BibTeX-a +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Mike Ressler +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ressler is to blame for all of Chapter 1 except where noted. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +STOP! je¶li wiesz czym jest BibTeX lub masz dobry pomys³ na jego zastosowanie + (np. + u³o¿enie swojej w³asnej bazy bibliograficznej) nie id¼, a biegnij do swojego + egzemplarza drugiego wydania Lamporta +\emph on + LaTeX: A Document Preparation System +\emph default +, zw³aszcza +\emph on +Dodatek B +\emph default +. + W dalszej dyskusji zak³adamy, ¿e masz utworzony poprawny plik bibliografii + oraz masz poprawnie ustawione wszystkie odpowiednie zmienne ¶rodowiska + (np. + +\family typewriter + BIBINPUTS +\family default +, +\family typewriter + BSTINPUTS +\family default + i +\family typewriter + TEXINPUTS +\family default +) oraz je¶li jeste¶ odpowiednio zdesperowany powiniene¶ utworzyæ plik LaTeX-a + ,, +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +'' z baz± BibTeX-a. +\layout Standard + +Dla tych, którzy nie znaj± BibTeX-a, jest to system do tworzenia wielkich + baz Twoich czêsto u¿ywanych odno¶ników do literatury. +\layout Standard + +Dla wszystkich przysz³ych artyku³ów, zapisz tylko potrzebne pozycje literatury + do wstawienia do bazy i oznacz odpowiednim kluczem ka¿dy odno¶nik. + Nawet je¶li piszesz tylko kilka dokumentów z kilkoma odno¶nikami w ka¿dym, + to warto po¶wiêciæ Twój czas na sprawdzenie BibTeX-a i zdecydowaæ czy bêdzie + u¿yteczny dla Ciebie. +\layout Standard + +Aby u¿ywaæ BibTeX-a w LyX-ie nale¿y najpierw zapoznaæ siê +\emph on +Podrêcznikiem U¿ytkownika +\emph default +, w którym opisano sposób wstawiania cytowañ. + Podstawowy mechanizm wstawiania odno¶ników BibTeX-a jest taki sam. + Umie¶æ kursor na koñcu dokumentu i wybierz +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pisy\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ytowanie +\family default +. + W otwartym oknie dialogowym wype³nij dwa pola: +\layout Description + +Baza\SpecialChar ~ +Danych podaj nazwê pliku +\family typewriter +.bib +\family default + ale BEZ rozszerzenia +\family typewriter + .bib +\family default +. + Dla wyszukiwania w wielu plikach +\family typewriter +.bib +\family default + nale¿y podaæ ich nazwy rozdzielaj±c je przecinkiem. +\layout Description + +Styl podaj nazwê pliku stylu BibTeX-a BEZ rozszerzenia +\family typewriter + .bst +\family default +. + Domy¶lnym stylem jest +\family typewriter + plain +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Dostêpne s± równie¿ style zgodne z polskimi zwyczajami typograficznymi o + nazwach: +\family typewriter +plabbrv +\family default +, +\family typewriter +plalpha +\family default +, +\family typewriter +plplain +\family default + i +\family typewriter +plunsrt +\family default +. + Przyp. + t³um. +\end_inset + + (który powinien byæ do³±czony do Twojej dystrybucji LaTeX-a, tak ¿e nie + musisz przejmowaæ siê utworzeniem go). +\layout Standard + +Zak³adamy, ¿e dla ka¿dego cytowania ¼ród³o znajduje siê w pliku +\family typewriter + .bib +\family default +, wywo³ujemy polecenie +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ytowanie +\family default + w odpowiednim miejscu w tek¶cie i wybierz z listy w³a¶ciwy klucz odno¶nika. + Nie potrzeba nic wiêcej; gdy wywo³ujemy na przyk³ad polecenie +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +odgl±d\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +, powiniene¶ zobaczyæ ¿e BibTeX i LaTeX s± wywo³ywane gdy zachodzi potrzeba, + w³±czaj±c wielokrotne wywo³anie LaTeX-a. +\layout Section + +Tworzenie indeksu +\layout Standard + +Dobry indeks jest jedn± z najtrudniejszych rzeczy do zrobienia w d³ugim + dokumencie. + LyX pomaga wykonaæ rzeczy trochê pro¶ciej za pomoc± interfejsu do programu +\family typewriter + makeindex +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Dla dokumentów polskojêzycznych powinien byæ wywo³ywany program +\family typewriter +plmindex +\family default +. + Przyp. + t³um. +\end_inset + + +\family default +, który mo¿na znale¼æ w dystrybucjach. +\layout Standard + +Wstawianie indeksu i zaznaczanie s³ów do w³±czenia do indeksu odbywa siê + tak± sam± drog± jak przygotowanie bibliografii opisanej w poprzedniej sekcji. +\layout Standard + +Najpierw przejd¼ na koniec swojego dokumentu i wybierz +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pisy\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +ndeks +\family default +. + Nastêpnie, dla ka¿dego s³owa, które chcesz dodaæ do indeksu, umie¶æ kursor + na koñcu tego s³owa i wybierz +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Wstaw poprzedzaj±ce s³owo do indeksu +\family default +. + To spowoduje umieszczenie znacznika pokazuj±cego s³owo, które pojawi siê + w indeksie. +\layout Standard + +Je¿eli chcesz dok³adnie podaæ co ma pojawiæ siê w indeksie -- na przyk³ad + potrzebujesz mieæ s³owo ,,kot'' w indeksie, które bêdzie odnosi³o siê do + s³ów w tek¶cie ,,kot'' i ,,koty'' to po prostu wybierz polecenie +\family sans + Wstaw\SpecialChar \menuseparator +S³owo do indeksu +\family default + i wpisz s³owo ,,kot'' w oknie dialogowym. +\layout Standard + +I to wszystko. + LyX automatycznie wywo³a +\family typewriter + makeindex +\family default + i samodzielnie utworzy indeks. +\layout Standard + +B±d¼ ostro¿ny i nie wstawiaj spacji pomiêdzy s³owem a znacznikiem indeksu, + poniewa¿ mo¿e siê zdarzyæ utworzenie niew³a¶ciwego numeru strony w indeksie. +\layout Standard + +Powiniene¶ zdawaæ sobie sprawê, ¿e istniej± bardziej zaawansowane metody + u¿ycia +\family typewriter + makeindex +\family default +: spójrz w dokumentacjê do³±czon± do Twojej dystrybucji LaTeX-a i znajd¼ + jak wykonaæ zagnie¿d¿one wpisy itp. +\layout Section + +Dokumenty wieloczê¶ciowe +\layout Subsection + +Podstawy +\layout Standard + +Przy pracy z du¿ymi plikami zawieraj±cymi wiele sekcji i rozdzia³ów, czêsto + jest wygodniej podzieliæ dokument na kilka plików lub byæ mo¿e masz --- + perhaps you have something where a table may change from time to time, + but the preceding text does not. + W takim przypadku powiniene¶ na serio rozwa¿yæ u¿ycie dokumentów wieloczê¶ciowy +ch. + Na przyk³ad prace naukowe czêsto sk³adaj± siê z piêciu g³ównych czê¶ci: + wprowadzenia, obserwacji, wyników, dyskusji i podsumowania. + Ka¿da z tych czê¶ci mo¿e byæ zapisana w oddzielnym pliku LyX-a, gdzie jeden + plik bêdzie dokumentem g³ównym zawieraj±cym tytu³, autorów, streszczenie, + spis tre¶ci, itd. + oraz piêæ do³±czonych plików dokumentów sk³adowych (podrzêdnych). + Nale¿y zwróciæ uwagê, ¿e ka¿dy z plików podrzêdnych w³±czanych do dokumentu + g³ównego stanowi niezale¿ny dokument, który mo¿e byæ formatowany i drukowany + niezale¿nie. + Mo¿na do³±czaæ równie¿ pliki LaTeX-a, ale pliki te nie mog± posiadaæ w³asnej + preambu³y (wszystko przed +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{document} +\family default + i za +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{document} +\family default + musi byæ usuniête) gdy¿ w przeciwnym wypadku LaTeX zg³osi b³±d podczas + przetwarzania dokumentu g³ównego. +\layout Standard + +LyX pozwala ³atwo w³±czaæ pliki poleceniem z menu +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator +D +\bar under +o +\bar default +³±cz plik +\family default +. + Po wybraniu polecenia otwiera siê okno wyboru dokumentu. + Po wybraniu dokumentu do wstawienia/do³±czenia, w bie¿±cej pozycji kursora + wstawiany jest ma³y prostok±t. + Klikniêcie na prostok±cie wy¶wietla okno dialogowe do³±czania dokumentu. + W tym oknie mo¿na wybraæ plik do do³±czenia i metodê do³±czenia. + Wybór pliku powinien byæ ju¿ jasny. + W oknie mamy do wyboru trzy metody do³±czania plików; ,,do³±cz'', ,,wstaw'' + i ,,maszynopis''. + Ró¿nica pomiêdzy ,,do³±cz'' a ,,wstaw'' jest w pe³ni jasna tylko dla LaTeX-pert +ów. + Praktycznie ró¿nica polega na tym, ¿e pliki ,,do³±czane'' zaczynaj± siê + od nowej strony, a pliki ,,wstawiane'' od miejsca wstawienia. +\layout Standard + +Generalnie, plik g³ówny jest konwertowany do formatu LaTeX przed sk³adaniem, + podczas gdy do³±czane pliki s± konwertowane do formatu LaTeX, który nie + zawiera preambu³y. + Zaznaczenie pola Nie +\family sans + formatuj +\family default + zabezpiecza przed konwersj±. +\layout Standard + +Do³±czanie plików metod± ,,maszynopis'' pozwala na do³±czanie ,,dos³owne'' + plików w ¶rodowisku verbatim z czcionk± o sta³ej szeroko¶ci. + Normalnie spacje w pliku s± niewidzialne, dwie kolejne spacje s± zachowywane, + inaczej ni¿ standardowo w LyX-ie. + Przycisk +\family sans + Zachowaj spacje +\family default + pozwala na zachowanie spacji lub przywraca standardow± interpretacjê spacji + wielokrotnych. +\layout Subsection + +Odno¶niki pomiêdzy plikami +\layout Standard + +Jest mo¿liwe ustawienie odno¶ników pomiêdzy ró¿nymi plikami. + Najpierw otwórz wszystkie pliki pomiêdzy którymi chcesz wykonaæ odno¶niki, + na przyk³ad dwa pliki A i B, gdzie plik B jest do³±czony do pliku A. + Wstawili¶my etykietê w pliku A i chcemy odno¶nik do niej w pliku B. + Bêd±c w dokumencie A z menu wybieramy +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw \SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +dno¶nik wewnêtrzny +\family default +. + Teraz prze³±czamy siê na dokument B bez zamykania okna odno¶nika. + Wstawiamy odno¶nik i ju¿! +\layout Standard + +Gdy przegl±dasz plik A wszystko jest poprawnie do³±czone i etykietowane. + Je¶li zamkniesz okno odno¶nika i ponownie otworzysz je w dokumencie B to + zobaczysz tylko etykiety pliku B. + Ta procedura mo¿e nie jest intuicyjna (czasami zdarza siê b³±d) ale dzia³a. +\layout Section + +Algorytmy +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +(z konfiguracji LaTeX) +\layout Standard + +Pakiet +\family sans + algorithm +\family default + jest potrzebny do wydania ,,wstawek algorytmów''. + Jest on u¿yteczny przy umieszczaniu krótkich algorytmów w miejscu z³amania + strony i obs³uguje tak¿e spis algorytmów. +\layout Section + +Podrysunek +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +(z konfiguracji LaTeX) +\layout Standard + +Pakiet +\family sans + subfigure +\family default + jest u¿ywany w LyX-ie podczas wyboru ,,Podrysunek'' w oknie Rysunek. + Kilka rysunków zaznaczonych w ten sposób mo¿e byæ upakowanych w jednej + wstawce w indywidualnymi podpisami. +\layout Section + +Ozdobne nag³ówki i stopki +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +W³a¶ciwie powinny¶my u¿ywaæ nazw: +\emph on +pagina górna +\emph default + i +\emph on +pagina dolna +\emph default +. + Przyp. + t³um. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Domy¶lny uk³ad strony jest raczej nieskomplikowany -- plain; dla klasy artyku³ + numery stron s± wycentrowane u do³u strony. + Ten dokument jest klasy ksi±¿ka (book) i jest trochê bardziej ozdobny, + ale aby rzeczywi¶cie postawiæ na wygl±d potrzebujesz u¿yæ stylu ,,fancy'' + co wspomniano w +\emph on + Podrêczniku U¿ytkownika +\emph default +. + Ta sekcja opisuje polecenia LaTeX-a, które trzeba wstawiæ w preambule lub + w tek¶cie aby otrzymaæ ¿±dany efekt. +\layout Standard + +Nag³ówek i stopka strony s± podzielone na trzy pola okre¶laj±ce lew±, ¶rodkow± + i praw± ich czê¶æ. + Poleceniami LaTeX-a do ustawiania tych pól w najprostszy sposób s± +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lhead +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +chead +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +rhead +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lfoot +\family default + itd. + przypu¶æmy, ¿e chcesz wstawiæ swoje nazwisko w lewym górnym naro¿niku ka¿dej + strony. + Po prostu wstaw nastêpuj±ce polecenie w preambule: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lhead{John Q. + DocWriter} +\layout Standard + +Zobaczysz w podgl±dzie swoje nazwisko w lewym górnym naro¿niku ka¿dej strony. + Je¶li pole ma domy¶ln± warto¶æ, której chcesz siê pozbyæ (czêsto numer + strony pojawia siê w centralnej czê¶ci stopki) to po prostu wstaw polecenie + z pustym argumentem, jak w przyk³adzie: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cfoot{} +\layout Standard + +Zróbmy rzeczywi¶cie ozdobn± stronê: wstawmy w nag³ówku po lewej nazwê sekcji + wraz ze s³owem ,,Sekcja'' (np. + Sekcja 3) oraz numer strony po prawej (np. + Strona 4), natomiast w stopce po lewej swoje nazwisko i datê po prawej. + Do tego bêd± nam potrzebne nastêpuj±ce polecenia w preambule: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lhead{Sekcja +\backslash +thesection} +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +chead{} +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +rhead{Strona +\backslash +thepage} +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lfoot{John Q. + DocWriter} +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cfoot{} +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +rfoot{ +\backslash +today} +\layout Standard + +Polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thesection +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thepage +\family default + daj± dostêp do liczników sekcji i stron LaTeX-a, i bêd± wydrukowane w bie¿±cej + sekcji i numerze strony. + Polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +today +\family default + wydrukuje bie¿±c± datê. +\layout Standard + +Cienk± liniê oddzielaj±c± nag³ówek i stopkê od tre¶ci strony mo¿emy tak¿e + zmodyfikowaæ. + Je¶li nie chcesz linii w nag³ówku to ustal jej grubo¶æ na 0. + Domy¶ln± grubo¶ci± linii nag³ówkowej jest 0.4pt, dla linii stopki za¶ jest + 0pt. + Mo¿esz u¿yæ polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +headrulewidth}{0.4pt} +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +footrulewidth}{0.4pt} +\family default + do ustawiania ich grubo¶ci. +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz prze³±czaæ i wy³±czaæ ustawienia nag³ówków/stopek za pomoc± poleceñ: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thispagestyle{empty} +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thispagestyle{plain} +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thispagestyle{fancy} +\family default +. + Po prostu wstaw je w tek¶cie na stronie, któr± chcesz zmieniæ i zaznacz + je jako kod TeX-a. + Strony tytu³owe s± oznaczone domy¶lnie jako plain, podczas gdy kolejne + strony s± w stylu fancy gdy u¿ywasz globalnego ustawienia fancy. +\layout Standard + +Istnieje wiele z³o¿onych poleceñ, które bêd± wstawia³y rzeczy w lewym górnym + naro¿niku na stronach nieparzystych itd. + ale po szczegó³y odsy³amy Ciê do dokumentacji pakietu +\family typewriter + fancyhdr +\family default +. + Na przyk³ad je¶li masz instalacjê teTeX-a zobacz +\family typewriter + /usr/share/texmf/doc/latex/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.dvi +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Koñcowym przyk³adem jest mo¿liwo¶æ wstawienia pliku Encapsulated PostScript + do nag³ówka lub stopki. + Pewnie bêdziesz chcia³ wstawiæ logo firmy do lewego dolnego naro¿nika strony. + Spróbuj wstawiæ nastêpuj±ce polecenie +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lhead{ +\backslash +resizebox{1in}{!}{ +\backslash +includegraphics{logo.eps}}} +\layout Standard +\noindent +(bêdzie potrzebne w preambule polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{graphics} +\family default +). +\layout Section + +Ministrony +\layout Standard + +LaTeX dostarcza mechanizmu do tworzenia strony wewn±trz strony, zwanych + ministronami (minipages). + Wewn±trz ministrony s± dostêpne wszystkie zwyk³e regu³y wcinania, ³amania + wierszy itd. + LyX tak¿e dostarcza tê mo¿liwo¶æ. +\layout Standard + +Ministrony posiadaj± w³asn± wstawkê, aby wstawiæ ministronê wybierz polecenie +\family sans + +\bar under +W +\bar default +staw \SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +inistrony +\family default +. + Klikaj±c prawym klawiszem myszy na wstawkê otwiera siê okienko, w którym + mo¿na ustaliæ wyrównianie i szeroko¶æ ministrony. +\layout Standard + +Uwaga. + Je¶li ministrona jest zbyt d³uga aby zmie¶ciæ siê na stronie, to zostanie + skrócona, a nie wciêta na nastêpnej stronie (nie pojawi siê reszta na nastêpnej + stronie). +\layout Standard + +S± dwie dalsze opcje ministron. + Je¶li umie¶cisz dwie ministrony obok siebie, to mo¿na wstawiæ +\family sans +\bar under +W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +Z +\bar default +nak specjalny\SpecialChar \menuseparator + HFill +\family default + do maksymalnego rozsuniêcia ich, który wymuszi pocz±tek pierwszej ministrony + od lewego marginesu a koniec nastêpnej na prawym marginesie. + Sprawd¼ t± opcjê dla drugiej ministrony, nie dla pierwszej. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Minipage +position 0 +inner_position 0 +height "0pt" +width "1.5in" +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +To jest ministrona, która nie u¿ywa hfill. + To jest drugie zdanie ministrony, która nie u¿ywa hfill. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Minipage +position 0 +inner_position 0 +height "0pt" +width "1.5in" +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +To jest druga ministrona, która nie u¿ywa hfill. + To jest drugie zdanie drugiej ministrony, która nie u¿ywa hfill. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\added_space_top medskip \added_space_bottom medskip +To jest zwyk³y tekst, który rozdziela dwa przyk³ady +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Minipage +position 0 +inner_position 0 +height "0pt" +width "1.5in" +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +To jest ministrona, która u¿ywa hfill. + To jest drugie zdanie ministrony, która u¿ywa hfill. +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Minipage +position 0 +inner_position 0 +height "0pt" +width "1.5in" +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +To jest druga ministrona, która u¿ywa hfill. + To jest drugie zdanie drugiej ministrony, która u¿ywa hfill. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Oblewanie rysunku tekstem +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:floatflt} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Wrap figure +placement r +width "6cm" +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename mobius.eps + display color + width 40col% + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + +Ten rysunek jest oblany tekstem, a to jest ¶liczny podpis +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Czêsto zadawanym pytaniem jest pytanie o mo¿liwo¶æ ,,oblewania'' rysunków + tekstem w ten sposób, ¿e rysunek zajmuje czê¶æ kolumny a reszta jest wype³niona + tekstem. + Je¶li masz zainstalowany pakiet LaTeX-a +\family typewriter + floatflt +\family default + (jest czêsto w³±czany do dystrybucji lub dostêpny w archiwach CTAN), to + mo¿esz to zrobiæ. +\layout Standard + +Obok znajduje siê rysunek pêtli Moebiusa -- powiniene¶ go ju¿ zobaczyæ w +\emph on + Podrêczniku U¿ytkownika +\emph default +. + Aby oblaæ tekstem rysunek jak ten, nalezy wybrac z menu polecenie +\family sans +\bar under +W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under + W +\bar default +stawki\SpecialChar \menuseparator + Rysunek oblany +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Uwaga: ten pakiet jest bardzo kruchy +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Kruchy w sensie LaTeX-a. + Przyp. + t³um. +\end_inset + +. + Dla przyk³adu, maj±c rysunek zbyt blisko koñca strony bêdzie zamieszanie + tre¶ci powy¿ej, gdy bêdziemy mieæ dwa rysunki blisko siebie. + U¿ywaj tego pakietu oszczêdnie i czytaj dokumentacjê zawart± w pakiecie. +\layout Standard + +Miejmy nadziejê, ¿e w przysz³o¶ci LyX bêdzie obs³ugiwa³ te funkcje natywnie. +\layout Section + +Opcje tabel +\layout Standard + +Standardowy uk³ad tabel bêdzie odpowiedni w 99% wszystkich Twoich tabel, + ale w 1% prawdopodobnie bêdziesz potrzebowa³ tabel specjalnie dostosowanych + do swoich wymagañ. + Polecenie z menu +\family sans +\bar under + U +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under + T +\bar default +abela +\family default + otwiera okno formatowania tabeli. + W zak³adce +\family sans + Kolumna +\family default +/ +\family sans +Wiersz +\family default + znajduje siê dostêp do kilku poleceñ wyrównywania kolumn. +\layout Standard + +Teraz krótkie wspomnienie o LaTeX-u: gdy ustawiamy tabelê w LaTeX-u to dla + ka¿dej kolumny deklarujemy typ wyrównania. + Dla przyk³adu mo¿esz podaæ ,, +\family typewriter +l +\family default +'',,, +\family typewriter +c +\family default +'' lub ,, +\family typewriter +r +\family default +'' dla justowania do lewej, wy¶rodkowania i wyrównania kolumny do prawej + (co w LyX-ie objawia siê trzema przyciskami +\family sans + W lewo +\family default +/ +\family sans +Center +\family default +/ +\family sans +W prawo +\family default +). + Czwartym typem jest ,, +\family typewriter +p +\family default +'', który deklaruje szeroko¶æ kolumny (w LyX-ie mamy pole +\family sans + Szeroko¶æ +\family default +) co powoduje automatyczne ³amanie wierszy. + Pi±tym typem jest ,, +\family typewriter +| +\family default +'' (vertical bar), który raczej s³u¿y do tworzenia pionowych kresek ramek + (w LyX-ie mamy do tego przyciski w polu +\family sans + Ramka +\family default +). + Koñcz±c, istnieje typ ,, +\family typewriter +@ +\family default +'', który pozwala u¿yæ cokolwiek jako separatora kolumn co jest zamkniête + w towarzysz±cych nawiasach w³±czaj±c argument pusty. + Powody robienia tego mog± nie byæ jasne, ale cechy te mog± byæ bardzo u¿yteczne. + Najlepiej to pokazaæ na przyk³adach. +\layout Subsection + +Usuwanie dodatkowej przestrzeni tabeli +\layout Standard + +Tutaj znajduje siê standardowa tabela: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Type +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Example +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Rock +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Granite +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Mineral +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Quartz +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Zwróæ uwagê, ¿e poziome kreski wystaj± troszkê z obu strona poza tekst. + Je¶li chcesz aby linie zaczyna³y i koñczy³y siê równo z tekstem, to mo¿na + wstawiæ pusty separator na koñcu aby zwolniæ trochê miejsca dodawanego + domy¶lnie przez LaTeX-a. + Oto przyk³ad: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Type +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Example +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Rock +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Granite +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Mineral +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Quartz +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +W tym przypadku w polu +\family sans +Wyrównanie +\family default + w +\family sans +Kolumnie specjalnej +\family default + dla lewej kolumny wpisano ,, +\family typewriter +@{} l +\family default +'', natomiast dla prawej wpisano ,, +\family typewriter +l @{} +\family default +'', co wstawia puste znaki na koñcach. +\layout Subsection + +Zmiana znaku separatora kolumn +\layout Standard + +Teraz proponujemy zastosowanie +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{\pi}$ +\end_inset + + z odrobin± miejsca obok jako separatora kolumn tabeli. + Po prostu wy³±cz pionowe ramki i wpisz w polu +\family sans + Wyrównanie +\family default + w obszarze +\family sans + Kolumna specjalna ,, +\family typewriter +l@{~$ +\backslash +sqrt{ +\backslash +pi}$~} l +\family default +''. + Oto wynik: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center +. +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Type +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Example +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Rock +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Granite +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Mineral +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Quartz +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Wyrównanie kolumny wed³ug cyfr znacz±cych +\layout Standard + +Proponujemy wyrównanie kolumny wed³ug cyfr znacz±cych. + Standardowym trickiem LaTeX-a jest podzielenie liczby na dwie kolumny; + w lewej -- przeznaczonej dla czê¶ci ca³kowitej -- wyrównujemy do prawej + strony, a w prawej -- przeznaczonej dla czê¶ci u³amkowej -- wyrównujemy + do lewej, natomiast separator kolumn ustawiamy jako pusty. + Oto przyk³ad: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Wyra¿enie +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Warto¶æ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\pi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1416 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\pi^{\pi}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +36. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +462 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $(\pi^{\pi})^{\pi}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +80663. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\pi^{\pi^{\pi}}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3402 +\begin_inset Formula $\times10^{18}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Mimo ¿e bêdzie to wygl±da³o trochê ¶miesznie w LyX-ie, to na wydruku pojawi± + siê dwukolumnowa tabela, w której prawa kolumna jest wyrównana wed³ug cyfr + znacz±cych, a nag³ówek jest wy¶rodkowany. +\layout Standard + +My¶lê, ¿e najlepiej bêdzie jak opiszê jak to zrobi³em: Najpierw utworzy³em + tabelê 3 x 3 i usun±³em wszystkie ramki. + Nastêpnie doda³em ramki pod nag³ówkiem i rozdzielaj±c± pierwsz± i drug± + kolumnê. + Pierwsza kolumna jest wy¶rodkowana. + W drugiej kolumnie wpisa³em +\family typewriter + 3. +\family default +, +\family typewriter +36. +\family default +, +\family typewriter +80663. + +\family default + i +\family typewriter + 1. +\family default +, i wyrówna³em tê kolumnê do prawej. + W trzeciej kolumnie wpisa³em +\family typewriter + 1416 +\family default +, +\family typewriter +462 +\family default + i +\family typewriter + 3402 +\begin_inset Formula $\times10^{18}$ +\end_inset + + +\family default + oraz ustawi³em wyrównanie +\family typewriter +@{} l +\family default +. + Na koñcu wpisa³em +\family typewriter + Warto¶æ +\family default + w ¶rodkowej kolumnie, pod¶wietli³em je, wyrówna³em do prawej. + Czy¿ nie ³atwe? +\layout Subsection + +Lepsze rozwi±zanie wyrównania wed³ug cyfr znacz±cych +\layout Standard + +Alternatywnym rozwi±zaniem wyrównania wed³ug cyfr znacz±cych w tabelach + jest u¿ycie pakietu +\family typewriter + dcolumn +\family default +. + Dodaj nastêpuj±cy tekst do preambu³y LaTeX-a: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +usepackage{dcolumn} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +newcolumntype{d}[1]{D{.}{.}{#1}} +\layout Standard + +Aby mieæ kolumny wyrównane wed³ug cyfr znacz±cych wpisz w polu +\family sans + Wyrównanie +\family default + w oknie formatu tabeli w zak³adce +\family sans + Kolumny/Wiersze +\family default + nastêpuj±cy tekst: +\layout LyX-Code + +d{liczba miejsc dziesiêtnych danych} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\family roman +\emph on +[Przyk³adow± tabelê usuniêto. + Zobacz plik +\family default +\emph default + decimal.lyx +\family roman +\emph on + w katalogu examples.] +\layout Standard + +Do utworzenia dodatkowego miejsca zwiêksz liczbê miejsc dziesiêtnych w +\family typewriter + d{} +\family default +. + Ustaw atrybut +\family sans +multicolumn +\family default + dla pojedynczej komórki niewra¿liwy na wyrównanie wzglêdem cyfr znacz±cych. + Wad± tej metody jest to, ¿e tryb matematyczny nie jest dopuszczalny w kolumnie + z wyrównaniem wzglêdem cyfr znacz±cych z wyj±tkiem je¶li atrybut multicolumn + jest w³±czony. +\layout Standard + +Ta metoda oferuje tak± sam± elastyczno¶æ jak pakiet +\family typewriter + dcolumn +\family default +. + Mo¿emy, na przyk³ad zmieniæ separator wyrównania i mamy ró¿ne znaki separatorów + dla ró¿nych kolumn przez definicjê typów wielokrotnych kolumn w preambule. + Sk³adnia jest nastêpuj±ca: +\layout LyX-Code + +D{separator_wej}{separator_wyj}{liczba_miejsc_dzie¶} +\layout Standard + +Zainteresowanym czytelnikom polecamy dokumentacjê do pakietu +\family typewriter + dcolumn +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Wybór znaku wyliczenia +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bullet} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Allan Rae +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +LyX dostarcza 216 znaków dostêpnych wprost z menu. + U¿ycie tego menu daje Ci mo¿liwo¶æ ³atwego wyboru odpowiedniego znaku dla + ka¿dego poziomu zagnie¿d¿enia wyliczeñ. + Te ustawienia s± globalne dla ca³ego dokumentu i nie mo¿na ustawiæ ró¿nych + znaków w ró¿nych akapitach +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Mo¿na tego dokonaæ tylko rêcznie +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Jak je zobaczyæ +\layout Standard + +Otwórz z menu +\family sans +\bar under + U +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default + i wybierz zak³adkê +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +yró¿nienia. +\family default +W zak³adce wy¶wietlona jest tabela znaków wyliczenia. + Za pomoc± przycisków umieszczonych po lewej stronie okna mamy dostêp do + sze¶ciu zestawów znaków. + Przyciski umieszczone w górnej czê¶ci okna przeznaczone s± do wyboru g³êboko¶ci + zagnie¿d¿enia wyliczenia. + Tekst pod tabel± zestawu znaków wy¶wietla nazwê LaTeX-a aktualnie wybranego + znaku. + Mo¿na równie¿ w tym miejscu podaæ w³asne definicje znaku wyliczenia. + Je¶li zmodyfikujesz domy¶lne ustawienia to bêdziesz potrzebowa³ podaæ potrzebne + pakiety w preambule. + Znaki podzielone s± na sze¶æ zestawów ze wzglêdu na wymagane pakiety. + Poni¿sza tabela przedstawia przypisanie zestawów do pakietów LaTeX-a. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Przycisk +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Wymagany pakiet +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Standard +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +base LaTeX +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Maths +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +amssymb.sty +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Ding1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +pifont.sty +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Ding2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +pifont.sty +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Ding3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +pifont.sty +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Ding4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +pifont.sty +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +LyX nie zatrzyma Ciê przed u¿yciem znaku z pakietu którego nie masz. + Je¶li otrzymasz komunikat b³êdu LaTeX-a podczas próby podgl±du lub wydruku + bêdzie on oznacza³ brak wymaganego pakietu. + LyX nie bêdzie ogranicza³ u¿ycia przy lokalnej edycji i eksporcie gdziekolwiek. +\layout Subsection + +Jak u¿yæ +\layout Standard + +Wybierz przycisk g³êboko¶ci wyliczenia i nastêpnie wybierz znak i wielko¶æ. + Zmiana nie bêdzie widoczna w LyX-ie, ale bêdzie widoczna w podgl±dzie dokumentu + przy u¿yciu xdvi lub ghostview. +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz przywróciæ domy¶lny znak wyliczenia przez klikniêcie prawym klawiszem + myszy na przycisku poziomu wyliczenia. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li rzeczywi¶cie chcesz mieæ wiele uk³adów akapitów z ró¿nymi zestawami + znaków wyliczenia w ka¿dym musisz wykonaæ trochê brudnej roboty. + Okno wyboru znaku wyliczenia mo¿e pomóc w znalezieniu nazwy LaTeX-owej + znaku. + Aby zrobiæ w³asne akapity musisz mie¶ nastêpuj±c± opcjê: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +let +\backslash +savelabelitemi= +\backslash +labelitemi +\layout Standard + +\backslash +renewcommand +\backslash +labelitemi[0]{ +\backslash +small +\backslash +( +\backslash +sharp +\backslash +)} +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +U¿yj polecenia LaTeX-a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +renewcommand{}{} +\family default + do specyfikacji nowego znaku wyliczenia dla zadanej g³êboko¶ci zagnie¿d¿enia. + To bêdzie tak¿e potrzebne do zapisu bie¿±cego znaku i jego pó¼niejszego + ponownego przywo³ania. + W tym wyliczeniu zosta³y u¿yte nastêpuj±ce kody LaTeX-a do zmiany znaku + wyliczenia w pierwszym poziomie. +\newline + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +let +\backslash +savelabelitemi= +\backslash +labelitemi +\newline + +\backslash +renewcommand +\backslash +labelitemi[0]{ +\backslash +small +\backslash +( +\backslash +sharp +\backslash +)} +\newline + +\family default +Uwaga g³êboko¶æ zagnie¿d¿enia w poleceniu +\family typewriter + +\backslash +labelitem +\family default + jest podawana cyframi rzymskimi (podobnie jak numeracja czê¶ci). +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +[ +\backslash +( +\backslash +star +\backslash +)] +\end_inset + + Podaj dla ka¿dego indywidualnego wiersza wyliczenia kod znaku zamkniêty + w nawiasy prostok±tne i wpisane w trybie TeX. + Na przyk³ad ten wiersz zaczyna siê znakiem +\family typewriter +[ +\backslash +( +\backslash +star +\backslash +)] +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Poczekaj na LyX 1.2. + Nastêpne stabilne wydanie LyX-a powinna mieæ wbudowan± obs³ugê definiowania + dla ka¿dego wyliczenia oddzielnego zestawu znaków. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +renewcommand +\backslash +labelitemi[0]{ +\backslash +savelabelitemi} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Je¶li bêdziesz potrzebowa³ przywróciæ z powrotem poprzednie globalne ustawienia + znaków to nale¿y wpisaæ: +\newline + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +renewcommand +\backslash +labelitemi[0]{ +\backslash +savelabelitemi} +\layout Chapter + +Specjalne klasy dokumentu +\layout Section + +AMS Math +\layout Standard + +by David +\noun on + Johnson +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \noindent +Uk³ad AMS-Math jest zestawem styli zalecanymi dla sk³adu pism matematycznych + przesy³anych do wydawnictwa American Mathematical Society. + Uk³ad nie jest przyciêty do specyfiki pisma, ale mo¿na to ³atwo zrobiæ. + Powiniene¶ przejrzeæ dokumentacjê AMS pod k±tem specyficznych instrukcji + dla ka¿dego pisma (czêsto wymagana jest tylko zmiana w jednym wierszu). + Dokumentacja AMS jest dostêpna w internecie na stronie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ams.org} + +\end_inset + + lub przez ftp +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/amslatex/} + +\end_inset + +. + Te uk³ady s± odpowiednie i u¿yteczne dla zapisu matematyki. + S± aktualnie dostêpne ró¿ne uk³ady AMS-math: +\layout Enumerate + +amsart -- standardowy format artyku³u -- AMS article. + Wszystkie równania i wyra¿enia s± numerowane jako +\begin_inset Formula $(n.m)$ +\end_inset + +, gdzie pierwsza liczba oznacza sekcjê, a druga odpowiada kolejnemu numerowi + ¶rodowiska (Theorems, Corollaries, Propositions, Definitions, Remarks, + itd.) w tej sekcji. + Istnieje tak¿e kilka (ale nie wszystkie) ¶rodowisk nienumerowanych, które + s± u¿ywane okazjonalnie. + Nazwy nienumerowanych ¶rodowisk koñcz± siê znakiem gwiazdki (*). +\layout Enumerate + +amsart-seq -- tutaj, twierdzenia, definicje itd. + s± numerowane kolejno, bez odniesienia do numeru sekcji. + Dostêpne s± równie¿ nienumerowane ¶rodowiska (ale nie wszystkie), do okazjonaln +ego u¿ycia. + Nazwy nienumerowanych ¶rodowisk koñcz± siê znakiem gwiazdki (*). +\layout Enumerate + +amsbook - standardowy format ksi±¿ki -- AMS book (prawdziwe monografie). + Numeracja jest podobna jak w uk³adzie amsart, z wyj±tkiem numeracji wszystkiego + jako +\begin_inset Formula $(n,m,p)$ +\end_inset + +, gdzie pierwszy numer odnosi siê do numeru rozdzia³u, drugi do sekcji, + a trzeci jest numerem kolejnym wyra¿enia (Theorems, Corollaries, Propositions, + Definitions, Remarks, itd.) w tej sekcji. + Istnieje tak¿e kilka (ale nie wszystkie) ¶rodowisk nienumerowanych, które + s± u¿ywane okazjonalnie. + Nazwy nienumerowanych ¶rodowisk koñcz± siê znakiem gwiazdki (*). +\layout Standard + +Dowolne pliki LyX-a ams-* mog± byæ konwertowane do schematu przez prost± + zmianê klasy dokumentu w menu +\family sans +\bar under + U +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Co daje ten szablon? +\layout Standard + +Te uk³ady dostarczaj± d³ug± listê ¶rodowisk. + Najbardziej matematyczne pisma i ksi±¿ki bêd± korzystaæ w wiêkszo¶ci z + tych ¶rodowisk, AMS-LaTeX-u sprzyja definiowaniu nieograniczonej liczby + rozmaitych takich deklaracji. + Jednak zalecane przez AMS ¶rodowiska s± dostêpne w LyX-ie. + Oto lista nowych ¶rodowisk (nie wyliczamy typowych takich jak +\family sans + sections, bibliography, title, author, date +\family default +): +\layout Description + +Theorem This is typically used for the statements of major results. + S³owo +\family sans + ,,Theorem +\family default +'' wy¶wietlane jest czcionk± pó³grub±, along with an automatically-determined + number (an unnumbered version, +\family sans + Theorem* +\family default +, is also available). + Tekst jest pochylony. +\layout Description + +Corollary This is used for statements which follow fairly directly from + previous statements. + Again, these can be major results. + Unnumbered version +\family sans + Corollary* +\family default + is available. +\layout Description + +Lemma These are smaller results needed to prove other statements. +\layout Description + +Proposition These are less major results which (hopefully) add to the general + theory being discussed. +\layout Description + +Conjecture These are statements provided without justification, which the + author does not know how to prove, but which seem to be true (to the author, + at least). +\layout Description + +Criterion A required condition. +\layout Description + +Algorithm A general procedure to be used. +\layout Description + +Axiom This is a property or statement taken as true within the system being + discussed. +\layout Description + +Definition Guess what this is for. + The font, both on-screen and in the output, is different for this environment + than for the previous ones. + The heading (,,definition'') is still set in boldface, along with the number, + if any, but the rest is set upright. +\layout Description + +Example Sk³ad jest podobny do Definition. +\layout Description + +Condition +\layout Description + +Problem +\layout Description + +Exercise +\layout Description + +Remark This environment is also a new type of theorem. + This is set with the word Remark in italics, and the rest upright. +\layout Description + +Note Set similarly to the Remark environment. +\layout Description + +Notation +\layout Description + +Claim +\layout Description + +Summary +\layout Description + +Acknowledgement +\layout Description + +Case Generally, these are used to break up long arguments, using specific + instances of some condition. + The numbering scheme for cases is on its own, not together with other numbered + statements. +\layout Description + +Conclusion +\layout Description + +Fact +\layout Description + +Proof S³owo ,, +\shape italic +Proof +\shape default +'' jest pisane kursyw±, but the rest is set upright. + At the end of this environment (other environments can be nested within + this one, of course) a QED symbol (usually a square, but it can vary with + different styles) is placed. +\layout Description + +Address Tu powinien byæ podany sta³y adres autora. +\layout Description + +Current\SpecialChar ~ +Address Tu powinien byæ podany czasowy adres autora, gdy wysy³a³ + dokument, o ile jest ró¿ny od podanego powy¿ej w Address. +\layout Description + +Email Adres e-mail autora +\layout Description + +URL Adres strony internetowej autora. +\layout Description + +Keywords S³owa kluczowe i frazy u¿ywane do identyfikacji specyficznych dyskutowa +nych tematów w prasie. +\layout Description + +Subjectclass These refer to the AMS Subject Classifications, published and + described in +\emph on + Mathematical Reviews +\emph default +. + These are also available online at the AMS cites listed above. +\layout Description + +Thanks +\layout Description + +Dedicatory +\layout Description + +Translator +\layout Standard + +Ponadto, ¶rodowiska automatycznie w³±czaj± pakiety AMS-LaTeX i czcionki + AMS, które musz± byæ dostêpne w Twoim systemie, aby mo¿na by³o u¿ywaæ tych + uk³adów. +\layout Section + +Dinbrief +\layout Standard + +Klasa dokumentu +\family sans + dinbrief +\family default + mo¿e byæ u¿yta do pisania listów zgodnie z niemieck± konwencj±. + Dla Ciebie w folderze +\family typewriter + .../lyx/share/templates +\family default + znajduje siê plik przyk³adowy, aby by³o ³atwiej zacz±æ. +\layout Section + +Paper +\layout Standard + +Klasa dokumentu +\family sans + paper +\family default + jest alternatyw± dla standardowej klasy +\family sans + article +\family default +. + Daje ona podobn± funkcjonalno¶æ, ale mo¿na preferowaæ w tym uk³adzie bezszeryfo +we tytularia i jeszcze wiêcej. +\layout Section + +A&A Paper +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on +Peter +\noun default + +\noun on +Sütterlin +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +W tej sekcji opisano jak mo¿na u¿yæ LyX-a do pisania artyku³ów do pism naukowych +\emph on + Astronomy and Astrophysics +\emph default + oraz +\emph on + Supplement Series +\emph default + przy u¿yciu klasy dokumentu +\family typewriter + aa.cls +\family default + z pakietu makr wydawnictwa Springer. + Ten pakiet mo¿e byæ ¶ci±gniêty z serwera ftp Springera +\layout Standard +\added_space_top medskip \added_space_bottom medskip \align center + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.springer.de/pub/tex/latex/aa} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Instrukcja do A&A Paper jest dostarczana razem z pakietem. + Ten tekst nie ma na celu zast±pienia oryginalnej instrukcji ale jest krótkim + przewodnikiem jak wykorzystaæ ten format. +\layout Subsection + +Zaczynamy +\layout Standard + +Aby zacz±æ nowy dokument wybieramy z menu +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under + N +\bar default +owy +\family default + lub +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator + Nowy z\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +s +\bar default +zablonu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Zalecamy korzystanie z szablonu. + Either create one yourself, or ask the local system administrator to suply + a site-wide version. + Przyk³adowy szablon jest czê¶ci± standardowej dystrybucji LyX-a. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + Je¶li nie u¿y³e¶ szablonu to zwróæ uwagê na nastêpuj±ce ustawienia: +\layout Itemize + +Wybierz klasê dokumentu +\family sans + paper (A&A) +\family default + w oknie +\family sans +\bar under + S +\bar default +tyl dokumentu +\family default + w zak³adce +\family sans + Dokument +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Nie zmieniaj opcji +\family sans +\bar under + S +\bar default +tyl strony +\family default +: pozostaw +\family sans + domy¶lny +\family default +. + Uk³ad jest zrobiony za pomoc± makr i nie powiniene¶ niczego zmieniaæ. +\layout Itemize + +Mo¿esz chcieæ u¿yæ czcionki +\family sans + Times +\family default + wybieraj±c z listy +\family sans +\bar under + C +\bar default +zcionka +\family default +, jako sugerowanej przez wydawnictwo Springer dla jednolitego wygl±du tekstu + wydruków. +\layout Subsection + +Nag³ówek +\layout Standard + +Pierwsz± rzecz± do wprowadzenia jest dane nag³ówkowe. + Które zawieraj± osiem wpisów, z których kilka jest opcjonalnych. + Oto one: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Thesaurus +\family default +: [wymagane] Zobacz podrêcznik Springera. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Title +\family default +: [wymagane] +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subtitle +\family default +: [wymagane] +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Author +\family default +: [wymagane] +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Address +\family default +: [wymagane] +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Offprints +\family default +: [opcjonalne] je¶li jest wiêcej ni¿ jeden autor, to komu wys³aæ odbitki. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Email +\family default +: [opcjonalne] adres e-mail dla kontaktu z autorem. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Date +\family default +: [wymagane]. + Suggested format is +\family typewriter + Received: / Accepted +\layout Standard + +Nie potrzeba wydawaæ polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +maketitle +\family default +, jest to robione automatycznie przez LyX gdy nag³ówek jest zakoñczony. + Although the order of the single header entries doesn't matter it is advised + to keep the above sequence, just to get the best optics and meets the layout + of the real document. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li chcesz umie¶ciæ przypis w nag³ówku, np. + dla wskazania twojego aktualnego adresu, mo¿esz u¿yæ standardowego przypisu + za pomoc± +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +rzypis. + +\family default + LyX w takim przypadku u¿yje automatycznie okre¶lenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thanks{} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +In addition to these topics, Springer uses two additional LaTeX commands + that have no counterpart in LyX: +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +and +\family default + do oddzielenia ró¿nych nazw takich jak autorzy, instytucje. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +inst{} +\family default +to mark corresponding author/institute pairs. + The institutes are numbered sequentially as they appear in the +\family sans +Address +\family default + field, so you have to put a marker to each author. +\layout Standard + +In both cases, the appropriate command has to be entered in LyX an marked + as LaTeX code. + See the examples. +\layout Subsection + +Streszczenie +\layout Standard + +Streszczenie powinno siê znajdowaæ bezpo¶rednio za nag³ówkiem. +\layout Standard + +The only special thing about the abstract environment is that it should + contain an entry with the keywords. + This is not yet implemented for LyX, therefore you have to enter the LaTeX + command +\family typewriter + +\backslash +keywords{} +\family default + by hand and mark it as LaTeX code. + Zobacz przyk³adowy artyku³. +\layout Subsection + +Obs³ugiwane ¶rodowiska +\layout Standard + +Uk³ad A&A paper obs³uguje nastêpuj±ce ¶rodowiska dla strukturyzacji tekstu: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Standard +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Section +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subsection +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Itemize +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Caption +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Abstract +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Acknowledgment +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Bibliography +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +LaTeX +\layout Subsection + +Polecenia nie obs³ugiwane przez LyX +\layout Standard + +Kilka poleceñ uk³adu +\family sans + paper (A&A) +\family default + nie jest jeszcze obs³ugiwane w LyX-ie. + Kilka zosta³o ju¿ omówionych. + Dla kompletno¶ci poni¿ej s± one wszystkie wypisane: +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +and +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +appendix +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +authorrunning +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +inst{} +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +keywords{} +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +object{} +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +titlerunning{} +\layout Standard + +Je¶li chcesz u¿yæ którego¶ z tych poleceñ, to musisz wpisaæ je sam. + I nie zapomnij wpisywaæ je w trybie LaTeX-a! +\layout Subsection + +Wstawki -- rysunki i tabele +\layout Standard + +LyX obs³uguje niezbêdne ¶rodowiska wstawek +\family sans + figure, figure*, table +\family default + i +\family sans + table* +\family default +, dlatego nie wspominamy o nich tutaj wiêcej. + Zajrzyj do +\emph on + Podrêcznika U¿ytkownika +\emph default +. + Pamiêtaj, ¿e tabele powinny byæ wyrównane lewostronnie. + Do tego celu wybierz tabelê i zmieñ wyrównanie w +\family sans +\bar under + U +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +A +\bar default +kapit. +\layout Standard + +Jest tylko jedna specjalna rzecz: rysunki z podpisami. + Aby utworzyæ takie rysunki musisz wykonaæ poni¿sze kroki: +\layout Enumerate + +Utwórz szerok± wstawkê: +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +W +\bar default +stawki\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +ysunek(wide) +\family default +, +\layout Enumerate + +Wpisz tre¶æ podpisu rysunku. +\layout Enumerate + +Naci¶nij +\family sans +Enter +\family default + aby przesun±æ kursor powy¿ej podpisu, +\layout Enumerate + +Wstaw swój rysunek (eps), +\layout Enumerate + +Ustaw kursor za rysunkiem i wstaw odstêp poziomy: +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +staw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under + Z +\bar default +nak specjalny +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + H +\bar default +Fill +\family default +, +\layout Enumerate + +Prze³±cz siê do trybu LaTeX: +\family sans + M-c\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family default +, +\layout Enumerate + +Wpisz: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +parbox[b]{55mm}{ +\family default +. +\series bold +Nie zamykaj nawiasu! +\layout Enumerate + +Ustaw kursor za podpisem, prze³±cz siê do trybu LaTeX-a i wstaw brakuj±cy + nawias +\family typewriter +,,} +\family default +''. +\layout Standard + +Zobacz tak¿e rysunek w przyk³adowym artykule. +\layout Subsection + +Szablon referatu +\layout Standard + +For submission, the paper has to be formated in a special double-spacing + layout. + For this purpose, you have to give the option +\family typewriter + referee +\family default + to the documentclass. + This must be done using the +\family sans + E +\bar under +x +\bar default +tra\SpecialChar ~ +Options +\family default + field in the +\family sans + Document\SpecialChar ~ +Layout +\family default + popup. + Just enter the string +\family typewriter +referee +\family default + there. +\layout Subsection + +Przyk³ad +\layout Standard + +W folderze +\family sans + Examples +\family default + znajduje siê plik przyk³adowy artyku³ napisany w LyX-ie. + To jest przyk³ad z oryginalnago pakietu makr Springera przet³umaczonego + do LyX-a. + U¿yj go jako inspiracjê i porównanie oryginalnego kodu LaTeX-a z LyX-owym + sposobem pisania. +\layout Section + +AASTeX +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Mike Ressler +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +AASTeX jest zestawem makr wydanych przez American Astronomical Society dla + u³atwienia wysy³ania elektronicznych manuskryptów do trzech pism wydawanych + przez Towarzystwo: +\emph on +Astrophysical Journal +\emph default + (w³±czaj±c Listy i Suplement), +\emph on +Astronomical Journal +\emph default + i +\emph on +Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific +\emph default +. + LyX wymaga co najmniej wersji 5.0 tych makr. + Wersje starsze od 5.0 s± przeznaczone dla LaTeX2.09 i s± niekompatybilne + z LyX-em. + Pakiet AASTeX mo¿na pobraæ z serwera ftp AAS +\layout Standard +\added_space_top medskip \added_space_bottom medskip \align center + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.aas.org/pubs} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +A complete user guide is contained in that package and you should familiarize + yourself with it thoroughly before embarking on writing a paper in LyX. + LyX will not reduce the need to figure out all the AASTeX commands, it + will only reduce the drudgery of typing everything in. + It is your responsibility to ensure that the final exported LaTeX document + conforms completely to the requirements of the journal to which you are + submitting your paper. +\layout Subsection + +Starting a New Paper +\layout Standard + +I strongly suggest that you start with the AASTeX template file. + Click on +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New from template +\family default +, enter the new file name, then choose the +\family typewriter +aastex.lyx +\family default + template. + This will show the most common fields found in a manuscript. + Simply overwrite the existing text (including the brackets, +\family typewriter +<> +\family default +) with the correct information. + Many of the AASTeX commands and environments can be implemented directly + in LyX, but some cannot: most noticeably +\family typewriter + +\backslash +altaffilmark +\family default + and +\family typewriter + +\backslash +altaffiltext +\family default +, which should stick out like a sore thumb if you actually just opened the + template file. + For commands such as these, the LaTeX code must be entered directly and + marked as such. + Such commands are referred to as ERT, or Evil Red Text. + I tried to minimize the amount of ERT needed in an AASTeX document, but + there is still more required than any of us would like. +\layout Subsection + +Finishing Your Paper +\layout Standard + +When the paper is finished to your satisfaction and previews/prints correctly, + there are a few +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +postprocessing +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + actions which need to be done before you submit it to the journals. +\layout Enumerate + +Export your paper as a LaTeX file ( +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +as LateX +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Edit the resulting +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + file with your favorite text editor +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +remove the comment lines before the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + command +\layout Enumerate + +remove the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage...{fontenc} +\family default + line if it appears (usually just after +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +}; also remove the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +secnumdepth +\family default + line if it appears. +\layout Enumerate + +remove everything between (and including) the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makeatletter +\family default + and +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makeatother +\family default + commands, except for any commands you specifically put into the LaTeX preamble + (which should appear immediately after the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +User specified LaTeX commands +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + comment in the +\family typewriter + .tex +\family default + file). +\layout Enumerate + +search for any +\family typewriter + +\backslash +figcaption +\family default + commands and replace +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +FileName +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + with the correct, real file name. +\layout Enumerate + +alter any +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cite +\family default + commands, if necessary (see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cite} + +\end_inset + + below). +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Run the resulting file through LaTeX to make sure it still processes correctly. +\layout Enumerate + +Reread the journal requirements to make sure your filenames and formats + are correct. +\layout Enumerate + +Submit it. +\layout Subsection + +Comments On Specific Commands +\layout Standard + +I will not describe the detailed usage of the individual AASTeX commands: + the AASTeX User Guide ( +\family typewriter +aasguide.tex +\family default +) gives a good description of each. + Thus it's probably easiest for me to go down the list as found in the guide + and offer comments where necessary. + So let's begin \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Subsubsection + +Things that work as expected +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Because they work as you might expect, I simply list them and the section + they are found in: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + (2.1.1), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{document} +\family default + (2.2), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +title +\family default + (2.3), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +author +\family default + (2.3), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +affil +\family default + (2.3), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +abstract +\family default + (2.4), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +keywords +\family default + (2.5), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +section +\family default + (2.7), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +subsection +\family default + (2.7), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +subsubsection +\family default + (2.7), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +paragraph +\family default + (2.7), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{displaymath} +\family default + (2.11), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{equation} +\family default + (2.11), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{eqnarray} +\family default + (2.11), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{mathletters} +\family default + (2.11), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{thebibliography} +\family default + (2.12.1), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibitem +\family default + (2.12.2), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{table} +\family default + (2.14.4), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{tabular} +\family default + (2.14.4), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +caption +\family default + (2.14.4), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +label +\family default + (2.14.4, amongst other places), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +tablerefs +\family default + (2.14.5), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +tablecomments +\family default + (2.14.5), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +url +\family default + (2.15.4), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{document} +\family default + (2.16). +\layout Standard + +The following style options also work correctly: +\family typewriter + preprint +\family default +, +\family typewriter + preprint2 +\family default +, +\family typewriter + eqsecnum +\family default +, +\family typewriter + flushrt +\family default + (3, 3.1, 3.2). + Simply put them in +\family sans + Extra Options +\family default + box in +\family sans + Layout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsubsection + +Things that work, but require more comment +\layout Standard + +The following items work, but require a little more discussion: +\layout Itemize + +These items are reserved for use by the journal editors, but you can put + them into the LaTeX preamble if you feel compelled to do so: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +received +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +revised +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +accepted +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash + ccc +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cpright +\family default + (all from 2.1.3) +\layout Itemize + +These items may be placed in the LaTeX preamble, and are included as blanks + in the template file: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +slugcomment +\family default + (2.1.4), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +shorttitle +\family default + (2.1.5), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +shortauthors +\family default + (2.1.5) +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +email +\family default + (2.3) -- can only be used +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +standalone +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, not in the middle of a paragraph. + Use ERT if you need to embed it. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +and +\family default + (2.3) -- will have extra {} after it. + This should not cause an error. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +notetoeditor +\family default + (2.6) -- can only be used +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +standalone +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, not in the middle of a paragraph. + Use ERT if you need to embed it. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +placetable +\family default + (2.8) -- can't insert a cross-reference tag, you must type the tag name + by hand +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +placefigure +\family default + (2.8) -- same as for +\family typewriter + +\backslash +placetable +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +acknowledgements +\family default + (2.9) -- will have extra {} after it. + This should not cause an error. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +appendix +\family default + (2.10) -- will have extra {} after it. + This should not cause an error. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +figcaption +\family default + (2.13.2) -- you will have to edit the optional argument by hand in the final + LaTeX file. +\layout Subsubsection + +Things not implemented, use ERT +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +altaffilmark +\family default + (2.3), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +altaffiltext +\family default + (2.3), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +eqnum +\family default + (2.11), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +setcounter{equation} +\family default + (2.11), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +citet +\family default + (2.12), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +citep +\family default + (2.12), Journal name abbreviations (2.12.4), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +figurenum +\family default + (2.13.1), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +epsscale +\family default + (2.13.1), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +plotone +\family default + (2.13.1), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +plottwo +\family default + (2.13.1), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +tablenum +\family default + (2.14.4), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +tableline +\family default + (2.14.4, insert it as the first element in the lefthand cell after where + you want it. + Don't use any of LyX's rules in the table), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +tablenotemark +\family default + (2.14.5), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +tablenotetext +\family default + (2.14.5), most everything in Misc (2.15, except +\family typewriter + +\backslash +url +\family default + and +\family typewriter + +\backslash +email +\family default +; see above), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +singlespace +\family default + (3.1), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +doublespace +\family default + (3.1), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +onecolumn +\family default + (3.2), +\family typewriter + +\backslash +twocolumn +\family default + (3.2) +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsubsection + +Things that cannot be implemented +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + at least in any meaningful sort of way, so I suggest ignoring them. + They are the references environment (2.12.3), and the deluxetable environment + (2.14). + If you really, really need to use deluxetable, I suggest editing it in + a separate file with a text editor, then using +\family sans + Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Include File +\family default + to include it in your LyX document. + See the +\family typewriter +aas_sample.lyx +\family default + file to see an example of this. +\layout Subsection + +FAQs, Tips, Tricks, and Other Ruminations +\layout Subsubsection + +Getting LyX and AASTeX to cooperate +\layout Standard + +It can be a bit tricky to get LyX to recognize a new layout and document + class. + When all else fails, do this: +\layout Enumerate + +Make certain that LaTeX can find AASTeX. + Copy sample.tex (and perhaps table.tex) from the AASTeX distribution into + a directory completely unrelated to LaTeX or AASTeX and run LaTeX on +\family typewriter +sample.tex +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Make certain that +\family typewriter +aastex.layout +\family default + appears in +\family typewriter +/usr/.../share/lyx/layouts +\family default + or +\family typewriter +~/.lyx/layouts +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Rerun +\family sans +Options\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigure +\family default + in LyX, then restart LyX. +\layout Enumerate + +Open a regular new file, not from a template. + Does AASTeX appear in +\family sans +Layout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Class +\family default +? +\layout Standard + +If you get a warning from an existing AASTeX document about not being able + to find the AASTeX layout or a message about +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +You should not mix title layouts with normal ones +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, things haven't been installed correctly. +\layout Subsubsection + +LaTeX error processing a table +\layout Standard + +LyX, by default, attempts to center the table caption/title. + This seems to produce a bad interaction in AASTeX so you should click somewhere + in the caption/title, then select +\family sans +Layout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\family default +, then set the +\family sans +Alignment +\family default + to +\family sans +Block +\family default +. + This took care of it for me. +\layout Subsubsection + +References +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cite} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +A few things: 1) I have noticed some funny spacing in the reference entries + in the text. + When you enter the bibliography item data, make sure their is +\emph on +no +\emph default + space between the last author and the parenthesis setting off the year; +\emph on +e.g. +\emph default +type +\family typewriter + Ressler(1992) +\family default +, not +\family typewriter +Ressler (1992) +\family default +. + 2) I am really unhappy that I can't make +\family typewriter + +\backslash +citet +\family default + and +\family typewriter + +\backslash +citep +\family default + more automatic, but that would require changes to the LyX source code. + For now you can do one of two things: a) enter all your citations using + the built-in +\family sans + Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Citation Reference +\family default + mechanism; at least you can take advantage of the automatic insertions. + Then edit the exported LaTeX file by hand changing the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cite +\family default + entries to the appropriate +\family typewriter + +\backslash +citet +\family default + or +\family typewriter + +\backslash +citep +\family default + commands before you submit it ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cite +\family default + is currently equivalent to +\family typewriter + +\backslash +citet +\family default +, so you wouldn't necessarily have to change those). + Or b) you can simply enter all your citations as ERT using the same key + for the argument that you used in the bibliography popup, +\emph on +e.g. +\family typewriter +\emph default + +\backslash +citet{key} +\family default +. + Neither choice is pleasant, but until LyX's citation mechanism understands +\family typewriter +natbib +\family default +, we'll have to put up with it. + 3) Entering the references at all is not obvious. + The easiest thing is to start typing your first reference at the end of + the document, then mark it as type +\family sans +References +\family default +. + That will put a small gray box in front of what you just typed. + Click on the box to fill in the rest of the information. + For new references, go to the end of an existing reference and press return. + That will create a new line with its own box, etc. +\layout Subsubsection + +W³±czanie plików EPS +\layout Standard + +With all due respect to Chris Biemesderfer and the others who have helped + to write the AASTeX package, the figure handling mechanism smells really + foul. + You can insert the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +plotone +\family default +, etc. + commands as ERT into a Figure Float box, but I never have much luck getting + the layout right. + My advice would be to avoid all EPS inclusions in the manuscript you submit + to the journal, but then use the standard LyX EPS file inclusion mechanism + when you want to make your nicer looking preprints. + LyX will insert a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{graphics} +\family default + command into the LaTeX preamble and handle the figures in the standard + LaTeX2e way. + Anyone who attempts to print your AASTeX 5.0 manuscript must have a LaTeX2e + installation anyway, so why not take advantage of the infinitely better + graphics handling mechanism? If they complain about LaTeX2e or the graphics + package, point out that it appears in the second edition of Lamport (1994), + so it was time to upgrade six years ago. +\layout Subsubsection + +Things I could have done, but didn't +\layout Standard + +There are a few ,,pretty'' things I could have implemented, but chose not + to. + For instance, I saw no point in double-spacing the text in the LyX window, + even though it is double-spaced in the paper manuscript. + Also, I chose not to make separate layouts for the preprint and preprint2 + styles. + Since I assume you will spend most of your time in the plain manuscript + mode anyway, I decided not to chew up more disk space with this. + If you feel strongly that I should make such layouts, I will adhere to + the spirit of the rules laid out by the Mudgeeraba Creek Emu-Riding and + Boomerang-Throwing Association: +\layout Quotation + +,,Decisions of the judges will be final unless shouted down by a really + overwhelming majority of the crowd present. + Abusive and obscene language may not be used by contestants when addressing + members of the judging panel, or, conversely, by members of the judging + panel when addressing contestants (unless struck by a boomerang)''. +\layout Subsection + +Final Caveat +\layout Standard + +To mangle the infamous quote by Donald Knuth about a computer algorithm, + ,,I have only proved this to be correct, I have not actually tried it''. + I believe following the above procedures will produce an acceptable AASTeX + document, but as of this update (Jan 25, 2000), I have not yet submitted + a paper using it. + Hopefully in the next few months \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Section + +ijmpd +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on +Panayotis Papasotiriou +\layout Subsection + +Overview +\layout Standard + +The ijmpd package is a set of macros that facilitates electronic manuscript + submission to the +\emph on +International Journal of Modern Physics D +\emph default + published by World Scientific. + The name of the document class is +\family typewriter +ws-ijmpd.cls +\family default +. + This file, together with instructions for the authors, can be downloaded + from the site +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.worldscinet.com/ijmpd/mkt/guidelines.shtml} + +\end_inset + +. + The ijmpd package is a modified version of the standard +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +article +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + package. + Most of its features are supported by LyX. + I have recently used LyX successfully to write an article submitted to + the +\emph on +International Journal of Modern Physics D +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Writing a paper +\layout Standard + +As usual, the easiest way to write a paper is to start with a template. + Click on +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New from +\bar under +T +\bar default +emplate +\family default +, then choose the +\family typewriter +ijmpd.lyx +\family default + template. + This will give an (almost) empty document that includes the most common + fields found in a manuscript. + Simply overwrite the existing text (including the brackets, +\family typewriter +<> +\family default +) with the correct information. + You should keep in mind the following remarks. +\layout Enumerate + +LyX won't let you change the font size and the page style of the document, + because the ijmpd package does not allow such modifications. +\layout Enumerate + +The ijmpd package requires that the language of the document should not + be changed. + Before previewing your paper, be sure that the babel package is not used. + To do this, click on +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default +, select the +\family sans +Language +\family default + tab (under the +\family sans +Lang Opts +\family default + tab), then deselect the +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +se babel +\family default + option and click on +\family sans +\bar under +A +\bar default +pply +\family default + (or +\family sans +Save +\family default +, if you wish to make this change permanent). +\layout Enumerate + +Two new environments, named +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Theorem +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Proof +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + are available (their use is obvious). +\layout Enumerate + +Appendices may be added to the paper. + LyX offers a special environment, called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Appendix +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + which marks the beginning of the appendix. + An appendix can contain normal sections, subsections, or subsubsections. +\layout Enumerate + +The ijmpd package implements table captions quite differently than LyX does. + As a result, a table created by LyX is printed correctly, but its caption + is ignored. + If you need table captions, you should implement the whole table float + in a +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + file, then include this file to the LyX document ( +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Inclu +\bar under +d +\bar default +e file +\family default +). + Details on how to create an ijmpd table float can be found in the file + +\family typewriter +ws-ijmpd.tex +\family default +, which is included in the ijmpd package. +\layout Subsection + +Preparing a paper for submission +\layout Standard + +Before you submit your paper you must export the LyX document as a LaTeX + file ( +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +E +\bar default +xport\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +ateX +\family default +), then make the following changes to the resulting +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + file. +\layout Enumerate + +Remove the comment lines before the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + command. +\layout Enumerate + +Remove everything between (and including) the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makeatletter +\family default + and +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makeatother +\family default + commands, except for any commands you specifically put into the LaTeX preamble. +\layout Standard + +The modified +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + file should be saved and processed through LaTeX as many times as necessary. + You may also want to check the resulting +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + document. +\layout Subsection + +Use of ERT +\layout Standard + +U¿ycie wstawek ERT jest opcjonalne i jest zredukowane do trzech poleceñ, + which affect the look of the page. + If you started writing your paper by using the +\family typewriter +ijmpd.lyx +\family default + template, the ERT needed is already in its place; you usually don't need + to delete it. + You may only change the first ERT to specify the information printed to + the top of odd and even pages (authors' names and short paper's title, + respectively). + This ERT must have the form +\family typewriter + +\backslash +markboth{Authors' Names}{Short Paper's Title} +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Kluwer +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on +Panayotis Papasotiriou +\layout Subsection + +Przegl±d +\layout Standard + +Pakiet Kluwer jest zestawem makr wydanych przez Kluwer Academic Publishers + aby u³atwiæ elektroniczn± wysy³kê manuskryptów do pism wydawanych przez + wydawnictwo. + Najbardziej znane z nich (at least in my domain of interest), to +\emph on +Astrophysics and Space Science +\emph default + i +\emph on +Solar Physics +\emph default +, ale istnieje wiele innych (zobacz kompletn± listê pod adresem +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.wkap.nl/jrnllist.htm/JRNLHOME} + +\end_inset + +). + Pakiet Kluwer mo¿na pobraæ z serwisu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.wkap.nl/kaphtml.htm/STYLEFILES} + +\end_inset + +. + Kompletna dokumentacja jest zawarta w pakiecie (ale mo¿na pobraæ j± oddzielnie). +\layout Standard + +LyX obs³uguje wiele cech pakietu ale nie wszystkie. + Mimo to wstawki ERT s± potrzebne do redukcji ,,osobliwych'' poleceñ pakietu + (zobacz +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{subsec:kluwer_peculiarities} + +\end_inset + +). + Ja ostatnio napisa³em bez ¿adnych problemów artyku³ wys³any do pisma +\emph on +Astrophysics and Space Science +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Pisanie artyku³ów +\layout Standard + +Naj³atwiejsz± drog± do napisania nowego artyku³u jest skorzystanie z szablonu. + Wybierz polecenie z menu +\family sans +Plik\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nowy z szablonu +\family default +, a nastêpnie wybierz plik szablonu +\family typewriter +kluwer.lyx +\family default +. + Otrzymasz wówczas (prawie) pusty dokument, który zawiera wiêkszo¶æ pól + z manuskryptu z krótkim opisem ich u¿ycia. + I jak w wiêkszo¶ci szablonów zast±p istniej±ce teksty (w³±czaj±c nawiasy + +\family typewriter +<> +\family default +) poprawnymi informacjami. +\layout Subsection + +Przygotowanie artyku³u do wys³ania +\layout Standard + +Podobnie jak przy pakiecie AASTeX przed wysy³k± artyku³u do wydawnictwa, + artyku³ nale¿y przetworzyæ, co opisano dalej w kolejnych krokach: +\layout Enumerate + +Wyeksportuj artyku³ do pliku LaTeX. + Zrób to przez wybór polecenia z menu +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under + E +\bar default +ksportuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under + L +\bar default +aTeX +\family default +. + +\layout Enumerate + +Wyedytuj uzyskany plik +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + w edytorze tekstowym dokonuj±c nastêpuj±cych zmian: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +usuñ wiersze komentarza przed poleceniem +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +, +\layout Enumerate + +usuñ wszystko pomiêdzy dyrektywami +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makeatletter +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makeatother +\family default + w³±cznie, z wyj±tkiem Twoich specyficznych poleceñ wstawionych do preambu³y. +\layout Standard + +Zapisz uzyskany plik +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Przetwórz plik +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + przez LaTeX tyle razy ile potrzeba (zwykle do trzech razy). +\layout Enumerate + +Zobacz utworzony plik +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + korzystaj±c z przegl±darki np. + +\family sans +xdvi +\family default + i sprawd¼ czy wszystko jest ok (tak powinno byæ je¶li nie pope³ni³e¶ b³êdów). +\layout Subsection + +,,Osobliwo¶ci'' pakietu Kluwer +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{subsec:kluwer_peculiarities} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Pakiet Kluwer posiada nastêpuj±ce ,,osobliwo¶ci'': +\layout Enumerate + +Jest mo¿liwe pisanie wielu artyku³ów w tym samym pliku LaTeX-a +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Nie mogê wyobraziæ sobie innego dobrego powodu aby to zrobiæ +\end_inset + +. + Ka¿dy artyku³ musi byæ zawarty w ¶rodowisku ,,article''. + Niestety, tego ¶rodowiska nie mo¿na pomin±æ, nawet je¶li piszemy tylko + jeden artyku³. + Dlatego ka¿dy artyku³ zaczyna siê poleceniem +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{article} +\family default + i koñczy oczywi¶cie poleceniem +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{article} +\family default +. + Mimo to mo¿na to zaimplementowaæ w LyX-ie, ale ja nie do³±czam tego, od + czasu jak to wygl±da brzydko i mo¿e peszyæ nowych u¿ytkowników. + Dlatego Ty potrzebujesz wpisaæ te polecenia wprost jako kod LaTeX (jako + wstawki ERT). +\layout Enumerate + +Informacje podane na pocz±tku artyku³u (np.: title, subtitle, author, institution +, running title, running author, abstract i keywords) musz± znajdowaæ siê + w\SpecialChar ~ +¶rodowisku ,,opening''. + Tego nie zaimplementowano w LyX-ie, tak ¿e Ty musisz umie¶ciæ title, subtitle + itd. + pomiêdzy dwoma wstawkami ERT ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{opening} +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{opening} +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Wed³ug podrêcznika u¿ytkownika etykieta ka¿dej pozycji bibliografii musi + byæ zapisana jako +\family typewriter + +\backslash +protect +\backslash +citeauthoryear{ +\family default +\emph on +author(s) +\family typewriter +\emph default +}{ +\family default +\emph on +year +\family typewriter +\emph default +} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Szablon +\family typewriter +kluwer.lyx +\family default + zajmuje siê tymi wszystkimi ,,osobliwo¶ciami'' Je¶li zaczynasz z nowym + artyku³em korzystaj±c z tego szablonu, to nie potrzebujesz robiæ nic specjalneg +o. + Tylko: +\layout Enumerate + +nie usuwaj wstawek ERT do³±czonych do szablonu i +\layout Enumerate + +skopiuj przyk³adow± bibliografiê do³±czona do szablonu i dostosuj j± przez + dopisanie nowych pozycji. +\layout Section + +Koma-Script +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Bernd Rellermeyer +\layout Subsection + +Przegl±d +\layout Standard + +LyX-owe klasy dokumentu +\emph on + article (koma-script) +\emph default +, +\emph on + report (koma-script) +\emph default +, +\emph on + book(koma-script) +\emph default +, i +\emph on + letter(koma-script) +\emph default + odpowiadaj± LaTeX-owym klasom odpowiednio +\family typewriter + scrartcl.cls +\family default +, +\family typewriter + scrreprt.cls +\family default +, +\family typewriter + scrbook.cls +\family default +, i +\family typewriter +scrlettr.cls +\family default +, z rodziny Koma-Script. + Zastêpuj± one standardowe klasy dokumentu odpowiednio +\family typewriter + article.cls +\family default +, +\family typewriter + report.cls +\family default +, +\family typewriter + book.cls +\family default +, i +\family typewriter + letter.cls +\family default +, i s± bli¿sze europejskim konwencjom typograficznym +\layout Itemize + +Standardow± wielko¶ci± czcionki jest 11pt w +\emph on + article (koma-script) +\emph default +, +\emph on + report (koma-script) +\emph default + i +\emph on + book (koma-script) +\emph default +, oraz 12pt w +\emph on + letter (koma-script) +\emph default +. +\layout Itemize + +Tytularia, etykiety opisu ¶rodowisk i kilka elementów klasy +\emph on + letter (koma-script) +\emph default + s± sk³adane czcionk± pó³grub± bezszeryfow± +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Istnieje du¿a ró¿nica pomiêdzy starymi pó³grubymi czcionkami bezszeryfowymi + rodziny cm, a nowymi rodziny ec, szczególnie w wygl±dzie tytulariów. + Dla porównania pó³gruba czcionka bezszeryfowa rodziny ec wygl±da na troszkê + cieñsz±. + Pakiet LaTeX-a +\family typewriter + cmsd.sty +\family default + autorstwa +\shape smallcaps + Walter Schmidta +\shape default + pomaga tworzyæ ,,zwyk³y'' wygl±d przy u¿yciu czcionek ec. +\end_inset + +. + Numeracja tytu³ów rozdzia³ów jest zrobiona tak samo jak numeracja sekcji, + czyli bez wiersza ,,Rozdzia³\SpecialChar \ldots{} +''. + Ponadto wygl±d tytulariów mo¿e byæ zmieniony za pomoc± kilku opcji (w LyX-ie + wprowadza siê je w polach +\family sans + Opcje Dodatkowe +\family default + wywo³anym z menu +\family sans +\bar under + U +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default +). +\layout Itemize + +G³ównym zamierzeniem projektowania obszaru pisania klas dokumentu Koma-Script + s± opcje +\family sans + BCOR +\family default + i +\family sans + DIV +\family default + (w LyX-ie wprowadza siê je w polach +\family sans + Opcje Dodatkowe +\family default + wywo³anym z menu +\family sans +\bar under + U +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default +). + Dziêki nim mamy klarown± mo¿liwo¶æ zmiany szeroko¶ci marginesów jako opcje + w menu +\family sans +\bar under + U +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Klasy LaTeX-owe rodziny Koma-Script definiuj± kilka dodatkowych poleceñ. + Czê¶æ z nich, które maj± sens w LyX-ie s± zaimplementowane w odpowiednich + ¶rodowiskach. +\layout Standard + +Szczegó³owy opis (w jêzyku niemieckim) LaTeX-owych klas dokumentu rodziny + Koma-Script mo¿na znale¼æ w dokumentacji Koma-Script +\emph on + scrguide +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Istnieje angielskie t³umaczenie -- +\emph on +screnggu +\emph default +, ale nie jest kompletne +\end_inset + + +\emph default + Dalsze punkty opisuj± tylko te aspekty, które s± zwi±zane z LyX-em. +\layout Subsection + +Klasy article (koma-script), report (koma-script) i book (koma-script) +\layout Standard + +Klasy dokumentu +\emph on + article (koma-script) +\emph default +, +\emph on + report (koma-script) +\emph default + i +\emph on + book(koma-script) +\emph default + s± zaimplementowane w plikach uk³adu, odpowiednio: +\family typewriter + scrartcl.layout +\family default +, +\family typewriter + scrreprt.layout +\family default + i +\family typewriter + scrbook.layout +\family default +. + Zawieraj± one wszystkie ¶rodowiska odpowiednich standardowych klas dokumentu + odpowiednio +\emph on + article +\emph default +, +\emph on + report +\emph default + i +\emph on + book +\emph default +, czê¶ciowo zmienione z wy³±czeniem LyX-owego ¶rodowiska +\family sans + List +\family default +, które jest zast±pione przez nowe ¶rodowisko +\family sans + Labeling +\family default + o takiej samej funkcji. + Jednak ¶rodowisko +\family sans + Labeling +\family default + zosta³o dodane do kilku nowych ¶rodowisk, ale nie s± one czê¶ci± klasy +\emph on + letter (koma-script) +\emph default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Addchap +\family default +, +\family sans + Addsec +\family default +: s± odpowiednikami dla +\family sans + Chapter* +\family default + i +\family sans + Section* +\family default +, dodatkowo daj± wpis do spisu tre¶ci. + +\family sans + Addchap +\family default + nie istnieje w klasie +\emph on + article (koma-script) +\emph default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Addchap* +\family default +, +\family sans + Addsec* +\family default +: zachowuj± siê dok³adnie tak jak +\family sans + Addchap +\family default + i +\family sans + Addsec +\family default +, additionally clearing running heads. + +\family sans + Addchap* +\family default + nie istnieje w klasie +\emph on + article (koma-script) +\emph default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Minisec +\family default +: generuje tytu³ tu¿ nad nastêpnym akapitem w standardowej wielko¶ci czcionki + bez wp³ywu na strukturê dokumentu. +\layout Standard + +Nastêpuj±ce ¶rodowiska, razem ze standardowymi: +\family sans + Title +\family default +, +\family sans + Author +\family default + i +\family sans + Date +\family default +, tworz± stronê tytu³ow± dokumentu. + Musz± byæ wstawione na pocz±tku pierwszego ,,normalnego'' akapitu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Odpowiednie polecenia LaTeX musz± pojawiæ siê przed poleceniem +\family typewriter + +\backslash +maketitle +\end_inset + + Gdy dane ¶rodowisko jest u¿yte czê¶ciej ni¿ jeden raz, to zostanie uwzglêdnione + tylko ostatnie jego wyst±pienie w tek¶cie. + Te dodatkowe ¶rodowiska, podobnie jak +\family sans + Title +\family default +, +\family sans + Author +\family default + i +\family sans + Date +\family default +, nie wp³ywaj± na wygl±d tworzonego dokumentu. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subject +\family default +: tworzy wy¶rodkowany akapit powy¿ej podstawowego tytu³u ( +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans + Author +\family default +, +\family sans + Date +\family default +) z tematem dokumentu. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Publishers +\family default +: tworzy wy¶rodkowany akapit poni¿ej podstawowego tytu³u ( +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans + Author +\family default +, +\family sans + Date +\family default +) z nazw± wydawcy. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Dedication +\family default +: w klasach +\emph on + report (koma-script) +\emph default + i +\emph on + book (koma-script) +\emph default + tworzy wy¶rodkowany akapit z dedykacj± na oddzielnej stronie za stron± + tytu³ow±, a w klasie +\emph on + article (koma-script) +\emph default + tworzy wy¶rodkowany akapit z dedykacj± poni¿ej podstawowego tytu³u ( +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans + Author +\family default +, +\family sans + Date +\family default +). +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Titlehead +\family default +: tworzy wyrównany do lewej powy¿ej podstawowego tytu³u ( +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans + Author +\family default +, +\family sans + Date +\family default +) dla nag³ówka dokumentu. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Uppertitleback +\family default +: tworzy w druku dwustronnym w klasach +\emph on + report (koma-script) +\emph default + i +\emph on + book (koma-script) +\emph default + na tyle strony tytu³owej u góry wyrównany do lewej akapit, a w przypadku + druku jednostronnego lub klasy +\emph on + article (koma-script) +\emph default + nie jest sk³adane. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Lowertitleback +\family default +: tworzy w druku dwustronnym w klasach +\emph on + report (koma-script) +\emph default + i +\emph on + book (koma-script) +\emph default + na tyle strony tytu³owej u do³u wyrównany do lewej akapit, a w przypadku + druku jednostronnego lub klasy +\emph on + article (koma-script) +\emph default + nie jest sk³adane. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Extratitle +\family default +: tworzy specjaln± ,,brudn±'' stronê na pocz±tku dokumentu zawieraj±c± akapit + bez specjalnego formatowania. +\layout Standard + +Pliki uk³adu dla klas dokumentu +\emph on + article (koma-script) +\emph default +, +\emph on + report (koma-script) +\emph default + i +\emph on + book (koma-script) +\emph default + w³±czaj± plik +\family typewriter + scrmacros.inc +\family default +. + Który jest w³a¶ciwym miejscem do definiowania w³asnych ¶rodowisk. + Skopiuj +\family typewriter +scrmacros.inc +\family default + do swojego osobistego foldera uk³adów i wyedytuj go! +\layout Subsection + +Klasa letter (koma-script) +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\noindent +Klasa dokumentu +\emph on + letter (koma-script) +\emph default + jest zaimplementowana w pliku uk³adu +\family typewriter + scrlettr.layout +\family default +. + Zawiera on wszystkie ¶rodowiska odpowiadaj±ce standardowej klasie +\emph on + letter +\emph default +, czê¶ciowo zmienione z wy³±czeniem LyX-owych ¶rodowisk +\family sans + List +\family default +, +\family sans + Comment +\family default + i +\family sans + LyX +\family default +- +\family sans +Code +\family default +, które s± zast±pione przez nowe ¶rodowisko +\family sans + Labeling +\family default + o takiej samej funkcji. + Ponadto zawiera, w odró¿nieniu od standardowej klasy, standardowe ¶rodowiska +\family sans + LaTeX +\family default +, +\family sans + Quotation +\family default +, +\family sans + Quote +\family default + i +\family sans + Verse +\family default +. + Dodatkowo jest kilka nowych specyficznych ¶rodowisk. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Inlined + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Wygl±d listu z³o¿onego w tej klasie dokumentu mo¿e byæ sterowany za pomoc± + kilku poleceñ LaTeX-a (w LyX-ie mo¿na je wprowadziæ wybieraj±c z menu +\family sans +\bar under + U +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +reambu³a LaTeX +\family default +) +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Na przyk³ad, standardowy wygl±d nag³ówka listu zawieraj±cy nazwê i adres + jest ca³kowicie self-willed. + ,,Podstawowy'' nag³ówek jest tworzony za pomoc± nastêpuj±cych poleceñ w + preambule: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +firsthead{ +\backslash +parbox[b]{ +\backslash +textwidth} +\layout LyX-Code + + { +\backslash +ignorespaces +\backslash +fromname +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash +ignorespaces +\backslash +fromaddress}} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +nexthead{ +\backslash +parbox[b]{ +\backslash +textwidth} +\layout LyX-Code + + { +\backslash +ignorespaces +\backslash +fromname +\backslash +hfill +\backslash +ignorespaces +\backslash +pagename +\backslash + +\backslash +thepage}} +\end_inset + + Dziêki temu autor listu mo¿e utworzyæ swój w³asny uk³ad. + Szczegó³owy opis (w jêzyku niemieckim) LaTeX-owych klas dokumentu rodziny + Koma-Script mo¿na znale¼æ w dokumentacji Koma-Script +\emph on + scrguide +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +¦rodowiska +\family sans + Letter +\family default + i +\family sans + Opening +\family default + definiuj± pocz±tek listu i musz± byæ u¿yte w ka¿dym li¶cie. + Dla podkre¶lenia ich w dokumencie, s± zaznaczone literami odpowiednio +\family sans + L +\family default + lub +\family sans + O +\family default + na lewym marginesie. + To umo¿liwia napisanie dowolnej liczby listów w jednym pliku. + ¦rodowisko +\family sans + Opening +\family default + tworzy nowy list u¿ywaj±c tego samego adresu, a +\family sans + Letter +\family default + tworzy nowy adres. + ¦rodowiska +\family sans + Closing +\family default +, +\family sans + PS +\family default +, +\family sans + CC +\family default + i +\family sans + Encl +\family default + s± podstawowymi ¶rodowiskami i mog± byæ u¿ywane wielokrotnie w tym samym + li¶cie. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Letter +\family default +: tworzy akapit na adres i definiuje pocz±tek listu. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Opening +\family default +: tworzy akapit dla adresu i zaczyna nowy list. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Closing +\family default +: tworzy akapit na tekst zamykaj±cy list. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +PS +\family default +: tworzy akapit na Postscriptum. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +CC +\family default +: tworzy akapit na listê rozdzielnika (Do wiadomo¶ci). +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Encl +\family default +: tworzy akapit dla za³±czników. +\layout Standard + +¦rodowiska +\family sans + Name +\family default +, +\family sans + Signature +\family default +, +\family sans + Address +\family default +, +\family sans + Telephone +\family default +, +\family sans + Place +\family default +, +\family sans + Backaddress +\family default +, +\family sans + Specialmail +\family default +, +\family sans + Location +\family default +, +\family sans + Title +\family default + i +\family sans + Subject +\family default + wy¶wietlaj± etykiety, dla u³atwienia wpisywania, których zawarto¶æ jest + przetwarzana przez klasê letter (Koma-Script) +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +It could be seen as a matter of inconsequence, that the types +\family sans +Letter +\family default + and +\family sans +Opening +\family default + described above are not such input types as well. + Because of the special meaning of those types, however, I have implemented + them as ordinary paragraph types with a one letter mark in the left margin. + Moreover, it would affect my feeling of symmetry, if the +\family sans +Opening +\family default + type and the +\family sans +Closing +\family default + type had such a serious different appearance. +\end_inset + + Te ¶rodowiska musz± byæ u¿yte na pocz±tku odpowiedniego ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Opening +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Implementacja tych ¶rodowisk w trybie WYSIWYG nie ma sensu, poniewa¿ rzeczywisty + wygl±d z³o¿onego listu zale¿y nie tylko od u¿ycia w³a¶ciwego ¶rodowiska, + ale tak¿e innych czynników. + Na przyk³ad podpis wprowadzony w ¶rodowisku +\family sans + Signature +\family default + bêdzie pojawia³ siê tylko w li¶cie, w którym u¿yto ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Closing +\family default +. + Zawarto¶æ ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Telephone +\family default + standardowo nie bêdzie pojawiaæ siê przy wszystkich z³o¿onych listach. + Mo¿liwo¶æ projektowania wolnych nag³ówków listu jest ju¿ wspomniana w przypisie + powy¿ej. +\layout Standard + +¦rodowiska mog± byæ tak¿e u¿ywane jako puste akapity. + To ma sens np. + dla ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Signature +\family default +. + Je¶li ¶rodowisko +\family sans + Signature +\family default + nie zosta³o w ogóle u¿yte, to standardowo jest zastêpowane zawarto¶ci± + ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Name +\family default +, ale je¶li mamy puste ¶rodowisko +\family sans + Signature +\family default + to nie jest niczym zastêpowane. +\layout Standard + +Przez u¿ycie ¶rodowisk mo¿na utworzyæ szablon listu, z czê¶ciowo wype³nionymi + polami ¶rodowisk (np. + Name, Address itd). +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Name +\family default +: nazwa nadawcy, standardowo pojawia siê jako wy¶rodkowany akapit w nag³ówku + listu. + Tekst pisany jest du¿ymi literami. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Signature +\family default +: podpis nadawcy, standardowo pojawia siê poni¿ej tre¶ci ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Closing +\family default +. + Je¶li nie u¿yto ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Signature +\family default + to zamiast niego pojawia siê zawarto¶æ +\family sans + Name +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Address +\family default +: adres nadawcy, standardowo pojawia siê jako wy¶rodkowany akapit w nag³ówku + listu, poni¿ej nazwy nadawcy. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Telephone +\family default +: numer telefonu nadawcy, pojawia siê tylko, gdy jest w³±czona zmienna LaTeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +telephonenum +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Place +\family default +: miejsce napisania listu. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Date +\family default +: data napisania listu. + +\family sans + Place +\family default + i +\family sans + Date +\family default + standardowo sk³adane s± w wierszu poni¿ej pola adresu nadawcy wyrównane + do prawej. + Je¶li ¶rodowisko +\family sans + Date +\family default + jest puste, to zawarto¶æ ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Place +\family default + nie pojawi siê. + Je¶li nie u¿yto ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Date +\family default +, to domy¶lnie pobierana jest data sk³adu. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Backaddress +\family default +: adres zwrotny, standardowo sk³adany jest powy¿ej adresu docelowego ma³± + czcionk± bezszeryfow±. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Specialmail +\family default +: uwagi dla poczty (np. + do r±k w³asnych), standardowo pojawiaj± siê pomiêdzy adresem zwrotnym a + docelowym, i s± podkre¶lone. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Location +\family default +: dodatkowa informacja, standardowo pojawia siê przy prawym marginesie poni¿ej + adresu docelowego. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Title +\family default +: tytu³ listu, standardowo pojawia siê z³o¿ony wielk± i pó³grub± czcionk± + bezszeryfow± powy¿ej tematu listu. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subject +\family default +: temat listu, standard z³o¿ony jest czcionk± pó³grub± powy¿ej akapitu +\family sans + Opening +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +¦rodowiska +\family sans + Yourref +\family default +, +\family sans + Yourmail +\family default +, +\family sans + Myref +\family default +, +\family sans + Customer +\family default + i +\family sans + Invoice +\family default + tworz± listy firmowe przez z³o¿enie zawarto¶ci tych ¶rodowisk powy¿ej wiersza + tytu³owego. + Dla pola daty u¿ywana jest zawarto¶æ ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Date +\family default +. + Je¶li wykorzystane jest choæ jedno ze ¶rodowisk ,,biznesowych'', to zawarto¶æ + ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Place +\family default + nie jest sk³adana, tylko ustawiana jest zmienna LaTeX +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +- +\end_inset + +a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +fromplace +\family default +. + te ¶rodowiska musz± byæ u¿yte przed odpowiednim ¶rodowiskiem +\family sans + Opening +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Yourref +\family default +: Wasz znak (Your ref.) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Yourmail +\family default +: Wasz list (Your letter of.) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Myref +\family default +: Nasz znak (Our ref.) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Customer +\family default +: Klient (Customer no.) +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Invoice +\family default +: Nr faktury (Invoice no.) +\layout Subsection + +Problemy +\layout Standard + +Przedstawienie WYSIWYG w LyX-ie dokumentów w klasie Koma-Script powoduje + kilka problemów. +\layout Itemize + +Numery rozdzia³ów ¶rodowisk +\family sans + Chapter +\family default + s± wy¶wietlane w wierszu powy¿ej tytu³u rozdzia³u. + Taki przypadek jest spowodowany wewnêtrznym przetwarzaniem przez LyX ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Counter_Chapter +\family default + w pliku uk³adu. +\layout Itemize + +Tytu³y ¶rodowisk +\family sans + Addchap +\family default + i +\family sans + Addsec +\family default + s± wstawione tylko do ,,prawdziwego'' LaTeX-owego spisu tre¶ci, a nie s± + wy¶wietlane LyX-owym spisie tre¶ci ( +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +awigacja +\family default +). +\layout Itemize + +Tryb separacji akapitów w dokumencie +\emph on + letter +\emph default + wy¶wietlany jest jako odstêp, a nie wciêcie. + To jest standardowe zachowanie, do tego nie potrzeba ¿adnego polecenia + LaTeX-a. + Ale w oknie +\family sans +\bar under + U +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default + odpowiedni prze³±cznik wskazuje na za³±czony tryb +\family sans +\bar under + W +\bar default +ciêcie +\family default +. + Tryb +\family sans +\bar under + O +\bar default +dstêp +\family default + daje efekt po u¿yciu odpowiedniego polecenia LaTeX-a wstawionego do dokumentu + do wytworzenia odstêpu. +\layout Section + +Springer Journals ( +\family sans +svjour +\family default +) +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on +Martin Vermeer +\layout Subsection + +Opis +\layout Standard + +Tutaj opisujemy klasy i pliki uk³adu u¿ywanych dla niektórych pism wydawanych + przez wydawnictwo Springer Verlag i wymienionych na stronie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.springer.de/author/tex/help-journals.html} + +\end_inset + +, sk±d powiniene¶ móc pobraæ pliki klasy (tak, oczywi¶cie teraz dla LaTeX2e!). + To jest modularny system: wspólne czê¶ci dla wszystkich pism s± zaimplementowan +e w pliku +\family typewriter +svjour.inc +\family default +, z którego korzystaj± specyficzne dla danego pisma pliki uk³adu (np.: +\family typewriter +svjog.layout +\family default + dla +\emph on +Journal of Geodesy +\emph default +) . +\layout Standard + +Oznacza to, ¿e implementacja wsparcia dla innego pisma wydawnictwa Springer + wymaga napisania w³asnego pliku uk³adu +\family typewriter +sv +\family default + +\family typewriter +.layout +\family default + na podstawie pliku +\family typewriter +svjog.layout +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +Klasa dokumentu LyX-a by³a testowana tylko dla pisma +\emph on +Journal of Geodesy +\emph default +. + Pliki +\family typewriter +svjour +\family default + i +\family typewriter +svjog +\family default + s± zawarte w standardowej dystrybucji LyX-a. + Zainstaluj pobran± z serwera wydawnictwa Springer odpowiedni± klasê LaTeX-ow± + w odpowiednim katalogu TeX-a, od¶wie¿ bazê pakietów TeX-a (w teTeX-u uruchom + polecenie +\family typewriter +texhash +\family default +, jako root je¶li jest to niezbêdne), zrekonfiguruj LyX-a i powinno ju¿ + dzia³aæ. +\layout Subsection + +Nowe style +\layout Standard + +Du¿a liczba stylów typu theorem -- +\family sans +Claim, Conjecture, +\family default + +\family sans +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +Theorem +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Headnote, Dedication, Subtitle, Running_LaTeX_Title, Author_Running, Institute, + Mail, Offprints, Keywords, Acknowledgements, Acknowledgement +\family default +. + Zobacz dokumentacjê do pakietu aby poznaæ szczegó³y. +\layout Subsection + +Obs³ugiwane pisma +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Journal of Geodesy +\emph default +: +\family typewriter +svjog.layout +\family default +-- Martin Vermeer +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Probability Theory and Related Fields +\emph default +: +\family typewriter +svprobth.layout +\family default + -- Jean-Marc Lasgouttes +\layout Standard + +Dodaj w³asne -- to nie jest trudne! +\layout Subsection + +Podziêkowania +\layout Standard + +Te pliki bazuj± czê¶ciowo na starszym pliku uk³adu +\family typewriter +ejour2.layout +\family default +, który bazowa³ na starym stylu LaTeX 2.09 z wydawnictwa Springer. + Wszystko to i uk³ad +\family typewriter +ejour2 +\family default + teraz nie dzia³a. + Jean-Marc Lasgouttes bardzo pomóg³ mi znale¼æ drogê implementacji uk³adu + w LyX-ie. +\layout Subsection + +B³êdy +\layout Standard + +Prawdopodobne. + Ale prawdopodobnie mniej ni¿ w starej klasie +\family typewriter +ejour2 +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Ograniczenia np.: nie wy¶wietla numeru ¶rodowisk typu theorem, w tej chwili + #. +\layout Section + +AGU journals ( +\family sans +aguplus +\family default +) +\layout Standard + +by +\shape smallcaps +Martin Vermeer +\layout Subsection + +Description +\layout Standard + +These are the layout files for some of the journals of the American Geophysical + Society. + It is assumed that you have both the AGU's own class files and AGUplus + installed (everything to be found at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.agu.org/journals/latex/journals} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Subsection + +New styles +\layout Standard + +Redefined are +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragraph* +\family default +. + They are still called this in the LyX GUI, though their LaTeX equivalents + in the AGU classes are +\family sans +Subsubsubsection +\family default + and +\family sans +Subsubsubsection* +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Newly defined styles are +\family sans +Left_Header +\family default +, +\family sans +Right_Header +\family default +, +\family sans +Received +\family default +, +\family sans +Revised +\family default +, +\family sans +Accepted +\family default +, +\family sans +CCC +\family default +, +\family sans +PaperId +\family default +, +\family sans +AuthorAddr +\family default +, +\family sans +SlugComment +\family default +. + These are mostly manuscript attributes and defined in the AGU class documentati +on. +\layout Standard + +I suspect this is still badly incomplete. +\layout Subsection + +New floats +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Planotable +\family default + and +\family sans +Plate +\family default +. + We also have a new +\family sans +Table_Caption +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Supported journals +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Journal of Geophysical Research +\emph default +: +\family typewriter +jgrga.layout +\family default +-- Martin Vermeer +\layout Standard + +Add your own, it isn't so hard! Look at the +\family typewriter +jgrga.layout +\family default + example and +\family typewriter +aguplus.inc +\family default +. +\layout Section + +EGS journals ( +\family sans +egs +\family default +) +\layout Standard + +by +\shape smallcaps +Martin Vermeer +\layout Subsection + +Description +\layout Standard + +This is the layout file for the European Geophysical Society journals. + The needed +\family typewriter +egs.cls +\family default + can be downloaded from the web site of the EGS under +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.copernicus.org} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +New styles +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Right_address, Latex_Title, Affil, Journal, msnumber, FirstAuthor, Received, + Accepted +\family default +, +\family sans +Offsets +\family default +. + The current layout file is unfortunately very unmodular and would benefit + from using the various +\family typewriter +std*.inc +\family default + file inclusions. +\layout Section + +Slides [aka +\noun on +Sli +\noun default +TeX] +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:slitex} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + John Weiss +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +W tej sekcji opisujemy jak u¿yæ LyX-a do przygotowania slajdów do rzutników. + Istniej± dwie klasy dokumentów, które mo¿na do tego celu zastosowaæ: domy¶lnie +\family sans + Slide +\family default + i +\family sans + Foil +\family default +TeX. + W tej sekcji opisano pierwsz± z nich. +\layout Standard + +Powiem to jeszcze raz, jasno, aby nie bu³o nieporozumieñ: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom bigskip \align center + +\size large +Ta sekcja dokumentu opisuje +\emph on +tylko +\emph default + klasê +\family sans + ,,slides (default) +\family default +''. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li szukasz dokumentacji do +\family sans + ,,slides (FoilTeX) +\family default +'', zajrzyj do sekcji\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:foiltex} + +\end_inset + +. + Klasa +\family sans + foils +\family default + [ +\family sans +,,slides (FoilTeX) +\family default +''] jest aktualnie trochê lepsza ni¿ domy¶lnie klasa +\family sans + slides +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + lub tak powtarzam za jej adwokatami. + Nigdy jej nie u¿ywa³em i nie wiem czy to jest prawda czy nie. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Ta klasa jest ulepszeniem LaTeX2e starego pakietu +\noun on + Sli +\noun default +TeX package. + Ka¿da dystrybucja LaTeX2e zawiera tê klasê [któr±, od teraz, bêdê nazywa³ +\family sans + ,,slides +\family default +''], tak wiêc jeste¶ zmuszony j± mieæ. + Jak wspomnia³em wcze¶niej istniej± inne klasy, jak np. + +\family sans +foils +\family default +, które tak¿e tworz± slajdy do rzutnika i wykonuj± to zadanie lepiej ni¿ + ta. + Jednak istnieje kilka rzeczy, które klasa +\family sans +slides +\family default + mo¿e zrobiæ, a inne nie, np. + generowanie overlays. + Czytaj dalej aby dowiedzieæ siê wiêcej! +\layout Subsection + +Zaczynamy +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:slidesetup} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Oczywi¶cie, aby u¿yæ tej klasy dokumentu, potrzebujesz wybraæ klasê +\family sans + ,,slides (default) +\family default +'' z listy +\family sans +\bar under + C +\bar default +lass +\family default + w oknie +\family sans + Styl dokumentu +\family default +. + Jest kilka rzeczy, które powiniene¶ wiedzieæ o tej klasie: +\layout Itemize + +Nie zmieniaj opcji +\family sans +Strony i Page cols +\family default + w oknie +\family sans +Styl dokumentu +\family default +. + Nie s± one obs³ugiwane przez klasê +\family sans +slides +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +W oknie +\family sans +Styl dokumentu +\family default + lista styli dostêpna w polu +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +agestyle +\family default + zachowuje siê troszkê inaczej dla tej klasy. + Dostêpne s± nastepuj±ce style: +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + + +\family sans +plain +\family default + W prawym dolnym naro¿niku slajdu umieszony zostanie numer slajdu, +\layout Description + + +\family sans +headings +\family default + Podobnie jak +\family sans +plain +\family default +, ale dodatkowo zostana wstawione krzy¿yki w rogach folii dla dok³adnego + pozycjonowania przy nak³adaniu folii jedna na drug±. + To jest styl domy¶lny. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +empty +\family default + Nie jest dodawany numer, data ani znaczniki wyrównania. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Klasa +\family sans + slides +\family default + posiada dodatkow± opcjê: +\family typewriter + clock +\family default +. + Aby j± u¿yæ, wpisz ,, +\family typewriter +clock +\family default +'' w polu +\family sans + Opcje doda +\bar under +t +\bar default +kowe +\family default + w oknie +\family sans +Styl dokument +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +U¿ycie tej opcji pozwala dodaæ znacznik daty do +\family sans + Note +\family default +s. + Zobacz sekcjê\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:slideNote} + +\end_inset + + aby poznaæ wiêcej szczegó³ów. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz u¿yæ szablonu ,, +\family typewriter +slides.lyx +\family default +'' aby automatycznie ustawiæ klasê nowego dokumentu na +\family sans +slides +\family default + [za pomoca polecenia +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nowy z\SpecialChar ~ +szablonu +\family default + aby utworzyæ nowy dokument]. + Plik szablonu zawiera tak¿e kilka przyk³adów specjalnych ¶rodowisk akapitów + taj klasy. + Bêdzie to opisane dalej. +\layout Subsection + +¦rodowiska akapitów +\layout Subsubsection + +Obs³ugiwane ¶rodowiska +\layout Standard + +Pierwsz± rzecz±, któr± powiniene¶ zauwa¿yæ gdy zaczynasz nowy dokument slajdów + jest rozmiar i typ czcionki: odpowiednio ,, +\family sans +Largest +\family default +'' i czcionka bezszeryfowa +\family sans +Sans\SpecialChar ~ +Serif +\family default +. + This is also what's used in the output. + Think of this as a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +visual cue +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to remind you that this is a slide. + Your final slides will use a larger font; ergo, you'll have less space. + Of course, the larger default screen font isn't WYSIWYG, only a reminder. +\layout Standard + +The next thing that becomes obvious is the changes to the paragraph environment + pull-down box [at the far-left end of the toolbar]. + Most of the paragraph environments you're used to seeing are missing. + There are also four new ones. + That's because the +\family sans +slides +\family default + class itself only supports certain paragraph environments: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Standard +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Itemize +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +List +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +LaTeX +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quotation +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quote +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Verse +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Caption +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Comment +\layout Standard + +Wszystkie inne standardowe ¶rodowiska w³±czaj±c ¶rodowiska sekcji nie s± + u¿ywane w klasie +\family sans + Slides +\family default +. + Z drugiej za¶ strony zauwa¿ysz nowe ¶rodowiska: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +In prior versions of this class, there was the mandatory +\family sans + EndAllSlides +\family default + paragraph environment. +\family sans +EndAllSlides +\family default + is deprecated; it will convert to a +\family sans +Comment +\family default +. + You should probably remove it. +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Slide +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Overlay +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Note +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +InvisibleText +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +VisibleText +\layout Standard + +These five are kind of quirky, due to a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +feature +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in LyX. + You see, LyX doesn't permit you to nest any other paragraph environment + into an empty environment. + Now, that's fine and dandy, but it means that you wouldn't be able to start + a slide with anything except plain text. + To deal with this, I've performed a little +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaTeX magic. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsubsection + +Quirks of the New Environments +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:slideQuirk} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +All five of the new paragraph environments are somewhat quirky due to inherent + limitiations in the current version of LyX. + As I just mentioned, LyX forbids environments that begin with another environme +nt. + To get around this, the +\family sans + Slide +\family default + environment isn't a paragraph environment as described in the +\emph on + User's Guide +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +You should consider +\family sans + Slide +\family default +, +\family sans + Overlay +\family default +, and +\family sans +Note +\family default + to be ,,pseudo-environments''. + They look like a section heading or a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Caption +\family default +, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + but really begin a [and, if necessary, end the previous] paragraph environment. + Likewise, treat +\family sans +Invisible Text +\family default + and +\family sans + VisibleText +\family default + as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pseudo-commands. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + These two perform some action. +\layout Standard + +A common feature of all five environments, +\family sans + Slide +\family default +, +\family sans + Overlay +\family default +, +\family sans + Note +\family default +, +\family sans + InvisibleText +\family default + and +\family sans + VisibleText +\family default +, is a rather long-ish label. + The text following this label --- ordinarily the contents of the paragraph + environment --- is utterly irrelevant for +\family sans +Slide +\family default +, +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +, +\family sans +Note +\family default +, +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default + and +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default +. + LyX completely ignores it. + In fact, you can leave these five environments completely empty. +\layout Standard + +While you don't +\emph on +have +\emph default + to put any text after the rather long-ish label, you might want to. + This could be a short description of the contents of the +\family sans +Slide +\family default +, for example. + In that case, enter in your descriptive comment and hit +\family sans +Return +\family default + as you normally would. +\layout Standard + +If, on the other hand, you don't want to enter in any descriptive text, + you'll hit another LyX quirk. + LyX, like nature, abhors a vacuum, and will not let you start a new paragraph + environment until you put something in the old one. + So, do this: +\layout Itemize + +Start entering the text that will +\emph on +follow +\emph default + the new +\family sans +Slide +\family default +, +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +, +\family sans +Note +\family default +, +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default + or +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Now move to the beginning of that paragraph. +\layout Itemize + +Next, hit +\family sans +Return +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Finally, change this new, empty paragraph to a +\family sans +Slide +\family default +, +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +, +\family sans +Note +\family default +, +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default + or +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Some future version of LyX will, hopefully, resolve this quirkiness\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Subsection + +Tworzenie prezentacji u¿ywaj±c +\family sans + Slide +\family default +, +\family sans + Overlay +\family default + i +\family sans +Note +\layout Subsubsection + +U¿ycie ¶rodowiska +\family sans +Slide +\layout Standard + +If you're expecting this section to teach you how to actually make a presentatio +n, you'll be sorely disappointed. + Naturally, I'll describe all of the ways the +\family sans +slides +\family default + class can assist you in preparing the materials for a presentation. + Filling in the contents, however, is up to you. + [Then again, that +\emph on +is +\emph default + the LyX philosophy.] +\layout Standard + +Choosing the +\family sans +Slide +\family default + environment [in the manner described in section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:slideQuirk} + +\end_inset + +] tells LyX to begin a new slide [duh]. + The label for this environment/ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +pseudo-command +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is an +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ASCII line, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in cool blue, followed by the label, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +NewSlide: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Any text or paragraph environments that follow this one go on the new slide. + It's that simple. +\layout Standard + +Slides are probably the only time you'll need to forcibly end pages in LyX. + In fact, you'll want to, once you finish entering the contents of one slide. + If you've entered more text than can physically fit on a slide, the extra + overflows onto a new slide. + I don't recommend doing this, however, since the overflow slide won't have + any page number on it. + Furthermore, it may interfere with any +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + you've made to accompany the oversized +\family sans +Slide +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +The +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + and +\family sans +Note +\family default + environments work the same way as the +\family sans +Slide +\family default +environment. + They both create an +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ASCII line +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + followed by a label [ +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +NewOverlay: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +NewNote: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, respectively]. + The color is a stunning magenta instead of blue, and the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ASCII line +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will look different, in style and in length. + The label fonts of all three also differ from one another. +\layout Standard + +As with a +\family sans +Slide +\family default +, if the contents of a +\family sans +Note +\family default + or +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + exceed the physical size of a slide or sheet of paper, the extra will overflow + onto a new sheet. + Again, you should avoid this. + It defeats the whole purpose of +\family sans +Note +\family default +s and +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +s. +\layout Subsubsection + +U¿ycie +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + ze +\family sans +Slide +\layout Standard + +The idea behind an +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + is a slide that sits atop another slide. + Perhaps you wish to discuss a figure on the main +\family sans +Slide +\family default + before displaying the text associated with it. + One way to accomplish this is tape a flap of dark paper over the part of + the +\family sans +Slide +\family default + you want to display later. + This method fails, however, if you wish to overlap one graph with another, + for example. + You would then have to fumble while speaking to align the two separate, + overlapping +\family sans +Slide +\family default +s to align the two graphs. + The use of an +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + environment in both cases makes life much easier. +\layout Standard + +Each +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + receives the page number of its +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +parent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Slide +\family default +, appended by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +-a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Presumably, mutliple +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +s would have +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +-a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +-b +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +-c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, etc.\SpecialChar ~ +appended to the page number of the parent +\family sans +Slide +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Slide +\family default + and the +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + to each fit on a single physical slide! You should probably consider an +\family sans + Overlay +\family default + as ,,part of'' a +\family sans + Slide +\family default +. + Indeed, the LyX +\family sans + slides +\family default + class provides a visual cue for this: the label at the start of an +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + is shorter than that at the start of a +\family sans +Slide +\family default +. + Lastly, when you generate printable output, you'll find alignment markers + in all four corners of both the +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + page and its parent +\family sans +Slide +\family default +. + These will assist you in lining up the two physical slides. +\layout Standard + +The major problem in overlaying two slides is aligning the contents of the + two transparencies. + How much space should you leave for that graph on the second slide? Worse + still, what if you want a graph and a sentence on second slide, but there + is text on the main transparency that goes in between them? You could try + and insert vertical space of the right size. + The better way is to use +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default + and +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +As their names imply, +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default + and +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default + are two command-like paragraph environments that make all subsequent text + invisible and visible, respectively. + Note from section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:slideQuirk} + +\end_inset + + that you don't place anything +\emph on +into +\emph default + these two environments, however. + When you create an +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default +, it inserts a centered, sky-blue label into the page reading +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + For paragraphs following this label, the parts of the +\family sans +Slide +\family default + [or +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +; it doesn't matter which] where they would be contain instead blank space. +\layout Standard + +For +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default +, the corresponding centered label is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in blazing green. + Paragraphs following this label behave normally. + Note that the beginning of a new +\family sans +Slide +\family default +, +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +, or +\family sans +Note +\family default + automatically shuts off an +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default +. + It's therefore not necessary to use +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default + at the end of a +\family sans +Slide +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +By now, it should be obvious how to create overlay transparencies using + the proper combination of +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default + and +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default + on a +\family sans +Slide +\family default + and +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +: +\layout Enumerate + +Create a +\family sans +Slide +\family default +, including everything that will appear on it, whether on the main slide + or on the +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Before each figure or paragraph that will appear only on the +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +, insert an +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default + environment. + If necessary, insert a +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default + environment after the +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +-only text. +\layout Enumerate + +Start an +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + immediately following the +\family sans +Slide +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Copy the contents of this +\family sans +Slide +\family default + into the +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Within the +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +, change all of the +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default + lines to +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default + and vice-versa. +\layout Standard + +That's it. + You've just made an +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +There's one problem with the way I've designed the LyX +\family sans +slides +\family default + class: you can't make text in the middle of a paragraph invisible, nor + make text in the middle of an invisible paragraph visible again. + To accomplish this feat, you'll need to use some inlined LaTeX codes. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +The commands of interest are: +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +{ +\backslash +invisible \SpecialChar \ldots{} + } +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +{ +\backslash +visible \SpecialChar \ldots{} + } +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +and need to be marked as TeX. + The text whose +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +visibility +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + you wish to change goes in between the brackets [and after the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +invisible +\family default + or +\family typewriter + +\backslash +visible +\family default + command]. + If you don't know how to mark text as TeX, see the apprpriate section of + the +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default +. +\end_inset + +Using +\family sans +Note +\family default + with +\family sans +Slide +\family default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:slideNote} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Like an +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +, a +\family sans +Note +\family default + is associated with a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +parent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Slide +\family default +. + Here, too, the LyX +\family sans +slides +\family default + class provides visual cues. + The label for a +\family sans +Note +\family default + is shorter than that of a +\family sans +Slide +\family default + [yet longer than that of an +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +] and, like the label of an +\family sans +Overlay +\family default + is shockingly magenta. + Additionally, the printed +\family sans +Note +\family default + has the page number of its +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +parent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Slide +\family default +, appended by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default +3 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, etc. + You can have multiple +\family sans +Note +\family default +s associated with a single +\family sans +Slide +\family default +, and, as with +\family sans +Slide +\family default + and +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +, you'll probably want to break up long +\family sans +Note +\family default +s so that they fit on a single sheet of paper. +\layout Standard + +The purpose of a +\family sans +Note +\family default + is obvious: it contains anything additional you might want to say about + a +\family sans +Slide +\family default +. + It could also be used as a sheet of reminders for a particular +\family sans +Slide +\family default +. + In the case of the latter, you might want to make use of time markers. + Currently, the LyX +\family sans +slides +\family default + class has no +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +native +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + support for time markers, a +\noun on +Sli +\noun default +TeX feature. + So, you'll have to resort to using the LaTeX codes. +\layout Standard + +To use time markers, you'll need to specify the extra class option +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +clock +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [see section\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:slidesetup} + +\end_inset + +]. + This option turns on timing marks, which will appear in the lower-left-hand + corner of every +\family sans +Note +\family default + you generate. + To set what appears in the time marker, you use the LaTeX commands +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +settime{} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +addtime{} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The arguments of both commands are time measured in seconds. +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +settime{} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sets the time marker to a given time. +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +addtime{} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + increments the time marker by the specified amount. + Using time markers and +\family sans +Note +\family default +s in this fashion, you can remind yourself how much time to spend on a particula +r +\family sans +Slide +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +There's one last feature to describe. + Clearly, you'd like to print out all of your +\family sans +Slide +\family default +s and +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +s on transparencies while printing all of your +\family sans +Note +\family default +s on plain paper. + However, a +\family sans +Note +\family default +\emph on +must +\emph default + follow the +\family sans +Slide +\family default + with which it is associated. + What's a person to do? +\layout Standard + +Luckily, there are two LaTeX commands that allow you to select what to print + out. + Both must be placed into the preamble of your document. + The command +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +onlyslides{ +\backslash +slides} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will cause the output to contain only the +\family sans +Slide +\family default +s and +\family sans +Overlay +\family default +s. + Correspondingly, the command +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +onlynotes{ +\backslash +notes} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + prevents the output of anything but +\family sans +Note +\family default +s. + I'd advise placing both commands in the preamble and initially comment + both out. + You can then preview your entire presentation as you write. + When you're done writing, you can then uncomment one of the two to select + what you want to print. + I like to uncomment +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +onlyslides{ +\backslash +slides} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + , print to a file with +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +-slides +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in its name, comment it back out, then uncomment +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +onlynotes{ +\backslash +notes} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and print to a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +*-notes.ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + file. + I can then send either file to a printer, loading transparencies or plain + paper as appropriate. +\layout Standard + +You can also provide other arguments to the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +onlyslides{} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +onlynotes{} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + commands. + See a good LaTeX book for details. +\layout Subsection + +Plik szablonu klasy +\family sans + Slides +\layout Standard + +Wraz z klas± +\family sans + Slides +\family default + dostarczy³em tak¿e plik szablonu +\family typewriter + slides.lyx +\family default +. + Aby go u¿yæ zacznij Twoj± now± prezentacjê przez +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nowy z +\bar under + S +\bar default +zablonu +\family default +. + Twój nowy plik prezentacji bêdzie zawiera³ jako przyk³ad trójkê +\family sans + Slide +\family default + -- +\family sans + Overlay +\family default + -- +\family sans + Note +\family default +. + +\family sans + Slide +\family default + i +\family sans + Overlay +\family default + dodatkowo zawieraj± jako przyk³ad u¿ycia tekst niewidzialny ( +\family sans +InvisibleText +\family default +) i widzialny ( +\family sans +VisibleText +\family default +). + Na koniec zawarto¶æ preambu³y: +\layout LyX-Code + +% Uncomment to print out only slides and overlays +\layout LyX-Code + +% +\layout LyX-Code + +% +\backslash +onlyslides{ +\backslash +slides} +\newline + +\layout LyX-Code + +% Uncomment to print out only notes +\layout LyX-Code + +% +\layout LyX-Code + +% +\backslash +onlynotes{ +\backslash +notes} +\layout Standard + +I ostatnia rzecz: utworzy³em tê klasê LyX-a do obs³ugi klasy LaTeX2e ,, +\noun on +Sli +\noun default +TeX emulation'', one of the built-in LaTeX2e classes. + Neither I nor the rest of the LyX Team endorse or oppose the use of this + built-in slide class. + It's here if you want it or need it. + Istniej± inne klasy LaTeX2e do tworzenia prezentacji, takie jak: +\family sans +Foils +\family default + [zobacz\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:foiltex} + +\end_inset + +] lub pakiet ,, +\family typewriter +seminar +\family default +'' [znajduj±cy siê w wielu dystrybucjach TeX-a]. + Ten ostatni nie jest jeszcze obs³ugiwany przez LyX-a +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Aktualnie znajduje siê plik uk³adu +\family typewriter +seminar.layout +\family default + ale nie ma jeszcze pliku szablonu i dokumentacji jak z niego skorzystaæ +\end_inset + +. + Try them out to see what sort of alternative they provide. +\layout Section + +Foils [aka +\family sans +Foil +\family default +\noun on +TeX +\noun default +] +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:foiltex} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Allan Rae +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +W tej sekcji opisujemy jak u¿yæ LyX-a do przygotowania slajdów do rzutników. + Istniej± dwie klasy dokumentów, które mo¿na do tego celu zastosowaæ: domy¶lnie +\family sans + Slide +\family default + i +\family sans + Foil +\family default +TeX. + W tej sekcji opisano tê drug± klasê. +\layout Standard + +Powiem to jeszcze raz, jasno, aby nie by³o nieporozumieñ: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom bigskip \align center + +\size large +Ta sekcja dokumentu opisuje +\emph on +tylko +\emph default + klasê +\family sans + ,,slides (FoilTeX) +\family default +''. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li szukasz dokumentacji do +\family sans + ,,slides (default +\family default +)'', zajrzyj do sekcji\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:slitex} + +\end_inset + +. + Je¶li w Twoim systemie nie masz zainstalowanej klasy +\family sans +foils +\family default + [,, +\family sans +slides (FoilTeX) +\family default +''], to prawdopodobnie musisz u¿yæ domy¶lnej klasy +\family sans +slides +\family default +, która nie jest tak dobra jak +\family sans +foils. +\layout Standard + +Klasa +\family sans +foils +\family default + jest zaprojektowana do u¿ycia z wersj± 2.1 LaTeX-owej klasy +\family sans +foils.cls +\family default +, która jest teraz integraln± czê¶ci± LaTeX2e. +\layout Subsection + +Zaczynamy +\layout Standard + +Oczywi¶cie, aby u¿yæ tej klasy dokumentu, potrzebujesz wybraæ klasê +\family sans + ,,slides (FoilTeX) +\family default +'' z listy +\family sans +\bar under + C +\bar default +lass +\family default + w oknie +\family sans + Styl dokumentu +\family default +. + Jest kilka ustawieñ w oknie +\family sans +Styl Dokumentu +\family default + i powiniene¶ znaæ ich specyfikê w tej klasie: +\layout Itemize + +Nie zmieniaj opcji +\family sans +Strony i Page cols +\family default + w oknie +\family sans +Styl dokumentu +\family default +. + Nie s± one obs³ugiwane przez klasê +\family sans +foils +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Domy¶ln± wielko¶ci± czcionki jest 20pt, inne to 17pt, 25pt i 30pt. +\layout Itemize + +Domy¶ln± rodzin± jest czcionka +\family sans +bezszeryfowa +\family default + ale równania matematyczne s± sk³adane zwyk³± czcionk± szeryfow±. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Foil +\family default +TeX obs³uguje formaty papieru A4 i Letter, a tak¿e specjalny rozmiar do + pracy z 35mm slajdami. + Nie obs³uguje formatów: A5, B5, legal i executive. +\layout Itemize + +Nie zmieniaj ustawieñ +\family sans + Pozycja wstawki +\family default +, poniewa¿ s± one ignorowane. + Wszystkie wstawki pojawiaj± siê w miejscu gdzie zosta³y umieszczone w tek¶cie. +\layout Itemize + +Ustawienia +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +agestyle +\family default + zachowuj± siê troszkê inaczej w tej klasie. + +\family sans +Foil +\family default +TeX dostarcza rozszerzone mo¿liwo¶ci nag³ówków i stopek w³±czaj± w to logo + u¿ytkownika. + Zobacz sekcjê\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:foilfoot} + +\end_inset + + aby poznaæ wiêcej szczegó³ów. + Strona tytu³owa jest traktowana inaczej ni¿ inne strony dokumentu: +\emph on +zawsze +\emph default + jest nienumerowana i +\emph on +zawsze +\emph default + logo jest wycentrowane u do³u strony (je¶li je zdefiniowano). + Mo¿liwe do wyboru style strony: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +\series bold +empty +\family default +\series default + Nie jest dodawany numer ani inne nag³ówki i stopki, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\family sans +\series bold +plain +\family default +\series default + Na dole w ¶rodku slajdu umieszczony zostanie numer slajdu. + bez innych nag³ówków i stopek (innych ni¿ przypisy). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +foilheadings +\series default + W prawym dolnym naro¿niku slajdu umieszczony zostanie numer slajdu. + Dodatkowe nag³ówki i stopki zostan± wy¶wietlone. + To jest styl domy¶lny. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + + +\series bold +fancy +\series default + Umo¿liwia skorzystanie z pakietu +\family sans +fancyheadings +\family default + mimo, ¿e jego u¿ycie z +\family sans +Foil +\family default +TeX nie jest polecane przez autorów pakietu +\family sans +Foil +\family default +TeX z powodu kilku mo¿liwych rozjechañ siê uk³adu strony. +\end_deeper +\layout Subsubsection + +Opcje dodatkowe +\layout Standard + +Nastêpuj±ce opcje mog± byæ u¿yte w polu +\family sans +Opcje dodatkowe +\family default + w oknie +\family sans +Styl Dokumentu +\family default +: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx + + +\series bold +35mmSlide +\series default + Ustawia rozmiar strony 7.33 cale na 11 cali. + Taki rozmiar ma identyczne proporcje jak 35mm slajd. + To ustawienie u³atwia pracê z tym medium, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx + + +\series bold +headrule +\series default + Umieszcza poziom± liniê poni¿ej nag³ówka na ka¿dej stronie z wyj±tkiem + strony tytu³owej, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx + + +\series bold +footrule +\series default + Umieszcza poziom± liniê powy¿ej stopki na ka¿dej stronie z wyj±tkiem strony + tytu³owej, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx + + +\series bold +dvips +\series default + Ta opcja jest automatycznie w³±czona +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Przyp. + t³um. + Bez tej opcji mo¿esz korzystaæ wprost z pdfLaTeX-a +\end_inset + +, gdy tworzysz nowy dokument w tej klasie. + Opcja ta mówi +\family sans +Foil +\family default +TeX-owi aby u¿y³ jako sterownika programu dvips do obrotu tych stron, które + ustawiono jako poziome, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx + + +\series bold +landscape +\series default + Po prostu zmienia uk³ad strony na poziomy, ale nie dokonuje obrotu. + Dla tego je¶li chcesz u¿ywaæ tej opcji potrzebujesz u¿yæ zewnêtrznego programu + do obrotu ka¿dej strony lub w³ó¿ papier do drukarki poziomo. + Uwaga ta opcja zamienia role ¶rodowisk +\family sans +Foilhead +\family default + i +\family sans +Rotatefoilhead +\family default + (nie przejmuj siê jest to opisane w nastêpnej sekcji), +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx + + +\series bold +leqno +\series default + Numeracja równañ po lewej stronie równania, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx + + +\series bold +fleqn +\series default + Wyrównuje równania do lewej. +\layout Subsection + +Obs³ugiwane ¶rodowiska +\layout Standard + +Wiêkszo¶æ zwyk³ych ¶rodowisk wystêpuj±cych w innych klasach jest tak¿e obs³ugiwa +nych w klasie +\family sans +foils +\family default +. + Jest kilka dodatkowych ¶rodowisk dostarczanych przez +\family sans + Foil +\family default +TeX a tak¿e kilka dodanych przez LyX-a. + Poni¿ej podano standardowe ¶rodowiska wystêpuj±ce równie¿ w innych klasach: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{multicols}{2} +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Standard +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Itemize +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +List +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +LaTeX +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Verse +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quote +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quotation +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Title +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Author +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Date +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Abstract +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Bibliography +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Address +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +RightAddress +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Caption +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Comment +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{multicols} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Nastêpne s± g³ówne ¶rodowiska niezale¿nie od ¶rodowisk strukturyzuj±cych + tekst. + Folie s± w³a¶ciwie samodzielnymi sekcjami posiadaj±cymi tytu³ i tre¶æ. + +\family sans +Foil +\family default +TeX dostarcza specyficznych poleceñ rozpoczynaj±cych now± foliê, s± to: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Foilhead +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Rotatefoilhead +\layout Standard + +LyX dostarcza tak¿e lekko zmodyfikowane wersje powy¿szych ¶rodowisk o nazwach: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +ShortFoilhead +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +ShortRotatefoilhead +\layout Standard + +ró¿nice pomiêdzy nimi s± wyja¶nione w nastêpnej sekcji. +\layout Standard + +Folie s± czêsto u¿ywane do prezentacji pomys³ów lub nowych teorii i tak¿e + +\family sans +Foil +\family default +TeX dostarcza szeroki wachlarz narzêdzi do ich prezentacji: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{multicols}{2} +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Theorem +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Lemma +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Corollary +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Proposition +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Definition +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Proof +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Theorem* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Lemma* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Corollary* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Proposition* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Definition* +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{multicols} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Wersje z gwiazdk± s± ¶rodowiskami nienumerowanymi, a bez gwiazdki s± numerowane. + S± jeszcze dwa ¶rodowiska list dodane przez LyX i s± to: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +TickList +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +CrossList +\layout Standard + +Jest jeszcze kilka poleceñ +\family sans + Foil +\family default +TeX-a, które nie s± obs³ugiwane przez LyX. + Wspomnimy o nich i ich przeznaczeniu w sekcji\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:unsuppfoils} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Tworzenie folii +\layout Standard + +W tej sekcji podamy proste wprowadzenie jak korzystaæ z ró¿nych ¶rodowisk + aby utworzyæ foliê. + Je¶li chcesz zobaczyæ przyk³ad folii zobacz plik +\family typewriter + Foils.lyx +\family default + dostêpny z menu +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +twórz\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family default + i naci¶nij przycisk +\family sans +Examples +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Strona tytu³owa +\layout Standard + +Nie tak jak inne klasy dostarczaj±ce ¶rodowisk +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans + Author +\family default +, +\family sans + Date +\family default + i +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + , +\family sans +foils +\family default + tworzy tytu³ na w³asnej stronie. + Je¶li opu¶cisz ¶rodowisko +\family sans +Date +\family default +, to LaTeX w zastêpstwie wstawi bie¿±c± datê (aktualizowan± przy ka¿dym + podgl±dzie). +\layout Subsubsection + +Rozpoczêcie nowej folii +\layout Standard + +Jak wspomnia³em wcze¶niej, mamy cztery sposoby na utworzenie nowej folii. + Dla folii pionowych powiniene¶ u¿yæ +\family sans + Foilhead +\family default + lub +\family sans +ShortFoilhead. + +\family default + Ró¿nica pomiêdzy tymi ¶rodowiskami polega na wielko¶ci odstêpu pomiêdzy + tytu³em a tre¶ci±. +\layout Standard + +Folie poziome tworzymy za pomoc± ¶rodowisk +\family sans + Rotatefoilhead +\family default + i +\family sans +ShortRotatefoilhead +\family default +. + Znów ró¿nica miedzy nimi polega na odstêpie pomiêdzy tytu³em a tre¶ci±. + W obu skróconych wersjach mamy o pó³ cala mniejszy odstêp. +\layout Standard + +Jednym problemem z obs³ug± poziomych slajdów jest wymóg u¿ycia sterownika + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + do utworzenia pliku PostScript®, w przeciwnym razie folia nie zostanie + obrócona. + Jest mo¿liwo¶æ uzyskania poziomych folii nawet je¶li nie masz programu + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +, po prostu musisz w³o¿yæ folie poziomo do drukarki;-) +\layout Subsubsection + +Theorems, Lemmas, Proofs i wiêcej +\layout Standard + +Z powodu ma³ego b³êdu w LyX-ie nie mo¿na umie¶ciæ dwóch ¶rodowisk tego samego + typu bezpo¶rednio jedno po drugim. + Musza one byæ czymkolwiek rozdzielone. + Je¶li spróbujesz , bêdziesz móg³ rozci±gn±æ poprzednie ¶rodowisko, tak + aby¶ mia³ po³±czone dwa ¶rodowiska razem. + A jak rozwi±zaæ ten problem? Najprostszym rozwi±zaniem jest wstawienie + tekstu pomiêdzy dwa ¶rodowiska lub wstawienie wstawki +\family sans +LaTeX +\family default + pomiêdzy te ¶rodowiska zawieraj±cej znak komentarza ,, +\family typewriter +% +\family default +''. + To wymusi na LyX-ie utworzenie dwóch oddzielnych ¶rodowisk i da poprawny + wynik. + Przyk³ad jest zawarty w dostarczonym pliku w dystrybucji LyX-a. + pamiêtaj, problem pojawia siê tylko je¶li próbujesz umie¶ciæ dwa ¶rodowiska + takie jak Theorem bezpo¶rednio jedno za drugim. +\layout Subsubsection + +Listy +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz korzystaæ ze wszystkich obs³ugiwanych i wystêpuj±cych w innych klasach, + ¶rodowisk list, a tak¿e z dwóch nowych. + Tutaj opiszê tylko te nowe. + Je¶li chcesz znale¼æ wiêcej informacji o innych ¶rodowiskach list zajrzyj + do +\emph on +Podrêcznika U¿ytkownika +\emph default +. + Je¶li zamierzasz korzystaæ z wyliczeñ powiniene¶ tak¿e przeczytaæ sekcjê + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bullet} + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Wybór znaku wyliczenia +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Dwa nowe style list +\family sans +TickList +\family default + i +\family sans +CrossList +\family default +, zaprojektowano aby u³atwiæ Ci tworzenie list czynno¶ci wykonanych i nie + lub co jest w porz±dku lub z³e, przez dostarczenie dedykowanych ¶rodowisk, + które u¿ywaj± haczyka (akceptacji) lub krzy¿yka (negacji) jako znaku wyliczenia. + Te listy s± w rzeczywisto¶ci dedykowanymi wariantami ¶rodowiska +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + Wymagaj± one jednak zainstalowanego pakietu +\family typewriter +psnfss +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Rysunki i Tabele +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Foil +\family default +TeX redefiniuje wstawki tabel i rysunków tak, aby pojawi³y siê dok³adnie + w miejscu ich wyst±pienia w tek¶cie. + W rzeczywisto¶ci zmiany pozycji wstawki s± ignorowane. +\layout Subsubsection + +Nag³ówki i stopki +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:foilfoot} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +MyLogo{} +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +Restriction{} +\family default + s± przeznaczone do sterowania lew± stopk±. + Pierwsze pozwala na do³±czenie +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Przyp. + t³um. + Aby do³±czyæ logo graficzne to nale¿y jako argument polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +MyLogo{} +\family default + wpisaæ: +\newline + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +includegraphics{nazwapliku} +\family default + oraz umie¶ciæ w preambule polecenie: +\newline + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{graphicx} +\family default + albo +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{graphics} +\end_inset + + logo graficznego do folii, a domy¶lnie wpisuje ,,--Typeset by FoilTeX--''. + Drugie polecenie pozwala na wprowadzenie klasyfikacji dostêpno¶ci, np. + +\emph on +Poufne +\emph default +. + Domy¶lnie jest puste. +\layout Standard + +Pozosta³e naro¿niki mo¿na wype³niæ poleceniami +\family sans + Right\SpecialChar ~ +Footer +\family default + (domy¶lnie numer folii), +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Header +\family default + (prawy górny) i +\family sans +Left\SpecialChar ~ +Header +\family default + (lewy górny). +\layout Subsection + +Nieobs³ugiwane funkcje +\family sans +Foil +\family default +TeX-a +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:unsuppfoils} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Wszystkie polecenia wyja¶nione poni¿ej nale¿y wstawiaæ w ¶rodowisku +\family sans +LaTeX +\family default + lub jako +\family sans +TeX +\family default + wewn±trz innych ¶rodowisk. +\layout Subsubsection + +D³ugo¶ci +\layout Standard + +Wszystkie d³ugo¶ci s± ustawiane poleceniem +\family typewriter + +\family default + +\newline + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +setlength{ +\family default +\emph on +lengthname +\family typewriter +\emph default +}{ +\family default +\emph on +newlength +\family typewriter +\emph default +} +\family default + +\newline +gdzie +\emph on + lengthname +\emph default + powinno byæ zast±pione nazw± d³ugo¶ci, która chcesz zmieniæ, a +\emph on + newlength +\emph default + przez warto¶æ. + Dla wszystkich d³ugo¶ci nale¿y podaæ jednostkê, np. + cale ( +\family typewriter +in +\family default +), milimetry ( +\family typewriter +mm +\family default +) lub punkty ( +\family typewriter +pt +\family default +) lub jednostki wzglêdne w dokumencie lub d³ugo¶ci odnosz±ce siê do wielko¶ci + czcionek takie jak +\family typewriter + +\backslash +textwidth +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Mo¿na zmieniaæ odstêp pomiêdzy tytu³em folii a tre¶ci±, przez zmianê d³ugo¶ci +\family typewriter + +\backslash +foilheadskip +\family default +. + Na przyk³ad, aby na +\emph on +wszystkich +\emph default + foliach tytu³y by³y bli¿ej tre¶ci o pó³ cala, to wpisz do preambu³y: +\family typewriter + +\family default + +\newline + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +foilheadskip}{-0.5in} +\layout Standard + +Odstêpy wokó³ wstawek mog± byæ ustawiane przez zmianê nastêpuj±cych d³ugo¶ci: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +abovefloatskip +\family default + odstêp pomiêdzy tekstem a gór± wstawki, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +abovecaptionskip +\family default + odstêp pomiêdzy wstawk± a podpisem, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +belowcaptionskip +\family default + odstêp pomiêdzy podpisem a dalszym tekstem, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +captionwidth +\family default + Mo¿esz zadaæ wê¿szy podpis wstawki ni¿ otaczaj±cy tekst przez ustawienie + tej d³ugo¶ci. + Najlepiej odnosiæ siê do d³ugo¶ci +\family typewriter + +\backslash +textwidth +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Jest jeszcze kilka d³ugo¶ci zwi±zanymi ze strona tytu³owa, które mog± byæ + u¿yteczne je¶li masz d³ugie tytu³y lub kilku autorów: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +abovetitleskip +\family default + odstêp pomiêdzy nag³ówkiem a +\family sans + Title +\family default +, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +titleauthorskip +\family default + odstêp pomiêdzy ¶rodowiskami +\family sans + Title +\family default + a +\family sans + Author +\family default +, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +authorauthorskip +\family default + odstêp pomiêdzy wielokrotnymi wierszami ¶rodowiska +\family sans + Author +\family default +, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +authordateskip +\family default + odstêp pomiêdzy ¶rodowiskami +\family sans + Author +\family default + i +\family sans + Date +\family default +, +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +dateabstractskip +\family default + odstêp pomiêdzy ¶rodowiskami +\family sans + Date +\family default + i +\family sans + Abstract +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Ostatnia d³ugo¶æ odnosi siê do wszystkich ¶rodowisk list. + Je¶li umie¶cisz +\family typewriter + +\backslash +zerolistvertdimens +\family default +\emph on + wewn±trz +\emph default + ¶rodowiska listy, wtedy wszystkie odstêpy pionowe pomiêdzy elementami listy + zostan± usuniête. + Uwaga -- to jest polecenie, a nie d³ugo¶æ i nie wymaga +\family typewriter + +\backslash +setlength +\family default + tak jak wspomniane powy¿ej d³ugo¶ci. +\layout Subsubsection + +Nag³ówki i stopki +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:foilfoot} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +LogoOn +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +LogoOff +\family default + steruj± wy¶wietlaniem na danym slajdzie logo zdefiniowanym poleceniem +\family typewriter + +\backslash +MyLogo +\family default +. + Je¶li wpiszesz polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +LogoOff +\family default + do preambu³y, to wówczas na ¿adnej folii nie pojawi siê logo. + Je¶li nie chcesz aby pojawi³o siê logo na jednej z folii, to umie¶æ na + niej polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +LogoOff +\family default + tu¿ po tytule strony, a nastêpnie umie¶æ polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +LogoOn +\family default + po tytule nastêpnej folii. +\layout Standard + +Pozosta³e polecenia steruj±ce: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +rightfooter{} +\family default + prawa stopka, domy¶lnie zawiera numer strony +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +rightheader{} +\family default + prawy nag³ówek +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +leftheader{} +\family default + lewy nag³ówek +\layout Standard + +Je¶li zdecydujesz siê u¿yæ styl strony +\family sans +fancy +\family default + w oknie +\family sans +Styl dokumentu +\family default +, prawdopodobnie powiniene¶ dodaæ +\newline + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +let +\backslash +headwidth +\backslash +textwidth +\family default + +\newline +do preambu³y, tak aby nag³ówki i stopki by³y w³a¶ciwie umieszczone na poziomych + stronach. + Jest to spowodowane niezgodno¶ci± uk³adów stron dostarczanych przez pakiet + +\family sans +fancyheadings +\family default + i klasê +\family sans +foils +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Latex8 (Dokumenty konferencyjne IEEE ) +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Allan Rae +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +Since this class is specifically for writing submissions to IEEE sponsored + conferences I strongly recommend that you get a copy of their Authors Kit. + The +\family sans +latex.sty +\family default + package and associated bibliography style file is included in the kit. + The Authors Kit is usually sent out by email once your initial submission + has been accepted. + There is a lot of useful information in the Authors Kit explaining formatting + restrictions and so on and I will assume you have read this since that + means I don't have to repeat it all here. +\layout Subsection + +Zaczynamy +\layout Standard + +[AR. + more to come] +\layout Subsection + +Obs³ugiwane ¶rodowiska +\layout Itemize + +Standard +\layout Itemize + +Title +\layout Itemize + +Author +\layout Itemize + +E-mail +\layout Itemize + +Affiliation +\layout Itemize + +Abstract +\layout Itemize + +Section +\layout Itemize + +SubSection +\layout Itemize + +Caption +\layout Subsection + +Ró¿nice pomiêdzy ekranem a dokumentem +\layout Standard + +There are slight differences in appearance mainly with the presentation + of section counters. + On screen the trailing period of the section counter is missing but it + will appear in the output so don't let this worry you. +\layout Section + +Hollywood (Hollywood spec scripts) +\layout Standard + +by +\shape smallcaps + Garst Reese +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +Getting the format of a Hollywood script right is a ,,rite of passage''. + Zosta³ zaprojektowany do czytania ze zwróceniem uwagi na tre¶æ oraz aby + byæ ³atwym i przyjaznym w czytaniu dla aktorów. + Ka¿da strona scenariusza powinna byæ jedn± minut± filmu. + Nie pisz tego czego nie mo¿esz zobaczyæ lub us³yszeæ na ekranie. + W ca³ym dokumencie powinna byæ stosowana czcionka Courier 12pkt, bez kursywy. +\layout Subsection + +Specjalne problemy +\layout Standard + +Tekst mówcy nie powinien byæ NIGDY ³amany w po³owie zdania. + Je¶li tekst mówcy jest kontynuowany na nastêpnej stronie, powtórz +\family sans +Nazwê +\family default + mówcy przez +\family sans +Cont'd +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Specjalne funkcje +\layout Standard + +Wstaw nazwê mówcy ( +\family sans +Speaker +\family default +) jako etykietê, a dalej wykorzystuj j± przez odno¶niki wewnêtrzne. + Okno odno¶ników bêdzie wy¶wietla³o obsadê. + Odno¶niki mo¿esz u¿ywaæ do wstawiania nazwy mówcy równie¿ w tek¶cie narratora. +\layout Subsection + +Rozmiar papieru i marginesy +\layout Standard + +USLetter, lewy 1.6in, prawy 0.75in, górny 0.5in, dolny 0.75in +\layout Subsection + +¦rodowiska +\layout Standard + +Dostêpne s± nastêpuj±ce ¶rodowiska. + Mo¿esz u¿yæ uk³adu hollywood.bind aby uzyskaæ skróty klawiszowe jak poni¿ej. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Standard +\newline + +\family default +U¿yj gdzie nic innego nie pasuje. + Próbuj nie korzystaæ z niego. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Narrative +\hfill +M-z n +\newline + +\family default +Used to describe stage setting and the action. + Pierwsze u¿ycie nazwy aktora napisz kapitalikiem. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +FADE\SpecialChar ~ +IN +\family default +: +\hfill + +\family sans +M-z S-I +\family default + +\newline +Usually followed by something like ,,on Sally waking up''. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +INT: +\hfill +M-z i +\newline + +\family default +Introduces a new INTERIOR camera set-up. + Always followed by DAY or NIGHT, or something similar to define the lighting + required. + Pisz zawsze du¿ymi literami. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +EXT: +\hfill +M-z e +\newline + +\family default +Introduces a new EXTERIOR camera set-up. + Pisz zawsze du¿ymi literami. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Speaker +\hfill +M-z s +\newline + +\family default +The character speaking. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Parenthetical +\hfill +M-z p +\newline + +\family default +Instrukcje dla mówcy. + Nawiasy ,,()'' s± wstawiane automatycznie i wy¶wietlane s± tylko w LyX-ie, + ale zawsze bêda drukowane. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Dialogue +\hfill +M-z d +\newline + +\family default +Co mówca ( +\family sans +Speaker +\family default +) mówi. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Transition +\hfill +M-z t +\newline + +\family default +Instrukcja przemieszczania dla kamery, np. + CUT TO: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +FADE\SpecialChar ~ +OUT: +\hfill +M-z S-I +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Author +\hfill +M-z S-A +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Title +\hfill +M-z S-T +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\hfill +M-z r +\layout Subsection + +¯argon scenariusza +\layout Itemize + +(O.S) --- off screen +\layout Itemize + +(V.0) --- voice over +\layout Itemize + +b.g. + --- t³o +\layout Itemize + +C.U. + --- close-up +\layout Itemize + +PAN --- przesuniêcie kamery +\layout Itemize + +INSERT --- cut to close-up of +\layout Section + +Broadway +\layout Standard + +by +\shape smallcaps +Garst Reese +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +Klasa Broadway jest przeznaczona dla pisz±cych scenariusze teatralne. + Ten format jest bardziej dekoracyjny i o wiele mniej ustandaryzowany. + Ten format powinien byæ odpowiedni dla workshopów. +\layout Subsection + +Specjalne problemy +\layout Standard + +Podobnie jak format Hollywood. +\layout Subsection + +Specjalne funkcje +\layout Standard + +Wstaw nazwê mówcy ( +\family sans +Speaker +\family default +) jako etykietê, a dalej wykorzystuj j± przez odno¶niki wewnêtrzne. + Okno odno¶ników wewnêtrznych bêdzie wy¶wietlaæ aktualn± obsadê. +\layout Subsection + +Rozmiar papieru i marginesy +\layout Standard + +USLetter, lewy 1.6in, prawy 0.75in, górny 0.5in, dolny 0.75in +\layout Subsection + +¦rodowiska +\layout Standard + +Dostêpne s± nastêpuj±ce ¶rodowiska. + Mo¿esz u¿yæ uk³adu broadway.bind aby uzyskaæ skróty klawiszowe jak poni¿ej. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Standard +\newline + +\family default +Nie powiniene¶ go u¿ywaæ, ale jest je¶li inne nie bêd± Ci odpowiadaæ. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Narrative +\hfill +M-z n +\newline + +\family default +Used to describe stage setting and the action. + Pierwsze u¿ycie nazwy aktora napisz kapitalikiem. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +ACT +\hfill +M-z a +\newline + +\family default +Automatycznie numerowane. + Na ekranie bêdzie numeracja liczbami arabskimi, a na wydruku rzymskimi. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +ACT* +\hfill +M-z S at +\newline +Podtytu³ ACT. +\family default +Tekst jest centrowany. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +SCENE +\hfill +M-z S-S +\newline + +\family default +Nie jest numerowane automatycznie. + Ty podajesz numer. + This is because I couldn't figure out how. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +AT\SpecialChar ~ +RISE: +\hfill +M-z S-R +\newline + +\family default +A special case of Narrative to describe the setting and action as the curtain + rises. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Speaker +\hfill +M-z s +\newline + +\family default +Nazwa mówcy (aktora), wy¶rodkowana napisana bêdzie kapitalikiem. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Parenthetical +\hfill +M-z p +\newline + +\family default +Instrukcje dla mówcy. + Nawiasy ,,()'' s± wstawiane automatycznie, ale wy¶wietlane s± tylko w LyX-ie, + ale zawsze bêda drukowane. + To ¶rodowisko jest u¿ywane tylko wewn±trz ¶rodowiska +\family sans +Dialogue +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Dialogue +\hfill +M-z d +\newline + +\family default +Co mówi mówca. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +CURTAIN +\hfill +M-z S-C +\newline + +\family default +Opuszczenie kurtyny. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Title +\hfill +M-z S-T +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Author +\hfill +M-z S-A +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Right_Address +\hfill +M-z r +\layout Standard + +Hello there. +\layout Section + +RevTeX4 +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Amir Karge +\layout Standard + +Klasa dokumentu +\family sans +Revtex\SpecialChar ~ +4 +\family default + wspó³pracuje z klas± RevTeX 4.0 (wydanie +\begin_inset Formula $\beta$ +\end_inset + + z maja 1999 roku) American Physical Society. + LyX ma klasê dokumentu +\family sans +Revtex +\family default +, która wspó³pracuje z RevTeX 3.1. + Jednak wersja 3.1 jest generalnie przestarza³a jako wspó³pracuj±ca z LaTeX2.09, + co oznacza, ¿e wspó³praca z LyX-em nie jest najlepsza., poniewa¿ LyX wymaga + LaTeX2e. + Since RevTeX 4.0 has been designed to work much more cleanly with LaTeX2e, + LyX with +\family sans +RevTeX\SpecialChar ~ +4 +\family default + textclass should also be pretty easy to use. +\layout Standard + +These documents are supposed to be used in +\emph on + addition +\emph default + to the RevTeX 4.0 documents, so we don't describe any of the special RevTeX + macros, and assume you'll know what to put in the preamble if necessary. +\layout Subsection + +Instalacja +\layout Standard + +All you need to do is install RevTeX 4, as described in the package's README + file. + the package can be found at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[The RevTeX 4 Web Site]{http://publish.aps.org/revtex4/} + +\end_inset + +. + Install it somewhere that LaTeX can see it. + Test it by trying to LaTeX a short RevTeX 4 document in some random directory + (i.e., not the directory where you installed the class file.) Then, if you + reconfigure LyX, it will find the class file and let you use the RevTeX4 + textclass. +\layout Standard + +Probably the easiest way to get started is either to import a RevTeX 4 document + using +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +, or to use the +\family sans +Revtex\SpecialChar ~ +4 +\family default + template, found in the templates directory. +\layout Subsection + +Preambu³a Matter +\layout Standard + +Optional arguments to +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +, like ,,preprint'' and ,,aps'', go in the +\family sans + E +\bar under +x +\bar default +tra Options +\family default + field in the +\family sans + Document Layout +\family default + popup, as usual. + Remember that in RevTeX, at least one optional argument is required! +\layout Standard + +Other preamble matter, like +\family typewriter + +\backslash +draft +\family default + etc. + goes in the +\family sans + Latex Preamble +\family default + popup, also as usual. +\layout Subsection + +Uk³ad +\layout Standard + +The layouts basically correspond to the commands in RevTeX4.0. + For example, the Email layout corresponds to +\family typewriter + +\backslash +email{} +\family default +. + Note that (at least as of RevTeX 4.0 Beta), the +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Affiliation +\family default + layouts are exactly equivalent, so you shouldn't need to use both. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +In case you're curious, both were included so that +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + would be able to translate both +\family typewriter + +\backslash +address +\family default + and +\family typewriter + +\backslash +affiliation +\family default +. +\end_inset + +Wa¿ne uwagi +\layout Standard + +There are a couple of important unique aspects of RevTeX 4 which might cause + bugs that will be even more confusing in LyX. +\layout Standard + +In RevTeX, the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thanks +\family default + command goes +\emph on +outside +\emph default + the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +author +\family default + command. + The LyX equivalent is that there is a separate Thanks layout. + Do +\emph on +not +\emph default + write footnotes in the +\family sans +Author +\family default + layout, or weird things may happen. + See the RevTeX 4 documentation for more details. +\layout Standard + +Also, the +\family sans + Author\SpecialChar ~ +Email +\family default +, +\family sans +Author\SpecialChar ~ +URL +\family default +, and +\family sans + Thanks +\family default + layouts must be placed +\emph on + in between +\emph default + the +\family sans +Author +\family default + layout and the corresponding +\family sans + Address +\family default + (or equivalent +\family sans + Affiliation +\family default +) layout. + If you put the +\family sans + Thanks +\family default + after the +\family sans + Address +\family default +, the LaTeX won't compile. +\layout Subsection + +Drawbacks +\layout Standard + +The main problem with this layout is that you can't use the optional arguments + to layouts like Email and Title. + (The problem is not unique to this layout; in LyX 1.0, you can't use optional + arguments to the Section layouts.) This means that after you export that + file to LaTeX (which you'll need to do eventually to send it in to APS), + you'll need to edit the LaTeX file with a text editor to add the optional + arguments to set, e.g., the running title for the page headers. + Lacking these layouts makes the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +altaffiliation +\family default + (and the equivalent +\family typewriter + +\backslash +altaddress +\family default +) useless, so the corresponding layouts don't exist, and will have to be + added by hand. + This drawback will be fixed in LyX 1.2. +\layout Section + +article (mwart), book (mwbk) i report (mwrep) +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on +Tomasz £uczak +\layout Standard + +Klasy dokumentu +\emph on + article (mwart) +\emph default +, +\emph on + report (mwrep) +\emph default + i +\emph on + book (mwbk) +\emph default + autorstwa marcina Woliñskiego odpowiadaj± klasom LateX-a odpowiednio: +\family typewriter + mwart.cls +\family default +, +\family typewriter + mwbk.cls +\family default + i +\family typewriter + mwrep.cls +\family default +. + Zastêpuj± one standardowe klasy: +\family typewriter + article.cls +\family default +, +\family typewriter + book.cls +\family default + i +\family typewriter + report.cls +\family default +. + S± one zgodne z polskimi zwyczajami typograficznymi. +\layout Standard + +Podstawowe ró¿nice: +\layout Itemize + +Nienumerowane tytularia ( z gwiazdk±) s± dopisywane do spisu tre¶ci. +\layout Itemize + +Dodatkowe style strony: +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +uheadings pagina górna z lini± oddzielaj±c±, +\layout Description + +myheadings pagina górna z zadawan± tre¶ci± poleceniami: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +markright +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +markboth +\family default +, +\layout Description + +myuheadings pagina górna z zadawan± tre¶ci± z lini± oddzielaj±c±, +\layout Description + +outer paginacja w stopce od strony zewnêtrznego marginesu +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Opcje +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +rmheadings szeryfowe tytularia -- opcja domy¶lna +\layout Description + +sfheadings bezszeryfowe tytularia +\layout Description + +authortitle najpierw autor poni¿ej tytu³ -- opcja domy¶lna +\layout Description + +titleauthor najpierw tytu³ poni¿ej autor +\layout Description + +withmarginpar rezerwuje miejsce na marginalia +\end_deeper +\layout Chapter + +Import i eksport innych formatów plików +\layout Section + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +Zagadnienie importu i eksportu z/do innych formatów plików zosta³o wspomniane + w +\emph on +Podrêczniku U¿ytkownika +\emph default +. + W tym rozdziale jest opisane wiêcej szczegó³ów potrzebnych do zrozumienia + tego co siê dzieje po naci¶niêciu polecenia +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +mportuj +\family default + i +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator +E +\bar under +x +\bar default +portuj +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Import z innych formatów +\layout Subsection + +LaTeX +\layout Standard + +T³umaczenie z LaTeX-a do LyX-a jest dokonywane przez Perl za pomoc± skryptów + wywo³ywanych przez reLyX. + Ponadto jest to samodzielny program, który mo¿e byæ wywo³ywany z wiersza + poleceñ. + LyX wywo³uje go automatycznie podczas importu pliku LaTeX-a. + Zobacz sekcjê +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:reLyX} + +\end_inset + + dla pe³niejszego opisu. + Nie ma parametrów do ustawiania przez u¿ytkownika. +\layout Subsection + +ASCII +\layout Standard + +S± dwie metody importu plików tekstowych ASCII. + Import ,,jako wiersze'' zachowuje wszystkie koñce wierszy z pliku ASCII + do LyX-a, wówczas ka¿dy wiersz jest oddzielnym akapitem. + Podczas importu ,,jako akapit'' kolejne wiersze ³±czone s± w jeden akapit. + Pusty wiersz traktowany jest jako separator akapitów. +\layout Subsection + +Noweb +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +[Editor's note: Needs to be written, obviously - any volunteers? --- mer] +\layout Section + +Eksport do innych formatów +\layout Subsection + +LaTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX tworzy dwa typy plików LaTeX-owych: pliki do normalnego przetwarzania + (do podgl±du DVI itp.), które nie s± nigdy ogl±dane oraz pliki o formie + czytelnej dla ludzi. + Jedyn± mo¿liw± do ustawienia jest dyrektywa +\family typewriter + +\backslash +ascii_linelen +\family default + okre¶laj±ca maksymaln± d³ugo¶æ wiersza pliku, domy¶ln± warto¶ci± jest 75 + znaków. + Plik wynikowy jest poprawnym plikiem LaTeX-a, lecz preambu³a mo¿e wygl±daæ + trochê przera¿aj±co poniewa¿ zawiera kilka definicji u¿ywanych przez LyX-a, + które nie wygl±daj± na utworzone przez cz³owieka. +\layout Subsection + +DVI +\layout Standard + +Plik DVI (skrót od +\family sans + D +\family default +e +\family sans +V +\family default +ice +\family sans + I +\family default +ndependent -- ,,sprzêtowo niezale¿ne'') s± tworzone podczas przetwarzania + Twojego dokumentu przez LaTeX. + Nie ma ¿adnych opcji do ustawienia przez u¿ytkownika. +\layout Subsection + +PostScript +\layout Standard + +Nastêpny krokiem w ³añcuchu konwersji jest konwersja pliku DVI do PostScript. + Najczê¶ciej u¿ywanym do tego celu programem jest program +\family typewriter + dvips +\family default +. + Wybrany program nale¿y podaæ w pliku +\family typewriter + lyxrc +\family default + w dyrektywie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +print_command +\family default +. + Argumenty wiersza poleceñ, np. + dla dvips polecenia druku w odwrotnej kolejno¶ci ( +\family typewriter +-r +\family default +) mo¿na podaæ w dyrektywie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +print_extra_options +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +ASCII +\layout Standard + +Eksport do ASCII próbuje zachowaæ ,,kszta³t'' dokumentu jak to mo¿liwe, + ale takie elementy jak centrowanie i wciêcia s± odrzucane, a akapity s± + rozdzielane pustym wierszem. + Numeracja sekcji i odno¶ników jest wykonana poprawnie, tak ¿e w efekcie + plik jest do¶æ przejrzysty. + Jedyn± mo¿liw± do ustawienia jest dyrektywa +\family typewriter + +\backslash +ascii_linelen +\family default + okre¶laj±ca maksymaln± d³ugo¶æ wiersza pliku ASCII. +\layout Subsection + +HTML +\layout Standard + +Dokumenty LyX-a mog± byæ konwertowane do formatu hipertekstowego, zwykle + najpierw dokonywana jest konwersja do LaTeX-a, który konwertuje do formatu + HTML. +\layout Standard + +Aktualnie s± dostêpne dla LyX-a trzy konwertery LaTeX +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +HTML: +\family typewriter + tth +\family default +, +\family typewriter + latex2html +\family default + i +\family typewriter + hevea +\family default +. + S± one wykrywane automatycznie, jednak mo¿na wymusiæ wybór jednego z nich + dyrektyw± w pliku konfiguracyjnym +\family typewriter + +\backslash +html_command +\family default +. + W tej dyrektywie mo¿na tak¿e do³±czyæ argumenty wiersza poleceñ. + Czytaj komentarze w pliku +\family typewriter + lyxrc +\family default +, które zawieraj± najbardziej aktualne informacje dotycz±ce szczegó³ów u¿ycia + poszczególnych dyrektyw. +\layout Subsection + +PDF +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Dekel Tsur +\noun default + (mostly) +\layout Standard + +Najszybsz± drog± do tworzenia plików PDF (bez znaczników, linków itp.) w + dowolnej wersji LyX-a jest zapisanie dokumentu w formacie PostScript, a + nastêpnie uruchomienie polecenia +\family typewriter + ps2pdf +\family default +. + Pocz±wszy od wersji 1.1.6 dostêpna jest pozycja menu +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Exportuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PDF +\family default +. + Od wersji 1.1.6 jest to najlepsza droga do uzyskania porz±dnych plików PDF. + Jest trochê k³opotów z czcionkami, na które powiniene¶ uwa¿aæ -- zobacz +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:badfonts} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + +U¿ycie pdfLaTeX +\layout Standard + +Korzystaj±c z pdfLaTeX potrzebujesz skonwertowaæ swoje obrazki EPS do formatu + PDF (zobacz +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pdfeps} + +\end_inset + +) i nie mo¿esz u¿ywaæ pstricks. + Z drugiej strony, korzystaj±c z pdfLaTeX mo¿na wstawiaæ wprost rysunki + w formatach JPEG lub PNG, u¿ywaæ czcionek TrueType i wiele innych. +\layout Subsubsection + +Dlaczego tekst wygl±da ma³o czytelnie przy podgl±dzie za pomoc± Acrobat + Reader? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:badfonts} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +¬ród³em k³opotów s± czcionki bitmapowe brzydko wy¶wietlane przez Acrobat + Reader. + Podczas tworzenia pliku PDF z pliku LyX-a potrzebujesz czcionek obwiedniowych + zamiast bitmapowych (w rzeczywisto¶ci powiniene¶ tak¿e u¿ywaæ czcionek + obwiedniowych w plikach postscriptowych). +\layout Standard + +Ostatnie dystrybucje LaTeX-a posiadaj± standardowe czcionki CM (Computer + Modern) PostScript Type 1. + PdfLaTeX u¿ywa tych czcionek domy¶lnie. + Dvips nie u¿ywa ich domy¶lnie, dla ich u¿ycia nale¿y dopisaæ do pliku +\family typewriter + ~/.dvipsrc +\family default + nastêpuj±ce wiersze +\layout LyX-Code + +p+ psfonts.cmz +\layout LyX-Code + +p+ psfonts.amz +\layout Standard + +Je¶li u¿ywane jest domy¶lne kodowanie LaTeX-a (OT1), to nie trzeba robiæ + nic wiêcej. + Ale je¶li u¿ywane jest kodowanie T1 to LaTeX u¿ywa nowych czcionek EC, + dla których nie ma wersji Type1. + Rozwi±zaniem jest u¿ycie pakietu ae, który emuluje kodowanie T1 u¿ywaj±c + czcionek CM. + Nale¿y wówczas w preambule dopisaæ +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{ae,aecompl} +\family default +. + Jednak niektórych znaków brakuje w czcionkach CM (np. + eth, thorn) i s± one pobierane z czcionek EC. + Dlatego pobierane s± znaki jako bitmapy. +\layout Standard + +Uwaga: LyX u¿ywa domy¶lnie kodowania T1. + Je¶li chcesz stosowaæ domy¶lne kodowanie (co nie jest zalecane chyba ¿e + piszesz tylko w jêzyku angielskim), dodaj wiersz +\family typewriter + +\backslash +font_encoding default +\family default + do pliku +\family typewriter + ~/.lyx/lyxrc +\family default +. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Dla sk³adu w jêzyku polskim zaleca siê stosowaæ kodowanie OT4 oraz pakiet + +\family typewriter +polski +\family default + zamiast pakietu +\family typewriter +babel +\family default +. + Pakiet +\family typewriter +polski +\family default + w³±cza spolonizowane czcionki CM w uk³adzie OT4 zwane +\family sans + +\family default +czcionkami PL. + Czcionki PL wystêpuj± równie¿ w wersji obwiedniowej co rozwi±zuje problemy + z Acrobat Readerem. + Przyp. + t³um. +\end_inset + + Alternatyw± jest u¿ycie standardowych czcionek postscriptowych zamiast + czcionek CM. + Do tego potrzebujesz wybraæ pslatex jako globaln± czcionkê w oknie uk³adu + dokumentu. + Gdy u¿ywamy czcionek postsciptowych to pliki PDF s± mniejsze o czcionki + nie do³±czone do pliku. + Ponadto czcionki postscriptowe do³±czaj± wszystkie krzywe T1. + Z drugiej za¶ strony czcionki postscriptowe nie posiadaj± pó³grubych czcionek + symboli i musz± byæ u¿yte pmb (poor man's bold, zobacz +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pdfbold} + +\end_inset + +). + Czcionki postscriptowe tak¿e wygl±daj± inaczej z zestawu czcionek CM. +\layout Standard + +Podsumowuj±c czcionki postscriptowe i Computer Modern daj± dobre rezultaty + (z kilkoma wyj±tkami). + Decyzja których u¿ywaæ jest kwesti± gustu. +\layout Subsubsection + +Jak mogê u¿yæ pdfLaTeX z obrazkami w formacie EPS? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pdfeps} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +PdfLaTeX nie obs³uguje w³±czania plików EPS, ale obs³uguje w³±czanie plików + PDF. + Je¶li masz dokumenty z w³±czonymi rysunkami EPS, np. + plik +\family typewriter + foo.eps +\family default +, to powiniene¶: +\layout Enumerate + +Skonwertuj +\family typewriter + foo.eps +\family default + do PDF za pomoc± +\family typewriter + epstopdf foo.eps +\layout Enumerate + +Kiedy wstawiasz rysunek w dokumencie nie podawaj rozszerzenia nazwy pliku: + na przyk³ad, wstawiaj±c plik +\family typewriter + foo.eps +\family default + wystarczy wpisaæ tylko +\family typewriter + foo +\family default + w oknie dialogowym. +\layout Standard + +Uwaga: W LyX 1.2.0 bêdzie mo¿liwe wstawianie ró¿nych rodzajów rysunków ze + wszystkimi niezbêdnymi transformacjami. + Czê¶ciowo funkcjonalne wstawianie istnieje w wersji 1.1.6, do u¿ycia nale¿y + wpisaæ +\family typewriter + M-x graphics-insert +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Dlaczego polecenie +\backslash +boldsymbol{} nie dzia³a gdy u¿ywam pslatex? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pdfbold} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Czcionki PostScript nie posiadaj± symboli pó³grubych. + Rozwi±zaniem jest u¿ycie polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +pmb{} +\family default + (poor man's bold). +\layout Standard + +Jest to mo¿liwe przez przedefiniowanie polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +boldsymbol +\family default + do u¿ycia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +pmb +\family default + przez: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +boldsymbol}[1]{ +\backslash +pmb{#1}} +\layout Standard + +w preambule. +\layout Subsubsection + +Czy jest mo¿liwe zapisanie kodu przetwarzanego tylko przez pdfLaTeX-a? +\layout Standard + +Tak. + Oto przyk³ad: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +newif +\backslash +ifpdf +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +ifx +\backslash +pdfoutput +\backslash +undefined +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +pdffalse +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +else +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +pdftrue +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +fi +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +ifpdf +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +pdfinfo { /Author (your name and e-mail address) +\layout LyX-Code + + /Title (official title -- i.e., title element) +\layout LyX-Code + + /Subject (one line description of the document) +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +pdfcatalog { /PageMode (/UseNone) +\layout LyX-Code + + % /OpenAction (fitbh) +\layout LyX-Code + + } +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +else +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +usepackage[ps2pdf]{hyperref} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +fi +\layout Subsection + +Eksport u¿ytkownika +\layout Standard + +Eksport u¿ytkownika jest mo¿liwy je¶li masz dziwny format do którego chcesz + konwertowaæ, zak³adaj±c, ¿e masz odpowiedni konwerter. + Format pliku wej¶ciowego jest podany w dyrektywie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +custom_export_format +\family default +. + LyX bêdzie automatycznie konwertowa³ plik do tego miejsca, a wtedy zostanie + on przekazany do Twojego konwertera. + Mo¿liwymi warto¶ciami s±: +\family typewriter + lyx +\family default +, +\family typewriter + dvi +\family default +, +\family typewriter + tex +\family default +, +\family typewriter + ps +\family default + i +\family typewriter + ascii +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Polecenie wywo³ania konwertera jest podane w dyrektywie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +custom_export_command +\family default +. + To powinno byæ kompletne polecenie wiersza poleceñ, które wykorzystuje + zmienn± ¶rodowiska +\family typewriter + $$FNAME +\family default + do przekazania nazwy pliku g³ównego. +\layout Standard + +Mo¿e bêdziesz musia³ trochê poprawiæ podan± sekwencjê, dla zgodno¶ci z twoj± + pow³ok±. +\layout Standard + +Omawiany sposób eksportu ustawia siê w domy¶lnym lokalnym pliku +\family typewriter + lyxrc +\family default +. + Gdy wybierzesz polecenie +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under + E +\bar default +ksportuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under + C +\bar default +ustom +\family default +, pojawi siê okno, w którym mo¿na zmieniæ dowoln± warto¶æ. +\layout Section + +Pe³ny opis reLyX +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:reLyX} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Synopsis +\layout Standard + +Najprostszym sposobem u¿ycia reLyX-a jest u¿ycie polecenia +\family sans +Plik\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Importuj +\family default + (polecenie jest dostêpne w LyX-ie pocz±wszy od wersji 1.0.0). + Polecenie uruchamia reLyX i podaje mu plik wej¶ciowy, a nastêpnie wczytuje + rezultat do LyX-a. + Ten sposób powiniene¶ spróbowaæ jako pierwszy, a korzystaæ z wywo³ania + z wiersza poleceñ tylko, je¶li potrzebujesz bardziej skomplikowanych opcji. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +reLyX +\series default + [ +\series bold +-c +\series default +\shape italic + textclass +\shape default + ] [ +\series bold +-df +\series default + ] [ +\series bold +-o +\series default +\shape italic + outputdir +\shape default + ] [ +\series bold +-r +\series default +\shape italic + renv1 +\shape default +[, +\shape italic +renv2 +\shape default +...]] [ +\series bold +-s +\series default +\shape italic + sfile1 +\shape default +[, +\shape italic +sfile2 +\shape default +...]] +\emph on + inputfile +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +reLyX -p -c +\series default +\shape italic + textclass +\shape default + [ +\series bold +-df +\series default + ] [ +\series bold +-o +\series default +\shape italic + outputdir +\shape default + ] [ +\series bold +-r +\series default +\shape italic + renv1 +\shape default +[, +\shape italic +renv2 +\shape default +...]] [ +\series bold +-s +\series default +\shape italic + sfile1 +\shape default +[, +\shape italic +sfile2 +\shape default +...]] +\emph on + inputfiles +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +reLyX -h +\layout Subsection + +Opcje +\layout Description + +-c Klasa (class). + Domy¶lnie, gdy reLyX zobaczy polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass{foo} +\family default +, tworzy plik klasy ,,foo'' i wczytuje plik uk³adu LyX-a dla tej klasy (zwykle + /usr/share/lyx/layouts/foo.layout lub +\series bold + ~ +\series default +/.lyx/layouts/foo.layout). + U¿yj opcji +\series bold + -c +\series default + aby zadeklarowaæ inn± klasê dokumentu (i wczytaæ inny plik uk³adu). +\layout Description + +-d Diagnostyka (debug). + Domy¶lnie, reLyX rzadko daje wyj¶cie i usuwa pliki tymczasowe utworzone + podczas konwersji. + U¿ycie parametru +\series bold +-d +\series default + utworzy wiele wiêcej informacji wyj¶ciowych (do stdout i stderr) i pozostawia + pliki tymczasowe. +\layout Description + +-f (force). + reLyX nie uruchamia siê je¶li plik .lyx, który ma zostaæ utworzony istnieje. + U¿yj (ostro¿nie) opcji +\series bold +-f +\series default + aby zast±piæ istniej±ce pliki. +\layout Description + +-h Pomoc (help). + Drukuje informacje o sposobie u¿ycia i koñczy pracê. +\layout Description + +-o Katalog wyj¶ciowy (output directory). + W przypadku u¿ycia tej opcji, wszystkie pliki tymczasowe i wyj¶ciowe LyX-a + (dla podanego pliku wej¶ciowego lub dla dowolnych plików czê¶ciowych podanych + z parametrem +\series bold +-p +\series default +) zostan± umieszczone w katalogu +\shape italic + outputdir +\shape default +. + W innym przypadku, dla ka¿dego pliku +\emph on + dir/foo.tex +\emph default +, pliki tymczasowe i pliki wyj¶ciowe LyX-a zostan± umieszczone w katalogu +\emph on + dir +\emph default +. + To mo¿e byæ u¿yteczne je¶li w³±czasz pliki z innych katalogów, a które + chcesz umie¶ciæ we wspólnym folderze lub nie masz praw zapisu w ich folderach + ¼ród³owych. +\layout Description + +-p Plik czê¶ciowy (partial). + Wej¶ciem jest fragment pliku LaTeX-a bez preambu³y lub bez polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{document} +\family default +. + Ta opcja wymaga parametru +\series bold + -c +\series default +, poniewa¿ plik ¼ród³owy nie posiada preambu³y z deklaracj± klasy: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +. + Gdy u¿ywasz tej opcji, to mo¿esz konwertowaæ wiêcej ni¿ jeden plik, dopóki + wszystkie pliki s± tej samej klasy. + Pliki LyX-a utworzone przez reLyX mog± byæ do³±czane do istniej±cych plików + LyX-a za pomoc± polecenia +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar \menuseparator + Do³±cz Plik +\family default +. +\layout Description + +-r ¦rodowiska regularne (regular environments) (zobacz sekcjê +\shape italic + Pliki sk³adni +\shape default +). + Je¶li podajesz wiêcej ni¿ jedno ¶rodowisko, to rozdzielaj je przecinkiem + (bez spacji). + Bêdziesz prawdopodobnie potrzebowa³ listê ¶rodowisk umie¶ciæ w cudzys³owie, + szczególnie gdy umie¶ci³e¶ na li¶cie ¶rodowiska z gwiazdk± (foo*). + Je¶li czêsto u¿ywasz tego parametru, to rozwa¿ utworzenie osobistego pliku + sk³adni. +\layout Description + +-s Plik sk³adni (syntax file). + Dodatkowe pliki sk³adni (umieszczaj w cudzys³owie, rozdzielaj przecinkiem) + do wczytania (zobacz sekcjê +\shape italic + Pliki sk³adni +\shape default + aby poznaæ szczegó³y). +\layout Subsection + +Opis +\layout Subsubsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +reLyX tworzy plik LyX-a +\emph on +dir/foo.lyx +\emph default + na podstawie pliku LaTeX-a +\emph on +dir/foo.tex +\emph default + (je¶li nie podano opcji +\series bold + -o +\series default +). +\layout Standard + +Rozszerzenia plików .tex, .ltx i .latex s± obs³ugiwane. + Je¶li +\emph on +plikwejsciowy +\emph default + nie istnieje lub nie posiada ¿adnego z podanych rozszerzeñ, to reLyX próbuje + wczytaæ +\emph on +plikwejsciowy.tex +\emph default + (zachowuje siê podobnie jak LaTeX.) +\layout Standard + +Przeznaczeniem reLyX jest translacja +\shape italic +dobrze zachowuj±ca +\shape default + z LaTeX2e do LyX-a. + Je¶li twój plik LaTeX nie kompiluje siê lub robi dziwne rzeczy, jak przedefinio +wywanie standardowych poleceñ LaTeX -- it may choke. + Pliki LaTeX209 s± konwertowane poprawnie, ale bez gwarancji. +\layout Standard + +reLyX ma kilka b³êdów i brak mu kilku funkcji. + Jednak g³ównymi celami s±: +\layout Itemize + +Uporaæ siê z plikiem LaTeX2e bez upadku, +\layout Itemize + +Translacja wielu takich plików, +\layout Itemize + +Lokalizacja czê¶ci, które nie mog± byæ t³umaczone i kopiowanie ich w trybie + TeX. +\layout Standard + +Te g³ówne cele s± osi±gane dla wiêkszo¶ci plików. +\layout Standard + +Istnieje wiele ulepszeñ, które mog± byæ i bêd± wprowadzone do reLyX-a w + przysz³o¶ci. + Jednak, my chcemy korzystaæ z reLyX jak najwcze¶niej, aby u³atwiæ nowym + u¿ytkownikom LyX wczytywanie ich istniej±cych plików LaTeX-a. +\layout Subsubsection + +U¿ycie +\layout Standard + +Tutaj znajduje siê d³u¿szy opis co powiniene¶ zrobiæ, aby skonwertowaæ dokument + LaTeX do dokumentu LyX-a. +\layout Itemize + +Uruchom reLyX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +reLyX bêdzie informowa³ Ciebie o postêpach i wysy³a³ ostrze¿enia do stderr, + je¶li nie chcesz ¿adnych informacji spróbuj ,, +\family typewriter +reLyX foo.tex > /dev/null +\family default +''. + Nie powiniene¶ przekierowywaæ standardowego wyj¶cia do +\emph on +foo.lyx +\emph default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Uruchom LyX (wersja 0.12 lub pó¼niejsza) z wynikowym plikiem .lyx. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Teoretycznie wiêkszo¶æ pliku zostanie przet³umaczona, a je¶li co¶ nie zostanie + przet³umaczone, to zostanie zaznaczone na czerwono (tryb TeX). + Teoretycznie LyX potrafi wczytaæ plik i utworzyæ dokument na jego podstawie, + poniewa¿ wszystkie nieprzet³umaczone rzeczy zostan± wstawione w trybie + all that untranslated red stuff will be passed directly back to LaTeX, + which LyX uses as a backend. + Niestety rzeczywisto¶æ nie zawsze jest odzwierciedla teoriê. + Je¶li reLyX przewraca siê lub LyX nie potrafi wczytaæ utworzonego pliku + zobacz wpis +\family typewriter +BUGS +\family default + gdzie¶ w tym dokumencie lub w pliku +\emph on +BUGS +\emph default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Zmieñ pod¶wietlone na czerwono (tryb TeX) rzeczy rêcznie w LyX-ie. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Jak wspomnia³em powy¿ej, powiniene¶ móc wydrukowaæ plik LyX bez robienia + tego. + Jednak zmiany poleceñ z trybu TeX na odpowiednie obiekty LyX-a pozwol± + na bardziej zaawansowan± edycjê w trybie WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +reLyX nie gwarantuje utworzenia pliku LyX, który utworzy dok³adnie identyczny + wydruk jak z pliku LaTeX, ale powinien byæ zbli¿ony. + reLyX will generally err on the side of translating less to ensure that + dvi or ps files are accurate, even though this leads to more +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +evil red text +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and less WYSIWYM. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Dokonaj KOREKTY dokumentu! +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +I'm sure you were planning on doing this anyway, but it's particularly important + after translating a LaTeX document. + reLyX is, at least now, better at +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +macro-translating +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (translating the whole document) than +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +micro-translating +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (translating every little detail). + For example, you may see extra spaces or deleted spaces. + Space handling has improved, but it's not perfect. +\end_deeper +\layout Subsubsection + +Co reLyX mo¿e przechwyciæ +\layout Standard + +reLyX rozumie wiele poleceñ LaTeX-a. + Zostan± skonwertowane: +\layout Itemize + +zwyk³y tekst, w³±czaj±c minipolecenia takie jak: ~, '', +\family typewriter + +\backslash +@ +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +TeX +\family default +, a tak¿e akcentowane znaki takie jak +\family typewriter + +\backslash +'{a} +\family default + i przypadki specjalne ?` i !` +\layout Itemize + +polecenia strony tytu³owej takie jak +\family typewriter + +\backslash +author +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +date +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +title +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +thanks +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +abstract +\layout Itemize + +polecenia struktury tekstu takie jak +\family typewriter + +\backslash +section +\family default + w³±czaj±c polecenia z gwiazdk± (np. + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +section* +\family default +) +\layout Itemize + +¦rodowiska: +\family typewriter +quote +\family default +, +\family typewriter +quotation +\family default + i +\family typewriter + verse +\family default +; +\family typewriter +center +\family default +, +\family typewriter +flushright +\family default + i +\family typewriter +flushleft +\layout Itemize + +¦rodowiska: +\family typewriter +itemize +\family default +, +\family typewriter +enumerate +\family default + i +\family typewriter +description +\family default + oraz ich polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +item +\family default +. + Równie¿ zagnie¿d¿one listy +\layout Itemize + +polecenia odno¶ników: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +ref +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +pageref +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +label +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cite +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +footnote +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +margin +\layout Itemize + +polecenia zmiany czcionki w³±czaj±c +\family typewriter + +\backslash +em +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +emph +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +textit +\family default + i odpowiednie polecenia do zmiany rodziny, grubo¶ci, odmiany i wielko¶ci +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +input{foo} +\family default + (lub +\family typewriter + +\backslash +input{foo.blah} +\family default +) i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +include{foo} +\family default +. + Polecenia Plain TeX +\family typewriter + +\backslash +input +\family default + (,, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +input foo.tex +\family default +'') s± równie¿ obs³ugiwane +\layout Itemize + +¦rodowisko +\family typewriter +tabular +\family default + i jego polecenia takie jak +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hline +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cline +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +multicolumn +\family default + (ale zobacz dalej) +\layout Itemize + +¶rodowiska wstawek +\family typewriter +table +\family default + i +\family typewriter +table* +\family default +, a tak¿e polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +caption +\layout Itemize + +¶rodowisko +\family typewriter + thebibliography +\family default + i polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibitem +\family default +, a tak¿e polecenia BibTeX-a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle +\layout Itemize + +ró¿ne polecenia: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hfill +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +noindent +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +ldots +\family default +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Itemize + +¶rodowiska specyficzne dla klasy dokumentu (i trochê poleceñ), które mog± + byæ konwertowane do pliku uk³adu LyX-a +\layout Itemize + +argumenty pewnych niekonwertowalnych poleceñ (np. + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mbox +\family default +) +\layout Standard + +Niektóre z nich mog± nie byæ jeszcze wspierane w 100%. + Zobacz poni¿ej szczegó³y +\layout Standard + +reLyX kopiuje matematykê (prawie) wprost z twojego pliku LaTeX-a. + Szczê¶liwie wczytuje matematykê LaTeX-a (prawie), która jest obs³ugiwana + przez LyX-a i dzia³a ¶wietnie. + Niektóre polecenia matematyczne, które nie s± obs³ugiwane przez LyX-a zostan± + zast±pione ich ekwiwalentami, np. + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +to +\family default + bêdzie skonwertowane do +\family typewriter + +\backslash +rightarrow +\family default +. + Zobacz sekcjê +\shape italic + Pliki sk³adni +\shape default + aby poznaæ wiêcej szczegó³ów. +\layout Standard + +reLyX tak¿e kopiuje polecenia preambu³y (np. + cokolwiek przed +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{document} +\family default +), so fancy stuff you've got in your preamble should be conserved in dvi + and printed documents, although it will not of course show up in the LyX + window. + Sprawd¼ +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormatowanie\SpecialChar \menuseparator + Preambu³a +\family default + aby byæ pewnym. +\layout Subsubsection + +Czego reLyX nie mo¿e przechwyciæ -- ale jest OK +\layout Itemize + +Rysunki i tabele +\family typewriter +tabular* +\family default + +\layout Itemize + +ministrony +\layout Itemize + +polecenia odstêpów ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash +vspace +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +pagebreak +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +par +\family default +) +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +centering +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +raggedleft +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +raggedright +\layout Itemize + +¶rodowiska +\family typewriter + +\backslash +verb +\family default + i +\family typewriter +verbatim +\family default +. + reLyX kopiuje je ostro¿nie i +\shape italic +dok³adnie +\shape default +, w³±czaj±c komentarze i bia³e spacje. +\layout Itemize + +nieznane (np. + utworzone przez u¿ytkownika) ¶rodowiska i polecenia +\layout Standard + +reLyX kopiuje nieznane polecenia wraz z ich argumentami dos³ownie do pliku + LyX-a. + Ponadto, je¶li zobaczy +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{foo} +\family default + gdzie nie rozpozna ¶rodowiska ,,foo'', skopiuje dos³ownie a¿ do +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{foo} +\family default + (bez u¿ycia parametru +\series bold + -r +\series default +). + Hopefully, then, most of these unknown commands won't cause reLyX to break; + they'll merely require you to do some editing once you've loaded the file + up in LyX. + That should be less painful than editing either the .tex or the .lyx file + using a text editor. +\layout Subsubsection + +Co reLyX przechwytuje niepoprawnie -- s± b³êdy +\layout Standard + +reLyX jest wzglêdnie nowy i ma kilka problemów. + As it matures, these bugs will be squished. + Listê b³êdów i brakuj±cych cech mo¿na znale¼æ w LyX bug tracker +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[LyX Bugzilla]{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +If reLyX is choking on something lub LyX nie potrafi wczytaæ go po konwersji + przez reLyX, to najlepsz± rzecz± do zrobienia jest wstawienie poleceñ +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{reLyXskip} +\family default + przed podejrzany tekst i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{reLyXskip} +\family default + po nim. + Ja nazywam to ,,skip'' blok. + reLyX bêdzie kopiowa³ ten blok dok³adnie w trybie TeX. + Nastêpnie wyedytuj wynikowy plik LyX i przet³umacz nieznane rzeczy rêcznie. + ¦rodowisko +\family typewriter +reLyXskip +\family default + jest magiczne; polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end +\family default + nie bêd± wstawione do pliku LyX. +\layout Itemize + +,,Dok³adne'' kopiowanie nieznanych ¶rodowisk i poleceñ nie jest zupe³nie + dok³adne. + Wyszczególniaj±c, komentarze i nowe wiersze mog± zostaæ utracone. + To bêdzie dawaæ z siebie brzydkiego LyX-a, ale w prawie wszystkich przypadkach + wynik bêdzie taki sam. + Mimo to, pewne czê¶ci pliku bêd± kopiowane perfekcyjnie z bia³ymi spacjami + i komentarzami w³±cznie. + W³±czaj±c w to: preambu³ê LaTeX-a, ¶rodowisko +\family typewriter +verbatim +\family default +, polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +verb +\family default + i blok skip. +\layout Itemize + +reLyX konwertuje tylko kilka opcji polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + (Wyszczególniaj±c: 1[012]pt, [letter|legal|executive|a4|a5|b5]paper, [one|two]s +ide, landscape i [one|two]column.) Inne opcje s± umieszczane w polu +\family sans +Opcje dodatkowe +\family default + w oknie +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormatowanie\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Co wa¿niejsze, reLyX nie t³umaczy polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage +\family default +, poleceñ marginesów, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newcommand +\family default +, w rzeczywisto¶ci niczego w preambule. + Po prostu kopiuje je do preambu³y LaTeX w dokumencie LyX-a. + Je¶li masz polecenie marginesu w preambule, to plik LyX-a bêdzie generowa³ + prawy margines. + jednak te marginesy bêd± zast±pione prze marginesy ustawione w oknie +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +tyl dokumentu +\family default + zak³adka +\family sans +Papier +\family default +. + Tak ¿e powiniene¶ usun±æ te opcje z preambu³y ( +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormatowanie-Preambu³a +\family default +) aby siê zabezpieczyæ. + Podobnie dzieje siê z wyborem jêzyka przez babel, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +inputencoding +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +pagestyle +\family default +, itp. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Klasa foil ma parê b³êdów. + reLyX may do weird things z opcjonalnymi argumentami polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +foilhead +\family default +. + Tak¿e ¶rodowisko +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{dinglist} +\family default + mo¿e byæ obs³u¿one niepoprawnie (although the stuff in the environment + should translate normally). +\layout Standard + +Wiêcej znacz±cych b³êdów mo¿esz znale¼æ w pliku +\emph on + BUGS +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +reLyX is hopefully rather robust. + Jak wspomnia³em powy¿ej, mo¿e on nie konwertowaæ twojego pliku perfekcyjnie, + ale nie powinien siê przewracaæ. + Je¶li jednak siê przewraca -- i problemem nie jest jednym ze wspomnianych + powy¿ej lub w pliku +\emph on +BUGS +\emph default + -- zobacz sekcjê +\shape italic + Zg³aszanie b³êdów +\shape default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Czego reLyX nie potrafi przechwyciæ +\layout Standard + +LyX wewnêtrznie nie obs³uguje paru rzeczy, tak ¿e gdyby reLyX przet³umaczy³ + to perfekcyjnie, LyX mia³by problem wczytaæ je. + Je¶li na pewno potrzebujesz tych cech, to mo¿esz po ukoñczeniu pracy nad + dokumentem wyeksportowaæ go do LaTeX-a i wstawiæ je tam z powrotem. + Zobacz +\emph on +B³êdy +\emph default + aby poznaæ wiêcej szczegó³ów odno¶nie b³êdów. +\layout Itemize + +Dla kilku poleceñ LyX nie obs³uguje argumentów opcjonalnych. + Na przyk³ad zawartych w +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +chapter +\family default + (i inne polecenia struktury tekstu) i +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\family default +. + reLyX bêdzie automatycznie pomija³ opcjonalne argumenty i wysy³a³ ostrze¿enie + do stdout. + LyX tak¿e ignoruje argument width w ¶rodowisku +\family typewriter +thebibliography +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +¦rodkowanie (lub wyrównanie do lewej lub prawej) dzia³a na pe³nych akapitach. +\layout Itemize + +Obs³uga tabel przez LyX-a nie jest perfekcyjna. + Dla skomplikowanych tabel u¿yj bloku ,,skip'', tak ¿e one zostan± skopiowane + w trybie TeX-a. +\layout Itemize + +Edytor wyra¿eñ matematycznych LyX-a nie obs³uguje ¶rodowisk AMS-LaTeX takich + jak align, split itd. + Te ¶rodowiska zostan± skopiowane w trybie TeX. + Mo¿esz zmieniæ ¶rodowisko +\family typewriter +equation* +\family default + do dok³adnego odpowiednika +\family typewriter +displaymath +\family default +, a wówczas konwersja bêdzie poprawna. +\layout Subsubsection + +Przysz³o¶æ reLyX-a +\layout Standard + +W przysz³o¶ci wiêcej poleceñ i ¶rodowisk bêdzie obs³ugiwanych przez reLyX. + B³êdy zostan± wyeliminowane. +\layout Standard + +Zobacz plik TODO dla poznania szczegó³ów. +\layout Subsection + +Przyk³ad +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX -df -o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +my/dir +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + -r +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +myenv +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + foo.tex > foo.debug +\layout Standard + +Powy¿sze polecenie utworzy plik +\family typewriter +my/dir/foo.lyx +\family default + na podstawie +\family typewriter +foo.tex +\family default +, zastêpuj±c istniej±cy je¶li istnieje. + Gdy napotka blok +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{myenv} ... + +\backslash +end{myenv} +\family default +, skonwertuje zawarto¶æ bloku, ale polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end +\family default + skopiuje w trybie TeX-a. + Koñcz±c, zachowa pliki tymczasowe (znajduj± siê one w +\family typewriter +my/dir/ +\family default +) i zapisze du¿o informacji diagnostycznych do pliku +\family typewriter +foo.debug +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Uwagi +\layout Subsubsection + +Zg³aszanie b³êdów +\layout Standard + +If reLyX is crashing or otherwise acting strangely---in ways other than + those described in the section on +\shape italic +BUGS +\shape default + or the +\emph on +BUGS +\emph default + file---then please run reLyX +\series bold + -d +\series default +. + That will allow you to figure out where in the reLyXing process it crashed. + That, in turn, will allow you to write a better bug report, which will + allow the developers to fix it more quickly and easily. +\layout Standard + +Bug reports should be sent to the LyX developers' mailing list. + Its address is currently lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org, but you can check the LyX + home page, http://www.lyx.org if that bounces. + If you are running reLyX on a huge file, please do not send all of the + output in your bug report. + Just include the last ten or twenty lines of output, along with the piece + of the LaTeX file it crashed on. + Or, even better, attach a small but complete file which causes the same + problem as your original file. +\layout Subsubsection + +Szczegó³y implementacji +\layout Standard + +reLyX wykonuje kilka ,,przebiegów'' w celu konwersji pliku LaTeX-a. + W ka¿dym przebiegu tworzony jest jeden lub dwa pliku. +\layout Description + +Przebieg\SpecialChar ~ +0 \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +Zanim zrobi cokolwiek, wczytuje plik (lub pliki) sk³adni . +\layout Description + +Przebieg\SpecialChar ~ +1a \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +Oddziela preambu³ê (cokolwiek przed poleceniem +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{document} +\family default +) z reszty pliku. + Zapisuje dwie czê¶ci w oddzielnych plikach. + To jest niezbêdne, poniewa¿ w preambule mog± byæ dziwne rzeczy. + Tak¿e ignoruje cokolwiek jest za poleceniem +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{document} +\family default +, zak³adaj±c ¿e to nie jest LaTeX. +\layout Description + +Przebieg\SpecialChar ~ +1b \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +Konwertuje preambu³ê. + Aktualnie oznacza to konwersjê polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + i dok³adne skopiowanie reszty do preambu³y LyX-e. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Jak pozna klasê dokumentu, to wczytuje plik uk³adu LyX-a dla tej klasy. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Przebieg\SpecialChar ~ +2 \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +,,Czy¶ci'' plik TeX, generuj±c nieznacznie dok³adniej LaTeX-a. + W to wchodzi: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Zamiana, np: x^2 na ekwiwalent, ale przejrzystszy x^{2} +\layout Itemize + +Usuwa opcjonalne argumenty, których LyX nie obs³uguje (np. + z +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +) +\layout Itemize + +Zamienia +\family typewriter +{ +\backslash +em foo} +\family default + na +\family typewriter + +\backslash +emph{foo} +\family default +, itd. + To jest konieczne, poniewa¿ w innym wypadku LyX zawsze zapisuje jako nielokalne. + This should very rarely make a difference. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Przebieg\SpecialChar ~ +3 \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +Konwertuje tekst LaTeX-a, polecenia i ¶rodowiska do LyX-a. +\layout Description + +Przebieg\SpecialChar ~ +4 \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +Sk³ada obie czê¶ci razem i wykonuje some final tweaking, aby utworzyæ plik + LyX. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li s± jakie¶ polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +input +\family default + lub +\family typewriter + +\backslash +include +\family default +, reLyX zacznie przetwarzaæ tak¿e do³±czane pliki. + Zak³ada on, ¿e do³±czane pliki s± tej samej klasy co dokument g³ówny i + nie posiadaj± preambu³y. + (Je¶li ma polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +input +\family default + w preambule pliku, to polecenia zostan± dok³adnie skopiowane do LaTeX-owej + czê¶ci preambu³y pliku LyX, a do³±czane pliki nie bêd± konwertowane). + Podczas konwersji do³±czonych plików pomijany jest przebieg 0 i 1. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li reLyX nie znajdzie plików, które chcia³e¶ do³±czyæ, wy¶le Ci ostrze¿enie + ale bêdzie kontynuowa³ konwersjê pozosta³ych znalezionych plików. +\layout Subsubsection + +Pliki szablonów +\layout Standard + +reLyX wczytuje plik uk³adu LyX-a aby wiedzieæ jak obs³ugiwaæ ¶rodowiska + LaTeX-a i polecenia, które bêd± konwertowane do uk³adu LyX-a. + Ten plik do³±cza wszystkie ,,normalne'' niematematyczne ¶rodowiska (np. + w³±czaj±c w to quote i itemize, ale nie tabular, minipage i kilka ¶rodowisk + fancy) i polecenia takie jak +\family typewriter + +\backslash +section +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +title +\family default +. + je¶li chcesz konwertowaæ reLyX-em klasê, dla której nie istniej plik uk³adu + LyX-a, to bêdziesz musia³ najpierw go utworzyæ. + Tak czy owak bêdziesz musia³ to zrobiæ, z powodu pliku LyX, poniewa¿ zale¿y + on od pliku uk³adu, w którym podany jest sposób jego wy¶wietlania i przetwarzan +ia w LyX-ie. + Sprawd¼ dokumentacjê LyX-a dla pomocy w tym zadaniu (które mo¿e byæ trudne + lub ³atwe, w zale¿no¶ci od klasy, dla której chcesz utworzyæ plik uk³adu). + je¶li Twoja klasa jest zupe³nie podobna do klasy, dla której istnieje plik + uk³adu, to rozwa¿ u¿ycie opcji +\series bold +-c +\series default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Pliki sk³adni +\layout Standard + +reLyX zawsze wczytuje co najmniej jeden plik sk³adni, zwany domy¶lnym plikiem + sk³adni. + reLyX wczytuje twój osobisty plik sk³adni je¶li istnieje, je¶li nie istnieje + to wczytuje plik systemowy. + reLyX wczytuje tak¿e dodatkowe pliki sk³adni wyspecyfikowane w opcji +\series bold +-s +\series default + (These extra files should have the same format as the default file, but + will tend to be shorter, since they only have to specify extra commands + not found in the default file). + A syntax file tells reLyX a few things. +\layout Standard + +First, it describes the syntax of each command, that is, how many required + arguments and how many optional arguments the command takes. + Knowing this makes it easier for reLyX to copy (in TeX mode) commands that + it doesn't know how to translate. + The syntax file simply has a command, followed by braces or brackets describing + its arguments in the correct order. + For example, a syntax file entry +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibitem[]{} +\family default + means that the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibitem +\family default + command takes an optional argument followed by a required one, while the + entry +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bf +\family default + means that the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bf +\family default + command takes no arguments at all. + When reLyX encounters a token that it doesn't know how to translate into + LyX, it will copy the token---along with the correct number of arguments---exac +tly. + If the token is not in the syntax file, then reLyX just copies as many + arguments as it finds. + This means that it may copy too much. + But since the user can specify additional syntax files, that shouldn't + happen often. +\layout Standard + +Some commands that cannot be translated to LyX, like +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mbox +\family default +, have as one of their arguments regular LaTeX text. + If the string +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +translate +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is put into an argument of an (untranslatable) command in the syntax file, + then reLyX will translate that argument instead of copying it verbatim. + So, for example, the default syntax file has +\family typewriter + +\backslash +raisebox{}[][]{translate} +\family default +. + This means that the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +raisebox +\family default + command and the first argument (and optional arguments if they exist) are + copied in TeX mode, but the last argument (which may contain math, complicated + LaTeX, other untranslatable commands, etc.) will be translated into LyX. + You can't use +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +translate +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + on optional arguments. +\layout Standard + +User-defined syntax files are allowed to define new commands and their syntax, + or override the number of arguments for a command given in the default + syntax file. + (E.g., if you're using a style that gives an extra argument to some command...) + However, this will only be useful for commands copied in TeX mode. + Commands which are actually translated by reLyX (like +\family typewriter + +\backslash +item +\family default +) have their argument syntax hard-coded. + The hard-coded commands are identified in the default syntax file. +\layout Standard + +Second, the syntax file describes any +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +regular environments +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Usually, an entire unknown environment will be copied in TeX mode. + If you define a regular environment +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foo +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, though, then only the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{foo} +\family default + and +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{foo} +\family default + commands will be copied in TeX mode; the text within the environment will + be treated (i.e., translated) by reLyX as regular LaTeX, rather than being + copied into TeX mode. + Don't try to declare +\family typewriter +tabbing +\family default + and +\family typewriter +picture +\family default + as regular environments, as the text within those environments will confuse + reLyX; use this capability for new environments you create that have plain + text or math or simple commands in them. + You also can't declare unknown math environments (like +\family typewriter +equation* +\family default +) as regular environments, either, since the LyX math editor won't understand + them. + The names of regular environments appear, whitespace-separated, between +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{reLyXre} +\family default + and +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{reLyXre} +\family default + statements in the syntax file. + (If you have a regular environment which you won't use very often, you + can use the +\series bold +-r +\series default + option rather than writing a syntax file.) +\layout Standard + +Third, the syntax file describes a math translation table. + The LyX math editor doesn't support a few commands. + For example, +\family typewriter +_ +\family default + is supported, but the equivalent +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sb +\family default + is not. + Put any commands you'd like translate between +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{reLyXmt} +\family default + and +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{reLyXmt} +\family default + statements. + The statement +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +| { +\backslash +Vert} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means that any +\family typewriter + +\backslash +| +\family default + in math mode will be converted to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +Vert +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +(in cases where a token made up of a backslash and a non-letter is translated + to something with letters at the end, a space is added by reLyX. + That way, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +|a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is correctly translated to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +Vert a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Subsubsection + +Ró¿ne +\layout Standard + +Potrzebujesz Perl-a 5.002 lub nowszego do uruchomienia reLyX-a. + Je¶li nie masz Perl-a to powiniene¶ go ¶ci±gn±æ ( +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +url{http://www.perl.com} +\end_inset + +), poniewa¿ jest rzeczywi¶cie u¿ytecznym narzêdziem do bardzo wielu rzeczy. +\layout Subsection + +Diagnostyka +\layout Standard + +reLyX powinien zawsze wyja¶niæ dlaczego nie powiod³o siê t³umaczenie, je¶li + siê nie powiod³o. + Niektóre komunikaty diagnostyczne mog± byæ bardzo techniczne, je¶li pochodz± + one z wnêtrza kodu. + reLyX daje znacznie wiêcej informacji gdy zostanie uruchomiony z opcj± +\series bold + -d +\series default +, ale nie powiniene¶ tego potrzebowaæ je¶li nic z³ego siê nie zdarzy³o. +\layout Standard + +Gdy zakoñczy pracê, reLyX bêdzie Ciê informowa³ o pomy¶lnym zakoñczeniu + lub o b³êdzie, który spowodowa³ przerwanie przetwarzania. +\layout Subsection + +Ostrze¿enia +\layout Standard + +Zawsze zachowaj kopiê oryginalnego pliku LaTeX-a pod inn± nazw± lub w innym + katalogu. + Istnieje kilka sposobów, w których u¿ycie LyX-a prowadzi do nadpisania + oryginalnego pliku LaTeX-a. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li importujesz plik foo.tex utworzysz foo.lyx, nastêpnie edytujesz plik + foo.lyx i chcesz ponownie wyeksportowaæ go, to zauwa¿, ¿e zast±pisz oryginalny + plik foo.tex (LyX zapyta ciê czy chcesz zast±piæ go). +\layout Standard + +Je¶li ustawi³e¶ zmienn± +\backslash +use_tempdir na false w swoim pliku lyxrc, wówczas LyX utworzy pliki tymczasowe + w twoim lokalnym katalogu, co oznacza, ¿e Twój oryginalny plik LaTeX mo¿e + zostaæ zast±piony (bez ostrze¿enia ze strony LyX) gdy wykonasz podgl±d + lub wydruk dokumentu LyX-a. +\layout Subsection + +Pliki +\layout Description + + +\emph on +MY_LYXDIR +\emph default +/layouts/*.layout \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +Osobiste pliki uk³adów dokumentów +\layout Description + + +\emph on +MY_LYXDIR +\emph default +/reLyX/syntax.default \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +Osobisty plik sk³adni +\layout Description + + +\emph on +LIBDIR +\emph default +/layouts/*.layout \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +Systemowy pliki uk³adów dokumentów +\layout Description + + +\emph on +LIBDIR +\emph default +/reLyX/syntax.default \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +Systemowy plik sk³adni LaTeX-a +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +LIBDIR +\emph default + jest katalogiem instalacyjnym LyX, czêsto /usr/local/share/lyx/. + +\emph on + MY_LYXDIR +\emph default + jest osobistym katalogiem LyX-a, zwykle nazywa siê .lyx/ i znajduje siê + w Twoim katalogu domowym. +\layout Subsection + +Zobacz tak¿e +\layout Standard + + +\shape italic +lyx +\shape default +(1), +\shape italic +latex +\shape default +(1) +\layout Subsection + +Autorzy +\layout Standard + +Copyright (c) 1998-9 Amir Karger (karger@voth.chem.utah.edu) +\layout Standard + +Wspó³twórcy kodu: +\layout Itemize + +John Weiss napisa³ oryginalny CleanTeX pass. +\layout Itemize + +Etienne Grossmann +\layout Itemize + +Jos\i \'{e} + Ab\i \'{\i} +lio Oliveira Matos +\layout Itemize + +David Suarez de Lis +\layout Standard + +Inni wspó³pracownicy: +\layout Itemize + +Jean-Marc Lasgouttes worked on the wrapper script and offered lots of bug + reports, advice, and feature suggestions. +\layout Itemize + +Asger K. + Alstrup Nielsen i Marc Pavese doradzaj±cy. +\layout Itemize + +Ró¿ni cz³onkowie list dyskusyjnych LyX developers' i users' dostarczaj±cy + raporty o b³êdach i sugerowanie nowych cech. +\layout Standard + +reLyX u¿ywa zmodyfikowanej wersji Perl-owego parsera TeX -- pakiet Text::TeX + napisanego przez Ilya Zakharevich (ilya@math.ohio-state.edu), dostêpnego + na CPAN. +\layout Chapter + +Funkcje LyX-a wymagaj±ce zewnêtrznych programów +\layout Section + +Zastosowanie LyX-a z SGML-Tools (aka LinuxDoc) +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Paul Evans +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +LinuxDoc jest klas± dokumentu dostêpn± w LyX-ie. + Mo¿esz jej u¿yæ do wydania dokumentu zwanego Standardized General Mark-up + Language (SGML) w specyficznym formacie stosowanym w Linux Documentation + Project. + Jest to oczywi¶cie pomoc je¶li wspó³pracujesz przy projekcie. + Mo¿esz u¿yæ formatu SGML z pakietem ( +\family typewriter +sgml-tools +\family default +) skryptów i programów (do tworzenia innych formatów, w³±czaj±c LaTeX, HTML, + zwyk³y tekst, podrêczniki man i \SpecialChar \ldots{} +). + Zatem mo¿esz preferowaæ u¿ycie tej klasy dokumentu je¶li chcesz pisaæ dokumenty + z mo¿liwo¶ci± ³atwego przenoszenia do innych formatów. +\layout Standard + +Klasa LinuxDoc posiada mniej opcji uk³adu ni¿ inne klasy LyX-a. + G³ównie dlatego, ¿e translacja do innego formatu ma wówczas szanse na bardziej + sensownie wykonanie. +\layout Standard + +W tej sekcji opisujemy: +\layout Itemize + +jak skonfigurowaæ i u¿yæ dokument w LinuxDoc +\layout Itemize + +jak u¿ywaæ znaczników LinuxDoc w uk³adzie Twojego dokumentu +\layout Itemize + +jak u¿ywaæ pakietu SGML do tworzenia ró¿nych formatów +\layout Itemize + +how to sort out some problems. +\layout Subsection + +Przygotowanie i u¿ycie dokumentów LinuxDoc +\layout Subsubsection + +Zaczynamy +\layout Standard + +Zaczynamy od wyboru klasy LinuxDoc w oknie +\family sans +Styl Dokumentu +\family default +. + ¦rodowisk jest mniej ni¿ w wielu innych klasach. + Mo¿esz je zobaczyæ na rozwijalnej li¶cie po lewej stronie paska narzêdzi. + Jak je u¿ywaæ opisano w\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:sgmlparas} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Musisz +\emph default + wpisaæ tytu³ dokumentu, a nastêpnie autora, wybieraj±c dla ka¿dego wpisu + odpowiednie ¶rodowisko. + Je¶li tego nie zrobisz, to pojawi± siê b³êdy przy próbie wydruku. + Mo¿esz wpisaæ datê i streszczenie. + W³a¶ciwy dokument powinien zaczynaæ siê ¶rodowiskiem +\family sans +Section +\family default + ni¿ +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Nastêpnie mo¿esz przygotowaæ dokument jak zwykle korzystaj±c ze ¶rodowisk. + Zobacz sekcjê\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:sgmlparas} + +\end_inset + + z pe³n± ich list± i zastosowaniem. +\layout Subsubsection + +Wydruk z LinuxDoc +\layout Standard + +Dokument mo¿esz drukowaæ i zapisywaæ normaln± drog±. + Do u¿ycia innych mo¿liwo¶ci pakietu SGML potrzeba zapisaæ dokument jako + LinuxDoc; to jest format, do którego dokument jest t³umaczony na podstawowy + sgml. + U¿yj polecenia +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +E +\bar default +ksportuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LinuxDoc. + +\family default + Otrzymasz plik o takiej samej nazwie jak dokument z rozszerzeniem +\family typewriter +.sgml +\family default +. + Zobacz w\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:sgmloperate} + +\end_inset + + jak mo¿na wykorzystaæ ten plik. +\layout Subsection + +U¿ycie ¶rodowisk w LinuxDoc +\layout Subsubsection + +Struktura dokumentu LinuxDoc +\layout Standard + +Istnieje formalna struktura dla LinuxDoc która ogranicza umieszczanie znaczników. + Wszystkie dokumenty sk³adaj± siê z dwóch czê¶ci: +\layout Description + +Nag³ówek wszystko co znajduje siê przed znacznikiem pierwszej sekcji. + Mo¿esz wstawiæ tytu³, autora, datê, streszczenie i spis tre¶ci, ale dwa + pierwsze znaczniki s± obowi±zkowe. +\layout Description + +Tre¶æ zaczyna siê od pierwszej sekcji. + Dopuszczalne s± wszystkie inne znaczniki. +\layout Subsubsection + +¦rodowiska LinuxDoc +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:sgmlparas} + +\end_inset + +Tutaj znajduje siê lista wszystkich znaczników, które s± dostêpne z menu + rozwijalnego: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Standard: +\family default + dzia³a jak opisano w [cross reference] +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Title +\family default +: Pojawia siê w lewym górnym rogu drukowanego dokumentu, nad grub± poziom± + lini±, której nie zobaczysz na ekranie LyX-a. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Section, Subsection, Subsubsection, Paragraph +\family default +i +\family sans + Subparagraph: +\family default + wszystko czego mo¿esz siê spodziewaæ w zwyk³ej kolejno¶ci. + Czy tytularia s± numerowane czy nie mo¿esz ustawiæ w +\family sans +G³êboko¶ci rozdzia³ów +\family default + (menu +\family sans +Formatowanie\SpecialChar \menuseparator + Dokument +\family default + zak³adka +\family sans +Inne +\family default +). + Nie mo¿na korzystaæ z nienumerowanych odpowiedników ( +\family sans +Section* +\family default + itp.) poniewa¿ nie istniej±. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enumerate: +\family default + Jak zwykle tworzy numerowane listy ze wciêciem opisu, co opisano w +\emph on +Podrêczniku U¿ytkownika +\emph default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Itemize: +\family default + Wyliczenie podobne jak w innych klasach, zobacz +\emph on +Podrêcznik U¿ytkownika +\emph default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Description +\family default +: Wyja¶niono w +\emph on +Podrêczniku U¿ytkownika +\emph default +. + Pamiêtaj, ¿e je¶li chcesz aby w tytule opisu by³o wiêcej ni¿ jedno s³owo + to musisz je po³±czyæ twardymi spacjami. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Verbatim: +\family default + jak zwykle. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Code: podobnie jak ¶rodowisko LyX-Code +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Author +\family default +: Twój znak, który pojawi siê na lewo od tytu³u dokumentu pod grub± kresk±. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Date: +\family default + Twój znak, który pojawi siê na lewo od tytu³u dokumentu pod grub± kresk±. + You do not have to make this a date. + Mo¿na wstawiæ dowolny tekst, np. + numer wersji. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +: Tworzy oddzielny akapit po autorze i dacie, przed pierwsz± sekcj±. + Dopuszczalny jest tylko jeden akapit. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Uwaga autora. + +\emph default + To trzeba sprawdziæ -- +\emph on +pe. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Displaymath +\family default +: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Uwaga autora: +\emph default + Jeszcze tego nie sprawdzi³em -- +\emph on +pe. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsubsection + +Inne cechy dokumentu +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz tak¿e u¿ywaæ menu +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + do wyboru fontów lub wyró¿nieñ wyrazów. + Tak¿e mo¿esz u¿yæ jak zwykle spis tre¶ci; zobacz odpowiedni± sekcjê w +\emph on +Podrêczniku U¿ytkownika +\emph default +. + Oprócz tego znajdziesz tam trochê funkcji menu, np. + przypisy. + Istniej± drobne w±tpliwo¶ci czy to dzia³a poprawnie +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Author's note: +\emph default +Again still checking to see whether this is my system +\emph on + ---pe. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Odno¶niki i HTML +\layout Standard + +W menu +\family sans + Wstaw +\family default + mo¿esz znale¼æ dwa polecenia do wstawiania adresów URL. + Je¶li u¿yjesz którego¶ z nich, to zauwa¿ysz kod TeX-a wstawiony do dokumentu + w trzech oddzielnych blokach ze spacjami pomiêdzy nimi. + Oto przyk³ad: +\layout Quote + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +htmlurl{ +\family default + lub +\family typewriter + +\backslash +url{ +\family default + +\hfill +space +\family typewriter + +\hfill +}{ +\family default + +\hfill +space +\hfill + +\family typewriter +} +\layout Standard + +Wstaw pe³ny znacznik HTML pomiêdzy pierwszy i drugi blok. + To mo¿e byæ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://any.address} + +\end_inset + + lub inny poprawny znacznik taki jak +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{mailto:me@my.address} + +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +. + +\family default + Mo¿esz wstawiæ opis pomiêdzy drugi i trzeci blok. + Ró¿nice pomiêdzy poleceniami: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +URL: +\family default + w dokumencie pojawi siê znacznik HTML i opis, +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +HTML_URL: +\family default + w drukowanej wersji pojawi siê tylko opis. +\layout Subsection + +U¿ycie skryptu SGML w LinuxDoc +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:sgmloperate} + +\end_inset + +Mo¿esz u¿ywaæ LinuxDoc jako klasy tekstowej bez ¿adnych dodatkowych skryptów + czy programów, ale istnieje niewiele powodów do robienia tego. + Wszystko co bêdziesz u¿ywa³ w dokumencie bêdzie wygl±da³o tak jak +\emph on + Linux Documentation Project Howto +\family sans +\emph default +. + +\family default + Do t³umaczenia dokumentu potrzebujesz zainstalowanego pakietu +\family typewriter +sgml-tools-1.0.x.tar.gz +\family default + (z +\begin_inset Formula $x\geq3$ +\end_inset + +) dostêpnego na stronie www SGML-Tools pod adresem +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pobox.com/~cg/sgmltools} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Alternatywnie, mo¿esz i¶æ do archiwum +\family typewriter + sunsite +\family default + pod adresem +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +Note that, at the time of this writing (01/1998), version 1.0.3 of sgml-tools + has not yet been made available at +\family typewriter +sunsite +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/text/sgml-tools-1.0.x.tar.gz} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Plik +\family typewriter +sgml-tools-1.0.x.tar.gz +\family default + zawiera wszystko co potrzebujesz do pisania dokumentów SGML i konwersji + ich przez groff, LaTeX, HTML, GNU info, LyX i RTF\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Ten pakiet zmieni³ nazwê w styczniu 1997 roku z +\family typewriter +linuxdoc-sgml-1.5.tar.gz +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Zainstaluj i u¿ywaj pakiet zgodnie z instrukcj± w nim zawart±. + Wszystko to musi byæ wykonane poza LyX-em, zanim u¿yjesz polecenia +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under + E +\bar default +ksportuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator + LinuxDoc +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Rozwi±zywanie problemów LinuxDoc +\layout Standard + +Gdy chcesz drukowaæ lub podejrzeæ dokument LinuxDoc wykonywana jest kontrola + znaczników przed uruchomieniem LaTeX. + Some errors are trapped here, especially those concerning the structure + of the document. + LyX mo¿e tworzyæ komunikaty b³êdów, ale nie zostawia w dokumencie znaczników, + które mo¿na otworzyæ. + Musisz zajrzeæ wprost do pliku aby stwierdziæ co jest nie tak. + Wiêkszo¶æ problemów zdaje siê pochodziæ od opcji, które nie s± w pe³ni + dostêpne w tej klasie dokumentu. +\layout Section + +Faksowanie +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Jürgen Vigna +\layout Subsection + +Wysy³anie faksów wprost z LyX-a +\layout Standard + +Przede wszystkim musimy wspomnieæ, ¿e LyX potrafi wysy³aæ faksy pod warunkiem, + ¿e masz zainstalowane i dzia³aj±ce oprogramowanie do wysy³ania faksów (np. + HylaFax, efax, mgetty+sendfax, \SpecialChar \ldots{} +). + LyX pracuje tylko jako graficzny interfejs (front end) do tych programów! +\layout Standard + +W zale¿no¶ci od u¿ywanego oprogramowania faksowego musisz ustawiæ kilka + poleceñ w pliku +\family typewriter + lyxrc +\family default +. + Oto te polecenia: +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +fax_command: +\family default + Tutaj nale¿y podaæ polecenie, które ma wywo³aæ LyX aby wys³aæ faks. + Polecenie powinno byæ zdolne przetworzyæ plik PostScript, wytworzony przez + LyX-a. + £añcuch polecenia mo¿e zawieraæ nastêpuj±ce zmienne: +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +$$Host: +\family default + zastêpuje nazwê zmiennej ¶rodowiska FAX_SERVER +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +$$Comment: +\family default + zastêpuje zawarto¶æ pola komentarz +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +$$Enterprise: +\family default + zastêpuje zawarto¶æ pola Firma +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +$$Name: +\family default + zastêpuje zawarto¶æ pola nazwa +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +$$Phone: +\family default + zastêpuje zawarto¶æ pola numer faksu +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter +$$FName: +\family default + zastêpuje nazwê pliku, który ma zostaæ wys³any +\end_deeper +\layout Paragraph + +Przyk³ady: +\layout Standard + +Przyjmujemy, ¿e nazwa³e¶ plik ,, +\family typewriter +newfile.lyx +\family default +'' i chcia³by¶ wys³aæ go wprost do faksu nie opuszczaj±c LyX-a. + Masz zainstalowane oprogramowanie HylaFax i twoja zmienna ¶rodowiska +\family typewriter + FAX_SERVER +\family default + ma warto¶æ ,, +\family typewriter +faxhost.mydomain +\family default +'' i poda³e¶ te warto¶ci w oknie faksowania: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Fax.\SpecialChar ~ +no: +\family default + +39-2-444666 +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Dest.\SpecialChar ~ +Name: +\family default + Someone +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Enterprise: +\family default + Startrek +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Comment: +\family default + This comment string +\layout Standard + +Z podanymi ni¿ej ustawieniami: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +fax_command +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sendfax -n -h '$$Host' -c '$$Comment' +\layout LyX-Code + +-x '$$Enterprise' -d '$$Name'@'$$Phone' '$$FName' +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +zostanie wykonane polecenie: +\layout LyX-Code + +sendfax -n -h faxhost.mydomain -c 'This comment string' +\layout LyX-Code + +-x 'Startrek' -d 'Someone'@'+39-2-444666' +\layout LyX-Code + +/newfile.ps +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +phone_book: +\family default + Zawiera nazwê pliku ksi±¿ki telefonicznej, któr± mo¿esz utworzyæ w oknie + formularza faksu. + Domy¶ln± warto¶ci± jest +\family typewriter + $HOME/.lyx/phonebook. +\layout Paragraph + +Przyk³ady: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +phone_book myphonebook +\layout Standard + +zapisuje i czyta plik ksi±¿ki telefonicznej z pliku +\family typewriter + $HOME/.lyx/myphonebook +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +phone_book /var/lib/phonebook +\layout Standard + +zapisuje i czyta plik ksi±¿ki telefonicznej +\family typewriter + /var/lib/phonebook +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +fax_program: +\family default + W tym miejscu podajesz program, który LyX wywo³a jako zewnêtrzny program + do wys³ania Twojego faksu (np. + tkhylafax), zamiast wbudowanego formularza faksu. + Dopuszczalna jest tylko zmienna +\family typewriter + $$FName +\family default +. +\layout Paragraph + +Przyk³ady: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +fax_program +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tkhylafax '$$Fname' +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Przy powy¿szych za³o¿eniach zostanie wykonane nastêpuj±ce polecenie: +\layout LyX-Code + +tkhylafax /newfile.ps +\layout Section + +Check TeX +\layout Standard + +by Asger +\noun on + Alstrup +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +W menu +\family sans + Edycja +\family default + mo¿esz znale¼æ polecenie +\family sans + C +\bar under +h +\bar default +eck\SpecialChar ~ +TeX +\family default +. + Ta funkcja LyX-a wymaga posiadania zainstalowanego zewnêtrznego programu +\family typewriter + chktex +\family default + i jest wygaszone je¶li go nie posiadasz. + Mo¿esz go pobraæ z archiwów CTAN lub z +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ifi.uio.no/~jensthi/chktex/} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Pakiet +\family sans + ChkTeX +\family default + jest programem napisanym przez sfrustrowanego +\noun on + Jens T. + Berger Thielemann +\noun default +, poniewa¿ wiele konstrukcji LaTeX-a czasami jest nieintuicyjnych i ³atwych + do zapomnienia. + Program przetwarzaj±c Twój plik LaTeX-a sprawdza integralno¶æ pliku i zaznacza + b³êdy. + W jêzyku technicznym jest to +\family typewriter + Lint +\family default + dla LaTeX-a. +\layout Standard + +Czy CheckTeX jest kontrolerem sk³adni, którego u¿ycie zapewni poprawne pliki + LateX-a? Odpowied¼ jest prosta: Tak jak +\family typewriter + Lint +\family default + nie tylko sprawdza sk³adniê programów w jêzyku C, semantykê, wy³apuje wiele + typowych b³êdów typograficznych. + +\family sans + ChkTeX +\family default + potrafi wykryæ wiele podstawowych b³êdów, takich jak: +\layout Itemize + +Ellipsis detection: +\newline +Use \SpecialChar \ldots{} + instead of ... +\layout Itemize + +No space in front of/after parenthesis: +\newline +( wrong spacing ) +\layout Itemize + +Enforcement of normal space after common abbreviations: +\newline +e. + g. + is too wide spacing. +\layout Itemize + +Enforcement of end-of-sentence space when the last sentence ends with a + capital letter: +\newline +This is a TEST. + And this is wrong spacing. +\layout Itemize + +Space in front of labels and similar commands: +\newline +The label should stick right up to the text to avoid falling to a wrong + page. +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:chktex} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +This footnote is in danger of falling off to a wrong page +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Space in front of references, instead of hard spaces: +\newline +In you are in bad luck, the text will break right between the referenced + text and reference number, and that's a pity. + See section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:chktex} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Use of ,,x'' instead of +\begin_inset Formula $\times$ +\end_inset + + between numbers: +\newline +2x2 looks cheap compared to +\begin_inset Formula $2\times2$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +i inne \SpecialChar \ldots{} + To jest nieocenione narzêdzie gdy ,,zakoñczyli¶my'' pracê nad dokumentem. + Przed wydrukowaniem powinni¶my sprawdziæ obligatoryjnie pisowniê i uruchomiæ + CheckTeX-a. +\layout Subsection + +Jak u¿yæ +\layout Standard + +Je¶li masz zainstalowany program +\family typewriter + checktex +\family default +, po prostu wybierz z menu polecenie +\family sans +\bar under + E +\bar default +dycja\SpecialChar \menuseparator + C +\bar under +h +\bar default +eck TeX +\family default +. + To spowoduje utworzenie pliku LaTeX-a na podstawie Twojego dokumentu, sprawdzen +ie go przez +\family sans + CheckTeX +\family default + i wstawienie ,,okienek b³êdów'' do dokumentu z ostrze¿eniami +\family sans + CheckTeX +\family default +, je¶li jakie¶ znalaz³. + Ostrze¿enia zostan± umieszczone blisko miejsca wyst±pienia b³êdu, które + mo¿esz szybko odnale¼æ za pomoc± polecenia z menu +\family sans +\bar under + N +\bar default +awigacja\SpecialChar \menuseparator + B³±d +\family default + lub za pomoc± skótu klawiszowego +\family sans + C-g +\family default + w domy¶lnym pliku bind +\family typewriter +cua +\family default +. + Okienko b³êdu otwiera siê przez klikniêcie na nim myszk± lub domy¶lnym + skrótem +\family sans + C-i +\family default + albo skrótem z pliku bind +\family typewriter + emacs +\family sans + C-o +\family default +. + Przeczytaj uwagi i popraw b³êdy je¶li s±. + Je¶li masz k³opoty ze zrozumieniem co oznaczaj± ostrze¿enia, mo¿esz spokojnie + je zignorowaæ. + Remember that there is a hidden layer between the document on screen and + the technical details in invoking +\family sans + CheckTeX +\family default +, and this gap can make some warnings seem arcane or just right down plain + silly. +\layout Standard + +This document is an excellent testing bed for the feature, and it should + provide quite a few warnings for you to fiddle with. + Since computers are only so smart, expect most of the warnings to be false + alarms, though. +\layout Subsection + +Jak dopasowaæ +\layout Standard + +Sometimes, you'll find that +\family sans +ChkTeX +\family default + makes more noise than suits your mood. + Then you can choose not to use it, wait until your mood changes, or try + to customize +\family sans +ChkTeX +\family default + to get better along with you. + Another choice in the most desperate situations is to use +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dycja\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +suñ wszystkie okienka b³êdów +\family default +, which will get rid of all warnings instantly. +\layout Standard + +Mimo to +\family sans +ChkTeX +\family default +\emph on + jest +\emph default + bardzo konfigurowalny i extensible, nie powiniene¶ spodziewaæ siê rozwi±zania + wszystkich problemów przez +\family sans +ChkTeX +\family default + w LyX-ie t± drog±. + Since LyX has to generate a somewhat special LaTeX file to be able to match + the line numbers from +\family sans +ChkTeX +\family default + output +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +You can inspect the specific output from +\family sans +chktex +\family default + by using +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +View\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +Log +\family default + right after a +\family sans +chktex +\family default + run. +\end_inset + + to appear correctly. + S± dwie rzeczy, które mo¿esz wykonaæ : +\layout Itemize + +Dopasuj polecenia wywo³ania +\family sans +ChkTeX +\family default + w swoim pliku +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + lub w globalnym pliku konfiguracyjnym instalacji +\family sans +ChkTeX +\family default + (zwykle jest to plik +\family typewriter +/usr/local/share/chktexrc +\family default +). + Zobacz poni¿ej jak mo¿na w³±czaæ i wy³±czaæ ostrze¿enia w wierszu poleceñ. +\layout Itemize + +Wyeksportuj swoj dokument do LaTeX-a za pomoc± polecenia +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +E +\bar default +ksportuj\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX +\family default + i uruchom +\family typewriter +chktex +\family default + rêcznie. + Invoked in this way, it can be a hassle to find the corresponding place + in the document inside LyX, but with a little patience, you should be able + to do it. +\layout Standard + +Poni¿sze komunikaty ostrze¿eñ mog± byæ aktywowane lub wy³±czone za pomoc± + odpowiednich wpisów w dyrektywie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +chktex_command +\family default + w Twoim pliku +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. + U¿yj +\family typewriter +-n# +\family default + aby wy³±czyæ ostrze¿enie i +\family typewriter +-w# +\family default + aby je uaktywniæ. + Ostrze¿enia napisane kursyw± s± domy¶lnie wy³±czone, przez domy¶lny wpis + w dyrektywie " +\family typewriter +chktex -n1 -n3 -n6 -n9 -n22 -n25 -n30 -n38 +\family default +". +\layout Standard + +Notice that you should only use the options that enable and disable warnings, + because LyX relies on some of the other command line parameters to be set + in a specific way to have a chance to communicate with +\family typewriter +chktex +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +\emph on +Command terminated with space. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Non-breaking space (,, +\family typewriter +~ +\family default +'') should have been used. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +\emph on +You should enclose the previous parenthesis with ,, +\family typewriter +{} +\family default +''. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Italic correction (,, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +/ +\family default +'') found in non-italic buffer. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Italic correction (,, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +/ +\family default +'') found more than once. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +\emph on +No italic correction (,, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +/ +\family default +'') found. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Accent command ,, +\family typewriter +cmd +\family default +'' needs use of ,, +\family typewriter +cmd +\family default +''. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Wrong length of dash may have been used. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +\emph on +,, +\family typewriter +%s +\family default +'' expected, found ,, +\family typewriter +%s +\family default +''. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Solo ,, +\family typewriter +%s +\family default +'' found. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +You should use ,, +\family typewriter +%s +\family default +'' to achieve an ellipsis. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Inter-word spacing (,, +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default +'') should perhaps be used. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Inter-sentence spacing (,, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +@ +\family default +'') should perhaps be used. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Could not find argument for command. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +No match found for ,, +\family typewriter +%s +\family default +''. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Math mode still on at end of LaTeX file. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Number of ,, +\family typewriter +char +\family default +'' doesn't match the number of ,, +\family typewriter +char +\family default +''. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +You should use either +\family typewriter + ,, +\family default + or +\family typewriter + '' +\family default + as an alternative to ,, +\family typewriter +" +\family default +''. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +You should use ,, +\family typewriter +' +\family default +'' (ASCII 39) instead of ,, +\family typewriter +´ +\family default +'' (ASCII 180). +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +User-specified pattern found. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +This command might not be intended. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +\emph on +Comment displayed. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Either +\family typewriter + '' +\backslash +,' +\family default + or +\family typewriter + ' +\backslash +,'' +\family default + will look better. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Delete this space to maintain correct page references. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +\emph on +You might wish to put this between a pair of ,, +\family typewriter +{} +\family default +''. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +You ought to remove spaces in front of punctuation. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Could not execute LaTeX command. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Don't use +\family typewriter + +\backslash +/ +\family default + in front of small punctuation. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +\size small +$ +\backslash +times$ +\family default + may look prettier here. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +\emph on +Multiple spaces detected in output. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +This text may be ignored. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Use +\family typewriter + ,, +\family default + to begin quotation, not +\family typewriter + +\family default +'. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Use +\family typewriter + ' +\family default + to end quotation, not +\family typewriter + '' +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Don't mix quotes. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +You should perhaps use ,, +\family typewriter +cmd +\family default +'' instead. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +You should put a space in front of/after parenthesis. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +You should avoid spaces in front of/after parenthesis. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +\emph on +You should not use punctuation in front of/after quotes. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +Double space found. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +You should put punctuation outside inner/inside display math mode. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +You ought to not use primitive TeX in LaTeX code. +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +You should remove spaces in front of ,, +\family typewriter +%s +\family default +'' +\layout Enumerate + + +\size small +,, +\family typewriter +%s +\family default +'' is normally not followed by ,, +\family typewriter +%c +\family default +''. +\layout Standard + +Mam nadziejê, ¿e w nastêpnych wersjach LyX-a dostarczymy bardziej kompletny + interfejs dla tego narzêdzia (i jego mniejszego kuzyna +\family typewriter + lacheck +\family default +) dla wykorzystania jego pe³nych mo¿liwo¶ci. + But it's not exactly useless as it is now: go try it on one of your existing + documents of a certain length and be surprised. +\layout Section + +Kontrola wersji (RCS) w LyX +\layout Standard + +by +\noun on + Lars Gullik Bjønnes +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +Moi przyjaciele chcieli u¿yæ LyX-a do projektu grupowego. + Gdy nie znale¼li obs³ugi kontroli wersji ani blokowania plików, porzucili + ten pomys³. + To na tyle mnie zirytowa³o, ¿e postanowi³em zrobiæ obs³ugê dla RCS (z mo¿liwo¶c +i± obs³ugi CVS i/lub SCCS jako przysz³o¶ciowe ulepszenie). + To ju¿ zosta³o zrobione i teraz LyX obs³uguje najbardziej podstawowe polecenia + RCS. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li potrzebujesz zrobiæ co¶ bardziej wyszukanego to bêdziesz musia³ zrobiæ + to rêcznie w terminalu xterm. +\layout Standard + +Zanim zaczniesz u¿ywaæ kontroli wersji w LyX-ie powiniene¶ wpierw przeczytaæ +\emph on + rcsintro +\emph default + (plik man: +\family typewriter + man rcsintro +\family default +). + W tym pliku s± opisane wszystkie podstawowe funkcje RCS. + Powiniene¶ zwróciæ szczególn± uwagê na katalog RCS oraz na plik g³ówny + RCS (zakoñczony v) +\layout Standard + +W LyX-ie dokonano implementacji dla ostatniej wersji pakietu GNU RCS -- + nie gwarantujemy wykonania dla starszych wersji. +\layout Subsection + +Polecenia RCS w LyX +\layout Standard + +W dalszych sekcjach opisano polecenia RCS obs³ugiwane przez LyX-a. + Mo¿esz je znale¼æ w menu +\family sans +\bar under + P +\bar default +lik\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +K +\bar default +ontrola wersji +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Rejestruj +\layout Standard + +Je¶li dokument nie jest objêty kontrol± wersji, to wy¶wietlone jest tylko + to polecenie menu. + A je¶li dokument jest objêty kontrol± wersji, to te polecenie jest wy³±czone. +\layout Standard + +To polecenie rejestruje dokument w RCS. + Zostaniesz zapytany o pocz±tkowy opis dokumentu. + Dokument jest teraz w trybie TylkoDoOdczytu i aby dokonaæ jego edycji musisz + wybraæ polecenie +\family sans + Odblokuj i edytuj +\family default +. + Dokument objêty kontrol± wersji ma oznaczenie w buforze: [RCS: + ]. +\layout Standard + +Polecenie RCS: +\family typewriter +ci -q -u -i -t-"" +\layout Standard + +Przeczytaj +\family typewriter + man ci +\family default + aby poznaæ parametry wywo³ania polecenia. +\layout Subsubsection + +Zwolnij +\layout Standard + +Gdy skoñczy³e¶ edycjê pliku wprowad¼ zmianê do RCS. + Gdy to zrobisz, zostaniesz zapytany o opis zmian, który zostanie zapisany + w historii dokumentu. + Numer wersji zostanie zwiêkszony, a twoje zmiany dopisane do g³ównego pliku + RCS. + Dokument jest odblokowany i ustawiony w tryb TylkoDoOdczytu. +\layout Standard + +Polecenie RCS: +\family typewriter +ci -q -u -m"" +\layout Subsubsection + +Zablokuj i edytuj +\layout Standard + +Za pomoc± tego polecenia blokujemy dokument dla siebie i mo¿emy go edytowaæ. + Polecenie ustawia plik w tryb ZapisOdczyt tylko dla Ciebie. + Mo¿esz kontynuowaæ edycjê do czasu, a¿ do wydania polecenia +\family sans + Zwolnij +\family default +. + W wierszu statusowym zaznaczone jest ¿e plik zosta³ zablokowany. +\layout Standard + +Polecenie RCS: +\family typewriter +co -q -l +\layout Subsubsection + +Wróæ do ostatniej wersji +\layout Standard + +Polecenie usuwa wszystkie wprowadzone zmiany do dokumentu od czasu ostatniej + rewizji (zwolnienia). + Zostaniesz przedtem ostrze¿ony. +\layout Standard + +RCS command:is +\family typewriter +co -f -u +\layout Subsubsection + +Usuñ ostatnio wprowadzone zmiany +\layout Standard + +Wynikiem polecenia jest jak gdyby ostatnia rewizja siê nie zdarzy³a. + W dokumencie LyX-a nie s± dokonywane ¿adne zmiany, ale ostatnia wersja + jest usuwana z g³ównego pliku RCS. +\layout Standard + +RCS command: +\family typewriter +rcs -o +\family default +umum +\layout Subsubsection + +Poka¿ historiê zmian +\layout Standard + +Polecenie wy¶wietla pe³n± historiê dokumentu. + Wy¶wietlony zostaje +\family typewriter + rlog +\family default + w przegl±darce. + Przeczytaj man +\family typewriter + rlog +\family default + aby poznaæ wiêcej informacji. +\layout Section + +Literate Programming +\layout Standard + +By +\noun on + Edmar Wienskoski Jr. + +\noun default + (edmar-w-jr@technologist.com) +\layout Subsection + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Standard + +The main purpose of this documentation is to show you how to use LyX for + literate programming. + Where it is assumed that you are familiar with this programming technique, + and know what +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tangling +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +weaving +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means. + If that is not the case, please follow the web links provided in the following + sections. + There is a lot of good documentation out there covering old development + history to the latest tools tips. +\layout Standard + +It is also assumed that you are familiar with LyX itself to a point that + you are comfortable changing your +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + file, and X resources file. + If that is not the case please refer to other LyX documentation to cover + your specific needs. +\layout Subsection + +Literate Programming +\layout Standard + +From the Literate Programming FAQ : +\layout Quotation + +Literate programming is the combination of documentation and source together + in a fashion suited for reading by human beings. + In fact, literate programs should be enjoyable reading, even inviting! + (Sorry Bob, I couldn't resist!) In general, literate programs combine source + and documentation in a single file. + Literate programming tools then parse the file to produce either readable + documentation or compilable source. + The WEB style of literate programming was created by D.E. + Knuth during the development of his TeX typesetting software. +\layout Standard + +Another excerpt says: +\layout Quotation + + +\emph on +How is literate programming different from verbose commenting? +\layout Quotation + +There are three distinguishing characteristics. + In order of importance, they are: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +flexible order of elaboration +\layout Itemize + +automatic support for browsing +\layout Itemize + +typeset documentation, especially diagrams and mathematics +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Now that I sparked your curiosity, take a look in the references. +\layout Subsubsection + +References +\layout Standard + +The complete Literate Programming FAQ can be found at: +\layout Quote + +http://shelob.ce.ttu.edu/daves/faq.html +\layout Standard + +The FAQ lists 23 (twenty three !) different literate programming tools. + Where some are specialized or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tailored +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for particular programming languages, while other have general scope. + I selected +\noun on +Noweb +\noun default + for my own use for several reasons: +\layout Itemize + +It can generate the documentation either in latex or html. +\layout Itemize + +It has a open architecture, i.e., it is easy to plug in new filters and to + perform special processing that you may need. +\layout Itemize + +There is a good selection of filters available already (the html is one + of them). +\layout Itemize + +It is free. +\layout Standard + +The Noweb web page can be found at: +\layout Quote + +http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~nr/noweb +\layout Standard + +Starting from there you can reach many other interesting links and even + some literate program examples. +\layout Subsection + +LyX and Literate Programming +\layout Standard + +Some changes to LyX were required to enable it to interact with Noweb. + Those changes were rather simple, and were done in a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Noweb independent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + way, i.e., I expect that you will be able to use this new LyX feature with + some other literate programming tool of your choice by just re-configuring + your lyxrc file. +\layout Subsubsection + +Generowanie dokumentów i kodu (weaving and tangling) +\layout Paragraph + +Wybor klasy dokumentu +\layout Standard + +If you have installed Noweb and LyX successfully, whenever you open a new + document or try to change the document class of an existing one, you will + find that there are three new document classes available: +\layout Itemize + +Article (Noweb) +\layout Itemize + +Book (Noweb) +\layout Itemize + +Report (Noweb) +\layout Standard + +You must select one of them to create your literate documents from. +\layout Standard + +Note that literate documents are not limited to these three classes. + New classes can be generated from other styles like letter or in combination + with other class variations like Article (AMS). + I have limited the choice to these three because I didn't want to clog + the list of options with all possible variations. + If you have special needs that cannot be covered by one of the existing + classes, let me know and I will arrange to insert a new entry, or teach + you how to do it. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +It is very simple, it involves the creation of a file with four lines, and + re-running of the auto configuration. +\end_inset + + a new set of document classes for it. +\layout Paragraph + +Wpisywanie kodu +\layout Standard + +LyX enables you to write code with a layout named +\noun on +Scrap +\noun default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +The equivalent Noweb term is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Chunk +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + For historical reasons, I got used to the term +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +scrap +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + introduced by other literate tool named Nuweb, which I used for many years + before rendering myself to Noweb. +\end_inset + + +\layout LyX-Code + +<>= +\layout LyX-Code + + code +\layout LyX-Code + + more code +\layout LyX-Code + + even more code +\layout LyX-Code + + @ +\layout Standard + +The problem is that whatever is written in between the << and the +\family typewriter +@ +\family default + must be taken literally, i.e., LyX should be prevented from making any special + interpretation of what has been written. + For that reason, I defined a new layout named Scrap, that works like a + LaTeX paragraph but has a free spacing capability. + In other words, it is a combination of the LaTeX and the LyX-Code layouts. +\layout Standard + +The down side of this +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +semi-hack +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is that consecutive paragraphs of code will be spaced with one empty line + in the source code and also in the printed documentation. + Of course I don't want this. + The work around is to enter each line of code within a single Scrap, with + a newline (ctrl-return). + The example above will look like this: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +If you have a printed version of this document you will not see any difference + between the previous example and this one. +\end_inset + +<>= +\newline + code +\newline + more code +\newline + even more code +\newline + @ +\layout Standard + +This layout works fine. + The only real inconvenience is that you have to type ctrl-return instead + of a plain return. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +It is in my list of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +improvements +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to fix that. +\end_inset + +e to enter a blank character. + I believe these problems are a small price to pay for the benefits LyX + brings to you for typing, compiling, and debugging your literate program. +\layout Paragraph + +Generowanie dokumentacji +\layout Standard + +At this point you already have a new document file with a proper document + class, and with some code and text on it. + How do I print it ? The answer is simple, you select ,,Update dvi'' or + ,,Update PostScript'' or ,,View dvi'', etc. + Just like you would do for a plain document. + No special procedure is required. +\layout Standard + +To help orientate you, I will now explain what happens inside LyX: +\layout Enumerate + +When the ,,Update dvi'' menu option is chosen, a latex file is generated. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +If the document is of any literate class the generated file will be named + with an extension name defined by +\family typewriter + +\backslash +literate_extension +\family default +, otherwise the file will have the usual +\family typewriter + .tex +\family default + extension. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Note that the only difference so far is in the name of the file, no special + processing is required by LyX. + Given that you formatted the code using the Scrap layout that, by itself, + takes care of the business. +\layout Enumerate + +If the document is of any literate class LyX will execute: +\begin_deeper +\layout LyX-Code + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\backslash +literate_command +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + < +\emph on +filename +\emph default + > +\emph on + filename +\emph default +.out +\layout LyX-Code + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\backslash +literate_error_filter +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + < +\emph on +filename +\emph default +.out > +\emph on +filename +\emph default +.log +\layout Standard + +Otherwise it will just skip this step. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Finally, LaTeX is invoked and the regular post processing continues as in + a plain document. +\layout Standard + +The purpose of the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +literate_command +\family default +is to transform the newly created +\family typewriter +.nw +\family default +file into a +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + file. +\layout Standard + +The purpose of the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +literate_error_filter +\family default + command is to help LyX display error boxes when the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +literate_command +\family default + reports any errors. + This filter can be a C program, a script, or any thing you want. + Its job is to identify error messages from your literate tool, in our case + Noweb, and convert them to a common format that LyX understands. + A separate document, +\family typewriter +Literate.lyx +\family default +, in the examples directory (accessed with the +\family sans +Examples +\family default + button in the file popup), has a literate C program that can be used to + parse Noweb error messages. + This scheme introduces one more command for the user to configure, but + has the advantage of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +literate tool +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + independence. + Moreover, if you don't bother to set it, you can still use the system, + you just loose the ability to have a nice display and interaction with + the error messages. +\layout Paragraph + +Generowanie kodu +\layout Standard + +When the ,,Build Program'' File menu option is chosen or the corresponding + button in the toolbar is pressed, a latex file with extension +\family typewriter + +\backslash +literate_extension +\family default + is generated just like step 1 above. + Then LyX invokes +\family typewriter + +\backslash +build_command +\family default + to generate the code and +\family typewriter + +\backslash +build_error_filter +\family default + to process the compilation error messages, as in step 3 above. +\layout Standard + +Note that no special processing is required from LyX. +\layout Standard + +Also note that I am assuming that you are familiar with Noweb. + In this case you will know what to do to get an executable file starting + from a noweb file ( +\family typewriter +.nw +\family default + extension). + It is likely that you will create a makefile for that purpose. + For that reason, after LyX creates the noweb file, it invokes the command + defined by +\family typewriter + +\backslash +build_program +\family default +, with a default of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +make +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + In case you want to process your literate file with a script, or some other + program, just insert in your lyxrc file an entry with: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +build_command +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +my_script my_arguments +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The +\family typewriter + +\backslash +build_error_filter +\family default + differs from the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +literate_error_filter +\family default + only in that the former will identify error messages from your compiler. + The same example program mentioned before can also parse gcc, or xlc error + messages. + If you have a different compiler you may want to change this program or + create a new one. + Again, the same comments from the previous section are valid here: this + is optional, you can skip it if you can afford to loose the LyX error handling + feature. +\layout Standard + +In summary, the ,,Build Program'' internal function sequence is pretty much + like the ,,Update dvi'' one but involving different commands. + See schematic: +\layout LyX-Code + +,,Update dvi'' -> generate .tex +\layout LyX-Code + + -> invoke -> show latex errors +\layout LyX-Code + +on plain doc file +\backslash +latex +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout LyX-Code + +,,Update dvi'' -> generate same -> invoke +\layout LyX-Code + + -> invoke -> show latex errors +\layout LyX-Code + +on literate doc file with .nw +\backslash +literate_command +\backslash + +\backslash +latex +\layout LyX-Code + + extension +\backslash +_______ -> show literate errors +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout LyX-Code + +,,Build Program'' -> generate same -> invoke +\layout LyX-Code + + -> show compilation error +\layout LyX-Code + +on literate doc file with .nw +\backslash +build_command +\layout LyX-Code + + extension ( make ) +\layout Subsubsection + +Konfiguracja LyXa +\layout Standard + +There are five new controls that you can put in your lyxrc file: +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +literate_command +\family default + specifies which literate tool you are going to use. + During normal LyX configuration, the auto configuration script will try + to find the noweb package for you. + If the search is successful, the default value for this control is set + to: +\begin_deeper +\layout LyX-Code + +noweave -delay -index +\layout Standard + +Otherwise the default value is set to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +none +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +literate_extension +\family default + specifies the filename extension to be used for literate documents. + Some literate tools requires specific file extension names. + The default is set during configuration as either +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +.nw +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +none +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, depending on whether the auto configuration found the noweb package or + not. +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +build_command +\family default + defaults to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +make +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + You need to create a makefile to do the tangling, compilation, etc. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Another way is to maintain the makefile or building script itself as part + of the document. + That way every project can be compiled with the same command line: +\layout LyX-Code + +notangle -Rbuild-script +\emph on +filename +\emph default +.nw | sh +\layout Standard + +To use this scheme, create a script named +\family typewriter +project-build +\family default + that executes the command above: +\layout LyX-Code + +#!/bin/sh +\layout LyX-Code + +notangle -Rbuild-script $1 | sh +\layout Standard + +Finally set LyX to execute the +\family typewriter +project-build +\family default + script: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +build_command project-build +\layout Standard + +Every time you start a new project, define a scrap with name +\family typewriter +build-script +\family default + that will do the compilation for that project. + Whenever you select +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Build Program +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, LyX will extract that scrap ( +\family typewriter +notangle -Rbuild-script... +\family default +) and execute it ( +\family typewriter +...|sh +\family default +). +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +literate_error_filter +\family default + defaults to ,,cat''. + If you compile the program given in +\family typewriter +Literate_example.lyx +\family default +, you can set: +\begin_deeper +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +literate_error_filter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +listerrors n +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +to process Noweb(noweave) error messages +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +build_error_filter +\family default + defaults to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cat +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If you compile the program given in +\family typewriter +Literate_example.lyx +\family default +, you can set: +\begin_deeper +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +build_error_filter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +listerrors b +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +to process both Noweb(notangle) error messages and gcc error messages. +\end_deeper +\layout Subsubsection + +Rozszerzenia diagnostyczne +\layout Standard + +There is also a new function implemented in the LyX server, the ,,server-goto-fi +le-row'' function, to be used with ddd/gdb or other debugger. +\layout Standard + +When debugging code with ddd/gdb, it is possible to invoke a text editor + at the current execution position with a single key stroke. + The default ddd configuration for that is shift-ctrl-V. + It happens that you can define the editor command line invocation in ddd + by accessing the edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +helpers window and changing the ,,Edit + Sources'' entry. +\layout Standard + +I take advantage of the new created LyX server function and this ddd feature, + and set +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Edit Sources +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to: +\layout Quote + +echo "LYXCMD:monitor:server-goto-file-row:@FILE@ @LINE@" >~/.lyxpipe.in +\layout Standard + +With this, whenever you are using ddd and find a point in the program that + you want to edit, you just press shift-ctrl-V (in the ddd window), and + ddd you forward this information to LyX through the LyX server and then + the LyX window will show the same file with the cursor at the same position + ddd was pointing to. + No more guessing or long scrolling to locate a point in the program back + from debugging ! +\layout Standard + +Note however that you must enable the LyX server to get this feature working + (it is disabled by default). + To enable it, insert in your lyxrc file: +\layout Quote + + +\backslash +serverpipe "/home//.lyxpipe" +\layout Standard + +Read the LyX server documentation for further information. +\layout Subsubsection + +Rozszerzenia paska narzêdzi +\layout Standard + +I created six new buttons that can be added to your LyX toolbar. + Five of these buttons are short cuts to layout styles: Standard, Section, + LaTeX, LyX-Code, and Scrap. + I created those because they are the ones I use most and I was tired of + scrolling the layout menu looking for the one I wanted. + The last one is a short cut to the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Build Program +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + File menu entry. +\layout Standard + +LyX has a range of buttons that are available for tool bar customization. + In my toolbar I like to combine the six short cuts above with two more: + One for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Update dvi +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and the other for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +View dvi +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + File menu entries. + Here is how it looks like: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +begin_toolbar +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +layouts +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +add layout Standard +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +add layout Section +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +add layout LaTeX +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +add layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +add layout Scrap +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +separator +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +add buffer-view +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +add buffer-typeset +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +add build-program +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +separator +\layout LyX-Code + +. +\layout LyX-Code + +. +\layout LyX-Code + +. +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +end_toolbar +\layout Subsubsection + +Dopasowanie kolorów +\layout Standard + +There are a number of colors in LyX that can be customized. + For each one there are two ways to do it: either by inserting a line in + your X resource files, or by adding a flag in the LyX command line. +\layout Standard + +One of the things that bothers people is the LaTeX font color. + The default color is red, since the scraps uses LaTeX font, and there is + a lot of scraps in literate documents, you may get tired of seeing everything + in red. + Example: +\layout Itemize + +In the X resource file: +\begin_deeper +\layout Quote + +lyx*LatexColor: gold +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +In the command line: +\begin_deeper +\layout Quote + +lyx -LatexColor gold +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +The next thing is the visible presence of the newline character in the screen. + You can choose the color of this particular character and make it blend + in the background. + I recommend you choosing a color that is close to the background but not + equal, that way you still can see it is there, but it is not bothering + you anymore. + Example: +\layout Itemize + +In the X resource file: +\begin_deeper +\layout Quote + +lyx*BackgroundColor: gray20 +\layout Quote + +lyx*NewLineColor: gray35 +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +In the command line: +\begin_deeper +\layout Quote + +lyx -BackgroundColor gray20 -NewLineColor gray35 +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +If you don't like a bright clear background burning your eyes all day long, + you can reverse background and foreground colors with this: +\layout Itemize + +In the X resource file: +\begin_deeper +\layout Quote + +lyx*Reverse: 1 +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +In the command line: +\begin_deeper +\layout Quote + +lyx -Reverse 1 +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +The problem with all those color alterations is that you may need to change + other colors as well to ensure that math, inset, etc, are +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +normal +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + with respect to the rest. + The following is the selection I use in my own X resource file. + It is just a suggestion. + I encourage you to try to find the color set that work best for you. +\layout LyX-Code + +lyx*Reverse: 1 +\layout LyX-Code + +lyx*MathColor: green +\layout LyX-Code + +lyx*LatexColor: gold +\layout LyX-Code + +lyx*OnOffLineColor: magenta +\layout LyX-Code + +lyx*InsetColor: yellow +\layout LyX-Code + +lyx*LightedColor: gray50 +\layout LyX-Code + +lyx*NewLineColor: gray35 +\layout LyX-Code + +lyx*BackgroundColor: gray20 +\layout Chapter + +Sekrety LaTeX-a +\layout Standard + +Mimo ¿e LyX jest silnym narzêdziem, to nie mo¿na mieæ nadziei na obs³ugê + wszystkiego co zosta³o zrobione dla TeX-a/LaTeX-a. + Jednak wiele tricków TeX-a i LaTeX-a mo¿e byæ wykonane w LyX-ie, je¶li + nie obawiasz siê u¿yæ przycisku ,,TeX'' z paska narzêdzi lub dokonywaæ + wpisów w preambule LaTeX-a (w menu +\bar under + U +\family sans +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family default +P +\family sans +reambu³a +\bar under + L +\bar default +aTeX +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +W tym rozdziale opisano kilka sposobów i pomys³ów, aby Twoje dokumenty by³y + trochê sprytniejsze. + Wypróbuj je w domu i zacznij od czego¶ ma³ego i mniej wa¿nego. +\layout Standard + +Wiêkszo¶æ pomys³ów tego rozdzia³u wymaga mniej podstawowych plików w Twojej + instalacji LaTeX-a. + Je¶li masz system taki jak teTeX, wiêkszo¶æ bêdzie ju¿ dostêpnych. + Kilka jednak bêdzie trzeba ¶ci±gn±æ z archiwów CTAN. + Czêsto istnieje kilka dróg do wykonania tego samego lub kilka plików stylów + LaTeX-a które robi± te same rzeczy. + Nie chcemy przedk³adaæ jednego pakietu nad inne, po prostu chcemy wykonaæ + okre¶lone zadanie za pomoc± okre¶lonego pliku. +\layout Section + +Triki w przypisach i marginaliach +\layout Standard + +suggested by Robin +\noun on + Socha +\layout Subsection + +Przypisy +\layout Standard + +LyX jeszcze nie potrafi ustawiæ numeracji przypisów z powrotem od 1 po ka¿dej + sekcji w klasie dokumentu ,,article'' lub zmianie stylu licznika. + Aby to osi±gn±æ bêdziesz potrzebowa³ nastêpuj±cych poleceñ LaTeX-a: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +setcounter{footnote}{0} +\end_inset + +Polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +setcounter{footnote}{0} +\family default +ustawi licznik z powrotem na 1 +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Licznik zosta³ ustawiony na 1. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Nastêpuj±ce polecenie zmienia numeracjê przypisów na numerowanie ma³ymi + literami. + Zobacz w podgl±dzie jak to wygl±da. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +thefootnote}{ +\backslash +alph{footnote}} +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +To jest przyk³ad przypisu numerowanego alfabetycznie. +\newline +U¿yj +\family typewriter + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +thefootnote { +\backslash +alph{footnote}} +\family default +aby to uzyskaæ. +\end_inset + + Nastêpne polecenie ustawia styl licznika z powrotem na domy¶lny, np. + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +arabic +\family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +renewcommand { +\backslash +thefootnote} { +\backslash +arabic{footnote}} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +U¿yj +\family typewriter + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +thefootnote}{ +\backslash +arabic{footnote}} +\family default +aby przywróciæ styl licznika na domy¶lny -- numeryczny +\backslash +arabic. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz u¿ywaæ +\family typewriter + +\backslash +arabic +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +roman +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +Roman +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alph +\family default + lub +\family typewriter + +\backslash +Alph +\family default + i innych stylów liczników. +\layout Subsection + +Marginalia +\layout Standard + +Tutaj znajduj± siê dwa przyk³ady jak wstawiæ marginalia przy u¿yciu poleceñ + LaTeX-a +\layout Standard + +Nastêpuj±ce polecenie utworzy poziom± liniê pojawiaj±c± obok tekstu: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +marginpar{ +\backslash +rule[-10mm]{30mm}{5mm}} +\family default +. +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +marginpar{ +\backslash +rule[-10mm]{30mm}{5mm}} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Zobacz na wydruku co robi nastêpuj±ce polecenie. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +reversemarginpar +\end_inset + + Right -- wstawi notkê marginesow± na ,,z³ej'' stronie dwustronnego dokumentu. +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\backslash +reverse +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +- +\end_inset + +marginpar +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Sk³ad wieloszpaltowy +\layout Standard + +by Lars +\noun on + Gullik Bjønnes +\layout Subsection + +Zastosowanie +\layout Standard + +Celem tej sekcji +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Przypis edytora: Oryginalny rozdzia³ Lars'a by³ pe³nym opisem zastosowania + pakietu +\family typewriter + multicol +\family default +. + jednak by³ on zbyt d³ugi do w³±czenia go do tego dokumentu. + Dlatego wybra³em najwa¿niejsze tematy (przepraszam Lars); mo¿esz przeczytaæ + oryginalny rozdzia³ w przyk³adowym pliku +\family typewriter + examples/multicol.lyx +\family default +. + --- mer +\end_inset + + jest przedstawienie jak mo¿na u¿yæ LaTeX-owy pakiet +\family typewriter + multicol +\family default + w dokumencie LyX-a. +\layout Standard + +LyX jako taki jeszcze nie obs³uguje pakietu +\family typewriter + multicol +\family default + natywnie, ale mamy na to swój sposób. + Po przeczytaniu tej sekcji powiniene¶ umieæ go wykorzystaæ. +\layout Subsection + +Ograniczenia +\layout Standard + +Pakiet +\family typewriter + multicol +\family default + pozwala na prze³±czanie pomiêdzy jedn± a wieloma szpaltami na jednej stronie. + Przypisy s± obs³ugiwane poprawnie (w wiêkszej czê¶ci), ale zostan± umieszczone + u do³u strony i nie pod odpowiedni± kolumn±. + LaTeX-owy mechanizm wstawek jest czê¶ciowo zablokowany w aktualnej implementacj +i. + Od tego momentu tylko wstawki o szeroko¶ci strony mog± byæ u¿ywane wewn±trz + wspomnianego ¶rodowiska. +\layout Subsection + +Przyk³ady +\layout Subsubsection + +Dwie szpalty +\layout Standard + +Je¶li chcesz mieæ dwie szpalty w tek¶cie, u trybie LaTeX-a wstaw polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{multicols}{2} +\family default + w miejscu, od którego chcesz zacz±æ dwie szpalty i wstaw polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{multicols} +\family default + w miejscu, gdzie chcesz je zakoñczyæ. + Oto przyk³ad: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{multicols}{2} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\noindent + +\series bold +\size small +The Adventure of the Empty House +\series default + +\newline +by +\noun on + Sir Arthur Conan Doyle +\layout Standard + + +\size small +It was in the spring of the year 1894 that all London was interested, and + the fashionable world dismayed, by the murder of the Honourable Ronald + Adair under most unusual and inexplicable circumstances. + The public has already learned those particulars of the crime which came + out in the police investigation, but a good deal was suppressed upon that + occasion, since the case for the prosecution was so overwhelmingly strong + that it was not necessary to bring forward all the facts. + Only now, at the end of nearly ten years, am I allowed to supply those + missing links which make up the whole of that remarkable chain. + The crime was of interest in itself, but that interest was as nothing to + me compared to the inconceivable sequel, which afforded me the greatest + shock and surprise of any event in my adventurous life. + +\layout Standard + + +\size small +Even now, after this long interval, I find myself thrilling as I think of + it, and feeling once more that sudden flood of joy, amazement, and incredulity + which utterly submerged my mind. + Let me say to that public, which has shown some interest in those glimpses + which I have occasionally given them of the thoughts and actions of a very + remarkable man, that they are not to blame me if I have not shared my knowledge + with them, for I should have considered it my first duty to do so, had + I not been barred by a positive prohibition from his own lips, which was + only withdrawn upon the third of last month. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{multicols} +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsubsection + +Uk³ad wieloszpaltowy +\layout Standard + +Ten sam przepis jest u¿ywany gdy chcesz utworzyæ wiêcej ni¿ dwie szpalty: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{multicols}{3} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +It can be imagined that my close intimacy with Sherlock Holmes had interested + me deeply in crime, and that after his disappearance I never failed to + read with care the various problems which came before the public. + And I even attempted, more than once, for my own private satisfaction, + to employ his methods in their solution, though with indifferent success. + There was none, however, which appealed to me like this tragedy of Ronald + Adair. + As I read the evidence at the inquest, which led up to a verdict of willful + murder against some person or persons unknown, I realized more clearly + than I had ever done the loss which the community had sustained by the + death of Sherlock Holmes. + There were points about this strange business which would, I was sure, + have specially appealed to him, and the efforts of the police would have + been supplemented, or more probably anticipated, by the trained observation + and the alert mind of the first criminal agent in Europe. + All day, as I drove upon my round, I turned over the case in my mind and + found no explanation which appeared to me to be adequate. + At the risk of telling a twice-told tale, I will recapitulate the facts + as they were known to the public at the conclusion of the inquest. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{multicols} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz mieæ wiêcej ni¿ trzy szpalty je¶li chcesz, ale to nie bêdzie przyjemne + do czytania. +\layout Subsubsection + +Szpalty wewn±trz szpalty +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz umie¶ciæ szpalty wewn±trz szpalty: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{multicols}{2} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +The Honourable Ronald Adair was the second son of the Earl of Maynooth, + at that time governor of one of the Australian colonies. + Adair's mother had returned from Australia to undergo the operation for + cataract, and she, her son Ronald, and her daughter Hilda were living together + at 427 Park Lane. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{multicols}{2} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +The youth moved in the best society--had, so far as was known, no enemies + and no particular vices. + He had been engaged to Miss Edith Woodley, of Carstairs, but the engagement + had been broken off by mutual consent some months before, and there was + no sign that it had left any very profound feeling behind it. + For the rest {sic} the man's life moved in a narrow and conventional circle, + for his habits were quiet and his nature unemotional. + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{multicols} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Yet it was upon this easy-going young aristocrat that death came, in most + strange and unexpected form, between the hours of ten and eleven-twenty + on the night of March 30, 1894. +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Ronald Adair was fond of cards--playing continually, but never for such + stakes as would hurt him. + He was a member of the Baldwin, the Cavendish, and the Bagatelle card clubs. + It was shown that, after dinner on the day of his death, he had played + a rubber of whist at the latter club. + He had also played there in the afternoon.The evidence of those who had + played with him-- Mr. + Murray, Sir John Hardy, and Colonel Moran--showed that the game was whist, + and that there was a fairly equal fall of the cards. + Adair might have lost five pounds, but not more. + His fortune was a considerable one, and such a loss could not in any way + affect him. + He had played nearly every day at one club or other, but he was a cautious + player, and usually rose a winner. + It came out in evidence that, in partnership with Colonel Moran, he had + actually won as much as four hundred and twenty pounds in a sitting, some + weeks before, from Godfrey Milner and Lord Balmoral. + So much for his recent history as it came out at the inquest. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{multicols} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Proszê przeczytaæ plik +\family typewriter + examples/multicol.lyx +\family default + dla poznania bardziej zaawansowanych przyk³adów w³±czania odstêpów pomiêdzy + szpaltami i nag³ówkiem, pionowych linii separuj±cych i innych. +\layout Section + +Numeracja w ¶rodowisku wyliczenia akapitów +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +by John +\noun on + Weiss +\layout Standard + +Domy¶lna numeracja akapitów w ¶rodowisku wyliczenia zaczyna siê od cyfr + arabskich, a koñczy siê na du¿ych literach alfabetu. + Prawdopodobnie jednak bêdziesz chcia³ inaczej numerowaæ akapity. + Oto przyk³ad jak zmieniæ schemat numeracji: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelenumi}{ +\backslash +Roman{enumi}.} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelenumii}{ +\backslash +Alph{enumii}.} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelenumiii}{ +\backslash +arabic{enumiii}.} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelenumiv}{ +\backslash +alph{enumiv}.)} +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + który zmienia schemat na nastêpuj±cy: cyfry rzymskie, du¿e litery, cyfry + arabskie i ma³e litery. + Ponadto poprzedni przyk³ad tak¿e dodaje kropkê do numeracji. + Na przyk³ad pierwszy akapit pierwszego poziomu bêdzie oznaczony ,,I.''. + Dla lepszej orientacji opiszemy jak wygl±da numeracja z u¿yciem naszego + schematu: <,,I.'', ,,A.'', ,,1.'', ,,a.)''>. +\layout Standard + +Mo¿na zobaczyæ w przyk³adzie, gdzie s± polecenia dla ka¿dego zagnie¿d¿onego + poziomu, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +labelenumi +\family default + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +labelenumiv +\family default +, podobnie jak liczniki, +\family typewriter + enumi +\family default + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family typewriter + enumiv +\family default +. + Znajduje siê tak¿e piêæ poleceñ ,,drukowania numeru'', +\family typewriter + +\backslash +arabic{} +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +roman{} +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +Roman{} +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alph{} +\family default + i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +Alph{} +\family default +, ka¿dy z nich pobiera jeden licznik jako argument. + Mo¿na dodaæ znaki przed lub po, ale nie ma potrzeby dodawania spacji. +\layout Standard + +Mo¿esz rzeczywi¶cie otrzymaæ ozdobny schemat numeracji, na przyk³ad: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelenumi}{ +\backslash +# +\backslash +Alph{enumi} +\backslash +#} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelenumii}{ +\backslash +Alph{enumi}. +\backslash +arabic{enumii}} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelenumiii}{ +\backslash +alph{enumiii}+} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelenumiv}{( +\backslash +roman{enumiv})} +\layout Standard + +Otrzymujemy wówczas nastêpuj±c± numeracjê: <,,#A#'', ,,A.1'', ,,a+'', ,,(i)''>. +\layout Section + +Przestrzeñ pomiêdzy wierszami tabel +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +by Mike +\noun on + Ressler +\layout Standard + +LaTeX pozwala wstawiaæ trochê wolnego miejsca pomiêdzy wierszami tabeli + przez podanie opcjonalnego argumentu koñca wiersza ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\family default +). + Ta metoda nie jest formalnie zaimplementowana w LyX-ie, ale podajemy dwa + drobne tricki do wykonania tego samego zadania. +\layout Standard + +Pierwszy sposób jest bardziej formalny, ale bardziej zawik³any. + W preambule nale¿y dodaæ nastêpuj±c± definicjê polecenia: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +extratablespace}[1]{ +\backslash +noalign{vskip#1}} +\layout Standard + +To polecenie pobiera pojedynczy argument -- ilo¶æ miejsca, któr± chcesz + wstawiæ. + Wstaw polecenie w pierwszej kolumnie nastêpnego wiersza gdzie chcia³by¶ + aby pojawi³o siê wolne miejsce. + Oto przyk³ad (usun±³em wszystkie ramki u¿ywaj±c +\family sans +\bar under + U +\bar default +k³ad\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +abel +\family default +a): +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Minerals +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Calcite +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Dolomite +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Quartz +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Graphite +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +extratablespace{2ex} +\end_inset + +Rocks +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Limestone +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Sandstone +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Granite +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Andesite +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Drugi sposób jest szybszy. + Po prostu umie¶æ w odpowiednim wierszu opcjonalny argument koñca wiersza. + ¯adne eleganckie definicje nie s± potrzebne jak w poprzednim przyk³adzie, + ale dodawane bêdzie wiêcej miejsca, poniewa¿ de facto dodawany jest pusty + wiersz plus odstêp. + Je¶li zbyt du¿o jest dodawanego miejsca to u¿yj liczby ujemnej, jak w przyk³adz +ie: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Minerals +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Calcite +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Dolomite +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Quartz +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Graphite +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash + +\backslash +[-1ex] +\end_inset + + Rocks +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Limestone +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Sandstone +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Granite +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Andesite +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +To pozwala szybko wykonaæ pracê, ale zdarza siê, ¿e brzydko wygl±da. +\layout Section + +Inicja³y +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +by Mike +\noun on + Ressler +\layout Standard +\noindent + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +newfont{ +\backslash +tmpfont}{cmr17 scaled 2500}{ +\backslash +tmpfont C} +\backslash +vspace*{-8.4ex} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\noindent + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +hangindent=3.3em +\backslash +hangafter=-3 +\end_inset + + i którzy lubi± styl starych ksi±¿ek prawdopodobnie tak¿e lubi± ,,inicja³y'' + --- tê wielk± literê rozpoczynaj±c± ka¿dy nowy rozdzia³ czy sekcjê. + Implementacja tego jest prosta (zak³adaj±c, ¿e znasz trochê plain TeX-a!) + ale nie wymaga wiele pracy i powtórzeñ, co mog³e¶ zobaczyæ na pocz±tku + akapitu w brzydkim trybie TeX-a. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +verb+ +\backslash +bigdrop{-1em}{3}{ptmri}{I}+ +\end_inset + +stnieje oczywi¶cie o wiele ³atwiejsza droga. + Pakiet +\family typewriter + dropcaps +\family default + (lub nowszy +\family typewriter + dropping +\family default +) z archiwum CTAN pozwala na prostsz± metodê uzyskania inicja³ów w dokumencie. + Od jakiego¶ czasu pakiet ten nie jest standardow± czê¶ci± teTeX-a. + Nie mogê go zademonstrowaæ w tym dokumencie ale je¶li skopiujesz ten akapit + do nowego dokumentu, usuniesz ,, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +verb +\family default +'' oraz znaki plus z kodu TeX-a na pocz±tku akapitu i dodasz do preambu³y + polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{dropcaps} +\family default + to otrzymasz literê I zapisan± czcionk± Times Roman Italic o wysoko¶ci + trzech wierszy tekstu przesuniêt± o 1 em za margines. + Pierwszym argumentem jest wielko¶æ wciêcia, ujemna warto¶æ powoduje przesuniêci +e inicja³u za margines. + Drugi argument zawiera wysoko¶æ inicja³u, podaje siê j± w wierszach. + Trzeci argument jest nazw± czcionki, czcionki wirtualne posiadaj±ce pliki + tfm powinny dzia³aæ (przebrnij przez katalog +\family typewriter + .../texmf/fonts/tfm +\family default + aby sprawdziæ mo¿liwo¶ci). + Moim osobistym faworytem jest +\family sans + yinit +\family default +, ozdobna czcionka niemiecka specjalnie zaprojektowana do inicja³ów. + Czwartym argumentem jest litera lub litery, które maj± byæ inicja³em. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +verb+ +\backslash +dropping{2}{P}+ +\end_inset + + pakiet +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Przyp. + t³um. + Aby zobaczyæ wynik pracy pakietu +\family typewriter + dropping +\family default + to nale¿y wykonaæ czynno¶ci podobne jak poprzednio, jedynie w preambule + nale¿y wpisaæ +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{dropping} +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + dropping +\family default + tak¿e oferuje polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bigdrop +\family default + o identycznej sk³adni jak w pakiecie +\family typewriter + dropcaps +\family default +, a tak¿e trochê uproszczone polecenie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +dropping o +\family default + trzech argumentach. + Pierwszy -- opcjonalny -- okre¶la odleg³o¶æ od lewego marginesu -- domy¶lnie + 0pt. + Drugi zawiera wysoko¶æ inicja³u podawan± w wierszach. + Trzecim argumentem jest litera lub litery, które maj± byæ inicja³em. +\layout Section + +Niestandardowe kszta³ty akapitów +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +by Mike +\noun on + Ressler +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Open + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\layout Standard + +\backslash +newdimen +\backslash +varunit +\newline + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +varunit}{4.5in} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\noindent + +\begin_inset ERT +status Open + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +parshape 25 0.45 +\backslash +varunit 0.332 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.40 +\backslash +varunit 0.300 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.35 +\backslash +varunit 0.293 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.30 +\backslash +varunit 0.300 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.25 +\backslash +varunit 0.317 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.20 +\backslash +varunit 0.342 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.15 +\backslash +varunit 0.373 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.10 +\backslash +varunit 0.410 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.05 +\backslash +varunit 0.453 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.00 +\backslash +varunit 0.500 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.05 +\backslash +varunit 0.453 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.10 +\backslash +varunit 0.410 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.15 +\backslash +varunit 0.373 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.20 +\backslash +varunit 0.342 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.25 +\backslash +varunit 0.317 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.30 +\backslash +varunit 0.300 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.35 +\backslash +varunit 0.300 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.40 +\backslash +varunit 0.300 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.45 +\backslash +varunit 0.320 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.50 +\backslash +varunit 0.320 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.55 +\backslash +varunit 0.330 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.60 +\backslash +varunit 0.330 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.65 +\backslash +varunit 0.330 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.70 +\backslash +varunit 0.340 +\backslash +varunit +\newline +0.75 +\backslash +varunit 0.340 +\backslash +varunit +\newline + +\end_inset + +Oto nadszed³ czas, w\SpecialChar ~ +którym musimy obaliæ tyraniê prostok±tnych akapitów. + W tej sytuacji, wywo³amy do tego radosne polecenie plain TeX-a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +parshape +\family default +. + Jak mo¿esz zobaczyæ, w pe³ni dowolny kszta³t mo¿e byæ osi±gniêty przez + odpowiednie ustawienie definicji d³ugo¶ci wiersza. + Ten kszta³t akapitu mo¿e wygl±daæ trochê idiotycznie, chyba ¿e wyobrazimy + sobie sytuacjê tak± jak dok³adnie ustawione inicja³y, oblane tekstem rysunki + o nieregularnym kszta³cie itp. + daj±ce wra¿enie rêcznej pracy. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip +Sk³adnia: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +parshape numlines #1indent #1length #2indent #2length \SpecialChar \ldots{} + #nindent #nlength +\family default +, gdzie +\family typewriter + numlines +\family default + okre¶la liczbê wierszy tekstu która definiuje akapit. + Je¶li liczba wierszy bêdzie mniejsza od za³o¿onej, to kszta³t zostanie + skrócony. + Je¶li za¶ wierszy bêdzie wiêcej ni¿ za³o¿ono, to kolejne nadmiarowe wiersze + zachowaj± parametry ostatniego definiowanego wiersza. + Dyrektywy +\family typewriter + #nindent +\family default + i +\family typewriter + #nlength +\family default + okre¶laj± odstêp wiersza od lewego marginesu i d³ugo¶æ wiersza mierzone + w punktach. + Kszta³t dotyczy tylko bie¿±cego akapitu, nastêpny akapit jest formatowany + normalnie. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Open + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Podsumowanie +\layout Standard + +Jak mo¿na zobaczyæ, przyk³ady w tym rozdziale zaczynaj± siê od u¿ytecznych + a¿ do wymy¶lnych. + Nie spodziewam siê aby kto¶ potrzebowa³ kszta³tu akapitu jak ostatnim rozdziale +, ale wa¿ne jest to ¿e mo¿esz zrobiæ prawie wszystko co chcesz w LyX-ie + je¶li bêdziesz mia³ ochotê wyobraziæ sobie jak to zrobiæ w TeX-u i LaTeX-u. +\layout Standard + +TeX jest fantastycznym systemem sk³adu i jego mo¿liwo¶ci s± dostêpne dla + Ciebie przez LyX-a wykorzystuj±cego go w tle. + +\layout Standard + +Mi³ego LyX-owania! +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/pl_Intro.lyx b/lib/doc/pl_Intro.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..38646ed52b --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/pl_Intro.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,794 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language polish +\inputencoding latin2 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing single +\papersize letterpaper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language polish +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle plain + +\layout Title + +Wprowadzenie do LyX-a +\newline +albo +\newline +Do czego s³u¿± te pliki doc! +\layout Author + +by John Weiss and the LyX Team +\newline +polskie t³umaczenie: Wojtek Pêkala +\layout Section + +Nawigacja po dokumentacji +\layout Standard + +Witaj w LyX-ie! +\layout Standard + +Aby u³atwiæ wyszukiwanie informacji i opisaæ wszystkie mo¿liwo¶ci LyX-a, + dokumentacja zosta³a rozdzielona na kilka ró¿nych plików. + Ka¿dy z nich s³u¿y innemu celowi, który opisano poni¿ej. + Zanim zaczniesz brn±æ przez który¶ z tych plików, przeczytaj najpierw dok³adnie + niniejszy dokument, który zawiera mnóstwo po¿ytecznych informacji i komentarzy. + Pomog± one zaoszczêdziæ Ci czas. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \align center +OSTRZE¯ENIE!!!!! OSTRZE¯ENIE!!!!! OSTRZE¯ENIE!!!! +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip \align center +Danger, Will Robinson, Danger! +\layout Standard + +Dokumentacja, jako ca³o¶æ, jest w tej chwili niekompletna! Podobnie jak + program jest w wersji beta. + Obiecujemy uzupe³niæ wszystko do wersji 1.0! +\layout Standard + +Prosimy tak¿e o pomoc - je¶li co¶ w podrêcznikach jest niejasne, dezorientuj±ce + lub nieprawid³owe, nie wahajcie siê daæ nam znaæ! LyX Team jest osi±galny + przez listê dyskusyjn± programistów pod adresem +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +lyx@via.ecp.fr +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Prosimy o umieszczenie w nag³ówku wiadomo¶ci s³ów +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +LyX Docs +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + . + Z góry dziêkujemy ! +\layout Section + +Format podrêczników +\layout Standard + +Czê¶æ u¿ytkowników mog³a ju¿ wydrukowaæ podrêcznik. + Inni mog± czytaæ go w komputerze, jako plik LyX-a. + Istniej± pewne ró¿nice miêdzy wersj± drukowan± i elektroniczn±. + Po pierwsze tytu³ w pliku jest po prostu na pocz±tku dokumentu, a nie na + osobnej stronie, jak na wydruku. + Nie widaæ równie¿ przypisów ani spisu tre¶ci. + Istnieje okno do ogl±dania spisu tre¶ci, otwierane poleceniem Spis\SpecialChar ~ +tre¶ci + z menu Edycja. + Aby zajrzeæ do przypisu, który wygl±da tak, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Cze¶æ ! +\end_inset + + trzeba klikn±æ na nim lewym przyciskiem myszy. +\layout Standard + +Skoro +\size small +wyja¶niono ju¿ ró¿nice miêdzy wydrukiem a wersj± ekranow±, nadszed³ czas + na obja¶nienie formatu dokumentu. + Od czasu do czasu mo¿na w nim napotkaæ tekst pisany ró¿n± czcionk±: +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Wyró¿nienia +\emph default +u¿ywa siê celem ogólnego wyeksponowania fragmentów tekstu, podkre¶lenia + argumentów, tytu³ów ksi±¿ek, nazw podrozdzia³ów innych podrêczników i uwag + od autorów. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Czcionka maszynowa +\family default + stosowana jest do zapisu programów i nazw plików, kodu LaTeX-a, kodu LyX-a + i jego funkcji. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Czcionka Sans Serif +\family default + opisuje menu, przyciski, nazwy okien i klawiszy. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Styl nazw w³asnych +\noun default +u¿ywany jest dla imion i nazwisk. +\layout Standard + +Klawisze i przypisane im funkcje opisano dok³adnie w podrozdziale +\emph on +Key Bindings +\emph default + +\emph on +Opisu poleceñ +\emph default + ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Reference Manual +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) [plik +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\family default +]. + Opisuj±c klawisze stosuje siê nastêpuj±c± konwencjê: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +C- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + oznacza klawisz przyci¶niêty wraz z klawiszem +\family sans + Control +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + oznacza klawisz przyci¶niêty wraz z klawiszem +\family sans +Shift +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + oznacza klawisz przyci¶niêty wraz z klawiszem +\family sans +Alt +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to klawisze funkcyjne. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + - klawisz +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Escape +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Left +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Right +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Up +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Down +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + klawisze strza³ek, odpowiednio: w lewo, prawo, do góry, w dó³. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Insert +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Home +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +End +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: to sze¶æ klawiszy nad klawiszami strza³ek na wielu klawiaturach typu PC. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + i +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + na niektórych klawiaturach nazywaj± siê +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Prior +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + i +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Next +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Return +\family default + +\family sans +i Enter +\family default + odnosz± siê do tego samego klawisza. + Na niektórych klawiaturach Return nazywa siê Enter, na innych Return, s± + i takie posiadaj±ce dwa takie klawisze, ale LyX traktuje je wszystkie jednakowo + i w dokumentacji Return i Enter u¿ywane s± zamiennie +\layout Standard + +Od czasu do czasu mo¿na napotkaæ +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +[zobacz w +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Opisie poleceñ +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Skróty klawiszowe dla ró¿nych funkcji zosta³y opisane w odpowiednich pozycjach + +\emph on +Opisu poleceñ +\emph default +, tak wiêc warto tak¿e tam zagl±dn±æ. +\layout Section + +Podrêczniki +\layout Standard + +Poni¿sza lista opisuje zawarto¶æ ka¿dego z plików dokumentacji: +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Wprowadzenie \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Ten plik. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Elementarz \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Dla nowych u¿ytkowników LyX-a, którzy nigdy nie u¿ywali LaTeX-a, ani nawet + o nim nie s³yszeli. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Jak\SpecialChar ~ +to\SpecialChar ~ +zrobiæ \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +To zbiór czêsto zadawanych pytañ (i odpowiedzi: FAQ) na temat obs³ugi LyX-a + [a w ka¿dym razie kiedy¶ takim ma byæ]. + Maszyny do pisania i zwyk³e edytory oferuj± szereg wspólnych funkcji, znanych + wielu u¿ytkownikom. + Nie wszystkie z nich s± dostêpne w LyX-ie, albo nie maj± sensu w ¶rodowisku + LyX-a i LaTeX-a. + Plik ten próbuje wyja¶niæ w formie pytañ i odpowiedzi, jak pos³ugiwaæ siê + odpowiednimi operacjami w LyX-ie. + Czasami bêdzie odwo³ywa³ siê do g³ównego podrêcznika. +\layout Description + + +\series bold +\emph on +Podrêcznik\SpecialChar ~ +u¿ytkownika +\series default + \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Podstawowa dokumentacja. + Spróbowali¶my zawrzeæ w nim wiêkszo¶æ zasadniczych operacji i dostêpnych + funkcji LyX-a. + G³ówny podrêcznik zak³ada przynajmniej czê¶ciow± znajomo¶æ LaTeX-a lub + przeczytanie +\emph on +Elementarza +\emph default +. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Zaawansowana\SpecialChar ~ +edycja \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline + +\emph default +Poszerzenie +\emph on +Podrêcznika u¿ytkownika +\emph default +. + Dokumentuje dodatkowe uk³ady i funkcje edycyjne specjalnego zastosowania, + w³±cznie z kilkoma sztuczkami z repertuaru mistrzów LaTeX-a. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Przystosowywanie \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Opis zaawansowanych cech LyX-a, wraz z przystosowywaniem zachowania programu: + skróty klawiszowe, internacjonalizacja i pliki konfiguracyjne. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Opis\SpecialChar ~ +poleceñ \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline + +\emph default +Zawiera wyczerpuj±cy, szczegó³owy opis funkcji LyX-a, ale bez wskazówek + i przyk³adów jak w +\emph on +Podrêczniku u¿ytkownika +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Znane\SpecialChar ~ +usterki \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Plik ten zawiera opis znanych usterek LyX-a oraz informacjê, co zrobiæ w + razie znalezienia b³êdu w LyX-ie\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Konfiguracja\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX-a \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +LyX w trakcie instalacji robi przegl±d systemu, a uzyskan± informacjê zapisuje + w tym pliku. + Przejrzyj go i sprawd¼ czy nie brakuje czego¶ potrzebnego. +\layout Standard + +Pliki te odwo³uj± siê, gdy to konieczne, jeden do drugiego. + Na przyk³ad +\emph on +Podrêcznik u¿ytkownika +\emph default + zawiera trochê wiadomo¶ci o instalacji i przystosowywaniu, ale odsy³a czytelnik +a do +\emph on +Podrêcznika przystosowywania +\emph default + po wiêcej informacji. +\layout Standard + +W tym miejscu ponownie zamie¶cimy istotne stwierdzenie: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.51cm \added_space_bottom 0.51cm \align center +Je¶li nigdy przedtem nie u¿ywa³e¶, ani nawet nie s³ysza³e¶ o LaTeX-u, przeczytaj + +\emph on +Elementarz +\emph toggle +. + I to zaraz +\layout Standard + +W przeciwnym razie LyX wyda Ci siê dziwaczny i nieu¿yteczny. +\layout Section + +Pomoc w tworzeniu dokumentacji +\layout Subsection + +Zg³aszanie b³êdów +\layout Standard + +To proste. + Wy¶lij list na listê dyskusyjn± programistów albo u¿ytkowników. + Je¶li nag³ówek rozpoczniesz has³em +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Doc Error +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + lub czym¶ podobnym, pomo¿esz nam go znale¼æ +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 1.06cm \added_space_bottom 1.06cm \align center + +\emph on +Nigdy nie zmieniaj zawarto¶ci ¿adnego z podrêczników bez zgody aktualnego + redaktora! +\layout Standard + +Takie dora¼ne zmiany i tak nie zostan± uwzglêdnione, gdy¿ Zespó³ Dokumentacji + pos³uguje siê kopiami-matkami. +\layout Subsection + +Pierwsze kroki +\layout Standard + +The LyX Documentation Project, tak jak inne elementy projektu LyX, chêtnie + skorzysta z pomocy! Je¶li jeste¶ zainteresowany(a) wsparciem wysi³ku dokumentow +ania LyX-a, musisz +\emph on +najpierw +\emph toggle + wykonaæ nastêpuj±ce czynno¶ci: +\layout Enumerate + +¦ci±gnij najnowszy kod ¼ród³owy LyX-a. + Rozpakuj go. + W g³ównym drzewie znajdziesz kartotekê nazwan± +\family typewriter +development +\family default +. + W kartotece tej jest plik +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +. + Przeczytaj go; to opis stylu dokumentacji. +\layout Enumerate + +Przeczytaj +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + jeszcze raz. +\layout Enumerate + +Nastêpnie przeczytaj +\emph on +Podrêcznik u¿ytkownika +\emph toggle +. + Ca³y. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Celem tego zadania jest wyrobienie podej¶cia. + +\emph on +Podrêcznik u¿ytkownika +\emph default +jest najbardziej kompletny z ca³ej dokumentacji. + Powinien pozwoliæ Ci zorientowaæ siê, jakiego typu podrêczników potrzebujemy. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Na koniec, skontaktuj siê z zespo³em pod adresem: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx@via.ecp.fr +\layout Standard + +Chcemy siê upewniæ, ¿e rozumiesz plik stylu dokumentacji +\emph on +zanim +\emph default + zaczniesz pisaæ. + W przeciwnym razie bêdziesz musia³ przerobiæ to co ju¿ napisa³e¶. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Nie my¶l +\emph default + nawet o rozpoczêciu pisania, zanim nie pogadamy przez pocztê elektroniczn±. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/pl_TOC.lyx b/lib/doc/pl_TOC.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6bf06ebca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/pl_TOC.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,2448 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language english +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +LyX Documentation Table of Contents +\layout Section* + +Wprowadzenie do LyX-a +\newline +albo +\newline +Do czego s³u¿± te pliki doc! +\layout Description +1 +Nawigacja po dokumentacji +\layout Description +2 +Format podrêczników +\layout Description +3 +Podrêczniki +\layout Description +4 +Pomoc w tworzeniu dokumentacji +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +Zg³aszanie b³êdów +\layout Description +4.2 +Pierwsze kroki +\end_deeper +\layout Section* + +LyX Frequently Asked Questions with Answers +\newline +Version 0.3.7 +\layout Description +1 +Introduction and General Information +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.1 +What is LyX? +\layout Description +1.2 +That's fine, but is it useful? +\layout Description +1.3 +Where do I start? +\layout Description +1.4 +Does LyX run on my computer? +\layout Description +1.5 +How much hard disk space does LyX need? +\layout Description +1.6 +Is LyX really Open Source? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2 +Internet Resources +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1 +Where should I look on the World Wide Web for LyX stuff? +\layout Description +2.2 +Where can I get LyX material by FTP? +\layout Description +2.3 +What mailing lists are there? +\layout Description +2.4 +Are the mailing lists archived anywhere? +\layout Description +2.5 +Okay, wise guy! Where are they archived? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3 +Compatibility with other word/document processors +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1 +Can I read/write LaTeX files? +\layout Description +3.2 +Can I read/write Word files? +\layout Description +3.3 +Can I read/write HTML files? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4 +Obtaining and Compiling LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +What do I need? +\layout Description +4.2 +How do I compile it? +\layout Description +4.3 +I hate compiling. + Where are precompiled binaries? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5 +Questions about Evil Red Text (IMPORTANT!) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1 +What is Evil Red Text (aka ERT)? +\layout Description +5.2 +How do I enter Evil Red Text? +\layout Description +5.3 +The new ERT inset is really inconvenient ! +\layout Description +5.4 +Is there an alternative? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6 +Questions Related to Using LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1 +General questions +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1.1 +How do I get rid of the date under the title? +\layout Description +6.1.2 +How do I change the spacing in an Itemize/\SpecialChar \- +Enumerate/\SpecialChar \- +Description list environment +? +\layout Description +6.1.3 +How do I number equations by section? +\layout Description +6.1.4 +Is it possible to do this for figures and tables as well? +\layout Description +6.1.5 +How do I change to footnote numbers to symbols (star, dagger, etc.)? +\layout Description +6.1.6 +How do I kill widows and orphans? +\layout Description +6.1.7 +How do I get a formatted list which starts with e.g. + 1. + a)? +\layout Description +6.1.8 +How do I count words in LyX? +\layout Description +6.1.9 +How do I insert a fixed amount of horizontal space? +\layout Description +6.1.10 +How can I make citations show up as [1,2,3,6] or [1-3,6] rather than [1][2][3][6 +]? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.2 +Figure related questions +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.2.1 +What is the difference between a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +figure +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +figure float +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Description +6.2.2 +How do I get LyX to put the figure exactly where I want it? +\layout Description +6.2.3 +What does +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Too many unprocessed floats +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + mean? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.3 +Math related questions +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.3.1 +How do I put normal text inside a mathematical equation? +\layout Description +6.3.2 +How do I make a cube root (or higher)? +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +7 +Questions Related to Running LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +7.1 +How do I convert LyX files to LaTeX from the command line? +\layout Description +7.2 +How do I create PDF files from my LyX document? +\layout Description +7.3 +Why do the fonts in my document look so bad in +\family typewriter +acroread +\family default + ? +\layout Description +7.4 +Why doesn't my latest and greatest version of Ghostscript render EPS inline + figures properly? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +8 +Questions Related to LyX on Windows +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +8.1 +Why do the menus and the toolbar flicker ? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +9 +How to get further assistance +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +9.1 +You still haven't answered my question! +\layout Description +9.2 +I want to mail someone about my problem. + +\layout Description +9.3 +What to put in a request for help. +\end_deeper +\layout Description +10 +Administrative information and acknowledgments +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +10.1 +Feedback is invited. + +\layout Description +10.2 +Formats in which this FAQ is available. + +\layout Description +10.3 +Authorship and acknowledgments. +\layout Description +10.4 +Disclaimer and Copyright. + +\end_deeper +\layout Section* + +The LyX Tutorial +\layout Description +1 +Wprowadzenie +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.1 +LyX wita. +\layout Description +1.2 +O podrêczniku +\layout Description +1.3 +Czym +\emph on +jest +\emph toggle + Elementarz i czym +\emph on +nie jest +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.3.1 +Od Pioniera s³ów kilka\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Description +1.3.2 +Najlepsze wykorzystanie Elementarza +\layout Description +1.3.3 +Czego +\emph on +nie +\emph default + znajdziecie: +\end_deeper +\layout Description +1.4 +Czym jest LyX? + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.4.1 +Przegl±d +\layout Description +1.4.2 +Ró¿nice miêdzy LyX-em a innymi edytorami +\layout Description +1.4.3 +Czym u licha jest LaTeX? +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2 +Pierwsze kroki w LyX-ie +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1 +Pierwszy dokument w LyX-ie +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1.1 +Pisanie, ogl±danie, drukowanie +\layout Description +2.1.2 +Proste operacje +\layout Description +2.1.3 +WYSIWYM: puste miejsca w LyX-ie +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.2 +¦rodowiska +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.2.1 +Sekcje i podrozdzia³y +\layout Description +2.2.2 +Listy i podlisty +\layout Description +2.2.3 +Inne ¶rodowiska: Verses, Quotations, i inne +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3 +Pisanie dokumentów +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1 +Klasy tekstu i wzorce: pisanie listów +\layout Description +3.2 +Wzorce: pisanie listu +\layout Description +3.3 +Tytu³y dokumentu +\layout Description +3.4 +Etykiety i odno¶niki +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.4.1 +Pierwsza etykieta +\layout Description +3.4.2 +Pierwszy odno¶nik +\layout Description +3.4.3 +Wiêcej o etykietach +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.5 +Przypisy i notatki +\layout Description +3.6 +Bibliografie +\layout Description +3.7 +Spis tre¶ci +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4 +Formu³y matematyczne +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +Tryb formu³ matematycznych +\layout Description +4.2 +Praca z równaniem +\layout Description +4.3 +Potêgi i indeksy +\layout Description +4.4 +Pasek narzêdzi formu³ matematycznych + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.4.1 +Litery greckie i symbole +\layout Description +4.4.2 +Pierwiastki, wektory i nawiasy +\layout Description +4.4.3 +U³amki +\layout Description +4.4.4 +Tryb TeX-a: granice, log, sin i inne +\layout Description +4.4.5 +Macierze +\layout Description +4.4.6 +Tryb równañ + + +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.5 +Równania wielolinijkowe +\layout Description +4.6 +Jeszcze wiêcej matematyki +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5 +Ró¿ne +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1 +Inne wa¿niejsze mo¿liwo¶ci LyX-a +\layout Description +5.2 +LyX dla u¿ytkowników LaTeX-a +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.2.1 +Tryb TeX-a +\layout Description +5.2.2 +Konwersja dokumentów LaTeX-a do LyX-a. +\layout Description +5.2.3 +Konwersja dokumentów LyX-a do LaTeX-a . +\layout Description +5.2.4 +Preambu³a LaTeX-a +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.2.4.1 +Klasa dokumentu +\layout Description +5.2.4.2 +Inne wykorzystanie preambu³y +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.2.5 +BibTeX +\layout Description +5.2.6 +Inne +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.3 +B³êdy! +\end_deeper +\layout Section* + +The LyX User's Guide +\layout Description +1 +Introduction +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.1 +What is LyX? +\layout Description +1.2 +Getting Started +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.2.1 +Invoking LyX +\layout Description +1.2.2 +How LyX Looks +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.2.2.1 +The Main Window +\end_deeper +\layout Description +1.2.3 +HELP! +\end_deeper +\layout Description +1.3 +The LyX Interface +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.3.1 +Basic File Operations +\layout Description +1.3.2 +Basic Editing Features +\layout Description +1.3.3 +Undo and Redo +\layout Description +1.3.4 +Basic Mouse Bindings +\layout Description +1.3.5 +Basic Key Bindings +\end_deeper +\layout Description +1.4 +Using LyX with Other Programs +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +1.4.1 +Importing ASCII files +\layout Description +1.4.2 +Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2 +LyX Setup and Supporting Applications +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +2.2 +Basic LyX Setup +\layout Description +2.3 +Setting Up the X Keyboard +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.3.1 + +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default + and +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.3.1.1 + +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\layout Description +2.3.1.2 + +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.3.2 +Modifiers and Mode_switch +\layout Description +2.3.3 +Helpful Hints and Tips +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.4 +LaTeX +\layout Description +2.5 +Dvips and Ghostscript +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.5.1 +What You Need +\layout Description +2.5.2 +Dvips +\layout Description +2.5.3 +Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.6 +The Printer +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3 +LyX Basics +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1 +Document Types +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +3.1.2 + + +The Various Document Classes +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1.2.1 +Overview +\layout Description +3.1.2.2 +Selecting a Class +\layout Description +3.1.2.3 +Properties +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.1.3 +Fine-tuning the Defaults +\layout Description +3.1.4 +Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins +\layout Description +3.1.5 +Important Note: +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.2 +Paragraph Indentation and Separation +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.2.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +3.2.2 +Global Indentation Method +\layout Description +3.2.3 +Fine-Tuning +\layout Description +3.2.4 +Changing Line Spacing +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3 +Paragraph Environments + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.1 +Overview +\layout Description +3.3.2 +Standard +\layout Description +3.3.3 +Document Titles +\layout Description +3.3.4 +Headings +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.4.1 +Numbered Headings +\layout Description +3.3.4.2 +Unnumbered Headings +\layout Description +3.3.4.3 +Changing the Numbering + + +\layout Description +3.3.4.4 +Special Information +\layout Description +3.3.4.5 +Creating an Appendix +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.5 +Quotes and Poetry +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.5.1 + +\family sans +Quote +\family default + and +\family sans +Quotation +\layout Description +3.3.5.2 + +\family sans +Verse +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.6 +Lists +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.6.1 +General Features +\layout Description +3.3.6.2 + +\family sans +Itemize +\layout Description +3.3.6.3 + +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Description +3.3.6.4 + +\family sans +Description +\layout Description +3.3.6.5 +The LyX +\family sans +List +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.7 +Letters +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.7.1 + +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +: An Overview +\layout Description +3.3.7.2 +Usage +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.8 +Academic Writing +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.8.1 + +\family sans +Abstract +\layout Description +3.3.8.2 + +\family sans +Bibliography +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.9 +Special Purpose +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.9.1 + +\family sans +Caption +\layout Description +3.3.9.2 + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\layout Description +3.3.9.3 +Comment +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.4 +Nesting Environments + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.4.1 +The Big Deal +\layout Description +3.4.2 +What You Can and Can't Nest +\layout Description +3.4.3 +Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc. +\layout Description +3.4.4 +Usage and General Features +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.4.4.1 +Nesting limits +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.4.5 +Some Examples +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.4.5.1 +Example #1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting +\layout Description +3.4.5.2 +Example #2: Inheritance +\layout Description +3.4.5.3 +Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + and +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + Environments. +\layout Description +3.4.5.4 +Example #4: Going Bonkers +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.5 +Fonts and Text Styles +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.5.1 +Overview +\layout Description +3.5.2 +Global Options +\layout Description +3.5.3 +Using Different Character Styles +\layout Description +3.5.4 +Fine-Tuning with the +\family sans +Character Layout +\family default + dialog +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.6 +Printing and Previewing +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.6.1 +Overview +\layout Description +3.6.2 +Quick Viewing with +\family typewriter +xdvi +\layout Description +3.6.3 +Viewing the PostScript® Version with +\family typewriter +ghostview +\layout Description +3.6.4 +Printing the File +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.7 +A Few Words about Typography +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.7.1 +Hyphens and Hyphenation +\layout Description +3.7.2 +Punctuation Marks +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.7.2.1 +Abbreviations and End of Sentence +\layout Description +3.7.2.2 +Quotes +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.7.3 +Ligatures +\layout Description +3.7.4 +Widows and Orphans +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4 +Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +Footnotes +\layout Description +4.2 +Margin Notes +\layout Description +4.3 +Figures and Imported Graphics +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.3.1 +Figure Floats +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.3.1.1 +Using Figure Floats +\layout Description +4.3.1.2 +Float Placement +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.3.2 + +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + and LyX +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.4 +Tables +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.4.1 +The Table dialog +\layout Description +4.4.2 +What can be placed inside a table cell? +\layout Description +4.4.3 +Cut & Paste in Tables +\layout Description +4.4.4 +Multiple lines in cells +\layout Description +4.4.5 +Table Floats +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.5 +Table of Contents and other Listings +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.1 +The Table of Contents +\layout Description +4.5.2 +List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5 +Mathematical Formulae +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1 +Basic Math Editing +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1.1 +Navigating a Formula +\layout Description +5.1.2 +Selecting Text +\layout Description +5.1.3 +Exponents and Subscripts +\layout Description +5.1.4 +Fractions +\layout Description +5.1.5 +Sums and Integrals +\layout Description +5.1.6 +The Math Panel +\layout Description +5.1.7 +Other Math Symbols +\layout Description +5.1.8 +Altering spacing +\layout Description +5.1.9 +Math functions +\layout Description +5.1.10 +Accents +\layout Description +5.1.11 +The math editor for LaTeX users +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.2 +Brackets and decorations +\layout Description +5.3 +Grouping +\layout Description +5.4 +Arrays and Multi-line Equations +\layout Description +5.5 +Equation Numbering and Labels +\layout Description +5.6 +User defined macros in math mode +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.6.1 +Directions on using macros +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.6.1.1 +How to create them +\layout Description +5.6.1.2 +How to navigate +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.7 +Fine-Tuning +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.7.1 +Typefaces +\layout Description +5.7.2 +Math Text Mode +\layout Description +5.7.3 +Font Sizes +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.8 +AMS LaTeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.8.1 +Enabling AMS Support +\layout Description +5.8.2 +AMS Symbols +\layout Description +5.8.3 +AMS Formula Types +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6 +More Tools +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1 +Cross-References +\layout Description +6.2 +URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) +\layout Description +6.3 +Specifying Short Titles with Optional Arguments + + +\layout Description +6.4 +Spacing, pagination and line breaks +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.4.1 +Extra Horizontal Space +\layout Description +6.4.2 +Extra Vertical Space +\layout Description +6.4.3 +Changing Paragraph Alignment +\layout Description +6.4.4 +Forcing Page Breaks +\layout Description +6.4.5 +Protected blanks +\layout Description +6.4.6 +Line breaking +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.5 +Spellchecking +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.5.1 +Spellchecker Options +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.5.1.1 +Dictionary +\layout Description +6.5.1.2 +Personal dictionary +\layout Description +6.5.1.3 +Further Options +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.5.2 +Limitations +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6.6 +International Support +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.6.1 +Language Options +\layout Description +6.6.2 +Keyboard mapping configuration +\layout Description +6.6.3 +Character Tables +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +7 +Credits +\layout Section* + +LyX -- Zaawansowane mo¿liwo¶ci +\layout Description +1 +Wprowadzenie +\layout Description +2 +LyX i LaTeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.1 +Jak LyX u¿ywa LaTeX-a +\layout Description +2.2 +,,Pomocy! LyX utworzy³ nieczytelny plik +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default +!'' +\layout Description +2.3 +Importowanie plików LaTeX-a do LyX-a +\layout Description +2.4 +Wstawianie poleceñ LaTeX-a do dokumentów LyX-a +\layout Description +2.5 +Preambu³a LyX-a i LaTeX-a +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.5.1 +O preambule LaTeX-a +\layout Description +2.5.2 +Zmiana preambu³y +\layout Description +2.5.3 +Przyk³ady +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +2.5.3.1 +Przyk³ad #1: Przesuniêcie strony +\layout Description +2.5.3.2 +Przyk³ad #2: Etykiety +\layout Description +2.5.3.3 +Przyk³ad #3: Wciêcie akapitu +\layout Description +2.5.3.4 +Przyk³ad #4: Ten dokument +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +2.6 +B³êdy LyX-a i LaTeX-a +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3 +Dodatkowe narzêdzia sk³adu dokumentu +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.1 +Przygotowanie bibliografii za pomoc± BibTeX-a +\layout Description +3.2 +Tworzenie indeksu +\layout Description +3.3 +Dokumenty wieloczê¶ciowe +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.3.1 +Podstawy +\layout Description +3.3.2 +Odno¶niki pomiêdzy plikami +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.4 +Algorytmy +\layout Description +3.5 +Podrysunek +\layout Description +3.6 +Ozdobne nag³ówki i stopki + + +\layout Description +3.7 +Ministrony +\layout Description +3.8 +Oblewanie rysunku tekstem + + +\layout Description +3.9 +Opcje tabel +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.9.1 +Usuwanie dodatkowej przestrzeni tabeli +\layout Description +3.9.2 +Zmiana znaku separatora kolumn +\layout Description +3.9.3 +Wyrównanie kolumny wed³ug cyfr znacz±cych +\layout Description +3.9.4 +Lepsze rozwi±zanie wyrównania wed³ug cyfr znacz±cych +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.10 +Wybór znaku wyliczenia + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.10.1 +Wprowadzenie +\layout Description +3.10.2 +Jak je zobaczyæ +\layout Description +3.10.3 +Jak u¿yæ +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4 +Specjalne klasy dokumentu +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +AMS Math +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1.1 +Co daje ten szablon? +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.2 +Dinbrief +\layout Description +4.3 +Paper +\layout Description +4.4 +A&A Paper +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.4.1 +Wprowadzenie +\layout Description +4.4.2 +Zaczynamy +\layout Description +4.4.3 +Nag³ówek +\layout Description +4.4.4 +Streszczenie +\layout Description +4.4.5 +Obs³ugiwane ¶rodowiska +\layout Description +4.4.6 +Polecenia nie obs³ugiwane przez LyX +\layout Description +4.4.7 +Wstawki -- rysunki i tabele +\layout Description +4.4.8 +Szablon referatu +\layout Description +4.4.9 +Przyk³ad +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.5 +AASTeX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.1 +Wprowadzenie +\layout Description +4.5.2 +Starting a New Paper +\layout Description +4.5.3 +Finishing Your Paper +\layout Description +4.5.4 +Comments On Specific Commands +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.4.1 +Things that work as expected +\layout Description +4.5.4.2 +Things that work, but require more comment +\layout Description +4.5.4.3 +Things not implemented, use ERT +\layout Description +4.5.4.4 +Things that cannot be implemented +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.5 +FAQs, Tips, Tricks, and Other Ruminations +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.5.1 +Getting LyX and AASTeX to cooperate +\layout Description +4.5.5.2 +LaTeX error processing a table +\layout Description +4.5.5.3 +References + + +\layout Description +4.5.5.4 +W³±czanie plików EPS +\layout Description +4.5.5.5 +Things I could have done, but didn't +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.5.6 +Final Caveat +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.6 +ijmpd +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.6.1 +Overview +\layout Description +4.6.2 +Writing a paper +\layout Description +4.6.3 +Preparing a paper for submission +\layout Description +4.6.4 +Use of ERT +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.7 +Kluwer +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.7.1 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Description +4.13.5.1 +D³ugo¶ci +\layout Description +4.13.5.2 +Nag³ówki i stopki + + +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.14 +Latex8 (Dokumenty konferencyjne IEEE ) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.14.1 +Wprowadzenie +\layout Description +4.14.2 +Zaczynamy +\layout Description +4.14.3 +Obs³ugiwane ¶rodowiska +\layout Description +4.14.4 +Ró¿nice pomiêdzy ekranem a dokumentem +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.15 +Hollywood (Hollywood spec scripts) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.15.1 +Wprowadzenie +\layout Description +4.15.2 +Specjalne problemy +\layout Description +4.15.3 +Specjalne funkcje +\layout Description +4.15.4 +Rozmiar papieru i marginesy +\layout Description +4.15.5 +¦rodowiska +\layout Description +4.15.6 +¯argon scenariusza +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.16 +Broadway +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.16.1 +Wprowadzenie +\layout Description +4.16.2 +Specjalne problemy +\layout Description +4.16.3 +Specjalne funkcje +\layout 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przechwytuje niepoprawnie -- s± b³êdy +\layout Description +5.4.3.6 +Czego reLyX nie potrafi przechwyciæ +\layout Description +5.4.3.7 +Przysz³o¶æ reLyX-a +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.4.4 +Przyk³ad +\layout Description +5.4.5 +Uwagi +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.4.5.1 +Zg³aszanie b³êdów +\layout Description +5.4.5.2 +Szczegó³y implementacji +\layout Description +5.4.5.3 +Pliki szablonów +\layout Description +5.4.5.4 +Pliki sk³adni +\layout Description +5.4.5.5 +Ró¿ne +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.4.6 +Diagnostyka +\layout Description +5.4.7 +Ostrze¿enia +\layout Description +5.4.8 +Pliki +\layout Description +5.4.9 +Zobacz tak¿e +\layout Description +5.4.10 +Autorzy +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6 +Funkcje LyX-a wymagaj±ce zewnêtrznych programów +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1 +Zastosowanie LyX-a z SGML-Tools (aka LinuxDoc) +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1.1 +Wprowadzenie +\layout Description +6.1.2 +Przygotowanie i u¿ycie 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+\layout Description +3.3 +Bindings + + +\layout Description +3.4 +User Interface + + +\layout Description +3.5 +Converters, Formats and Viewers +\layout Description +3.6 +ASCII export options +\layout Description +3.7 +Printer +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +3.7.1 +Changing Colors +\end_deeper +\layout Description +3.8 +The autodetected settings +\layout Description +3.9 +The rest +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4 +Internationalizing LyX + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.1 +Selecting an alternative language for the user interface +\layout Description +4.2 +Translating LyX +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.2.1 +Translating the graphical user interface (text messages). +\layout Description +4.2.2 +Translating the documentation. +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.3 +International Keyboard Support +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.3.1 +Defining Own Keymaps: Keymap File Format +\end_deeper +\layout Description +4.4 +International Keymap Stuff + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +4.4.1 +The .kmap File +\layout Description +4.4.2 +The .cdef File +\layout Description +4.4.3 +Dead Keys +\layout Description +4.4.4 +Saving your Language Configuration +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5 +Installing New Document Classes, Layouts, and Templates + + + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.1 +Installing a new LaTeX package +\layout Description +5.2 +Layouts +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.2.1 +Supporting new document classes +\layout Description +5.2.2 +A layout for an +\family sans +sty +\family default + file +\layout Description +5.2.3 +Layout for a +\family sans +cls +\family default + file +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.3 +Declaring a new text class +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +5.3.1 +General text class parameters +\layout Description +5.3.2 + +\family typewriter +ClassOptions +\family default + section +\layout Description +5.3.3 +Specific Paragraph Layouts +\layout Description +5.3.4 +Floats +\layout Description +5.3.5 +Counters +\layout Description +5.3.6 +Font description +\end_deeper +\layout Description +5.4 +Creating Templates + + +\end_deeper +\layout Description +6 +Including External Material +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +6.1 +Background +\layout Description +6.2 +How does it work? +\layout Description +6.3 +The external material dialog +\layout Description +6.4 +Examples +\layout Description +6.5 +The external template configuration file +\layout Description +6.6 +The substitution mechanism +\layout Description +6.7 +Security discussion +\end_deeper +\layout Description +7 +The LyX Server +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +7.1 +Introduction +\layout Description +7.2 +Starting the LyX Server +\layout Description +7.3 +Normal communication +\layout Description +7.4 +Notification +\layout Description +7.5 +The simple LyX Server Protocol +\end_deeper +\layout Description +8 \start_of_appendix +Bindings +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +8.1 +Toolbar +\layout Description +8.2 +Menu +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +8.2.1 +File +\layout Description +8.2.2 +Edit +\layout Description +8.2.3 +Insert +\layout Description +8.2.4 +Layout +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +8.2.4.1 +L +\family sans +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Character +\family default + +\end_deeper +\layout Description +8.2.5 +View +\layout Description +8.2.6 +Navigate +\layout Description +8.2.7 +Help +\layout Description +8.2.8 +Paragraph Style +\end_deeper +\layout Description +8.3 +Keyboard +\begin_deeper +\layout Description +8.3.1 +Specific to +\family typewriter +emacs.bind +\layout Description +8.3.2 +Specific to +\family typewriter +cua.bind +\layout Description +8.3.3 +Specific to +\family typewriter +sciword.bind +\layout Description +8.3.4 +Standard math bindings +\layout Description +8.3.5 +Other Accelerators +\end_deeper +\end_deeper + +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/pl_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/pl_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..16568c3412 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/pl_Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,4742 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +\sloppy +\end_preamble +\language polish +\inputencoding latin2 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing single +\papersize letterpaper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language polish +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +The LyX Tutorial +\layout Author + +by Amir Karger and the LyX Team +\newline +polskie t³umaczenie: Wojtek Pêkala +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Wprowadzenie +\layout Section + +LyX wita. +\layout Standard + +Dokument niniejszy +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://friko2.onet.pl/wr/voyttek} + +\end_inset + + jest przeznaczony dla tych, którzy nigdy nie s³yszeli o LaTeX-u lub znaj± + go tak sobie. + Bez obaw - aby móc u¿ywaæ LyX-a nie trzeba uczyæ siê LaTeX-a. + O to w koñcu w LyX-ie chodzi: ma on byæ wizualnym interfejsem do LaTeX-a + w stylu prawie WYSIWYG. +\layout Standard + +Niektórzy zapewne siêgnêli do tego dokumentu, bo próbowali wpisaæ dwie spacje + po kropce ( +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) albo wstawiæ 3 puste linie miêdzy akapitami. + Po paru frustruj±cych próbach zrozumieli jednak, ¿e to niemo¿liwe. + Z czasem zauwa¿±, ¿e wiêkszo¶æ chwytów u¿ywanych w innych edytorach po + prostu nie dzia³a w LyX-ie. + Dzieje siê tak, poniewa¿ wiêkszo¶æ innych edytorów jest w gruncie rzeczy + przereklamowanymi maszynami do pisania. + Wymagaj± od u¿ytkownika rêcznego wprowadzania wszystkich spacji, zmian + czcionki itd. + W koñcu autor oprócz napisania dokumentu wykonuje chc±c nie chc±c sk³ad + drukarski. + I tu pojawia siê LyX; jego rol± jest przejêcie sk³adu drukarskiego. + Pozwala przez to skupiæ siê na istotnych sprawach, takich jak tre¶æ utworu. +\layout Standard + +Tak wiêc uzbrój siê w cierpliwo¶æ i czytaj dalej. + Trud opanowania elementarza zwróci siê na pewno. +\layout Section + +O podrêczniku +\layout Standard + +Na wstêpie tej sekcji nale¿y zaznaczyæ, ¿e w przeciwieñstwie do innych pod\SpecialChar \- +rêczni +ków ten zak³ada, ¿e u¿ytkownik +\series bold +\emph on +NIE +\series default +\emph toggle + jest g³upi i wie po co jest kla\SpecialChar \- +wiatura, umie u¿yæ myszy oraz pos³ugiwaæ + siê oknami. + Z drugiej strony z za³o¿enia nie musi mieæ pojêcia o LaTeX-u. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Elementarz +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle + u¿ywa notacji opisanej we +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Wprowadzeniu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +. + Je¶li go jeszcze nie przeczyta³e¶, zrób to teraz. +\layout Standard + +Powodem odsy³ania do innych rozdzia³ów osobnego podrêcznika jest lenistwo. + Zespó³ LyX-a jest wystarczaj±co zajêty rozbudow± programu i usuwaniem b³êdów, + ¿eby nie redagowaæ 5 identycznych wersji tej samej sekcji w 5 ró¿nych dokumenta +ch. + Zatem przeczytaj +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Wprowadzenie +\emph toggle + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, zawieraj±ce wszystko, co potrzebne na temat +\emph on +wszystkich +\emph toggle + podrêczników. + Po powrocie podejmij lekturê od tego miejsca. +\layout Standard + +Skoro ju¿ wiadomo, co oznaczaj± ró¿ne czcionki, opiszemy po krótce cel +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarza +\emph toggle + +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Czym +\emph on +jest +\emph toggle + Elementarz i czym +\emph on +nie jest +\layout Subsection + +Od Pioniera s³ów kilka\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Standard + +Oto krótka notka +\emph toggle +\noun on +John'a Weiss'a +\emph default +\noun default +, pierwszego autora +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarza +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +: +\layout Quotation + +Pocz±tkowo mia³em szerokie plany co do +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarza +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +\noun toggle +. + Lecz, tak jak w przypadku innych przedsiêwziêæ, rzeczywisto¶æ je zwe\SpecialChar \- +ryfikowa³a. + U¶wiadomi³em sobie, ¿e mogê spêdziæ nad nim resztê ¿ycia, je¶li nie ograniczê + go do sensownego zakresu. + Stwier\SpecialChar \- +dzi³em równie¿, ¿e pokryje siê on w du¿ej mierze z +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Podrêcznikiem u¿ytkownika +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +. + Po co dwa razy pisaæ to samo? +\layout Quotation + +Tak czy inaczej, zacz±³em rozumieæ, ¿e ludzie najlepiej ucz± siê przez: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +ogl±danie przyk³adów +\begin_deeper +\layout Quotation + +lub +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +robienie rzeczy samemu. +\end_deeper +\layout Quotation + +Z ciê¿kim sercem wyrzuci³em jakie¶ 20 stron, które ju¿ napisa³em i zacz±³em + od pocz±tku. + Jedyn± pozosta³o¶ci± jest podrozdzia³ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + +. + Ca³a reszta to przyk³ady i æwiczenia. +\layout Subsection + +Najlepsze wykorzystanie Elementarza +\layout Standard + +Zgodnie z zapowiedzi± John'a Weiss'a +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarz +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle + sk³ada siê z æwiczeñ i przyk³adów. + Aby jak najlepiej z niego skorzystaæ nale¿y przeczytaæ go, pisz±c po drodze + wszystkie rzeczy, o które prosz± i wykonuj±c wszystkie æwiczenia. + Dla wygody warto wydrukowaæ niniejszy dokument. +\layout Standard + +Podrozdzia³ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + jest pozosta³o¶ci± poprzedniej wersji +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarza +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle + i cechuje go swoista bezpo¶rednio¶æ. + Tym niemniej stanowi sympatyczne wprowadzenie do LyX-a i wyk³adniê idei + tej aplikacji. +\layout Subsection + +Czego +\emph on +nie +\emph default + znajdziecie: +\layout Itemize + +Instrukcji jak: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +pos³ugiwaæ siê mysz± +\layout Itemize + +u¿ywaæ programu w X-Windows +\layout Itemize + +pos³ugiwaæ siê klawiatur± +\layout Standard + +Opanowanie powy¿szych umiejêtno¶ci jest konieczne i nie wchodzi w zakres + tego podrêcznika. + Spe³nia on za to mnóstwo innych zadañ +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +and occupational therapy ain't one of 'em! (Sarkastyczny styl orygina³u + rozmija siê ze skromnymi mo¿liwo¶ciami t³umacza, jak równie¿ jego pogl±dem + na rzetelny podrêcznik) +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Prowadzenia za rêkê, protekcjonalno¶ci czy ³opatologii . +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +To przecie¿ tylko program komputerowy, bez obaw ! Poza tym zak³adamy, ¿e + czytelnik jest rozgarniêty. + Mo¿e byæ zagubiony, zdezorientowany, ale nie g³upi. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Opisu wszystkich mo¿liwo¶ci LyX-a. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Nie ma potrzeby powielania +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Podrêcznika u¿ytkownika +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Celem tego dokumentu jest wprowadzenie czytelnika na w³a¶ciwe obroty, tak + by po jego przeczytaniu nie potrzebowa³ niczego poza +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Podrêcznikiem u¿ytkownika +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + Próba zawarcia informacji o wszystkich mo¿liwo¶ciach LyX-a w +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarzu +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + owocowa³aby jego chroniczn± nieaktualno¶ci±. +\layout Standard + +Nie znaczy to oczywi¶cie, ¿e nie zostan± przedstawione ¿adne z mo¿liwo¶ci + LyX-a. + Zaprezentowane bêd± czynno¶ci, które najprawdopodobniej nie ulegn± zmianie, + jak np. + otwieranie i drukowanie pliku. + Nie obejdzie siê bez paru rozdzia³ów z przyk³adami i æwiczeniami dotycz±cymi + kilku bardziej zaawansowanych funkcji, jak tryb formu³. + [Naturalnie sposób pracy z formu³ami nie ulegnie istotnej zmianie. + Byæ mo¿e zostanie udoskonalony, ale ca³kowita zmiana jest raczej niemo¿liwa.] +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Szczegó³owego obja¶nienia LaTeX-a. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Niepotrzebne. + Chc±cym opanowaæ sztuczki z LaTeX-em polecamy ksi±¿ki na ten temat. + Opublikowano ju¿ kilka dobrych tytu³ów. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Komu w drogê, temu czas. + Mo¿na rzuciæ okiem na nastêpny podrozdzia³ lub przej¶æ wprost do podrozdzia³u + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Czym jest LyX? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Przegl±d +\layout Standard + +Niektórzy nowi u¿ytkownicy LyX-a maj± k³opoty z przestawieniem siê na w³a¶ciwe + temu programowi podej¶cie do zagadnienia edycji tekstu. + Wiêkszo¶æ innych procesorów tekstu nie jest bowiem niczym innym ni¿ przereklamo +wanymi maszynami do pisania. + W przesz³o¶ci by³y one jedynym narzêdziem do tworzenia dokumentów, co zmusi³o + u¿ytkowników do wynalezienia repertuaru chwytów pozwalaj±cych obej¶æ ich + ograniczenia. + Podkre¶lanie, które sprowadza siê do nadpisywania wyrazów znakiem +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, sta³o siê sposobem na wyró¿nienie tekstu. + Aby utworzyæ tabele nale¿a³o najpierw okre¶liæ wielko¶æ ka¿dej kolumny, + a nastêpnie ustawiæ tabulatory. + To samo dotyczy³o liczb i tekstu wyrównywanego do prawej. + Dzielenie wyrazów u koñca linii wymaga³o wprawnego oka i zdolno¶ci przewidywani +a. +\layout Standard + +Innymi s³owy u¿ytkownicy nauczyli siê martwiæ detalami i rozmieszczeniem + poszczególnych znaków. +\layout Standard + +W konsekwencji prawie wszystkie procesory tekstu powielaj± to podej¶cie. + Wci±¿ u¿ywaj± tabulatorów celem uzyskania pustego miejsca. + U¿ytkownik nadal musi siê martwiæ, w którym miejscu strony pojawi siê dany + element. + Wyró¿nienie tekstu polega na zmianie czcionki, tak jakby siê zmienia³o + g³owi\SpecialChar \- +cê w elektrycznej maszynie do pisania. + Wiadomo w czym rzecz. +\layout Standard + +Tu w³a¶nie LyX ró¿ni siê od pozosta³ych procesorów tekstu. + Nie trzeba siê martwiæ po³o¿eniem ka¿dego znaku. + U¿ytkownik okre¶la, +\emph on +co zamierza pisaæ +\emph toggle + a LyX troszczy siê o resztê, stosuj±c zestaw regu³ zwany +\emph on + stylem +\emph toggle +. + Oto przyk³ad: +\layout Standard + +Za³ó¿my, ¿e piszesz raport. + Aby go rozpocz±æ, potrzebujesz podrozdzia³u zwanego +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Wprowadzenie +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Otwierasz w swoim procesorze tekstu menu, które zmienia rozmiar czcionki + i wybierasz odpowiedni± wielko¶æ. + Nastêpnie wpisujesz +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +1.___Wprowadzenie +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Oczywi¶cie je¿eli zechcesz przenie¶æ dany podrozdzia³ w inne miejsce lub + wstawiæ przed nim co¶ innego, musisz zadbaæ o zmianê numeracji, jak równie¿ + zawarto¶ci spisu tre¶ci. +\layout Standard + +W LyX-ie rozwijasz listê umieszczon± na lewym skraju paska zadañ, wybierasz + pozycjê +\family sans +Section +\family default + i piszesz +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Wprowadzenie +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Tak, to wszystko. + Je¶li wytniesz ten podrozdzia³ i wkleisz gdzie indziej, zostanie automatycznie + przenumerowany, gdziekolwiek siê znajdzie. + Jest nawet sposób na automatyczn± aktualizacjê wszelkich odno¶ników do + tego podrozdzia³u w obrêbie pliku. +\layout Standard + +Istnieje jeszcze problem spójno¶ci. + Po piêciu dniach ponownie otwierasz raport i zaczynasz czwarty podrozdzia³, + jednak¿e zapominasz, ¿e u¿ywa³e¶ wyt³uszczonej czcionki 18-punktowej zamiast + 16-punktowej. + W ten sposób nag³ówek podrozdzia³u czwartego ró¿ni siê od nag³ówka podrozdzia³u + pierw\SpecialChar \- +szego. + Tego rodzaju problem w LyX-ie w ogóle nie wystêpuje. + To komputer martwi siê o uci±¿liwe ksiêgowanie, jaki element ma jak± czcionkê, + nie u¿ytkownik. + W koñcu z tym komputery radz± sobie najlepiej. +\layout Standard + +Oto inny przyk³ad. + Za³ó¿my, ¿e tworzysz listê. + W innych edytorach lista jest po prostu grup± tabulatorów i koñców linii. + Sam musisz doj¶æ, gdzie wstawiæ numer/symbol dla ka¿dej pozycji listy, + jaki numer to ma byæ, ile pustych linijek wstawiæ miêdzy nimi itd. + W LyX-ie trzeba wiedzieæ tylko dwie rzeczy: jakiego rodzaju ma byæ ta lista + i co ma zawieraæ. + To wszystko. + +\layout Standard + +Na tym polega podstawowa idea LyX-a: okre¶l co robisz, a nie jak to zrobiæ. +\layout Subsection + +Ró¿nice miêdzy LyX-em a innymi edytorami +\layout Standard + +Istnieje ca³a gama sposobików z innych edytorów, które nie znajd± zastosowania + w LyX-ie. + Na pocz±tku mo¿e to irytowaæ. + Nie szkodzi. + Pozbycie siê niedobrych nawyków wymaga czasu. +\layout Standard + +Oto ma³a lista rzeczy, których nie ma w LyX-ie: +\layout Itemize + +Nies³awna linijka tabulatora, szeroko obecna we wspó³czesnych komercyjnych + edytorach tekstu. +\layout Itemize + +Tabulatory +\layout Itemize + +Dodatkowe puste linie [uzyskiwane dwu- lub wiêcejkrotnym przyci¶niêciem + Enter] +\layout Standard + +Tabulatory, które wraz z linijk± s³u¿± do wskazania po³o¿enia poszczególnych + s³ów na stronie, s± w LyX-ie kompletnie bezu¿yteczne. + To program zajmuje siê takimi rzeczami, nie u¿ytkownik. + Podobnie z dodatkowymi pustymi liniami. + LyX dodaje je tam, gdzie s± niezbêdne, w zale¿no¶ci od kontekstu. + Co do odstêpów, samodzielne ich okre¶lanie to kompletny prze¿ytek. + Odstêpy miêdzy liniami tekstu s± zmienne, tak jak odstêpy miêdzy s³owami. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Istniej± sposoby regulacji minimalnych i maksymalnych odstepów, lecz wymagaj± + znajomo¶ci LaTeX-a. + O tym potem. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +A to lista elementów obecnych w LyX-ie, lecz zachowuj±cych siê w sposób + nieco odmienny od oczekiwanego: +\layout Itemize + +Sterowanie wciêciami +\layout Itemize + +Koñce stron +\layout Itemize + +Odstêpy miêdzy liniami +\layout Itemize + +Puste miejsca, poziome i pionowe +\layout Itemize + +Czcionki ró¿nych rozmiarów +\layout Itemize + +Ró¿ne kszta³ty [wyt³uszczenie, kursywa, podkre¶lenie] +\layout Standard + +Choæ wy¿ej wymienione wystêpuj± w LyX-ie, u¿ytkownik zasadniczo ich nie + potrzebuje. + To program zajmuje siê nimi w sposób zale¿ny od tre¶ci publikacji. + Ró¿ne czê¶ci dokumentu automatycznie s± pisane czcionk± ró¿nego kszta³tu + i rozmiaru. + Wciêcia akapitów zale¿± od ich rodzaju. + Koñce stron równie¿ wstawiane s± w automatyczny sposób. + Jedynym wyj±tkiem s± odstêpy miêdzy liniami, gdzie mo¿na okre¶liæ odleg³o¶æ + miêdzy akapitami, jak równie¿ miêdzy liniami w obrêbie akapitu. + Choæ wiêkszo¶æ szczegó³ów znajduje siê w +\emph on +Podrêczniku u¿ytkownika +\emph toggle +, czytelnik zostanie ogólnie zapoznany z powy¿szymi mo¿liwo¶ciami. +\layout Standard + +W koñcu istniej± obszary, w których LyX [i LaTeX] przewy¿sza zwyk³e edytory: +\layout Itemize + +Dzielenie i przenoszenie wyrazów +\layout Itemize + +Listy dowolnego rodzaju +\layout Itemize + +Formu³y matematyczne +\layout Itemize + +Tabele +\layout Itemize + +Odno¶niki +\layout Standard + +Oczywi¶cie wiele nowoczesnych edytorów obs³uguje symbole matematyczne, tabele + i przenoszenie wyrazów. + Jednak¿e tymi mo¿liwo¶ciami dysponuj± od niedawna, podczas gdy LyX jest + nak³adk± LaTeX-a. + LaTeX z kolei funkcjonuje od ponad 10 lat i sprawdza siê. + Przez ten czas usuniêto wszystkie b³êdy +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Wprawdzie nic nie jest doskona³e, ale LaTeX jest naprawdê bliski idea³u. +\end_inset + +. + Co wiêcej, rzadko który z nowoczesnych edytorów obs³uguje po¶rednie odno¶niki, + które, podobnie jak formu³y matematyczne, s± obecne w LyX-ie od samego + pocz±tku. + Niektóre z tych funkcji zostan± omówione w dalszych pod\SpecialChar \- +roz\SpecialChar \- +dzia³ach. + Inne, jako nieco bardziej zaawansowane, zostan± przedstawione pod koniec + tego dokumentu lub w +\emph on +Podrêczniku u¿ytkownika +\emph toggle +. +\layout Subsection + +Czym u licha jest LaTeX? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX to system przygotowywania dokumentów zaprojektowany przez Leslie Lamport-a + w 1985 +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +¯ród³em informacji w tym podrozdziale jest +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\emph default +, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, praca Helmuta Kopki i Patrick-a Daly, znajduj±ca siê w bibliografii +\emph on +Podrêcznika u¿ytkownika +\emph default +. +\end_inset + +. + LaTeX jest nak³adk± jêzyka typograficznego o nazwie TeX, stworzonego przez + Donalda Knuth-a w 1984. + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + wymawia siê +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +tech +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Wokó³ TeX-a naros³o sporo nieporozumieñ. + TeX wykonuje sekwencje poleceñ zawarte w plikach ASCII. + Rezultatem s± pliki w formacie +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +sprzêtowo niezale¿nym +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, skrótowo (z angielska) +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Dvi +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Plik taki mo¿na wys³aæ do dowolnego urz±dzenia obs³uguj±cego Dvi lub przetworzy +æ na inny format, jak Postscript. +\layout Standard + +Gdyby TeX nie mia³ innych mo¿liwo¶ci, by³by niczym wiêcej ni¿ procesorem + sk³adu drukarskiego. + Jednak¿e TeX pozwala na definiownie makr. + I tu zaczyna siê w³a¶ciwa akcja. +\layout Standard + +Wiêkszo¶æ u¿ytkowników TeX-a tak naprawdê u¿ywa pakietu makr stworzonych + przez Knutha celem ukrycia szczegó³ów sk³adu. + To w³a¶nie ten pakiet maj± oni na my¶li mówi±c o TeX-u. + Zwykli u¿ytkownicy nie pracuj± z surowym TeX-em, sk³adaj±cym siê z go³ych + poleceñ drukarskich. + Tym zajmuj± siê twórcy nowych pakietów makr. + Jednym z nich jest Leslie Lamport, który pracowa³ nad pakietem bardziej + przyjaznym dla u¿ytkownika ni¿ zorientowanym drukarsko. + Jego polecenia sk³adaj± rozdzia³y, tabele czy formu³y matematyczne w spójny, + przystêpny sposób. + Pakietem tym sta³ siê LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Odt±d, obok rozwoju LaTeX-a, inni u¿ytkownicy tworzyli w³asne pakiety makr, + obs³uguj±ce prezentacje, artyku³y dla pism matematycznych itp. + Jedni u¿ywali surowego TeX-a, inni modyfikowali LaTeX-a. + W celu opanowania tego ba³aganu pod koniec lat 80-tych grupa LaTeX-owców + z Lamportem na czele rozpoczê³a prace nad LaTeX-em 2e, obecn± wersj± LaTeX-a. + Ta nowa wersja u³atwia dostêp do poleceñ TeX-a s³u¿±cych do tworzenia makr, + wspiera u¿ycie nowych rodzajów czcionek itd. + W gruncie rzeczy LaTeX sam w sobie jest ca³kiem rozbudowanym jêzykiem ! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +...i by³ nim równie¿ przed wersj± 2e, która jedynie poszerzy³a niektóre jego + mo¿liwo¶ci. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +U¿ytkownicy na ca³ym ¶wiecie dodaj± swoje w³asne rozszerzenia do standardowych + funkcji LaTeX-a. +\layout Standard + +Istniej± dwa sposoby rozszerzania LaTeX-a: klasy i style. + +\emph on +Klasa +\emph toggle + to zbiór makr LaTeX-a i\SpecialChar ~ +TeX-a opisuj±cy nowy typ dokumentu, jak ksi±¿ka + czy artyku³. + Istniej± klasy dla prezentacji, pism fizycznych, matematycznych... + niektóre uniwersytety maj± nawet w³asne klasy dla prac naukowych. + +\emph on +Styl +\emph toggle + ró¿ni siê od klasy tym, ¿e nie definiuje nowego typu dokumentów, lecz +\emph on +zachowanie +\emph toggle + ju¿ istniej±cych. + Na przyk³ad LyX okre¶la marginesy stron i odstêpy miêdzy liniami w oparciu + o dwa ró¿ne pliki stylów LaTeX-a. + Istniej± pliki stylów dla mnóstwa rzeczy: drukowania etykiet na koperty, + zmianê zasad wciêæ akapitów, dodanie nowych czcionek, obs³ugê grafiki, + efektowne nag³ówki stron, w³asne bibliografie, zmianê po³o¿enia i wygl±du + przypisów, tabel i rysunków, specjalne rodzaje list itd. + itp. +\layout Standard + +Oto podsumowanie: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Jêzyk sk³adu drukarskiego u¿ywaj±cy makr. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Pakiet makr TeX-a\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +klasa: Opis typu dokumentu w LaTeX-u\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +styl: Modyfikuje sposób dzia³ania LaTeX-a. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Graficzny WYSIWYM procesor tekstu u¿ywaj±cy LaTeX-a do drukowania. +\layout Standard + +U podstaw tego wszystkiego le¿y stary dobry TeX, tworz±cy pliki Dvi. + Wiêkszo¶æ u¿ytkowników przekszta³ca te pliki na format Postscript, wysy³ane + nastêpnie do drukarek laserowych. + Kr±¿± równie¿ pog³oski o urz±dzeniach, które naprawdê obs³uguj± format + Dvi. + Tak czy inaczej rozdzia³ niniejszy mia³ wyja¶niæ +\emph on +czemu +\emph toggle + LyX dzia³a trochê inaczej od innych edytorów. + Powód jest prosty: LyX u¿ywa LaTeX-a jako zaplecza drukarskiego i tak jak + LaTeX koncentruje siê na zawarto¶ci dokumentu. + To komputer zajmuje siê jego wizualn± stron±. +\layout Standard + +I jeszcze jedno. + LaTeX wymawia siê jak TeX --- czyli +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +latech +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Inna wymowa, a szczególnie taka, jak w nazwie materia³u szeroko stosowanego + w przemy¶le gumowym, jest b³êdna. + Z kolei +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + wymawia siê +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +lyks +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Albo +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +laks +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, albo +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +luks +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, zale¿nie od kraju pochodzenia u¿ytkownika\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Pierwsze kroki w LyX-ie +\layout Section + +Pierwszy dokument w LyX-ie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + +Przed przyst±pieniem do pisania przyda siê kilka informacji u³atwiaj±cych + pracê z +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarzem +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +. +\layout Standard + +Poniewa¿ nie ujêto w nim mnóstwa wiadomo¶ci, pierwsz± rzecz± jest umieæ + dotrzeæ do innych plików z pomoc±. + To na szczê¶cie jest do¶æ proste. + Nale¿y uruchomiæ LyX-a, nastêpnie wybraæ +\family sans +Podrêcznik u¿ytkownika +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Pomo +\bar under +c +\family default +\bar default +. + Mo¿na równie¿ wczytaæ +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarz +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle + (o ile nie ma go ju¿ na ekranie). + W ten sposób mo¿na czytaæ je redaguj±c jednocze¶nie swój w³asny dokument +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Same podrêczniki mog± byæ jednocze¶nie dobrymi przyk³adami u¿ycia ró¿norodnych + funkcji LyX-a. +\end_inset + +. + Je¿eli otwarto wiêcej ni¿ jeden dokument to do prze³±czania miêdzy nimi + s³u¿y menu +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +okumenty +\family default +. + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarz +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle + nie bêdzie obja¶nia³ szczegó³owo tematów opisanych w innych podrêcznikach. + Mo¿e to na pocz±tku nieco utrudniæ lekturê, ale zapobiega rozdêciu +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarza +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarz +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle + zak³ada, ¿e dzia³a pe³na wersja LyX-a i LaTeX-a, xdvi lub inna przegl±darka + dvi, dvips lub inny sposób konwersji dokumentu dvi do formatu Postscript, + oraz drukarka. + To do¶æ du¿e wymagania. + Je¿eli który¶ z w/w warunków nie jest spe³niony trzeba bêdzie (np. + z pomoc± administratora systemu) system nale¿ycie doposa¿yæ. + Potrzebne informacje dostêpne s± w innych podrêcznikach. +\layout Standard + +Ponadto napisano æwiczebny dokument LyX-a. + Nazywa siê +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + i wygl±da, jakby zosta³ napisany przez kogo¶ nie maj±cego pojêcia o fantastyczn +ych mo¿liwo¶ciach LyX-a. + W miarê poznawania nowych funkcji programu nale¿y poprawiaæ odpowiednie + fragmenty tego pliku. + Zawiera on tak¿e wskazówki co do ulepszenia dokumentu. + Drog± na skróty albo sprawdzeniem rezultatów pracy mo¿e byæ plik +\family typewriter +example_lyxified.lyx +\family default +, zawieraj±cy ten sam tekst, napisany i z³o¿ony przez eksperta. +\layout Subsection + +Pisanie, ogl±danie, drukowanie +\layout Itemize + +Otwórz nowy plik poleceniem +\family sans +Nowy +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Plik +\layout Itemize + +Napisz zdanie, np.: +\family typewriter +To mój pierwszy dokument w LyX-ie ! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +W porz±dku. + Mo¿na wpisaæ cokolwiek. + To naprawdê wszystko jedno. + Przepraszamy za powy¿szy przyk³ad, jak równie¿ za pozosta³e zdania, o wpisanie + których poprosimy w przysz³o¶ci. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Zapisz dokument poleceniem +\family sans + Zapisz +\bar under +j +\bar default +ako +\family default +z menu +\family sans +Plik\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +Uruchom LaTeX-a celem utworzenia pliku dvi, u¿ywaj±c polecenia +\family sans +Obejrzyj jako +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default + z podmenu +\family sans +Pod +\bar under +g +\bar default +l±d +\family default + w menu +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +lik +\family default +. + LyX uruchomi kdvi (lub inn± przegl±darkê dvi), co otworzy nowe okno przedstawia +j±ce wygl±d dokumentu na wydruku +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Dobrym pomys³em oszczêdzaj±cym czas jest pozostawienie otwartego okna kdvi + po obejrzeniu dokumentu. + Nastêpnym razem wystarczy u¿yæ polecenia +\family sans +Aktualizuj DVI +\family default + z podmenu +\family sans +Podgl±d +\family default +, by móc du¿o szybciej ujrzeæ dokument w kdvi. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Wydrukuj dokument poleceniem +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +rukuj +\family default + z menu +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +lik +\family default +, po naci¶niêciu OK\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Gratulacje ! Napisa³e¶ i wydrukowa³e¶ Twój pierwszy dokument w LyX-ie. + Ca³a reszta to tylko szczegó³y, opisane w +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Elementarzu +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +, +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Podrêczniku u¿ytkownika +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle + i +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Opisie poleceñ +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +. +\layout Subsection + +Proste operacje +\layout Standard + +W LyX-ie mo¿na wykonaæ wiêkszo¶æ czynno¶ci znanych z innych procesorów tekstu. + Przenosi on automatycznie s³owa czy robi wciêcia w akapitach. + Otwórz kilka menu by przekonaæ siê, ¿e wiêkszo¶æ prostych poleceñ jest + na swoim miejscu (np. + +\family sans +\bar under +W +\bar default +yj¶cie +\family default +, +\family sans + +\bar under +W +\bar default +klej +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +rukuj +\family default +) pod nazwami jakich mog³e¶ oczekiwaæ, i zachowuje siê zgodnie z przewidywaniami. + Poni¿ej znajduje siê krótki opis innych funkcji: +\layout Description + +Cofnij LyX posiada +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +nieograniczone cofniêcie +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, co oznacza , ¿e mo¿na cofn±æ wszystkie zmiany dokonane od otwarcia dokumentu + u¿ywaj±c polecenia +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +ofnij +\family default + z menu +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dycja +\family default +. + Je¶li cofn±³e¶ siê zbyt g³êboko polecenie Przywróæ z tego samego menu naprawi + b³±d. +\layout Description + +Wytnij/Wklej/Kopiuj Polecenia +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dycja->Wy +\bar under +t +\bar default +nij +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dycja-> +\bar under +W +\bar default +klej +\family default + i +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dycja-> +\bar under +K +\bar default +opiuj +\family default + s³u¿± +\family sans +\bar under + +\family default +\bar default +do wycinania wklejania i kopiowania. + Automatyczne wklejanie zaznaczonego tekstu odbywa siê za pomoc± ¶rodkowego + przycisku myszy. +\layout Description + +Znajd¼/Zast±p Polecenie +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dycja-> +\bar under +Z +\bar default +najd¼\SpecialChar ~ +i\SpecialChar ~ +zast±p +\family default + s³u¿y do przeszu\SpecialChar \- +kiwania z uwzglêdnieniem wielko¶ci liter. + W oknie polecenia strza³ki w przód i w ty³ okre¶laj± kierunek szukania, + a przycisk +\family sans +\bar under +Z +\bar default +ast±p +\family default + powoduje zast±pienie znalezionych s³ów. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Po zakoñczeniu zamknij okno, lub je¶li to wygodniejsze, zostaw je otwarte. + Wiêkszo¶æ okien w LyX-ie --- w³±cznie z +\family sans +\bar under +Z +\bar default +najd¼j\SpecialChar ~ +i\SpecialChar ~ +zast±p +\family default +, +\family sans +Spisem\SpecialChar ~ +tre¶ci +\family default + i +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +k³adem +\family default +, jak równie¿ ró¿nymi oknami fromu³---daje siê wys³aæ w t³o bez konieczno¶ci + zamykania. + Klika okien, jak +\bar under + +\family sans +P +\bar default +lik-> +\bar under +O +\bar default +twórz +\family default + wymaga zamkniêcia przed wpisaniem czegokolwiek w oknie g³ównym. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Formatowanie\SpecialChar ~ +znaków Tekst mo¿e byæ +\emph on +wyró¿niony +\emph toggle + (z regu³y kursyw±), +\series bold +wyt³uszczony +\series default + lub napisany jako +\noun on +nazwa w³asna +\noun toggle + (zwykle kapitalikami, np. + nazwiska) za pomoc± prze³±czalnych przycisków z menu Uk³ad. +\layout Description + +Pasek\SpecialChar ~ +narzêdzi Poni¿ej menu znajduje siê pasek narzêdzi, u³atwiaj±cy wykonanie + najpopularniejszych poleceñ, takich jak Wklej i Drukuj. + Je¶li kursor myszy znajdzie siê na d³u¿ej nad przyciskiem z paska zadañ, + pojawi siê ma³a ¿ó³ta podpowied¼ funkcji tego przycisku. +\layout Standard + +Naturalnie jak dot±d nie napisa³e¶ tak du¿o, by skorzystaæ z wiêkszo¶ci + tych funkcji. + W miarê postêpów jednak próbuj cofania, wklejania itd. +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM: puste miejsca w LyX-ie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + + Jedn± z najtrudniejszych dla nowego u¿ytkownika nowinek jest sposób w jaki + LyX obchodzi siê z pustymi miejscami. + Niewa¿ne, ile razy przyci¶nie siê Return, w efekcie powstanie tylko jedna + pusta linijka. + W pustej linijce nie mo¿na wpisaæ nawet jednej spacji. + Klawisz Tab nie przesuwa kursora do nastêpnego tabulatora - tak naprawdê + nie ma tabulatorów! Brak linijki u szczytu strony, która pozwala³aby na + ustawienie marginesów lub tabulatorów. +\layout Standard + +Wiele komercyjnych edytorów bazuje na zasadzie +\emph toggle +WYSIWYG --- What You See Is What You Get (Dostajesz to, co widzisz). + LyX z kolei spe³nia zasadê +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You +\emph on +Mean +\emph default +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (Dostajesz to, o co ci chodzi). + Wpisujesz tre¶æ, a LyX sk³ada j± tak, ¿eby ca³o¶æ mia³a ³adny wygl±d. + Naci¶niêcie +\family sans +Return +\family default + w sensie gramatycznym rozdziela akapity, za¶ spacja s³owa, tak wiêc nie + ma sensu powielanie ich obok siebie; tabulator nie ma ¿adnej funkcji gramatyczn +ej, zatem LyX go nie u¿ywa. + Pracuj±c z LyX-em u¿ytkownik koncentruje siê na zawarto¶ci dokumentu, a + nie jego formacie. + Przejrzyj podrozdzia³ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + celem lepszego poznania zasady WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +LyX posiada wiele metod na dopasowanie formatu dokumentu do potrzeb. + Ostatecznie LyX niekoniecznie musi wygenerowaæ +\emph on +dok³adnie +\emph toggle + to, o co chodzi. + Podrêcznik u¿ytkownika opisuje szczegó³owo te metody. + Nale¿± do nich wype³nienia poziome i pionowe --- bardziej skuteczne i wszechstr +onne ni¿ grupy spacji czy pustych linijek --- i rêczne sposoby zmiany wielko¶ci + i stylu czcionki, jak i wyrównywania akapitów. + Zasad± jednak¿e jest pisanie tre¶ci dokumentu i wprowadzanie zmian formatu + na koñcu. + Standardowe edytory wymagaj± rozpraszanie siê formatowaniem w trakcie powstawan +ia dokumentu. +\layout Section + +¦rodowiska +\layout Standard + +Ró¿ne czê¶ci dokumentu pe³ni± ró¿n± funkcjê; czê¶ci te nazwiemy ¶rodowiskami. + Dokument sk³ada siê w wiêkszo¶ci ze zwyk³ego tekstu. + Tytu³y podrozdzia³u (rozdzia³u, sekcji itd.) pozwalaj± czytelnikowi zorientowaæ + siê w jego zawarto¶ci. + Pewne typy dokumentów wymagaj± specjalnych ¶rodowisk. + Artyku³ bêdzie wymaga³ streszczenia i tytu³u. + List ich nie potrzebuje, ale zawiera zapewne ¶rodowisko dla adresu nadawcy. +\layout Standard + +¦rodowiska stanowi± wa¿ny sk³adnik LyX-owego has³a +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +dostajesz, o co Ci chodzi +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + ¦rodowisko mo¿e okre¶laæ styl, rozmiar czcionki, rodzaj wciêæ akapitu, + odstêpy miêdzy linijkami i inne. + Co wiêcej, konkretny format danego ¶rodowiska mo¿e siê zmieniaæ: jedno + wydawnictwo drukuje wycentrowane nag³ówki podrozdzia³ów wyt³uszczon± czcionk± + 18 punktow±, podczas gdy inne wyrównuje je do lewej u¿ywaj±c 15 punktowej + kursywy; w ró¿nych jêzykach ró¿nie wygl±daj± wciêcia akapitów, w du¿ym + zakresie zmieniaj± siê tak¿e standardy bibliografii. + LyX pomaga unikn±æ konieczno¶ci uczenia siê tych ró¿nych stylów formatowania. +\layout Standard + +Lista ¶rodowisk znajduje siê w lewym rogu paska narzêdzi (pod menu +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +lik +\family default +) i wskazuje bie¿±ce ¶rodowisko. + Rozpoczêcie pracy w ka¿dym dokumencie nastêpuje w ¶rodowisku +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, domy¶lnym dla tekstu. + Tytu³em æwiczenia u¿yj kilku ró¿nych ¶rodowisk w pisanym przez siebie dokumenci +e. + W tym celu wybierz konkretne ¶rodowisko klikaj±c na strza³ce w dó³ umieszczonej + przy prawym brzegu rozwijalnej listy ¶rodowisk. +\layout Subsection + +Sekcje i podrozdzia³y +\layout Standard + +Napisz s³owo +\family typewriter +Wprowadzenie +\family default + w pierwszej linijce nowego dokumentu LyX-a i wybierz ¶rodowisko +\family sans +Section +\family default +z listy ¶rodowisk +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nie musisz +\emph on +zaznaczaæ +\emph toggle + linijki. + Je¶li niczego nie zaznaczy³e¶ LyX zmienia ¶rodowisko akapitu, w którym + znajduje siê kursor. + ¦rodowisko kilku akapitów naraz mo¿e zostaæ zmienione przez zaznaczenie + ich przed wyborem nowego ¶rodowiska. +\end_inset + +. + LyX nadaje podrozdzia³owi numer +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + i sk³ada tytu³ podrozdzia³u wiêksz± czcionk±. + (Oczywi¶cie tytu³ ten zostanie prawid³owo z³o¿ony w pliku dvi lub na wydruku.) + Nastêpnie naci¶nij +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Zauwa¿, ¿e zawarto¶æ listy ¶rodowisk zmieni³a siê z +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + z powrotem na +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Tytu³y podrozdzia³ów, jak wiêkszo¶æ ¶rodowisk koñcz± siê automatycznie + wraz z naci¶niêciem Return.. + Wpisz klika s³ów wprowadzenia: +\layout LyX-Code + +To jest wprowadzenie do mojego pierwszego dokumentu w LyX-ie. +\layout Standard + +Naci¶nij +\family sans +Return +\family default + ponownie i jeszcze raz wybierz +\family sans +Section +\family default + z listy ¶rodowisk. + LyX wstawi +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + i czeka na dalszy ci±g. + Wpisz +\family typewriter +Takie tam +\family default + i zauwa¿, ¿e LyX ponownie sk³ada tekst jako tytu³ podrozdzia³u. + +\layout Standard + +To nie koniec. + Id¼ na koniec pierwszego podrozdzia³u (po: +\family typewriter +mojego pierwszego dokumentu w LyX-ie +\family default +) i naci¶nij Return raz jeszcze, nastêpnie wybieraj±c ¶rodowisko +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + LyX znowu wstawia +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + czekaj±c na ci±g dalszy. + Napisz +\family typewriter +O tym dokumencie +\family default +. + Podrozdzia³ +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Takie tam +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, który mia³ numer 2, zosta³ automatycznie przenumerowany na 3! W stylu + prawdziwego WYSIWYM twoim jedynym zadaniem jest wskazanie fragmentów, które + bêd± tytu³ami, a LyX zajmuje siê ich numeracj± i sk³adem. +\layout Standard + +Naci¶nij Return aby powróciæ do ¶rodowiska +\family sans +Standard +\family default + i wpisz nastêpuj±ce piêæ zdañ: +\layout LyX-Code + +Podrozdzia³y i sekcje zosta³y opisane poni¿ej. +\layout LyX-Code + +Opis Podrozdzia³u +\layout LyX-Code + +Podrozdzia³y s± wiêksze ni¿ sekcje. +\layout LyX-Code + +Opis sekcji +\layout LyX-Code + +Sekcje s± mniejsze ni¿ podrozdzia³y. +\layout Standard + +Kliknij na drugiej linijce i wybierz ¶rodowisko +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +. + LyX oznaczy sekcjê +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, i z³o¿y j± czcionk± wiêksz± od normalnego tekstu lecz mniejsz± od tytu³u + podrozdzia³u. + Zmieñ ¶rodowisko czwartej linijki na +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +. + Zgodnie z przewidywaniami LyX nada³ jej numer +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Gdyby wstawiæ jeszcze jeden podrozdzia³ przed podrozdzia³em 2, zosta³by + on przenumerowany na 3 i sekcje nosi³y by numery +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +3.1 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + i +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +3.2 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Kolejne poziomy zawieraj± +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +, +\family sans +i Subparagraph +\family default +. + Przetrenuj je na w³asn± rêkê. + Byæ mo¿e zauwa¿ysz, ¿e nag³ówki akapitów i podakapitów nie s± numerowane + i ¿e podakapity s± wcinane. + Je¶li chcesz to zmieniæ przeczytaj +\emph on + Podrêcznik u¿ytkownika +\emph toggle +. + Tytu³y rozdzia³ów --- ¶rodowisko Chapter --- s± najwy¿szym poziomem, powy¿ej + podrozdzia³ów, ale mo¿na ich u¿ywaæ tylko w niektórych typach (klasach) + dokumentów LyX-a (patrz podrozdzia³ +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +). + +\layout Standard + +Je¿eli nie chcesz numerowanych rozdzia³ów i podrozdzia³ów, u¿yj odpowiednich + ¶rodowisk. + ¦rodowisko Section* (znalezienie go na li¶cie mo¿e wymagaæ jej przewiniêcia) + nadaje tytu³owi podrozdzia³u te same atrybuty ale bez numerowania go. + Istniej± odpowiednie ¶rodowiska +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +z gwiazdk± +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + dla +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + +\family sans +i Subsubsection +\family default +. + Zmieñ ¶rodowiska niektórych sekcji na ich odpowiedniki +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +z gwiazdk± +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + i zwróæ uwagê na zmianê numeracji pozosta³ych sekcji. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Popraw tytu³y sekcji i podrozdzia³ów w +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Znajdziesz ten dokument w katalogu +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default +. + Wykonaj polecenie Plik->Otwórz i naci¶nij Przyk³ady. + Otwórz dokument i zachowaj go poleceniem Plik->Zapisz\SpecialChar ~ +jako w swoim katalogu + jako kopiê robocz±. +\layout Subsection + +Listy i podlisty +\layout Standard + +LyX dysponuje szeregiem ró¿nych ¶rodowisk do sk³adu list. + ¦rodowiska te uwalniaj± u¿ytkownika od uci±¿liwego naciskania Tab milion + razy lub przenumerowywania listy za ka¿dym razem gdy wstawia co¶ w ¶rodek, + pozwalaj±c mu skoncentrowaæ siê na zawarto¶ci +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tak, przesadzamy z ci±g³ym podkre¶laniem tego faktu w +\emph on +Elementarzu +\emph toggle +. + Ale na tym polega LyX, wiêc prosimy o wyrozumia³o¶æ. +\end_inset + +. + Ró¿ne listy wymagaj± odpowiednich ¶rodowisk: +\layout Itemize + +Lista z wierszami rozpoczynanymi znaczkiem --- ¶rodowisko Itemize --- nadaje + siê do prezentacji celem opisania poszczególnych punktów. +\layout Itemize + +Numerowane listy i podlisty ¶rodowiska +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + by³yby w³a¶ciwe w streszczeniu. +\layout Itemize + +Dokument opisuj±cy pakiety oprogramowania mo¿e u¿ywaæ ¶rodowiska +\family sans +Description +\family default +, w którym ka¿da pozycja listy rozpoczyna siê wyt³uszczonym drukiem. +\layout Itemize + +¦rodowisko +\family sans +List +\family default + --- nieobecne w LaTeX-u --- to trochê inna forma ¶rodowiska +\family sans +Description +\family default +. + +\layout Standard + +Wypisz listê powodów, dla których LyX jest lepszy ni¿ inne edytory . + W dowolnym miejscu dokumentu napisz: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +LyX jest lepszy ni¿ inne edytory, poniewa¿: +\layout Standard + +i naci¶nij Return. + Teraz wybierz +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + z listy ¶rodowisk. + LyX postawi znaczek (konkretnie znak mno¿enia, który zostanie wydrukowany + jako kó³ko). + Wylicz swoje argumenty i naci¶nij +\family sans +Return +\family default +: +\layout LyX-Code + +Robi za ciebie sk³ad drukarski. +\layout LyX-Code + +Formu³y tworzy w trybie WYSIWYG +\layout LyX-Code + +Bardzo ³atwo tworzy listy! +\layout Standard + +¦rodowiska list, w przeciwieñstwie do tytu³ów nie koñcz± siê wraz z przyci¶niêci +em Return. + Zamiast tego, LyX zak³ada kontynuacjê wpisywania pozycji listy. + Powy¿szy przyk³ad utworzy zatem listê trzech argumentów. + Je¶li która¶ z pozycji listy ma mieæ wiêcej ni¿ jeden akapit, nale¿y u¿yæ + bezpiecznego koñca linii, uzyskiwanego przyci¶niêciem +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +\emph toggle +. + Aby zakoñczyæ listê, nale¿y ponownie wybraæ ¶rodowisko Standard z listy + ¶rodowisk (lub kombinacj± klawiszy +\family sans +\emph default +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Powsta³a piêkna lista argumentów. + Mo¿na obejrzeæ jak LaTeX poradzi sobie z wydrukiem. + Ale jak uzyskaæ numeracjê argumentów? Po prostu zaznacz ca³± listê +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX nie pozwoli na zaznaczenie pierwszego znaczka, o ile nie zostanie zaznaczony + akapit przed list±, co akurat nie jest potrzebne. + Podobnie nie mo¿na zaznaczyæ numeru postawionego przed tytu³em rozdzia³u. + Nie szkodzi. +\end_inset + + i z listy ¶rodowisk wybierz +\family sans + Enumerate +\family default +. + Voila ! Jak wspomniano, LyX troszczy siê o numeracjê listy w przypadku + dodania lub wstawienia pozycji. +\layout Standard + +Je¶li lista jest wci±¿ zaznaczona mo¿na wypróbowaæ pozosta³e dwa ¶rodowiska, + +\family sans +Description +\family default + and +\family sans +List +\family default +. + W obu lista sk³ada siê z has³a -- pierwszego s³owa danej pozycji oraz nastêpuj± +cej po nim definicji, która tworzy resztê akapitu (a¿ do naci¶niêcia +\family sans +Return +\family default +). + Has³o jest wyt³uszczone ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +) lub odseparowane +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +tabulatorem +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ale jest to tabulator drukarski, a nie ¿a³osny, ograniczony, niereformowalny + tabulator maszyny do pisania. +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +List +\family default +) od reszty akapitu. + Has³o sk³adaj±ce siê z wiêcej ni¿ jednego s³owa mo¿na uzyskaæ rozdzielaj±c + jego sk³adniki tward± spacj±, wstawian± naci¶niêciem +\family sans +C-Space +\family default + i wy¶wietlan± jako ma³e, ró¿owe +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Sformatuj listy z pliku +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx. +\layout Standard + +Listy mo¿na zagnie¿d¿aæ na wszelkie mo¿liwe sposoby. + Narzucaj±cym siê przyk³adem by³oby pisanie planu. + Listy numerowane i ze znaczkami maj± ró¿ne sposoby numerowania i oznaczania + podlist. + W +\emph on +Podrêczniku u¿ytkownika +\emph toggle + mo¿na znale¼æ szczegó³owy opis ró¿nych typów list, jak równie¿ przyk³ady + z u¿yciem +\emph on +mnóstwa +\emph toggle + zagnie¿d¿eñ. +\layout Subsection + +Inne ¶rodowiska: Verses, Quotations, i inne +\layout Standard + +Istniej± dwa ¶rodowiska wyró¿niaj±ce cytaty z otaczaj±cego tekstu: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + dla krótkich, a +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + dla d³ugich cytatów. + Programy komputerowe (¶rodowisko +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, u¿ywane równie¿ w Elementarzu w przyk³adach d³u¿szych tekstów) pisane + s± czcionk± maszynow±.; ¶rodowisko to jest jedynym w LyX-ie, gdzie mo¿na + u¿ywaæ wielokrotnych spacji celem formatowania kodu. + Do pisania poezji s³u¿y ¶rodowisko +\family sans +Verse +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +nie wspominaj±c o odrobinie talentu. +\end_inset + +, z klawiszem Return +\family default + rozdzielaj±cym strofy, a +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + linijki wewn±trz strofy. + +\emph on +Podrêcznik u¿ytkownika +\emph toggle + drobiazgowo opisuje wszystkie dostêpne ¶rodowiska. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: U¿yj ¶rodowisk +\family sans +Quote, LyX-Code, +\family default + i +\family sans +Verse +\family default + celem poprawnego sformatowania pliku +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Pisanie dokumentów +\layout Standard + +Zadaniem poprzedniego rozdzia³u by³o wdro¿enie u¿ytkownika do pisania tekstów + w LyX-ie. + Przedstawiono tam podstawowe operacje, jak równie¿ pos³ugiwanie siê ¶rodowiskam +i. + Wiêkszo¶æ u¿ytkowników zamierza jednak pisaæ za pomoc± LyX-a dokumenty: + artyku³y, prace, ksi±¿ki, podrêczniki lub listy. + Ten rozdzia³ ma poszerzyæ umiejêtno¶æ pisania tekstu o tworzenie ca³ych + dokumentów. + Zostan± wprowadzone klasy tekstu, pozwalaj±ce na pisanie ró¿nych typów + dokumentów, oraz dodatki, które stanowi± o ró¿nicy miêdzy tekstem, a dokumentem +, takie jak tytu³y, przypisy, odsy³acze, bibliografie i spisy tre¶ci. +\layout Section + +Klasy tekstu i wzorce: pisanie listów +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ró¿ne typy dokumentów wymagaj± ró¿nego formatowania. + Na przyk³ad ksi±¿ki zasadniczo s± drukowane na obu stronach kartki, za¶ + artyku³y na jednej. + W dodatku wiele dokumentów zawiera specjalne ¶rodowiska: listy maj± adres + nadawcy i podpis, którenie maj± sensu w ksi±¿ce czy artykule. + Klasy tekstu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Dla u¿ytkowników LaTeX-a: ekwiwalent latexowej +\emph on +documentclass +\end_inset + + w LyX-ie s³u¿± do opisu tych zasadniczych ró¿niæ miêdzy typami dokumentów. + Ten +\emph on +Elementarz +\emph toggle + zosta³ napisany w klasie +\family sans +Book +\family default +. + Klasy to kolejny element WYSIWYM; informuj± LyX-a jak sk³adaæ dokument, + uwalniaj±c od tego u¿ytkownika. +\layout Standard + +Twój dokument jest prawdopodobnie klasy +\family sans +Article +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +To domy¶lna klasa, chyba ¿e j± zmieniæ w pliku +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + Spróbuj zmieniæ klasê u¿ywaj±c listy klas w oknie polecenia Uk³ad->Dokument +\family default +, celem obejrzenia ró¿nic w formatowaniu dokumentów. + Je¶li zmienisz klasê swojego dokumentu na +\family sans +Book +\family default + i obejrzysz listê ¶rodowisk, zauwa¿ysz, ¿e wiêkszo¶æ z nich nie uleg³a + zmianie. + Dodatkowo pojawi siê ¶rodowisko +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +. + W razie w±tpliwo¶ci, czy dane ¶rodowisko istnieje w klasie najlepiej zajrzeæ + na listê ¶rodowisk. +\layout Standard + +Rozmiary czcionek, druk jedno- lub dwukolumnowy, nag³ówki stron to mo¿liwe + ró¿nice miêdzy formatami czasopism. + W miarê rozpowszechniania siê komputerów czasopisma zaczê³y przyjmowaæ + artyku³y drog± elektroniczn± i stworzy³y pliki stylu LaTeX-a, tak by autorzy + mogli dokonaæ prawid³owego sk³adu. + LyX równie¿ je akceptuje. + Na przyk³ad LyX obs³uguje format (i dodatkowe ¶rodowiska) dla biuletynu + Amerykañskiego Towarzystwa Matematycznego stosuj±c klasê +\family sans +Article\SpecialChar ~ +(AMS) +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Oto bardzo krótki zestaw niektórych klas. + Jak zwykle Podrêcznik u¿ytkownika zawiera brakuj±ce szczegó³y: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nazwa +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Uwagi +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +druk jednostronny, bez rozdzia³ów +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +uk³ad i ¶rodowiska dla American Math Society +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +d³u¿szy ni¿ article, druk dwustronny +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report + dodatki z przodu i z ty³u +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slajdy (z FoilTeX-em w³±cznie) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\lang english + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +list---mnóstwo dodatkowych ¶rodowisk dla adresu, podpisu\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Wzorce: pisanie listu +\layout Standard + +Jedn± z najbardziej popularnych klas tekstu jest Letter (list). + Nowy list mo¿na rozpocz±æ tworz±c nowy plik poleceniem Nowy, i wybieraj±c + Letter z listy Klasa w oknie polecenia Uk³ad->Dokument. + Choæ taki sposób wydaje siê najbardziej oczywisty, nie jest wcale ekonomiczny. + Za ka¿dym razem chc±c napisaæ list musimy w nim zawrzeæ adresy nadawcy + i odbiorcy, podpis itp. + Dlatego LyX posiada wzorzec listu, bêd±cy przyk³adowym listem. + Posiadaj±c wzorzec mo¿na po prostu zast±piæ jego fragmenty w³asnym tekstem + kiedy pisze siê w³asny list. +\layout Standard + +Utwórz nowy plik poleceniem Plik->Nowy ze wzorca. + Po podaniu nazwy nowego pliku, w oknie Wybierz wzorzec wybierz +\family typewriter +latex_letter.lyx +\family default +. + Zapisz i wydrukuj plik celem obejrzenia formatu poszczególnych ¶rodowisk. +\layout Standard + +Na li¶cie ¶rodowisk znajduje siê teraz kilka pozycji w³±cznie ze ¶rodowiskiem + +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + (mój adres), których nie ma w innych klasach. + Inne ¶rodowiska jak +\family sans +Quote czy Description +\family default +, s± ju¿ znane. + Warto wypróbowaæ ich dzia³anie. + Mo¿na np. + zauwa¿yæ, ¿e ¶rodowisko +\family sans +Signature +\family default + rozpoczyna siê s³owem +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Signature: +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + na czerwono przed w³a¶ciwym podpisem. + S³owo to nie poka¿e siê na wydruku. + Istnieje tylko w celu pokazania miejsca podpisu. + Niewa¿ne zreszt±, gdzie to ¶rodowisku znajduje siê w pliku. + Nale¿y pamiêtaæ, ¿e LyX jest WYSIWYM; ¶rodowisko +\family sans +Signature +\family default + mo¿e byæ wstawione gdziekolwiek, ale LyX sprawi, ¿e na wydruku zostanie + umieszczone na koñcu. +\layout Standard + +Wzorzec jest normalnym plikiem LyX-a. + Oznacza to, ¿e mo¿esz wstawiæ swój adres i podpis i zapisaæ tak zmieniony + plik jako nowy wzorzec. + Od tego momentu, ka¿dy list mo¿esz zacz±æ od otworzenia tego nowego wzorca. + Nie proponujemy tu ¿adnego szczególnego æwiczenia. + Po prostu napisz do kogo¶ list +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Jedno ostrze¿enie. + Je¶li wykasujesz ca³y tekst ze ¶rodowiska np. + wykasujesz ca³e pole +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + celem wpisania w³asnego adresu i przemie¶cisz kursor nic nie wpisuj±c, + ryzykujesz znikniêcie ¶rodowiska. + Dzieje siê tak , poniewa¿ ¶rodowisko nie mo¿e istnieæ bez tekstu. + Aby je odzyskaæ nale¿y wybraæ je ponownie z listy ¶rodowisk. +\end_inset + +! +\layout Section + +Tytu³y dokumentu +\layout Standard + +Tytu³ (który mo¿e sk³adaæ siê z w³a¶ciwego tytu³u, autora, a nawet streszczenia) + jest uwa¿any w LyX-ie (podobnie jak w LaTeX-u) za osobn± czê¶æ dokumentu. +\layout Standard + +Wróæ do swojego pliku +\family typewriter +newfile.lyx i +\family default + upewnij siê +\family typewriter +, +\family default + ¿e u¿ywa klasy +\family sans +Article +\family default +. + Wpisz tytu³ w pierwszej linijce, i zmieñ ¶rodowisko na +\family sans +Title +\family default +. + W nastêpnej linijce wpisz swoje imiê i nazwisko i ustaw ¶rodowisko +\family sans +Author +\family default +. + W nastêpnej linijce napisz datê w ¶rodowisku +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Napisz ze dwa akapity podsumowuj±ce zawarto¶æ dokumentu w ¶rodowisku +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +. + Teraz obejrzyj wydruk. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Popraw tytu³, datê i autora +\family typewriter +w example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Etykiety i odno¶niki +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + + Zaetykietowaæ mo¿na podrozdzia³ (albo sekcjê, czy te¿, rzadziej, pop prostu + kawa³ek tekstu) w dowolnym dokumencie. + Dziêki temu powstaje mo¿liwo¶æ odwo³ania siê do tego podrozdzia³u w innych + miejscach dokumentu przy u¿yciu odno¶ników. + Mo¿na odwo³ywaæ siê albo do numeru podrozdzia³u, albo do numeru strony + jego pocz±tku. + Podobnie jak w przypadku przypisów i notatek, LyX zajmuje siê aktualizacj± + odno¶ników. + Automatyczne etykiety i odno¶niki to jedna z najwiêkszych zalet LyX-a (i + LaTeX-a) w porównaniu do zwyk³ych edytorów. +\layout Subsection* + +Pierwsza etykieta +\layout Standard + +Oznaczmy nasz drugi podrozdzia³ zatytu³owany +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +O tym dokumencie +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Kliknij na koñcu linijki tytu³u podrozdzia³u i u¿yj polecenia +\family sans +Wstaw->Etykietê +\family default +. + W oknie wpisz nazwê podrozdzia³u: +\family typewriter +sec:o_dok +\family default +, która wygl±da na dobre opisowe oznaczenie, niekoliduj±ce z ewentualnymi + innymi nazwami etykiet +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Piszemy +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +sec: +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + , bo mo¿na etykietowaæ tak¿e równania. + tabele i rysunki. +\end_inset + +. + Po naci¶niêciu OK nazwa etykiety zostanie umieszczona w prostok±cie obok + tytu³u podrozdzia³u. +\layout Standard + +Sk±din±d etykieta mog³aby byæ wstawiona w dowolnym miejscu w ¶rodku podrozdzia³u. + Odno¶niki do podrozdzia³u wskazuj± na ostatni podrozdzia³ lub sekcjê, której + tytu³ znajduje siê przed etykiet±. + Umieszczenie jej w linijce tytu³u (czy w pierwszej linijce tekstu) zapewnia + odwo³anie do pocz±tku podrozdzia³u. +\layout Standard + +Jak dot±d niewiele siê zmieni³o --- plik +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + wygl±da dok³adnie jak wygl±da³, poniewa¿ etykiety nie pojawiaj± siê na + wydruku. + Tym niemniej je¶li do³o¿ono etykietê, to mo¿na siê do niej odwo³aæ za pomoc± + odno¶nika. + Zrobimy to w nastêpnym kroku. +\layout Subsection* + +Pierwszy odno¶nik +\layout Standard + +Umie¶æ kursor w dowolnym miejscu swojego dokumentu. + Napisz: +\layout LyX-Code + +Je¶li chcesz zasiêgn±æ wiêcej informacji o tym dokumencie,zobacz podrozdzia³ + , który rozpoczyna siê na stronie . +\layout Standard + +Nastêpnie --- z kursorem po s³owie podrozdzia³ --- u¿yj polecenia +\family sans +Wstaw->Odno¶nik +\family default +. + Otworzy siê okno +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +odno¶nik +\family default +, pokazuj±c listê mo¿liwych etykiet. + W tej chwili powinna byæ tylko jedna: +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +sec:o_dokumencie +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Wybierz j± i kliknij na +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +odno¶nik +\family default +. + Teraz przesuñ kursor za s³owo +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +stronie +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + i kliknij na +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +numer\SpecialChar ~ +strony +\family default + w oknie +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +odno¶nik +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX wstawia odno¶nik do prostok±ta w miejscu kursora. + Na wydruku prostok±t z odno¶nikiem zostanie zast±piony numerem podrozdzia³u, + wzglêdnie strony ( w zale¿no¶ci co wskaza³e¶ w oknie +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +odno¶nik +\family default +). + Dla wygody odno¶niki dzia³aj± jak hiper³±cza w trakcie edycji dokumentu + LyX-a; klikniêcie na nich przenosi kursor do wskazywanej etykiety. + U¿yj polecenia +\family sans +Plik->Podgl±d->Obejrzyj\SpecialChar ~ +jako\SpecialChar ~ +DVI +\family default + aby zobaczyæ, ¿e na ostatniej stronie odsy³amy do +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +podrozdzia³u 2 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + i +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +strony 1 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + (czy innej, na której akurat jest tytu³ 2. + podrozdzia³u). +\layout Subsection* + +Wiêcej o etykietach +\layout Standard + +Wspomniano o obs³udze numerowania odno¶ników przez LyX-a; teraz mo¿na j± + przetestowaæ. + Dodaj nowy podrozdzia³ przed podrozdzia³em 2. + Uaktualnij podgl±d --- voilà! --- odno¶nik zmieni³ numer na 3! Zmieñ ¶rodowisko + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +O tym dokumencie +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + na +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +, a odno¶nik wska¿e sekcjê 2.1 zamiast podrozdzia³u 3. + Odno¶nik do strony nie zmieni siê oczywi¶cie tak d³ugo, a¿ nie wpiszesz + ca³ej strony tekstu przed wskazywan± etykiet±. +\layout Standard + +W ramach poszerzonych æwiczeñ spróbuj wstawiæ etykietê +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +sec:moja_etykieta +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + w miejsce pierwszego odno¶nika i umie¶æ w innym miejscu dokumentu odno¶nik + do niej. + Podczas czêstego wstawiania odno¶ników warto zostawiæ otwarte okno +\family sans + Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +odno¶nik +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Je¿eli chcesz sprawdziæ, czy odno¶niki wy¶wietlaj± prawid³owe strony we + wiêkszych dokumentach, skopiuj kilka stron z +\emph on +Podrêcznika u¿ytkownika +\emph default + i wklej po¿yczony tekst do swojego dokumentu. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Skopiowanie tytu³u rozdzia³u mo¿e spowodowaæ b³±d LyX-a, poniewa¿ rozdzia³y + nie s± dozwolone w klasie Article. + W takim przypadku skasuj tytu³ rozdzia³u. + Je¶li chcesz wiedzieæ, czemu tak siê dzieje, zobacz podrozdzia³ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Popraw odno¶niki w +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Przypisy i notatki +\layout Standard + +Przypisy s± dodawane za pomoc± przycisku +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +przypis +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Przycisk oznaczony jest strza³k± wskazuj±c± przypis +\end_inset + + z paska narzêdzi lub poleceniem Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +przypis +\family default +. + Kliknij na koñcu s³owa +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + gdzie¶ w dokumencie i naci¶nij przycisk +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +przypis +\family default +. + Poni¿ej bie¿±cej linijki otworzy siê linijka przypisu. + Przy jej lewym koñcu jest s³owo +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + napisane czerwonym kolorem na szarym tle. + Reszta linijki jest okolona czerwon± lini±.; tu w³a¶nie nale¿y wpisaæ tekst + przypisu. + Kursor powinien znajdowaæ siê na pocz±tku tej linijki. + Napisz +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX jest procesorem tekstu dokonuj±cym sk³adu drukarskiego. +\layout Standard + +Teraz kliknij na s³owie +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Linijka przypisu zniknê³a pozostawiaj±c s³owo +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + zapisane jako czerwony indeks górny, pokazuj±c gdzie na wydruku znajdzie + siê przypis; nazwiemy to +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +zwijaniem +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + przypisu. + Mo¿na j± tak¿e w ka¿dej chwili rozwin±æ przez klikniêcie na czerwonym znaczku. +\layout Standard + +Mo¿na zapytaæ, czemu przypis pokazywany jest jako czerwony indeks, a nie + jako liczba. + Dzieje siê tak, gdy¿ LyX zajmuje siê numerowaniem przypisów +\emph on +na wydrukach +\emph default +, o czym mo¿esz siê przekonaæ ogl±daj±c plik dvi (lub wydruk). + Dodanie nowego przypisu powoduje odpowiednie przenumerowanie ju¿ istniej±cych. + Poniewa¿ LyX (a w³a¶ciwie LaTeX) radzi sobie z tym na bie¿±co, nie ma potrzeby + zapisywania numerów przypisów w pliku LyX-a. +\layout Standard + +Przypis mo¿e byæ wycinany i wklejany tak jak zwyk³y tekst. + Przekonaj siê o tym sam ! Wystarczy zaznaczyæ znaczek przypisu, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Byæ mo¿e ³atwiej zaznaczyæ go przy pomocy klawiszy. + Zaznaczaj±c znaczek stopki mysz± mo¿na przypadkiem otworzyæ stopkê. +\end_inset + + poczym wyci±æ go i wkleiæ. + Poza tym mo¿na zamieniæ w przypis zwyk³y tekst, zaznaczaj±c go i naciskaj±c + przycisk +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +przypis +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Przycisk Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +notatkê dodaje notatki na marginesach +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Przycisk przedstawia strza³kê wskazuj±c± kolumnê tekstu na marginesie i + powinien znajdowaæ siê po prawej stronie przycisku +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +stopkê +\family default +na pasku narzêdzi. +\end_inset + +, co osi±gn±æ mo¿na równie¿ poleceniem +\family sans +Wstaw->Notatkê +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Notatki zachowuj± siê jak przypisy, z tym ¿e: +\layout Itemize + +znaczki na ekranie maj± napis +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + zamiast +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +notatki pojawi± siê na marginesie, a nie pod tekstem +\layout Itemize + +notatki nie s± numerowane +\layout Itemize + +Kiedy notatka jest zwiniêta, na marginesie pojawia siê wykrzyknik, który + nie poka¿e siê na wydruku. +\layout Standard + +Zmieñ swój przypis o LyX-ie z powrotem w tekst, a nastêpnie w notatkê. + Obejrzyj plik dvi aby zobaczyæ jak wygl±da taka notatka. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Popraw przypis w +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Bibliografie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + + Bibliografie zachowuj± siê podobnie do odno¶ników. + Bibliografia zawiera listê odsy³aczy do literatury na koñcu dokumentu, + do których mo¿na siê odwo³ywaæ w tek¶cie. + Podobnie jak tytu³y podrozdzia³ów pozycje bibliografii s± przez LyX-a i + LaTeX-a automatycznie numerowane, jak równie¿ odwo³ania do nich. +\layout Standard + +Id¼ na koniec dokumentu i ustaw ¶rodowisko +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +. + Teraz ka¿dy akapit bêdzie pozycj± bibliografii. + Napisz +\family typewriter +Elementarz LyX-a, Zespó³ Dokumentacji LyX-a +\family default + jako swoj± pierwsz± pozycjê. + Zauwa¿, ¿e LyX automatycznie umieszcza numer w prostok±cie przed ka¿d± + pozycj±. + Kliknij na takim numerze, aby otworzyæ okno +\family sans +Pozycja\SpecialChar ~ +bibliografii +\family default +. + Pierwsze z pól, edycyjnych, +\family sans +Klucz +\family default +, s³u¿y do odwo³añ z tekstu dokumentu LyX-a. + Domy¶lnie jest on liczb±. + Wpisz w to pole +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +elementarz +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + celem ³atwiejszego zapamiêtania. +\layout Standard + +Znajd¼ teraz w swoim dokumencie jakie¶ miejsce do umieszczenia odwo³ania + do literatury. + Wstaw je za pomoc± +\family sans +Wstaw->Odwo³anie\SpecialChar ~ +do\SpecialChar ~ +literatury +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + LyX wstawi w tekst prostok±t z trzema znakami zapytania w nawiasach kwadratowyc +h i pojawi siê okno +\family sans +Wstaw\SpecialChar ~ +odwo³anie +\family default +. + U¿ywaj±c rozwijalnej listy na prawo od pola +\family sans +Klucz +\family default +, wybierz +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +elementarz +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + (w tej chwili to jedyna pozycja bibliografii). + Obejrzyj na podgl±dzie wygl±d odwo³ania w tek¶cie. +\layout Standard + +Do czego s³u¿± pozosta³e pola? Pole +\family sans +Uwaga +\family default + w oknie +\family sans +Odwo³anie +\family default + wstawia notkê (jak strona lub rozdzia³ w przywo³anej ksi±¿ce lub artykule) + w nawiasach po odwo³aniu. + Je¶li wolisz skróty zamiast liczb (np. + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +[Smi95] +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + odwo³uje siê do artyku³u Smith-a z 1995) u¿yj pola +\family sans +Etykieta +\family default + z okna +\family sans +Pozycja\SpecialChar ~ +bibliografii +\family default +. + Jak zwykle szczegó³y opisano w +\emph on +Podrêczniku u¿ytkownika. + +\emph toggle + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie: +\series default +Wykonaj bibliografiê i odwo³ania w +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Spis tre¶ci +\layout Standard + +Je¶li zamierzasz wstawiæ spis tre¶ci na pocz±tku dokumentu, LyX znakomicie + to u³atwi. + Naci¶nij +\family sans +Return +\family default + za tytu³em dokumentu i przed pierwszym tytu³em podrozdzia³u +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nawet nie próbuj umie¶ciæ kursora przed numerem podrozdzia³u. + Nie uda siê. + Tak czy inaczej nie mo¿na rêcznie poprawiaæ tego numeru, bo LyX numeruje + podrozdzia³y automatycznie. +\end_inset + + i wykonaj polecenie +\family sans +Wstaw->Spisy->Spis\SpecialChar ~ +tre¶ci +\family default +. + W prostok±cie w pierwszej linijce dokumentu pojawi siê napis +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Spis tre¶ci +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Wygl±da to niepozornie, ale na podgl±dzie widaæ kompletny spis tre¶ci dokumentu + w ca³ej okaza³o¶ci. + Jak zwykle, w przypadku zmiany kolejno¶ci rozdzia³ów lub dodania nowych, + spis tre¶ci na wydruku zostanie uaktualniony. +\layout Standard + +Spis tre¶ci nie pokazuje siê w edytowanej wersji dokumentu, bo i tak nie + ma mo¿liwo¶ci jego edycji. + Mo¿na jednak wy¶wietliæ go za pomoc± polecenia +\family sans + Edycja->Struktura\SpecialChar ~ +dokumentu +\family default +. + To bardzo u¿yteczne narzêdzie, które umo¿liwia ³atwe poruszanie siê po + dokumencie. + Klikniêcie na tytule podrozdzia³u w oknie +\family sans +Struktura\SpecialChar ~ +dokumentu +\family default + wyró¿nia ten tytu³ i przenosi w to miejsce kursor (w oknie edycyjnym). +\layout Standard + +Pozbyæ siê spisu tre¶ci mo¿na kasuj±c go tak jak inne znaki. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Wstaw spis tre¶ci w pliku +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Formu³y matematyczne +\layout Standard + +LaTeX jest u¿ywany przez wielu naukowców z powodu jego ¶wietnie wygl±daj±cych + równañ, powstaj±cych bez potrzeby u¿ywania znaków kontrolnych i edytorów + równañ spotykanych w innych procesorach tekstu. + Wielu z nich z¿yma siê jednak na styl pracy z LaTeX-em, bardziej przypominaj±cy + programowanie ni¿ pisanie tekstu. + Na szczê¶cie LyX obs³uguje równania w trybie wizualnym. + Przyzwyczajeni do pisania w LaTeX-u zauwa¿±, ¿e wszystkie normalne polecenia + LaTeX-a dzia³aj± jak zwykle, poza tym, ¿e ich efekt pokazuje siê na bie¿±co. + Z drugiej strony u¿ytkownicy nigdy nie korzystaj±cy z LaTeX-a mog± u¿yæ + paska narzêdzi formu³ matematycznych, który umo¿liwia tworzenie profesjonalnie + wygl±daj±cych równañ w sposób ³atwy i szybki +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX nie potrafi, niestety, sprawdziæ +\emph on +poprawno¶ci +\emph toggle + tych równañ. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Tryb formu³ matematycznych +\layout Standard + +W dowolnym miejscu swojego dokumentu napisz: +\layout LyX-Code + +Lubiê równanie Einsteina, E=mc^2, bo jest takie proste +\layout Standard + +Takie równanie nie wygl±da za ³adnie, nawet na podgl±dzie. + Brak w nim spacji miêdzy literami a znakiem równo¶ci i prawdziwego indeksu + górnego dla +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Taki nieciekawy sk³ad jest skutkiem tego, ¿e LyX nie zosta³ poinformowany + o pisaniu równania i z³o¿y³ je jak zwyk³y tekst. +\layout Standard + +Tekst matematyczny powinno pisaæ siê w trybie formu³ matematycznych. + Aby wej¶æ w tryb formu³ wystarczy nacisn±æ przycisk na pasku narzêdzi oznaczony + niebieskim symbolem +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + + . + LyX wstawi w tekst ma³y niebieski prostok±t okolony czerwon± ramk±. + Niebieski prostok±t to punkt wstawiania, gdzie pojawi± siê elementy formu³y, + za¶ czerwona ramka sygnalizuje tryb formu³. + LyX umie¶ci³ ju¿ kursor w niebieskim prostok±cie, wiêc wystarczy wpisaæ + ponownie E=mc^2. + Wyra¿enie napisane jest na niebiesko, a niebieski prostok±t znika kiedy + punkt wstawiania nie jest pusty. + Teraz naci¶nij Esc celem opuszczenia trybu matematycznego (zauwa¿, ¿e powtórne + przyci¶niêcie przycisku Tryb\SpecialChar ~ +formu³ +\emph on +nie opuszcza +\emph toggle +trybu formu³). + Znika czerwona ramka, kursor znajduje siê na prawo od wyra¿enia, ewentualne + dalsze pisanie bêdzie w trybie zwyk³ego tekstu. +\layout Standard + +Obejrzyj podgl±d i zauwa¿ ³adnie z³o¿one równanie, zawieraj±ce spacje miêdzy + literami i znakiem równao¶ci, a tak¿e +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + jako indeks górny. + Litery w trybie formu³ traktowane s± jak zmienne i pisane s± kursyw±. + Liczby traktowane s± jak liczby. +\layout Standard + +Edycja formu³ to kolejny przyk³ad podej¶cia WYSIWYM. + W LaTeX-u wyra¿enie matematyczne tworzy siê pisz±c tekst i u¿ywaj±c poleceñ + typu +\backslash +sqrt; mo¿e to byæ uci±¿liwe, z braku mo¿liwo¶ci zobaczenia wyra¿enia zanim + uruchomi siê program LaTeX-a, co powoduje stratê czasu na poprawkê ewentualnych + b³êdów jak zgubione nawiasy itd. + Z drugiej strony LyX nie próbuje przedstawiaæ wygl±du równania dok³adnie + tak jak na wydruku, ale prezentuje bardzo dobre przybli¿enie koñcowego + efektu. + W nastêpnej kolejno¶ci LaTeX zajmuje siê profesjonalnym sk³adem, po którym + w 99% nie trzeba rêcznie poprawiaæ rozmiarów czcionki czy odstêpów. + W ten sposób (przepraszamy za powtarzanie siê), u¿ytkownik mo¿e skupiæ + siê na zawarto¶ci wyra¿eñ matematycznych, a nie na ich formacie. +\layout Section + +Praca z równaniem +\layout Standard + +Zmieñ teraz +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + U¿yj klawiszy strza³ek aby przemie¶ciæ kursor do wnêtrza wyra¿enia. + Zauwa¿, ¿e kiedy kursor znajdzie siê w ¶rodku, pojawi siê czerwona ramka + informuj±c o przej¶ciu w tryb formu³. + Za pomoc± strza³ki w lewo i w prawo przesuñ kursor za znak równo¶ci i napisz + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +1+ +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Jak poprzednio mo¿na u¿yæ klawiszy strza³ek lub +\family sans +Esc +\family default + celem opuszczenia trybu formu³, co spowoduje znikniêcie czerwonej ramki. + W opinii wielu u¿ytkowników wej¶cie w tryb formu³ kursorem jest bardzo + wygodne, ale zawsze mo¿na klikn±æ w którym¶ miejscu wyra¿enia, ¿eby przenie¶æ + tam kursor i przej¶æ tym samym do trybu formu³. +\layout Standard + +W odró¿nieniu od specjalnych klawiszy opisanych poni¿ej, pisanie w trybie + formu³ nie ró¿ni siê od pisania zwyk³ego tekstu. + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + i +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + kasuj± znaki, zaznaczaæ tekst mo¿na za pomoc± klawiszy lub myszy, dzia³a + +\family sans +Edycja->Cofnij +\family default +, wycinanie oraz wklejanie. + Z jednym trzeba ostro¿nie: po wyj¶ciu z trybu formu³ nieopatrzne +\family sans + Backspace/Delete +\family default +potrafi za jednym zamachem skasowaæ ca³e wyra¿enie. + Na szczê¶cie +\family sans +Cofnij +\family default + naprawi b³±d. +\layout Standard + +Jak zmieniæ +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + +? Jak poprzednio, mo¿na od razu klikn±æ mysz± we w³a¶ciwe miejsce. + Mo¿na tak¿e u¿yæ klawiszy strza³ek. + Je¶li kursor znajduje siê zaraz za +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, ale przed +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, naci¶niêcie strza³ki w górê przesunie kursor na poziom indeksu górnego, + tu¿ przed +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Dodaj +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +.5 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Naci¶niêcie strza³ki w dó³ przesunie kursor z powrotem na zwyk³y poziom. + Naci¶niêcie tej strza³ki w dowolnym miejscu indeksu górnego przenosi kursor + w miejsce zaraz +\emph on +za +\emph toggle + tym indeksem (tak ¿e od razu mo¿esz dopisaæ +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Do poruszania siê po wyra¿eniu mo¿na tak¿e u¿yæ spacji. + Je¿eli kursor znajduje siê w strukturze matematycznej (indeksie dolnym, + górnym, u³amku, pierwiastku, ograniczniku czy macierzy, które zostan± opisane + w nastêpnych podrozdzia³ach), naci¶niêcie spacji przesunie kursor za tê + strukturê, ale nie wy³±czy trybu formu³. + Tak wiêc je¶li kursor znajduje siê gdziekolwiek w indeksie górnym, naci¶niêcie + spacji przeniesie go na zwyk³y poziom tu¿ za indeksem. + Oznacza to, ¿e mo¿esz napisaæ +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{1+x}-2$ +\end_inset + + bez u¿ywania myszy czy klawiszy strza³ek. + Uwa¿aj, ¿eby nie nacisn±æ spacji miêdzy +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, inaczej opu¶cisz indeks górny. + W miejscach, gdzie spacja nie ma sensu (np. + miêdzy +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + i +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +), naci¶niêcie spacji jest ignorowane +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Spacja i tabulator nie s³u¿± do wstawiania dodatkowego wolnego miejsca miêdzy + czê¶ciami równania. + Odstêpy s± zagadnieniem sk³adu drukarskiego, co oznacza, ¿e u¿ytkownik + powinien pozostawiæ je LyX-owi (LaTeX-owi) (zobacz podrozdz. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +) Je¶li nie satysfakcjonuje Ciê efekt sk³adu LyX-a, istniej± sposoby zmiany + odstêpów, o czym wiêcej pisze Podrêcznik u¿ytkownika --- ale od³ó¿ poprawki + dopóki nie ukoñczysz pisania tre¶ci dokumentu. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Zauwa¿, ¿e opuszczenie trybu formu³ klawiszem +\family sans +Esc +\family default + powoduje brak spacji za wyra¿eniem. + Nie jest to problem, je¿eli piszesz potem kropkê lub przecinek, ale je¶li + chcesz napisaæ jakie¶ s³owo, musisz dodatkowo nacisn±æ spacjê. + Istnieje skrót, dzia³aj±cy na samym koñcu obszaru w trybie formu³. + Naci¶niêcie spacji wychodzi z tego trybu i wstawia spacjê za formu³±. + W ten sposób mo¿na szybciej napisaæ +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + to moje ulubione równanie +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + zamiast +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + +to moje ulubione równanie +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Potêgi i indeksy +\layout Standard + +Wyk³adnik mo¿e byæ wprowadzony z paska narzêdzi, ale pro¶ciej jest u¿yæ + znak +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + LyX ustawia wówczas punkt wstawiania (niebieski prostok±t) w indeks górny, + dziêki czemu cokolwiek napiszesz bêdzie wy¿ej i mniejsz± czcionk±. + Ca³y dalszy pisany tekst do naci¶niêcia spacji (lub Esc celem opuszczenia + trybu formu³) bêdzie indeksem górnym. +\layout Standard + +Pisanie indeksów dolnych jest równie proste --- zaczyna siê naci¶niêciem + klawisza podkre¶lenia, +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Mo¿na podnosiæ i opuszczaæ oba indeksy, np.: +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Przerób equation 1 z +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + w trybie formu³. +\layout Section + +Pasek narzêdzi formu³ matematycznych +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +W klyx-ie jest to pasek, w lyx-ie panel +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Pasek narzêdzi do wygodny sposób na wprowadzanie symboli i wykonywanie skompliko +wanej edycji formu³. + Wiele z jego funkcji mo¿e byæ przywo³anych z klawiatury. + Na razie jednak skupimy siê na pos³ugiwaniu siê paskiem narzêdzi, aby zapoznaæ + siê z jego zawarto¶ci±; skrótów klawiaturowych mo¿na siê nauczyæ z innych + podrêczników. + Otwórz zatem pasek narzêdzi i pozostaw go otwartym na czas lektury tego + podrozdzia³u. +\layout Subsection + +Litery greckie i symbole +\layout Standard + +Naci¶niêcie przycisku oznaczonego napisem +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + otwiera menu z greckimi literami. + Wybór której¶ powoduje wstawienie jej do tekstu. + Zauwa¿, ¿e istnieje kilka wariantów epsilon, pi, fi, teta, i sigma. + Wybór elementu z paska narzêdzi formu³ zawsze powoduje przej¶cie w tryb + formu³ +\layout Standard + +Cztery pozosta³e przyciski u koñca paska oferuj± szerok± gamê symboli matematycz +nych: strza³ek, relacji, operatorów, sum i ca³ek. + Ostatni przycisk przeznaczono na +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +ró¿ne +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Nothing you can do that can't be done\SpecialChar \ldots{} + All you need is +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Pierwiastki, wektory i nawiasy +\layout Standard + +Aby utworzyæ pierwiastek wystarczy nacisn±æ przycisk oznaczony pierwiastkiem. + Pierwiastek pojawi siê w tek¶cie, a pod nim kursor w punkcie wstawiania. + Mo¿esz wpisywaæ zmienne, liczby, inne pierwiastki, u³amki itp. + LyX automatycznie dostosuje rozmiar pierwiastka do tego, co w ¶rodku. +\layout Standard + +Nadpisywanie znaków ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +) lub ich grup ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +) odbywa siê w ten sam sposób. + Naci¶nij przycisk +\family sans +Daszki, tyldy, wektory +\family default +, oznaczony niebieskim prostok±tem przykrytym czarn± tyld±\SpecialChar ~ +(~). + Kliknij na symbolu, ¿eby wstawiæ go w tekst wraz punktem wstawiania nad + lub pod symbolem. + Nastêpnie napisz, co chcesz, w punkcie wstawiania i opu¶æ tryb formu³ naci¶niêc +iem spacji. +\layout Standard + +Ograniczniki takie jak nawiasy okr±g³e, kwadratowe i klamrowe dzia³aj± podobnie, + ale s± trochê bardziej skomplikowane. + Naci¶nij przycisk +\family sans +Ogranicznik +\family default +, oznaczony niebieskim prostok±tem w czarnych nawiasach kwadratowych. + Otwiera on okno ograniczników. + Kliknij na lewym ograniczniku u¿ywaj±c +\emph on +lewego klawisza +\emph toggle + myszy, nastêpnie na prawym u¿ywaj±c +\emph on +prawego klawisza +\emph toggle +. + (wzglêdnie u¿yj przycisków wyboru opcji oznaczonych +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Lewy +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + i +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Prawy, +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + poczym kliknij na odpowiednim ograniczniku +\emph on +lewym +\emph toggle +klawiszem myszy.) Wybrane ograniczniki pokazane s± w ramce u szczytu okna. + Domy¶lnie jest to para nawiasów okr±g³ych, ale w opisany powy¿ej sposób + mo¿na je zmieniæ na kwadratowe, parê kwadratowy -- okr±g³y a nawet wybraæ + nawias +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +pusty +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + celem wygenerowania wzoru +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (pusty ogranicznik wy¶wietlany jest jako linia przerywana w LyX-ie, ale + nie pojawia siê na wydruku). +\layout Standard + +Po wyborze ograniczników kliknij +\family sans +OK +\family default + aby wstawiæ je w wyra¿enie (albo naci¶nij +\family sans +Zastosuj +\family default +, je¶li chcesz pozostawiæ okno otwarte). + Leniuchy mog± pisaæ nawiasy wprost z klawiatury zamiast wybieraæ je z paska + narzêdzi, ale tak wstawiane nawiasy bêd± wielko¶ci normalnego tekstu, co + wygl±da ¼le, kiedy otaczaj± du¿y u³amek albo macierz. + Po¶rednictwo paska narzêdzi gwarantuje, ¿e rozmiar ograniczników dostosowuje + siê wyra¿eñ pomiêdzy nimi. +\layout Standard + +Istnieje mo¿liwo¶æ obudowania istniej±cego tekstu pierwiastkiem, wektorem + lub ogranicznikami. + W tym celu nale¿y zaznaczyæ potrzebny fragment formu³y i u¿yæ paska narzêdzi + do wyboru odpowiedniego symbolu. + Zastosuj ten sposób do zmiany formy zapisu drugiego prawa Newton'a ze skalarnej + na wektorow± ( +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + Poznana w³a¶nie metoda pos³u¿y równie¿ do wstawiania miêdzy nawiasy macierzy. +\layout Subsection + +U³amki +\layout Standard + +Aby w trybie formu³ wstawiæ u³amek, wystarczy nacisn±æ przycisk oznaczony + niebieskimi kwadratami oddzielonymi czarn± kresk± u³amkow±. + LyX umieszcza w u³amku dwa punkty wstawiania. + Jak mo¿na siê domy¶laæ, po u³amku mo¿na poruszaæ siê klawiszami strza³ek + lub mysz±. + Kliknij na górnym prostok±cie i naci¶nij +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Nastêpnie naci¶nij strza³kê w dó³ i wpisz +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Stworzy³e¶ u³amek ! Oczywi¶cie w ka¿dy z prostok±tów mo¿na wpisaæ wszystko: + zmienne z wyk³adnikami, pierwiastki czy inne u³amki. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Napisz 2 równanie z +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + w trybie formu³. +\layout Subsection + +Tryb TeX-a: granice, log, sin i inne +\layout Standard + +Poniewa¿ litery w trybie formu³ interpretowane s± jako zmienne, je¿eli napiszesz + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, LyX zrozumie to jako iloczyn zmiennych +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + + i +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + +. + Te trzy litery zostan± napisane kursyw±, podczas gdy tak naprawdê powinny + byæ symbolem +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + z³o¿onym czcionk± Roman. + W dodatku LyX nie wstawi spacji miêdzy s³owo +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + i +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + (naci¶niêcie spacji po prostu opu¶ci tryb formu³). + W jaki sposób zatem uzyskaæ +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + zamiast +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Wybierz +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + z rozwijalnej listy +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Funkcje +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + na pasku narzêdzi formu³. + Wstawione s³owo +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + napisane jest na czerwono, czcionk± Roman, w trybie znanym sk±din±d jako + tryb TeX-a. + Ca³e s³owo traktowane jest jak symbol, tak wiêc u¿ycie Backspace spowoduje + skasowanie ca³ego s³owa. + Teraz napisz +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +, które wy¶wietlone bêdzie niebiesk± kursyw±, jak tego mo¿na siê spodziewaæ + po trybie formu³. + Sprawd¼, ¿e na podgl±dzie wyra¿enie zosta³o poprawnie z³o¿one. +\layout Standard + +Inne polecenia wymagaj±ce wstawiania w trybie TeX-a z u¿yciem listy funkcji + to funkcje trygonometryczne i ich odwrotno¶ci, funkcje hiperboliczne, logarytmy +, granice i kilka innych. + Funkcje te mog± byæ wzbogacane o indeksy górne i dolne, konieczne w wyra¿eniach + typu +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + lub +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Przepisz equation 3 z +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + w trybie formu³. +\layout Subsection + +Macierze +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Naci¶nij przycisk +\family sans +Macierz +\family default + na pasku narzêdzi. + Okno +\family sans +Macierz +\family default + ma dwa suwaki pozwalaj±ce wybraæ ilo¶æ wierszy i kolumn macierzy. + Wybierz 2 wiersze i 3 kolumny, poczym naci¶nij +\family sans +Zastosuj +\family default + lub +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + LyX wstawi 6 punktów wstawiania w macierzy +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + +. + Jak zwykle mo¿na wstawiaæ dowolne wyra¿enia matematyczne (pierwiastek, + inn± macierz itd.). + Mo¿na równie¿ pozostawiæ niektóre komórki macierzy puste. +\layout Standard + +Do poruszania siê po macierzy w poziomie s³u¿y klawisz +\family sans +Tab +\family default +. + Dodatkowo mo¿na u¿yæ klawiszy strza³ek. + Strza³ka w prawo u¿yta na prawym brzegu jednej komórki przenosi kursor + do komórki obok, strza³ka w dó³ do kolejnego wiersza itd. +\layout Standard + +Zobacz w +\emph on + Podrêczniku u¿ytkownika +\emph toggle + jak zmieniæ poziome wyrównywanie wyra¿eñ w ka¿dej kolumnie i jak zmieniæ + pionowe po³o¿enie ca³ej macierzy. + Je¿eli zachodzi potrzeba utworzenia tabeli wype³nionej tekstem, nale¿y + raczej u¿yæ doskonale obs³ugiwanych prze LyX-a tabel, ni¿ próbowaæ pisaæ + tekst w macierzy. +\layout Subsection + +Tryb równañ +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ten podrozdzia³ dotyczy opcji nieobecnej w menu klyx 0.9.6, gdzie wystêpuje + ona na pasku narzêdzi. + (przyp. + t³um.) +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Wszystkie wyra¿enia poznane dotychczas znajdowa³y siê w jednej linijce z + tekstem. + Wystarcza to w przypadku krótkich, prostych wyra¿eñ, ale wiêksze powinny + odró¿niaæ siê od tekstu. + Do pisania takich wyra¿eñ s³u¿y tryb równañ. + Dodatkowo, tylko wyra¿enia w tym trybie mog± byæ numerowane i etykietowane + (patrz: +\emph on +Podrêcznik u¿ytkownika +\emph toggle +), a ponadto równania wielolinijkowe (patrz podrozdz. +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +)musz± byæ pisane w tym trybie. +\layout Standard + +Naci¶nij przycisk +\family sans +Równanie +\family default + na pasku narzêdzi, oznaczony czarnymi linijkami tekstu nad i pod niebieskim + prostok±tem. + LyX umie¶ci w tek¶cie punkt wstawiania, który pojawi siê na ¶rodku nowej + linijki. + Nastêpnie obejrzyj podgl±d. + Przycisk +\family sans +Równanie +\family default + jest w istocie prze³±cznikiem. + Pos³u¿ siê nim w stosunku do kilku ju¿ utworzonych formu³ matematycznych, + prze³±czaj±c je w tryb równañ i z powrotem. +\layout Standard + +Tryb równañ ró¿ni siê w paru punktach od zwyk³ego trybu formu³ matematycznych: +\layout Itemize + +Domy¶lny rozmiar niektórych symboli jak +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + i +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + jest nieco mniejszy +\layout Itemize + +Indeksy granic i sum (ale nie ca³ek) s± pisane raczej poni¿ej ni¿ obok symboli +\layout Itemize + +Tekst jest wyrównywany do ¶rodka +\layout Standard + +Poza tymi ró¿nicami wyra¿enia zwyk³e i te w trybie równañ s± do siebie bardzo + podobne. +\layout Standard + +Koñcowa uwaga co do sk³adu wyra¿eñ w trybie równañ: wyra¿enie mo¿e byæ w + nowym akapicie lub nie. + Je¶li równanie ma byæ w ¶rodku zdania lub akapitu, nie naciskaj +\family sans +Return +\family default +, w przeciwnym razie +\emph on +za +\emph toggle + równaniem rozpocznie siê nowy akapit, którego pierwsza linijka bêdzie wciêta + - efekt którego zapewne chcia³by¶ unikn±æ. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Obejrzyj formu³y z pliku +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + w trybie równañ i uchwyæ ró¿nice sk³adu. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Æwiczenie +\series default +: Pos³uguj±c siê ró¿nymi narzêdziami poznanymi w tym podrozdziale, powiniene¶ + umieæ z³o¿yæ nastêpuj±ce równanie: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Równania wielolinijkowe +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + + Spróbuj napisaæ nastêpuj±ce równania i obejrzyj podgl±d. + Zadanie wymaga dwukrotnego utworzenia oddzielnych formu³ w trybie równañ. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y+y+y+y+y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +=5y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Wynik wygl±da ¼le ! Je¿eli pisze siê dwa lub wiêcej równañ jedno za drugim, + wygl±daj± o wiele lepiej kiedy ich znaki równo¶ci s± wyrównane; widaæ to + zw³aszcza gdy drugie równanie nie ma lewej strony. + LyX pozwala pisaæ równania wielolinijkowe panuj±c do pewnego stopnia nad + wyrównywaniem. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\ + & = & 5y\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +To wygl±da +\emph on +du¿o +\emph toggle + lepiej! Znaki równo¶ci s± wyrównane i jest mniejszy pionowy odstêp miêdzy + równaniami. +\layout Standard + +Aby móc zacz±æ równanie wielolinijkowe, nale¿y wej¶æ w tryb równañ i nacisn±æ + C-Return. + Pojawi± siê dwie linijki, ka¿da z trzema pustymi punktami wstawiania. + Spróbuj samemu odtworzyæ wy¿ej pokazane równanie. + Podobnie jak w macierzach, do poruszania siê po równaniu mo¿na u¿yæ myszy, + klawisza +\family sans +Tab +\family default + lub klawiszy strza³ek. + Nie szkodzi je¶li w równaniu wielolinijkowym zostanie jeden lub wiêcej + pustych punktów wstawiania. + Mo¿e byæ to u¿yteczne, jak w poprzednim przyk³adzie, albo w przypadku podzia³u + na mniejsze bardzo d³ugich równañ, jak np.: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & a+b+c+d\\ + & & +e+f+g\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX wyrównuje drugie (¶rodkowe) pole w ka¿dej linijce, tak wiêc zwykle tam + bêdziesz umieszczaæ znak równo¶ci czy inny operator relacji; w gruncie + rzeczy mo¿na go wstawiæ gdziekolwiek. + Nie nale¿y jednak u¿ywaæ równania wielolinijkowego do tworzenia macierzy; + s³u¿y do tego osobny symbol macierzy (patrz podrozdz. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Je¿eli chcesz pisaæ jeszcze d³u¿sze równania, pos³u¿ siê +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + do wstawienia nowej linijki z trzema pustymi punktami wstawiania. + Je¶li w momencie naciskania +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + kursor nie jest na koñcu linijki, reszta linijki zostanie przeniesiona + do nowoutworzonej. + Je¶li naci¶niesz +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + po napisaniu równania jednolinijkowego, znajdzie siê ono ca³e w pierwszym + polu. + Przesuñ kursor przed pierwszy znak równo¶ci i naci¶nij C-Tab aby przenie¶æ + resztê równania do nastêpnego pola. + Nastêpnie przesuñ kursor za znak równo¶ci i powtórnie naci¶nij C-Tab aby + przenie¶æ praw± stronê równania na trzecie pole. + Spróbuj przerobiæ równanie +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +E & = & mc^{2}\\ + & = & mc\times c\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Je¿eli wstawi³e¶ za du¿o linijek, przesuñ kursor na koniec bie¿±cej linijki + i naci¶nij +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + aby skasowaæ nastêpn± nadmiarow± linijkê. + Usunie to koniec linijki i do³±czy (wszystkie trzy punkty wstawiania) do + bie¿±cej linijki. + Je¿eli nastêpna linijka jest pusta, spowoduje to jej skasowanie. + Ostrze¿enie: naci¶niêcie +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + kiedy kursor nie jest na koñcu linijki mo¿e prowadziæ do dziwnych efektów. +\layout Section + +Jeszcze wiêcej matematyki +\layout Standard + +Tryb formu³ matematycznych posiada du¿o wiêcej mo¿liwo¶ci. + Dotychczas pokazano podstawy, w +\emph on + Podrêczniku u¿ytkownika +\emph default + znajduj± siê wskazówki co do: +\layout Itemize + +Etykietowania i numerowania wyra¿eñ. +\layout Itemize + +Zmiany czcionki, np. + pisania t³ustym drukiem w wyra¿eniu. + Tutaj wspomnimy tylko, ¿e przyci¶niêcie przycisku trybu formu³ w trakcie + pisania formu³y zmienia czcionkê na Roman a¿ do naci¶niêcia spacji. +\layout Itemize + +Poprawianie rozmiarów czcionki i odstêpów wewn±trz wyra¿enia. + (Nie przejmuj siê tym przed ostatecznym wydrukiem!) +\layout Itemize + +Pisania makr. + Bardzo pomocne narzêdzie. + Dziêki definicji makra na pocz±tku dokumentu mo¿na go u¿ywaæ w ca³ej zawarto¶ci. + Zmiana definicji powoduje zmianê w ca³ym dokumencie. + Makro mo¿e nawet przyjmowaæ argumenty. +\layout Itemize + +Mnóstwa innych rzeczy, które nie zmie¶ci³y siê w niniejszym +\emph on +Elementarzu +\emph default +. +\layout Chapter + +Ró¿ne +\layout Section + +Inne wa¿niejsze mo¿liwo¶ci LyX-a +\layout Standard + +Nie opisano wszystkich poleceñ LyX-a i nie by³o to zamiarem tego podrêcznika. + Jak zwykle, wiêcej informacji mo¿na znale¼æ w +\emph on +Podrêczniku u¿ytkownika +\emph toggle +. + Dok³adna funkcja ka¿dego polecenia z menu jest opisana w +\emph on +Opisie poleceñ +\emph toggle +. + Poni¿ej wspomnimy o kilku wa¿niejszych mo¿liwo¶ciach LyX-a +\emph default +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Itemize + +LyX ma wizualn± obs³ugê tabel. + Polecenie +\family sans +W +\bar under +s +\bar default +taw->Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +elê +\family default + s³u¿y do umieszczenia w tek¶cie tabeli. + Klikniêcie +\emph on + prawym klawiszem +\emph default + myszy na tabeli wywo³uje okno pozwalaj±ce na jej wszechstronn± edycjê. +\layout Itemize + +LyX obs³uguje grafikê postscriptow± (lub w LaTeX-u) wstawian± do dokumentu. + (Zgad³e¶: +\family sans +W +\bar under +s +\bar default +taw-> +\bar under +R +\bar default +ysunek +\family default +. + Nastêpnie kliknij na rysunku, by wybraæ plik z rysunkiem do wstawienia, + mo¿esz go potem rozci±gn±æ, obróciæ itp.) Tabele i rysunki mog± mieæ podpisy, + a LyX automatycznie generuje ich spisy. +\layout Itemize + +Istnieje kontrola wersji dokumentów za po¶rednictwem RCS (po wiêcej informacji + wykonaj polecenie +\family typewriter +man rcsintro +\family default +) +\layout Itemize + +LyX jest wysoce konfigurowalny. + Wygl±d programu i wydruku daje siê zmieniaæ na ró¿ne sposoby. + Informacja o tych sposobach jest dostêpna dziêki poleceniu +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +omoc->Przystosowywanie +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Program LyX jest tworzony przez zespó³ programistów z piêciu kontynentów. + Z tego powodu LyX ma lepsz± obs³ugê jêzyków innych ni¿ angielski (niderlandzkie +go, niemieckiego, greckiego, czeskiego, tureckiego,\SpecialChar \ldots{} +) ni¿ niejeden procesor + tekstu. + Co wiêcej, obs³uga ta wci±¿ siê poprawia. +\layout Itemize + +Pisownia dokumentu jest sprawdzana poleceniem Edycja->Sprawdzanie\SpecialChar ~ +pisowni +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +od kursora do koñca dokumentu +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +LyX dla u¿ytkowników LaTeX-a +\layout Standard + +Je¶li nie masz pojêcia o LaTeX-u, nie musisz czytaæ tego podrozdzia³u. + Móg³by¶ wszak¿e nauczyæ siê LaTeX-a i dopiero tutaj wróciæ. + Jednak¿e wielu u¿ytkowników LyX-a zna ju¿ LaTeX-a. + Zastanawiaj± siê oni czy rzeczywi¶cie LyX potrafi to samo co LaTeX. + Odpowiadaj±c w skrócie, LyX potrafi zrobiæ w ten czy inny sposób prawie + wszystko to co LaTeX i zasadniczo upraszcza wiêkszo¶æ faz pisania dokumentu + LaTeX-a. + Obecnie mo¿e irytowaæ konwersja starszych dokumentów LaTeX-a i parê innych + zagadnieñ, ale nastêpne wersje LyX-a rozwi±¿± i te problemy. +\layout Standard + +Poniewa¿ jest to tylko elementarz, poruszymy w nim wy³±cznie rzeczy których + nowi u¿ytkownicy LyX-a najprawdopodobniej s± ciekawi. + Aby przesadnie nie rozdymaæ +\emph on +Elementarza +\emph toggle + zostan± podane tylko podstawowe informacje. + +\emph on +Podrêcznik U¿ytkownika +\emph toggle + jest obfitym ¼ród³em wiadomo¶ci o ró¿nicach miêdzy LyX-em i LaTeX-em, oraz + stosowaniu LaTeX-owych trików w LyX-ie. +\layout Subsection + +Tryb TeX-a +\layout Standard + +Cokolwiek napisze siê w trybie TeX-a jest przekazywane wprost do LaTeX-a + i wy¶wietlane na ekranie czerwonym kolorem. + W tryb TeX-a wchodzi siê poleceniem +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +k³ad-> +\bar under +F +\bar default +ormat\SpecialChar ~ +TeX-a +\family default +, albo klikaj±c na czerwonym przycisku-prze³±czniku TeX-a na pasku narzêdzi. +\layout Standard + +W trybie formu³ format TeX-a jest obs³ugiwany trochê inaczej. + Do formatu TeX-a wchodzi siê pisz±c backslash. + Nie jest on pokazywany, ale cokolwiek napisze siê pó¼niej wy¶wietlane jest + na czerwono. + Wyj¶cie z tego formatu nastêpuje po naci¶niêciu spacji lub innego znaku + niealfabetycznego, jak liczba, podkre¶lenie, caret czy nawiasy. + Po wyj¶ciu z trybu formatu TeX-a, je¿eli LyX zna wpisane polecenie, przekszta³c +a je wizualnie. + Tak wiêc je¶li w trybie formu³ napiszesz +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default +, a potem spacjê, LyX zast±pi czerwone +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +gamma +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + niebieskim +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Tak siê dzieje dla prawie wszystkich prostych makr matematycznych (jednak¿e + zauwa¿, ¿e funkcje jak +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sin +\family default + pozostan± na czerwono, bo ich forma nie ró¿ni siê od zapisu). + Taka procedura mo¿e byæ szybsza ni¿ korzystanie z paska narzêdzi, zw³aszcza + dla do¶wiadczonych u¿ytkowników LaTeX-a. +\layout Standard + +Szczególnym traktowaniem w trybie formu³ w TeX-u cieszy siê nawias klamrowy, + wstawiany na czerwono i w parach otwieraj±cy-zamykaj±cy. + Kursor po wstawieniu nawiasów znajduje siê w ¶rodku +\emph on +poza +\emph toggle + formatem TeX-a, co pomaga przy wprowadzaniu poleceñ nieznanych LyX-owi, + które to polecenia wymagaj± argumentów. +\layout Standard + +LyX nie potrafi zrobiæ absolutnie wszystkiego co LaTeX (jeszcze?). + Kilka wyszukanych funkcji nie jest wcale obs³ugiwanych, inne nie dzia³aj± + w trybie wizualnym. + Format TeX-a pozwala u¿ytkownikom korzystaæ z pe³nej elastyczno¶ci LaTeX-a + oraz wygody LyX-a, takich jak wizualny tryb formu³, tabele i edycja. + LyX nigdy nie bêdzie móg³ obs³ugiwaæ ka¿dego pakietu LaTeX-owego. + Jednak, pisz±c +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{foo} +\family default +w preambule (zobacz podrozdz.: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +), mo¿esz u¿yæ dowolnego pakietu, choæ bez wizualnej obs³ugi jego funkcji. +\layout Subsection + +Konwersja dokumentów LaTeX-a do LyX-a. +\layout Standard + +Niestety nie dzia³a za dobrze w LyX-ie wersji 0.12. + Zespó³ LyX-a zagwarantowa³, ¿e od wersji 0.14, pliki LyX-a bêd± u¿ywaæ podzbioru + komend LaTeX-a, dziêki czemu jednym poleceniem menu bêdzie mo¿na wczytaæ + plik LaTeX-a do dokumentu LyX-a. + Zanim to nast±pi prowadzone s± prace nad programem w Perlu o nazwie reLyX, + przeznaczonym do t³umaczenia formatu LaTeX-a na LyX-a. + Program i instrukcja znajduj± siê w katalogu +\family typewriter +development/reLyX +\family default + w dystrybucji LyX-a. +\layout Subsection + +Konwersja dokumentów LyX-a do LaTeX-a . +\layout Standard + +Mo¿e zaistnieæ potrzeba konwersji dokumentu LyX-a na format LaTeX-a. + Na przyk³ad wspó³pracownik lub wspó³autor nie ma LyX-a aby móc przeczytaæ + dokument. + Wystarczy w tym celu wykonaæ polecenie +\family sans +Plik->Eksport->jako\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX. + +\family default +Utworzy to plik co¶.tex z edytowanego co¶.lyx. + LyX zawsze tworzy tymczasowy plik LaTeX-a zanim uruchomi ten program, ale + pliki te s± trudne do czytania i zapisywane w tymczasowych katalogach. +\layout Subsection + +Preambu³a LaTeX-a +\layout Subsubsection + +Klasa dokumentu +\layout Standard + +Okno wywo³ywanie poleceniem Uk³ad->Dokument ustawia szereg opcji, które + przekazywane s± do polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + . + W tym oknie mo¿na zmieniæ klasê dokumentu, domy¶lny rozmiar czcionki i + papieru. + Ewentualne dodatkowe opcje dla +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + nale¿y wpisaæ w polu +\family sans +Dodatkowe\SpecialChar ~ +opcje +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Inne wykorzystanie preambu³y +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + + Je¶li chcia³by¶ wstawiæ specjalne polecenia do preambu³y dokumentu LaTeX-a, + mo¿esz u¿yæ ich równie¿ w dokumencie LyX-a. + Wykonaj polecenie +\family sans +Uk³ad->Preambu³a\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX-a +\family default +i napisz je w otworzonym oknie. + Cokolwiek tam wpiszesz, zostanie bezpo¶rednio przekazane LaTeX-owi (podobnie + jak tekst pisany w trybie TeX-a). +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX obs³uguje BibTeX w sposób dobry acz niekompletny. + BibTeX pozwala budowaæ bazy danych odwo³añ do literatury celem u¿ycia w + wielu dokumentach. + U¿yj +\family sans +Wstaw->Spisy->Odsy³acz\SpecialChar ~ +BibTeX-a +\family default + celem w³±czenia pliku typu bib. + Klikniêcie na powsta³ym w ten sposób prostok±cie oznaczonym +\family sans +Odno¶niki wygenerowane przez BibTeX +\family default + otworzy okno BibTeX-a. + W polu +\family sans +Baza\SpecialChar ~ +danych +\family default + wpisz to co wpisa³by¶ nawiasach polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tak jak w LaTeX-u, bibliografie powinny byæ odseparowane przecinkami, nie + spacjami/tabulatorami. +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + W polu +\family sans +Styl +\family default + wpisz, to co wpisa³by¶ nawiasach polecenia +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Po wykonaniu powy¿szych czynno¶ci mo¿na u¿ywaæ cytatów z dowolnych bibliografii + w³±czanych poleceniem +\family sans +Wstaw->Odwo³anie\SpecialChar ~ +do\SpecialChar ~ +literatury +\family default +(zobacz podrozdz.: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +). + LyX zajmie siê u¿yciem BibTeX-a. + Powód, dla którego, piszemy, ¿e LyX ma +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +dobr± lecz niepe³n± obs³ugê bibliografii +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + jest ten, ¿e LyX nie potrafi samodzielnie tworzyæ plików bib i nie podpowie + listy wszystkich odwo³añ do literatury w oknie +\family sans +Literatura +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Inne +\layout Standard + +Tward± spacjê wstawia siê przez +\family sans +C-space +\family default +. + Na ekranie wygl±da jak ma³e, ró¿owe +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +. + Jest ich mnóstwo w niniejszym Elementarzu. + W menu Wstaw->Znak\SpecialChar ~ +specjalny znajduje siê wiêcej znaków specjalnych, z wielokrop +kiem, wymuszonym koñcem linii i punktem podzia³u w³±cznie. +\layout Section + +B³êdy! +\layout Standard + +Czasem, po uruchomieniu LaTeX-a pojawiaj± siê b³êdy na skutek nie zrozumienia + przez LaTeX lub LyX fragmentów dokumentu. + W takim wypadku LyX generuje etykiety b³êdów (prostok±t z napisem +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +B³±d +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + +). + Klikniêcie na takiej etykiecie otwiera okno obja¶niaj±ce rodzaj b³êdu. + Bardzo rzadko b³±d dotyczy LyX-a. + B³êdy LaTeX-a, wystêpuj±ce najczê¶ciej we wstawkach TeX-a, cytowane s± + przez LyX-a dos³ownie. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/platypus.eps b/lib/doc/platypus.eps new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d3d3bcb3c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/platypus.eps @@ -0,0 +1,4486 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: (ImageMagick) +%%Title: (platypus.eps) +%%CreationDate: (Sun Aug 17 02:09:48 1997) +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 434 332 +%%DocumentData: Clean7Bit +%%LanguageLevel: 1 +%%Pages: 0 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columns rows 8 + [ + columns 0 0 + rows neg 0 rows + ] + { GrayDirectClassPacket } image + } ifelse +} bind def + +/GrayDirectClassPacket +{ + % + % Get a DirectClass packet; convert to grayscale. + % + % Parameters: + % red + % green + % blue + % length: number of pixels minus one of this color (optional). + % + currentfile color_packet readhexstring pop pop + color_packet 0 get 0.299 mul + color_packet 1 get 0.587 mul add + color_packet 2 get 0.114 mul add + cvi + /gray_packet exch def + compression 0 gt + { + /number_pixels 1 def + } + { + currentfile byte readhexstring pop 0 get + /number_pixels exch 1 add def + } ifelse + 0 1 number_pixels 1 sub + { + pixels exch gray_packet put + } for + pixels 0 number_pixels getinterval +} bind def + +/GrayPseudoClassPacket +{ + % + % Get a PseudoClass packet; convert to grayscale. + % + % Parameters: + % index: index into the colormap. + % length: number of pixels minus one of this color (optional). + % + currentfile byte readhexstring pop 0 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For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language brazil +\inputencoding default +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize letterpaper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Introdução ao LyX +\newline +ou +\newline +Como Usar estes Arquivos ! +\layout Author + +por John Weiss e o LyX Team +\newline + +\size normal +tradução: Roberto Mello +\newline +revisão: Hélio Nunes +\layout Section + +Navegando pela documentação +\layout Standard + +Bem-Vindo ao LyX! +\layout Standard + +Para responder mais fácil às suas perguntas e para descrever todas as funções + do LyX, a documentação foi dividida em vários arquivos diferentes. + Cada qual com um propósito, como descrito abaixo. + Antes de olhar os outros arquivos, você deve ler este documento cuidadosamente + já que ele contém muitas informações úteis e comentários que podem lhe + poupar muito tempo. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \align center +ATENÇÃO!!!! ATENÇÃO!!!! ATENÇÃO!!!! +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip \align center +Perigo, Will Robinson, Perigo! +\layout Standard + +Apesar do LyX ter uma versão de número 1.0 [ou maior], parte da documentação + pode estar incompleta ou ultrapassada. + Como o resto do LyX, os manuais são o trabalho de um grupo de voluntários + que têm +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ocupações reais +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, famílias, pratos para lavar, lixo para recolher, etc., etc., etc. + Nós fazemos o melhor possível para manter os manuais tinindo, mas nem sempre + conseguimos. + [Se você quiser ajudar a remediar esta situação, leia a seção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +, além do restante deste documento.] +\layout Standard + +Faça-nos um favor, também --- Se qualquer coisa nesses manuais lhe confundir, + não estiver claro, ou se estiver errado, não hesite em nos fazer saber! + Você pode contatar os atuais responsáveis pela documentação enviando um + +\emph on +e-mail +\emph default + para +\family typewriter + lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. +\layout Section + +O Formato dos Manuais +\layout Standard + +Alguns podem ter imprimido os manuais. + Outros podem estar lendo +\emph on +online +\emph default +, diretamente no LyX, como um arquivo. + Para aqueles que estão lendo +\emph on +online +\emph default +, há algumas diferenças em relação à versão impressa. + Primeiro, o título aparece apenas no topo do documento e não formatado + separadamente em uma página como em algumas versões impressas. + Não há, também, qualquer nota de rodapé ou índice visíveis. + Para visualizar o Índice (em uma janela suspensa), selecione +\family sans +Índice +\family default + a partir do menu +\family sans +Editar +\family default +. + Para abrir uma nota de rodapé, que se parece com isto, +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Oi! +\end_inset + + clique sobre ela com o botão esquerdo do +\emph on +mouse +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +No manual impresso, todas as referências cruzadas mostram os números corresponde +ntes ao capítulo, seção, subseção etc., referenciados. + Na versão +\emph on +online +\emph default +, entretanto, todas as referências são mostradas em uma caixa cinza como + esta: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +. + [A versão impressa mostra um número.] Clicar nessa caixa com o botão esquerdo + do +\emph on +mouse +\emph default + faz com que o LyX salte para a seção apropriada. + Teclar +\family sans +C-< +\family default + faz com que o LyX retorne ao local de origem. + [O que +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C-< +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + faz? Veja abaixo.] +\layout Standard + +Agora que já esclarecemos algumas diferenças entre a versão impressa e a + +\emph on +online +\emph default + deste arquivo, podemos começar dando uma olhada no formato deste documento. + Você ocasionalmente notará palavras em fontes diferentes: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\emph on +Enfatizado +\emph default +é usado para ênfase em geral, argumentos genéricos, títulos de livros, nomes + de seções de outros manuais, e notas dos autores +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +N.T.: Esse estilo é usado também para indicar palavras em inglês utilizadas + no jargão de informática do Brasil; que podem não corresponder às utilizadas + em outros países de língua portuguesa (como Portugal, é claro). +\end_inset + +; +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\family typewriter +Fonte\SpecialChar ~ +Fixa +\family default + é usada para programas e nomes de arquivos, código LaTeX, e códigos e funções + LyX; +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\family sans +Sem\SpecialChar ~ +Serifa +\family default + é usado para menus, botões, janelas suspensas e para nomes de teclas; +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\noun on +Caixa\SpecialChar ~ +Alta +\noun default + é usado para nomes próprios. +\layout Standard + +Para teclas e composições, você provavelmente será referido à seção +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Atalhos de Teclado +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + do +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Manual de Referência +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (o arquivo +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\family default +). + Quando nós precisarmos referenciar teclas, usaremos a seguinte convenção + de prefixo: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: indica a tecla +\family sans + Control +\family default +; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: indica a tecla +\family sans + Shift +\family default +; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: indica a tecla +\family sans + Meta +\family default + que em alguns teclados será a tecla +\family sans +Alt +\family default +; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: são as teclas de função; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: é a tecla de escape; +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Left +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Right +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Up +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Down +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: auto-explicativas; +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Insert +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Home +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +End +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: estas são as 6 teclas que aparecem acima das teclas de +\emph on +cursor +\emph default + em muitos teclados de +\emph on +PC +\emph default +. + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + e +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + são chamadas +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Prior +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Next +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + em alguns teclados. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Return +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\family sans + +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Enter +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: ambas referem-se à mesma tecla. + Em alguns teclados a tecla +\family sans + Return +\family default + aparece como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Return +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, em outros como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Enter +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, há outros, ainda, que têm as duas teclas. + O LyX trata tudo como a mesma tecla, então usaremos +\family sans +Return +\family default + e +\family sans + Enter +\family default +, sem distinção. +\layout Standard + +Você também verá algo como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +[Veja o ' +\emph on +Manual de Referência +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + +] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + de tempos em tempos. + Nós listamos as possíveis combinações padrão de tecla para uma função no + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Manual +\emph default + +\emph on +de Referência +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Dê uma olhada lá também. +\layout Section + +Os Manuais +\layout Standard + +A seguinte lista descreve o conteúdo de cada arquivo da documentação: +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Introdução \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Este arquivo. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Tutorial \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Se você é novo no LyX, e nunca usou LaTeX antes, então você deve começar + por aqui. + Se você +\emph on + já usou +\emph default +LaTeX antes, inicie lendo a seção +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +LyX para usuários LaTeX +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (dar uma olhada no resto da documentação não vai doer). +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Guia\SpecialChar ~ + +\series bold +do\SpecialChar ~ +Usuário +\series default + \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +A documentação primária. + Tentaremos cobrir +\emph on + a maioria +\emph default + das operações básicas e recursos disponíveis do LyX aqui. + O manual principal assume que você já tem algum conhecimento de LaTeX ou + que você já leu o +\emph on +Tutorial. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Funções\SpecialChar ~ +Avançadas \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline + +\emph default +Extensão do +\emph on + +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Guia do Usuário +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Documentos adicionais, +\emph on +layouts +\emph default + e funções especiais, incluindo alguns dos truques dos mestres de LaTeX. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Personalização \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Uma descrição das funções avançadas do LyX, inclusive como personalizar + seu comportamento\SpecialChar \@. + Isso inclui algumas coisas como composição de teclas, + internacionalização, e arquivos de configuração. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Manual\SpecialChar ~ + +\series bold +de\SpecialChar ~ +Referência +\series default + \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Esse contém uma descrição exaustiva e detalhada das funções do LyX, mas + sem as dicas úteis de uso encontradas no +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Guia do Usuário +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ou em outros manuais. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Bugs\SpecialChar ~ +conhecidos \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Esse arquivo contém uma lista dos +\emph on +bugs +\emph default + conhecidos no LyX e também informações sobre o que você deve fazer se encontrar + um +\emph on +bug +\emph default + no LyX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Configuração\SpecialChar ~ +do\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +O LyX pesquisa seu sistema durante a instalação. + Esse arquivo contém informações sobre o que o LyX aprendeu sobre sua instalação. + Verifique para ver se esta faltando alguma coisa. +\layout Standard + +Estes arquivos fazem referência uns aos outros quando necessário. + Por exemplo, o +\emph on + +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Guia do Usuário +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + contém +\emph on + algumas +\emph default + informações sobre instalação e personalização, mas pede ao leitor que consulte + maiores informações no +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Manual de Personalização +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Vamos colocar novamente um ponto importante: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.51cm \added_space_bottom 0.51cm \align center +Se você nunca usou ou sequer ouvir falar de LaTeX leia o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph on + +\emph default +antes de mais nada +\emph on +. + +\emph default + Leia agora! +\layout Standard + +De outra forma, o LyX parecerá bizarro e sem utilidade para você. + O LyX faz tudo que você espera de um processador de textos, mas usando + uma abordagem diferente. +\layout Section + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +Contribuindo para o Projeto de documentação +\layout Subsection + +Reportando Erros no Manual +\layout Standard + +Isso é bem fácil de fazer. + Você pode postar uma mensagem tanto para a lista dos Desenvolvedores ou + para a Lista de Usuários. + O Time de documentação, entretanto, preferiria que você enviasse a mensagem + para +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + Se os reparos são pequenos, alguém irá faze-los. + Se são maiores, sugerimos que você junte-se a lista e fale conosco por + um tempo antes de fazer qualquer coisa. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 1.06cm \added_space_bottom 1.06cm \align center + +\emph on +Nunca mude algo nos manuais sem o consentimento prévio do Time de Documentação! +\layout Standard + +Quaisquer mudanças aleatórias não chegarão à documentação de qualquer forma, + já que o Time de Documentação mantém as cópias mestre via árvore CVS. +\layout Subsection + +Juntando-se ao Time de documentação. +\layout Standard + +O Projeto de documentação do LyX, como qualquer coisa no Projeto LyX, sempre + pode ser auxiliado! Se você estiver interessado em contribuir para o Projeto + de documentação, faça as seguintes tarefas +\emph on + primeiro +\emph default +: +\layout Enumerate + +Pegar o último código fonte do LyX e descompactar. + Você encontrará um diretório dentro da árvore principal chamado +\family typewriter +development +\family default +. + Dentro desse diretório estará um arquivo chamado +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +. + Leia-o; é a folha estilo da documentação. +\layout Enumerate + +Faça uma pausa de um dia ou dois então leia +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + de novo. +\layout Enumerate + +Depois leia o +\emph on +Guia do Usuários +\emph default + e o +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +A razão deste exercício é lhe dar idéias. + O +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + e o +\emph on +Guia do Usuário +\emph default + sempre terão a documentação mais atualizada. + Você poderá sentir como queremos que os manuais se pareçam e sejam lidos. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Leia +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + de novo. +\layout Enumerate + +Por último, contate o time em: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\layout Standard + +Queremos ter certeza que você compreenda a folha estilo +\emph on +antes +\emph default + que você comece a escrever. + De outra forma, vamos lhe fazer reescrever o que você enviou. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Nem pense +\emph default + em começar a escrever algo antes que conversemos por +\emph on +e-mail +\emph default +. + Você pode revisar qualquer atividade atual com os documentos na página + +\emph on +web +\emph default + do Time de documentação [assim que a coloquemos no ar] ou através dos arquivos + das listas em +\family typewriter +www.lyx.org +\family default +. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/pt_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/pt_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c6a4880ce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/pt_Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,6344 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language portuges +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 2 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +O Tutorial de LyX +\layout Author + +por Amir Karger e a Equipa LyX +\newline + +\size small +traduzido por: +\size default + +\size small + +\newline +Alberto Murta +\newline +Cristina Ribeiro +\newline +Ernesto Jardim +\newline +Milton Moura +\newline +Tito Martinho +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introdução +\layout Section + +Benvindo ao LyX! +\layout Standard + +Este ficheiro é destinado a todos vós que nunca ouviram falar de LaTeX ou + não o conhecem muito bem. + Bem, nada de pânico - você não precisará de aprender LaTeX para usar o + LyX. + Essa é, no fim de contas, a razão de ser do LyX: providenciar uma interface + quase-WYSIWYG para o LaTeX. + No entanto, existem algumas coisas que precisará de aprender para usar + o LyX. +\layout Standard + +Alguns de vós encontraram este documento, provavelmente, porque tentaram + inserir dois espaços depois de um +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, ou tentaram inserir 3 linhas em branco entre parágrafos. + Depois de muita frustração, perceberam que não conseguiam. + De facto, irão perceber que a maioria dos pequenos truques que estão acostumado +s a usar noutros processadores de texto, não funcionam em LyX. + Esta questão prende-se com o facto de a maioria dos processadores de texto, + que utilizou anteriormente, requererem que os espaços, fontes, etc, sejam + tratados manualmente pelo utilizador. + Portanto, o utilizador acaba não só por escrever o documento, como também + fazer toda a composição gráfica do mesmo. + O LyX faz toda a composição por si, de uma forma consistente, deixando-o + concentrar-se nas coisas importantes, como os conteúdos do seu documento. +\layout Standard + +Mantenha-se connosco e continue a sua leitura. + Ler este +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, definitivamente, vale o tempo perdido. +\layout Section + +O que +\shape italic +é +\shape default + o Tutorial e o que +\shape italic +não é +\layout Standard + +Antes de começar esta secção, pretendemos chamar a atenção do seguinte. + O +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + usa a notação definida na +\emph on +Introdu +\shape italic +\emph default +ção +\shape default +\SpecialChar \@. + Se começou a ler este manual primeiro, vá ler a +\shape italic +Introdução +\shape default +. + Sim, agora ! +\layout Standard + +Agora que sabe o que as fontes pretendem dizer, queremos falar um pouco + da utilidade deste +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Tirando o maior proveito possível do Tutorial +\layout Standard + +Este +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + é composto por exemplos e exercícios. + Para tirar o maior proveito possível deste documento, deve ir lendo o documento +, escrevendo todas as pequenas coisas que lhe dizemos para escrever e tentar + fazer todos os exercícios para ver se os consegue fazer correctamente. + Por conveniência, poderá imprimir a versão PostScript® deste documento. +\layout Standard + +Se estiver familiarizado com o LaTeX, você, provavelmente, poderá ler o + +\shape italic +Tutorial +\shape default + mais rápido, uma vez que muitas das ideias do LyX são apenas ideias de + LaTeX disfarçadas. + No entanto, o LyX tem algumas idiosincracias +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ou, mais optimisticamente, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +características +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + que deverá aprender. + Mesmo que não lhe apeteça ler o resto do +\shape italic +Tutorial +\shape default +, deve, definitivamente, ver a Secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +, que é especificamente escrita para utilizadores de LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +A Secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + mantem-se de versões anteriores do +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + e está um pouco +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pesada +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + De qualquer maneira, é uma boa introdução +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +à distância +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ao LyX, pelo que você poderá dar uma vista de olhos para perceber melhor + o que é o LyX. +\layout Subsection + +O que +\shape italic +não vai +\shape default + encontrar: +\layout Itemize + +Comidinha à boca e água de rosas. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +A tendência na literatura de computadores hoje em dia +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nota de +\noun on +John +\noun default +Weiss: \SpecialChar \ldots{} +bem, pelo menos na América, onde nivelamos tudo pelo mínimo denominador + comum\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + parece ser: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Assuma que o utilizador tem o Q.I. + de uma batata +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Nós não fazemos isso. +\layout Standard + +Por outro lado, compreendemos que a maioria dos utilizadores recorrem a + um manual, em particular um tutorial, quando estão perdidos. + Assim, enquanto assumimos que você, o utilizador, +\shape italic +não +\shape default + é estúpido, compreendemos que pode estar confuso e sem nenhuma pista. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Instruções para usar o rato ou o teclado. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Se ainda não conseguiu perceber como usar o seu computador, nós não podemos + ajudá-lo, essa questão está fora dos objectivos dos manuais do LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Além do mais, se está a usar o LyX, você provavelmente terá mais de metade + do cérebro. +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Explicações detalhadas de todas as funções do LyX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Quer o +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + em duplicado ? +\layout Standard + +Falando a sério, nós pretendemos que você consiga avançar de forma a só + precisar do +\shape italic +Manual de Utilizador +\shape default +. + Se tentássemos duplicar toda a informação acerca das funções do LyX aqui, + o +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + seria redundante, demasiado longo, e estaria sempre desactualizado. + Tudo o que fazemos aqui é introduzi-lo na utilização do programa, imagine + que tem um +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\shape italic +veja o Manual do Utilizador +\shape default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + no fim de cada secção. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Explicações detalhadas de LaTeX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Desnecessário. + Se estiver verdadeiramente interessado em aprender alguns dos truques que + pode fazer com o LaTeX, poderá sempre arranjar um livro de LaTeX. + Existem bastantes e bons no mercado. + Afinal não é preciso reinventar a roda \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +É tempo de avançar sem medo ! Pode fazer uma breve incursão pela próxima + secção, ou poderá seguir para a Secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +O que é o LyX? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Visão geral +\layout Standard + +Uma parte do desafio de utilizar o LyX vem da mudança de mentalidade que + você, o utilizador, tem que fazer. + Há algum tempo, tudo o que tinhamos para criar documentos eram máquinas + de escrever, portanto todos aprendemos certos truques para ultrapassar + as limitações. + Sublinhar, que é pouco mais do que digitar o caracter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, tornou-se uma forma de destacar texto. + Para criar uma tabela, primeiro tinha que saber o tamanho de cada coluna + para ajustar os +\family sans +Tabs +\family default + apropriadamente. + O mesmo se aplicava para cartas e outros documentos ajustados à esquerda. + A hifenação no fim de uma linha requeria um olho clínico e muita perspicácia. +\layout Standard + +Por outras palavras, fomos todos treinados para nos preocuparmos com os + pequenos detalhes, de onde fica cada caracter. +\layout Standard + +Consequentemente, quase todos os processadores têm esta mentalidade. + Continuam a usar +\family sans +Tabs +\family default + para adicionar espaços em branco. + Continuamos a necessitar de nos preocupar onde, na página, qualquer coisa + irá aparecer. + Destacar texto significa mudar a fonte, similar a substituir a roda da + máquina de escrever. + Está a ver a ideia !? +\layout Standard + +Aqui é onde o LyX é diferente de um processador de texto normal. + Não nos preocupamos onde um caracter vai ficar. + Você diz ao LyX +\shape italic +o que está a fazer +\shape default + e o LyX toma conta do resto, seguindo uma série de regras chamadas +\shape italic +estilo +\shape default +. + Vamos ver um pequeno exemplo: +\layout Standard + +Suponha que está a escrever um relatório. + Para começar o seu relatório quer uma secção chamada +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Introdução +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Então entra num qualquer menu do seu processador, onde pode alterar o tamanho + das fontes, e escolhe um novo tamanho. + Depois activa o bold. + Depois escreve, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +Introdução +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Obviamente, se mais tarde decidir que esta secção deverá ser movida para + outro local, ou decidir inserir uma secção antes desta, terá que renumerar + tudo, inclusivamente o índice. +\layout Standard + +No LyX, vai ao menu no lado esquerdo da barra de tarefas, seleciona +\family sans +Section +\family default +, e escreve +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Introdução +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Sim, é tudo o que precisa. + Se cortar e colar a secção, esta será renumerada automaticamente --- em + qualquer lado. + Até existe uma forma de fazer o LyX actualizar automaticamente qualquer + referência a esta secção no ficheiro. +\layout Standard + +Agora vamos olhar para um problema de consistência. + Cinco dias depois, reabre o relatório e inicia a Secção\SpecialChar ~ +4. + No entanto, esquece-se que estava a usar uma fonte 18pt em bold e usa 16pt, + portanto escreve o título da Secção\SpecialChar ~ +4 com uma fonte diferente da que usou + para a Secção\SpecialChar ~ +1. + Este problema não existe com o LyX. + O computador toma conta de todas essas questões menores, não você. + Afinal é nisso que o computador é bom. + +\layout Standard + +Outro exemplo. + Suponha que está a fazer uma lista. + Noutro processador de texto, uma lista é apenas uma série de +\family sans +Tabs +\family default + e novas linhas. + Você precisa saber onde inserir o nome de cada item, como esse nome tem + que ser, quantas linhas em branco inserir entre cada item, etc, etc. + Com o LyX só tem duas preocupações: que tipo de lista é, e o que incluir + na lista. + Apenas isso. +\layout Standard + +Portanto, a ideia básica por trás do LyX é: especifique o que está a fazer, + não como fazê-lo. + Em vez de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +o que vê é o que obtém +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{ref:wysiwyg} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (WYSIWYG - +\series bold +W +\series default +hat +\series bold +Y +\series default +ou +\series bold +S +\series default +ee +\series bold +I +\series default +s +\series bold +W +\series default +hat +\series bold +Y +\series default +ou +\series bold +G +\series default +et), o modelo LyX é +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +o que vê é o que pretende +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{ref:wysiwym} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (WYSIWYM - +\series bold +W +\series default +hat +\series bold +Y +\series default +ou +\series bold +S +\series default +ee +\series bold +I +\series default +s +\series bold +W +\series default +hat +\series bold +Y +\series default +ou +\series bold +M +\series default +ean). +\layout Subsection + +Diferenças entre o LyX e outros processadores de texto +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Não, não estamos a tentar iniciar uma guerra sagrada (ou ganhar) sobre processad +ores de texto. + Mas pensamos ser importante descrever as características do LyX. + E uma das mais importantes características do LyX, WYSIWYM, é fundamentalmente + um conceito diferente do que 99% das pessoas têm do processamento de texto. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Aqui está uma lista de coisas que não encontrará no LyX: +\layout Itemize + +A régua do documento +\layout Itemize + +Espaços +\family sans +Tab +\layout Itemize + +Espaços em branco extras [i.e. + pressionar +\family sans +Enter +\family default + ou +\family sans +Space +\family default + duas ou mais vezes] +\layout Standard + +Espaços +\family sans +Tab +\family default +, com uma régua a mostrar a posição das palavras na página, é desnecessário + no LyX. + O programa é que se preocupa onde é que os caracteres ficam na página, + não o utilizador. + Com os espaços em branco extras é a mesma coisa; o LyX insere-os quando + é necessário, dependendo do contexto. + Não ser capaz de inserir 2 espaços em branco numa linha pode ser incómodo + inicialmente, mas fará mais sentido quando começar a pensar em termos WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +Aqui estão algumas funções que existem em LyX, mas que não são usadas como + está à espera: +\layout Itemize + +Comandos de identação +\layout Itemize + +Quebras de página +\layout Itemize + +Espaçamento entre linhas [i.e. + espaços simples, espaços duplos, etc.] +\layout Itemize + +Espaços em branco, horizontais e verticais +\layout Itemize + +Fontes e tamanhos de fonte +\layout Itemize + +Tipos de letra [bold, itálico, sublinhado, etc.] +\layout Standard + +Apesar de existirem no LyX, em geral não precisará delas. + O LyX resolverá estas questões sozinho, dependendo do que você está a fazer. + O tipo de fonte e o seu tamanho, nas diferentes partes do documento serão + definidas automaticamente em função do contexto. + A identação dos parágrafos está dependente do contexto; tipos diferentes + de parágrafos são identados de forma diferente. + Quebras de página também são tratadas automaticamente. + Em geral, os espaços entre linhas, palavras e parágrafos são variáveis + definida pelo LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Há formas de ajustar tudo isto [só que algumas requerem conhecimentos de + LaTeX], para todo o documento ou para uma localização específica no documento. + Consulte o +\shape italic +Manual do Utilizador +\shape default + para detalhes. +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + +Por último, existem algumas áreas onde o LyX [e o LaTeX] ultrapassam muitos + processadores de texto: +\layout Itemize + +Hifenação +\layout Itemize + +Listas de qualquer tipo +\layout Itemize + +Matemática +\layout Itemize + +Tabelas +\layout Itemize + +Referências cruzadas +\layout Standard + +Garantidamente, muitos processadores de texto modernos conseguem trabalhar + com símbolos matemáticos, tabelas, e hifenação, alguns estão mesmo a evoluir + na direcção do conceito WYSIWYM. + No entanto, só recentemente foram capazes de cumprir estas características, + enquanto o LyX é baseado no sistema de preparação de documentos LaTeX. + O LaTeX existe há mais de 10 anos, e +\shape italic +funciona +\shape default +. + Todos os erros foram resolvidos há muito tempo +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ok, nós sabemos que nada é perfeito, mas o LaTeX está tão perto quanto possível + de um programa livre de erros. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Uma última diferença muito importante entre o LyX e outros processadores + de texto, é a estabilidade. + Em oposição a certos processadores de texto comerciais, o LyX +\shape italic +não +\shape default + reclama ser estável, para depois bloquear de 30 em 30 minutos, perante + um documento de grande dimensão. + A Equipa do LyX sabe que não é possível corrigir todos os pequenos erros, + nem pretende que erros passem a características. + Quando esses erros [oh, desculpem\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +características +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +] mostram as suas caras feias, você poderá pensar que o LyX arrastará as + suas últimas 3 páginas de empenho criativo para o esquecimento. + +\layout Standard + +Népias. + +\layout Standard + +Quando o LyX bloqueia, descarrega qualquer documento na memória para um + ficheiro de emergência, antes de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cair +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Quando é reiniciado, o LyX encontra estes ficheiros de emergência, em particula +r quando tentar abrir os ficheiros afectados. + Então, o LyX pergunta se pretende abrir o ficheiro original ou o ficheiro + de emergência, dependendo de qual é mais recente. + Muitos utilizadores escreveram as suas teses de doutoramento com o LyX. + Eles raramente perderam uma página dos seus documentos, apesar de bloqueios + ocasionais. +\layout Subsection + +Que raio é o LaTeX? +\layout Standard + +O LaTeX é um sistema de preparação de documentos desenvolvido por Leslie + Lamport em 1985 +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +A fonte da informação fornecida nesta secção é o livro +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\emph default +, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + de Helmut Kopka e Patrick Daly, que tem uma referência bibliográfica no + +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + +. + Por sua vez, o LaTeX, foi construido a partir de uma linguagem de composição + chamada TeX, criada por Donald Knuth em 1984. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + pronuncia-se como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blec! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, o que define como muitas pessoas se sentem acerca desta linguagem. + No entanto, muitas pessoas não entendem o que é o TeX. + O TeX usa uma sequência de comandos de composição, escritos num ficheiro + +\emph on +script +\emph default + em ASCII, e executa-o. + O resultado do TeX é um ficheiro independente do dispositivo, ou +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + para abreviar. + Você pode enviar o ficheiro +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + para qualquer dispositivo que entenda +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, ou converter o +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + para outro formato como o PostScript®. + +\layout Standard + +Se não fosse uma ou outra característica, o TeX seria apenas um motor de + composição. + No entanto, o TeX permite a definição de macros pelo utilizador. + É aqui que a acção começa. +\layout Standard + +A maioria das pessoas que usam o TeX estão na realidade a usar um pacote + de macros que Knuth criou para esconder uma série de detalhes de composição. + É sobre isto que a maioria das pessoas pensa quando fala no TeX. + Os utilizadores comuns não usam o TeX puro e duro, que são a espinha dorsal + dos comandos de composição. + Apenas as pessoas que criam e desenvolvem novos pacotes de macros, é que + o fazem. + É aqui que Leslie Lamport entra na nossa história. + Ele queria um pacote de macros que fosse mais orientado para o utilizador + e menos para a composição, uma série de comandos que formatasse consistentement +e coisas como secções, tabelas ou fórmulas matemáticas, de forma consistente + e uniforme, com o mínimo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ruído +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + possível. + Foi assim que nasceu o LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Entretanto, paralelamente com o desenvolvimento e crescimento do LaTeX, + outras pessoas foram criando os seus próprios pacotes de macros para o + TeX, para fazer slides, artigos para revistas de matemática, etc. + Alguns usam o TeX puro, outros começaram a modificar o LaTeX. + Para tentar unificar esta confusão, uma equipa de utilizadores de LaTeX + [incluindo Lamport, claro], começaram a trabalhar no LaTeX2e, a versão + corrente de LaTeX, durante os anos 80. + Esta nova versão tem comandos que providenciam uma interface fácil de utilizar + para os comandos de criação de macros do TeX [lembra-se do TeX ?], ajuda + na utilização de novas fontes, etc. + De facto, o LaTeX é, por mérito próprio, uma linguagem bastante extensa. + Utilizadores em todo o mundo têem criado os seus próprios acrescentos ao + LaTeX para além dos standard. +\layout Standard + +Há duas formas de extender o LaTeX: +\emph on +classes +\emph default + e +\emph on +estilos +\emph default +. + Uma +\emph on +classe +\emph default + é uma série de macros de LaTeX [e TeX] que descrevem um novo tipo de documento, + como um livro ou um artigo. + Há +\emph on +classes +\emph default + para slides, para revistas de matemática e física, etc; algumas universidades + têm +\emph on +classes +\emph default + próprias para as suas teses. + Um +\emph on +estilo +\emph default + diferencia-se de uma +\emph on +classe +\emph default + porque não define um novo tipo de documento, mas um tipo diferente de comportam +ento que qualquer documento pode usar. + Por exemplo, o LyX controla as margens das páginas e os espaços entre linhas, + através de dois ficheiros de +\emph on +estilo +\emph default + para LaTeX, criados especificamente para esta tarefa. + Há ficheiros de +\emph on +estilo +\emph default + para uma enormidade de coisas: imprimir etiquetas ou envelopes, alterar + o comportamento da identação, adicionar novas fontes, manipular gráficos, + desenhar cabeçalhos fantasiosos, formatar bibliografias, alterar a localização + e aspecto das notas de rodapé, tabelas e figuras, formatar listas, etc, + etc, etc. +\layout Standard + +Aqui fica um sumário: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Linguagem de composição com capacidade para usar macros. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Pacote de macros construido sobre o TeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +classes: Descrição de um tipo de documento, usando LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +estilos: Altera o comportamento por defeito do LaTeX de alguma forma. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Processador de texto WYSIWYM, que utiliza o LaTeX em toda a sua gloria + para imprimir. +\layout Standard + +A ideia desta secção foi tentar explicar porquê o LyX funciona de forma + diferente dos outros processadores de texto. + A razão é simples: o LyX usa o LaTeX na retaguarda para imprimir. + Tal como o LaTeX, o LyX foca-se no contexto da sua escrita -- +\emph on +o que +\emph default + está a escrever. + O computador depois resolve as questões de aparência. +\layout Standard + +Oh --- uma última questão. + LaTeX pronuncia-se como TeX. + Rima com +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hey blec +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ou +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ha blec +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, dependendo de como pronuncia os +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +a +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + +. + Normalmente. + Lamport diz no seu livro que +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +la-tec +\emph default + também é possível +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, por ouro lado, pronuncia-se +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lics +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lucs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, dependendo de que país você vem\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Começando com o LyX +\layout Section + +O seu primeiro documento em LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + + OK\SpecialChar \@. + Está pronto para começar a escrever. + Antes disso, é necessário mencionar aqui algumas pequenas coisas que, esperamos +, possam tornar o +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + mais instrutivo, útil e divertido. + +\layout Standard + +Porque existe muita informação que não iremos fornecer-lhe, a primeira coisa + que tem a fazer é encontrar os restantes documentos de ajuda. + Felizmente, isso é bastante simples. + Inicie o LyX. + Escolha +\emph on +User's Guide +\emph default + no menu +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp +\family default +. + Talvez queira abrir ainda o +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + (se não o estiver já a ler no monitor). + Assim, pode ler ambos enquanto escreve o seu próprio documento +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Podem também servir como bons exemplos de como usar as muitas características + do LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Note que uma vez abertos vários documentos, pode usar o menu +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocuments +\family default + para visualizá-los. + O +\emph on + Tutorial +\emph default + não cobrirá em detalhe assuntos descritos em outros manuais do LyX. + Isto poderá dificultar-lhe um pouco a vida no início, mas manterá reduzido + o +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + Também irá criar o hábito de utilizar outros manuais do LyX, que --- a + longo prazo --- poupar-lhe-ão imenso tempo. +\layout Standard + +Neste +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, iremos assumir que possui uma versão do LyX totalmente funcional, assim + como o LaTeX, +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + ou outro visualizador de +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + ou outra forma de converter documentos +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + para documentos PostScript®, e uma impressora a funcionar. + Isto é assumir muito. + Se alguma destas coisas não for verdadeira, você (ou um administrador de + sistemas amigo) irá necessitar de configurar o seu sistema. + Poderá encontrar informação sobre configurações em outros manuais. +\layout Standard + +Finalmente, escrevemos um documento para o deixar praticar os seus conhecimentos + de LyX. + Chama-se +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Imagine que foi escrito por alguém que não conhece nada acerca das grandes + capacidades do LyX. + À medida que for aprendendo as novas funções do LyX, iremos sugerir-lhe + que modifique as respectivas partes do documento +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Este, contém ainda algumas dicas +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +subtis +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + sobre como resolver as questões +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +As dicas estão localizadas em +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Notas +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + amarelas. + Aceda ao texto de uma nota clicando na mesma. +\end_inset + +. + Se desejar fazer batota (ou verificar o que realizou), há também um ficheiro + chamado +\family typewriter +pt_example_lyxified.lyx +\family default + que contém o mesmo texto escrito e composto por um mestre em LyX. +\layout Standard + +Os ficheiros de exemplo podem ser encontrados no directório +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default + , ao qual pode aceder seleccionando +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen +\family default + e depois clicando no botão +\family sans +Examples +\family default +. + Abra o documento +\family typewriter + pt_example_raw.lyx +\family default +, e use +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save +\bar under +A +\bar default +s +\family default + para gravar uma cópia no seu directório e poder trabalhar sobre ele. + Enquanto modifica partes do documento +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\family default +, verifique como é que essas mudanças afectaram o +\family sans +dvi +\family default +\series bold + +\series default +resultante. +\layout Standard + +Já agora, o directório +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default + contém muitos outros ficheiros de exemplo. + Eles irão mostrar-lhe como fazer várias coisas originais com o LyX. + Estas são especialmente úteis para mostrar coisas que (devido ao tamanho + ou a outras razões) não cabem na documentação. + Após a leitura do +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, ou quando se encontrar confuso sobre como fazer algo imaginativo no LyX, + dê uma espreitadela a estes ficheiros. +\layout Subsection + +Escrever, Visualizar e Imprimir +\layout Itemize + +Abra um novo ficheiro com +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +ew +\layout Itemize + +Escreva uma frase como: +\family typewriter +Este é o meu primeiro documento em LyX ! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Está bem. + Pode escrever o que quiser. + Na realidade não tem interesse e portanto pedimos desculpa pela futilidade + desta frase, assim como por qualquer outra que lhe possamos pedir para + escrever no futuro. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Grave o seu documento com +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +A +\bar default +s\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +Corra o LaTeX para criar um ficheiro +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, com +\family sans +\bar under +\noun on +V +\bar default +\noun default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Poderá ver algumas coisas a serem impressas na janela a partir da qual + correu o comando +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default +. + São mensagens do LaTeX, que poderá ignorar por agora. + O LyX irá correr o +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (ou outro visualizador de +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +), que vai abrir outra janela mostrando o aspecto do seu documento quando + o imprimir. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Poderá poupar tempo deixando o +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + a correr por trás. + Depois, pode usar +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default + e simplesmente clicar na janela do +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (ou maximizar) após o LaTeX terminar. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Imprima usando +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +rint +\family default + e clicando em +\family sans +OK\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Parabéns! Escreveu e imprimiu o seu primeiro documento em LyX. + Tudo o resto são apenas detalhes que serão abordados no resto do +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, do +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + e +\emph on +Manual de Referência +\emph default + ! +\layout Subsection + +Operações Simples +\layout Standard + +É claro que com o LyX poderá realizar a maioria das coisas a que está habituado + com um processador de texto. + Vai separar as palavras e identar parágrafos automaticamente. + Agora abra alguns menus +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Se for como muitos dos utilizadores de +\noun on +unix +\noun default +, já o fez muito antes de começar a ler o +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\end_inset + + e verá que a maioria dos comandos simples (ex. + +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +E +\bar under +x +\bar default +it, +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aste, +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +rint) +\family default +possuem o nome que era esperado, estão no menu onde esperaria que estivessem, + e funcionam tal como esperaria que funcionassem. + Aqui está uma descrição rápida de como realizar mais algumas acções simples. +\layout Description + +Undo O LyX tem a +\emph on +capacidade +\emph default + de desfazer infinitamente, o que significa que poderá desfazer tudo o que + fez desde o início da sessão de edição actual, seleccionando +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +ndo +\family default + repetidas vezes. + Se desfez demasiado, basta seleccionar +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +R +\bar default +edo +\family default + para repôr as acções desfeitas. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[Actualmente, o comando +\family sans +Undo +\family default + é limitado a 100 passos. + O +\family sans +Undo +\family default + também não funciona para +\emph on +tudo +\emph default +, como por exemplo para alterações no arranjo do documento.] +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Cut/Paste/Copy Utilize +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ut +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +aste +\family default +, e +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +o +\bar default +py +\family default + para cortar, colar e copiar. + Ou cole o texto seleccionado automaticamente usando o +\emph on +botão central +\emph default + do rato. +\layout Description + +Find/Replace Utilize +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +ind\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\family default +para diversas buscas. + Na caixa de diálogo entretanto aberta, procure com as setas de avanço e + recuo, e utilize o botão +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +eplace +\family default + para substituir uma palavra que tenha encontrado +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Feche a janela quando terminar. + Ou deixe-a aberta, se achar mais conveniente. + A maioria das caixas de diálogo no LyX --- incluindo as +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ind\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\family default +, +\family sans +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\family default +, e +\family sans +Layout +\family default +, assim como as várias caixas de diálogo para caracteres matemáticos --- + são janelas que podem ser minimizadas, em vez de fechadas. + Algumas caixas de diálogo como o +\family sans +\bar under + F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen +\family default +, não lhe permitem escrever nada na janela principal do LyX até que a feche + realmente. + Mantenha apenas a certeza de que tem focada a janela correcta quando tentar + escrever na janela principal do LyX ou der um comando em outra caixa de + diálogo qualquer do LyX. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + +Character\SpecialChar ~ +Formating Pode +\emph on +destacar +\emph default + texto (que geralmente converterá os caracteres em itálico), por em +\series bold +negrito +\series default +, ou em +\noun on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Noun Style +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\noun default + (normalmente pequenas maiúsculas, usado para nomes de pessoas) a partir + dos botões de selecção no menu +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Toolbar Existem botões na barra de ferramentas (mesmo abaixo dos menus) + que lhe permitem efectuar algumas das funções mais populares, tais como + +\family sans +Paste +\family default + e +\family sans +Print +\family default +. + Se mantiver o ponteiro do rato em cima de um dos botões da barra de ferramentas +, uma pequena nota amarela vai informá-lo acerca da função desse botão. +\layout Description + +Minibuffer A linha cinzenta mesmo no fim da janela do LyX é chamada de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +minibuffer +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Esta linha vai mostrar-lhe todo o tipo de informação. + Por exemplo, quando grava, ela vai dizer-lhe o nome do ficheiro que acabou + de gravar. + Algumas mensagens de erro poderão surgir aqui, também. + Note que também consegue +\emph on +escrever +\emph default + no minibuffer. + Isto dá-lhe acesso a todos os tipos de funcionalidades, incluindo funcionalidad +es que podem quebrar o seu documento. + Por outras palavras, não escreva no minibuffer sem saber o que está a fazer. +\layout Standard + +É claro, ainda não escreveu o suficiente para tornar a maioria destas funcionali +dades úteis. + À medida que for escrevendo mais, tente desfazer, colar, etc. +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM: Espaços Em Branco No LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +Uma das coisas mais difíceis para os novos utilizadores se habituarem, é + a forma como o LyX gere os espaços em branco. + Por muitas vezes que pressione a tecla +\family sans +Return +\family default +, só obterá uma linha em branco. + Por muitas vezes que pressione a tecla +\family sans + Space +\family default +, só obterá um espaço. + Numa linha em branco, o LyX não lhe permite introduzir sequer um espaço. + A tecla +\family sans +Tab +\family default + não adiciona um espaço +\family sans +Tab +\family default + para diante, de facto não +\emph on +existem +\emph default + espaços +\family sans +Tab +\family default +! Não existe régua no topo da página que lhe permita estabelecer +\family sans +Tabs +\family default + ou até margens. +\layout Standard + +Muitos processadores de texto comerciais são baseados no princípio WYSIWYG. + Pelo contrário, o LyX é baseado no princípio do WYSIWYM. + Você escreve o que pretende, e o LyX preocupa-se com a composição, de modo + que o resultado final é agradável à vista. + Um +\family sans +Return +\family default + gramaticamente separa parágrafos, e um +\family sans + Space +\family default + gramaticamente separa palavras, pelo que não existem razões para ter vários + seguidos numa linha; um +\family sans +Tab +\family default + não tem nenhuma função gramatical, pelo que o LyX não o suporta. + Utilizando o LyX, irá gastar mais do seu tempo preocupando-se com o +\emph on +conteúdo +\emph default + do seu documento, e menos tempo preocupando-se com o formato +\emph on +. + +\emph default + Veja a Secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + para mais informações sobre o conceito WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +O LyX tem (muitas) maneiras de afinar a formatação do seu documento. + Afinal, o LyX pode não compôr +\emph on +exactamente +\emph default + o que você pretende. + O +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default +tem informação sobre tudo isto. + Inclui +\family sans +HFill +\family default +s e espaços verticais, que são mais poderosos e versáteis do que múltiplos + espaços ou linhas em branco; e formas de modificar o tamanho e tipo da + fonte e alinhamentos dos parágrafos, à mão. + A ideia, no entanto, é que você possa escrever o seu documento, focando-se + no conteúdo, e preocupando-se com a afinação apenas no final. + Com processadores de texto tradicionais, você estará distraído com a formatação + do documento durante o processo de escrita. +\layout Standard + +Outro tipo especial de espaço em branco é o +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Blank +\family default +, que é feito escrevendo +\family sans +C-Space +\family default + (ou +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pecial\SpecialChar ~ +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Protected\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +B +\bar default +lank +\family default +) e mostra um pequeno +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + cor-de-rosa no monitor +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Se já tiver lido este documento online, provavelmente já notou nestes caracteres + e pensou sobre o assunto. +\end_inset + +. + Se introduzir um +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Blank +\family default + entre duas palavras, ele será impresso tal e qual um espaço normal no papel. + Contudo, um +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Blank +\family default + informa o LaTeX para não inserir uma quebra de linha entre essas duas palavras. + Uma utilização comum é quando se escreve algo como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +veja Secção\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, onde queremos ter a certeza de que +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Secção +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + serão impressos na mesma linha +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +No +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, também o usamos quando descrevemos nomes de menus, ou caracteres especiais, + como\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Blank +\family default +s! +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Ambientes +\layout Standard + +Partes diferentes de um documento têm diferentes propósitos; chamamos a + essas partes +\emph on +ambientes +\emph default +. + Grande parte de um documento é constituído por texto regular. + Os títulos de Secções (capítulos, subsecções, etc.) permitem ao leitor saber + que um novo tópico ou sub-tópico vai ser abordado. + Certos tipos de documentos possuem ambientes especiais. + Um artigo de jornal terá um resumo e um título. + Uma carta não terá nenhum destes, mas provavelmente terá um ambiente com + a morada de quem escreve. +\layout Standard + +Os ambientes são a maior parte da filosofia WYSIWYM do LyX. + Um dado ambiente pode requerer um certo estilo de fonte, tamanho de fonte, + identação, espaços de linha, entre outros. + Este problema é agravado, porque a formatação exacta para um dado ambiente + pode mudar: para os títulos das secções um jornal pode usar negrito, 18 + pontos, tipo centrado; enquanto outros usam itálico, 15 pontos, tipo justificad +o à esquerda; diferentes línguas podem ter diferentes padrões para identação; + e os formatos da bibliografia podem variar bastante. + O LyX permite evitar aprender todos os estilos diferentes de formatação. +\layout Standard + +A caixa +\family sans +Environment +\family default + está localizada no lado esquerdo da barra de ferramentas (mesmo abaixo + do menu +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile +\family default +). + Indica qual o ambiente em que se encontra actualmente a escrever. + Enquanto estava a escrever o seu primeiro documento, indicava +\family sans +Standard +\family default + que é o ambiente padrão para texto. + Agora irá introduzir vários ambientes no seu novo documento, de modo a + visualizar o seu funcionamento. + Pode fazê-lo no menu +\family sans +Environment +\family default +, que se abre clicando no ícon +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +seta +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + mesmo à direita da caixa +\family sans +Environment +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Secções e Subsecções +\layout Standard + +Escreva a palavra +\family typewriter +Introdução +\family default + na primeira linha do seu ficheiro LyX, e seleccione +\family sans +Section +\family default + no menu +\family sans +Environment +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Não tem de +\emph on +seleccionar +\emph default + a linha. + Se nada estiver seleccionado, o LyX modifica o parágrafo actual para o + ambiente seleccionado. + Alternativamente, pode modificar vários parágrafos para um ambiente diferente + seleccionando-os antes de escolher o ambiente. +\end_inset + +. + O LyX numera a secção +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e compõe o cabeçalho (título) da secção numa fonte maior. + (É claro, o cabeçalho da secção também será composto correctamente no +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + ou no documento impresso.) Agora pressione a tecla +\family sans +Return +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Note que se altera a caixa +\family sans +Environment +\family default + de +\family sans +Section +\family default + para +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Os cabeçalhos das secções, como na maioria dos ambientes, são supostos + acabar quando se introduz um +\family sans +Return +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Veja o +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + para saber acerca de formas de escrever títulos com duas ou mais linhas. + Claro que o ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default + pode continuar por diversos parágrafos. + A lista dos vários ambientes (veja abaixo) também não termina quando carrega + em +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Pode sempre dizer qual o ambiente em que se encontra actualmente olhando + para a caixa +\family sans +Environment +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + +\family default + Escreva a introdução do documento: +\layout LyX-Code + +Esta é uma introdução ao meu primeiro documento em LyX. +\layout Standard + +Pressione a tecla +\family sans +Return +\family default + e seleccione novamente +\family sans +Section +\family default + no menu +\family sans + Environment +\family default +. + O LyX introduz um +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e aguarda que você escreva um título. + Escreva +\family typewriter +Mais coisas +\family default +, e verá que o LyX o estabelece novamente como título de secção. +\layout Standard + +Está a melhorar. + Vá para o final da +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + novamente (depois de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +meu primeiro documento em LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), pressione a tecla +\family sans +Return +\family default + de novo, e seleccione +\family sans +Section +\family default + no menu +\family sans + Environment +\family default +. + O LyX escreve +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e aguarda que você escreva um título. + Escreva +\family typewriter +Acerca deste documento +\family default +. + A secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Mais coisas +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, que estava antes como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, foi automaticamente renumerada para +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section\SpecialChar ~ +3 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ! Na verdadeira concepção do WYSIWYM, só necessita de identificar o texto + que constitui o título da secção, e o LyX toma conta da sua numeração e + composição. +\layout Standard + +Pressione o +\family sans +Return +\family default + para voltar ao ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, e escreva as seguintes cinco linhas: +\layout LyX-Code + +Secções e subsecções são descritas em baixo. +\layout LyX-Code + +Descrição da Secção +\layout LyX-Code + +Secções são maiores que as subsecções. +\layout LyX-Code + +Descrição da subsecção +\layout LyX-Code + +Subsecções são menores que as secções. +\layout Standard + +Clique na segunda linha e seleccione +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + no menu +\family sans + Environment +\family default +. + O LyX numera a subsecção +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, e faz a sua composição numa fonte maior que o texto regular mas menor + que o título da secção. + Mude também a quarta linha para ambiente +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +. + Tal como provavelmente esperava, o LyX automaticamente numerou a subsecção + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Se ainda adicionar outra secção antes da +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section 2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, esta será renumerada para +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section 3 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, e as subsecções serão renumeradas para +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + +Outros níveis de hierarquia incluem +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +, e +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. + Vamos deixá-lo brincar com estes à sua vontade. + Repare que os cabeçalhos do parágrafo e subparágrafo, não são numerados + por defeito, e que os subparágrafos são identados; veja o +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + para aprender a modificar esta propriedade. + Os cabeçalhos dos +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + são na realidade o nível mais alto de hierarquia, acima das +\family sans +Section +\family default +, mas apenas é permitido no uso de certos tipos ( +\emph on +classes +\emph default +) de documentos LyX (ver Secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +). + +\layout Standard + +Finalmente, pode desejar ter secções ou subsecções não numeradas. + Também existem ambientes que o permitem. + Se modificar um dos cabeçalhos de +\family sans +Section +\family default + para ambiente +\family sans + Section* +\family default +, o LyX irá usar o mesmo tamanho de fonte para os cabeçalhos que usa para + uma secção normal, mas não lhe atribui numeração. + Existem cabeçalhos de ambientes +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +* +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + para a +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + e +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +. + Tente modificar algumas das suas secções ou subsecções para ambientes +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +* +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, e note a forma como as numerações das restantes secções são afectadas. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Fixe os cabeçalhos das secções e subsecções em +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + +\layout Subsection + +Listas e sub-listas +\layout Standard + +O LyX possui diversos ambientes para compôr listas. + Os vários ambientes de listas libertam-no de pressionar milhões de vezes + a tecla +\family sans +Tab +\family default +, ao fazer uma caracterização por tópicos, ou de renumerar uma lista inteira + quando lhe pretende adicionar um ponto no meio, e permite-lhe concentrar-se + apenas no seu conteúdo +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Sim, estamos a exagerar ao salientar este ponto ao longo do +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + Mas +\emph on +é +\emph default + a principal filosofia do LyX, por isso pedimos desculpa. +\end_inset + +. + Diferentes tipos de documentos, logicamente requerem diferentes tipos de + lista: +\layout Itemize + +Uma apresentação de slides pode utilizar o ambiente +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +, com uma lista +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bullet +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (os items são precedidos de um ponto) para descrever diferentes items. + +\layout Itemize + +Um caracterização por tópicos utiliza o ambiente +\family sans + Enumerate +\family default +, com listas numeradas ou ordenadas por letras. + +\layout Itemize + +Um documento descrevendo vários pacotes de software pode usar o ambiente + +\family sans +Description +\family default +, onde cada item na lista começa com uma palavra em negrito. + +\layout Itemize + +O ambiente +\family sans +List +\family default + --- não encontrado em LaTeX --- é uma forma ligeiramente diferente do ambiente + +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vamos escrever uma lista de razões pelas quais o LyX é melhor que outros + processadores de texto. + Algures no seu documento escreva: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +O LyX é melhor do que os outros processadores de texto porque: +\layout Standard + +e pressione +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Agora seleccione +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + no menu +\family sans +Environment +\family default +. + O LyX adiciona uma +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bullet +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (na realidade, um asterisco, que será convertido num ponto) à linha. + Escreva as suas razões: +\layout LyX-Code + +A composição é feita automaticamente. +\layout LyX-Code + +A composição de fórmulas matemáticas é WYSIWYG. +\layout LyX-Code + +As listas são muito fáceis de criar! +\layout Standard + +Os ambientes de lista, ao contrário dos cabeçalhos, não terminam quando + se pressiona a tecla +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Ao invés, o LyX assume que você pretende continuar a adicionar items à + lista. + Assim, o que fizemos acima irá resultar numa lista de três items. + Se deseja mais que um parágrafo num item de uma lista, uma maneira é usar + um +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Return +\family default +, que obterá ao pressionar +\family sans +Ctrl-Return +\family default +. + Para terminar uma lista necessita de seleccionar novamente o ambiente +\family sans +Standard +\family default + (ou use simplesmente a combinação de teclas, +\family sans + M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Obteve uma linda lista com items. + Talvez queira correr o LaTeX para ver como é que a lista parece depois + de impressa. + Mas, e se quiser numerar as razões? Bem, basta seleccionar toda a lista +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +O LyX não lhe permite seleccionar a primeira +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bullet +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + a menos que também seleccione o parágrafo +\emph on +anterior +\emph default + à lista, o que provavelmente não quererá fazer. + Similarmente, não pode seleccionar o número actual num título de secção + numerada. + Não se preocupe com isso. +\end_inset + + e escolher +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + no menu +\family sans +Environment +\family default +. + Pow! Tal como mencionámos, se adicionar ou eliminar um item da lista, o + LyX arranja a numeração. +\layout Standard + +Enquanto a lista está seleccionada, pode modificar para os outros dois ambientes + de lista, +\family sans +Description +\family default + e +\family sans +List +\family default +, de modo a ver o seu formato. + Para esses dois ambientes, cada item da lista é constituído por um termo, + que é a primeira palavra do item, seguida por uma definição, que é o resto + do parágrafo (até pressionar a tecla +\family sans +Return +\family default +). + O termo pode ser composto em negrito ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +) ou separado por um +\series bold +Tab +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Não um +\family sans +Tab +\family default + de teclado, patético, rígido e não modificável, mas um tab de composição, + que irá ser modificado de forma a encaixar o maior termo. +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +List +\family default +) do resto do parágrafo. + Se quiser ter mais de uma palavra na definição, então separe as palavras + com um +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Blank +\family default +s. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Componha a lista no +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\layout Standard + +Pode fundir listas umas nas outras de todas as formas. + Um exemplo óbvio é a escrita de contornos gerais. + Listas +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + e +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + terão diferentes esquemas de numeração e diferentes caracteres para sub-listas. + Veja o +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + para detalhes sobre diferentes tipos de listas, assim como exemplos que + +\emph on +usam +\emph default + muitos embricamentos. +\layout Subsection + +Outros Ambientes: Versos, Citações e Outros +\layout Standard + +Existem dois ambientes para fazer citações: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + para as pequenas citações e +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + para as maiores. + O código de computador (o ambiente +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, também usado no +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + para os maiores exemplos escritos) é escrito na fonte +\family typewriter +typewriter +\family default +; este ambiente é a única forma no LyX que lhe permite usar espaços múltiplos + para poder identar código. + Pode até escrever poesia +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +assumindo que é suficientemente criativo para o fazer. +\end_inset + + com o +\emph on +estilo +\family sans +\emph default + Verse +\family default +, usando a tecla +\family sans +Return +\family default + para separar estrofes, e +\family sans +Ctrl-Return +\family default + para separar linhas numa estrofe. + Veja o +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + para descrições completas sobre todos os ambientes disponíveis no LyX. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Componha correctamente uma +\family sans +Quote, +\family default + um +\family sans + LyX-Code, +\family default +e um +\family sans + Verse +\family default + e +\family typewriter +m +\family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +linebreak +\backslash + +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Escrevendo Documentos +\layout Standard + +O capítulo anterior permitiu-lhe adaptar-se a escrever em LyX. + Introduziu-o às operações mais simples de edição, bem como ao poderoso + método de escrever em vários ambientes. + No entanto, a grande maioria de utilizadores de LyX quererá escrever documentos + completos, tais como: artigos, livros, manuais ou cartas. + Este capítulo tem por objectivo levá-lo da simples escrita de texto com + LyX, até à escrita desse tipo de documentos. + Para tal far-se-á uma apresentação das classes de texto e serão descritas + as várias adições que transformam texto em documentos, tais como títulos, + notas de rodapé, referências cruzadas, bibliografia e índices. +\layout Section + +Classes de Texto e Templates: Escrevendo Cartas +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +De acordo com o tipo de documento que pretende produzir deverá sujeitar + a sua composição a regras distintas. + Por exemplo, os livros usualmente são impressos nas duas faces da folha, + enquanto os artigos são impressos em face única. + Também existem vários tipos de documentos que contêm ambientes específicos: + as cartas têm alguns ambientes, tais como a morada do remetente e a assinatura, + que não fazem sentido num livro ou mesmo num artigo. + As classes de texto ( +\emph on +textclass +\family sans +\emph default +) +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +utilizadores LaTeX: estas são equivalentes às +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +documentclass +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + do LaTeX +\end_inset + + do LyX resolvem as grandes diferenças entre vários tipos de documento. + Este +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +, por exemplo, foi escrito com a classe Book +\family default +. + Uma vez que as classes de texto são também parte da filosofia WYSIWYM, + não é preciso que saiba como compôr um dado documento, pois ao utilizá-las + elas dirão ao LyX quais as regras que deverá utilizar. +\layout Standard + +Supondo que está a escrever o seu documento com a classe de texto +\family sans +Article +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Esta é normalmente a classe de texto por defeito, apesar de poder definir + outra no ficheiro +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\end_inset + +, experimente alterar para outra classe (usando o menu +\bar under +C +\bar default +lass +\family default + na caixa de diálogo +\family sans +\bar under + L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +). + Verifique agora como todo o seu aspecto se altera de acordo com o arranjo + do novo tipo de documento escolhido. + Se mudar o seu documento para a classe +\family sans +Book +\family default + e tomar atenção ao menu +\family sans +Environment +\family default +, apercebe-se que a maioria dos ambientes permitidos são os mesmos, embora + nesta situação fique disponível a utilização do ambiente +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +. + Dentro de cada classe de texto os ambientes disponíveis são bastante variados + e dependentes da classe escolhida. + Se não tem qualquer ideia do tipo de ambiente que pode utilizar numa dada + classe de texto, basta consultar o menu +\family sans +Environment +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Na composição de jornais as regras de apresentação são variadas, a definição + do tamanho da letra, a impressão em uma ou duas colunas e mesmo os cabeçalhos, + são alguns dos exemplos de definições distintas de jornal para jornal. + Com a evolução dos computadores e aumento das suas potencialidades, os + jornais passaram a aceitar submissões electrónicas de documentos, definindo + ficheiros de estilo em LaTeX, por forma a que os autores possam submeter + os seus artigos com a composição adequada. + O LyX foi criado de forma a poder dar resposta a todos estes requisitos. + Um bom exemplo desta situação pode ser encontrada ao utilizar a classe + de texto +\family sans + Article\SpecialChar ~ +(AMS) +\family default +, onde as regras de composição são as necessárias para a criação de artigos + com o formato exigido pela American Mathematics Society Journals. +\layout Standard + +Na tabela seguinte apresenta-se uma breve referência de algumas classes + de texto. + Para mais detalhes aconselha-se a consulta do +\emph on + Manual do Utilizador +\emph default +. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Nome +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Notas +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +uma face, sem capítulos +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +arranjo & ambiente para a American Math Society +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +maior que o artigo, duas faces +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +relatório + capa e contracapa +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +transparências (também inclui FoilTeX) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letters +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ambientes extra para endereços, assinatura\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Templates: Escrevendo uma Carta +\layout Standard + +Uma das classes de texto mais popular é a +\family sans +Letter +\family default +. + A forma mais simples de escrever uma carta será criar um novo documento + +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +ew +\family default +, e escolher +\family sans +Letter +\family default + no menu +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +lass +\family default + da caixa de diálogo +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default +. + Embora esta seja a forma mais óbvia de escrever uma carta, ainda implica + uma série de trabalho extra que poderá ser poupado pela utilização dos + +\family sans +templates +\family default +. + De cada vez que escreve uma carta de trabalho, esta prossupõe a inclusão + do seu endereço, o endereço do destinatário, o corpo da carta, a assinatura, + etc. + O LyX tem um +\family sans +template +\family default + para cartas, que contém uma carta tipo; depois de ter um +\family sans +template +\family default + basta substituir algumas partes da carta com o seu texto de cada vez que + escreve uma carta. +\layout Standard + +Abra um ficheiro novo com +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New\SpecialChar ~ +from\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +t +\bar default +emplate. + +\family default + Depois de escolher o nome para o seu documento, selecione +\family typewriter +letter.lyx +\family default + a partir da caixa de diálogo +\family sans +Choose\SpecialChar ~ +Template +\family default +. + Guarde e imprima o documento para ver qual a composição dos vários ambientes. + +\layout Standard + +Ao consultar o menu +\family sans +Environment +\family default + vai verificar que existem vários ambientes disponíveis, como o +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + que não existe na maioria das outras classes de texto +\family sans +. + +\family default + Outras, como por exemplo +\family sans +Quote e +\family default + +\family sans +Description +\family default +, são mais comuns +\family sans +. + +\family default + A melhor forma de se familiarizar com todos estes ambientes e verificar + como tudo funciona, será meter mão à obra e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +brincar +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + com todas estas opções. + Vai verificar por exemplo que o ambiente +\family sans +Signature +\family default + aparece com a palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Signature: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + a vermelho antes da assinatura propriamente dita. + Esta palavra não aparece na impressão do documento, apenas indica o local + onde a assinatura deve ser escrita. + Também poderá verificar que, independentemente do posicionamento da linha + da assinatura no documento, na impressão esta aparecerá sempre no fim do + documento. + Lembre-se que o LyX é WYSIWYM, e portanto existem uma série de pormenores + que ele se encarregará de assegurar por si. +\layout Standard + +Um +\family sans +template +\family default + é um simples documento do LyX. + Isto quer dizer que pode preencher o seu endereço e assinatura no documento + e guardá-lo como um novo +\family sans +template +\family default +. + A partir de agora sempre que quiser escrever uma carta, o tempo dispendido + vai ser cada vez menor. + Nesta situação não sugerimos nenhum exercício em particular, basta tão + somente que escreva uma carta para alguém +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Um pequeno aviso, se estiver a escrever a partir de um +\family sans +template +\family default + e apagar todo o texto de um dado ambiente --- por exemplo, se apagar todo + o campo +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + para o substituir com o seu próprio texto --- e depois mover o cursor sem + que escreva efectivamente o texto, o ambiente pode desaparecer. + Isto deve-se ao facto de muitos ambientes não poderem existir sem texto. + Para recuperar a situação inicial, basta que volte a selecionar o ambiente + a partir do menu +\family sans +Environment +\family default + . +\end_inset + +! +\layout Standard + +A utilização de +\family sans +templates +\family default + assegura uma grande poupança de tempo e nós aconselhamos, sempre que possível, + a sua utilização. + Adicionalmente, a sua utilização ajudará a aprender a utilizar algumas + das classes de texto mais +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +divertidas +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Finalmente, a sua utilização poderá também ser bastante útil, para alguém + que esteja a configurar o LyX para ser utilizado por utilizadores menos + familiarizados com computadores. + Ao iniciar a utilização do LyX, este pode ser menos intimidativo se existir + uma +\family sans +template +\family default + para a carta da sua empresa. +\layout Section + +Títulos de Documentos +\layout Standard + +O LyX assim como o LaTeX considera os títulos --- os quais podem conter + o próprio título o autor, a data e mesmo o resumo de um artigo --- como + uma parte separada do documento. + +\layout Standard + +Volte ao seu novo ficheiro +\family typewriter +newfile.lyx +\family default + e assegure-se que está a usar a classe de texto +\family sans +Article +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Para acompanhar este exemplo não deverá usar +\family sans +Letter +\family default + uma vez que esse tipo de classe de texto não permite a utilização de Títulos. +\end_inset + +. + Escreva um título na primeira linha e formate-a com o ambiente Title +\family default +. + Na linha seguinte escreva o seu nome e mude-a para o ambiente +\family sans +Author +\family default +. + Na linha seguinte, escreva a data no ambiente +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Escreva um parágrafo ou dois a sumarizar o seu documento usando o ambiente + +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +. + Neste momento já está em condições de imprimir o seu trabalho e verificar + o aspecto final que este terá. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Arranje o título, data e autor no ficheiro +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Etiquetas e Referências Cruzadas +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + +Ao utilizar o LyX pode etiquetar uma secção (ou subsecção ou mais raramente + um parte de texto) no seu documento, criando assim a possibilidade de se + referir a essa parte do texto ao longo do seu documento, através das referência +s cruzadas. + A utilização das referências cruzadas permite-lhe, não só inserir a etiqueta + referente a uma secção do seu texto, como também referir a página onde + essa se encontra. + Tal como nas secções e notas de rodapé, não precisa de se preocupar com + as referências cruzadas, basta efectuar todo o procedimento de etiquetação + e o LyX ocupa-se do resto. + As etiquetas e referências cruzadas constituem uma das vantagens mais important +es do LyX relativamente a outros processadores de texto. +\layout Subsection* + +Criando a sua primeira etiqueta +\layout Standard + +Vamos marcar a nossa segunda secção, cujo título é +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Sobre este documento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Clique no fim da linha de título da secção e selecione +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +abel +\family default +. + A caixa de diálogo que aparece vai-lhe pedir um nome para a secção. + Escreva +\family typewriter +sec:sobreodocumento +\family default +, o qual parece um nome bastante adequado e evitará confusão com outras + secções que poderá também etiquetar +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Escrevemos +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + porque podemos tambem etiquetar equações, tabelas e figuras. +\end_inset + +. + Quando clicar +\family sans +OK +\family default +, o nome da etiqueta ficará numa caixa junto ao título da secção. + +\layout Standard + +A propósito, poderia ter posto a etiqueta em qualquer sítio dentro da secção; + a referência da secção refere-se à última secção ou subsecção que aparece + antes da etiqueta. + No entanto, inseri-la na mesma linha que o título da secção (ou, talvez, + na primeira linha do texto da secção) assegura que a referência ao número + da página será ao ínicio da secção. +\layout Standard + +Até agora não fez nada, o ficheiro +\family sans +dvi +\family default + mantém-se exactamente o mesmo, pois as etiquetas não aparecem na impressão + do documento. + No entanto, agora que inseriu uma etiqueta pode referir-se a ela através + das referências cruzadas. + Essa será a nossa próxima etapa. +\layout Subsection* + +A sua primeira Referência Cruzada +\layout Standard + +Coloque o cursor num qualquer local da Secção\SpecialChar ~ +2 do seu documento, e escreva: +\layout LyX-Code + +Se quer saber mais acerca deste documento, então veja +\newline +Secção , a qual pode ser encontrada na página . +\layout Standard + +Agora, com o cursor situado depois da palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Secção +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, escolha +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ross-Reference +\family default +. + A caixa de diálogo +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + ficará disponível, mostrando uma série de possíveis referências que pode + usar. + Neste momento deverá existir uma única, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec:sobreodocumento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Selecione-a (ela poderá estar pré-selecionada por omissão) e clique em + +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default +. + Agora posicione o cursor depois da palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +página +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, e clique sobre +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +P +\bar default +age\SpecialChar ~ +Number +\family default + na caixa de diálogo +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + (para que o processo seja absolutamente correcto deverá inserir um +\family sans +Protected\SpecialChar ~ +Blank +\family default + entre a palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Secção +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e a referência, devendo repetir o mesmo procedimento para a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +página +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +O LyX coloca a referência no local exacto onde o cursor estava posicionado. + No documento impresso, como seria de esperar, as referências são substituídas + pelo número da secção ou da página, dependendo do tipo de referência selecionad +a na caixa de diálogo +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference. + +\family default + Também de uma forma bastante prática, as referências no seu documento funcionam + como uma hiper-ligação. + Assim, quando clica sobre uma referência cruzada, automaticamente ficará + posicionado sobre a parte do documento a que esta se refere. + O atalho +\family sans +C-< +\family default + move o cursor de volta para a referência. + Se fizer +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +pdate\SpecialChar ~ +dvi +\family default +, poderá verificar que na última página nos referimos à +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Secção\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Página\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection* + +Explorando um pouco mais sobre Etiquetas +\layout Standard + +Como já foi antes referido, o LyX preocupa-se com a numeração das referências + cruzadas - agora podemos testar ! Insira uma Secção antes da Secção\SpecialChar ~ +2. + Agora volte a correr o LaTeX, e --- voilà ! --- a referência cruzada da + secção passou a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +3 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ! Altere o ambiente da secção +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Sobre este Documento +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + para sub-secção, a referência cruzada refere agora Subsecção\SpecialChar ~ +2.1 ao invés + de Secção\SpecialChar ~ +3. + Logicamente, a referência da página só será alterada caso insira uma página + completa de texto antes do local etiquetado. + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Se quiser praticar um pouco mais sobre etiquetas, experimente inserir uma + etiqueta +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sec:aminhaprimeiraetiqueta +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, onde está a sua primeira referência cruzada e refira-se a essa etiqueta + numa qualquer parte do seu documento. + No caso de pretender utilizar várias referências cruzadas ao longo do seu + documento (por exemplo se estiver a escrever um artigo de jornal), então + será bastante mais prático deixar a caixa de diálogo +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + aberta. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +end{sloppypar} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Para se asseguar que as referências cruzadas asseguram uma numeração correcta, + mesmo em documentos mais extensos, copie algumas páginas do +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + para o clipboard e cole o texto capturado ao seu documento +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +A propósito, copiar o título de um capítulo pode causar um erro no LyX, + pois os capítulos não estão previstos na classe +\family sans +Article +\family default +. + Se lhe aparecer algum erro apague o título do capítulo. + Se não percebe a razão porque isto acontece, consulte a Secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Arranje as referências no ficheiro +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Notas de Rodapé e Margem +\layout Standard + +As notas de rodapé podem ser inseridas usando o botão +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default + da barra de tarefas +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +O botão mostra uma seta a apontar para um texto a vermelho que se encontra + imediatamente a seguir a texto a preto. +\end_inset + + ou através do menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +F +\bar default +ootnote +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Clique no fim da palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + numa qualquer parte do seu documento e depois no botão +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default +. + Uma linha de rodapé abre-se imediatamente a seguir à linha onde está posicionad +o. + Na extremidade esquerda dessa linha encontrará a palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + escrita a vermelho sobre um fundo cinzento. + O resto da linha está delineada a vermelho e é aí que deverá escrever o + texto que quer em rodapé. + Ao inserir a nota de rodapé o LyX deverá colocar o cursor no início da + linha. + Escreva +\layout LyX-Code + +O Lyx é um processador para composição de texto +\layout Standard + +Agora clique sobre a palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + A linha de rodapé desaparece, ficando somente a palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, superescrita a vermelho, mostrando o local onde a referência da nota de + rodapé aparecerá no documento final, isto é o que se chama +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cobrir +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + a nota de rodapé. + Sempre que quiser pode descobrir a nota de rodapé e editar o texto, bastando + para tal clicar sobre a marca a vermelho +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Neste momento pode questionar-se porque a marca da nota de rodapé aparece + como uma palavra e não como um número. + A resposta é que o LyX assegura a numeração automática das notas de rodapé. + Pode verificar este facto por si, consultando o ficheiro de +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + (ou mesmo o resultado da impressão). + Se acrescentar outras notas de rodapé o LyX fará a numeração. + Como o LyX (mais precisamente o LaTeX) toma conta da numeração das notas, + não há necessidade desses mesmos números aparecerem no ficheiro LyX. +\layout Standard + +Uma nota de rodapé, como outra qualquer parte de texto, pode ser cortado + e colado. + Vá em frente, experimente ! Tudo o que precisa é selecionar a marca +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Talvez seja mais simples fazer a selecção utilizando o teclado. + Pois ao tentar fazê-lo directamente com o rato, poderá acidentalmente abrir + a nota. +\end_inset + + cortar e colar. + Também pode passar texto vulgar para nota de rodapé, bastando selecionar + o texto e clicar no botão +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default +; o processo inverso também é possível, basta que clique no botão +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default + quando o cursor está numa nota de rodapé. +\layout Standard + +As notas de margem podem ser inseridas usando o botão +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Margin\SpecialChar ~ +Note +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +O botão mostra uma seta a apontar para texto a vermelho ao lado de (i.e. + na margem de) texto a preto, e deverá encontra-se junto ao botão +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar ~ +Footnote +\family default + na barra de tarefas. +\end_inset + + ou +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +M +\bar default +argin\SpecialChar ~ +Note +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + As notas de Margem são em tudo semelhantes às notas de rodapé, exceptuando: +\layout Itemize + +as marcas no monitor dizem +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + em vez +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +as notas ficarão localizadas nas margens e não por baixo do texto. +\layout Itemize + +as notas de margem não são numeradas. +\layout Itemize + +quando uma nota está coberta, aparecerá na margem um ponto de exclamação; + este ponto de exclamação não aparece na impressão do documento. +\layout Standard + +Mude a sua nota de rodapé do LyX para texto, depois selecione esse texto + e passe-o a nota de margem. + Corra o LaTeX outra vez e verifique qual o aspecto final que a nota de + margem toma. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Arranje a nota de rodapé no ficheiro +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Bibliografia +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +A Bibliografia é muito semelhante às referências cruzadas. + A bibliografia contém uma série de referências no fim do documento que + podem ser referidas numa qualquer parte do documento. + Assim como com os título das secções, o LyX e LaTeX tornam o seu trabalho + mais simples, ao assegurarem a numeração automática dos items da bibliografia, + bem como a alteração das citações quando existe uma modificação da numeração + dos items. +\layout Standard + +Vá até ao fim do documento e mude para o ambiente +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +. + Agora, cada parágrafo que inserir será uma nova referência. + Como primeira referência insira: +\family typewriter + O Tutorial do Lyx, pela Equipa de documentação do LyX +\family default +. + Repare como o LyX automaticamente insere um número numa caixa no início + de cada referência. + Clique na caixa de numeração, e aparece uma caixa de diálogo +\family sans +Bibliography\SpecialChar ~ +item +\family default +. + O primeiro campo, a chave, é usado para se referir a esta referência no + seu documento. + Por omissão é um número. + Altere o campo +\family sans +key +\family default + para +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lyxtutorial +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, que é uma identificação mais fácil de recordar. +\layout Standard + +Agora escolha uma parte do seu documento onde esteja interessado em inserir + uma referência bibliográfica. + Faça-o através de +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +i +\bar default +tation\SpecialChar ~ +Reference\SpecialChar \@. + +\family default + O LyX desenha-lhe uma caixa a cinzento com três pontos de interrogação + dentro de parêntesis e aparece a caixa de diálogo +\family sans +Citation +\family default +. + O primeiro campo da caixa de diálogo, denominado +\family sans +key +\family default +, permite-lhe escolher qual o item da bibliografia que quer citar +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Esta é a razão pela qual se aconselha a atribuição de nomes lógicos e únicos + ao campo chave. + Ao substituir a numeração automática, que não dá qualquer indicação do + item em causa, sempre que precisar de citar um determinado item será mais + mais fácil identificar o item em questão. +\end_inset + +. + Clicando na seta do lado direito do campo +\family sans +key +\family default +, aparece um menu onde deverá escolher +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lyxtutorial +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (até ao momento é o único item da bibliografia). + Agora corra o LaTeX, e verá que a citação aparece dentro de parentesis + no seu texto, fazendo referência à bibliografia do fim do documento. +\layout Standard + +Para que servem os outros campos? O campo +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +emark +\family default + na caixa de diálogo da citação serve para inserir notas pessoais (tal como + uma referência a uma página ou um capítulo do artigo ou livro em referência) + que no documento aparecem dentro dos parentesis e após a referência. + Se preferir que as referências sejam feitas com texto e não números (por + exemplo alguns jornais usam +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +[Smi95] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + para se referirem a um artigo escrito por Smith em 1995), utilize o campo + +\family sans +Label +\family default + na caixa de diálogo +\family sans +Bibliography\SpecialChar ~ +item +\family default +. + Consulte o +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + para mais detalhes. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício: +\series default +Crie uma bibliografia e citação no ficheiro +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Indíces +\layout Standard + +Se está interessado na inclusão de um índice no início do seu documento, + o LyX torna esta tarefa num passo simples de executar. + Tecle +\family sans +Return +\family default + entre o Título e a primeira secção do seu documento +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Não se sinta frustrado ao tentar, em vão, clicar ou fazer +\family sans +Enter +\family default + antes do número da sua secção. + Não vai resultar! Uma vez que o LyX se encarrega das numerações, não é + permitido ao utilizador editar o número das secções. +\end_inset + +, e escolha +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lists\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +T +\bar default +OC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ontents +\family default +. + A palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Table of Contents +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + aparecerá numa caixa (também conhecida por +\emph on +inset +\emph default +) na primeira linha do seu documento. + +\layout Standard + +Á primeira vista tudo isto lhe pode parecer pouco útil. + No entanto, se fôr dar uma espreitadela ao seu ficheiro +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, pode verificar que acabou de gerar um índice onde se encontram listadas + as várias secções e sub-secções do seu documento. + Como de costume, se resolver reordenar as secções ou mesmo criar secções + novas, pode verificar no seu ficheiro +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + que o seu índice respeitou todas as suas actualizações. +\layout Standard + +Uma vez que o índice não pode ser alterado, não aparece quando trabalha + no seu documento. + No entanto, pode sempre mostra-lo numa janela individual, clicando no +\emph on +inset +\emph default + do índice, ou utilizando +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +able\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +Contents +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +O comando do menu funciona sempre, mesmo que não tenha o índice inserido + no seu documento. +\end_inset + +. + Esta é uma ferramenta bastante útil. + Poderá usar a janela do índice para se movimentar dentro do ficheiro. + Clicando sobre o título de uma (sub)secção do índice, essa linha ficará + sombreada e o cursor posicionar-se-á no início dessa mesma (sub)secção, + no seu documento. + Pode também usar as setas da caixa do índice para se mover ao longo do + mesmo. + Caso considere conveniente, a janela do índice pode ficar aberta durante + toda a sua sessão de trabalho. +\layout Standard + +O índice pode ser apagado como qualquer caracter. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Crie o índice no ficheiro +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Usando Matemática +\layout Standard + +A linguagem LaTeX é usada por muitos cientistas, porque permite escrever + equações de forma visualmente elegante, evitando os caracteres de controle + usados por processadores de texto e os seus editores de equações. + No entanto, muitos destes cientistas ficam frustrados, porque escrever + equações em LaTeX parece-se mais com programação do que com escrita. + Felizmente, o LyX suporta equações no seu conceito WYSIWYM. + Se está habituado ao LaTeX, verá que todos os habituais comandos de matemática + podem ser usados normalmente, mas aparecerão de forma WYSIWYM. + Se, por outro lado, nunca usou LaTeX, então o +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + permitir-lhe-á escrever rápida e facilmente equações com um aspecto profissiona +l +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +O LyX não consegue verificar se as suas equações estão correctas. + Desculpe. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Modo Matemático +\layout Standard + +Algures no seu documento LyX, escreva: +\layout LyX-Code + +Eu gosto do que Einstein disse, E=mc^2, porque é muito simples. +\layout Standard + +A equação não parece muito bem, mesmo no ficheiro +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +; não há espaços entre as letras e o sinal de igual, e seria melhor se o + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + aparecesse mesmo como um expoente. + A composição com mau aspecto apareceu assim porque não dissemos ao LyX + que estávamos a escrever uma expressão matemática, logo a equação foi escrita + como texto normal. +\layout Standard + +A Matemática deve ser escrita no +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +, também denominado modo matemático. + Para entrar em modo matemático, basta clicar no botão da barra de tarefas + com +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + + escrito a azul. + O LyX abrirá um pequeno quadrado azul dentro de um rectângulo púrpura. + O quadrado azul é o +\emph on +ponto de inserção +\emph default +, indicando que o +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + está à espera que algo seja escrito, e o rectângulo indica que está em + modo matemático. + O LyX pôs o cursor no quadrado azul, então basta escrever +\family typewriter +E=mc^2 +\family default + novamente. + A expressão é escrita a azul e o quadrado azul desaparece logo que o ponto + de inserção deixa de estar vazio. + Agora pressione a tecla +\lang english + +\family sans +\lang portuges +Esc +\family default + para sair do +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + (Nota: clicando no botão +\family sans + math +\family default + de novo +\emph on + não o fará sair +\emph default + do +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +). + O rectângulo púrpura desaparece, deixando o cursor à direita da expressão. + Agora, se escrever algo, será em texto +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Corra o LaTeX e veja o ficheiro +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Note que a expressão aparece escrita de forma mais bonita, com espaços + entre as letras e o sinal de igual, e o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + em expoente. + As letras no modo matemático são assumidas como variáveis e aparecem em + itálico. + Os números são apenas números. +\layout Standard + +O +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + é outro exemplo da filosofia WYSIWYM. + Em LaTeX, as expressões matemáticas são escritas usando texto e comandos + como +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +. + Isto pode ser frustrante, porque não se pode ver como a expressão vai aparecer + no documento até se correr o LaTeX sobre o ficheiro, e poderá ser necessário + perder tempo à procura de parêntesis que faltam na expressão, ou outros + enganos. + Por outro lado, o LyX não tenta que a expressão apareça de forma perfeita + (WYSIWYG), mas dá antes uma extremamente boa ideia de como a expressão + vai aparecer. + O LaTeX cuida então de dar a aparência profissional final. + 99% das vezes, o tamanho da letra e espaçamentos dados pelo LaTeX não terão + que ser alterados. + Desta forma (repetindo mais uma vez) pode-se concentrar no +\emph on +conteúdo +\emph default + das expressões matemáticas em vez da forma como são escritas. +\layout Section + +Navegando numa Equação +\layout Standard + +Agora vamos mudar +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + para +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Use as teclas com setas para mover o cursor na expressão. + Note que quando entra na expressão o rectângulo púrpura aparece de novo, + indicando que está em +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +. + Agora, pode usar as setas para a esquerda e para a direita, mover o cursor + para depois do sinal de igual e inserir +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1+ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Depois, pode usar as teclas com setas ou +\family sans +Esc +\family default + para sair da expressão, o que fará o rectângulo púrpura desaparecer de + novo. + Muitas pessoas gostam de utilizar as teclas das setas, mas também se pode + simplesmente usar o rato para colocar o cursor na expressão e assim iniciar + o +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Para além das teclas especiais descritas mais abaixo, escrever em modo matemátic +o é como editar texto normal. + Use +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (ou +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +) para apagar. + Seleccione texto, com as teclas de setas ou com o rato. + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +ndo +\family default + funciona em modo matemático, assim como cortar e colar. + Algo a ter cuidado: se estiver junto a uma expressão matemática, mas fora + dela, +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (ou +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +) irão apagar a expressão como um todo. + Felizmente poderá usar +\family sans +Undo +\family default + para a recuperar. +\layout Standard + +Então e se quiser mudar +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + para +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + + ? Novamente, poderá usar o rato e clicar no sítio indicado. + No entanto, também poderá usar as teclas das setas. + Se o cursor estiver logo depois do +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + mas antes do +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, então carregando na seta para cima irá mover o cursor para o nível do + expoente, mesmo antes do +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Adicione o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +.5 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Agora, pressionando na seta para baixo irá mover o cursor para o nível + anterior. + De facto, pressionando a seta para baixo, estando o cursor em qualquer + parte do expoente, irá pôr o cursor logo +\emph on +após +\emph default + o expoente (para que então possa inserir o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Também pode usar a tecla de espaço para navegar numa expressão. + Se estiver numa estrutura do +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + (subescrito, expoente, fracção, raiz quadrada, delimitadores ou matriz, + os quais serão descritos nas secções seguintes), pressionando a tecla de + espaço irá mover o cursor para depois da estrutura, mas ficará ainda em + +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +. + Se o cursor estiver algures no expoente, a tecla de espaço irá movê-lo + para o nível abaixo, logo a seguir ao expoente. + Isto quer dizer que pode escrever +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{1+x}-2$ +\end_inset + + sem usar o rato +\emph on +ou +\emph default + as teclas de setas, um método que irá preferir logo que esteja mais experiente. + Apenas terá que ter cuidado para não introduzir um espaço entre o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e o sinal de adição, ou sairá do expoente. + Em sítios onde este comportamento não faz sentido (por exemplo entre o + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), a tecla de espaço não terá nenhum efeito +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Space +\family default + e +\family sans +Tab +\family default + +\emph on +não +\emph default + são usados para introduzir espaços extra entre partes da equação. + Esses espaçamentos são uma questão de composição, o que significa que deverá + o LyX (LaTeX) tratar do assunto (ver Sec. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +). + Se não estiver completamente satisfeito, existem formas de afinar mais + promenorizadamente os espaçamentos, as quais podem ser consultadas no +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + --- mas não se preocupe com pormenores até ter acabado de inserir todo + o conteúdo no seu documento. + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Note que se inserir uma expressão e sair com +\family sans +Esc +\family default +, não ficará espaço a seguir à expressão. + Isto está bem se o caracter seguinte fôr um ponto final ou uma vírgula, + mas se após a fórmula ficar uma palavra, terá que inserir um espaço após + sair de +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +. + Como atalho, se estiver mesmo no fim da expressão, poderá carregar na tecla + de espaço, o que o fará sair de +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + e inserir ao mesmo tempo um espaço após a expressão. + Deste modo poderá escrever +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + é a minha equação favorita +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + em vez de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + +é a minha equação favorita. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Expoentes e Índices +\layout Standard + +Um expoente pode ser inserido a partir do menu +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath +\family default +, mas é mais simples inserir um acento circunflexo +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e carregar na tecla de espaço. + O LyX irá colocar um ponto de inserção (o quadrado azul, lembra-se?) no + expoente, podendo aí escrever o que quiser, num tamanho de letra mais pequeno. + Tudo o que escrever até carregar na tecla de espaço (ou +\family sans +Esc +\family default + para sair de vez do +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +) ficará no expoente. +\layout Standard + +Escrever um subescrito (índice) é igualmente fácil --- comece por inserir + um +\family sans +underscore +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +). + Poderá inserir índices e expoentes em outros índices e expoentes, como + por exemplo: +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Ponha a equação 1 do +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\family default + em modo matemático. +\layout Section + +O +\family sans +Math Panel +\layout Standard + +O +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + é uma maneira fácil de inserir símbolos ou de fazer funções +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + complicadas. + Muitas destas funções estão disponíveis a partir do teclado ou do menu + +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +ath +\family default +. + No entanto, vamo-nos concentrar no uso do +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +, apenas para que saiba o que ele contém, poderá mais tarde aprender atalhos + pelo teclado lendo outros manuais (isto é uma pista...). + Então vamos abrir o +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + e deixá-lo aberto enquanto lê esta secção. +\layout Subsection + +Grego e símbolos +\layout Standard + +Se clicar no botão marcado +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, obterá um menu de onde poderá escolher uma letra grega, que aparecerá + no cursor. + Repare que há várias variantes de epsilon, pi, phi (fi), theta, e sigma. + Como atalho, se estiver a escrever texto, poderá escolher algo do +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + e o +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + será aberto automaticamente. +\layout Standard + +Quatro outros botões na base do +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + permitem escolher uma vasta gama de símbolos usados em matemática: várias + setas, relações, operadores, somatórios e integrais. + Indexação e exponenciação permitem pôr limites superiores e inferiores + nos somatórios e integrais. + O último botão é a temível miscelânea. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Nothing you can do that can't be done\SpecialChar \ldots{} + All you need is +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Raizes quadradas, acentos, delimitadores +\layout Standard + +Para escrever uma raiz quadrada basta clicar no botão com o sinal de raiz + quadrada. + A raiz quadrada aparece e o cursor fica num novo ponto de inserção dentro + da raiz quadrada. + Poderá então escrever variáveis, números, outras raizes quadradas ou qualquer + outra coisa. + O LyX automaticamente dimensionará a raiz quadrada para abranger tudo o + que fôr escrito dentro. +\layout Standard + +Acentuar um caracter ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +) ou um grupo de caracteres ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +) é feito da mesma maneira. + Carregue no botão +\family sans +Decoration +\family default +, que tem um quadrado azul com um til (~) preto em cima, para abrir a janela + +\family sans +Decoration +\family default +. + Clique num botão e o LyX irá abrir um ponto de inserção acima ou abaixo + do acento escolhido. + Poderá então escrever o que quiser no ponto de inserção e sair desse ponto + com a tecla de espaço. +\layout Standard + +Delimitadores como parêntesis curvos, parêntesis rectos ou chavetas funcionam + de modo semelhante, mas são um pouco mais complicados. + Carregue no botão +\family sans +Delimiter +\family default +, que tem um quadrado azul entre parêntesis para que apareça a janela +\family sans +Delimiter +\family default +. + Clique num delimitador esquerdo com o +\emph on +botão esquerdo do rato +\emph default + e num delimitador direito com o +\emph on +botão direito do rato +\emph default +. + (Alternativamente, use os botões +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\bar under +L +\bar default +eft +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\bar under +R +\bar default +ight +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e então clique nos delimitadores com o +\emph on +botão esquerdo do rato +\emph default +.) A sua selecção de delimitadores aparece numa caixa no cimo da janela. + É um par de parêntesis por defeito, mas com este método de selecção geral + pode escolher qualquer combinação de delimitadores, ou mesmo escolher o + quadrado vazio para obter algo como +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (o delimitador vazio aparece no LyX como uma linha tracejada preta, mas + não aparecerá no output). +\layout Standard + +Uma vez escolhidos os delimitadores, clique em +\family sans +OK +\family default + para os pôr na expressão (ou carregue em +\family sans +Apply +\family default + se quiser deixar aberta a janela). + Se fôr preguiçoso, pode escrever parêntesis em texto normal em modo matemático, + em vez de usar a janela +\family sans +Delimiter +\family default +. + No entanto esses parêntesis ficarão do mesmo tamanho que o texto normal, + o que não ficará bem se tiver uma fracção ou uma matriz entre parêntesis. + A utilização da janela +\family sans +Delimiter +\family default + irá garantir que o tamanho dos delimitadores é definido de acordo com o + que está dentro deles. +\layout Standard + +Também pode colocar delimitadores, sinais de raiz quadrada ou acentos em + texto já existente. + Seleccione a porção da fórmula que quer modificar e clique no botão respectivo + no +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +. + Tente usar isto para alterar a segunda lei de Newton de forma escalar para + forma vectorial ( +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + para +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + Quando chegarmos à parte das matrizes, esta será a forma como se irão pôr + dentro parêntesis ou chavetas. +\layout Subsection + +Fracções +\layout Standard + +Fracções são simples no +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +. + Basta clicar no botão +\family sans +fraction +\family default + do +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +, que mostra uma fracção com quadrados azuis no numerador e no denominador. + O LyX coloca dois pontos de inserção nas fracções. + Como seria de esperar, podem-se usar as teclas das setas ou o rato para + mover o cursor numa fracção. + Clique no quadrado de cima e escreva +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Agora carregue na tecla da seta para baixo e escreva +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Acabou de fazer uma fracção ! Claro que pode escrever tudo o que quiser + dentro de cada quadrado: variáveis com expoentes, raizes quadradas, outras + fracções, o que quiser. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Ponha a equação 2 do +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\family default + em modo matemático. +\layout Subsection + +Modo TeX: Limites, log, sin e outros +\layout Standard + +Porque letras em modo matemático são consideradas como sendo variáveis, + se escrever +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + em modo matemático, o LyX pensa que está a escrever o produto das três + variáveis +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + +, e +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + +. + As três letras serão escritas em itálico, quando o que se quer é a palavra + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + escrita em +\family sans +Roman +\family default +. + Para além disso, o LyX não irá inserir um espaço entra a palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e o +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (carregar na tecla do espaço apenas o fará sair do modo matemático). + Então como obter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + em vez de +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Clique em +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + na lista +\family sans +Functions +\family default + do +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +. + A palavra +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + será escrita a vermelho, em letra +\family sans +Roman +\family default +, ou seja em modo TeX. + Toda a palavra é tratada como um só símbolo, por isso se carregar em +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + apagará toda a palavra. + Agora escreva +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, que será escrito em itálico, tal como seria de esperar no +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +. + No ficheiro +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, a expressão aparecerá correctamente. + Tente. +\layout Standard + +Outros comandos que necessita de escrever em modo TeX, usando o menu +\family sans +Functions +\family default +, includem funções trigonométricas e as suas inversas, funções hiperbólicas, + logarítmos, limites, e mais algumas outras. + Estas funções podem ter subescritos e expoentes, o que é importante para + se poder escrever +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ou +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Ponha a equação 3 do +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\family default + em modo matemático. +\layout Subsection + +Matrizes +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +Clique no botão de matrizes no +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default + (o que tem nove pequenos quadrados azuis). + A janela +\family sans +Matrix +\family default + tem dois botões que se movem lateralmente para escolher o número de linhas + e colunas da matriz. + Escolha 2 linhas e 3 colunas e carregue em +\family sans +Apply +\family default + ou +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + O LyX irá colocar 6 pontos de inserção numa matriz de dimensões +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + +. + Como habitual, poderá pôr qualquer tipo de expressão +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + (raizes quadradas, outra matriz, etc.) em cada ponto de inserção. + Também poderá deixar alguns pontos de inserção vazios, se o desejar. +\layout Standard + +O +\family sans +Tab +\family default + pode ser usado para mover o cursor horizontalmente entre colunas de uma + matriz. + Alternativamente, pode usar as teclas das setas - carregando na seta da + direita no fim de uma célula da matriz fará o cursor passar para a próxima + célula, a seta para baixo faz o cursor passar para a linha seguinte, etc. +\layout Standard + +Veja o +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + para informação sobre como mudar o alinhamento horizontal de cada coluna + e como mudar a posição vertical de toda a matriz. + Note que se quiser escrever uma tabela com texto, deverá usar as opções + específicas para tabelas do LyX, que são excelentes, em vez de tentar escrever + o texto numa matriz. +\layout Subsection + +O modo +\family sans +Display +\layout Standard + +Todas as expressões que escrevemos até aqui têm sido na mesma linha, como + o texto que fica antes e depois delas. + Isto está bem para expressões curtas e simples, mas se quiser escrever + outras maiores, ou se quiser expressões que fiquem em evidência fora do + texto, terá que escrevê-las em modo +\family sans +Display +\family default +. + Além disso só as expressões em modo +\family sans +Display +\family default + podem ter etiquetas e serem numeradas (veja o +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default +), e equações em várias linhas (ver Secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +) têm que estar em modo +\family sans +Display +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Clique no botão +\family sans +display +\family default + no +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +, que tem duas linhas pretas acima e abaixo de um quadrado azul. + O LyX abre um ponto de inserção, centrado numa nova linha. + Agora escreva uma expressão e corra o LaTeX para ver como vai ficar. + O botão +\family sans +display +\family default + tanto serve para formatar uma expressão em modo +\family sans +Display +\family default +, como para voltar a formatar como texto. + +\layout Standard + +O modo +\family sans +Display +\family default + apresenta algumas diferenças em relação ao +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + usual: +\layout Itemize + +O tamanho da letra é mais pequeno do que o normal para alguns símbolos, + como +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + e +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Subescritos e expoentes para limites e somatórios (mas não para integrais) + são escritos de baixo dos símbolos, em vez de junto a eles. +\layout Itemize + +O texto é centrado. +\layout Standard + +Para além destas diferenças, as expressões em modo +\family sans +Display +\family default + são similares às outras. +\layout Standard + +Uma nota final acerca da forma como equações em modo +\family sans +Display +\family default + são escritas: tenha em atenção se está a inserir a sua equação num novo + parágrafo ou não. + Se a sua equação estiver no meio de uma frase ou parágrafo, então não carregue + em +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Isso fará com que o texto +\emph on +depois +\emph default + da equação inicie um novo parágrafo. + Esse texto terá um +\family sans +Tab +\family default + antes, que provavelmente não é o que desejaria. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Ponha as várias equações em +\family typewriter +pt_example_raw.lyx +\family default + em modo display e veja como ficam escritas de modo diferente. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Exercício +\series default +: Usando as várias ferramentas que aprendeu nesta secção, escreva uma equação + como esta: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Equações em várias linhas +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +Tente escrever as equações seguintes e veja o resultado no ficheiro +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Terá que escrever duas equações separadas em modo +\family sans +Display +\family default +. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y+y+y+y+y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +=5y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Isto não fica nada bem ! Se escrever duas ou mais equações sucessivamente, + elas ficarão muito melhor se os seus sinais de igual ficarem alinhados, + isto é particularmente verdade se a segunda equação não tiver nada à esquerda + do sinal. + O LyX permite que se escrevam equações em várias linhas com algum controle + sobre o alinhamento. + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\ + & = & 5y\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Isto já está +\emph on +muito +\emph default + melhor ! Os sinais de igual estão alinhados, e há menos espaço vertical + a separar as equações. +\layout Standard + +Para inserir uma equação em várias linhas, abra uma expressão +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + em modo +\family sans +Display +\family default + e carregue em +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +. + O LyX irá imprimir duas linhas, cada uma com três pontos de inserção vazios. + Tal como no caso das matrizes, poderá usar o rato, teclas de setas ou +\family sans +Tab +\family default + para mover o cursor entre os pontos de inserção. + Tente reproduzir a equação multi-linhas acima. + Note que pode deixar um ou mais pontos de inserção vazios numa equação + multi-linhas. + Isto pode ser útil quer para exemplos como o acima, ou para dividir equações + muito compridas, como: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & a+b+c+d\\ + & & +e+f+g\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +O LyX irá alinhar o segundo campo (o do centro) de cada linha, pois é aí + que geralmente se escrevem os sinais de igual ou outros operadores relacionais; + no entanto poderá pôr nesse campo o que quiser. + Não use equações multi-linhas para escrever matrizes, para isso existem + as funções próprias para matrizes (ver Secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Se quiser um conjunto de equações ainda maior use +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + para obter uma nova linha com três pontos de inserção vazios. + Se não estiver no fim da linha quando fizer isto, o resto do que está escrito + nessa linha irá passar para a linha seguinte. + Se carregar em +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + quando já tiver escrito uma equação de uma só linha, toda a equação ficará + no primeiro campo. + Ponha o cursor antes do sinal de igual e carregue em +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default + para o mover para o segundo campo. + A seguir ponha o cursor após o sinal de igual e carregue em +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default + de novo, para mover tudo o que está após o sinal de igual para o terceiro + campo. + Tente mudar +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + para +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +E & = & mc^{2}\\ + & = & mc\times c\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Se tiver escrito demasiadas linhas, ponha o cursor no fim de uma linha e + use +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + para apagar e linha seguinte. + Irá apagar a separação entre linhas e ligar os três pontos de inserção + da linha seguinte no fim da linha onde está. + Se a linha seguinte estiver vazia, isto irá de facto apagá-la. + Aviso: usar +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + quando não está no fim da linha poderá dar resultados inesperados. +\layout Section + +Mais acerca da matemática +\layout Standard + +O +\family sans +Mathed +\family default + pode fazer muito mais. + Por agora familiarizou-se com as coisas básicas, por isso vamo-nos apenas + referir ao +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + para pistas sobre como fazer: +\layout Itemize + +Expressões numeradas e com etiquetas. +\layout Itemize + +Mudar tipos de letras, por exemplo escrever em negrito numa expressão. + Podemos apenas referir que carregando no botão +\family sans +math +\family default + quando já estiver no +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +, irá escrever texto com letra +\family sans +Roman +\family default + até que escreva um espaço (não protegido). +\layout Itemize + +Fazer pequenos ajustamentos do tamanho da letra e do espaçamento numa expressão + (não se preocupe com isto até à versão final do texto que estiver a escrever!). +\layout Itemize + +Escrever macros. + Estes são muito úteis, porque basta defini-los uma vez no início do documento + e poderá usá-los em todo o documento. + Se alterar a definição de um macro, as referências a esse macro irão mudar + em todo o documento. + Os macros podem mesmo ser definidas para pedir objectos sobre os quais + irão actuar. +\layout Itemize + +Fazer muitas outras coisas que não tivemos tempo de referir neste +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\layout Chapter + +Vários +\layout Section + +Outras Funções Importantes do LyX +\layout Standard + +Não explorámos todos os comandos possíveis de executar no LyX e não é isso + que pretendemos. + Como de costume, leia o +\emph on +Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + para mais informações. + A funções exactas de todos os comandos do LyX estão descritas no +\emph on +Manual de Referência +\emph default +. + Vamos apenas mencionar mais algumas coisas importantes que você pode fazer + com o LyX... +\layout Itemize + +O LyX possibilita a construção visual de tabelas. + Utilize +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +le +\family default +para criar uma tabela. + Clique na tabela com o +\emph on +botão direito +\emph default + do rato e modifique as suas propriedades. +\layout Itemize + +É também possível incluir nos seus documentos imagens em PostScript® (ou + LaTeX puro). + Para isso, selecione +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Fi +\bar under +g +\bar default +ure +\family default + e escolha o ficheiro a incluir. + Pode ainda aumentar, diminuir ou rodar a imagem no documento. + Tanto as tabelas como as imagens podem ter títulos e o LyX cria automaticamente + uma lista indexada com essa informação. +\layout Itemize + +O controle por versões é possível, utilizando o RCS ( +\family typewriter +man rcsintro +\family default + para mais informações). +\layout Itemize + +O LyX é extremamente configurável. + Tudo pode ser alterado, desde o aspecto visual da janela principal até + à maneira como o LyX exporta os documentos. + Grande parte desta configuração pode ser feita alterando o ficheiro +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Actualmente, você precisa de editar o ficheiro +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default + com um editor de texto. + Os programadores esperam criar um GUI que correrá dentro do LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Para mais informações, leia +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ustomization\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +O desenvolvimento do LyX está a cargo de uma equipa de programadores distribuída + pelos cinco continentes. + Devido a este facto, o LyX tem um suporte para línguas estrangeiras muito + superior a outros processadores de texto. + Você não só pode escrever documentos em outras línguas, como pode configurar + o LyX de maneira que mostre os menus e mensagens no seu dialecto de preferência. +\layout Itemize + +Aos menus do LyX estão atribuidos atalhos de teclado. + Isto significa que você pode fazer +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +pen +\family default + premindo em +\family sans +M-F +\family default + seguido de +\family sans +O +\family default +. + Estas atribuições são configuráveis e pode saber como alterá-las lendo + o documento +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +C +\bar default +ustomization\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +O LyX abre documentos em LaTeX. + Veja a secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Verifique a correcção ortográfica dos seus documentos com +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pellchecker +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Note que o corrector ortográfico apenas verifica a partir do cursor até + ao fim do documento. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +O LyX para utilizadores de LaTeX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +Se você não tem quaisquer conhecimentos de LaTeX, não necessita de ler esta + secção. + Na realidade, você pode querer +\emph on +aprender +\emph default + LaTeX e depois ler este capítulo, mas, no entanto, muitas das pessoas que + começam a utilizar o LyX já têm algum conhecimento básico de LaTeX. + Se você é uma dessas pessoas, poderá estar a pensar se o LyX realmente + pode fazer tudo o que o LaTeX faz. + A resposta mais curta é que sim, o LyX faz, de uma forma ou outra, practicament +e tudo o que o LaTeX faz, e, definitivamente, simplifica grande parte do + processo de escrita de um documento LaTeX. + Actualmente poderão ainda aparecer alguns contratempos ao converter um + documento LaTeX mais antigo, mas as próximas versões do LyX resolverão + estes problemas. +\layout Standard + +Por isto ser somente um tutorial, vamos mencionar apenas algumas coisas + que os novos utilizadores do LyX estarão mais interessados em saber. + Com o objectivo de manter o +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + pequeno, a informação apresentada aqui é a essencial. + O +\emph on + Manual do Utilizador +\emph default + contém uma descrição detalhada das diferenças entre o LyX e o LaTeX, e + ainda como executar vários truques do LaTeX no LyX. +\layout Subsection + +Modo TeX +\layout Standard + +Todo o texto que você introduzir em modo TeX será convertido para LaTeX + e estará escrito a vermelho. + Para passar para este modo, escolha +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +ex\SpecialChar ~ +Style +\family default + ou então clique no botão vermelho TeX que está presente na barra de tarefas. +\layout Standard + +No +\family sans +Mathed +\family default +, o modo TeX é tratado de forma ligeiramente diferente. + Para passar ao modo TeX, utilize a barra para trás (' +\backslash +'). + Ao fazer isto, não aparecerá este caracter no editor, mas tudo o que escrever + seguidamente estará em vermelho. + Para sair do modo TeX, carregue na barra de espaços ou em outro caracter + qualquer que não pertença ao alfabeto. + Ao sair do modo TeX, se o LyX reconhecer o comando que foi escrito, este + será traduzido para a sua correspondente visualização gráfica. + Por exemplo, se você escrever +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default + seguido da barra de espaços, verá o texto +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +gamma +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + em vermelho mudar para um +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + azul. + Este método funciona com quase todos os macros matemáticos menos complexos + e é aconselhado aos utilizadores mais experientes de LaTeX, em detrimento + da utilização do +\family sans +Math\SpecialChar ~ +Panel +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +O LyX não consegue fazer tudo o que é possível fazer com o LaTeX. + Algumas funções não têm qualquer tipo de suporte, enquanto outras funcionam + mas não são fácilmente identificáveis. + O modo TeX garante aos utilizadores toda a flexibilidade do LaTeX, conservando, + no entanto, todos os factores convenientes da utilização do LyX, como o + editor visual de fórmulas e de tabelas. + É impossível ao LyX suportar todas as extensões existentes do LaTeX, mas, + no entanto, qualquer uma delas pode ser incluída num documento utilizando + o comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{foo} +\family default + no seu preâmbulo (veja a secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Subsection + +Importação De Documentos LaTeX -- +\family typewriter +reLyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +É possível importar um documento LaTeX para o LyX, selecionando +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaTeX +\family default + no menu principal. + Esta acção executará um script Perl chamado +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + --- que, por sua vez, cria um ficheiro com o nome +\family typewriter +foo.lyx +\family default + se o original se chamar +\family typewriter +foo.tex +\family default + --- e depois abre esse ficheiro. + Se a conversão não for bem sucedida, pode sempre tentar executar o +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + da linha de comandos +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Quando o LyX é instalado, um executável separado chamado reLyX, é instalado + no mesmo directório que os executáveis de lyx ( +\family typewriter +/usr/local/bin/reLyX +\family default +). + +\family typewriter + O reLyX +\family default + necessita do Perl (versão 5.002 neste momento). +\end_inset + +, passando desta vez outras opções ao programa. +\layout Standard + +O +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + converte a maior parte do LaTeX, mas nem tudo. + Ele mantem as partes de código que não entende inalteradas, em modo TeX. + Por isso, ao fazer uma conversão deste tipo, pode procurar por secções + de texto em vermelho e alterá-las, de forma a que o documento fique com + o aspecto pretendido. +\layout Standard + +Pode ler mais sobre o +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + executando +\family typewriter +man reLyX +\family default + na linha de comandos. +\layout Subsection + +Converter Documentos LyX para LaTeX +\layout Standard + +A qualquer altura pode ser necessário fazer a conversão de um documento + LyX para um documento LaTeX. + Isto é muito fácil de fazer com o LyX. + Escolha +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +E +\bar default +xport\SpecialChar \menuseparator +as\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default + e será criado um ficheiro LaTeX com o nome igual ao documento LyX, mas + com a extensão +\family typewriter +.tex. + +\family default + O LyX cria sempre ficheiros temporários em LaTeX quando visualiza ou imprime + documentos, por isso, o LyX é extremamente eficiente a gerar documentos + desta forma. +\layout Subsection + +Preâmbulo LaTeX +\layout Subsubsection + + +\emph on +Classe +\emph default + de documentos +\layout Standard + +A caixa de configuração +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument +\family default + trata de especificar as variadas opções que podem fazer parte de um comando + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +. + Pode alterar-se a +\emph on +classe +\emph default + do documento, o tamanho da fonte e do papel nesta secção. + Qualquer opção extra deverá ser introduzida na caixa +\family sans +E +\bar under +x +\bar default +tra\SpecialChar ~ +Options +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Outros assuntos +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +Se você necessita de introduzir algum comando especial no preâmbulo de um + documento LaTeX, pode especificá-lo dentro do LyX. + Seleccione +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +atex\SpecialChar ~ +Preamble +\family default + e escreva o comando desejado na janela. + Tudo o que estiver aí escrito será transcrito directamente para o ficheiro + LaTeX. +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +O LyX suporta o BibTeX, um pacote para construir bases de dados com referências + bibliográficas, que podem ser usadas em vários documentos. + Seleccione +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lists\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +T +\bar default +OC\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +B +\bar default +ibTeX\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default +para incluir um ficheiro +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +. + Clique no resultante +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +BibTeX\SpecialChar ~ +Generated\SpecialChar ~ +References +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + e verá uma janela de opções. + Na secção +\family sans +Database +\family default +, escreva o que você seria de esperar entre as chavetas de um comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\family default +. + Proceda da mesma forma na secção +\family sans +Style +\family default +, em substituição do comando +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Depois de fazer isto, pode utilizar citações de qualquer bibliografia que + está a incluir, utilizando o comando +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +C +\bar under +i +\bar default +tation\SpecialChar ~ +Reference +\family default + (veja a secção\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +). + A execução do BibTeX fica a cargo do LyX. +\layout Subsection + +Miscelânia +\layout Standard + +Veja o menu +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +pecial\SpecialChar ~ +Character +\family default + para ter acesso a caracteres especiais, incluindo elipses, quebras de linha + e hífens. +\layout Section + +Erros ! +\layout Standard + +Eventualmente, quando você processar um documento LaTeX, ocorrerão erros + devido a comandos que nem o LyX ou o LaTeX compreendem. + Quando isto acontece, o LyX apresenta uma caixa de erro com a descrição + possível do mesmo. + Se o erro for específico do LyX, o que acontece raramente, verifique que + está a proceder correctamente. + Os erros mais comuns são oriundos do LaTeX (algum comando introduzido no + modo TeX) e estes são apresentados pelo LyX de forma explícita. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/ru_FAQ.lyx b/lib/doc/ru_FAQ.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..213bf220ca --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/ru_FAQ.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,1546 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language russian +\inputencoding koi8-r +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language french +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +LyX. + þÁÓÔÏ ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ Ó ÏÔ×ÅÔÁÍÉ. + +\newline +÷ÅÒÓÉÑ 0.3.6 +\layout Author + +ÏÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ× LyX +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard +\noindent +÷ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÅÔ +\noun on +Mike Ressler +\noun default +, mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu. + ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ É ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÔÓÙÌÁÊÔÅ ÐÏ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÍÕ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ. +\layout Standard + +ðÏ ÒÕÓÓËÏÍÕ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÕ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÑ ÏÖÉÄÁÀÔÓÑ Vitaly Lipatov ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ +\end_inset + + +\newline +ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄ: áÎÄÒÅÊ îÏ×ÏÓ£ÌÏ× +\newline +ÌÉÔ. + ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ: ÷ÉÔÁÌÉÊ ìÉÐÁÔÏ× +\layout Abstract + +úÄÅÓØ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÞÁÓÔÏ ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÏ× ÄÌÑ LyX, ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÁ + Ó ÏÔËÒÙÔÙÍ ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÍ ËÏÄÏÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ÓÒÅÄÕ What-You-See-Is-What-You- +Mean (÷Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÉÍÅÌÉ × ×ÉÄÕ) ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÏ× ×ÙÓÏËÏÇÏ + ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Á. + äÌÑ ÂÏÌØÛÅÊ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÄÐÉÓÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÒÁÓÓÙÌËÉ ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ + LyX ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ +\family typewriter +lyx-users@lists.lyx.org +\family default + +\emph on +ÐÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË +\emph default + ÐÒÏÞÔ£ÔÅ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÀ. + +\emph on + +\layout Abstract + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +÷×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ É ÏÂÝÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ +\layout Subsection + +þÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ LyX? 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ÂÉÂÌÉÏÇÒÁÆÉÑÍÉ, + ÐÒÅÄÍÅÔÎÙÍÉ ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ É Ô.Ð. + LyX ÏÞÅÎØ ÈÏÒÏÛ ÄÌÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÏ× ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ, × ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÔÒÅÂÕÀÔÓÑ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÅ + ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ: Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÒÁÚÂÉÅÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ É ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ, + ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÁ ÐÒÁ×ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ É ÔÏÍÕ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÅ. + ôÁËÖÅ ÅÇÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÐÉÓÅÍ ÍÁÍÅ, ÈÏÔÑ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÅÓÔØ + É ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ. + üÔÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌ£ÎÎÏ ÎÅ ÓÁÍÙÊ ÌÕÞÛÉÊ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÔÒÁÎÓÐÁÒÁÎÔÏ×, + ÏÂßÑ×ÌÅÎÉÊ ÉÌÉ ÒÅËÌÁÍÎÙÈ ÐÌÁËÁÔÏ× (ÄÁÌÅÅ ÍÙ ÏÂßÑÓÎÉÍ ÐÏÞÅÍÕ), ÈÏÔÑ ÐÒÉ + ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌ£ÎÎÙÈ ÕÓÉÌÉÑÈ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ É ÜÔÏ. + ÷ÏÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ LyX: ÚÁÐÉÓËÉ, ÐÉÓØÍÁ, ÄÉÓÓÅÒÔÁÃÉÉ É + ÄÉÐÌÏÍÎÙÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ, ËÏÎÓÐÅËÔÙ ÌÅËÃÉÊ, ÚÁÍÅÔËÉ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÍÉÎÁÒÁ, ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÙ ÓÏÂÒÁÎÉÊ, + ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ Ë ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍ, ËÎÉÇÉ (ÐÏ PostgreSQL, ÕÄÁÌ£ÎÎÏÍÕ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÀ + É ËÒÉÐÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÉ; ÎÁÕÞÎÁÑ ÆÁÎÔÁÓÔÉËÁ, ÐÏÜÚÉÑ É ÄÁÖÅ ÏÄÎÁ ÉÌÉ Ä×Å ÄÅÔÓËÉÅ + ËÎÉÖËÉ), ÓÔÁÔØÉ × ÒÅÆÅÒÉÒÕÅÍÙÅ ÎÁÕÞÎÙÅ ÖÕÒÎÁÌÙ, ÓÃÅÎÁÒÉÉ ÄÌÑ ÓÐÅËÔÁËÌÅÊ + É ÆÉÌØÍÏ×, ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ\SpecialChar \ldots{} + É ÍÎÏÇÏÅ ÄÒÕÇÏÅ. +\layout Standard + +LyX --- ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ, ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉ×ÁÀÝÁÑ ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÏÄÈÏÄ Ë ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÉÀ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÏ×, + ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ÐÁÒÁÄÉÇÍÕ ÓÔÉÌÅ×ÏÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÔËÉ --- ÐÏÄÈÏÄ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÉÁÌØÎÏ + ÏÔÌÉÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ ÕÓÔÁÒÅ×ÛÅÊ ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÉ, ÓÌÏÖÉ×ÛÅÊÓÑ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÅÎÁ ÐÏ×ÓÅÍÅÓÔÎÏÇÏ + ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÉÛÕÝÉÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÏË. + ïÎ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎ ÄÌÑ Á×ÔÏÒÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ É Ó ÍÉÎÉÍÁÌØÎÙÍÉ ÕÓÉÌÉÑÍÉ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ + ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÐÒÏÆÅÓÓÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÑÝÉÊ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ, ÂÅÚ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØÓÑ + ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌÉÓÔÏÍ × ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÐÏÌÉÇÒÁÆÉÉ. + ïÆÏÒÍÉÔÅÌØÓËÁÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÁ ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅÊ ÞÁÓÔÉ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÏÍ, + Á ÎÅ Á×ÔÏÒÏÍ. + éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ LyX, Á×ÔÏÒ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓËÏÎÃÅÎÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁÄ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÙÍ Ó×ÏÅÇÏ ÔÒÕÄÁ. +\layout Standard + +ôÒÕÄÎÏÓÔÉ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ÓÔÁÌËÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ LyX, ÉÓÞÅÚÁÀÔ + ÐÏ ÍÅÒÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÈ ÏÂÒÁÚÁ ÍÙÛÌÅÎÉÑ. + ëÏÇÄÁ-ÔÏ ÍÙ ×ÓÅ, ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ, ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉÓØ ÐÉÛÕÝÉÍÉ ÍÁÛÉÎËÁÍÉ, É + ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÎÁÕÞÉÌÉÓØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÐÒÉ£ÍÁÍ ÏÂÈÏÖÄÅÎÉÑ ÉÈ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÊ. + åÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÔÅËÓÔÁ ÔÏÇÄÁ ÂÙÌÏ ÐÏÄÞ£ÒËÉ×ÁÎÉÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÏÅ + Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ 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+ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ( +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +þÔÏ ×ÉÄÉÔÅ, ÔÏ É ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). + ë ÎÅÓÞÁÓÔØÀ, ÜÔÁ ÐÁÒÁÄÉÇÍÁ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÕ +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\lang english +What You See Is All You Get +\lang russian + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + ( +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ôÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ --- ÜÔÏ ×Ó£, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +÷ ÜÔÏÍ LyX ÏÔÌÉÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÙÈ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒÏ×. + ÷ÁÍ ÎÅ ÐÒÉÄ£ÔÓÑ ÂÅÓÐÏËÏÉÔØÓÑ, ËÁËÏÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ ËÕÄÁ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ. + ÷Ù ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÅ LyX, +\emph on +ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ +\emph default +, Á LyX ÚÁÂÏÔÉÔÓÑ Ï ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÏÍ, ÓÌÅÄÕÑ Ó×ÏÄÕ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÙÍ +\emph on + ÓÔÉÌÅÍ. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +óÐÒÁ×ÅÄÌÉ×ÏÓÔÉ ÒÁÄÉ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ ÐÏÐÕÌÑÒÎÙÈ + ÏÆÉÓÎÙÈ ÐÁËÅÔÏ× ÉÍÅÀÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÒÁÚÎÏ×ÉÄÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ ÓÔÉÌÅÊ, ÒÅÁÌÉÚÕÀÝÅÊ + ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÊ 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ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÈ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ×, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÜÌÌÉÐÓÙ, ÒÁÚÒÙ×Ù ÓÔÒÏË, + ÔÏÞËÉ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÏ×, ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÍÅÎÀ +\family sans +÷ÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ\SpecialChar \menuseparator +óÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ\SpecialChar ~ +ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ +\family default +. +\layout Section + +ïÛÉÂËÉ! +\layout Standard + +éÎÏÇÄÁ ÐÒÉ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÏ× LaTeX, ÓÌÕÞÁÀÔÓÑ ÏÛÉÂËÉ, Ô.Å. + ÍÅÓÔÁ, ÎÅÐÏÎÑÔÎÙÅ ÄÌÑ LyX ÉÌÉ LaTeX. + ëÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ, LyX ÓÏÚÄÁ£Ô ÐÒÑÍÏÕÇÏÌØÎÉË ÏÛÉÂËÉ (ÐÒÑÍÏÕÇÏÌØÎÉË Ó + ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÍ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÓÌÏ×ÏÍ +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +ïÛÉÂËÁ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +). + îÁÖÁÔÉÅ ÎÁ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÒÑÍÏÕÇÏÌØÎÉË ÐÒÉ×ÅÄ£Ô Ë ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÀ ÏËÎÁ Ó ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅÍ ÏÛÉÂËÉ. + åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË ÓÄÅÌÁÌÉ × LyX, ÔÏ ÔÁÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÏÛÉÂËÉ LyX, + ÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔØ ÏÞÅÎØ ÒÅÄËÏ. + åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ LaTeX (ÞÁÝÅ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ Ó ÔÅËÓÔÏÍ, ÎÁÂÒÁÎÎÙÍ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ + TeX), ÔÏ LyX ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÒÏÃÉÔÉÒÕÅÔ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ Ï ÏÛÉÂËÅ LaTeX. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/sk_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/sk_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..766171feb8 --- 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For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language slovak +\inputencoding latin2 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language german +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +Sprievodca programom LyX +\layout Author + +napísal Amir Karger a LyX Team, +\newline +do slovenèiny prelo¾il Stanislav Pe»ko (gabrielko@host.sk) +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Úvod +\layout Section + +Vítajte v LyXe! +\layout Standard + +Tento súbor je urèený v¹etkým, ktorí nepoèuli o LaTeXe, alebo ho veµmi nepoznajú. + Teraz hlavne nepanikárte - pre pou¾ívanie LyXu sa nemusíte uèit LaTeX. + To je, nakoniec, hlavný úèel LyXu: poskytnú» skoro-WYSIWYG rozhranie pre + LaTeX. + Na druhej strane, je pár vecí, ktoré sa budete musie» nauèi», aby ste mohli + pou¾íva» LyX efektívne. +\layout Standard + +Niektorí z vás sa u¾ pravdepodobne pokú¹ali robi» nièo s týmto dokumentom, + napr. + vlo¾i» dve medzery za bodku, alebo tri prazdne riadky medzi odseky. + Po chvíli ste zistili, ¾e to nejde. + V podstate zistíte, ¾e väè¹ina malých trikov, ktoré ste pou¾ívali v iných + textových procesoroch jednoducho v LyXe nefunguje. + Je to tak preto¾e väè¹ina textových procesorov ktoré ste v minulosti pou¾ívali + sú len vyèaèkané písacie stroje. + Vy¾adujú od vás, aby ste vlo¾ili v¹etky medzery, veµkosti písiem atï. + Tak¾e skonèíte nielen písaním textu, ale aj jeho formátovaním. + A na to je LyX: formátuje za vás a to konzistentne v celom dokumente. + Necháva vás zameria» sa na dôle¾ité veci, ako napríklad obsah vá¹ho textu. +\layout Standard + +Tak. + Ostaòte s nami a pokraèujte ïalej v èítaní. +\layout Section + +O tomto dokumente +\layout Standard + +Predtým ako zaèneme s touto èas»ou, chceli by sme zdôrazni» nieèo o tomto + dokumente. + Predpokladáme, ¾e vy, u¾íva»eµ, +\series bold +NIE +\series default + ste blbý. + Predpokladáme, ¾e viete naèo sú tie klávesy na klávesnici, ¾e viete pou¾íva» + my¹, ¾e sa viete pohybova» v okienkovom prostredí atï. + Taktie¾ predpokladáme, ¾e neviete absolútne niè o LaTeXe. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Sprievodca +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle + pou¾íva znaèenie popísané v dokumente +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Predstavenie +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +. + Ak najprv èítate tento manuál, preèítajte si najprv +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Predstavenie +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +. + A myslíme tým teraz hneï. +\layout Standard + +Dôvod preèo vás odkazujeme na èas» iného dokumentu je jednoduchý: lenivos». + LyX Team je dos» zaneprázdnený pridávaním nových vecí a opravovaním chýb. + Nepotrebujeme si pridáva» robotu staraním sa o 5 identických verzií rovnakej + èasti textu v rôznych dokumentoch. + Tak, preèítajte si +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Predstavenie +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +, ktoré vám skutoène povie, èo potrebujete vedie» o +\emph on +v¹etkých +\emph toggle + manuáloch. + Keï budete hotový, vrá»te sa spä» sem. +\layout Standard + +Teraz, keï u¾ viete èo ktoré písmo znamená, budeme hovori» trochu o tom, + na èo je tento +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Sprievodca +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +. +\layout Section + +Èo tento Sprievodca +\emph on +je +\emph toggle + a èo +\emph on +nie je +\layout Subsection + +Slovo od ná¹ho patróna\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Standard + +Tu je pár slov od +\noun on +Johna Weissa +\noun toggle +, ktorý je pôvodným autorom +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Sprievodcu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +: +\layout Quotation + +Pôvodne som mal veµké plány keï som zaèal písa» +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Sprievodcu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +. + Ale ako pri veµa ïal¹ích projektoch nakoniec zaúradovala realita. + Zistil som, ¾e by som trávil èas písaním +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Sprievodcu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle + od teraz, a¾ do úplnej záhuby, pokiaµ by nebol v poriadku. + Tie¾ mi dolo, ¾e by som písal veµa vecí, ktoré sú popísané v +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +U¾ívateµskej príruèke +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle +. + Preèo písa» to isté dvakrát? +\layout Quotation + +Tak, èi tak, pochopil som, ¾e µudia sa najlep¹ie uèia: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +pozeraním príkladov +\layout Quotation + +alebo +\layout Enumerate + +prácou. +\end_deeper +\layout Quotation + +Tak som neochotne roztrhal asi 20 strán cenného materiálu, ktorý som napísal, + a rozhodol som sa znovu zaèa». + Jediná vec, ktorú som nechal, je teraz èas» +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: èo-je-lyx} + +\end_inset + +. + V¹etko ostatné bude formou príkladov a cvièení. +\layout Subsection + +Ako vy»a¾i» èo najviac zo Sprievodcu +\layout Standard + +Ako povedal +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun toggle +, Sprievodca pozostáva z príkladov a cvièení. + Aby ste z neho mali èo najviac, mali by ste postupne èíta» dokument, písa» + v¹etky tie malé hlúpe veci o ktorých vám hovoríme aby ste ich písali, a + vyskú¹a» si v¹etky cvièenia, aby ste zistili, èi tomu rozumiete. + Výhodné je vytlaèi» si PostScriptovú verziu tohto dokumentu. +\layout Standard + +Èas» +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: èo-je-lyx} + +\end_inset + + je pozostatok z pôvodnej verzie Sprievodcu. + Stále je to dobrý úvod do LyXu, tak¾e by ste mohli do nej nahliadnu», aby + ste zistili, na èo tel LyX vlastne je. +\layout Subsection + +Èo tu +\emph on +ne +\emph toggle +nájdete: +\layout Itemize + +In¹trukcie ako: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +pou¾íva» my¹ +\layout Itemize + +pou¾íva» systém X-Windows +\layout Itemize + +pou¾íva» klávesnicu +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ak ste doteraz nezistili ako obsluhova» tieto veci, nemô¾eme vám pomôc». +\layout Itemize + +Vysvetlenie v¹etkých èàt LyXu. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Èo? Chceli by ste dvakrát +\emph on +U¾ívateµskú príruèku +\emph toggle +? +\layout Standard + +Tak vá¾ne. + Sme tu nato, aby sme vás rozbehli a v¹etko èo potrebujete je v +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèke +\emph toggle +. + Keby sme sa pokúsili duplikova» v¹etky informácie o LyXe, +\emph on +Sprievodca +\emph toggle + by nikdy nebol aktuálny. +\layout Standard + +To ale neznamená, ¾e +\emph on +nikdy +\emph toggle + nepovieme niè o èrtách LyXu. + Urèite vám povieme, v¹eobecne, ako pou¾íva» be¾né veci. + také, ktoré nepredpokladáme, ¾e sa budú meni», napríklad ako otvori» a + vytlaèi» súbor. + Bude aj +\emph on +niekoµko +\emph toggle + kapitol s príkladmi a cvièeniami pre nové, ¹peciálne èrty LyXu, ako matematika. + (Samozrejme nemyslíme, ¾e sa bude drasticky meni» matematické prostredie. + Vylep¹ova» áno, ale úplne meni» nie.) +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Detailné vysvetlenie LaTaXu. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Nepotrebné. + Ak ste skutoène chtivý nauèi» sa niektoré ¹ikovné triky, ktoré sa dajú + robi» s LaTeXom, zo¾eòte si knihu o LaTeXe. + Na trhu je ich dobrých niekoµko. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tak, statoèná du¹a, je èas pohnú» sa ïalej. + Mô¾ete si da» krátku exkurziu cez nasledujúcu èas», alebo mô¾ete pokraèova» + v èasti +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: prvý-dok-ex} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Èo je LyX? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: èo-je-lyx} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Prehµad +\layout Standard + +Pou¾ívanie LyXu vychádza zo zmeny myslenia, ktoré vy, u¾ívateµ, musíte urobi». + Viete, ¾e väè¹ina textových procesorov sú jednoducho vylep¹ené písacie + stroje. + Kedysi v¹etko, èo sme mali na tvorbu dokumentov, boli písacie stroje, tak + v¹etci sme sa nauèili urèité triky, ako obís» ich obmedzenia. + Podèiarkovanie znakom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + sa stalo spôsobom ako zvýrazni» text. + Na vytvorenie tabuµky ste najprv museli vypoèíta» aký ¹iroký bude ka¾dý + ståpec a nastavi» príslu¹né tabelaèné zára¾ky. + Rozdeµovanie na konci riadku vy¾adovalo pozorné oko a veµa predvídania. +\layout Standard + +Inými slovami, v¹etci sme boli cvièený zaobera» sa detailmi, kam ktorý znak + má ís». +\layout Standard + +Následkom toho v¹etky teztové procesory majú tieto spôsoby. + Stále pou¾ívajú tabulátory na vlo¾enie prázdnych miest. + Stále sa musíte trápi» kde presne na stránke sa nieèo zobrazí. + Zvýrazni» text znamená zmeni» písmo, podobne ako zmeni» koliesko na písacom + stroji. + Pri¹li ste na nápad. +\layout Standard + +Toto je to, v èom sa odli¹uje LyX od be¾ného textového procesora. + Nezaujímate sa ktorý znak kam ide. + poviete LyXu +\emph on +èo robíte +\emph toggle +, a LyX sa postará o zvy¹ok, pou¾ívajúc mno¾inu pravidiel nazývaných +\emph on +¹týl +\emph toggle +. + Pozrime sa na malý príklad. +\layout Standard + +Predpokladajme, ¾e pí¹ete správu. + Na jej zaèiatku chcete èas» nazvanú +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Úvod +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Tak pôjdete do nejakého menu vo va¹om textovom procesore, ktoré mení veµkos» + písma, a zmeníte ju. + Potom písmo prepnete na tuèné. + Potom napí¹ete +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1.__Úvod +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Samozrejme, ¾e keï sa neskôr rozhodnete, ¾e táto èas» patrí v dokumente + niekde inde, alebo vlo¾íte pred òu inú èas», musíte zmeni» èíslovanie a + tie¾ polo¾ku v obsahu. +\layout Standard + +V LyXe sa nastavíte na rozbaµovacie menu v µavej èasti tlaèítkovej li¹ty + a vyberiete +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a napí¹ete +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Úvod +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Áno. + To je v¹etko. + Ak vystrihnete a vlo¾ite sekciu (èas»), automaticky bude preèíslovaná --- + v¹ade. + Je aj spôsob, aby LyX automaticky aktualizoval v¹etky referencie v súbore + na danú èas». +\layout Standard + +Ïalej je tu problém dôslednosti. + O pä» dní neskôr si otvoríte svoju správu a zaènete písa» èas» 4. + Av¹ak zabudli ste, ¾e ste pou¾ívali 18pt tuèné písmo, namiesto 16pt, tak¾e + nadpis èasti 4 bude nappísaný iným písmom, ako nadpis èasti 1. + Tento problém v LyXe neexistuje. + Poèítaè sa stará o v¹etko to, ktorá vec má akú veµkos» písma. +\layout Standard + +Tu je ïal¹í príklad. + Predpokladajme, ¾e vytvárate zoznam. + V iných textových procesoroch je zoznam kopa tabulátorov a prázdnych riadkov. + Potrebujete vypoèíta» kde da» názov ka¾dej polo¾ky zoznamu, aký bude názov + vyzera», koµko prázdnych riadkov da» medzi jednotlivé polo¾ky atï. + V LyXe máte len dve starosti: aký typ zoznamu to bude, a èo do neho dáte. + To je v¹etko. +\layout Standard + +Tak¾e základná my¹lienka v LyXe je: ¹pecifikova» èo robi», nie ako to robi». +\layout Subsection + +Rozdiely medzi LyXom a textovými procesormi +\layout Standard + +Je veµa malých trikov, ktoré ste pou¾ívali, a ktoré neexistujú v LyXe. + Zo zaèiatku z toho budete ¹alie». + To je v poriadku. + To chce èas zbavy» sa starých zvykov. +\layout Standard + +Tu je malý zoznam vecí, ktoré v LyXe neanájdete: +\layout Itemize + +Neslávne pravítko, vyskytujúce sa vo veµa komerèných textových procesoroch +\layout Itemize + +tabulátory +\layout Itemize + +extra prázdne riadky (napr. + stlaèenie +\shape smallcaps +Enteru +\shape default + dva alebo viac krát) +\layout Standard + +Tabulátory, spolu s pravítkom ukazujúcim pozíciu vecí na stránke, sú v LyXe + celkom zbytoèné. + O to, kde sa èo zobrazí na stránke, sa stará program a nie vy. + Extra prázdne riadky sú podobné: LyX ich pridáva tam, kde je to potrebné, + zále¾í to na kontexte. + Tie¾ riadkovanie je v LyXe úplne zastaralé. + Medzery medzi riadkami sú +\emph on +premenlivé +\emph toggle +, tak isto ako medzery medzi slovami. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Sú spôsoby ako nastavi» maximálnu a minimálnu medzeru, ale to vy¾aduej nejaké + znalosti LaTeXu. + Takými vecami sa teraz nemusíme trápi». +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Tu je niekoµko vecí, ktoré v LyXe existujú, ale napou¾ívajú sa tak, ako + by ste si mohli myslie»: +\layout Itemize + +Zarovnanie objektov +\layout Itemize + +Zlomy strán +\layout Itemize + +Riadkovanie (napr.: jednoduché, dvojité, atï.) +\layout Itemize + +Biela medzera, horizontálna a vertikálna +\layout Itemize + +Písma a veµkosti písem +\layout Itemize + +Vlastnosti písma (tuèné, kurzíva, podèiarknuté, atï.) +\layout Standard + +I keï existujú v LyXe, vo veobecnosti ich nepotrebujete. + LyX sa o ne postará za vás, v závislosti na tom, èo robíte. + Rôznym èastiam dokumentu sú automaticky nastavované rôzne vlastnosti a + veµkos» písma. + Zarovnanie Odsekov je závislé na kontexte: rôzne typy odsekov sa zarovnajú + rôzne. + Zlomy strán sú tak isto spravované automaticky. + Jediná výnimka sú medzery medzi riadkami, kde mô¾ete potrebova» urèité + medzery medzi odstavcami, pritom urèité medzery medzi riadkami v odstavci. + pokúsime sa popísa» ako Medzery medzi riadkami v LyXe fungujú, ale väè¹ina + detailov je v +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèke +\emph toggle +. +\layout Standard + +Nakoniec niekoµko oblastí, v ktorých LyX (a LaTeX) prekonávanú be¾né textové + procesoty: +\layout Itemize + +Rozdeµovanie +\layout Itemize + +Zoznamy akéhokoµvek typu +\layout Itemize + +Matematika +\layout Itemize + +Tabuµky +\layout Itemize + +Krí¾ové odkazy (krosreferncie) +\layout Standard + +Súhlasíme, veµa moderných textových procesorov mô¾e narába» s matematickými + symbolmi, tabuµkami a rozdeµovaním. + Av¹ak dokázali to len v poslednej dobe, zatiaµèo LyX je postavený nad systémom + prípravy dokumentov LaTeX. + Ten tu je u¾ 10 rokov a +\emph on +funguje +\emph toggle +. + V¹etky chyby boli odstránené. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tak dobre. + Nikto nie je prefektný, ale LaTeX je tak bezchybný, ako len poèítaèový + program mô¾e by». +\end_inset + + Ïalej takme ¾iadny textový procesor nepodporuje krí¾ové odkazy, ktoré, + tak isto ako matematické vzorce, boli èas»ou LaTeXu od prvého dòa. + O niektorých týchto schopnosiach budeme hovori» neskôr. + Ïal¹ie sú trochu pokroèilé a sú predstavené na konci tohto dokumentu, alebo + v +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèke +\emph toggle +. +\layout Subsection + +Èo do kelu +\emph on +je +\emph toggle + LaTeX? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX je systém prípravy dokumentov, vytvorený Lesliem Lamportom v roku + 1985. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Zdroj informácií v tejto èasti je +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph toggle + od Helmuta Kopka a Patricka Dalyho, ktorý má záznam v bibliografii +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèky +\emph toggle +. +\end_inset + + Ten bol vytvorený zo sádzacieho jazyka nazývaného TeX, vytvoreného Donaldom + Knuthom v roky 1984. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + sa vyslovuje ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +blech! +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, èo je ako ho vníma veµa µudí. + Av¹ak väè¹ina µudí jednoducho nerozumie na èo TeX je. + TeX prijíma postupnos» sádzacích príkazov, napísaných v skripte v ASCII + súbore, a vykonáva ich. + Výsledkom je súbor formátu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +device independent +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, alebo v skratke +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Dvi +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Dvi súbor mô¾ete potom posla» hocièomu, èo mu bude rozumie», alebo ho konvertov +a» do iného formátu, napr. + PostScript. +\layout Standard + +Keby nebolo ïal¹ej vlastnosti, celý TeX by bol len sádzací program. + TeX ale dovoµuje definova» makrá. + Toto je miesto, kde zaèína akcia. +\layout Standard + +Väè¹ina µudí, ktorí pou¾ívajú TeX, v podstate pou¾ívajú balík makier, ktoré + vytvoril Knuth, aby zakryl veµa sádzacích detailov. + Toto je na èo myslia µudia, keï myslia na TeX. + Be¾ní pou¾ívatelia nepracujú s èistým TeXom, ktorý tvoria prosté sádzacie + príkazy. + To robia µudia, ktorí vytvárajú nové balíky makier. + A tam Leslie Lamport vstúpil do príbehu. + Chcel balík makier, ktorý by bol u¾ívateµsky orientovaný a nie orientovaný + na sádzanie. + Chcel sadu príkazov, ktoré konzistentne vytvoria veci ako sekcie, alebo + tabuµky, alebo matematické vzorce jednotným spôsobom a bez zvytoèného zmätku. + Takto sa zrodil LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Teraz, paralelne s vývojom a rastom LaTeXu, ïal¹í µudia vytvárajú svoje + vlastné u¾ívateµské balíky makier pre TeX. + Niektorí pou¾ívajú èistý TeX, iní zaèali modifikova» LaTeX. + Aby sa zjednotil tento neporiadok, skupina LaTeX-ákov (samozrejme vrátane + Lamporta) zaèala pracova» na LaTeX2e, súèasnej verzii LaTeXu, poèas konca + roku 1980. + Táto nová verzia LaTeXu má príkazy, ktoré poskytujú jednoduch¹í interfejs + na vytváranie TeXových mkro-vytvárajúcich príkazov (pamätáte na TeX?), + pomáhajú v pou¾ívaní nových fontov atï. + LaTeX je dos» obsiahly jazyk. + U¾ívateia na celom svete vytvárali svoje vlastné prídavky pre LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Sú dva spôsoby ako roz¹íri» LaTeX: +\emph on +triedy +\emph toggle + (classes) a +\emph on +¹týly +\emph toggle + (styles). + +\emph on +Trieda +\emph toggle + je mno¾ina makier LaTeXu (a TeXu), popisujúca nový typ dokumentu, napríklad + kniha (book), èlánok (article). + Sú triedy pre fólie, pre fyzikálne a matematické èasopisy \SpecialChar \ldots{} + niektoré univerzity + dokonca majú formát triedy pre svoje diplomové práce! +\emph on +©týl +\emph toggle + sa odli¹uje od triedy v tom, ¾e nedefinuje typ dokumentu, ale rôzny typ + vzhµadu, ktorý mô¾e pou¾i» µubovoµný dokument. + Napríklad LyX ovláda okraje stránky a riadkové medzery pou¾ívaním dvoch + rôznych LaTeXových ¹týlových-súborov, navrhnutých pre tento úèel. + Rôzne typy ¹týlov: tlaè ¹títkov a obálok, zmena správania sa odsadenia, + pridávanie nových písem, práca s grafikou, vytváranie pekných titulkov + stránok, zmena umiestnenia a vzhµadu poznámok, tabuliek a obrázkov, prispôsobov +anie zoznamov, atï, atï, atï. +\layout Standard + +Tu je prehµad: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Sádzací jazyk s mo¾nos»ami makier. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Balík makier postavený na TeXe. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +triedy: Popis typu dokumentu, pou¾ívajúci LaTeX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +¹týly: Nejakým spôsobom mení v¹eobecné správanie sa LaTeXu. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Vizuálny, WYSIWYM textový procesor, ktorý pou¾íva LaTeX v celej jeho + sláve, aby urobil svoju tlaè. +\layout Standard + +Základom tohto v¹etkého je starý dobrý TeX, ktorý vytvára Dvi súbory. + Väè¹ina z nás konvertuje tieto Dvi súbory na PostScriptové súbory, ktoré + mô¾eme vytlaèi» na laserovej tlaèiarni. + Sú správy o zariadeniac, ktoré priamo +\emph on +rozumejú +\emph toggle + Dvi. + Cieµom tejto èasti bolo pokúsi» sa vysvetli» +\emph on +preèo +\emph toggle + LyX pracuje trochu odli¹ne od iných textových procesoroch. + Dôvod je jednoduchý: LyX pou¾íva LaTeX ako svoj formátovací backend. + Tak ako LaTeX, LyX sa zameriava na kontext vá¹ho textu --- +\emph on +èo +\emph toggle + pí¹ete. + Poèítaè sa potom postará o to ako to bude vyzera». +\layout Standard + +Ou --- posledná vec. + LaTeX sa vyslovuje ako TeX. + Rýmuje sa to s +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +hey blech +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Ak vyslovujete +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ako meno spoloènosti ktorá vyrába kondómy, vyslovujete ho zle. + Na druhej strane +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + sa vyslovuje +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +licks +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +lucks +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +looks +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, zále¾í z akej krajiny ste\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Zaèíname s LyXom +\layout Section + +Vá¹ prvý LyX dokument +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: prvý-dok-ex} + +\end_inset + +OK. + Tak¾e ste pripravený zaèa» písa». + Predtým, ako tak urobíte, je niekoµko vecí, o ktorých sa musíme zmieni» + a ktoré, dúfajme, spravia +\emph on +Sprievodcu +\emph toggle + viac pouèným, u¾itoènej¹ím a zábavnej¹ím. +\layout Standard + +Preto¾e je veµa informácií, ktoré vám neposkytneme, +\series bold +prvá +\series default + vec, ktorú potrebujete urobi», je nájs» ïal¹ie súbory helpu. + Na¹»astie je to veµmi jednoduché. + Spustite LyX, a vyberte polo¾ku +\emph on +U¾ívateµská príruèka +\emph toggle + z menu +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +omocník +\family default +. + Tie¾ si mô¾ete otvori» +\emph on +Sprievodcu +\emph toggle + (ak ho u¾ neèítate na obrazovke). + Takto si ich mô¾ete èíta» poèas písania vá¹ho vlastného dokumentu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tie¾ mô¾u slú¾i» ako dobré príklady ako pou¾íva» rôzne vlastnosti LyXu. +\end_inset + +. + V¹imnite si, ¾e ak máte otvorený viac ako jeden dokument, mô¾ete pou¾íva + menu +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +okumenty +\family default + na prepínanie medzi nimi. + +\emph on +Sprievodca +\emph toggle + detailne nepokrýva vlastnosti, ktoré sú popísané v iných manuáloch LyXu. + Na zaèiatku vám to trochu s»a¾í ¾ivot, ale +\emph on + Sprievodca +\emph toggle + ostane krátky. + Taktie¾ si zvyknete pou¾íva» iné manuály, ktoré --- v dlhom období --- + vám u¹etria veµa èasu. +\layout Standard + +V tomto +\emph on +Sprievodcovi +\emph toggle + predpokladáme, ¾e máte plne funkènú verziu LyXu, tie¾ LaTeXu, +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + prípadne iný dvi prezeraè, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + alebo nejaký iný spôsob konverzie dvi dokumentov do PostScriptu a fungujúcu + tlaèiareò. + Je to veµa predpokladov. + Ak niektorý z nich nespåòate, vy (alebo vá¹ systémový administrátor), budete + musie» nastavi» systém. + Informácie o tomto nájdete v iných manuáloch. +\layout Standard + +Nakoniec, napísali sme súbor na ktorom si mô¾ete precvièov» LyX. + Nazýva sa +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Predstavte si, ¾e bol napísaný niekým, kto nevedel o ¾iadnej zo schopností + LyXu. + Ako sa budete uèi» nové funkcie LyXu, predpokladáme, ¾e opravíte èasti + súboru +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Súbor tie¾ obsahuje malé rady, ako tieto veci opravi». + Ak chcete podvádza» (alebo zisti» ako sa to robí), je tie¾ súbor nazvaný + +\family typewriter +example_lyxified.lyx +\family default +, ktorý obsahuje rovnaký text, ale napísaný majstrom v LyXe. +\layout Subsection + +Písanie, prezeranie a tlaè +\layout Itemize + +Otvorte nový súbor príkazom +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +úbor-> +\bar under +N +\bar default +ový +\layout Itemize + +Napí¹te vetu, napríklad: +\family typewriter +Toto je môj prvý LyX dokument! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +No dobre. + V podstate mô¾ete napísa» èo chcete. + Skutoène na tom nezále¾í. + Ospravedlòujeme sa za hlúpos» tejto vety, ako aj ïal¹ích, ktoré budeme + chcie» aby ste napísali v budúcnosti. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Ulo¾te svoj dokument príkazom +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +úbor->Ulo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +a +\bar default +ko +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +Spustite LaTeX aby vytvoril +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + súbor, príkazom +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +úbor->Náhµa +\bar under +d +\bar default +->Zobrazi»\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +. + Mo¾te vidie» zobrazovanie správ v okne, z ktorého ste spustili LyX. + Sú to správy LaTeXu, ktoré nateraz mô¾ete ignorova». + LyX spustí +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (prípadne nejaký iný +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + prezeraè), ktorý zobrazí nové okno ukazujúce ako bude vyzera» vá¹ dokument, + keï bude vytlaèený +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Mô¾ete u¹etri» èas ak necháte +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + be¾a» na pozadí. + Potom staèí pou¾i» +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +úbor->Náhµa +\bar under +d +\bar default +-> +\bar under +A +\bar default +ktualizova»\SpecialChar ~ + DVI +\family default + a jednoducho kliknú» na okno +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (prípadne ho odminimalizova») po tom èo skonèí LaTeX. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Vytlaète dokument príkazom +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +úbor-> +\bar under +T +\bar default +laèi» +\family default + a stlaèením tlaèítka OK. +\layout Standard + +Gratulujeme! Napísali a vytlaèili ste svoj prvý LyX dokument. + V¹etko ostatné sú len detaily, ktoré sú popísané vo zvy¹ku +\emph on +Sprievodcu +\emph toggle +, v +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèke +\emph toggle + a v +\emph on +Referenènej príruèke +\emph toggle +. +\layout Subsection + +Jednoduché operácie +\layout Standard + +LyX samozrejme mô¾e robi» väè¹inu vecí, ktoré ste robili v textových procesoroch. + Bude automaticky zalamova» slová a odsadzova» odseky. + Otvorte si neraz nejaké menu a uvidíte, ¾e väè¹ina jednoduchých príkazov + (napr. + +\family sans +K +\bar under +o +\bar default +niec +\family default +, +\family sans +V +\bar under +l +\bar default +o¾i» +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +laèi» +\family default +) má také mená, aké ste oèakávali, ¾e budú ma», ¾e sú v tom menu, ktorom + ste oèakávali ¾e budú a pracujú tak, ako oèakávate ¾e majú pracova». + Tu je rýchly popis ako vykona» ïla¹ie jednoduché akcie. +\layout Description + +Undo LyX má +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +nekoneèné undo +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, èo znamená, ¾e mô¾ete vráti» spä» v¹etko, èo ste urobili po zapnutí LyXu, + vykonaním príkazu +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pravi»-> +\bar under +V +\bar default +ráti»\SpecialChar ~ +spä» +\family default +. + Ak sa vrátite príli¹, jednoducho vyberte +\family sans +Upravi»->Opakova»\SpecialChar ~ +v +\bar under +r +\bar default +átené +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Vystrihnú»/Vlo¾i»/kopírova» Pou¾ite +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pravi»->V +\bar under +y +\bar default +strihnú» +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pravi»->V +\bar under +l +\bar default +o¾i» +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pravi»-> +\bar under +K +\bar default +opírova» +\family default +. + Oznaèený text mô¾ete vlo¾i» automaticky +\emph on +prostredným tlaèítkom +\emph toggle + my¹i. +\layout Description + +Nájs»/Nahradi» Pou¾ite +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pravi»-> +\bar under +F +\bar default +ind\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\family default + na hµadanie s rozli¹ovaním veµkých a malých písmen. + V okne výsledkov hµadajte so ¹ípkamy pre smer dopredu a dozadu a pou¾ite + tlaèítko +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +ymeni» +\family default + na náhradu slova, ktoré ste na¹li. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ak ste skonèili okno zatvorte, lebo ho nechajte otvorené, ak vám to viac + vyhovuje. + Väè¹ina okien v LyXe --- vrátane +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +ind\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\family default +, +\family sans +©truktúra\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +d +\bar default +okumentu +\family default + a okná +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +ozlo¾enia +\family default +, tak isto aj rôzne matematické okná --- mô¾e by» zní¾ená namiesto zatvorená. + Niektoré, napríklad +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +úbor-> +\bar under +O +\bar default +tvori» +\family default +, vám nedovolia napísa» ni do hlavného okna LyXu, pokiaµ ich neuzavriete. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Formátovanie\SpecialChar ~ +znakov Mô¾ete +\emph on +zvýrazni» +\emph toggle + text (èo vo v¹eobecnosti znamená napísa» ho ¹ikmým písmom), napísa» ho + +\series bold +tuène +\series default +, alebo v +\noun on +©týle Kapitálok +\noun toggle + (obyèajne pou¾ívaným pre mená osôb). + To v¹etko pomocou prepínacích mo¾ností v menu +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +ozlo¾enie +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Nástrojová\SpecialChar ~ +li¹ta Sú na nej tlaèítka (hneï pod menu), ktoré vám dovoµujú urobi» + niektoré pou¾ívanej¹ie funkcie, napríklad +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default + a +\family sans +Tlaèi» +\family default +. + Ak podr¾íte nad tlaèítkom kurzor, zobrazí sa vám malá poznámka, na èo dané + tlaèítko slú¾i. +\layout Standard + +Samozrejme, e¹te ste nenapísali dos» na to, aby ste mohli v¹etky tieto funkcie + pou¾i». +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM: Priestor v LyXe +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: priestor} + +\end_inset + +Jedna z naj»a¾¹ích vecí, na ktorú si majú nový u¾ívatelia LyXu zvyknú», + je ako LyX zaobchádza s dokumentom. + Nezále¾í na tm koµkokrát stlaèíte +\family sans +Enter +\family default +, alebo +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default +, v¾dy dostanete len jeden prázdny riadok, alebo jednu medzeru. + Na prázdnom riadku vám LyX nedovolí napísa» ani jednu medzeru. + Klávesa +\family sans +Tab +\family default + vás neposunie dopredu o jeden tabulátor, preto¾e +\emph on +¾iadne +\emph toggle + tabulátory nie sú! Nie je ani ¾iadne pravítko na vrchu stránky, ktorým + by ste mohli nastavi» tabulátory alebo okraje. +\layout Standard + +Veµa komerèných textových procesoroch je zalo¾ených na WYSIWYG princípe: + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get - To, èo vidí¹ dostane¹ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Na druhej strane, LyX je zalo¾ený na princípe +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You +\emph on +Mean +\emph toggle + - To, èo vidí¹, je to, èo si myslí¹ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Napí¹ete èo chcete, a LyX sa za vás postará o formát dokumentu tak, aby + výstup vyzeral pekne. + +\family sans +Enter +\family default + gramaticky oddeµuje odseky a +\family sans +Medzera +\family default + gramaticky oddeµuje slová, tak¾e nie je dôvod ma» ich viac za sebou. + +\family sans +Tabulátor +\family default + nemá ¾iadny gramaticky význam, tak¾e LyX ho nepodporuje. + Pou¾ívaním LyXu strávite viac èasu staraním sa o +\emph on +obsah +\emph toggle + vá¹ho dokumentu a menej èasu jeho +\emph on +formátovaním +\emph toggle +. + Pozrite s èas» +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: èo-je-lyx} + +\end_inset + + pre viac informácií o koncepte WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +LyX má (veµa) spôsoby ako si jemne doladi» formátovanie dokumentu. + Nakoniec, ani LyX nemusí vysádza» +\emph on +presne +\emph toggle + to, èo ste mysleli. + Informácie o tom v¹etkom sú v +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèke +\emph toggle +. + Zahròuje +\family sans +HFills +\family default + a vertikálne medzery --- ktoré sú silnej¹ie a univerzálnej¹ie ako viacero + medzier alebo prázdnych riadkov --- a spôsoby, ako zmeni» veµko» písma, + ¹týl znakov a zarovnanie odsekov. + Hlavnou my¹lienkou je, aby ste napísali celý svoj dokument, sústreïujúc + sa na jeho obsah, a nakoniec sa postarali o toto jemné formátovanie. + Pri ¹tandardných textových procesoroch by ste sa rozptyµovali formátovaním + dokumentu poèas písania. +\layout Section + +Prostredia +\layout Standard + +Rôzne èasti dokumentu majú rôzne úèely. + Tieto èasti voláme +\emph on +prostredia +\emph toggle +. + Väè¹ina dokumentu je tvorená obyèajným textom. + Názvy èastí (kapitoly, podkapitoly atï.) upozoròujú èitateµa, ¾e bude preberaná + nejaká nová téma. + Urèité èasti dokumentu majú ¹peciálne prostredia. + Novinový èasopis bude ma» zhrnutie a názov. + List pravdepodobne niè z tohto, ale bude ma» prostredie, ktoré dáva pisateµovu + adresu. +\layout Standard + +Prostredia sú hlavnou èas»ou +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Mean +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + filozofie LyXu. + Dané prostredie mô¾e vy¾adova» urèitý typ fontu, jeho veµkos», zarovnanie, + riadkovanie plus ïal¹ie veci. + Tento probôém je hor¹í, lebo presné formátovanie pre dané prosredie sa + mô¾e meni»: nejaký èasopis mô¾e pou¾íva» tuèné písmo veµkosti 18 bodov, + vycentrované pre nadpisy, zatiµèo iný pou¾íva kurzíva, 15 bodov veµké a + zarovnané naµavo. + LyX vám dovolí vyhnú» sa uèeniu v¹etkých týchto rôznych formátovacích ¹týlov. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Menu prostredí +\family default + je v µavej èasti li¹ty (hneï pod menu +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +úbor +\family default +). + Ukazuje v akom prostredí práve pí¹ete. + Keï ste písali svoj prvý dokument, hovorilo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, èo je ¹tandardné prostredie pre text. + Teraz skúste pou¾i» niekoµko prostredí vo va¹om dokumente, aby ste zistili + akopracujú. + Urobíte tak pomocou +\family sans +Menu prostredí +\family default +, ktoré otvoríte kliknutím na ikonu ¹ípky nadol. +\layout Subsection + +Sekcie a podsekcie +\layout Standard + +Napí¹te slovo +\family typewriter +Úvod +\family default + na prvý riadok v dokumente a vyberte prostredie +\family sans +Section +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nemusíte oznaèi» riadok. + Keï nie je niè oznaèené, LyX zmení prostredie odseku, v ktorom sa práve + nachádzate. + Ïal¹ou mo¾nos»ou je zmena prostredia viacerým odsekom narad tým, ¾e ich + oznaèíte pred výberom prostredia. +\end_inset + +. + LyX oèísluje sekciu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a vypí¹e názov sekcie väè¹ím písmom. + (Samozrejme, ¾e názov sekcie bude správne napísaný aj v +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, alebo vytlaèenom dokumente.) teraz stlaète +\family sans +Enter +\family default +. + V¹imnite si, ¾e prostredie sa zmenilo naspä» na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Nadpisy sekcií, ako aj niektoré ïal¹ie prostredia, sa pova¾ujú za ukonèené + pri stlaèení +\family sans +Enteru +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pozrite si +\emph on +U¾ívateµskú príruèku +\emph toggle +, ak chcete vedie» ako napísa» nadpisy s dvoma a viac riadkami. + Prostredie +\family sans +Standard +\family default + samozrejme mô¾e pokraèova» ïalej niekoµko odsekov. + Rôzne prostredia zoznamov (viï ni¾¹ie) tie¾ nekonèia stlaèením +\family sans +Enteru +\family default +. + V akom prostredí práve pracujete, zistíte pozrením sa na +\family sans +Menu prostredí +\family default +. +\end_inset + + Napí¹te úvod dokumentu: +\layout LyX-Code + +Toto je úvod môjho prvého dokumentu v LyXe. +\layout Standard + +Znova stlaète +\family sans +Enter +\family default + a zase vyberte prostredie +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + LyX napí¹e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a vy napí¹ete názov. + Napí¹te +\family typewriter +Ïal¹ie veci +\family default +, a zistíte,¾e LyX znovu zmenil formátoanie na názov. +\layout Standard + +To je pekné. + Vrá»te sa na koniec prvej sekcie (za +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +môj prvý dokument v LyXe +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +) a stlaète +\family sans +Enter a znova vyberte prostredie +\family default +Section +\family sans +. + LyX znovu napí¹e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a poèká, kým napí¹ete názov. + Napí¹te +\family typewriter +O tomto dokumente +\family sans +. + +\family default + Sekcia +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Ïal¹ie veci +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ktorá bola sekcia è. + 2, bola automaticky preèíslovaná na sekciu è. + 3! V zmysle WYSIWYM vy len oznaèíte èo je názov sekcie, LyX sa postará + o èíslovanie a formátovanie. +\layout Standard + +Stlaète znova +\family sans +Enter +\family default + aby ste sa vrátili do prostredia +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, a napí¹te nasledujúce riadky: +\layout LyX-Code + +Sekcie a podsekcie sú popísané ni¾¹ie. +\layout LyX-Code + +Popis sekcií +\layout LyX-Code + +Sekcie sú väè¹ie ako podsekcie. +\layout LyX-Code + +Popis podsekcií +\layout LyX-Code + +Podsekcie sú men¹ie ako sekcie. +\layout Standard + +Kliknite na druhý riadok a vyberte prostredie +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +. + LyX oèísluje podsekciu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a nastaví veµkos» fontu na väè¹iu ako je obyèajná, ale men¹iu ako je v + názvoch sekcií. + Tak iso zmeòte prostredie ¹tvrtého riadku. + Bude automaticky oèíslovaný +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Keï teraz vlo¾íte ïal¹iu sekciu pred sekciu 2, tá bude preèíslovaná na + sekciu 3 a podsekcie budú preèíslované na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +3.1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +3.2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Ïal¹ie úrovne èlenenia sekcií sú +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +, +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default + a +\family sans +SubParagraph +\family default +. + Ich vyskú¹anie necháme na vás. + Mo¾te si v¹imnú», ¾e paragraph a subparagraph nie sú automaticky èíslované, + a ¾e subparagraph je odsadený. + Ak to chcete zmeni», pozritesa do +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèky +\emph toggle +. + Najvy¹¹ou úrovòou sekcií sú kapitoly (prostredie +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +), ale ich pou¾itie je dovolené len v niektorých typoch (textclass) dokumentov + (pozri èas» +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: textclasses} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Nakoniec mô¾te chcie» ma» sekcie a podsekcie, ktoré nie sú èíslované. + Aj na toto sú prostredia. + Ak zmeníte prostredie niektorého nadpisu na +\family sans +Section* +\family default + (mo¾no budete musie» menu prostredí rolova» nadol, aby ste to na¹li), LyX + pou¾ije také isté formátovanie písma ako pre normálnu sekciu, ale ju neoèísluje. + Tak isto fungujú aj ïal¹ie +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +hviezdi¾kové +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + prostredia. + Skúste zmeni» niektoré zo sekcií na hviezdièkové a v¹imnite si, ako sa + zmení èíslovanie. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\family default +\series default + Opravte hlavièky sekcií a podsekcií v súbore +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Nájdete ho v adresári +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default +. + Pou¾ite príkaz +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +úbor->Ulo¾i» +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +a +\bar default +ko pre ulo¾enie dokumento do svojho vlastného adresára. +\layout Subsection + +Zoznamy a podzoznamy +\layout Standard + +LyX má niekoµko rôznych prostredí pre písanie zoznamov. + Rôzne typy dokumentov logicky potrebujú rôzne typy zoznamov. +\layout Itemize + +Prezentácia na fólii mô¾e vyu¾i» znaèkové prostredie +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + pre popis rôznych vecí. +\layout Itemize + +Návrh by vyu¾il èíslované prostredie +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Dokument popisujúci rôzne balíky softvéru by mohol pou¾i» prostredie +\family sans +Description +\family default +, kde ka¾dá polo¾ka v zozname zaèína slovom s tuèným písmom. +\layout Itemize + +Prostredie +\family sans +List +\family default + --- nenachádzajúce sa v LaTeXe --- je trochu odli¹né od +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Napí¹me zoznam dôvodov, preèo je LyX lep¹í ako ostatné textové procesory. + Niekde vo va¹om dokumente napí¹te: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +LyX je lep¹í ako iné textové procesoty, preto¾e: +\layout Standard + +a stlaète Enter. + Teraz vyberte prostredie +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + LyX na riadok napí¹e znaèku (teraz hviezdièku, ktorá bude vo výstupe konvertova +ná na krú¾ok). + Napí¹te dôvody: +\layout LyX-Code + +Formátovanie sa robí za vás. +\layout LyX-Code + +Matematika je WYSIWYG. +\layout LyX-Code + +Je veµmi µahké vytváta» zoznamy! +\layout Standard + +Prostredia zoznamov, nie ako lavièky sekcií, nekonèia stlaèením +\family sans +Enteru +\family default +. + LyX predpokladá, ¾e budete písa» ïal¹iu polo¾ku zoznamu. + Riadky hore preto budú tvori» zoznam s tromi polo¾kami. + Ak chcete pou¾i» viac ako jeden odsek vrámci jednej polo¾ky zoznamu, pou¾ijete + +\family sans +Chránený\SpecialChar ~ +Enter +\family default +, stlaèením +\family sans +Ctrl+Enter +\family default +.Aby ste sa dostali +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +von +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + zo zoznamu, musíte znova nastavi» prostredie +\family sans +Standard +\family default + (klávesová skratka M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s). +\layout Standard + +Máte pekný znaèkový zoznam. + Mô¾ete spusti» LaTeX aby ste videli ako to bude vyzera» vytlaècené. + Ale èo keby ste chceli dôvody oèíslova»? No. + Oznaète celý zoznam +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX vám nedovolí oznaèi» prvú znaèku, kým neoznaèíte aj odsek +\emph on +pred +\emph toggle + zoznamom, èo asi nie je to, èo chcete. + Podobne nemô¾ete oznaèi» èíslo sekcie v jej titulku. + Netrápte sa s tým. +\end_inset + + a vybrte prostredie Enumerate. + Páni! Ako sme sa u¾ zmienili, ak pridáte, alebo zru¹íte nejakú polo¾ku, + zoznam bude preèíslovaný. +\layout Standard + +Pokiaµ je zoznam stále oznaèený, mô¾ete vyskú¹a» ïal¹ie druhy zoznamov, + +\family sans +Description +\family default + a +\family sans +List +\family default +. + Pre tieto dve prostredia, ka¾dá polo¾ka sa skladá z názvu, ktorým je prvé + slovo, a za ním nasleduje definícia, ktorú tvorí zvy¹ok odseku (kým nestlaèíte + +\family sans +Enter +\family default +). + Názov je vytlaèený tuèným písmom ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +), alebo oddelený +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +tabulátorom +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ale sádzacím tabulátorom, ktorý sa zmení tak, aby staèil veµkos»ou pre najdlh¹í + názov, a nie ¾alostným a nezmeniteµným tabulátorom písacieho stroja. +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +List +\family default +) od zvy¹ku odseku. + Ak chcete ma» v názve viac ako jedno slovo, oddeµte ich +\family sans +Chránenými\SpecialChar ~ +medzerami +\family default +, ktoré sa vkladajú +\family sans +Ctrl+medzera +\family default +, a zobrazujú ako rú¾ové malé +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Napí¹te zoznam v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Standard + +Listy mô¾u by» vnorené v¹etkými mo¾nými spôsobmi. + Be¾ný príklad je písanie návrhu. + Èíslované a znaèkované zoznamy budú ma» rôzne èíslovanie a znaèky pre podzoznam +y. + Pozrite si +\emph on +U¾ívateµskú príruèku +\emph toggle + a rôzne príklady, ktoré pou¾ívajú vnorené listy. +\layout Subsection + +Ïal¹ie prostredia: ver¹e, citáty a ïal¹ie +\layout Standard + +Sú dve prostrdia pre vysádzaie citátov oddelených od okolitého textu: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + pre krátke a +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + pre dlh¹ie citáty. + Zdrojový kód progrmu (prostredie +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, v +\emph on +Sprievodcovi +\emph toggle + tie¾ pou¾ívané na dlh¹ie príklady) je písaný písmom +\family typewriter +písacieho stroja +\family default + - toto prostredie je v LyXe jediné, kde sú povolené viaceré medzery, aby + bolo mo¾né kód zarovna». + Mô¾ete dokonca písa» poéziu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +s predpokladom, ¾e ste na to dos» kreatívny. +\end_inset + + pou¾ítím prostredia +\family sans +Verse +\family default + a pou¾ívaním +\family sans +Enteru +\family default + na oddeµovanie strôf a +\family sans +Ctrl+Enter +\family default + na oddeµovanie ver¹ov vrámci strofy. + V¹etky prostedia LyXu sú popísané v +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèke +\emph toggle +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Správne naformátujte +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + a +\family sans +Verse +\family default + v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Chapter + +Písanie dokumentov +\layout Standard + +Dúfane, ¾e v predchádzajúcej kapitole ste sa zoznámili s písaním v LyXe. + Uviedla vás do základov editovania textu v LyXe a aj do mocnej metódy prostredí. + Väè¹ina µudí pou¾ívajúcich LyX, bude chcie» písa» dokumenty: èlánky, knihy, + manuály alebo listy. + Táto kapitola vás má dovies» od jednoduchého písania textu v LyXe, k písaniu + celých dokumentov. + Uká¾e vám triedy dokumentov, ktoré vám umo¾nia písa» rône druhy dokumentov. + Ïalej popí¹e veµa spôsobov ako previes» text na dokument, napr. + nadpisy, poznámky pod èiarou, krí¾ové odkazy, bibliografiua obsah. +\layout Section + +Triedy dokumentov a ¹ablóny: písanie listov +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: textclasses} + +\end_inset + +Rôzne typy dokumentov by mali by» rôane vysáïzané. + Napríklad knihy sú normálne tlaèené obojstranne, zatiaµèo èlánky sú tlaèené + jednostranne. + Ïalej veµa dokumentov obsahuje ¹peciálne prostredia: listy obsahujú prostredia, + ako adresa odosielateµa, ktoré v èlánkoch a knihách nedávajú zmysel. + O tieto veµké rozdiely medzi rôanymi typmi dokumentov sa v LyXe starajú + +\emph on +triedy dokumentov +\emph toggle + ( +\emph on +textclass +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pre pou¾ívateµov LaTeXu: je to ekvivalentné LaTeXovým +\emph on +documentclass +\end_inset + +). + Tento Sprievodca +\emph toggle + bol napríklad napísaný v triede dokumentu +\family sans +Book +\family default +. + Triedy dokumentov sú ïal¹ou hlavnou èas»ou filozofie WYSIWYM: hovoria LyXu + ako vysádza» dokument, tak¾e vy to nemusíte vedie». +\layout Standard + +Vá¹ dokument je pravdepodobne napísaný v triede +\emph on +Article +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +To je obyèajne predvolená trieda, aj keï to mô¾ete zmeni» v súbore +\family sans +lyxrc +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + Skúste ju zmeni» na nejakú inú (pou¾itím polo¾ky +\family sans +Trieda +\family default +, v menu +\family sans + +\bar under +R +\bar default +ozlo¾enie-> +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default +), aby ste videli rozdiely vo vysádzaní. + Ak zmeníte triedu na +\family sans +Book +\family default + a pozriete sa do menu prostredí, zistíte, ¾e väè¹ina prostredí ostala rovnaká. + Av¹ak pribudlo prostredie +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +. + Ak ste si nie istý ktoré prostredia sú v ktorej triede, staèí sa pozrie» + sem. +\layout Standard + +Veµkos» písma, jeden, alebo dvojståpcová tlaè a titulky strán, sú niektoré + zo vlastností, akými sa odli¹ujú jednotlivé noviny jedny od druhých. + Ako dospieval poèítaèový vek, noviny si zaèali vytvára» LaTeXové +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +¹týlové súbory +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, tak¾e autori mohli predklada» správne vysádzané èlánky. + LyX tie¾ toto podporuje. + Napríklad podporuje sadzbu (a extra prostredia) pre noviny American Mathematics + Society, pou¾itím triedy Article\SpecialChar ~ +(AMS). +\layout Standard + +Tu je veµmi struèný prehµad niektorých tried. + Ako obyèajne, pre viac informácií sa pozrite do +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèky +\emph toggle +. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Meno +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Popis +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +jedno­stranná, bez kapitol +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +prostredia a rozlo¾enia pre American Math Society +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +dlh¹ia ako article, obojstranná +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report + predná a zadná strana +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +priehµadnosti (tie¾ zahàòa FoilTeX) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +veµa extra prostredí pre adresy, podpisy\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +©ablóny: písanie listu +\layout Standard + +Jedna z najpopulárnej¹ích tried je +\family sans +Letter +\family default + (list). + Jedna z mo¾ností ako napísa» list je otvorí» Nový súbor a vybra» +\family sans +Letter +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Trieda +\family default + v okne +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +ozlo¾enie-> +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default +. + Aj keï je to najobyèajnej¹í spôsob ako napísa» list, zdá sa to ako robota + naviac. + V¾dy keï pí¹ete obchodný list, chcete tam ma» svoju adresu, adresu komu + list opsielate, telo listu, podpis, atï. + Preto má LyX na listy +\emph on +¹ablónu +\emph toggle +, ktorá obsahuje príklad listu. + Keï u¾ raz máte ¹ablónu, pri písaní listu vám staèí prepísa» len niekoµko + èastí. +\layout Standard + +Otvorte nový súbor príkazom +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +úbor->Nový\SpecialChar ~ +zo\SpecialChar ~ +¹ +\bar under +a +\bar default +blóny +\family default +. + Potom, èo súbor pomenujete, vyberte +\family typewriter +latex_letter.lyx +\family default + z okna ¹ablón. + Súbor ulo¾te a vytlaète, aby ste videli, ako sú vysádzané rôzne prostredia. +\layout Standard + +V menu prostredí nájdete niekoµko prostredí, ako napríklad +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +, ktoré vo väè¹ine ostatných triedach neexistujú. + Iné, napríklad +\family sans +Quote +\family default + a +\family sans +Description +\family default + sú be¾né. + Mô¾ete si vyskú¹a», ako rôzne prostredia pracujú. + V¹imnete si napríklad, ¾e prosrtedie +\family sans +Signature +\family default + má èervené slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Signature: +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + pred skutoèným textom podpisu. + Toto slovo sa v liste nezobrazí, èo si v¹imnete, keï súbor vytlaèíte. + Je tam preto, aby ste vedeli, kde podpis bude. + Taktie¾ si v¹imnite, ¾e nezále¾í na tom, kde v súbore sa nachádza riadok + +\family sans +Signature +\family default +. + Spomínajte. + LyX je WYSIWYM: prostredie +\family sans +Signature +\family default + mô¾ete vlo¾i» kde chcete a LyX vie, ¾e vo výstupe by mal by» podpis na + konci. +\layout Standard + +©ablóna je obyèajný LyX dokukment. + To znamená, ¾e mô¾ete vyplni» svoju adresu a podpis a súbor ulo¾i» ako + novú ¹ablónu. + Odteraz, v¾dy, keï budete chcie» napísa» list, mô¾ete pou¾i» novú ¹ablónu, + aby ste u¹etrili èas. + Tu pravdepodobne nemusíme navrhova» ¾iadne cvièenie. + Jednoducho napí¹te niekomu list +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +E¹te jedno varovanie, keï pí¹ete zo ¹ablóny. + Ak vyma¾ete celý text z prostredia ­­­ napríklad, keï vyma¾ete celé pole + +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +, tak¾e ho budete chcie» nahradi» svojím vlastným ­­­ a potom posuniete + kurzor bez toho aby ste napísali nejaký text, prostredie mô¾e zmiznú». + je to preto, lebo prostredie nemô¾e existova» bez textu. + V takomto prípade jednoducho znovu prostredie nastavte z menu. +\end_inset + +! +\layout Section + +Titulné strany dokumentov +\layout Standard + +LyX (ako LaTeX) pova¾uje titulnú stranu ­­­ ktorá mô¾e obsahova» názov dokumentu +, autora, dátum ­­­ za samostatnú èas» dokumentu. +\layout Standard + +Vrá»te sa k vá¹mu dokumentu +\family typewriter +newfile.lyx +\family default + a uistite sa, ¾e je triedy +\family sans +Article +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +U¾ by ste nameli pou¾íva» triedu Letter, preto¾e nepodporuje titulné tránky. +\end_inset + + Napí¹te názov na prvý riadok, a prostredie zmeòte na +\family sans +Title +\family default +. + Na ïal¹om riadku nastavte prostredie +\family sans +Author +\family default + a napí¹te svoje meno. + Na ïal¹í riadok napí¹te dátum a zvoµte prostredie +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Napí¹te odsek alebo dva, ktoré popisujú vá¹ dokument a nastavte im prostredie + +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +. + Teraz sa pozrite ako to bude vypada» vytlaèené. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Upravte názov, dátum a autora v example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Návestia a krosreferencie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: návestia} + +\end_inset + +Sekciu (alebo podsekciu, alebo zriedkavo len nejakú èas» textu) mô¾ete v + dokumente pomenova». + Keï tak urobíte, mô¾ete sa na túto sekciu odkazova» v iných èastiach dokumentu + pou¾itím krosreferencií. + Mô¾ete sa odkazova» na èíslo sekcie, alebo na stránku, na ktorej sa sekcia + objaví. + Tak isto ako pri sekciách a poznámkach sa o krosreferencie stará LyX. + Automatické pomenovania a krosreferencie sú jednou z najväè¹ích výhod LyXu + oproti konvenèným textovým procesorom. +\layout Subsection* + +Va¹e prvé návestie +\layout Standard + +Oznaème na¹u druhú sekciu, ktorej názov je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +O tomto dokumente +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Kliknite na koniec riadku názvu sekcie a vyberte príkaz +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»-> +\bar under +N +\bar default +ávestie +\family default +. + Okno sa vás spýta na názov návestia. + Napí¹te +\family typewriter +sec:odokumente +\family default +, èo sa zdá by» dos» dobrý názov, ktorý si nebudete mýli» s inými názvami, + ktoré mo¾no pridáte. + Keï stlaèíte +\family sans +OK +\family default +, názov sekcie sa vlo¾í ako obdå¾nik, hneï vedµa titulku. +\layout Standard + +Mimochodom. + návestie ste mohli vlo¾i» kdekoµvek c sekcii. + Referencia sa odkazuje na poslednú sekciu, alebo podsekciu, ktorá je pred + návestím. + Av¹ak ak ho dáte na ten istý riadok ako je názov sekcie (alebo prípadne + na prvý riadok textu sekcie), budete si istý, ¾e referencia na stránku + sekcie sa bude odkzova» na jej zaèiatok. +\layout Standard + +Doposiaµ ste niè neurobili. + +\family sans +Dvi +\family default + súbor bude vyzera» presne tak isto, preto¾e návestia sa neukazujú vo vytlaèenom + dokumente. + Av¹ak keï ste vlo¾ili návestie, mô¾ete sa naò odkazova» pomocou krosreferencie. + To urobíme teraz. +\layout Subsection* + +Va¹a prvá krosreferencia +\layout Standard + +Umiestnite kurzor niekde v sekcii 2 a napí¹te: +\layout LyX-Code + +Ak chcete vedie» viac o tomto dokumente, potom si pozrite sekciu , ktorá + je na stránke . +\layout Standard + +Teraz ­­­ s kurzorom nastavným za slovom sekciu ­­­ vyberte +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»->Kros +\bar under +r +\bar default +eferencia +\family default +. + Objaví sa okno +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +krosreferenciu +\family default +. + Zobrazuje zoznam mo¾ností, na ktoré sa mô¾ete odkazova». + V tomto momente by tam mala by» jedna +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sec:odokumente +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Oznaète ju (mô¾e by» ¹tandardne oznaèená) a stlaète +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +referenciu +\family default +. + Teraz umiestnite kurzor za slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +stránke +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a stlaète +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +èíslo\SpecialChar ~ +strany +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX umiestní referencie ako obdå¾niky na mieste, kde sa nachádzal kurzor. + Vo vytlaèenom dokumente budú tieto znaèky referencií nahradené buï èíslom + strany, alebo sekcie (podµa toho, èo ste zvolili v okne +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +krosreferenciu +\family default +). + Staèí si tie¾ opzrie» +\family sans +dvi +\family default + súbor. + Krosreferencia v LyXe funguje ako hyperlink: ak na òu kliknete, kurzor + sa premiestni na zadané návestie. +\layout Subsection* + +Viac zábavy s návestiami +\layout Standard + +Povedali sme vám, ¾e LyX sa stará o èíslovanie krosreferencií a teraz si + to mô¾te otestova». + Pridajte novú sekciu pred sekciu 2. + Znovu spustite LaTeX a krosreferencia na sekciu sa zmenila na 3! Zmeòte + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +O tomto dokumente +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + na podsekciu a referencia sa zmení na podsekcia 2.1 namiesto sekcia 3. + Samozrejme, ¾e referencia na èíslo stránky sa nezmení, pokiaµ nevlo¾íte + pred návestie celú stránku textu. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Opravte referencie v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Poznámky pod èiarou a na okraji +\layout Standard + +Poznámky pod èiarou sa pridávajú tlaèítkom +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +poznámku\SpecialChar ~ +pod\SpecialChar ~ +èiarou +\family default + na paneli nástrojov +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tlaèítko zobrazuje ¹ípku ukazujúcu na èervený text, ktorý je pod nejakým + èiernym textom. +\end_inset + +, alebo príkazom +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»->Poznámka\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +p +\bar default +od\SpecialChar ~ +èiarou +\family default +. + Kliknite na konci slova +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + niekde v dokumente a stlaète +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +poznámku\SpecialChar ~ +pod\SpecialChar ~ +èiarou +\family default +. + Riadok s poznámkou sa otvorí pod riadkov, v ktorom práve pí¹ete. + Na µavej strane uvidíte slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, napísané èerveným písmom na ¹edom pozadí. + Zvy¹ok riadku je orámovaný na èerveno: to je miesto, kde napí¹ete svoju + poznámku. + LyX by mal umiestni» kurzor na zaèatok tohto riadku. + Napí¹te +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX je sádzací textový procesor. +\layout Standard + +Teraz kliknite na slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Riadok s poznámkou zmizne a ostane len slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + napísané èerveným písmom horným indexom, ktoré ukazuje, kde v texte bude + vytlaèená znaèka poznámky pod èiarou. + Toto sa nazýva +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +zabalenie +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + poznámky. + Mô¾ete ju kedykoµvek rozbali» a editova» jdnoduchým kliknutím na znaèke + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Mo¾no sa èudujete preèo znaèka je slovo a nie èíslo. + Odpoveïou je, ¾e o èíslovanie poznámok vo vytlaèenom texte sa stará LyX. + Mô¾ete si to pozrie» v súbore +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Ak pridáte ïal¹ie poznámky, LyX ich preèísluje. + Keï¾e LyX (v skutoènosti LaTeX) sa stará o èíslovanie poznámok, nie je + dôvod dáva» èísla do LyX súboru. +\layout Standard + +Poznámka pod èiarou mô¾e by» vystrihovaná a vkladaná ako normálny text. + Vyskú¹ajte si to! V¹etko èo potrebujete urobi» je oznaèi» znaèku poznámky +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Mô¾e by» µah¹ie oznaèi» ju klávesnicou. + Ak sa pokúsite oznaèi» ju my¹ou, mô¾ete ju náhodne otvori». +\end_inset + + a +\family sans +V +\bar under +y +\bar default +strihnú» +\family default + ju a +\family sans +V +\bar under +l +\bar default +o¾i» +\family default +. + Okrem toho mô¾te zmeni» obyèajný text na poznámku jeho oznaèením a stlaèením + tlaèítka, a poznámku na text stlaèením tlaèítka, keï je kurzor v poznámke. +\layout Standard + +Poznámky na okraj sa pridávajú tlaèítkom +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +poznámku\SpecialChar ~ +na\SpecialChar ~ +okraj +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tlaèítko zobrazuje ¹ípku ukazujúcu na èervený text vedµa (na okraji) èierneho + textu, a malo by by» vedµa tlaèítka s poznámkou pod èiarou. +\end_inset + +, alebo príkazom +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»->Poznámka\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +n +\bar default +a\SpecialChar ~ +okraji +\family default +. + Tieto poznámky sú ako poznámky pod èiarou, okrem toho, ¾e: +\layout Itemize + +obrazovková znaèka hovorí +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + namiesto +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +poznámka bude vlo¾ená na okraj namiesto pod text +\layout Itemize + +poznámky na okraji sa neèíslujú +\layout Itemize + +keï je poznámka zabalená, na okraji textu sa zobrazí výkrièník, ktorý sa + v¹ak nevytlaèí. +\layout Standard + +Zmeòte poznámku pod èiarou na text a následne ju zmeòte na poznámku na okraji. + Spustite LaTeX, aby ste videli ako to vyzerá. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Upravte poznámky pod èiarou v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Citácie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: citácie} + +\end_inset + +Citácie sú podobné krosreferenciám. + Citácia obsahuje zoznam odkazov na konci dokumentu, na ktoré mô¾ete odkazova» + z dokumentu. + Tak isto ako názvy sekcií, LyX a LaTeX vám uµahèujú ¾ivot automatickým + èíslovaním polo¾iek citácií. +\layout Standard + +Choïte na koniec dokumentu a nastavte prostredie Bibliography. + Teraz ka¾dý odsek ktorý napí¹ete bude referencia. + Ako prvú referenciu napí¹te +\family typewriter +Sprievodca programom LyX +\family default +. + V¹imnite si, ¾e LyX automaticky vlo¾il èíslo v obdå¾niku pred ka¾dú referenciu. + kliknite na toto èíslo a zobrazí sa vám okienko +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +. + Prvú polo¾ku, Kµúè, pou¾ijete na odkazovanie na túto referenciu v dokumente. + ©tandardne je to èíslo. + Zmeòte ju na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +lyxsprievodca +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, aby ste si ju µah¹ie pamätali. +\layout Standard + +Teraz kliknite niekde v dokumente, kde chcete vlo¾i» odkaz. + Urobte tak príkazom +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»->Referencia\SpecialChar ~ +na\SpecialChar ~ +citáci +\bar under +u +\family default +\bar default +. + LyX zobrazí ¹edý obdå¾nik s tromi otáznikmi v hranatých zátvorkách a zobrazí + sa okienko +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +citáciu +\family default +. + Prvá polo¾ka sa znovu nazýva +\family sans +Kµúè +\family default + a dovoµuje vám vybra», ktorú polo¾ku citácie chcete citova» +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Kvôli tomuto je dobré dáva» kµúèom unikátne a logické názvy, namiesto ¹tandardný +ch èísel. +\end_inset + +. + Pomocou rozbaµovacieho menu vyberte +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +lyxsprievodca +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (práve teraz je to jediná oplo¾ka menu). + Spustite LaTex a uvidíte, ¾e citácia sa zobrazí v zátvorkách v texte, odkazujúc + sa na citáciu na konci dokumentu. +\layout Standard + +Na èo sa pou¾ívajú ïal¹ie polo¾ky? Pole Návestie v okienku +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default + vlo¾í namiesto èísla citácie znaèku, ktorú sem napí¹ete (napr. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Smi95 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + bude odkaz na knihu napísanú Smithom v roku 1995). + Ako obyèajne kvôli detailom sa pozrite do +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèky +\emph toggle +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Upravte citácie v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Obsah +\layout Standard + +Mo¾no by ste chceli na zaèiatok dokumentu vlo¾i» obsah. + S LyXom sa to dá veµmi jednoducho. + Len stlaète Enter za názvom dokumentu a pred prvým názvom sekcie a vyberte + príkaz +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»->Zoznamy\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +o +\bar under +b +\bar default +sah-> +\bar under +O +\bar default +bsah +\family default +. + Na prvom riadku dokumentu sa objavíobdå¾nik s textom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Obsah +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Nemusí sa vám to zda» veµmi u¾itoèné. + Av¹ak, ak si pozriete +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + dokument, zistíte, ¾e obsah bol skutoène vygenerovaný a zobrazuje rôzne + sekcie a podsekcie vá¹ho dokumentu. + AKo obyèajne, keï zmeníte poradie jednotlivých èastí, zmeny sa prejavia + po aktualizovaní +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + súboru. + Obsah sa nezobrazí na obrazovke v LyXe, preto¾e aj tak ho nemô¾ete editova». + Mô¾ete ho zobrazi» v samostatnom okne príkazom +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pravi»->©truktúra\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +d +\bar default +okumentu +\family default +. + Toto je veµmi u¾itoèný nástroj. + Mô¾ete ho pou¾i» na presuny v dokumente. + Kliknutím na názov (pod)sekcie zvýrazní ten riadok a presunie kurzor (v + editovacom okne LyXu) na dané miesto v dokumente. + ©ípky mô¾ete pou¾i» na presun jednotlivých èastí dokumentu. + Toto okno mô¾te necha» otvorené poèas editovania. +\layout Standard + +Ak sa chcete zbavi» obsahu, staèí vymaza» jeho znaèku, jednoducho ako akýkoµvek + iný znak. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Upravte obsah v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Pou¾ívanie matematiky +\layout Standard + +LaTeX pou¾íva veµa vedcov, preto¾e produkuje veµmi dobre vyzerajúce rovnice + a vzorce, vyhýbajúc sa kontrolným znakom, ktoré pou¾ívajú iné textové procesory + a ich editory rovníc. + Veµa z týchto vedcov je frustrovaných, preto¾e písanie rovníc v LaTeXe + je viac programovanie ako písanie. + Na¹»astie LyX má WYSIWYM podporu na rovnice. + Ak ste zvyknutý na LaTeX, zistíte, ¾e v¹etky obyèajné matematické príkazy + LaTeXu mô¾te napísa» normálne, ale zobrazia sa spôsobom WYSIWYM. + Na druhej strane, ak ste nikdy nepísali v LaTeXe, matematický panel vám + dovolí napísa» profesionálne vyzerajúcu matematiku rýchlo a jednoducho +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX nemô¾e skontrolova», èi vzorec, ktorý ste práve napísali je +\emph on +správny +\emph toggle +. + Sorry. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Matematický mód +\layout Standard + +Niekde vo svojom dokumente napí¹te: +\layout LyX-Code + +Mám rád èo povedal Einstein, E=mc^2, preto¾e je to tak jednoduché. +\layout Standard + +Teraz tá rovnica nevyzerá veµmi dobre. + aj kvôli tomu, ¾e v dvi súbore nie je medzera medzi písmenami a rovná sa, + a vy by ste radi napísali +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + horným indexom. + Toto je spôsobené tým, ¾e sme nepovedali LyXu, ¾e pí¹eme matematický výraz, + tak vysádzal rovnicu ako obyèajný text. +\layout Standard + +Matematika sa pí¹e v Matematickom re¾ime. + Ak sa chcete prepnú» do matematického re¾imu, staèí kliknú» na tlaèítko + s modrým popisom +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + +. + LyX otvorí malý modrý ¹tvorèek, s rú¾ovým obdå¾nikom okolo neho. + Modrý ¹tvorèek je +\emph on +vkladací bod +\emph toggle +, ktorý hovorí, ¾e matematický editor èaká na vá¹, ¾e nieèo napí¹ete, a + rú¾ový obdå¾nik hovorí, ¾e ste v matematickom re¾ime. + LyX umiestnil kurzor do modrého ¹tvorèeku, tak len znovu napí¹te +\family typewriter +E=mc^2 +\family default +. + Výraz je napísaný modrým, a modrý ¹tvorèek zmizne okam¾ite, ak vkladací + bod nie je prázdny. + Teraz stlaète Esc na ukonèenie matematického editora. + (Poznámka: kliknutie na tlaèítko mat. + editora +\emph on +nevypne +\emph toggle + mat. + re¾im). + Rú¾ový obdå¾nik zmizne a kurzor sa nastaví vpravo od výrazu a keï napí¹ete + nieèo teraz, bude to normálny text. +\layout Standard + +Spustite LaTeX a pozrite si +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + súbor. + V¹imnite si, ¾e výraz bol napísaný správne. + Písmena v matematickom re¾ime sú pova¾ované za premenné a sú napísanú kurzívou. + Èísla sú jednoducho èísla. +\layout Standard + +Matematický editor je ïal¹ím príkladom filozofie WYSIWYM. + V LaTeXe pí¹ete matematické výrazy pou¾ívaním príkazov, napr. + +\backslash +sqrt. + Toto mô¾e by» frustrujúce, preto¾e nevidíte ako výraz vyzerá, pokaiµ nespustíte + LaTeX a mô¾ete strávi» èas hµadaním chýbajúcej zátvorky alebo iných +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +bugov +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Na druhej strane, LyX sa nepokú¹a zobrazi» výraz perfektne (WYSIWYG), ale + vám dáva náhµad, ako bude daný výraz vyzera». + O profesionálne vysádzanie sa postará LaTeX. + V 99% nebudete musie» robi» ¾iadne zmeny vo veµkostiach písem, alebo v + medzerách. + Takto (prepáète, ¾e sa opakujeme) sa mô¾te zamera» na +\emph on +obsah +\emph toggle + vá¹ho matematického výrazu, a nie na jeho formát. +\layout Section + +Pohyb vo výraze +\layout Standard + +Teraz zmeòme +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Na pohyb vo výraze pou¾ite kurzorové ¹ípky. + V¹imnite si, ¾e keï vstúpite do výrazu, objaví sa rú¾ový obdå¾nik, any + ste vedeli, ¾e ste v matematickom re¾ime. + Teraz ¹ípkami nastavte kurzor za rovná sa a jednoducho napí¹te +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1+ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Znovu pou¾ite ¹ípky alebo +\family sans +Esc +\family default + aby ste ukonèili výraz a rú¾ový obdå¾nik zmizne. + Pre veµa µudí sú kurzorové ¹ípky vhodné, ale staèí len kliknú» niekde vo + výraze a spustí sa matematický editor. +\layout Standard + +Okrem ¹peciálnych klávesov popísaných ni¾¹ie, písanie v matematickom re¾ime + je ako písanie obyèajného textu. + Pou¾ívajte +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (alebo +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +) na vymazávanie znakov. + Oznaèujte text s klávesami alebo my¹ou. + +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pravi»-> +\bar under +V +\bar default +ráti»\SpecialChar ~ +spä» +\family default + funguje v matemtickom re¾ime, rovnako ako vystrihovanie a vkladanie. + Ale na jednu vec si dávajte pozor: ak ste tesne vedµa výrazu a stlaèíte + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (alebo +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +), vyma¾ete celý výraz. + Na¹»astie jednoducho vrátite akciu spä». +\layout Standard + +Èo keby ste chceli zmeni» +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2,5}+1$ +\end_inset + +? Znovu, my¹ou kliknite na správnom mieste (samozrejme mô¾ete pou¾i» klávesnicu). + Keï je kurzor za písmenom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a pred +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, stlaèením klávesy +\family sans +Up +\family default + (¹ípka hore) presunie kurzor do úrovne horného indexu, hneï pred +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Pripí¹te +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +.5 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Teraz stlaèením klávesy +\family sans +Down +\family default + (¹ípka nadol), presunie kurzor naspä» na be¾nú úroveò. + V podstate, ak stlaèíte +\family sans +Down +\family default + hocikde v hornom indexe, kurzor sa nastaví tesne +\emph on +za +\emph toggle + daný horný index (potom mô¾ete napísa» +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Na pohyb vo výraze tie¾ mô¾ete pou¾i» +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default +. + Ak ste práve v matematickej ¹truktúre (horný/dolný index, zlomok, odmocnina, + matica, v¹etky ktoré sú popísané v nasledujúcej sekcii), stlaèením +\family sans +Medzery +\family default + presuniete kurzor za danú ¹truktúru, ale ostanete v matematiskom re¾ime. + Tak¾e, keï je kurzor v hornom indexe, sltaèením +\family sans +Medzery +\family default + sa nastaví na be¾nú úroveò za daný horný index. + To znamená, ¾e mô¾ete napísa» +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{1+x}-2$ +\end_inset + + bez pou¾ívania my¹i alebo kurzorových ¹ípok, spôsobom, ktorý budete pravdepodob +ne preferova», keï budete ma» viac skúseností. + Buïte opatrný, aby ste nestlaèili +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default + medzi jednotkou a znakom plus, preto¾e opustíte horný index. + Na miestach, kde to nedáva zmysel (povedzme medzi +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +), +\family sans +Medzera +\family default + nespraví niè +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Medzery a tabulátory sa +\series bold +nepou¾ívajú +\series default + na tvorenie extra medzier medzi èas»ami výrazu. + Medzery sú problémom sádzania, èo znamená, ¾e by ste mali necha» sa o ne + postara» LyX (LaTeX) (pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: priestor} + +\end_inset + +). + Ak nie ste celkom spokojný, v +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèke +\emph toggle + si pozrite spôsoby ako jemne doladi» medzery. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si, ¾e keï napí¹ete výraz a ukonèíte ho +\family sans +Esc +\family default +, na ním nebude ¾iadna medzera. + Je to dobré ak chcete za ním napísa» bodku alebo èiarku. + Ale ak chcete za ním napísa» slovo, musíte explicitne stlaèi» +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default +. + Ako skratku mô¾ete pou¾i» stlaèenie Medzery, ak ste na úplnom konci výrazu. + Toto ukonèí matematický re¾im a vlo¾í za výraz medzeru. + Takto mô¾ete napísa» +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + je moja obµúbená rovnica +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + namiesto +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + +je moja obµúbená rovnica +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Exponenty a indexy +\layout Standard + +Exponent mô¾e by» vlo¾ený z matematického menu. + ale jednoduch¹ie je napísa» strie¹ku +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + LyX vlo¾í vkládací bod (modrý ¹tvorèek, pamätáte?) na úrovni horného indexu, + tak¾e v¹etko èo napí¹ete, bude horný index a bude men¹ie písmo. +\layout Standard + +Napísanie dolného indexu je rovnako jednoduché: zaènite písa» znakom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Exponenty a idexy mô¾u by» na viacerých úrovòach (napr. + exponent v exponente), ako napríklad toto: +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Prepí¹te výraz 1 v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + v matematickom re¾ime. +\layout Section + +Matematický panel +\layout Standard + +Matematický panel je be¾ný spôsob ako vklada» symboly a rôzne komplikované + matemtické funkcie. + Veµa z týchto funkcií mô¾e by» dosiahnutých z klávesnice, alebo matematického + menu. + Av¹ak my sa zameriame na pou¾itie panelu, aby ste zistili, èo tam je. + Klávesové skratky sa mô¾ete nauèi» neskôr z iných manuálov. + Tak¾e teraz si matematický panel otvorte, a nechajte si ho otvorený poèas + èítania tohto textu. +\layout Subsection + +Grécke písmená a symboly +\layout Standard + +Ak kliknete na tlaèítku +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\pi$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, otvorí sa vám menu gréckych písmen. + V¹imnite si, ¾e sú tam viaceré varianty písmen epsilon, pi, phi, theta + a sigma. + Ako skratku mô¾ete vybra» nieèo z panelu a automaticky sa otvorí matematický + editor. +\layout Standard + +Ïal¹ie ¹tyri tlaèítka vám umo¾nia vybra» si z mno¾stva symbolov pou¾ívaných + v matematike: rôzne ¹ípky, relácie, operátory, sumy a integrály. + Exponenty a indexy vám umo¾nia nastavi» dolné a horné hranice súm a integrálov. + Posledné tlaèítko má popis rôzne. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Niè èo mô¾e¹ urobi» nemô¾e by» urobené\SpecialChar \ldots{} + V¹etko èo potrebuje¹ je +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Odmocniny, zdôraznenia a oddeµovaèe +\layout Standard + +Na napísanie Odmocniny jednoducho kliknite na tlaèítko, na ktorom je odmocnina. + Tá sa objaví a kurzor bude v nvom vkládacom bode pod odmocninou. + Mô¾ete písa» premenné, èísla, iné odmocniny, zlomky, èo chcete. + LyX automaticky zmení veµkos» odmocniny, aby sa pod òu vo¹lo v¹etko, èo + ste napísali. +\layout Standard + +Zdôraznenie znaku ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +), alebo skupiny znakov ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +) sa robí tak isto. + Stlaète tlaèítko +\family sans +Dekorácia +\family default +, ktoré má modrý ¹tvorèek s èiernou vlnovkou nad ním. + Otvorí sa okno dekorácií. + Stlaène na po¾adovanej dekorácií a LyX ju zobrazí s vkladacím bodom pod + òou. + Napí¹te èo potrebujete a stlaète +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default + na opustenie dekorácie. +\layout Standard + +Oddeµovaèe a zátvorky pracujú podobne, ale sú tro¹ku komplikovanej¹ie. + Stlaète tlaèítko oddeµovaèov, ktoré má nakreslený modrý ¹tvorèek v hranatých + zátvorkách, a objaví sa okno oddeµovaèov. + Kliknite na µavý oddeµovaè +\emph on +µavým my¹ítkom +\emph toggle + a na pravý oddeµovaè +\emph on +pravým my¹ítkom +\emph toggle + (mô¾ete pou¾i» aj prepínaè Vµavo a Vpravo a potom kliknú» na jednotlivé + oddeµovaèe µavým my¹ítkom). + Vá¹ výber je okam¾ite zobrazený. + Mô¾ete vybra» µubovoµnú kombináciu, alebo dokonca necha» jeden z oddeµovaèov + prázdny aby ste dostali nieèo ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (prázdny oddeµovaè sa zobrazí ako preru¹ovaná èierna èiara, ale nevytlaèí + sa). +\layout Standard + +Ak máte nastavené oddeµovaèe, stlaète tlaèítko +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + Ak ste lenivý, mô¾ete napísa» zátvorky v matematickom re¾ime, bez pou¾itia + okna oddeµovaèov. + Av¹ak tieto zátvorky budú ma» rovnakú veµkos» ako text, èo nebude vyzra» + dobre, ak v nich máte veµký zlomok alebo maticu. + Pou¾itie okna oddeµovaèov vám garantuje prispôsobenie veµkosti oddeµovaèov + ich obsahu. +\layout Standard + +Oddeµovaèe, odmocniny alebo zvýraznenie mô¾ete aplikova» aj na u¾ napísaný + text. + Oznaète èas» výrazu, na ktorý to chcete aplikova» a stlaète príslu¹né tlaèítko. + Pokúste sa zmeni» druhý Newtonov zákon zo skalárov na vektorovú formu ( +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + Teraz, keï sa nauèíte vytvára» matice, u¾ budete vedie» da» okolo nich + zátvorky. +\layout Subsection + +Zlomky +\layout Standard + +Zlomky sú v matematickom editore jednoduché. + Kliknite na tlaèítko zlomku na matematiickom paneli. + LyX zobrazí dva vkladacie bodu ako zlomok. + Ako ise oèakávate, na pohyb v zlomku mô¾ete pou¾i» kurzorové ¹ípky alebo + my¹. + Kliknite na horný ¹tvorèek a napí¹te +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, potom na dolný a napí¹te +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Vytvorili ste zlomok! Samozrejme ¾e do zlomkov mô¾ete napísa» èokoµvek: + premenné s exponentom, odmocniny, iné zlomky, èokoµvek. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Preveïte výraz 2 v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + do matematického re¾imu. +\layout Subsection + +Re¾im TeX: limity, logaritmy, sínusy a ïal¹ie +\layout Standard + +Preto¾e písmená v matematickom re¾ime sú pova¾ované za premenné, ak napí¹ete + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, LyX si myslí, ¾e pí¹ete tri premenné +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + +, a +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + +. + Tieto písmená budú vytlaèené kurzívou, zatiµèo vy ste chceli slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + napísané normálne. + Navy¹e LyX nedá medzeru medzi slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (medzera ukonèí matematický re¾im). + Tak¾e ako dostaneme +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + namiesto +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Kliknite na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + v menu +\family sans +Funkcie +\family default + na matematickom paneli. + Slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + je napísané èerveným normálnym písmom, tie¾ známym ako re¾im TeX. + Celé slovo je pova¾ované za jeden symbol, tak¾e keï stlaèíte +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +, vyma¾ete celé slovo. + Teraz napí¹te +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ktoré bude napísané kurzívou, ako iste oèakávate v matematickom editore. + V súbore +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + bude výraz vysádzaný správne. + Skúste si to. +\layout Standard + +Ïal¹ie príkazy, písané v re¾ime TeX pou¾itím tlaèítka +\family sans +Funkcie +\family default + zahàòajú ïal¹ie trigonometrické funkcie a ich inverzné formy, hyperbolické + funkcie, logaritmy, limity a zopár ïla¹ích slov. + Tieto funkcie samozrejme mô¾u ma» exponenty a indexy, napríklad +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Cvièenie: Preveïte rovnicu 3 v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + do matematického re¾imu. +\layout Subsection + +Matice +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: matice} + +\end_inset + +Kliknite na tlaèítko +\family sans +Matica +\family default + na matematickom paneli. + Zobrazí sa okno +\family sans +Matica +\family default +, ktoré má dve posúvacie li¹ty, ktorými urèíte koµko riadkov a ståpcov má + matica ma». + Nastavte 2 riadky a 3 ståpce a stlaète +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + Lyx vytvorí ¹es» vkladacích bodov v matici +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + +. + Ako obyèajne do ka¾dého mô¾ete vlo¾i» µubovoµný matematický výraz. + Tie¾ mô¾ete necha» niektoré body prázdne. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Tabulátor +\family default + sa pou¾íva na horizontálny pohyb po ståpcoch matice. + Samozrejme na pohyb v matici sa dajú pou¾íva» aj ¹ípky. +\layout Standard + +V +\emph on +U¾ívateµskej príruèke +\emph toggle + si pozrite ako zmeníte horizontálne zarovnanie ka¾dého ståpca a ako zmeníte + vertikálnu polohu celej matice. + Ak chcete napísa» tabuµku obsahujúcu text, mali by ste pou¾i» LyXové tabuµky, + namiesto písania textu do matice. +\layout Subsection + +Re¾im rovnice +\layout Standard + +V¹etky výrazy, ktoré sme doteraz napísali boli na rovnakom riadku ako text + pred nimi a za nimi. + Tie¾ sa tomu hovorí inline výrazy. + Toto je vhodné na krátke, jednoduché výrazy, ale keï chcete napísa» veµký + výraz, alebo chcete aby výraz bol mimo textu, potrebujete ho napísa» v + re¾ime rovnice. + Okrem toho len takto napísané výrazy mô¾u by» oznaèkované a oèíslované + (pozri +\emph on +U¾ívateµskú príruèku +\emph toggle +), a viacriadkové výrazy (pozri Sek. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: multiline} + +\end_inset + +) musia by» napísané v re¾ime rovnice. +\layout Standard + +Kliknite na tlaèítko +\family sans +Rovnica +\family default +, ktoré zobrazuje zopár riadkov textu pred a za modrým centrovaným ¹tvorèekom. + Lyx vlo¾í nový vkladací bod, ale tento bude na novom riadku, a bude vycentrovan +ý. + Teraz napí¹te nejaký výraz a spustite LaTeX aby ste vydeli ako to bude + vyzera». + Toto tlaèítko je v skutoènosti prepínaè. + Skúste ho pou¾i» na u¾ napísané rovnice. +\layout Standard + +Re¾im rovnice má zopár odli¹ností od matematického editora: +\layout Itemize + +©tandardný font pre niektoré symboly, napr. + +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + +, je men¹í +\layout Itemize + +Exponenty a indexy pre limity a sumy (ale nie pre integrály) sú napísané + pod a nie vedµa symbolu +\layout Itemize + +Text je vycentrovaný +\layout Standard + +Rovnicové a inline výrazy sú si ináè veµmi podobné. +\layout Standard + +E¹te jedna poznámka o spôsobe vysádzania rovnicových výrazov: dajte si pozor, + èi vkladáte výraz do nového odseku alebo nie. + Ak vá¹ výraz je uprostred vety, nestláèajte +\family sans +Enter +\family default +, preto¾e text za výrazom bude nový odsek. + Text preto bude zarovnaný, èo asi nechcete. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Preveïte rôzne výrazy v +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + do re¾imu rovnice a v¹imnite si ako sa zmení výstup. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Cvièenie: +\series default + Pomocou nástrojov, ktoré ste sa nauèili pou¾íva» v tejto sekcii by ste + mali by» schopný napísa» nieèo takéto: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Viacriadkové výrazy +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: multiline} + +\end_inset + +Pokúste sa napísa» nasledujúce rovnice a pozrite si výsledok v dvi súbore. + Budete musie» napísa» dva rôzne rovnicové výrazy. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y+y+y+y+y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +=5y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Toto vôbec nevyzerá dobre! Ak pí¹ete dve alebo viac rovníc, ktoré sú pod + sebou, vyzeralo by lep¹ie, keby znamienka rovná sa boli priamo nad sebou + (zvlá¹», ak druhá rovnica nemá µavú stranu). + LyX vám dovoµuje napísa» viacriadkový výraz s mo¾nos»ou kontroly zarovnania. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\ + & = & 5y\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Toto vyzerá +\emph on +oveµa +\emph toggle + lep¹ie! Znamianka rovná sa sú zarovnané a medzi rovnicami je men¹ia medzera. +\layout Standard + +Keï chcete písa» viacriadkový výraz, spustite matematický editor a stlaète + +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +. + LyX napí¹e dva riadky a v ka¾dom tri vkladacie body. + Ako s maticami, na pohyb mô¾ete pou¾i» my¹, kurzorové ¹ípky a tabulátor. + Pokúste sa reprodukova» výraz napísaný vy¹¹ie. + V¹imnite si, ¾e je mo¾né necha» vkladací bod prázdny. + Toto je u¾itoèné napríklad na nieèo ako je hore, alebo na rozdelenie veµmi + dlhej rovnice, ako napríklad: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & a+b+c+d+\\ + & & +e+f+g\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX rovnice zarovná tak, aby druhé (prostredné) vkladacie body boli nad + sebou, tak¾e obyèajne tam napí¹ete rovná sa, alebo nejaký iný relaèný operátor. + Samozrejme mô¾ete tam napísa» èokoµvek. + Ale nepou¾ívajte viacriadkový výraz na písanie polí. + Na to sú matice (pozri Sek. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: matice} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Ak chcete e¹te dlh¹iu mno¾inu rovníc, stlaète znovu +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default + a dostanete nový riadok. + Ak nie ste na konci riadku keï to robíte, zvy¹ok riadku bude prenesený + do nového riadku. + Ak stlaèíte +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default + ak ste u¾ napísali (jednoriadkovú) rovnicu, celá rovnica ostane v prvom + vkladacom bode. + Umiestnite kurzor pred znamienko rovná sa a stlaète +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default +, aby sa posunulo do druhého bodu. + Potom sa presuòte za rovná sa a znovu stlaète +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default + a zvy¹ok rovnice sa presunie do tretieho bodu. + pokúste sa zmeni» +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +E & = & mc^{2}\\ + & = & mc\times c\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ak ste napísali príli¹ veµa riadkov, dajte kurzor na koniec riadku a pou¾ite + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default +, aby ste zmazali nasledujúci riadok. + Vyma¾e to koiec riadku a spojí (v¹etky tri èasti) nasledujúceho riadku + na koniec aktuálneho. + Ak nasledujúci riadok je prázdny, jednoducho ho zru¹í. + Upozornenie: pou¾itie +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + na inom mieste ako je koniec riadku mô¾e spôsobi» divné správanie sa. +\layout Section + +Ïal¹ie matematické mo¾nosti +\layout Standard + +Matematický editor doká¾e oveµa viac. + Teraz, keï ste sa oboznámili so základmi, odká¾eme vás len na +\emph on +U¾ívateµskú príruèku +\emph toggle +, ako: +\layout Itemize + +Znaèkovanie a èíslovanie výrazov. +\layout Itemize + +Zmena fontu, napr. + napísa» tuèný text vo výraze. + Tu len spomenieme, ¾e kliknutie na tlaèítko matematického re¾imu, ak u¾ + ste v tomto re¾ime, mô¾ete písa» normálny text, dokiaµ nestlaèíte (nechránenú) + medzeru. +\layout Itemize + +Doladenie veµkostí fontov a medzier vo výraze. + (O toto sa starajte, a¾ keï budete ma» v¹etko ostatné hotové!) +\layout Itemize + +Písanie makier. + Toto je veµmi mocný nástroj, preto¾e makrá definujete raz na zaèiatku dokumentu + a potom ich mô¾ete pou¾íva» v celom dokumente. + Ak zmeníte definíciu makra, zmenia sa v¹etky referencie na dané makro v + dokumente. + Makrá dokonca mô¾u prijíma» argumenty. +\layout Itemize + +Robi» veµa vecí o ktorých sme sa nezmenili v tomto +\emph on +Sprievodcovi +\emph toggle +. +\layout Chapter + +Rôzne +\layout Section + +Ïal¹ie hlavné èrty LyXu +\layout Standard + +Nepredstavili sme vám v¹etky mo¾né príkazy LyXu a ani to neplánujeme. + Ako obyèajne je tu +\emph on +U¾ívateµská príruèka +\emph toggle +. + Exaktný popis ka¾dého príkazu menu je v +\emph on +Referenènej príruèke +\emph toggle +. + Iba spomenieme zopár hlavných vecí, ktoré je schopný uroby» LyX\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Itemize + +LyX má WYSIWYG podporu pre tabuµky. + Na vlo¾enie tabuµky je príkaz +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»-> +\bar under +T +\bar default +abuµka +\family default +. + Kliknite na tabuµke s +\emph on +pravým my¹ítkom +\emph toggle + a zobrazí sa vám menu, ktoré umo¾òuje meni» parametre tabuµky. +\layout Itemize + +LyX tie¾ podporuje vkladanie PostScriptových (alebo èisto LaTeXových) obrázkov + do dokumentu. + (Uhádli ste: +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»-> +\bar under +O +\bar default +brázok +\family default +. + Potom kliknite na obrázok, aby ste ¹pecifikovali súbor, alebo manipulovali + s obrázkom.) Tabuµky a obrázky mô¾u ma» nadpisy a LyX automaticky vygeneruje + zoznam obrázkov a/alebo tabuliek. +\layout Itemize + +Je podporovaná správa verzií, pou¾itím RCS (pre info si spustite +\family typewriter +man rcsinfo +\family default +) +\layout Itemize + +LyX je veµmi konfigurovateµný. + V¹etko, od toho ako vyzerá okno LyXu, a¾ po to aký je výstup sa dá nakonfigurov +a» viacerými spôsobmi. + Pomoc pri tomto získate príkazom +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +omocník-> +\bar under +P +\bar default +rispôsobenie +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +LyX vyvíja tím programátorov na piatich kontinentoch. + Preto má LyX lep¹iu podporu pre neanglické (holandský, nemecký, grécky, + èeský, turecký\SpecialChar \ldots{} +) jazyky ako väè¹ina textových procesorov. + E¹te k tomu, táto podpora priebe¾ne vyzrieva. +\layout Itemize + +Skontrolujte si pravopis s +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +pravi»->Kontrola\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +p +\bar default +ravopisu +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Kontrola pravopisu prebieha len od kurzoru po koniec dokumentu. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +LyX pre pou¾ívateµov LaTeXu +\layout Standard + +Ak neviete niè o LaTeXe, nemusíte túto sekciu èíta». + Ale mô¾ete chcie» +\emph on +nauèi» +\emph toggle + sa nieèo o LaTeXe, tak potom si túto sekciu preèítajte. + Av¹ak veµa µudí, ktorí zaèínajú pou¾íva» LyX, budú oboznámený s LaTeXom. + Ak ste taký èlovek, mô¾ete by» zvedavý, èi LyX skutoène doká¾e v¹etko èo + LaTeX. + Krátkou odpoveïou je, ¾e LyX doká¾e naozaj v¹etko èo LaTeX a zjednodu¹uje + väè¹inu èastí písania LaTeXových dokumentov. + V dne¹nej dobe mä¾u by» nejaké problémy s konvertovaním starých LaTeXových + dokumentov, prípadne v zopár ïalèích oblastiach, ale ïal¹ie vydania LyXu + sa o toto postarajú. +\layout Standard + +Preto¾e toto je len sprievodca, iba spomenieme veci, o ktoré sa budú väè¹inou + zaujíma» nový u¾ívatelia LyXu. + V záujme udr¾ania +\emph on +Sprievodcu +\emph toggle + krátkeho, dáme vám len minimálne mno¾stvo informácií. + +\emph on +U¾ívateµská príruèka +\emph toggle + obsahuje mno¾stvo informácií o rozdieloch LyXu a LaTeXu a ukazuje rôzne + LaTeXové triky v LyXe. +\layout Subsection + +Re¾im TeX +\layout Standard + +V¹etko èo vlo¾íte v re¾ime TeX, bude odovzdané priamo LaTeXu a bude zobrazené + èerveným písmom. + TeX re¾im spustíte príkazom +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +ozlo¾enie->©týl\SpecialChar ~ +Te +\bar under +X +\family default +\bar default +, alebo kliknutím na prepínaè TeX na paneli nástrojov. +\layout Standard + +V matematickom re¾ime sa TeX re¾im správa trochu inak. + TeX re¾im spustíte stlaèením opaèného lomítka. + Toto lomítko sa nezobrazí, ale v¹etko èo potom napí¹ete bude èervené. + TeX re¾im opustíte stlaèením medzery, alebo nejkého iného ne-alfabetického + znaku, ako napríklad èíslo, podtr¾ítko alebo zátvorky. + Keï opustíte re¾im TeX, ak LyX spozná príkaz ktorý ste napísali, prevedie + ho na WYSIWYM. + Tak¾e keï v matematike napí¹ete +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default + a potom stlaèíte medzeru, LyX zmení èervené +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +gamma +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + na modré +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Toto funguje takmer na v¹etky nekomplikované matematické makrá (tie¾ si + v¹imnite, ¾e funkcie ako +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sin +\family default + ostanú èervené, preto¾e to u¾ je WYSIWYM). + Toto mô¾e by» rýchlej¹ie ako pou¾ívanie matematického panelu a bude to + vyhovova» skúseným pou¾ívateµom LaTeXu. +\layout Standard + +V ¹peciálnom prípade, keï napí¹ete zlo¾enú zátvorku, v TeX re¾ime v matematike, + Matematický editor zobrazí poèiatoènú a koncovú zátvorku èervenú, potom + +\emph on +zru¹í +\emph toggle + re¾im TeX a kurzor umiestni medzi zátvorky. + Toto je vhodné na písanie príkazov, ktoré matematický editor nepozná a + ktoré prijímajú argumenty, +\layout Standard + +LyX nedoká¾e urobi» absolútne v¹etko èo LaTeX. + Niektoré funkcie nie sú podporované a niektoré fungujú, ale nie sú WYSIWYM. + Re¾im TeX dovoµuje u¾ívateµovi získa» plnú flexibilitu LaTeXu pri ostatných + èrtách LyXu, ako napríklad WYSIWYM matematika, tabuµky a editovanie. + LyX by nemohol podporova» v¹etky balíky LaTeXu. + Ale napísaním +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepacage[foo] +\family default + v preamble (pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: preamble} + +\end_inset + +), mô¾te pou¾i» balík aký chcete (samozrejme nebudete ma» WYSIWYM podporu + pre daný balík). +\layout Subsection + +Konvertovanie LaTeXových dokumentov do LyXu +\layout Standard + +Nane¹»astie toto nefunguje dobre v LyXe verzie 0.12. + LyX Team garantuje, ¾e od verzie 0.14 budú súbry LyXu podmno¾inou LaTeXu, + tak¾e jednoduchým príkazom menu budete môc» vlo¾i» celý LaTeX dokument + do dokumentu LyXu. + Vyvíja sa Perl program nazvaný +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +, na preklad LaTeXových súborov do LyXu. + Program a in¹trukcie o jeho pou¾ití nájdete v distribúcii LyXu pod adresárom + +\family typewriter +development/reLyX +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Konvertovanie LyXových dokumentov do LaTeXu +\layout Standard + +Mô¾ete chcie» konvertova» LyX dokument do LaTeXu. + Napríklad spolupracovník a spoluautor, ktorý nemá LyX si ho chce preèíta». + Toto je v LyXe veµmi jednoduché: +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +úbor-> +\bar under +E +\bar default +xport->ako\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX +\family default +. + Príkaz vytvorí súbor +\family typewriter +meno.tex +\family default + z editovaného súboru +\family typewriter +meno.lyx +\family default +. + LyX v¾dy vytváre doèasné LaTeXové súbory predtým ne¾ spustí samotný LaTeX, + ale tieto nie sú dobre èitateµné a sú ukladané do doèasných adresárov. +\layout Subsection + +LaTeX preambula +\layout Subsubsection + +Trieda dokumentu +\layout Standard + +Okno +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +ozlo¾enie-> +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default + sa stará o veµa vlastností, ktoré by ste napísali do príkazu +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +. + Mení sa tu trieda, ¹tandardná veµkos» písma a papiera. + Ïal¹ie extra vlastnosti mô¾ete prida» do poµa +\family sans +Extra\SpecialChar ~ +parametre +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Ïal¹ie mo¾nosti preambuly +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: preamble} + +\end_inset + +Ak chcete do preambuly LaTeXového súboru vlo¾i» ïal¹ie príkazy, mô¾ete to + uroby» aj v dokumente LyXu. + Vyberte +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +ozlo¾enie->LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +pre +\bar under +a +\bar default +mbula +\family default + a pí¹te do zobrazeného okna. + V¹etko, èo napí¹ete (podobne ako v re¾ime TeX) bude poslané priamo LaTeXu. +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX má dobrú, ale nie úplnú podporu BiBTeXu, ktorý vám umo¾òuje vytvára» + databázy bibliografických referencií, pre pou¾itie vo viacerých dokumentoch. + Na vlo¾enie +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + súboru vyberte +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»->Zoznamy\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +o +\bar under +b +\bar default +sah-> +\bar under +B +\bar default +ibTeX\SpecialChar ~ +referencia +\family default + . + Kliknite na vytvorený obdå¾nik a zobrazí sa vám okienko +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +. + Do poµa +\family sans +Databáza +\family default + napí¹te to, èo by ste napísali do zátvoriek príkazu +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\family default +. + Do poµa +\family sans +©týl +\family default + napí¹te to, èo by ste napísali so zátvoriek príkazu +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Potom, èo to urobíte, mô¾ete pou¾íva» citáty z µubovoµnej bibliografie, + pou¾itím príkazu +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»->Referencia\SpecialChar ~ +na\SpecialChar ~ +citáci +\bar under +u +\family default +\bar default + (pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: citácie} + +\end_inset + +). + O spustenie BibTeXu sa postará LyX. + Dôvod preèo hovoríme, ¾e LyX nemá plnú podporu je, ¾e LyX nedoká¾e vytvára» + +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + súbory a vy nebudete ma» zoznam v¹etkých referencií z +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + súboru v okienku +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +citáciu +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Rôzne +\layout Standard + +Vlo¾te chránenú medzeru s +\family sans +C-Medzera +\family default +. + Na obrazovke sa zobrazí ako malé rú¾ové +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + V tomto +\emph on +Sprievodcovi +\emph toggle + ich je veµa. + Ïal¹ie ¹peciálne znaky (trojbodka, zalomenie riadku, bod rozdelenia) sú + v menu +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +lo¾i»->©peciálny\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +z +\bar default +nak +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Chyby! +\layout Standard + +Niekedy, keï spustíte LaTeX, mô¾u sa vyskytnú» chyby, ¾e LaTeX, alebo LyX + nieèomu nerozumejú. + Ak toto nastane, LyX zobrazí chybové okno (okno so slovom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Chyba +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). + Kliknutím na okno sa zobrazí okno s popisom aká chyba nastala. + Ak to bolo nieèo, èo ste urobili zle s LyXom, bude to chyba LyXu. + Toto by sa malo stáva» veµmi zriedkavo. + Ak má problém LaTeX (najèastej¹ie sa to stane, ak ste písali v re¾ime TeX), + potom LyX zobrazí LaTeXovú chybovú hlá¹ku. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/sk_UserGuide.lyx b/lib/doc/sk_UserGuide.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e50f8cb630 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/sk_UserGuide.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,19968 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\begin_preamble +% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!! +% +% I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints +% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, +% parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you +% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact +% the documentation team intead of messing around in here. --jpw 4/97 + +%% Widens the vertical table spacing +%% +\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25} +\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.45em} + + +%% Provides certain commands which are missing. +%% +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textyen}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{msa}\selectfont\char85}% +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textcurrency}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char27}% +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textcent}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char103}% +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\textbrokenbar}{% +{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char124}% +} + + +%% For some odd reason, this character isn't defined in T1-encoding. +%% +\DeclareInputText{"0AD}{\textendash} + + +%% Accented characters missing in non-T1 encodings. +%% +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\quotedblbase}{% +\raisebox{-1ex}{\textquotedblright} +\hspace{-0.7em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\quotesinglbase}{% +\raisebox{-1ex}{\textquoteright} +\hspace{-0.7em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotleft}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \ll\!\!\!}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotright}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \gg}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guilsinglleft}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle <\!\!\!}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guilsinglright}{% +\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle >}} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\DH}{% +D\hspace{-0.7em}\rule[0.8ex]{0.30em}{0.08ex}\hspace{0.40em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\dh}{% +\ensuremath{\mathrm{\partial}} +\hspace{-0.65em}\rule[1.35ex]{0.3em}{0.08ex}\hspace{0.35em} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\TH}{% +\textsc{I\hspace{-0.325em}p} +} +\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\th}{% +p\hspace{-0.55em}l +} +\end_preamble +\language slovak +\inputencoding latin2 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\float_placement htp +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 1 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language german +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +U¾ívateµská príruèka LyXu +\layout Author + +napísal LyX Tím, +\newline +do slovenèiny prelo¾il Stanislav Pe»ko (gabrielko@host.sk) +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Predstavenie +\layout Section + +Èo je LyX? +\layout Standard + +LyX je program, ktorý poskytuje modernej¹í prístup k písaniu dokumentov + na poèítaèi, prístup, ktorý prekonáva starý +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +koncept písacieho stroja +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Je robený pre µudí, ktorí chcú profesionálny výstup rýchlo, s minimálnym + vynalo¾eným úsilím a bez nutnosti sta» sa ¹pecialistom v sádzaní dokumentov. + Pri porovnaní s inými textovými procesormi, LyX zvý¹i produktivitu, zatiaµèo + o sádzanie sa väè¹inou stará poèítaè a nie autor. + S LyXom sa autor stará o obsah svojho textu a poèítaè sa stará o to, ako + bude text vyzera». +\layout Standard + +Technicky je to dané kombináciou pohodlného prostredia textového procesora + a kvalitného sádzacieho systému. + LyX pou¾íva najpopulárnej¹í, a podµa ná¹ho názoru aj najlep¹í sádzací systém: + LaTeX. + LaTeX sa pou¾íva na ¹irokú ¹kálu dokumentov, hlavne vedeckých. + Napríklad je ta¾ké nájs» matematickú, alebo poèítaèovú knihu, ktorá nie + je urobená v LaTeXu. + Kôli tomuto niektorí µudia tvrdia, ¾e jeho hlavný úèel je matematické sádzanie. + Toto nie je pravda. + LaTeX je takisto dobrý na písanie listov, èlánkov, kníh, alebo hocijakých + iných dokumentov a robí to lep¹ie ako mnohé iné textové procesory. + To, èo bráni µuïom v pou¾ívaní tohto mocného sádzacieho systému, je jeho + »a¾ké pou¾ívanie. + Na vytvorenie dokumentu musíte v èistom LaTeXu vlo¾i» do dokumentu mno¾stvo + sádzacích príkazov. + Výsledok nevidíte, pokiaµ svoj dokument nespracujete programom LaTeX. + Je tie¾ veµmi »a¾ké èíta» tieto dokumenty, kým nie sú vytlaèené. + Tak¾e editovanie nie je veµmi µahké. + A tu prichádza LyX. +\layout Standard + +LyX poskytuje +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +takmer-WYSIWYG +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + pohµad na dokument. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Takmer +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + znamená, ¾e zlomy riadkov a strán nie sú zobrazené presne tak, ako budú + vo vytlaèenom dokumente. + Av¹ak toto ani nie je potrebné, preto¾e LyX pou¾íva samostatný sádzací + program (LaTeX) aby urobil finálne formátovanie textu. + LyX musí poskytova» komfortné u¾ívateµské prostredie, sádzací program obsahuje + v¹etko na formátovanie textu. + Preèo by ste si mali pridáva» robotu pamätaním si v ktorej podsekcii v + ktorej sekcii v ktorej kapitole ste, aké èíslovanie pou¾ívate, aké veµké + sú rôzne nadpisy aké písmo ste pou¾ili na rôzne nadpisy atï., atï., atï\SpecialChar \ldots{} +, + keï toto v¹etko mô¾e robi» za vás poèítaè? Odpoveï je jednoduchá: nemali + by ste a s LyXom ani nemusíte. + Tak¾e zlomy riadkov a strán u¾ viac nie sú vá¹ problém. + Pamätanie si aké èíslo bude ma» nasledujúca sekcia u¾ nie je vá¹ problém. + Pamätanie si aké písmo ste pou¾ili na nadpis nie je u¾ vá¹ problém. + V LyXe si len vyberiete takzvané +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +prostredie odseku +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + To je v¹etko. + Ste hotový. +\layout Standard + +Toto vám dáva oveµa väè¹iu silu, ako si mo¾no myslíte. + U¾ viac nemusíte prechádza» 75 stránkový dokument a meni» èíslovanie sekcií, + preto¾e ste vymazali nejakú sekciu na zaèiatku dokumentu. + Mohli by ste napríklad vybra» sekciu, nadpis a jej telo, z jedného dokumentu + a vlo¾i» ju do iného. + LyX sa postará o preèíslovanie, pridá sekciu do obsahu a ïal¹ie veci! Preto¾e + ste povedali LyXu (a LaTeXu) aký +\emph on +druh +\emph toggle + dokumentu editujete, a aký +\emph on +typ +\emph toggle + odseku je tento text, poèítaè ho podµa toho mô¾e vysádza». + Vystrihnime nejaký odsek z dokumentu (povedzme z èlánku) a vlo¾me ho do + úplne iného (povedzme listu) a LyX sa postará o zvy¹ok. + Samozrejme, ¾e stále mô¾te robi» nejaké nízko-úrovòové formátovanie, aby + ste dokument +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +vyladili +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Av¹ak správny spôsob v LyXe je poveda» poèítaèu o aký text +\emph on +ide +\emph toggle +, nie ako by mal vyzera». + Tak¾e radi by sme povedali, ¾e LyX poskytuje WYSIWYM editovanie (What You + See Is What You Mean). +\layout Standard + +Niektorí µudia mô¾u by» zvádzaní k nazývaniu LyXu ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +frontend k LaTeXu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + To nie je celkom správne. + LyX robí interne nejaké sádzanie, aby text vyzeral správne na obrazovke. + Ïalej LyX má nejaké roz¹írenia LaTeXu, zvlá¹» robené pre koncept WYSIWYM. + Tak¾e je lep¹ie nazýva» LyX ako +\emph on +Vysoko úrovòový textový procesor +\emph toggle +, ktorý pou¾íva LaTeX ako svoj backend. +\layout Section + +O tomto dokumente +\layout Standard + +Ak ste neèitali +\emph on +Predstavenie +\emph toggle +, urobte tak. + A urobte to teraz. +\layout Standard + +Predstavenie popisuje niektoré veci, najmä formáty v¹etkých manuálov. + Tie¾ popisuje na èo ktorý manuál slú¾i. +\layout Standard + +Zoznam µudí, ktorí sa o nieèo zaslú¾ili, obsahujúci èlenov Dokumentaèného + Projektu LyX, sa nachádza na konci tohto dokumentu. +\layout Section + +Zaèíname +\layout Subsection + +Spustenie LyXu +\layout Standard + +Podobne ako iné Linuxácke (a iné typy Unixu) programy, LyX spustíte jednoducho + napísaním +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + ( +\family typewriter +klyx +\family default +) na príkazovom riadku. + Samozrejme, mô¾te prida» niekoµko parametrov, vrátane mien súborov. + Nebudeme tu znovu vymenováva» v¹etky parametre, preto¾e to sme urobili + v +\family typewriter +man +\family default + stránke LyXu. + Pozrite sa tam. +\layout Subsection + +Ako LyX vyzerá +\layout Subsubsection + +Hlavné okno +\layout Standard + +Ako väè¹ina aplikácií, LyX má na vrchu okna známe menu. + Pod ním sa nachádza nástrojová li¹ta s rozbaµovacím zoznamom a rôznými + tlaèítkami. + Samozrejme ¾e je tu vertikálna navigaèná li¹ta a pracovná plocha na editáciu + dokumentu. + Naspodku hlavného okna je malé okno, ktoré obsahuje jeden riadok textu. + Toto je minibuffer (termín, ktorý sme prevzali z GNU Emacs). + Nezobrazuje len informácie, ale tie¾ prijíma vstup. +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si, ¾e tu nie je ¾iadna horizontálna navigaèná li¹ta. + Toto nie je chyba, ale zámer. + Keï èítate knihu, oèakávate, ¾e riadok na konci +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +skoèí +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + na ïal¹í riadok. + Vo vertikálnom smere text preteká na nové stránky, preto staèí len vertikálna + navigaèná li¹ta. +\layout Standard + +Sú tri prípady, kedy by ste mohli chcie» horizontálnu li¹tu. + Prvým sú veµké obrázky, zobrazené WYSIWYG. + Av¹ak rutina, ktorá sa stará o zobrazenie obrázkov na obrazovke v LyXe + by mala tento obrázok zmen¹i», aby sa zmestil do okna, rovnako, ako by + ste ho potrebovali zmen¹i» vy, aby sa vám zmestil na stránku. + Druhý a tretí prípad sú tabuµky a rovnice, ktoré sú ¹ir¹ie ako okno LyXu. + Toto je skutoène problém, ktorý by mal by» odstránený v budúcich verziách + LyXu. +\layout Subsubsection + +Dialógy +\layout Standard + +Takmer v¹etky dialógy v LyXe majú tri základné tlaèítka: +\family sans +OK +\family default +, +\family sans +Pou¾i» +\family default +, +\family sans +Zru¹i» +\family default +. + Prvé a posledné sú samovysvetµujúce. + Tlaèítko +\family sans +Pou¾i» +\family default +, funguje podobne ako +\family sans +OK +\family default +, teda aktivuje v¹etky zmeny, ktoré ste v dialógu vykonali, ale tento dialóg + neuzavrie (ako to robí +\family sans +OK +\family default +). + V podstate stlaèenie +\family sans +OK +\family default + je rovnaké ako stlaèenie +\family sans +Pou¾i» +\family default + na potvrdenie zmien a následne stlaèenie +\family sans +Zru¹i» +\family default + na uzavretie dialógu. + Tieto tlaèítka majú klávesové skratky: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +OK +\family default + reaguje na klávesu +\family sans +Enter +\family default +, ako vo väè¹ine programov +\layout Itemize + +Pou¾i» na kombináciu +\family sans +M-a +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Táto klávesová skratka by mala fungova» v anglickej verzii LyXu. + V lokalizovanej (slovenský KLyX 0.10.0) mi nefungovala a ani som nepri¹iel + na to, aká tam je (asi ¾iadna :-( ). +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Zru¹i» na klávesu +\family sans +Esc +\layout Standard + +Sú nejaké dialógy, ktoré majú iné tlaèítka, ale niet sa èoho obáva», preto¾e + sú obyèajne zrozumiteµné.Iba sme chceli vysvetli» èo robí tlaèítko +\family sans +Pou¾i» +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +POMOC! +\layout Standard + +Help pozostáva z manuálov LyXu. + +\emph on +V¹etky +\emph toggle + manuály mô¾ete èíta» priamo v LyXe. + Jednoducho si vyberte ten, ktorý chcete, z menu +\family sans +Pomocník +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Manuály ako také by sme radi tro¹ku okomentovali. + Tu je nieèo, èo raz o manuáloch povedal jeden z na¹ích autorov, +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun toggle +: +\layout Quotation + +Nenávidím manuály +\layout Quotation + +Áno. + U¾ sme sa v¹etci stretli s tými strohými, zle prelo¾enými manuálmi. + Za prvé, polovicu èasu strávia podrobným oboznámením u¾ívateµa o tom, ako + zaobchádza» s my¹ou, èo je menu, atï., atï., atï. + Prosím vás. + Ak niekto nevie ako pou¾íva» vlastný poèítaè, alebo GUI, tak by si mal + sadnú» a nauèi» sa to +\emph on +predtým +\emph toggle +, ako zaène pou¾íva» dôle¾itý softvér. +\layout Quotation + +Za druhé, informácie, ktoré poskytujú predpokladajú, ¾e u¾ívateµ je blbý. + To je úplný nezmysel! Podµa mojích skúseností väè¹ina u¾íavteµov je zastra¹enýc +h a nevie ako ïalej, ale nie sú hlúpi. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Poznámka vydavateµa: S týmto na pamäti som navádzal v¹etkých autorov, aby + ich prístup bol viac pedagogický ako pedantný. + - jw +\layout Section + +Prostredie LyXu +\layout Subsection + +Základné operácie so súbormi +\layout Standard + +V menu súbor je 9 operácií, základných pre ka¾dý textový procesor: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Nový +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Nový zo ¹ablóny +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Otvori» +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Zavrie» +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Ulo¾ +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Ulo¾i» ako +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Tento príkaz je napísaný ako +\family sans +Ulo¾i» +\family default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +\bar under +a +\bar default +ko +\family default +, tzn. + má rovnakú skratku ako +\family sans +Nový\SpecialChar ~ +zo\SpecialChar ~ +¹ +\bar under +a +\bar default +blóny +\family default +, ku ktorému tá skratka aj v skutoènosti patrí. + Príkaz +\family sans +Ulo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +ako +\family default + teda nemá nijakú skratku. + To isté platí aj o príkaze +\family sans +K +\bar under +o +\bar default +niec +\family default +. + Dúfam, ¾e v lokalizáciách ïal¹ích verzií sa toto odstráni. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +V +\bar under +r +\bar default +áti» sa k ulo¾enému +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Tlaèi» +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Koniec +\layout Standard + +V¹etky robia rovnaké veci ako v ostatných textových procesoroch, s nejakými + drobnými odli¹nos»ami. + Príkaz Súbor->Nový zo ¹ablóny sa nespýta iba na meno nového súboru, ale + aj na meno ¹ablóny, ktorú má pou¾i». + Vybraním ¹ablóny automaticky nastaví urèité vlastnosti prostredia dokumentu + --- vlastnosti, ktoré by ste inak museli nastavi» manuálne. + Tie sa pou¾ívajú pre urèité triedy, zvlá¹» na písanie listov (pozri +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: dok-triedy} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Poznámka: Nie je ¾iadny +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +¹tandardný súbor +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + alebo dokument nazvaný +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +ne\SpecialChar \- +po\SpecialChar \- +me\SpecialChar \- +no\SpecialChar \- +va\SpecialChar \- +ný +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Dokiaµ nepoviete LyXu aby otvoril súbor, alebo vytvoril nový, ten veµký + prázdny priestor je len --- veµký prázdny priestor. +\layout Standard + +Príkaz +\family sans +Vráti» sa k ulo¾enému +\family default + je u¾itoèný ak na jednom dokumente pracuje súèasne viac µudí. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ak plánujete pracova» takto, preèítajte si o Správe verzíí v LyXe v manuále + +\emph on +Ïal¹ie mo¾nosti editácie +\emph toggle +. +\end_inset + + Jednoducho znovu naèíta dokument z disku. + Samozrejme, mô¾ete ho pou¾i» ak µutujete ¾e ste zmenili dokument a chcete + ho obnovi» od posledného ulo¾enia. +\layout Standard + +Príkazy Zavrie» a Koniec zobrazia provokatívne okno, ktorým nás chránia + pred na¹ou vlastnou hlúpos»ou. + To znamená, ¾e ak sa pokúsite zavrie» súbor, v ktorom boli vykonané zmeny + (alebo ukonèi» LyX), budete informovaný, ¾e sú otvorené a neulo¾ené súbory. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Niektorí z vás mo¾no vedia, ¾e predchádzajúce verzie LyXu mô¾u spadnú», + ak sa pokúsite zavrie» okno z window mana¾éra (dvojklikom na µavý horný + roh). + Toto bolo opravené vo verzii 0.12, tak¾e teraz je to bezpeèné. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Základy editovania +\layout Standard + +Ako väè¹ina moderných textových procesorov, LyX mô¾e vystrihova» a vklada» + bloky textu, mô¾e sa pohybova» po znakoch, slovách, alebo stránkach (obrazovkov +ých) a mô¾e maza» celé slová a jednotlivé znaky. + Nasledujúce ¹tyri sekcie pokrývajú základné mo¾nosti editácie v LyXe. + Zaèneme s vystrihovaním a vkladaním. +\layout Standard + +Ako ste isto oèakávali, menu +\family sans +Upravi» +\family default + má príkazy vystrihnú» a vlo¾i», a rôzne ïal¹ie editovacie príkazy. + Niektoré z nich sú ¹peciálne a sú popísané v ïal¹ích sekciách, ako napríklad + podmenu +\family sans +Insety +\family default +. + Základné príkazy sú: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Vystrihnú» +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Kopírova» +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Find\SpecialChar ~ +&Replace +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Asi chyba lokalizácie. + Toto je skutoène napísné takto. + Ak tomu nerozumiete, znamená to Nájdi a nahraï. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Prvé tri sú samozrejmé. + Jedna vec, ktorú si zapamätajte: ak vyma¾ete blok textu, ktorý ste oznaèili, + automaticky sa umiestni do schránky. + To znamená, ¾e klávesy +\family sans +Delete +\family default + a +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + tie¾ fungujú ako príkaz +\family sans +V +\bar under +y +\bar default +strihnú» +\family default + (fungujú na oznaèený text, nie na samostatný znak). + Tak isto, ak máte oznaèený text, buïte opatrný. + Ak stlaèíte klávesu, LyX oznaèený text vyma¾e a nahradí ho tým, èo ste + napísali. + Ak chcete vymazaný text vráti», pou¾ite príkaz +\family sans +Vráti» spä» +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Príkaz +\family sans +Find\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Replace +\family default + otvorí okno +\family sans +Hµada» a zameni» +\family default +. + LyX túto funkciu vykonáva tro¹ku odli¹ne od iných komerèných programov. + Text, ktorý chcete vyhµada» napí¹ete do poµa +\family sans +Hµada» +\family default +. + Dve tlaèítka so ¹ípkami prehµadávajú smerom dopredu a dozadu v dokumente. + Ak ste na¹li slovo alebo výraz, LyX ho oznaèí. + Stalèením talèítka +\family sans +Vymeni» +\family default +, sa oznaèený text nahradí obsahom poµa +\family sans +Vymeni»\SpecialChar ~ +za +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Teda si to upresníme: nemô¾ete zameni» slovo, pokiaµ ho najprv nevyhµadáte. +\layout Standard + +Tlaèítkom +\family sans +Replace All +\family default + (Zameni» v¹etko) zameníte v¹etky výskyty hµadaného výrazu. + Tu samozrejme nemusíte pou¾i» ¹ípky na vyhµadanie prvého výskytu výrazu. +\layout Standard + +Prepínaè +\family sans +Uva¾ova» veµkos» +\family default + pou¾ijete, ak chcete rozli¹ova» malé a veµké písmená. + Ak je za¹krtnuté, slová +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Výraz +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +výraz +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + sú rôzne. +\layout Standard + +Prepínaèom +\family sans +Len celé +\bar under +s +\bar default +lová +\family default + prinútite LyX, aby vyhµadával len celé slová. + Teda hµadanie slova +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +výraz +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, nenájde slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +výrazy +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + + +\family sans +Vráti» spä» +\family default + a +\family sans +Opakova» vrátené +\layout Standard + +Ak urobíte chybu, jednoducho ju mô¾ete opravi». + LyX má zásobník vráti»/o\SpecialChar \- +pa\SpecialChar \- +ko\SpecialChar \- +va» s nekoneènou kapacitou. + Príkazom +\family sans +Upravi»->Vráti»\SpecialChar ~ +spä» +\family default + opravíte nejakú chybu. + Ak ho náhodou pou¾ijete príli¹ veµa krát, príkazom +\family sans +Upravi»->Opakova»\SpecialChar ~ +vrátené +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +vrátie spä» to, èo ste vrátili spä» +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Nemô¾ete vráti» spä» zmeny, ktoré boli urobené pred otvorením dokumentu + (pri predo¹lých editáciách). + V takom prípade bude tento príkaz neprístupný. + Tie¾ si v¹imnite, ¾e ak vrátite spä» v¹etky zmeny, a¾ do stavu v akom bol + dokument naposledy ulo¾ený, príznak dokumentu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Zmenený +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (v nadpise okna) nie je zru¹ený. +\layout Standard + +Tieto dva príkazy fungujú takmer na v¹etko. + S textom samozrejme nepracujú po znakoch, ale po blokoch textu. + Treba to párkrát pou¾i», aby ste zistili ako pracujú. +\layout Subsection + +Základy ovládania my¹ou +\layout Standard + +Nebudeme sa tu zaobera» v¹etkými funkciami my¹i. + Ïal¹ie sekcie tohto manuálu popisujú ¹pecifické operácie ktoré mô¾ete robi» + s my¹ou. + Namiesto toho popí¹eme väè¹inu základných operácií. +\layout Enumerate + +Pohyb +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Raz kliknite +\emph on +µavým my¹ítkom +\emph toggle + hocikde v editovacom okne. + Kurzor sa presunie na text pod my¹ou. +\layout Itemize + +Referencie +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +¥avým my¹ítkom +\emph toggle + kliknite na tlaèítko referencie. + Preskoèíte do odkazovanej sekcie. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Oznaèovanie textu +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Dr¾te stlaèené +\emph on +µavé my¹ítko +\emph toggle + a »ahajte my¹. + LyX oznaèí text medzi starou a novou pozíciou kurzora my¹i. + Funguje to rovnako ako v iných programoch. +\layout Itemize + +Text vlo¾íte kliknutím +\emph on +prostredným my¹ítkom +\emph toggle +. + LyX vlo¾í text zo schránky na pozíciu, kde ste klikli. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Poznámky pod èiarou, na okraji, obrázky, atï. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tieto veci otvára jednoduchý klik +\emph on +µavým my¹ítkom +\emph toggle +. + Pre podrobnej¹ie informácie si pozrite príslu¹nú sekciu tohto manuálu. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Tabuµky +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Jednoduchý klik +\emph on +pravým my¹ítkom +\emph toggle + otvorí menu, ktoré vám umo¾ní manipulova» s tabuµkou. +\end_deeper +\layout Subsection + +Základy ovládania klávesnicou +\layout Standard + +Ani tu nebudeme rozobera» celé klávesové ovládanie. + +\emph on +V¹etky +\emph toggle + klávesové skratky sú popísané v +\emph on +Referenènej príruèke +\emph toggle +. +\layout Standard + +Niektoré klávesy, ako napríklad +\family sans +PageUp +\family default +, +\family sans +PageDown +\family default +, ¹ípky +\family sans +Vµavo +\family default +, +\family sans +Vpravo +\family default +, +\family sans +Hore +\family default +, +\family sans +Nadol +\family default + robia presne to, èo od nich oèakávate, Ïal¹ie nie: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + V LyXe neexistuje také nieèo ako tabulátor. + Ak tomu nerozumiete, hneï teraz si preèítajte sekcie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: odsek-zarovnanie} + +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: odsek-prostredia} + +\end_inset + +, zvlá¹» sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: odsek-prostr-zoz} + +\end_inset + +. + Ak ste stále zmätený, pozrite si +\emph on +Sprievodcu +\emph toggle + (manuál +\emph on +Základy práce +\emph toggle +). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +ru¹iaca klávesa +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Vo v¹eobecnosi sa pou¾íva na ru¹enie operácií. + V ïal¹ích èastiach manuálu sa na to pozrieme detailnej¹ie. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Home\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +End +\family default + Presúvajú kurzor na zaèiatok a koniec riadku. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Backspace\SpecialChar ~ +a\SpecialChar ~ +Delete +\family default + Ak máte správne nastavenú klávesnicu v X-Windows sys\SpecialChar \- +té\SpecialChar \- +me, +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + gunguje ako má, a +\family sans +Delete +\family default + vyma¾e znak za kurzorom (ak nie je oznaèený ¾iadny text). +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ak ste si e¹te nenastavili klávesnicu v X-kách, alebo ani neviete èo tým + myslíme, okam¾ite si preèítajte sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: x-win-kbd} + +\end_inset + +. + U¹etríte si kopu starostí. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ïalej nasleduje zoznam modifikaèných klávesov: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Control +\family default + Má rôzne pou¾itie, v závislosti na tom s akou klávesou ho skombinujete: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +S klávesami +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + a +\family sans +Delete +\family default + vyma¾e celé slovo namiesto jedného znaku. +\layout Itemize + +So ¹ípkami +\family sans +Vµavo +\family default + a +\family sans +Vpravo +\family default + pohybuje kurzor po celých slovách. +\layout Itemize + +S klávesami +\family sans +Home +\family default + a +\family sans +End +\family default + sa presunie na zaèiatok a koniec dokumentu. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Shift +\family default + Spolu s kurzorovými ¹ípkami oznaèí text. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Meta +\family default + Ako sme sa zmienili skôr, na väè¹ine klávesníc je toto klávesa +\family sans +Alt +\family default +. + Má veµa rôznych pou¾ití, ale tie¾ aktivuje menu. + Ak ju pou¾ijete s písmenom, ktoré je v menu podèiarknuté, otvorí dané menu. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Napríklad kombinácia +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M-s +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, otvorí menu +\family sans +Súbor +\family default +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M-u\SpecialChar ~ +l +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + vlo¾í text. +\layout Standard + +Ïal¹ie pou¾itie +\family sans +Meta +\family default + klávesy si budete musie» preèíta» v +\emph on +Referenènej príruèke +\emph toggle +. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Poèas pou¾ívania LyXu sa nauèíte èoraz viac klávesových skratiek, preto¾e + väè¹ina príkazov my¹i zobrazí v minibufferi správu, ktorá popisuje danú + akciu a aj klávesovú skratku pre òu. + Ich notácia je podobná tej, ktorú pou¾ívame v dokumentácii, tak¾e by ste + nemali ma» problémy s porozumením. + Av¹ak v¹imnite si, ¾e modifikátor +\family sans +Shift +\family default + je v¾dy explicitne urèený, tak¾e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M-p S-A +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + znamená +\family sans +Meta-p +\family default + nasledované veµkým +\family sans +A +\family default +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S-C-S +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + znamená +\family sans +Shift-Control-s +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Pou¾ívanie LyXu s ïal¹ími programami +\layout Subsection + +Importovanie ASCII súborov +\layout Standard + +ASCII textový súbor mô¾ete importova» príkazom +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +ASCII\SpecialChar ~ +súbor +\family default +. + Obsahuje dve rôzne mo¾nosti: +\family sans +Ako\SpecialChar ~ +riadky +\family default + a +\family sans +Ako\SpecialChar ~ +odstavce +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Mo¾nos» +\family sans +Ako\SpecialChar ~ +riadky +\family default + urobí z ka¾dého riadku súboru vlastný odstavec LyXu. + Je to u¾itoèné, ak importujete textový súbor s jednoduchým zoznamom. + Ak súbor bude obsahova» odseky, LyX ich znièí. +\layout Standard + +Mo¾nos» +\family sans +Ako\SpecialChar ~ +odstavce +\family default + uchová odstavce vytvorené v textovom súbore. + V takýchto textových súboroch èasto nevojde odstavec na jeden riadok a + preto klávesou +\family sans +Enter +\family default + rozdelíte odstavec na niekoµko riadkov. + Pri importe budú takéto odstavce zru¹ené. + Za odstavec LyXu je pova¾ované v¹etko medzi dvoma prázdnymi riadkami. + Teda medzi dvoma odstavcami musí by» +\emph on +úplne prázdny +\emph toggle + riadok. + Ináè LyX spojí dokopy dva odstavce. +\layout Subsection + +Vystrihovanie a vkladanie medzi LyXom a inými X programami +\layout Standard + +Operácie +\family sans +Vystrihnú» +\family default +, +\family sans +Kopírova» +\family default + a +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default + fungujú len v rámci LyXu. + V súèasnosti nie je mo¾né kopírova» text z LyXu do inej X-Window aplikácie. + Je nám to µúto, ale e¹te sme to neimplementovali. +\layout Standard + +Opaèným spôsobom to v¹ak funguje. + To znamená, ¾e mô¾ete kopírova» text z inej X-Window palikácie do LyXu. + Toto vkladanie textu pracuje ako import ASCII súborov: text mô¾ete vklada» + ako riadky alebo odseky. + Pou¾ite: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +primárnu\SpecialChar ~ +selekcie\SpecialChar ~ +ako\SpecialChar ~ +riadky +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +primárnu\SpecialChar ~ +selekciu\SpecialChar ~ +ako\SpecialChar ~ +odstavce +\layout Standard + +z menu +\family sans +Upravi» +\family default +. +\layout Chapter + +Nastavenia LyXu a podporné aplikácie +\layout Section + +Predstavenie +\layout Standard + +Ak pou¾ívate LyX na systéme, ktorý u¾ niekto pre vás nastavil, túto kapitolu + mô¾ete v pohode preskoèi». + Popisuje v¹etky veci, ktoré potrebujete okrem bináriek LyXu a súborov, + ktoré sú s ním distribuované. +\layout Standard + +Ak in¹talujete LyX, +\emph on +mali by ste si preèíta» README súbory, ktoré sú v distribúcií LyXu a potom + súbor +\emph toggle + +\family sans +Help->Konfigurácia LaTeX-u +\family default +. + Táto kapitola nepopisuje in¹taláciu bináriek LyXu (nie úplne\SpecialChar \ldots{} +). + Popisuje v¹etky veci, ktoré budete potrebova», aby ste mohli vyu¾íva» LyX + naplno. +\emph default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Tu jednoducho zdokumetujeme nieèo o pou¾ívaní LyXu, vrátane toho, aké ïal¹ie + programy potrebujete, aby bol LyX u¾itoèný. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Po¾iadavky +\layout Standard + +Verzia LyXu distribuovaná ako binárne súbory potrebuje len X-Windows (X11R6). + Ale tie¾ by mal ís» pod X11R5. + LyX je celkom malý (okolo 1MB bez XForms) a tie» nepotrebuje veµa pamäti + na ukladanie dokumentov. + Nie je a¾ taký rýchly +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Mô¾e chvíµu trva», kým sa zobrazí text písaný novým písmom, preto¾e písmo + musí by» natiahnuté do X-servera. + LyX fonty nenatiahne, pokiaµ ich nebude potrebova», tak¾e nie v¹etky fonty + sú prístupné okam¾ite vo v¹etkých mo¾ných ¹týloch a veµkostiach. +\end_inset + +, ale dos» rýchly, aby vám umo¾nil prácu na 386DX40 s 8MB RAM. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Poznámka od +\noun on +Matthiasa +\noun toggle +: +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Poznám µudí, ktorí to robia. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ak chcete tlaèi» a prezra» náhµad, tie¾ potrebujete úplnú in¹taláciu balíka + LaTeX2e, vrátane +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + a +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + LyX nepracuje s LaTeXom 2.09 (zmeny, ktoré by ste museli urobi» v zdrojákoch + LyXu sú podstatne prácnej¹ie ako upgradovanie LaTeXu). +\layout Standard + +Ak si chcete skompilova» svoje vlastné binárky, potrebujete kni¾nicu XForms. + Od verzie LyXu 0.12, budete potrebova» jednu z verzií 0.81, 0.86, 0.88 kni¾nice + XForms. + Doporuèujeme verziu 0.88, preto¾e tá vám umo¾ní viac vecí. + Získa» ju mô¾ete na: +\layout Itemize + +http://bloch.phys.uwm.edu/xforms/ +\layout Itemize + +ftp://einstein.phys.uwm.edu/pub/xforms/ +\layout Itemize + +ftp://ftp.cs.ruu.nl/pub/XFORMS +\layout Standard + +Tie¾ potrebujete kni¾nicu pixmap (libXpm). + Toto by ale nemal by» problém, preto¾e je to èas» väè¹iny moderných Unixov. + Len sa uistite, èi máte správnu verziu kni¾nice pixmap pre va¹u verziu + kni¾nice XForms. + Sú nejaké problémy s nekompatibilitou. + Od verzie LyXu 0.12 budete potrebova» kni¾nicu libXpm verzie 4.7 alebo 4.8. +\layout Standard + +Ku kompilovaniu LyXu\SpecialChar \ldots{} + No\SpecialChar \ldots{} +, tento dokument by ste neèítali, ak u¾ ste to neurobili, + ¾e? +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ak vám niekdo dal vytlaèený tento manuál a zdrojové súbory LyXu, ¾iadajte + pomoc od +\emph on +neho +\emph toggle +. + Alebo si preèítajte súbory README. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Základné nastavenia LyXu +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: nastavenie} + +\end_inset + +Pravdepodobne by ste toto neèítali, keby ste u¾ nemali fungujúci LyX, tak¾e + toto tu rozobera» nebudeme. + Je zopár vecí o in¹talácii a nastavení LyXu, o ktorých sa chceme zmieni». +\layout Standard + +Sú dva spôsoby ako spusti» LyX. + Prvým je nain¹talovanie LyXu a podporných programov na vá¹ systém. + Samozrejme, ¾e na to potrebujete práva roota. + Druhý spôsob nevy¾aduje práva roota, a dovoµuje vám +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +nain¹talova» +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + LyX niekde na va¹e konto. + LyX automaticky detekuje kde to je, pokiaµ podporné adresáru budú na správnych + miestach. +\layout Standard + +Niektoré vlastnosti LyXu sa dajú nakonfigurova» z LyXu, bez prepisovania + configuraèných súborov. + Za prvé, LyX je schopný preskúma» vá¹ systém, aby videl aké programy, triedy + dokumentov LaTeXu a LaTeXové balíky sú dostupné. + Toto pou¾íva ako ¹tandardné hodnoty niektorých premenných v súbore +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. + Táto konfigurácia u¾ bola urobená keï bol LyX in¹talovaný na vá¹ systém, + ale mô¾ete ma» nejaké veci, ktoré ste si nain¹talovali lokálne a ktoré + LyX nevidí. + Aby ste prinútili LyX znovu preskúma» systém, pou¾ite príkaz +\family sans +Mo¾nosti->Prekonfigurova» +\family default +. + Potom by ste LyX mali re¹tartova», aby boli zmeny brané do úvahy. + Pokiaµ ide o triedy a balíky LaTeXu, informácie o tom èo bolo nájdené, + sú v súbore +\family sans +Pomocník->Konfigurácia\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX-u. +\layout Standard + +Druhá mno¾ina nastavení, ktoré by ste mohli chcie» zmeni», pokrýva nastavenia + na úrovni dokumentu a mô¾ete ich zmeni» dialógmi +\family sans +Dokument +\family default +, +\family sans +Papier +\family default +, +\family sans +Úvodzovky +\family default + a +\family sans +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +preambula +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pou¾ívatelia LyXu 0.10.x si mo¾no spomenú, ¾e tieto nastavenia boli prístupné + v súbore +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. + To u¾ je minulos»ou. +\end_inset + +. + Na zmenu týchto nastavení otvorte (pravdepodobne nový) dokument, nastavte + si v¹etko podµa svojich preds\SpecialChar \- +táv a nastavenia ulo¾te príkazom +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie->Ulo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +rozlo¾enie\SpecialChar ~ +ako\SpecialChar ~ +preddefinované +\family default +. + Toto vytvorí ¹ablónu pomenovanú +\family typewriter +default.lyx +\family default +, ktorá je automaticky na»ahovaná LyXom pri otváraní súboru bez ¹ablóny. +\layout Standard + +Je veµa ïal¹ích konfigurovateµných vlastností LyXu. + Na zaèiatku sa LyX pokú¹a èíta» súbor nazvaný +\family typewriter +~/.lyx/lyxrc +\family default + pod va¹im domovským adresárom. + Ak tento súbor neexistuje, LyX èíta globálny súbor +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. + O týchto konfiguraèných súboroch sa doèítate viac dokumente +\emph on +Prispôsobenie +\emph toggle +. +\layout Section + +Nastavenie X klávesnice +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: x-win-kbd} + +\end_inset + +Aby ste mohli správne pou¾íva» LyX, musíte správne nastavi» X-ká. + Zvlá¹» je to nutné, ak pou¾ívate medzinárodnú podporu LyXu a chcete pou¾íva» + neanglické mapovania klávesnice. + Nane¹»astie takmer nikto sa o toto nestará a zvlá¹» tí, ktorí nain¹talovali + Linux na PC. + Administrátori veµkých systémov tie¾ mô¾u by» v tomto vinný, tak¾e nepredpoklad +ajte, ¾e ak pou¾ívate veµký systém, ste v bezpeèí. + Ka¾dý u¾ívateµ mô¾e poveda» X-kám ako pou¾íva» jeho, alebo jej klávesnicu. + Nemusíte sa spolieha» na svojho systémového administrátora --- v podstate + by ste +\emph on +nemali +\emph toggle +! Nasledujúce dva programy sú v¹etko èo potrebujete, aby ste nastavili klávesnic +u ako chcete. +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default + a +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\layout Standard + +V prvom rade si preèítajte manuálové stránky k týmto programom. + Sú va¹e najlep¹ie priateµky, keï sa pokú¹ate správne nastavi» mapovanie + v X. + Ak ich nemáte, doin¹talujte ich. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\layout Standard + +Tento dokument neobsahuje ¾iadne informácie ako pou¾íva» +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default +.V +\emph on +Pris\SpecialChar \- +pô\SpecialChar \- +so\SpecialChar \- +be\SpecialChar \- +ní +\emph toggle + je uká¾kový súbor .Xmodmap. +\emph default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + V manuále +\emph on +Prispôsobenie +\emph toggle + ( +\emph on +Customizing LyX +\emph toggle +) som niè také nena¹iel. +\end_inset + + Na natiahnutie nového mapovania X klávesnice napí¹te príkaz +\family typewriter +xmodmap\SpecialChar ~ +.Xmodmap +\family default + niekde do svojich spú¹»acích skriptov (napr. + +\family typewriter +.cshrc +\family default +, +\family typewriter +.profile +\family default +, +\family typewriter +.login +\family default +, alebo +\family typewriter +.xinitrc +\family default +). +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\layout Standard + +Tento program plní va¹e sny! Graficky zobrazuje va¹u klávesnicu a dovoµuje + vám robi» modifikácie a potom vypísa» tieto modifikácie na ¹tandardný výstup + vo forme èitateµnej pre +\family typewriter +xmodmap +\family default +. + Je veµmi u¾itoèný, keï si chcete vyrobi» nový +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default + súbor, av¹ak bude to vy¾adova» trochu vystrihovania a vkladania. +\layout Subsection + +Modifikátory a Mode_switch +\layout Standard + +LyX podporuje tri modifikátory: +\family sans +Shift +\family default + ( +\family sans +S- +\family default +), +\family sans +Control +\family default + ( +\family sans +C- +\family default +) a +\family sans +Meta +\family default + ( +\family sans +M- +\family default +). + Ïalej, ak jedna z klávesov va¹ej klávesnice je nakonfigurovaná ako +\family sans +Compose +\family default + klávesa, mô¾ete ju pou¾i» na vkladanie niektorých znakov, ktoré nie sú + na klávesnici. + Táto klávesa sa mô¾e pou¾íva» ako modifikátor (ako +\family sans +Shift +\family default + alebo +\family sans +Control +\family default +), alebo ako prefixová klávesa. + Tu je zopár príkladov, èo mô¾ete robi» s klávesou +\family sans +Compose +\family default +: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose +\family default ++ +\family sans +e +\family default ++ +\family sans +' +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + é +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose +\family default ++ +\family sans +o +\family default ++ +\family sans +r +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + ® +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose +\family default ++ +\family sans +1 +\family default ++ +\family sans +2 +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + ½ +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Compose +\family default ++ +\family sans +< +\family default ++ +\family sans +< +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + « +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Neviem aká klávesa funguje ako +\family sans +Compose +\family default + klávesa u mòa (ak vôbec funguje), tak¾e tie znaky som napísal normálne + (prípadne prekopíroval z anglického dokumentu). + Dúfam, ¾e èasom na to prídem. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Táto metóda je èiastoène vhodná, keï takéto znaky pou¾vate len obèas. + ©andardne pracuje pre znaky latin1, ale ïal¹ie by sa mali da» pou¾i», ak + máte správne nastavené locale. +\layout Subsection + +Pomocné tipy a triky +\layout Standard + +Najprv si otvorte dva xterminály. + Jeden pou¾ite na editovanie súboru +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default + a druhý na spú¹»anie +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default +. + Pomocou +\family sans +xkyecaps +\family default + premapujte klávesnicu ako chcete. + Je tam tlaèítko, ktorým vypí¹ete novú mapu klávesnice. + Ak ho stlaèíte, +\family typewriter +xkeycaps +\family default + vypí¹e nieèo na terminál, z ktorého ste ho spustili. + Skopírujte to a vlo¾te do súboru +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family default + a ste hotový. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Mô¾ete si u¹etri» prácu spustením xkeycaps +\family sans +.Xmodmap +\family default +. + Toto vám vytvorí pou¾iteµnú klávesovú mapu. + Samozrejme, ¾e ak stlaèíte tlaèítko na výstup viackrát, výsledok bude neporiado +k. + Ako v¹etky veci, +\family sans +xkeycaps +\family default + je nástroj a je len tak inteligentný ako osoba, ktorá ho pou¾íva. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Je tie¾ niekoµko vecí, ktoré vám umo¾nia lep¹iu orientáciu. + Skúste spusti» príkaz +\family typewriter +xmodmap -v -pm +\family default +. + Uká¾e vám v¹etky aktuálne modifikátory. + Taktie¾ skúste +\family typewriter +xmodmap -v -pke | more +\family default +, aby ste videli, ktoré kódy kláves sú priradené ktorým symbolickým menám. + Tie¾ vám to dá nieèo o tom, aká je syntax súboru +\family typewriter +.Xmodmap +\family sans +. +\layout Standard + +Jednu vec by ste si mali skontrolova». + Uistite sa, ¾e klávesy +\family sans +BackSpace +\family default + a +\family sans +Delete +\family default + nemajú v X-och definované rovnaké klávesové symboly! V¹imnite si, ¾e priradenie + unikátnych symbolických mien nezmení nutne chovanie vá¹ho programu. + Niektoré programy prepoja +\family sans +Delete +\family default + a +\family sans +BackSpace +\family default + na rovnakú operáciu. + Jedným z nich je Emacs. + Iné programy tieto klávesy pou¾ívajú na rôzne oprácie. + LyX je jedným z nich, a ak máte +\family sans +Delete +\family default + a +\family sans +BackSpace +\family default + oznaèený rovnakým symbolickým menom, mô¾ete ma» v LyXe problémy. +\layout Section + +LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Ak chcete robi» s LyXom viac ako napísa» len dokument a vygenrova» +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + súbor, budete potrebova» LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +V prípade ¾e sa èudujete, LaTeX je roz¹írenie TeXu, systému prípravy dokumentov, + vyvynutého v roku 1984 Donaldom Knuthom. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Poznámka k výslovnosti: TeX pochádza z gréckeho slova +\begin_inset Formula $\tau\varepsilon\chi$ +\end_inset + +, ktoré sa vyslovuje +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +tech +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + + TeX z ASCII súboru èíta mno¾inu príkazov a konvertuje ich do formátu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +nezávislý od zariadenia +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (device-independent), alebo v skratke Dvi. + Dvi súbor mô¾e by» potom poslaný na tlaèiareò. + TeX je programovateµný a LaTeX nie je niè iné, len (veµmi veµká) mno¾ina + makier TeXu. + LaTeX obyèajne prichádza s distribúciou TeXu, tak¾e potrebujete len balík + TeXu. +\layout Standard + +V súèasnosti sa be¾ne pou¾ívajú dve verzie LaTeXu. + Star¹ia LaTeX 2.09 a nov¹ia LaTeX2e. + LyX pracuje len s verziou LaTeX2e. +\layout Standard + +Aby sme si to vyjasnili: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.23cm \added_space_bottom 0.23cm \paragraph_spacing single +\align center +LyX +\emph on +BUDE PRACOVA« LEN S +\emph toggle + LaTeXom2e!!! +\layout Standard + +Ak máte verziu 2.09, povedzte administrátorovi, aby upgradeoval. +\layout Standard + +Ak pou¾ívate Linux, LaTeX2e by mal by» vo va¹ej distribúcii. + Pozrite sa na in¹trukcie v distribúcii a nain¹talujte balík TeX ak ste + to e¹te neurobili. + V¹etko èo potrebujete tam bude, aj s nejakými vecami, ktoré pravdepodobne + potrebova» nebudete. +\layout Standard + +Pri ïal¹ích systémoch sa pravdepodobne budete musie» porozpráva» s administrátor +om o in¹talácii TeXu/LaTeXu, ak nie je nain¹talovaný. +\layout Section + +Dvips a Ghostscript +\layout Subsection + +Èo potrebujete +\layout Standard + +Je e¹te jeden krok, ktorý musíte urobi», ak chcete tlaèi» va¹e dokumenty + LyXu. + Obyèajne sa budete musie» uisti», èi máte nakonfigurovanú tlaèiareò (pozri + nasledujúcu sekciu). + A ak ich e¹te nemáte, nain¹talujte si nasledovné programy (alebo s nimi + kompatibilné): +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +dvips +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +xdvi +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +ghostview +\layout Standard + +Posledné dva sú prezeraèe PostScriptových a Dvi súborov. + Ak neviete èo je to +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + súbor, pravdepodobne ste s LaTeXom nepracovali a najprv by ste si mali + preèíta» +\emph on +Sprievodcu +\emph toggle +. + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + konvertuje dvi súbor do PostScriptu, èo je formát väè¹iny dnes pou¾ívaných + tlaèiarní. + Tí, ktorí pou¾ívate ihlièkové a atramentové tlaèiarne, budete musie» PostScript + súbor prefiltrova» cez +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +, ktorý je schopý vyrobi» výstup pre rôzne tlaèiarne. + Nasledujúca sekcia o nastavení tlaèe popisuje, ako toto v¹etko robi» automatick +y v¾dy, keï chcete tlaèi». + Teraz sa zameriame na +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +dvips +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: dvipskonfig} + +\end_inset + +Èi budete pou¾íva» LyX na veµkom systéme, alebo na domácom poèítaèi, mali + by ste nakonfigurova» +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +tlaèí +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + do súboru, alebo posiela výstup priamo na tlaèiareò, v závislosti na tom, + ako je nakonfigurované. + Ak je nastavená tlaè do súboru a nie je ¹pecifikované ¾iadne meno, jednoducho + urobí zo +\family typewriter +súbor.dvi +\family default + +\family typewriter +súbor.ps +\family default +. + Niektoré systémy mo¾u ma» +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + nakonfigurované tak, ¾e +\emph on +v¾dy +\emph toggle + tlaèia do súboru. +\layout Standard + +Aby ste informovali +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + ako automaticky skonvertova» +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + súbor na +\family typewriter +.foo +\family default + súbor, musíte niekde ma» konfiguraèný súbor +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +config.foo +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Obyèajne súbory +\family typewriter +config.* +\family default + pre dvips sú v +\family typewriter +/usr/lib/texmf/dvips +\family default +. + Ak je vá¹ systém iný, pozrite sa do hlavného adresára TeXu a pohµadajte + podadresár nazvaný +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Mal by tam niekde by». +\layout Standard + +Obyèajne tam je najmenej jeden konfiguraèný súbor: +\family typewriter +config.ps +\family default +. + Niektoré distribúcie TeXu sú iné a majú tam súbor +\family typewriter +config.lp +\family default +, skopírujte ho do súboru +\family typewriter +config.ps +\family default +, ak tam taký nie je. +\layout Standard + +Je e¹te jedna vec, ktorú musíte urobi» s konfiguraèným súborom. + Mô¾e tam by» riadok ktorý vyzerá ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +o | lpr +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Zakomentujteho (dajte na zaèiatok riadku +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +% +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +), lebo inak bude +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + v¾dy posiela» výstup na tlaèiareò. +\layout Standard + +Ak ste to v¹etko urobili, z LyXu mô¾ete tlaèi» do súboru, alebo na PostScriptovú + tlaèiareò. + Pri tlaèi na tlaèiarni v¾dy mô¾ete pou¾i» +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +| lpr -Pmenotla\SpecialChar \- +èiar\SpecialChar \- +ne +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ako meno výstupného súboru. + Samozrejme, ¾e pravdepodobne budete pou¾íva» mo¾nos» LyXu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +print to printer +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Ak ste sa uistili, ¾e súbor +\family typewriter +config.ps +\family default +existuje a va¹a ¹tandardná tlaèiareò sa volá +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, máte v¹etko nastavené. + LyX pou¾íva +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + s parametrom +\family typewriter +-Pps +\family default + pre priamu tlaè. +\layout Standard + +E¹te jedna vec: niektorí µudia musia by» iní a nebudú ma» tlaèiareò pomenovanú + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, alebo majú viac tlaèiarní, jednu nazvanú +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, inú +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +ljfour +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + atï. + Èo teraz? Mô¾ete pre ka¾dú vytvori» konfiguraèný súbor! Ak vytvoríte súbor + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +config.ljfour +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + potom rozpozná parameter +\family typewriter +-Pljfour +\family default +. + Mô¾ete pou¾i» µubovoµný poèet konfiguraèných súborov, ka¾dý pre inú tlaèiareò. + ©tandardná tlaèiareò pre LyX mô¾e by» ¹pecifikovaný v +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. + ®iadanú talèiareò si mô¾ete vybra» aj priamo z LyXu, ako je to popísané + v neskor¹ej sekcii. +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\layout Standard + +Ak si myslíte, ¾e celý ten nezmysel okolo konfiguraèných súborov pre +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + je zmätok, +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + budete ma» radi. +\layout Standard + +Teraz zlé správy: ak va¹a tlaèiareò nerozumie PostScriptu, budete musie» + pou¾íva» +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + ako filter pre vá¹ mana¾ér tlaèe. + Toto je popísané vo viacerých HOWTO a mauáloch. + My tie¾ o tomto nieèo povieme v jednej sekcii. +\layout Standard + +Niektorí µudia neradi pou¾ívajú +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + v kombinácii s +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +om. + Alternatíva je pou¾i» program, ktorý konvertuje +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + súbor priamo do jazyka va¹ej tlaèiarne. + Tento program tie¾ mô¾ete urèi» v +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. + Táto metóda má ale jedu nevýhodu. + Do dokumentu nemô¾ete vlo¾i» ¾iadny PostScriptový súbor, ako napríklad + obrázok, preto¾e konvertory ¹pecifické pre urèitú tlaèiareò nepoznajú PostScrip +t. + Kôli tomuto LyX tím doporuèuje na tlaè po¾íva» +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + a +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + a +\family typewriter +ghostview +\layout Standard + +Tieto dva programy sú prehliadaèe. + +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + sa stará o +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + súbory a +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + spolu s +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default +om vám dovoµuje prezera» PostScriptové súbory. +\layout Standard + +O nich len v rýchlosti. + Oba programy automaticky obnovia výstup, ak pre\SpecialChar \- +ze\SpecialChar \- +raný súbor +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +To znamená +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + alebo +\family typewriter +.ps +\family default + súbor a nie súbory, z ktorých sa tieto vytvárajú. +\end_inset + + bol zmenený. + Tie¾ mô¾ete obnovova» manuálne. + Tak¾e ak raz otvoríte jeden z týchto prezeraèov, nie je dôvod ich zatvára». + A oba programy majú rovnaké funkcie. +\layout Standard + +LyX tím doporuèuje pou¾íva» +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + na dolaïovanie dokumentov. + Preèo? Je rýchlej¹í: má o jednu vec na práci menej predtým ako mô¾ete prezrie» + dokument. + Tu je príklad: +\layout Enumerate + +Pomocou +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + si pozrite súbor a +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + nechajte be¾a». +\layout Enumerate + +V dokumente urobte zmeny. +\layout Enumerate + +Na prezretie zmien pou¾ite príkaz +\family sans +Aktualizova» DVI +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Súbor->Náhµad +\family default +. + Keï je LaTeX hotový, kliknite na okno +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + a voilá! +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + sa aktualizovalo. +\layout Standard + +Toto neznamená, ¾e +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + je neu¾itoèný. + Je lep¹í na prípady, kde +\emph on +musíte +\emph toggle + prezera» PostScriptové súbory. + Pre opakované zmeny, ktoré nezávisia na PostScripte, bude lep¹ie prezeranie + dokumentu cez +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Tlaèiareò +\layout Standard + +Ka¾dý, kdo pracuje vo veµkom systéme by tu nemal ma» problémy. + Vá¹ administrátor (alebo vy, ak ste administrátor) by u¾ mal tlaèiarne + pre vás nastavi». + V¹etko èo potrebujete urobi» je zisti» meno va¹ej tlaèiarne a konfigurov» + súbor +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Av¹ak tí, ktorí pou¾ívajú Linux, budú ma» trochu viac práce. + Veµa µudí obdr¾í distribúciu Linuxu, ako napríklad Red Hat alebo Slackware + na CD-ROM. + Podµa in¹trukcií Linux nain¹talujú s rozbehnú, ale nikdy nezistia, ¾e potrebujú + nastavi» tlaèiareò. + Ak ste nikdy nevideli súbor +\family typewriter +/etc/printcap, +\family default + potrebujete si talèiareò nastavi». + Napísali sme nieèo, aby sme vám s tým pomohli. + Preèítajte si kapitolu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Sprievodca tlaèiaròou +\emph toggle + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ( +\emph on +A\SpecialChar ~ +Printer\SpecialChar ~ +Tutorial +\emph toggle +) v manuále +\emph on +Prispôsobenie +\emph toggle +. +\layout Chapter + +Základy LyXu +\layout Section + +Typy dokumentov +\layout Subsection + +Predstavenie +\layout Standard + +Predtým ako budete robi» èokoµvek iné, predtým ako zaènete písa» dokument, + musíte sa rozhodnú», aký +\emph on +typ +\emph toggle + dokumentu to má by». + Rôzne dokumenty pou¾ívajú rôzne riadkovanie, titulky, èíslovanie, schémy + a tak ïalej. + Ïalej rôzne dokumenty pou¾ívajú rôzne prostredia odsekov, a rôzne formátujú + názov dokumentu. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Trieda dokumentu +\emph toggle + popisuje skupinu vlastností be¾ných pre urèitý typ dokumentu. + Nastavením triedy dokumentu automaticky nastavujete tieto vlastnosti, èo + vám uµahèuje tvorbu dokumentu typu, ktorý chcete. + Ak nevyberiete triedu dokumentu, LyX za vás jednu ¹tandardne vyberie. + Tak¾e potom je na vás, aby ste zmenili triedu dokumentu. +\layout Standard + +O triedach dokumentov ktoré si v LyXe mô¾ete vybra» a o doladeniach niektorých + ich vlastností sa doèítate ïalej. +\layout Subsection + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: dok-triedy} + +\end_inset + +Rôzne triedy dokumentov +\layout Subsubsection + +Prehµad +\layout Standard + +Pä» ¹tandardných tried dokumentov v LyXe je: +\layout Description + +Article pre základný èlánok. +\layout Description + +Report pre základnú správu. +\layout Description + +Book pre písanie kníh. +\layout Description + +Letter pre listy (US ¹týl). +\layout Description + +Slides pou¾ívaný na tvorbu fólií. +\layout Standard + +Ïalej sú nejaké ne¹tandardné triedy, ktoré LyX pou¾íva, ak máte nastavený + LaTeX tak, ¾e ich podporuje: +\layout Description + +Aapaper Novinové èlánky ¹týlu a formátu pou¾ívanom v Astronómii a Astrofyzike. +\layout Description + +Amsart Novinové èlánky v ¹týle a formáte pou¾ívanom AMS (Americká Ma\SpecialChar \- +te\SpecialChar \- +matická + Spoloènos»). + Sú dostupné tri typy +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +amsartov +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + +Amsbook Kniha v ¹týle a formáte pou¾ívanom AMS. +\layout Description + +Dinbrief Für Briefe nach deutcher Art. +\layout Description + +Foils Pou¾íva sa na robenie fólií a je lep¹í ako slides. +\layout Description + +Iletter Per lettere all` italiana. +\layout Description + +Linuxdoc Pou¾íva sa s balíkom nástrojov SGML (pôvodne známom ako LinuxDoc). + Dovoµuje LyXu robi» SGML výstupy. + SGML je markup jazyk a je predchodca HTML. + Balík SGML vám umo¾òuje konvertova» SGML na HTML alebo do formátu +\family typewriter +man +\family default + stránok. +\layout Description + +Paper Na pou¾itie s LaTeXovou triedou dokumetov +\family typewriter +paper +\family default + (nie je vo v¹etkých distribúciaách LaTeXu). +\layout Description + +Revtex Pou¾íva sa na písanie èlánkov pre publikácie Americkej Fyzikálnej + Spoloènosti (American Physical Society - APS), Amerického In¹titútu Fyziky + (American Institute of Physics - AIP) a Optickej spoloènosti Ameriky (Optical + Society of America - OSA). + Táto trieda nie je úplné kompatibilná so v¹etkými vlastnos»ami LyXu. +\layout Standard + +Nebudeme sa tu zaobera» detailmi, ako pou¾íva» rôzne triedy dokumentov. + V¹etko poterebné o ne¹tandardných triedach nájdete v manuále +\emph on +Ïal¹ie mo¾nosti editácie +\emph toggle +. + Tu sa zameriame len na zoznam niektorých spoloèných vlastností v¹etkých + tried dokumentov. +\layout Subsubsection + +Vybratie triedy +\layout Standard + +Triedu si mô¾ete urèi» dialógom +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie dokumentu +\family default +, príkazom +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie->Dokument +\family default +. + Potom v listboxe +\family sans +Trieda +\family default + vyberte po¾adovanú triedu. +\layout Standard + +Potom, èo ste si zvolili triedu, LyX sa vás opýta, èi má nastavi» preddefinované + parametre danej triedy pre ¹týl stránky, ståpce\SpecialChar \ldots{} + Mô¾ete kµudne stlaèi» +\family sans +Áno +\family default +. + Ak sa lep¹ie pozriete na dialóg +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie dokumentu +\family default +, v¹imnete si, ¾e v¹etky tieto vlastnosti sú tam, tak¾e v¾dy si ich mô¾ete + vyladi» podµa seba. +\layout Subsubsection + +Vlastnosti +\layout Standard + +V prípade, ¾e sa èudjete, èo tie +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +preddefinované hodnoty +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + pre ka¾dú triedu sú, tu je jednoduchá tabuµka, ktorá ich popisuje. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +©týl strany +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Strany +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Ståpce +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Max. + úroveò sekcie +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jedna +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jeden +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jedna +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jeden +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Chapter +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Headings +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Dve +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jeden +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Chapter +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jedna +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jeden +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +none +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +linuxdoc +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jedna +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jeden +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +aapaper +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Dve +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Dva +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +amsart +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Headings +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jedna +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jeden +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +dinbrief +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jedna +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jeden +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +none +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +iletter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Plain +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jedna +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jeden +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +none +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +paper +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Headings +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jedna +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Jeden +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Pre tieto triedy nie je ¾iadna preddefinovaná hodnota pre +\family sans +Extra parametre +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Tie¾ sa asi divíte, èo znamená +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Max. + úroveò sekcie +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Je niekoµko prostredí odsekov, ktoré vytvárajú názvy sekcií. + Rôzne triedy dokumentov povoµujú rôzne typy názvov sekcií. + Len dve pou¾ívajú názov +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + (Kapitola): ostatné zaèínajú s názvom +\family sans +Section +\family default + (Sekcia). + Niektoré triedy dokumentov, ako napríklad listy, nepou¾ívajú ¾iadne názvy + sekcií. + Okrem názvov +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + a +\family sans +Section +\family default +, sú e¹te ïal¹ie názvy, ako napríklad +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + (podsekcia) a +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default + (podpodsekcia) a tak ïalej. + Tieto názvy plne popí¹eme v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: odsek-prostr-titulky} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Dolaïovanie preddefinovaných hodnôt +\layout Standard + +V poriadku, vieme, ¾e sme vám nikdy nepovedali, èo väè¹ina týchto +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +preddefinovaných hodnôt +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + nastavených typom triedy dokumentu znamená. + Toto popisuje táto sekcia. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +©týl\SpecialChar ~ +strany +\family default + Je to zoznam, obsahujúci pä» polo¾iek. + Urèuje, aké typy titulkov (názvov) a èísla strán idú na danú stranu: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +O toto sa stará LaTeX. +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Default +\family default + Pou¾íva ¹tandardný ¹týl strany pre danú triedu. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Empty +\family default + ®iadne titulky a èísla strán. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Plain +\family default + Iba èísla strán +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Headings +\family default + Èísla strán a názov a èíslo aktuálnej buï kapitoly, alebo sekcie. + Èi LyX pou¾ije aktuálnu kapitolu alebo sekciu závisí na tom, èo je maximálna + úroveò sekcie. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Fancy +\family default + Dovoµuje vám vytvára» plne prispôsobiteµné hlavièky a päty dokumentov, + ak máte main¹talovaný balík +\family sans +fancyhdr +\family default +. + Momentálne podpora v LyXe je limitovaná na toto nastavenie. + Aby ste vyu¾ili celú silu tohto balíka, musíte písa» kód do preambuly. + Pre viac informácií o +\family sans +fancyhdr +\family default + si pozrite dokumentáciu k tomuto balíku. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Strany +\family default + Nie. + LyX nemô¾e prinúti» tlaèiareò aby tlaèila na obe strany papiera! Av¹ak + mô¾e pou¾íva» rôzny formát pre párne a nepárne strany. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Sú tu dva prepínaèe: +\family sans +1 +\family default + - pre jednostranný dokument, +\family sans +2 +\family default + - pre dvojstranný dokument. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Ståpce +\family default + Toto ovláda, koµko ståpcov má ka¾dá strana. + Mô¾ete si vybra» 1 alebo 2 ståpce. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si, ¾e LyX na obrazovke nezobrazí dva ståpce. + Je to nepraktické, èasto neèitateµné a nie je to podµa konceptu WYSIWYM. + Av¹ak vo vygenerovanom výstupe +\emph on +budú +\emph toggle + dva ståpce. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Extra\SpecialChar ~ +parametre +\family default + LaTeXový príkaz +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + prijíma niekoµko parametrov. + LyX niektoré nastaví automaticky. + Toto textové pole vám umo¾ní zada» ïal¹ie. + Jednoducho ich vpí¹te oddelené èiarkami. + Aké parametre mô¾ete pou¾íva», si preèítajte v nejakej dobrej knihe o LaTeXu. +\layout Subsection + +Veµkos» papiera, orientácia a okraje +\layout Standard + +Je e¹te niekoµko vlastností, ktoré sa nastavujú v dialógu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie dokumentu +\family default +. + V¹etky sú globálne parametre, ale majú ¹peciálny význam a týkajú sa len + urèitých vlastností dokumentu. + Tieto parametre popí¹eme v sekcii, ktorá popisuje vlastnosti, ktorých sa + týkajú. +\layout Standard + +Sú e¹te dve vlastnosti, ktoré ovplyvòujú celý dokument, tak¾e ich popí¹eme + tu. + Nájdete ich v dialógu +\family sans +Konfigurova» formát papiera +\family default + v menu +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +ozlo¾enie-> +\bar under +P +\bar default +apier +\family default +: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Orientácia +\family default + Dva prepínaèe urèujú, èi výstup bude vytlaèený ako +\family sans +Portrét +\family default + (na vý¹ku) alebo ako +\family sans +Krajinka +\family default + (na ¹írku). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Veµkos»\SpecialChar ~ +papiera +\family default + Na aký veµký papier sa bude tlaèi». + Mo¾nosti sú: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Default +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +A3 +\family default +, +\family sans +A4 +\family default +, +\family sans +A5 +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +B3 +\family default +, +\family sans +B4 +\family default +, +\family sans +B5 +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +US letter +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +US legal +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +US executive +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Custom +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Niektoré z týchto nastavení budú vy¾adova» nain¹talovaný balík +\family sans +geometry +\family default +. + Tento balík vám umo¾ní nastavi» si okraje v dialógu +\family sans +Konfigurova» formát papiera +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Dôle¾ité poznámky: +\layout Standard + +Ak zmeníte triedu dokumentu, LyX musí konvertova» +\emph on +v¹etko +\emph toggle + na novú triedu. + Vrátane prostredí odsekov. + Niektoré prostredia sú ¹tandardné; majú ich v¹etky triedy, ale niektoré + triedy majú ¹peciálne prostredia. + Ak v takomto prípade zmeníte triedu dokumentu, LyX chýbajúce prostredia + zmení na Standard a na zaèiatok okdesku vlo¾í chybovú hlá¹ku. + Kliknutím na òu otvoríte okienko s popisom chyby, ktoré hovorí o konverzii + a preèo nebola úspe¹ná. +\layout Section + +Zarovnanie a oddeµovanie odsekov +\layout Subsection + +Predstavenie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: odsek-zarovnanie} + +\end_inset + +Predtým, ako popí¹eme prostredia odsekov, radi by sme povedali pár slov + o ich zarovnaní. +\layout Standard + +Zdá sa, ¾e ka¾dý má svoje vlastné konvencie ako oddeµova» osdeky. + Väè¹ina amerièanov odsadzuje prvý riadok odseku. + Iní neodsadzujú, ale medzi odseky dávajú prázdne miesta. + LyX pou¾íva rovnaké konvencie, aké nájdete medzi typografmi. + +\emph on +Prvý +\emph toggle + odsek v sekcii, alebo za obrázkom, rovnicou, tabuµkou, zoznamom atï., +\emph on +nie je +\emph toggle + odsadený. + Len ïal¹ie odseky sa odsadzujú. + Toto niektorí µudia nemajú radi, ale ak chcete pou¾íva» odsadené odseky, + musíte sa s tým nauèi» ¾i». +\emph default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Existuje spôsob, ako prinúti» LaTeX aby odsadzoval v¹etky odseky. + LyX vám to samozrejme nezobrazí, ale LaTeX to tak vytlaèí. + Musíte ma» zvlá¹tny balík, a do preambuly vlo¾i» príslu¹ný príkaz. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Medzera medzi odsekmi, tak isto ako medzery medzi riadkami, medzi titulkom + a textom -- v podstate v¹etky medzery -- sú v LyXe prednastavené. + Ako sme hovorili, nemusíte sa stara» o to akú medzeru da» medzi èo. + O to sa stará LyX. + Toto preddefinované vertikálne +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +medzerovanie +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + nie sú èísla, ale rozsahy. + Takto mô¾e LyX stlaèi», alebo roztiahnú» medzery medzi riadkami, aby sa + obrázok vo¹iel na stránku spolu s textom, aby sekcia nezaèínala na spodu + stránky a tak ïalej. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +V skutoènosti to robí LaTeX, keï LyX produkuje výstup. +\end_inset + + Ale to ¾e sú preddefinované neznamená, ¾e ich nemô¾ete zmeni». + LyX vám dáva mo¾nos» globálne zmeni» +\emph on +v¹etky +\emph toggle + tieto preddefinované medzery. + Viac vám vysvetlíme neskôr. +\layout Subsection + +Globálna zmena odsadenia +\layout Standard + +©tandardnú metódu odsadzovania odsekov si mô¾ete vybra» v dialógu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie\SpecialChar ~ +dokumentu +\family default +. + V èasti +\family sans +Oddelenie +\family default + si vyberte +\family sans +Odsadenie +\family default + -- normálne odsadzovanie prvého riadku odseku a +\family sans +Medzera +\family default + -- medzi odseky vkladá extra medzeru (prvý riadok neodsadzuje). +\layout Subsection + +Dolaïovanie +\layout Standard + +Odsadenie odseku mô¾ete zmeni» aj pre samosatný odsek. + Vyberte príkaz +\family sans +Odstavec +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie +\family default + a otvorí sa vám dialóg +\family sans +Prostredie odstavca +\family default +. + Prepnutím tlaèítka +\family sans +Neodsadi» +\family default + zmeníte aktuálne odsadenie odseku. + Ak je odsek ¹tandardne odsadený, tento prepínaè bude vypnutý. + Ak odsek nie je odsadený, ale na oddelenie pou¾íva extra medzeru, prepínaè + bude ¹tandardne zapnutý. +\layout Standard + +Zmenu odsadenia pre jednotlivý odsek by ste mali pou¾íva» len ak potrebujete + dolaïi» dokument. + Typicky si odsadenie nastavíte pre celý dokument a potom u¾ len pí¹ete. +\layout Subsection + +Zmena riadkovania +\layout Standard + +V +\family sans +Rozlo¾ení dokumentu +\family default + si mô¾ete nastavi» riadkovanie ( +\family sans +Medzerovanie +\family default +), ak máte nain¹talovaný balík +\family sans +setspace +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Prostredia odsekov +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: odsek-prostredia} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Prehµad +\layout Standard + +Prostredia odsekov kore¹pondujú s príkazmi +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{ +\family default +\emph on +prostredie +\family typewriter +\emph toggle +} ... + +\backslash +end{ +\family default +\emph on +pros\SpecialChar \- +tre\SpecialChar \- +die +\family typewriter +\emph toggle +} +\family default + v be¾nom LaTeX súbore. + Ak LaTeX nepoznáte, alebo prostredia odsekov sú vám úplne neznáme, doporuèujeme + vám preèíta» si +\emph on +Sprievodcu +\emph toggle +. + Ten tie¾ obsahuje viac príkladov ako táto sekcia. +\layout Standard + +Prostredie odseku je jednoducho +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +obal +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + pre odsek, ktorý tomuto odseku dáva urèité vlastnosti. + Toto mô¾e zahròova» ¹týl písma, rôzne okraje, èíslovanie, popisky a tak + ïalej. + Rôzne prostredia mô¾ete do seba +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +vnára» +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, èo dovoµuje jednému prostrediu dedi» nejaké vlastnosti od iného prostredia. + Rôzne prostredia odsekov úplne nahrádzajú potrebu tabulátorov, nastavovania + okrajov poèas práce a iných vecí z dôb písacích strojov. + Je niekoµko prostredí, ktoré sú ¹pecifické pre urèitý typ dokumentu. + Tu sa budeme zaobera» len tými najbe¾nej¹ími. +\layout Standard + +Aby ste si vybrali prostedie, pou¾ite rozbaµovacie menu na µavom kraji nástrojov +ej li¹ty. + LyX zmení prostredie +\emph on +celého +\emph toggle + odseku, v ktorom sa nachádza kurzor. + Taktie¾ mô¾ete zmeni» prostredie skupiny odsekov, ak ich predtým oznaèíte. +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si, ¾e stalèenie klávesy +\family sans +Enter +\family default +, +\emph on +typicky +\emph toggle + vytvorí nový odsek s pros\SpecialChar \- +tre\SpecialChar \- +dím Standard. + Hovoríme +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +typicky +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, preto¾e nie je to v¾dy tak. +\emph default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ak ste v niektorom z týchto prostredí: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +vspace{-2ex} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quote +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quotation +\layout Standard + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Verse +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Itemize +\layout Standard + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Standard + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +} +\backslash +parbox[t]{3cm}{ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +List +\layout Standard + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX pri stlaèení +\family sans +Enteru +\family default + nechá nastavený starý typ prostredia. + Av¹ak LyX v¾dy znovu nastaví håbku vnoreného prostredia na najvy¹¹iu úroveò. +\end_inset + + Obyèajne, pri zaèatí novéh odseku, LyX nastaví prostredie, aj håbku vnoreného + odseku (viac o vnáraní je v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: vnaranie} + +\end_inset + +). + Av¹ak niekedy LyX ponechá nastavené staré prostredie. + Toto v¹etko závisí od kontextu, tak¾e bude lep¹ie, ak budete oèakáva», + ¾e +\family sans +Enter +\family default + nastaví prostredie odseku a aj jeho håbku. + Ak chcete zaèa» nový odsek s aktuálnym prostredím, pou¾ite +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vyvolá to funkciu +\family typewriter +break-paragraph-keep-layout +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + + +\family sans +Standard +\layout Standard + +Toto je predvolené prostredie odseku. + Vytvára èistý odsek. + Ak LyX nastavuje prostredie odseku, nastavuje toto. + V podstate odsek, ktorý práve èítate (a väè¹ina odsekov v tomto manuále) + má prostredie +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Odseky s prostredím +\family sans +Standad +\family default + mô¾ete do seba vnára», ale v skutoènosti nemô¾ete vnori» niè do prostredia + +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Titulné strany dokumentov +\layout Standard + +LaTeXová titulná strana má tri èasti: samotný názov dokumentu, meno(á) autora(ov +) a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +pätu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + pre poïakovanie, alebo kontaktné informácie. + Pre urèité typy dokumentov, LaTeX toto v¹etko umiestí na samostatnú stranu, + spolu s aktuálnym dátumom. + Pre iné typy dokumentu, titulná +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +strana +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ide na vrchol prvej strany v dokumente. +\layout Standard + +LyX poskytuje medzièlánok k príkazom pre titulnú stranu cez prostredia odsekov + +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans +Author +\family default + a +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Tu je ich pou¾itie: +\layout Itemize + +Do prostredia +\family sans +Title +\family default + napí¹te názov dokumentu. +\layout Itemize + +Do prostredia +\family sans +Author +\family default + napí¹te mená autorov. +\layout Itemize + +Ak chcete aby dátum vyzeral podµa vás, alebo chcete pou¾i» fixný dátum, + alebo namiesto dátumu chcete ma» text, napí¹te tento text do prostredia + +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Pou¾itie tohto prostrdeia je nepovinné. + Ak ho neposkytnete, LaTeX automaticky vlo¾í aktuálny dátum. +\layout Standard + +Toto urobte na zaèiatku dokumentu. + Na vlo¾enie poïakovaní alebo kontaktných ionformácií pou¾ite pätu. +\layout Subsection + +Názvy sekcií +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: odsek-prostr-titulky} + +\end_inset + +Je devä» prostredí na vytváranie názvov sekcií. + LyX sa stará o èíslovanie názvov. + V¹etko, èo musíte urobi» je rozhodnú» sa aký názov bude ma» sekcia 3 alebo + kapitola 9. +\layout Subsubsection + +Èíslované názvy +\layout Standard + +Je ¹es» èíslovaných prostredí názvov sekcií, Sú to: +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Chapter +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Section +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Subsection +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Paragraph +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Subparagraph +\layout Standard + +LyX oznaèí ka¾dý názov sériou èísel, oddelených bodkou. + Èíslo znamená, kde v dokumente sa nachádzate. + Tieto názvy rozdeµujú vá¹ dokument na rôzne èasti textu. + Napríklad predpokladajme, ¾e pí¹ete knihu. + Knihu delíte na kapitoly. + LyX robí podobné delenie: +\layout Itemize + +Kapitola ( +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +) alebo sekcia ( +\family sans +Section +\family default +) je maximálna úroveò dokumentu. +\layout Itemize + +Kapitoly sú delené na sekcie, +\layout Itemize + +sekcie sú delené na podsekcie ( +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +s), +\layout Itemize + +podsekcie sú delené na podpodsekcie ( +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +s), +\layout Itemize + +podpodsekcie sú delené na odstavce ( +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +s) +\layout Itemize + +a odstavce sú delené na pododstavce ( +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +s). +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Poznámka: +\emph toggle + nie v¹etky dokumenty pou¾ívajú ako najvy¹¹iu úroveò kapitolu. + V tom prípade je najvy¹¹ou úrovòou sekcia. +\layout Standard + +Tak¾e, ak na názov pou¾ijete prostredie +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +, LyX ho oèísluje s jeho èíslom a spolu s èíslom podsekcie, sekcie a ak + sa dá aj kapitoly. + Napríklad piata sekcia v druhej kapitole tejto knihy má èíslo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2.5 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Neèíslované názvy +\layout Standard + +Sú tri typy neèíslovaných názvov: +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Section* +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Subsection* +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Subsubsection* +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +* +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + pri ka¾dom názve znamená, ¾e nie je èíslovaný. + Inak pracujú rovnako, ako èíslované názvy. +\layout Subsubsection + +Zmena èíslovania +\layout Standard + +Tie¾ mô¾ete meni», ktoré úrovne nadpisov budú èíslované, a aktoré sa objavia + v obsahu. + Toto neodoberá jednotlivé úrovne (prostredia), preto¾e tie sú nastavené + v triede dokumentu. + Urèité triedy zaèínajú s prostredím +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + a idú nadol k úrovni +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. + Iné zaèínajú s prostredím +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + Podobne, nie v¹etky triedy dokumentov èíslujú v¹etky úrovne. + Väè¹ina z nich neèísluje +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default + a +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. + Toto je nieèo, èo mô¾ete zmeni». +\layout Standard + +Otvorte dialóg +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie dokumentu +\family default +. + Mali by ste vidie» +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +posuvník +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, pomenovaný +\family sans +Håbka èíslovania odsekov +\family default +. + Ten urèuje, do akej håbky v hierarchii úrovní LyX èísluje názvy sekcií. + Nane¹»astie, èíslo, ktoré nastavíte je trochu divné, tak¾e tu je tabuµka + hodnôt a èo znamenajú. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Hodnota posuvníka +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Sekcie, ktoré LyX èísluje +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +-1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +¾iadne èíslovanie +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Kapitoly +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Kapitoly a¾ sekcie +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Kapitoly a¾ podsekcie +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Kapitoly a¾ podpodsekcie +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Kapitoly a¾ odseky +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Kapitoly a¾ pododseky +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Samozrejme, ¾e keï pou¾ívate triedu dokumentu, ktorá nemá prostredie kapitola + ( +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +), potom èíslovanie zaèína na úrovni sekcie ( +\family sans +Section +\family default +) a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +0 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + tie¾ znamená +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +¾iadne èíslovanie +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +V danom dialógu je e¹te jeden posuvník, pomenovaný +\family sans +Håbka obsahu +\family default +. + Pracuje rovnako ako predchádzajúci, ale urèuje, ktoré úrovne sekcií sa + objavia v obsahu. + Toto je veµmi ¹ikovná vec. + Napríklad keï chcete èíslova» v¹etky názvy, ale v obsahu chcete ma» len + kapitoly, sekcie a podsekcie. + Staèí vám nastavi» håbku èíslovania odsekov na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +5 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a håbku obsahu na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + To je v¹etko. +\layout Subsubsection + +©peciálne informácie +\layout Standard + +Tieto informácie sa týkajú v¹etkých prostredí pre nadpisy (èíslovaných aj + ne\SpecialChar \- +èís\SpecialChar \- +lo\SpecialChar \- +va\SpecialChar \- +ných): +\layout Itemize + +V ¾iadnom z týchto prostredí nemô¾ete pou¾i» poznámku na okraji. +\layout Itemize + +Mô¾ete v nich pou¾íva» riadkovú (inline) matematiku. +\layout Itemize + +S týmito prostrediami nemô¾ete robi» ¾iadne vnáranie. +\layout Itemize + +Mô¾ete pou¾íva» návestia a krosreferencie, ako odkazy na ich èísla. +\layout Standard + +Ako príklad na tieto prostredia sa poobzerajte okolo v tomto dokumente. + Po\SpecialChar \- +u\SpecialChar \- +¾í\SpecialChar \- +va\SpecialChar \- +me ich v¹ade vo v¹etkých manuáloch. +\layout Subsection + +Citáty a poézia +\layout Standard + +LyX má tri prostredia odsekov na písanie poézie a citátov. + Sú to +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + a +\family sans +Verse +\family default +. + Zabudnite na dni menenia riadkovania a hrania sa s okrajmi. + Tieto tri prostredia to v¹etko majú zabudované. + V¹etky nastavia µavý okraj a pridajú medzeru pred a za text, ktorý obsahujú. + Tie¾ umo¾òujú vnáranie, tak¾e mô¾ete prostredie +\family sans +Verse +\family default + vlo¾i» do prostredia +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +, prípadne do iných prostredí. +\layout Standard + +Tieto prostredia majú e¹te jednu vlastnos». + Nemenia prostredie na +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, keï dokonèíte odsek. + Tak¾e mô¾ete písa» báseò a stlaèi» +\family sans +Enter +\family default + bez obáv, ¾e by ste museli znovu meni» prostredie. + Samozrejme to znamená, ¾e keï tú báseò dopí¹ete, prostredie +\family sans +Standard +\family default + (alebo aké chcete) si musíte nastavi» sami. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Quote +\family default + a +\family sans +Quotation +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: quote} + +\end_inset + +Teraz, keï sme popísali podobnosti týchto prostredí, je èas poveda» si o + rozdieloch. + +\family sans +Quote +\family default + a +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + sú identické, a¾ na jeden rozdiel: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + pou¾íva na oddelenie odsekov extra medzeru a nikdy neodsadzuje prvý riadok. + +\family sans +Quotaion +\family default + +\emph on +v¾dy +\emph toggle + odsadzuje prvý riadok odseku, a stále pou¾íva rovnaké riadkovanie. +\layout Standard + +Tu je príklad prostredia +\family sans +Quote +\family default +: +\layout Quote + +Toto je prostredie +\family sans +Quote +\family default +. + Mô¾em stále písa» a písa», predl¾ova» tento riadok ïalej a ïalej, a¾ kým + sa nezalomí. + Pozrite -- ¾iadne odsadenie prvého riadku! +\layout Quote + +Toto je druhý odsek tohto citátu. + Znovu. + Nie je tu odsadenie, ale je väè¹ia medzera medzi týmto a predchádzajúcim + odsekom. +\layout Standard + +Koniec príkladu. + Tu je ïal¹í príklad, tentoraz na prostredie +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +: +\layout Quotation + +Toto je prostredie +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +. + Ak budem stále písa», uvidíte odsadenie prvého riadku. + Ak va¹a krajina pou¾íva ¹týl písania, ktorý zvýrazòuje odseky odsadením + ich prvého riadku, +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + je prostredie pre vás! Pou¾ijete ho, ak budete citova» nejaký text. +\layout Quotation + +A máme tu ïal¹í odsek. + Mohol by som tára» ïalej, ako politik v èase volieb. + Ale keby som to robil, boli by ste znudení. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Verse +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: verse} + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Verse +\family default + je prostredie pre poéziu, rýmy, ver¹e a tak ïalej. + Tu je príklad: +\layout Verse + +This is in Verse +\newline +Which I did not rehearse! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Toto som neprekladal, preto¾e v slovenèine by sa to nerýmovalo a nechcelo + sa mi vymý¹µa» nejké ver¹e (okrem toho, ¾e by to aj tak asi nikam neviedlo). +\end_inset + + +\layout Verse + +Mohlo to by» aj hor¹ie.Tento riadok by mohol by» dlhý, veµmi dlhý, a¾ tak + dlhý, tak veµmi dlhý, ¾e sa bude zalamova». + Na obrazovke to vyzerá v poriadku, ale vo vytlaèenej forme, budú ïal¹ie + riadky trochu viac odsadené ako prvý riadok. +\layout Verse + +To break a line +\newline +And make things look fine +\newline +Use +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Ako mô¾ete vidie», +\family sans +Verse +\family default + nezarovnáva na oba okraje. + Ka¾dá strofa básne je vo svojom odseku. + Strofy sa oddeµujú klávesou +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Zoznamy +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: odsek-prostr-zoz} + +\end_inset + +Toto je oblas», kde LyX predstihuje ¹tandardné textové procesory. + Jedna z naj\SpecialChar \- +be¾\SpecialChar \- +nej¹ích s»a¾ností a oznamoch o chybách v zozname vývojárov + LyXu je, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Nemô¾em napísa» viac ako jednu medzeru +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + U¾ívateµ s touto otázkou obyèajne hµadá nejaký spôsob, ako odsadi» text, + aby vytvoril nejaký zoznam. + Keï chcete v komerèných textových procesoroch napísa» zoznam, musíte pou¾i» + tabulátory, zarovnania a rôzne iné príkazy na horizontálne medzery. +\layout Standard + +Ale preèo by ste +\emph on +vy +\emph toggle + mali robi» toto v¹etko? Tabulátory sú dobré pre písací stroj, kde niet + iného spôsobu, ako odsadi» text. + Na druhej strane, poèítaè je dobrý na poèítanie a opakované robenie vecí. + Tak¾e vy by ste sa nemali stara» o èíslovanie zoznamov, zarovnanie a podobne. + A s LyXom sa ani nemusíte. +\layout Standard + +LyX má ¹tyri rôzne prostredia odsekov na vytváranie zoznamov. + V prostrediach +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + a +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +, LyX polo¾ky vá¹ho zoznamu oèísluje, alebo oznaèí odrá¾kami. + V prostrediach +\family sans +Description +\family default + a +\family sans +List +\family default +, vám LyX umo¾ní poskytnú» vá¹ popis. + Detaily o jednotlivých prostrediach popí¹eme ïalej, len èo sa pozrieme + na v¹eobecné vlastnosti v¹etkých týchto prostredí. +\layout Subsubsection + +V¹eobecné vlastnosti +\layout Standard + +Tieto ¹tyri prostredia sa od ostatných prostredí lí¹ia nekoµkými vecami. + Za prvé, LyX pova¾uje ka¾dý odsek za polo¾ku zoznamu. + Stlaèenie klávesy +\family sans +Enter +\family default + nezmení prostredie na +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, ale nechá sktuálne prostredie a vytvorí novú polo¾ku zoznamu. + Av¹ak håbka vnorenia je obyèajne znovu nastavená na najvy¹¹iu úroveò. + Ak chcete ponecha» oboje, håbku prostredia aj samotné prostredie, na ukonèenie + odsekov pou¾ite +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Zoznamy rôznych typov mô¾ete do seba vnára». + LyX zmení popisky polo¾iek zoznamu, podµa toho, ako hlboko je vnorený. + Ak zamý¹µate pou¾íva» niektoré z týchto prostredí, doporuèujeme vám preèíta» + si sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: vnaranie} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Itemize +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: itemize} + +\end_inset + +Prvý typ zoznamu, ktorý popí¹eme je prostredie +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + Má nasledujúce vlastnosti: +\layout Itemize + +Ka¾dá polo¾ka má krú¾ok, alebo nejaký iný symbol ako odrá¾ku. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +LyX pou¾íva rovnaký symbol pre v¹etky polo¾ky v danej håbke vnorenia. +\layout Itemize + +Symbol sa objaví na zaèiatku prvého riadku polo¾ky. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Jednotlivé polo¾ky mô¾u by» veµmi dlhé. + LyX automaticky posunie µavý okraj ka¾dej polo¾ky. + Toto posunutie je relatívne k prostrediu v ktorom sa práve daný +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + zoznam nachádza. +\layout Itemize + +Ak vnoríte prostredie +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + do iného prostredie +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +, odrá¾ka sa zmení na nový symbol. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Sú ¹tyri rôzne symboly, na vnáranie do úrovne håbky 4. +\layout Itemize + +Na obrazovke LyX v¾dy zobrazí rovnaký symbol, a to hviezdièku. +\layout Itemize + +Pre úplné vysvetlenie vnárania si pozrite sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: vnaranie} + +\end_inset + +. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Samozrejme, toto vysvetlenie bolo zároveò uká¾kou zoznamu +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + Toto prostredie sa hodí na zoznamy, v ktorých nezále¾í na poradí jednotlivých + polo¾iek. +\layout Standard + +Povedali sme, ¾e rôzne úrovne pou¾ívajú iný symbol ako popisok. + Tu je príklad v¹etkých ¹tyroch +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Skú¹al som èo sa stane, ak pou¾ijem e¹te hlb¹ie vnorenie ako je úroveò + ¹tyri. + LyX to zobrazí správne - ïalej to odsadí - ale LaTeX pri spracovávaní dokumentu + vyhlási chybu a daná polo¾ka bude ma» håbku ¹tyri. +\end_inset + + mo¾ností. + Tí èo èítate tento manuál v LyXe, si urèite v¹imnete, ¾e nevidíte ¾iadny + rozdiel. +\layout Itemize + +Popisok pre prvú úroveò prostredia +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + je veµký èierny krú¾ok. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Popisok pre druhú úroveò je pomlèka. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Pre tretiu úroveò je to hviezdièka. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Pre ¹tvrtú vycentrovaná bodka. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Spä» na tretiu úroveò. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Spä» na druhej úrovni. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Spä» na najvy¹¹iu úroveò. +\layout Standard + +Toto sú ¹tandardné odrá¾ky pre toto prostredie. + Tieto odrá¾ky si mô¾ete pris\SpecialChar \- +pô\SpecialChar \- +so\SpecialChar \- +bi» pridaním príslu¹ných príkazov do LaTeX + preambuly (pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: preambula} + +\end_inset + +). + Samozrejme, ¾e o tomto LyX nebude vedie». + To je princím konceptu WYSIWYM. + Akékoµvek prispôsobenie sa objaví vo vytlaèenom dokumente. +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si tie¾, ako sa zmen¹ujú medzery medzi riadkami, so zväè¹ujúcou + sa håbkou prostredia. + Vnáranie a v¹etky triky, ktoré mô¾ete robi» s rôznymi håbkami, vysvetlíme + v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: vnaranie} + +\end_inset + +. + Urèite si ju preèítajte. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: enumerate} + +\end_inset + +Prostedie +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + je nástroj, ktorý vám umo¾ní vytvára» èíslované zoznamy. + Má tieto vlastnosti: +\layout Enumerate + +Ka¾dá polo¾ka má ako popisok znak (alfanumerický). +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Typ znaku závisí od håbky vnorenia. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +LyX automatický polo¾ky poèíta, a popisky podµa toho upravuje. +\layout Enumerate + +Ka¾dé nové prostredie +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + nastavuje poèítadlo na zaèiatok, teda 1. +\layout Enumerate + +Tak isto ako prostredie +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +, aj prostredie +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Posúva polo¾ky relatívne k µavému okraju. + Polo¾ky mô¾u by» µubovoµne dlhé. +\layout Enumerate + +Redukuje medzeru medzi riadkami podµa håbky vnorenia. +\layout Enumerate + +Pou¾íva rôzne popisky, v závislosti na håbke vnorenia. +\layout Enumerate + +Dovoµuje vnorenie do håbky ¹tyri. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Prostredie +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + ukazuje +\emph on +rôzne +\emph toggle + popisky pre ka¾dú polo¾ku aj v LyXe. + Tu je uká¾ka, ako LyX èísluje v¹etky úrovne tohto prostredia. +\layout Enumerate + +Prvá úroveò pou¾íva arabské èísla, nasledované bodkou. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Druhá úroveò pou¾íva malé písmená uzatvorené v zátvorkách. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Tretia úroveò pou¾íva malé rímske èísla, nasledované bodkou. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +©tvrtá úroveò pou¾íva veµké písmená nasledované bodkou. +\layout Enumerate + +Znovu si v¹imnite zmen¹enie medzier medzi riadkami pri väè¹ej håbke. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Spä» na tretiu úroveò. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Spä» na druhú úroveò. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Spä» na najvy¹¹iu úroveò. +\layout Standard + +Typ èíslovanie si zasa mô¾ete zmeni». + Av¹ak vy¾aduje to pridanie príkazov do LaTeX preambuly (pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: preambula} + +\end_inset + +). + Ako sme u¾ povedali, takéto zmeny sa objavia len vo vytlaèenej forme dokumentu + (nie v LyXe). +\layout Standard + +O vnáraní prostredí +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + sa dá poveda» viac. + Naozaj by ste si mali preèíta» sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: vnaranie} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: description} + +\end_inset + +Ako protiklad k dvoma predchádzajúcim prostrediam, +\family sans +Description +\family default + nemá ¾iadny pevne daný popisok. + Namiesto neho LyX ako popisok pou¾íva prvé +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +slovo +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Tu je príklad: +\layout Description + +Príklad: Toto je príklad prostredia +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX popisok vysádza tuèným písmom a od zvy¹ku riadku ho oddelí väè¹ou medzerou. +\layout Standard + +Teraz sa pravepodobne èudujete, èo myslíme tým +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +pou¾íva prvé +\begin_inset Quotes gls +\end_inset + +slovo +\begin_inset Quotes grs +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Ako sme uviedli dávnej¹ie, klávesa +\family sans +Medzera +\family default + nepridáva biely znak do textu, ale oddeµuje od seba jednotlivé slová. + Ak sme na zaèiatku prvého riadku polo¾ky zoznamu v prostredí +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Medzera +\family default + hovorí LyXu aby ukonèil popisok, +\layout Standard + +Av¹ak èo, ak potrebujete ako popisok pou¾i» viac ako jedno slovo? Je to + jednoduché. + Pou¾ite chránenú medzeru ( +\family sans +C-Medzera +\family default +, pre ïal¹ie informácie si pozrite sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: hmedzera} + +\end_inset + +). + Tu je príklad: +\layout Description + +Druhý\SpecialChar ~ +príklad: Tento popisuje ako pou¾i» chránenú medzeru v popisku polo¾ky + zoznamu +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Pou¾itie: Prostredie +\family sans +Description +\family default + by ste mali pou¾íva» na veci, ako sú napríklad definície a pouèky. + Pou¾ite ho, ak potrebujete, aby jedno slovo malo ¹peciálne postavenie v + texte, ktorý ho popisuje. + Nie je dobré pou¾íva» toto prostredie, ak máte popísa» celú vetu. + Skôr by ste mali pou¾i» prostredie +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + alebo +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + a vnorenie niekoµkých odsekov +\family sans +Standard +\family default + do nich. +\layout Description + +Vnáranie: Samozrejme, ¾e prostredia Description mô¾ete do seba vnára» a + mô¾ete ich vnára» do iných typov zoznamov a tak ïalej. + O vnáraní si prèítajte sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: vnaranie} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si, ¾e po prvom riadku LyX ostatné riadky odsadí. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +List +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: lyxlist} + +\end_inset + +Prostredie +\family sans +List +\family default + je LyXové roz¹írenie LaTeXu. +\layout Standard + +Toto prostredie +\emph on +nevytvára +\emph toggle + èíslovaný zoznam. + Na to je prostredie Enumerate, popísané v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: enumerate} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Tak ako prostredie +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +List +\family default + má u¾ívateµsky definované popisky polo¾iek zoznamu. + Medzi prostredím +\family sans +List +\family default + a ostatnými troma prostrediami sú nejaké rozdiely: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM + +popisky\SpecialChar ~ +polo¾iek Ako popisok LyX pou¾íva prvé +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +slovo +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + riadku. + Prvá +\family sans +Medzera +\family default + na zaèiatku prvého riadku oznaèí koniec popisku. + Ak potrebujete ako popisok pou¾i» viac slov, oddeµte ich chrá\SpecialChar \- +ne\SpecialChar \- +nou medzerou + ( +\family sans +C-Mezera +\family default +). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM + +okraje Ako mô¾ete vidie», LyX pou¾íva rôzne okraje na popisok polo¾ky a + text polo¾ky. + Text polo¾ky má zväè¹ený µavý okraj, ktorý je rovný veµkosti popisku, plus + nejaká medzera naviac. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM + +¹írka\SpecialChar ~ +popisku LyX pou¾íva jednu z dvoch ¹íriek na popisky. + Buï pou¾ije aktuálnu, alebo ¹tandardnú, podµa toho, ktorá je väè¹ia. + Ak je väè¹ia aktuálna ¹írka, potom sa popisok +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +pretiahne +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + do prvého riadku. + Inými slovami, text prvého riadku nie je zarovnaný tak ako ostatné riadky + textu. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM + +¹tandardná\SpecialChar ~ +¹írka Túto ¹írku mô¾ete veµmi µahko zmeni». + Je to úplne bez\SpecialChar \- +bo\SpecialChar \- +lest\SpecialChar \- +né, tak¾e mô¾ete zaisti», aby text v¹etkých polo¾iek + zoznamu prostredia +\family sans +List +\family default + mal rovnaký µavý okraj. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM + +pou¾itie Toto prostredie by ste mali pou¾íva» tak, ako by ste pou¾ívali + prostredie +\family sans +Description +\family default +: keï potrebujete, aby jedno slovo malo ¹pecilne postavenie v texte, ktorý + ho popisuje. + Prostredie +\family sans +List +\family default + vám na toto poskytuje iný formát. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM + +vnáranie Prostredia List mô¾ete do seba vnára», takisto ich mô¾te vnára» + do iných typov zoznamov, atï. + Funguje to rovnako ako iné prostredia zoznamov. + O vnáraní si preèítajte sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: vnaranie} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Aby ste zmenili ¹írku popisku, oznaète polo¾ky zoznamu pre ktoré ju chcete + zmeni». + Ak chcete zmeni» ¹írku len pre jednu polo¾ku, jednoducho len umistnite + kurzor do nej. + Otvorte okno +\family sans +Prostredie odstavca +\family default + a nájdite textové pole +\family sans +©írka hlavièky +\family default +. + Text v tomto poli urèuje ¹írku popisku. + Ak naozaj chcete, mô¾ete sem napísa» vá¹ navjäè¹í popisok, ale nie je to + nutné. + Doporuèujujeme vám pou¾i» písmeno +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (viac krát). + Je to naj¹ir¹í znak a je to ¹tandardná jednotka ¹írky LaTeXu. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Samozrejme, mohli by ste pou¾i» aj nejaké iné písmeno niekoµkokrát. + Alebo by ste mohli pou¾i» kombinácie písmen, napr. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +I +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +O +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Av¹ak ¹írka písmena +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph on +je +\emph toggle + ¹tandardnou jednotkou horizontálnej veµkosti v LaTeXu. + Preto doporuèujeme pou¾íva» toto písmeno. +\end_inset + + ©tandardná ¹írka popisku je 6 písmen +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Je e¹te jedna vlastnos» tohto prostredia, o ktorej vám musíme poveda». + Ako vidíte v príklade, LyX popisky ¹tandardne zarovnáva naµavo. + V skutoènosti je na konci popisku vlo¾ený +\family sans +HFill +\family default +. + +\family sans +Hfill +\family default +y preberieme neskôr v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: hmedzera} + +\end_inset + +. + Mô¾ete pou¾i» ïal¹ie +\family sans +HFill +\family default +y aby ste zmenili zarovnanie popisku. + Tu je príkald: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + +Naµavo ©atndardné zarovnanie pre polo¾ky prostredia +\family sans +List +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\hfill +Dostredu Jeden +\family sans +HFill +\family default + na zaèiatku popisku ho vycentruje. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +Napravo\SpecialChar ~ +1 Zarovna» popisok napravo mô¾ete viacerýmy chránenými me\SpecialChar \- +dze\SpecialChar \- +rami + na zaèiatku riadku. + Av¹ak mô¾e to posunú» okraj prvého riadku textu polo¾ky. + Je dos» »a¾ké zisti» koµko chrá\SpecialChar \- +ne\SpecialChar \- +ných medzier treba da», aby to bolo dobré. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Na obrazovke to nevyzerá zarovnané napravo, ale vo výstupe to bolo OK. + Keï som dal viac chránených medzier, aby to bolo vpravo na obrazovke, vo + výstupe to bolo posunuté moc doprava. + Zasahovalo to prvý riadok text (bol posunutý, ako keï je popisok väè¹í + ako ¹tandardná ¹írka). + Toto zarovnanie napravo nie je dobre vyrie¹ené a dúfam, ¾e v budúcich verziách + programu bude zmenené. +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill + +\hfill +Napravo\SpecialChar ~ +2 Toto je trochu lep¹ie, ale stále to nie je ono. + Nikoµko +\family sans +HFill +\family default +ov na zaèiatku popisku. +\layout Standard + +Netrápte sa, ak e¹te neviete, èo je to +\family sans +HFill +\family default +. + Iba si zapamätajte, ako ich mô¾te pou¾i» na prispôsobenie si zoznamu +\family sans +List +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +To je v¹etko o ¹tyroch prostrediach odekov na vytváranie zoznamov. + E¹te raz --- mali by ste si preèíta» sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: vnaranie} + +\end_inset + + o vnáraní prostredí. +\layout Subsection + +Listy +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Address +\family default + a +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +: Prehµad +\layout Standard + +Keï¾e LyX má triedu dokumentu na tvorbu listov, tie¾ sme vytvorili dve prostredi +a nazvané +\family sans +Address +\family default + a +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +. + Pri pou¾ívaní triedy list, musíte pou¾i» ¹pecifické prostredia v ¹pecifickom + poradí, inak LaTeX dokument nespracuje. + Naproti tomu prostredia +\family sans +Address +\family default + a +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + mô¾ete pou¾i» v dokumente kdekoµvek bez problémov. + Tie¾ ich mô¾ete vnára» do iných prostredí, ale do nich samotných nemô¾ete + vnori» niè. +\layout Standard + +Samozrejme v pou¾ívaní týchto prostredí nie ste obmedzení len na listy. + +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + je èiastoène u¾itoèné na vytváranie názvov èlánkov, ako napríklad tie, + èo sa pou¾ívajú v európskych akademických novinách. +\layout Subsubsection + +Pou¾itie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: adresa_pouzitie} + +\end_inset + +Prostredie +\family sans +Address +\family default + formátuje text v ¹týle adresy, ktorý sa v niektorých krajinách pou¾íva + pre oslovenie a podpis. + Podobne prostredie +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + formátuje text v ¹týle adresy zarovnanej napravo, ktorý sa v niektorých + krajinách pou¾íva ako adresa odosielateµa a dne¹ný dátum. + Tu je príklad ka¾dého prostredia: +\layout Right Address + +Right Address +\newline +Kto som +\newline +Kde som +\newline +Kde to je? Èo je dnes za deò? +\layout Standard + +To bolo prostredie +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +. + V¹imnite si, ¾e v¹etky riadky majú rovnaký µavý okraj, ktorý LyX nastaví + tak, bol najdlh¹í blok textu na jednom riadku. + Tu je príklad prostredia +\family sans +Address +\family default +: +\layout Address + +Kto si ty +\newline +Kde toto posielam +\newline +Tvoja po¹ta a krajina +\layout Standard + +Ako mô¾ete vidie», +\family sans +Address +\family default + a +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + pridávajú medzeru medzi seba a nasledujúci odstavec. + Ak stlaèíte +\family sans +Enter +\family default + v niektorom z týchto prosterdí, LyX nastaví håbku vnorenia a prostredie + na +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Keï¾e +\family sans +Enter +\family default + je funkcia na oddeµovanie odsekov, tak¾e individuálne riadky adresy nie + sú odseky. + Z toho vyplýva, ¾e nový riadok v prostedí +\family sans +Address +\family default + alebo +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + by ste mali zaèína» +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Akademické písanie +\layout Standard + +Väè¹ina akademických èlánkov zaèína s abstraktom +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Nevedel som èo je to abstrakt (a neviem èi sa to v slovenèine volá takto), + ale mal by to by» nejaký krátky úvod k èlánku. +\end_inset + + a konèí literatúrou alebo zoznamom odkazov. + LyX obsahuje prostredia na tvorbu oboch. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Abstract +\layout Standard + +Prostredie +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + sa pou¾íva na vytvorenie abstraktu k èlánku. + Technicky +\emph on +by ste mohli +\emph toggle + toto prostredie pou¾i» kdekoµvek, ale +\emph on +mali by +\emph toggle + ste ho pou¾i» len na zaèiatku dokumentu, za nadpisom. + Tie¾ sa nepokú¹ajte vnára» toto prostredie do iných, alebo naopak. + Nebude to fungova». +\layout Standard + +Toto prostredie robí za vás niekoµko vecí. + Ako prvé, nad text umiestni vycentrovaný nápis +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Abstrakt +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Tento nápis a text pod ním sú oddelené nejakou extra medezrou. + Ïalej, v¹etko vysádza men¹ím písmom, presne tak, ako by ste oèakávali. + Nakoniec pridá extra medzeru medzi sebou a nasledujúcim textom. + Takto to vyzrá na obrazovke LyXu. + Ak vá¹ dokument je písaný v triede +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +report +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, vo vytlaèenej forme bude abstrakt na samostatnej stránke. +\layout Standard + +Nový odek po stlaèení +\family sans +Enteru +\family default + nezmení prostredie. + Nový odsek bude písaný stále v prostredí +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +, tak¾e prostredie musíte zmeni» sami, keï udete ma» abstrakt napísaný. +\layout Standard + +Radi by sme vám ukázali príklad tohto prostedia, ale nie je to mo¾né, preto¾e + tento dokument je písaný v triede +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +book +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Ak ste nikdy predtým nepoèuli o +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +abstrakte +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, toto prostredie mô¾ete bezpeène ignorova». +\layout Standard + +Posledná poznámka: toto prostredie je u¾itoèné len v dokumentoch tried +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +article +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +report +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (tie¾ aj +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +amsart +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, èo je ¹pecializovaná verzia +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +article +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). + Trieda +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +book +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + toto prostredie úplne ignoruje, a je úplne hlúpe pou¾íva» abstrakt v liste. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + (literatúra) +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: bibliography} + +\end_inset + +Prostredie +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + sa pou¾íva pre zoznam referencií. + Technicky +\emph on +by ste mohli +\emph toggle + toto prostredie pou¾i» kdekoµvek, ale +\emph on +mali by +\emph toggle + ste ho pou¾i» na konci dokumentu. + Tie¾ sa nepokú¹ajte vnori» +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + do iného prostredia alebo naopak. + Nebude to fungova». +\layout Standard +\bibitem {1} + +Keï prvý krát vyberiete prostredie +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +, LyX urobí veµkú vertikálnu medzeru, nasledovanú nadpisom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Literatúra +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Referencia +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, v závislosti na triede dokumentu. + Nadpis je vytlaèený veµkým tuèným písmom. + Ka¾dý odsek tohto prostredia je polo¾ka referencií. + Stalèenie +\family sans +Enteru +\family default + nezru¹í typ prostredia. + Ka¾dý nový odsek je stále v prostredí +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +. +\layout Standard +\bibitem {1} + +Na +\emph on +zaèiatku prvého riadku +\emph toggle + ka¾dého odseku uvidíte ¹edý obdå¾nik s èíslom. + Ak naò kliknete, zobrazí sa vám okienko, v ktorom mô¾ete zada» +\family sans +kµúè +\family default + a +\family sans +návestie +\family default +. + Kµúè je symbolické meno, pomocou ktorého sa budete odkazova» na túto polo¾ku + literatúry. + Napríklad predpokladajme, ¾e prvá polo¾ka v literatúre je kniha o LaTeXu. + Ako kµúè pre túto polo¾ku by sme mohli napísa» +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +knihalatex +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Takisto mô¾ete definova» nápis, ktorý sa zobrazí v ¹edom obdå¾niku. +\layout Standard + +Polo¾ka kµúè nie je neu¾itoèná. + Na va¹e polo¾ky literatúry sa mô¾ete odkazova» príkazom +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->Referencia na citáciu +\family default +. + Po¾adovaný kµúè si vyberiete z rozbaµovacieho menu. + Príklad tohto prostredia sa nachádza (kde inde) na konci dokumentu. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Pozri +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} + +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Kapitola 3]{latexcompanion} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + je príklad ako sa odkazova» na dve polo¾ky literatúry. + V druhom sme pou¾ili polo¾ku +\family sans +poznámka +\family default + v okienku vlo¾i» citáciu, èím sme pridali text +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Kapitola 3 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Text +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +latexguide +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +latexcompanion +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ktorý vidíte na obrazovke, bude vo vytlaèenom dokumente nahradený èíslom + alebo názvom polo¾ky literatúry. +\layout Subsection + +©peciálny úèel +\layout Standard + +Sú tri ¹tandardné prostredia odsekov, ktoré sa jednoducho nehodia do ¾iadnej + kategórie, preto¾e sú dos» ¹pecializované pre urèité úèely. + Pouká¾eme na ich vlastnosti a spôsob pou¾itia. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Caption +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: captionlayout} + +\end_inset + +Prostredie +\family sans +Caption +\family default + je ¹tandardné prostredie pre +\family sans +Insety s obrázkom +\family default + a +\family sans +Insety s tabuµkou +\family default +. + Na obrazovke LyXu uvidíte nápis +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Figure: +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Table: +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + V slovenskom výstupe to samozrejme bude +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Obrázok: +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Tabuµka: +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + +, v závislosti na tom, aký inset sa tam nachádza. + Ïalej toto prostredie vo finálnom výstupe vygeneruje èíslo obrázku alebo + tabuµky. +\layout Standard + +Toto prostredie nemô¾ete vnára» do iných prostredí a naopak. + A ïalej stalèenie +\family sans +Enteru +\family default + zmení nasledujúce prostredie na Standard, tak¾e +\family sans +Caption +\family default + mô¾e by» len samostatný odsek. +\layout Standard + +Prostredie +\family sans +Caption +\family default + nemô¾ete pou¾i» mimo insetu s obrázkom alebo insetu s tabuµkou. + O týchto insetoch sa doèítate v sekciách +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: obrazky} + +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: tabulky} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + prostredie je ïal¹ie roz¹írenie LyXu. + Text vysádza fontom písacieho stroja. + Tie¾ klávesu +\family sans +Medzera +\family default + chápe ako skutoèná medzera +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +V prostredí +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + je medzera chápaná ako +\family sans +Chránená medzera +\family default + a nie ako oddeµovaè slov. +\end_inset + +, to znamená, ¾e toto je jediný prípad v LyXe, kde mô¾ete napísa» viac medzier + za sebou. + Ak potrebujete vlo¾i» prázdne riadky, stále musíte pou¾i» +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default + (funkcia +\family typewriter +zalomenie riadku +\family default +). + +\family sans +Enter +\family default + oddeµuje odseky. + V¹imnite si, ¾e stlaèenie +\family sans +Enteru +\family default + nezru¹í prostedie, tak¾e keï skonèíte s písaním v tomto prostredí, budete + ho musie» zmeni» sami. + Tie¾ mô¾ete +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + vnára» do iných prostredí. +\layout Standard + +Tu je pár drobností o tomto prostredí: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default + nemô¾ete pou¾i» na zaèiatku nového odseku (tzn. + za +\family sans +Enterom +\family default + nemô¾e nasledova» +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +) +\layout Itemize + +Za +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default + nemô¾e nasledova» +\family sans +Medzera +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Pou¾ite +\family sans +Enter +\family default + na zaèatie nového odseku a potom pou¾ite +\family sans +medzeru +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Alebo pou¾ite +\family sans +C-Medzera +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Nemô¾ete ma» prázdny odsek, alebo prázdny riadok. + Na ka¾dý riadok, ktorý chcete ma» prázdny, musíte napísa» aspoò jednu medzeru. + Inak LaTeX vygeneruje chyby. +\layout Itemize + +Úvodzovky písacieho stroja nenapí¹ete jednoduchým napísaním +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\family default + preto¾e toto vlo¾í skutoèné úvodzovky. + Úvodzovky písacieho stroja vlo¾íte s +\family sans +C- +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Pod pojmom úvodzovky písacieho stroja sa myslia obyèajné rovné úvodzovky, + ktoré su napísané ako horné (aj poèiatoèné aj ukonèovacie). + Klávesová skratka +\family sans +C- +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\family default + mi fungovala len keï som mal v LyXe zapnutú anglickú klávesnicu (jazyk + Default). + ináè sa dajú vlo¾i» príkazom +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->©peciálny znak->Obyèajná úvodzovka +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Tu je príklad: +\layout LyX-Code + +#include +\layout LyX-Code + + +\layout LyX-Code + +int main(void) +\layout LyX-Code + +{ +\layout LyX-Code + + printf("Hello World +\backslash +n"); +\layout LyX-Code + + return 0; +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout Standard + +Toto je ¹tandardný +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Hello World +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + program. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + má jeden úèel: vysádza» kód, ako napríklad zdrojový program, skript, atï. + Pou¾ite ho len v tých ¹peciálnych prípadoch, kde potrebujete vytvori» text, + ako keby ste pou¾ili písací stroj. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +Comment +\layout Standard + +Toto prostredie sa pou¾íva na písanie komentárov k dokumentu. + Tieto komentáre sa neobjavia vo výstupe. + Aby to bolo jasné na prvý pohµad, LyX text písaný týmto prostredím zobrazí + inou farbou ako ostatný text. +\layout Subsubsection + + +\family sans +LaTeX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: LaTeXlayout} + +\end_inset + +Prostredie +\family sans +LaTeX +\family default + má ¹peciálne úèel: preda» LaTeXu veµké bloky príkazov. + Má nasledujúce vlastnosti: +\layout Itemize + +Text je zobrazený èervným písmom, indikujúc, ¾e je to kód LaTeXu. +\layout Itemize + +Mô¾ete vlo¾i» viac medzier ( +\family sans +Medzera +\family default + je chápaná ako chránená medzera). +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Av¹ak toto nefunguje po +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +. + Vtedy pou¾ite +\family sans +C-Medzera +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Ak chcete va¹e príkazy zalomi» do viacerých riadkov, pou¾ite +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enter +\family default + nastaví prostredie odseku na +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Prostredie +\family sans +LaTeX +\family default + +\emph on +mô¾ete +\emph toggle + vnára» do iných prostredí. +\layout Standard + +Pre viac informácií si preèítajte sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: latexcodes} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Vnáranie prostredí +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: vnaranie} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +O èo ide +\layout Standard + +V predchádzajúcich sekciách sme vás stále otravovali so slovami +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +preèítajte si sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: vnaranie} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Pravdepodobne ste sa èudovali èo za vec je taká dôle¾itá. +\layout Standard + +Dôle¾ité je, ¾e LyX sa odli¹uje od konceptu tradièných textových procesorov. + S písacím strojom je text iba atrament na stráke. + Väè¹ina textových procesorov nie je o niè lep¹ia, pre ne je text pixely + na obrazovke a bajty v pamäti. + Oproti tomu, LyX pova¾uje text za jednotný blok s urèitým kontextom a vlastnos» +ami. + Ale èo, ak chcete, aby jeden +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +blok +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + zdedil nejaké vlastnosti iného +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +bloku +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Tu je ¹pecifickej¹í príklad: návrhy. + V návrhu máte tri hlavné body, ale bod 2. + má dve podpolo¾ky. + Inými slovami, máte zoznam +\emph on +vo vnútri +\emph toggle + iného zoznamu, vnútorný zoznam je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +pripojený +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + k bodu 2.: +\layout Enumerate + +jeden +\layout Enumerate + +dva +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +podpolo¾ka - bod 1 +\layout Enumerate + +podpolo¾ka - bod 2 +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +tri +\layout Standard + +Ako vlo¾íte zoznam do iného zoznamu? +\layout Standard + +Teraz by odpoveï bola obyèajná: vnoríte jeden zoznam do druhého. + Av¹ak vnáranie nie je limitované len na zoznamy. + V LyXe mô¾ete vnori» skoro v¹etko do hocièoho iného, ako o chvíµu zistíte. + Toto je skutoèná sila vnárania prostredí odsekov. +\layout Subsection + +Èo mô¾ete a nemô¾ete vnára» +\layout Standard + +Predtým ako vás zasypeme prostrediami, musíme vám poveda» trochu o tom, + ako vnáranie funguje. +\layout Standard + +Otázka vnárania je trochu komplikovanej¹ia ako jednoduché áno alebo nie, + mô¾ete alebo nemô¾ete. + Tie¾ je tu otázka ako. + Mô¾ete vnori» toto prostredie do iného? Mô¾ete vnori» iné prostredie do + neho? +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Áno +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + na jednu z týchto otázok negarantuje +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +áno +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + na druhú otázku. +\layout Standard + +Keï príde na vnáranie, prostredie odseku v LyXe mô¾e ma» tri stavy. + Poprvé, prostredie mô¾e by» úplne nevnárateµné. + Po druhé sú prostredia, ktoré sú plne vnárateµné. + Mô¾ete ich vnára» do iných vecí a takisto mô¾ete vnára» iné veci do nich. + E¹te je jeden typ prostredí. + Mô¾ete ich vnára» do iných prostredí, ale to je v¹etko. + Do nich nemô¾ete vnori» niè. +\layout Standard + +Tu je zoznam v¹etkých troch správaní sa vnárania, a ktoré prostredia ho + majú: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Z nejakého divného dôvodu, LyX dovoµuje úplne vnára» prostredia +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + a +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +. + LyX tie¾ umo¾òuje vnára» prostredia +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans +Author +\family default + a +\family sans +Date +\family default + do iných prostredí. + Zdôrazòujeme vám, aby ste to nerobili. + LaTeX to mô¾e, ale nemusí zobra». + Nevieme to naisto. + Ale v kontexte to aj tak nedáva ¾iadny zmysel vnára» tieto prostredia, + tak¾e preèo by ste to mali robi»? +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Nevnárateµné Nemô¾te ich vnára», ani vnára» do nich. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Chapter +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Section +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subsection +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Paragraph +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subparagraph +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Section* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subsection* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Subsubsection* +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Bibliography +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Abstract +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Title +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Author +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Date +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Plne\SpecialChar ~ +vnárateµné Mô¾ete ich vnára» a mô¾ete vnára» do nich. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Verse +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quote +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Quotation +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Itemize +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Description +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +List +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Vnárateµné\SpecialChar ~ +do Mô¾ete ich vnára» do iných prostredí, ale nemô¾ete vnára» do + nich samých. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Standard +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Right\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Address +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +LaTeX +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Prostredie +\family sans +Caption +\family default + skutoène nikam nepatrí, preto¾e sa pou¾íva len v insetoch s obrázkami a + tabuµkami. +\layout Subsection + +Vnáranie iných vecí: tabuliek, vzorcov, insetov atï. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: tab-a-obr-vnaranie} + +\end_inset + +Toto sú veci, ktoré nie sú prostredia odsekov, ale nejako sa ich vnáranie + dotýka. + Sú to: +\layout Itemize + +Rovnice +\layout Itemize + +Tabuµky +\layout Itemize + +Obrázky +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Poznámka: +\emph toggle + ak obrázok alebo tabuµku vlo¾íte do insetu, tak toto sa ho netýka. + Pozrite sa ni¾¹ie, alebo na sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: obrazky} + +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: tabulky} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +LyX mô¾e tieto tri objekty pova¾ova» buï za jedno slovo, alebo za odsek. + No, tabuµku nemô¾ete vlo¾i» do riadku, ale vzorec a obrázok áno. + Ak je obrázok alebo rovnica v riadku, ide tam, kam patrí odsek, v ktorom + sa nachádza. +\layout Standard + +Na druhej strane, ak máte rovnicu, obrázok alebo tabuµku ako samostatný + odsek, správa sa ako prostredie +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +vnárateµné do +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Mô¾ete ich vnori» do iného prostredia, ale (obyèajne) nemô¾ete vnára» do + nich. +\layout Standard + +Tu je príklad s tabuµkou: +\layout Enumerate + +Polo¾ka jedna +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je (a) a je vnorené. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +d +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je (b). + Tabuµka je vnorená v (a). +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Spä» vonku. +\layout Standard + +Ak by sme tabuµku vôbec nevnorili, zoznam by vyzeral takto: +\layout Enumerate + +Polo¾ka jedna +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je (a) a je vnorené. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +d +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je (b). + Tabuµka je vnorená v (a). +\layout Enumerate + +Spä» vonku. +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si, ¾e polo¾ka (b) u¾ nie je vnorená, ale tie¾ je prvou polo¾kou + nového zoznamu! +\layout Standard + +E¹te je tu jedna pasca, do ktorej sa mô¾ete chyti»: ak tabuµku vnoríte, + ale nie dostatoène hlboko, LyX ostatok za tabuµkou premení na nový (pod)zoznam. +\layout Enumerate + +Polo¾ka jedna +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je (a) a je vnorené. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +d +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je (b). + Tabuµka je vnorená v (a). +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Spä» vonku. +\layout Standard + +Ako vidíte, polo¾ka (b) sa premenila na prvú polo¾ku, ale prvú polo¾ku +\emph on +vnútri +\emph toggle + zoznamu 1. + Rovnaká vec by sa stala s rovnicou alebo obrázkom. + Tak¾e ak vnárate rovnice, obrázky, alebo tabuµky, dajte si pozor, èi idete + do správnej håbky. +\layout Standard + +E¹te sú tu tie takzvané +\family sans +Insety +\family default +. + +\family sans +Inset +\family default + je blok textu asociovaný s nejakým popisom, ktorý ale nemá pevnú polohu. + Mô¾e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +pláva» +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + dopredu alebo dozadu po stránkach, podµa toho, kde je najlep¹ie umiestnený. + +\family sans +Poznámky pod èiarou +\family default + a +\family sans +poznámky na okraji +\family default + sú insety, takisto ako inset s obrázkom, insety s tabuµkou, ¹iroké insety + s obrázkom a ¹iroké insety s tabuµkou. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Rozdiel medzi ¹irokým a ne-¹irokým insetom je relevantný len v dvojståpcovom + dokumente, kde ¹iroké insety sú ¹iroké dva ståpce namiesto jedného. +\end_inset + + Ak v LyXe editujete dokument, zavretý inset vyzerá ako slovo, napísané + horným indexom a èerveným písmom, a patrí tam, kde je odsek, v ktorom sa + nachádza. + Av¹ak, preto¾e insety nemajú pevnú polohu vo výslednom texte, vnáranie + nemá ¾iadny efekt na ich skutoènú polohu keï dokument spracujete LaTeXom. +\layout Subsection + +Pou¾itie a v¹eobecné vlastnosti +\layout Subsubsection + +Rôzne väzby +\layout Standard + +Teraz, keï sme vám povedali èo mô¾ete a èo nemô¾ete vnára», je èas, aby + sme vysvetlili +\emph on +ako +\emph toggle + vnára». +\layout Standard + +V prvom rade máte na výber medzi klávesovými skratkami, nástrojovou li¹tou + a polo¾kami menu. + Príkaz +\family sans +Zmeni» håbku prostredia +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie +\family default + +\emph on +zväè¹í +\emph toggle + håbku vnorenia o jednu úroveò. + Zvý¹i» úroveò mô¾ete tie¾ pou¾itím tlaèítka na paneli nástrojov, ktoré + zobrazuje stránku, so ¹ípkami na oboch stranách vnoreného odseku. +\layout Standard + +Sú dva spôsoby vnárania textu. + Mô¾ete oznaèi» text, ktorého håbku chcete zmeni», alebo jednoducho umiestnite + kurzor do do odseku, ktorého håbku chcete zmeni». + Prvý spôsob umo¾òuje zmeni» håbku viacerým odsekom naraz. +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si, ¾e LyX zmení håbku vnorenia, len keï je to mo¾né. + Ak nie je mo¾né tak urobi», pri pokuse zmeni» håbku sa niè nestane. + Ïalej, keï zmeníte håbku odseku, ovplyvní to håbku ka¾dého odseku, ktorý + je v tomto vnorený. + Je »a¾ké popísa», èo presne LyX urobí v takomto prípade. + Závisí to na tom, ako vá¹ text vyzerá. + Najlep¹ie, èo mô¾ete urobi», je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +pohra» sa +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + s menením håbky a pozera» èo to robí. +\layout Standard + +Nakoniec by sme vás radi upozornili na toto: +\layout Itemize + +Ak +\emph on +zmen¹íte +\emph toggle + håbku viackrát, LyX sa zastaví na najvy¹¹ej úrovni. +\layout Itemize + +Ak +\emph on +zväè¹íte +\emph toggle + håbku vnorenia viackrát, LyX håbku cyklicky nastavuje. + To znamená, ¾e keï dosiahnete najhlb¹iu úroveò a znovu sa pokúsite håbku + zväè¹i», LyX sa nezastaví, ale vráti sa na najvy¹¹iu úroveò. +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si, ¾e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +najväè¹ia håbka +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + neznamená najhlb¹iu mo¾nú håbku. + Nemô¾ete zmeni» håbku na µubovoµnú úroveò. + V nadradenej úrovni musí nieèo by». +\layout Standard + +Keï hovoríme o úrovniach, LyX doká¾e vnára» do ¹iestej úrovne. + Inými slovami, úroveò è. + 6 je najväè¹ia mo¾ná håbka. + Tu je príklad èo tým myslíme: +\layout Enumerate + +úroveò 1 - navy¹¹ia +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +úroveò 2 +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +úroveò 3 +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +úroveò 4 +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +úroveò 5 +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +úroveò 6 +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +E¹te raz: LyX má maximálne 6 úrovní a nezále¾i na tom, ktoré prostredie + odseku pou¾ívate pre danú úroveò. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nane¹»astie, LyX si toto obmedzenie nestrá¾i. + Ak sa pokusíte ho prekroèi», LyX vám to dovolí, ale LaTeX vám vráti chybu + pri produkovaní výstupu. +\end_inset + + Znamená to, ¾e mô¾ete do úrovne 6 vnára» zoznam +\family sans +Description +\family default +, alebo prostredie +\family sans +Verse +\family default +, atï. + Tie¾ mô¾ete prostredia mie¹a», ako uvidíte neskôr. +\layout Standard + +Sú dve výnimky pre obmedzenie úrovne 6 a obe mô¾ete vidie» v príkladoch. + Prostredia +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + a +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + mô¾ete vnára» len do håbky 4. + Napríklad, keby sme sa pokúsili vnori» ïal¹iu polo¾ku +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + zoznamu do polo¾ky +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +A. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, dostali by sme chybu. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Znova: LyX toto neustrá¾i, ale ak sa to rozhodnete poru¹i», LaTeX vám vráti + chybu. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Zopár príkladov +\layout Standard + +Najlep¹í spôsob ako vysvetli» èo mô¾ete robi» s vnáraním sú príklady. + Máme niekoµko príkladov vnorených prostredí, v ktorých vysvetµujeme, ako + sme daný príklad vytvorili, tak¾e si ho mô¾ete zopakova». +\layout Subsubsection + +Príklad è. + 1: ©es» úrovní a zmie¹ané vnáranie +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +1-a Toto je najvy¹¹ia úroveò. + Pou¾ívame prostredie +\family sans +List +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +2-a Toto je druhá úroveò. + Vytvorili sme ju +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default + a následným zväè¹ením håbky. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +3-a Tretia úroveò. + Teraz sme pou¾ili +\family sans +Enter +\family default + a dvakrát sme zväè¹ili håbku prostredia. + Takisto sme ju mohli urobi» ako v predchádzajúcom prípade, teda +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default + a zväè¹enie håbky. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Toto je prostredie +\family sans +Standar +\family default +, vnorené v polo¾ke +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +3-a +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, tak¾e je na úrovi è. + 4. + Urobili sme to stlaèením +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default + a zväè¹ením håbky a následným zmenením prostredia na +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Tato sa robia polo¾ky zoznamu, ktoré majú viac ako jeden odsek -- tie¾ + to funguje na prostredia +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + a +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Tu je ïal¹í odsek v prostredí +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, tie¾ na úrovni è. + 4, urobený jednoduchým stlaèním +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +4-a Úroveò è. + 4. + Stlaèili sme +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default + a zmenili prostredie odseku naspä» na +\family sans +List +\family default +. + Spomeòte si -- do prostredia +\family sans +Standard +\family default + nemô¾eme niè vnori», preto sme stále na úrovni è. + 4. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +5-a Toto je úroveò è. + 5\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{} +a toto je úroveò è. + 6. + Teraz by ste u¾ mali vedie» ako sme ich urobili. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +5-b Spä» na úrovni è. + 5. + Stlaèili sme Enter a nastavili potrebnú håbku. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +4-b Úroveò è. + 4. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +3-b Úroveò è. + 3. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +2-b Úroveò è. + 2. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMM + +è.\SpecialChar ~ +1-b A nakoniec najvy¹¹ia úroveò. + Na konci tejto vety stlaèíme +\family sans +Enter +\family default + a zmeníme prostredie na +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Tu to máte! Oh\SpecialChar \ldots{} + taktie¾ sme mohli namiesto prostredia List pou¾i» prostredia + +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +, alebo dokonca +\family sans +Verse +\family default +. + Tento príklad by bol rovnaký. +\layout Subsubsection + +Príklad è. + 2: Dedenie +\layout LyX-Code + +Toto je prostredie +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + na úrovni è. + 1, teda na najvy¹¹ej úrovni. + Teraz stlaèíme +\family sans +Enter +\family default +, potom zmeníme håbku prostredia a prostredie odseku na +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je prostredie +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + na úrovni è. + 2. +\layout Enumerate + +V¹imnite si, ¾e vnorené prostredie +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + nededí od svojho rodièovského prostredia ( +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +) len okraje, ale tie¾ písmo a medzerovanie. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tento príklad sme skonèili stlaèením Enteru a následným zmenením prostredia + na Standard. +\layout Subsubsection + +Príklad è. + 3: Èíslovanie (znaèky), úrovne a prostredia Enumerate a Itemize +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je prvá úroveò v prostredí +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. + Ideme ich zopár do seba vnori». +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je úroveò è. + 2. + Stlaèili sme +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default + a zmenili håbku. + Teraz èo sa stane, ak vnoríme do tohto prostredie +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +? Bude na úrovni è. + 3, ale akú bude ma» znaèku? Bude to hviezdièka? +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Nie! Bude to krú¾ok. + Toto je +\emph on +prvé +\emph toggle + prostredie +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +, aj keï je na úrovni è. + 3. + Tak¾e jeho znaèka je krú¾ok. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Toto je úroveò è. + 4. + Mali by ste vedie» ako sme ju urobili. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Úroveò è. + 5. + Teraz sme nezmenili len håbku, ale aj samotné prostredie spä» na +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. + V¹imnite si typ èíslovania! Sú to +\emph on +malé rímske èísla +\emph toggle +, preto¾e v rámci prostredia +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + sme na úrovni è. + 3. +\layout Enumerate + +Èo sa stane, ak nezmeníme prostredie, ale spä» zvý¹ime jeho håbku? Aký typ + èíslovania LyX pou¾ije? +\layout Enumerate + +Oh, keby ste zabudli ako necha» håbku aj prostredie nezmenené a vytvori» + novú polo¾ku, staèí stlaèi» +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Teraz håbku prostredia zvý¹ime. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je úroveò è. + 4. + Pozrite, aké èíslovanie LyX pou¾il! +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Toto je úroveò è. + 3. + Aj keï sme zmenili håbku, LyX stále pou¾íva malé rímske èíslice. + Preèo? +\layout Enumerate + +Preto¾e aj keï sa zmenila håbka prostredia, v rámci prostredia +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + sme na úrovni è. + 3. + Av¹ak v¹imnite si, ¾e LyX zaène èíslova» od zaèiatku. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Dostali sme sa spä» na druhú úroveò. + Teraz sme nezmenili len håbku, ale dostali sme sa na druhú úroveò aj v + rámci +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +, tak¾e sa zmenilo aj èíslovanie. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +To isté sa stalo po ïal¹om stlaèení klávesy +\family sans +Enter +\family default +. + Sme na najvy¹¹ej úrovni. +\layout Standard + +Nakoniec sme zmenili prostredie na +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Ako vidíte, èíslo úrovne nesúhlasí s èíslovaním, ktoré LyX pou¾íva pre + prostredia +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + a +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + Toto závisí od èíslovania +\emph on +prostredia +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +, ktoré obklopuje daný odsek +\emph toggle +. + Rovnaké pravidlo platí pre prostredie +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Príklad è. + 4: Ideme na to +\layout Enumerate + +Teraz to v¹etko +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +pomie¹ame +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Nebudeme vnára» tak hlboko ako v pre\SpecialChar \- +do¹\SpecialChar \- +lých príkladoch, ani nebudeme tak + detailne popisova» ako sme to urobili. + (úroveò è. + 1: +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +) +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +( +\family sans +Enter +\family default +, zmena håbky, +\family sans +Standard +\family default +: úroveò è. + 2) V zátvorkách budeme uvádza» ako sme daný odsek vytvorili. + Myslíme, ¾e je to zrozumiteµné: ako sme urobili daný odsek, typ prostredia + daného odseku a na zaèiatku alebo na konci úroveò na ktorej sa nachádzame. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +( +\family sans +Enter +\family default +, +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +: úroveò è. + 1) Toto je ïal¹ia polo¾ka zoznamu. +\begin_deeper +\layout Verse + +Teraz pridáme ver¹e +\newline +Bude to trochu hor¹ie +\newline +( +\family sans +Enter +\family default +, zmena håbky, +\family sans +Verse +\family default +: úroveò è. + 2) +\layout Verse + +Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo +\newline +Bippitey boppitey boo! +\newline +( +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default +) +\layout Verse + +A máme tu tabuµku: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +jedna ryba +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +dve ryby +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +èervená ryba +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +modrá ryba +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Verse + +( +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default +, tabuµka, zmena håbky (2-krát), +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default +, +\family sans +Verse +\family default +, zvý¹enie úrovne) +\layout Enumerate + +( +\family sans +Enter +\family default +, +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +: úroveò è. + 1) Toto je ïal¹ia polo¾ka zoznamu. + V¹imnite si, ¾e keï sme vlo¾ili tabuµku, úroveò sa zmenila na è. + 3, tak¾e sme museli zmeni» håbku prostredia dva-krát (aby bola na úrovni + è. + 2), aby tabuµka bola vnorená v prostedí +\family sans +Verse +\family default +. +\layout Quotation + +Teraz sme ukonèili zoznam +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + a zaèali prostredie +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +. + Stále sme na úrovni è. + 1. + Chceme vám ukáza» pár vecí, ktoré mô¾ete urobi» mixovaním prostredí. + Ïal¹ie odseky sú +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +citovaný list +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Prostredia +\family sans +Address +\family default + a +\family sans +Right Address +\family default + vnoríme do tohoto a potom pou¾ijeme ïal¹ie vnorené prostredie +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + na telo listu. + Na zachovanie håbky budeme pou¾íva» +\family sans +M-Enter +\family default +. + Nezabudnite, ¾e v prostrediach +\family sans +Address +\family default + a +\family sans +Right Address +\family default + musíte pou¾íva» +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +, aby ste mohli napísa» viac riadkov. + Tu to je: +\begin_deeper +\layout Right Address + +1234 Nowhere Rd. +\newline +Moosegroin, MT 00100 +\newline +9-6-96 +\layout Address + +Vá¾ený pán Nový: +\layout Quotation + +S µútos»ou Vám oznamujeme, ¾e nemô¾eme splni» Va¹u objednávku na 200 l stlaèenéh +o metánu, kvôli dôvodom, ktoré sú mimo na¹u kontrolu. + Nane¹»astie, niekoµko z na¹ích kráv záhadne explodovalo. + Va¹e meno dáme do zoznamu èakateµov a va¹u objednávku sa pokusíme splni» + hneï ako to bude mo¾né. + Ïakujeme Vám za trpezlivos». +\layout Quotation + +Teraz Vám v¹ak mô¾eme ponúknu» hovädzinu. + Ak máte záujem, po¹lite nám naspä» prilo¾ený objednávkový formulár s Va¹ou + objednávkou a platbou. +\layout Quotation + +E¹te raz Vám ïakujeme za Va¹u trpezlivos». +\layout Address + +S pozdravom. +\newline +--------------- +\layout Quotation + +Toto je koniec príkladu! +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ako vidíte, vnáranie prostredí v LyXe vám dáva veµkú silu. + Mô¾ete jednoducho vnori» +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + zoznam do prostredia +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + alebo +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, alebo naopak vlo¾i» +\family sans +Quote +\family default + do zoznamu +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + Máte veµké mo¾nosti. +\layout Section + +Písma a ¹týly textu +\layout Subsection + +Prehµad +\layout Standard + +Veµa moderných sádzacích jazykov sa zaèalo presúva» z pozície ¹pecifikovania + urèitého fontu ku ¹pecifikovaniu ¹týlu znakov. + Napríklad, namiesto zmeny aktuálneho fontu na jeho ¹ikmú verziu, pou¾ijete + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +zvýraznený ¹týl +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Tento koncept sa prfektne hodí do LyXu. +\layout Standard + +Teraz vám LyX dovoµuje ¹pecifikova» globálny ¹tandardný font a má dva ¹týly + znakov: +\family sans +Zvýraznený +\family default + a +\family sans +Meno +\family default +. + ©týl +\family sans +Zvýraznený +\family default + je to isté ako ¹ikmý font. + ©týl +\family sans +Meno +\family default + kore¹ponduje s fontom písaným veµkými písmenami (kapitálky), ktorý sa pou¾íva + hlavne na písanie mien. + LyX Tím dúfa, ¾e niekedy bude ma» úplnú mno¾inu ¹týlov znakov a tie¾, ¾e + u¾ívateµ si bude môc» prispôsobi», ktoré zmeny fontu prísluchajú ktorému + ¹týlu. + V súèasnosti sa budete musie» uspokoji» s tým, èo sme u¾ urobili. +\layout Subsection + +Globálne voµby +\layout Standard + +©tandardný font si mô¾ete nastavi» v okne +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie dokumentu +\family default +, príkazom +\family sans +Dokument +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie +\family default +. + Sú tu dve zaujímavé voµby: +\family sans +Písma +\family default + a +\family sans +Veµkos»\SpecialChar ~ +pís\SpecialChar \- +ma +\family default +. + Mo¾né voµby pod zoznamom +\family sans +Písma +\family default + zahròujú +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +default +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a zoznam fontov, dostupných vo va¹om systéme. + Voµba +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +default +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\family default + pou¾íva ¹tandardný font TeXu, známy ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +computer modern +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (cm) alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +European modern +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (ec). + Väè¹ina systémov bude ma» nejaké verzie písiem Times a Helvetica, s nejakými + inými variantami. + Toto budete musie» preskúma» sami. +\layout Standard + +Pre voµbu +\family sans +Veµkos» písma +\family default + sú mo¾né tri hodnoty (okrem +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +default +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +): 10, 11 a 12. + Zapamätajte si, ¾e toto je +\emph on +základná +\emph toggle + veµkos» písma. + LyX ostatné mo¾né veµkosti písma (ako tie, ktoré sa pou¾ívajú na poznámky + pod èiarou, a indexy) zväè¹uje a zmen¹uje podµa tejto hodnoty. + Ak to potrebujete, veµkos» písma si mô¾ete doladi» v dokumente. + A je dos» hlúpe pou¾íva» ako ¹tandardnú veµkos» písma 8pt (bodov) alebo + 24pt, preto¾e to mô¾e vá¹ dokument spravi» neèitateµným. +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si, ¾e keï si vyberiete novú hodnotu pre +\family sans +Písmo +\family default + a +\family sans +Veµkos» písma +\family default +, LyX +\emph on +nezmení +\emph toggle + obrazovku. + Rozdiel budete vidie» len keï vygenerujete výstup. + Toto je èas» konceptu WYSIWYM. + Okrem toho, ak ste dos» inteligentný aby ste pou¾ívali poèítaè, ste dos» + inteligentný aj na to, aby ste rozoznali, ¾e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Roman +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + text na obrazovke LyXu kore¹ponduje s +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +default +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + fontom. +\layout Subsection + +Pou¾ívanie rôznych ¹týlov znakov +\layout Standard + +Ako sme u¾ videli, LyX automaticky zmení ¹ýl znakov pre urèité prostredia + odsekov. + Tie¾ sme sa zmienili o dvoch ïal¹ích ¹týloch, +\family sans +Zvýraznený +\family default + a +\family sans +Meno +\family default +. + Oba mô¾ete aktivova» pomocou klávesových skratiek, menu a nástrojovej li¹ty. +\layout Standard + +Na aktivovanie ¹týlu +\family sans +Meno +\family default + urobte jedno z nasledujúcich: +\layout Itemize + +zmenu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie +\family default + vyberte príkaz +\family sans +©týl meno +\layout Itemize + +kliknite na tlaèítko s obrázkom èloveka +\layout Itemize + +pou¾ite klávesovú skratku +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +c +\layout Standard + +V¹etky tieto príkazy sú prepínaèe, tak¾e ak je ¹týl +\family sans +Meno +\family default + u¾ aktívny, deaktivujú ho. +\layout Standard + +Ïal¹ím roz¹íreným ¹týlom je ¹týl +\family sans +Zvýraznený +\family default +. + Mô¾ete ho aktivova» (alebo deaktivova» -- je to tie¾ prepínaè) pomocou: +\layout Itemize + +vybratím príkazu +\family sans +Zvýraznený ¹týl +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie +\layout Itemize + +kliknutím na tlaèítko so znakom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +! +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +pou¾itím skratky +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +e +\layout Standard + +Momentálne je ¹týl +\family sans +Zvýraznený +\family default + ekvivalentný ¹ikmému písmu. + V budúcnosti to plánujeme urobi» konfigurovateµné. +\layout Standard + +©týl Zvýraznený sme pou¾ívali v celom tomto dokumente. + Tu je ïal¹í príklad: +\layout Quotation + + +\emph on +Nepre¾eòte to so ¹týlmi znakov! +\layout Standard + +Je to tie¾ varovanie. + Písanie textu by malo by» podobné be¾nej konverzácii. + V skutoènosti tie¾ permanentne jeden na druhého nekrièíme, tak¾e by sme + sa mali vyvarova» tendencii preháòa» to so ¹týlmi. +\layout Standard + +Hmm\SpecialChar \ldots{} + E¹te jedna poznámka: nastavi» písmo na ¹tandardný font mô¾ete skratkou + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Medzera +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Dolaïovanie pomocou okna +\family sans +©týl znaku +\layout Standard + +V¾dy sa nájdu prípady, keï potrebujete nieèo doladi», tak¾e LyX vám dáva + mo¾nos» vytvori» si vlastný ¹týl znakov. + Napríklad vedecký èasopis alebo nejaká spoloènos» mô¾u ma» prípady, ktoré + vy¾adujú pou¾i» font sans-serif. + Taktie¾ autori obèas pou¾ívajú rôzne písma na oddelenie my¹lienok postáv + od be¾ného dialógu. +\layout Standard + +Predtým, ako popí¹eme u¾ívateµské ¹týly znakov, e¹te raz vás chceme varova»: + so ¹týlmi to nepre¾ente. + Veµa moderných textových procesorov má veµké mno¾stvo písiem, ktoré vám + poskytujú silu tlaèe. + Nane¹»astie je tendencia túto silu pou¾íva» a¾ príli¹. + Na um prichádza fráza +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Pou¾i» veµké kladivo na zabitie muchy. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + A ako táto veta hovorí, dokumenty, ktoré majú príli¹ veµa rôznych písiem + a ich veµkostí, vypadajú ako keby niekdo do ich vykopal veµké diery. +\layout Standard + +Dos» bolo s»a¾ovania sa. +\layout Standard + +Na pou¾ívanie u¾ívateµských fontov, otvorte okno +\family sans +©týl znaku +\family default +, príkazom +\family sans +Znak +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie +\family default +. + Je tam ¹es» rozbaµovacích menu, ktoré umo¾òujú nastavova» rôzne vlstnosti + písma. + Z nich si mô¾ete vybra» nejakú voµbu, alebo vybra» voµbu +\family sans +Dr¾a» +\family default +, ktorá podr¾í aktuálny stav danej vlastnosti. + Voµba +\family sans +Nulova» +\family default + nastaví danú vlastnos» na ¹tandardnú hodnotu prostredia odseku. + Mô¾ete to po¾i» na nastavovanie ¹tandardných vlastností cez rôzne odseky + v jednom kroku. +\layout Standard + +©es» vlastnosí písma a ich mo¾nosti (okrem +\family sans +Dr¾a» +\family default + a +\family sans +Nulova» +\family default +) sú: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Rodina +\family default + V¹eobecný vzhµad písma. + Mo¾né voµby sú: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Rímske +\family default + Toto je rodina písma Rímske. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Je to tie¾ ¹tandardná rodina písma. + (skratka: +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Bez\SpecialChar ~ +pätiek +\family default + +\family sans +Toto je rodina písma Bez pätiek. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratk: +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Písací\SpecialChar ~ +stroj +\family default + +\family typewriter +Toto je rodina písma Písací\SpecialChar ~ +stroj. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka: +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +p +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Séria +\family default + Urèuje +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +tuènos» +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + písma. + Mo¾nosti sú: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Stredné +\family default + Toto je Stredná séria písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tie¾ je to ¹tandardná séria. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Tuèné +\family default + +\series bold +Toto je Tuèná séria písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tieto série mô¾ete prepína» medzi sebou pou¾itím príkazu +\family sans +©týl tuèné +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie +\family default +, alebo skratkou +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Tvar +\family default + Urèuje tvar písma. + Mo¾nosti sú: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Normálne +\family default + Toto je normálny tvar písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Je to tie¾ ¹tandardný tvar. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +©ikmé +\family default + +\family sans +\shape italic +Toto je ¹ikmý tvar písma. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Kurzíva +\family default + +\family sans +\shape slanted +Toto je tvar písma Kurzíva +\family default +\shape default + (aj keï to na obrazovke nemusí by» vidie», je to odli¹né od ¹ikmého tvaru). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Malé\SpecialChar ~ +veµké +\family default + +\family sans +\shape smallcaps +Toto je tvar písma Malé veµké. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Veµkos» +\family default + Urèuje veµkos» písma. + Nenájdete tu ¾iadne numerické hodnoty. + V¹etky mo¾né veµkosti sú relatívne ku ¹tandardnej veµkosti písma. + E¹te raz: nemusíte LyXu hovori» detaily, ale len v¹eobecný popis toho, + èo chcete urobi». +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Mo¾nosti (a ich skratky) sú: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Drobné +\family default + +\size tiny +Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +drobná +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + veµkos» písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka: +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family default + alebo +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Najmen¹ie +\family default + +\size scriptsize +Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +najmen¹ia +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + veµkos» písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka: +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Men¹ie +\family default + +\size footnotesize +Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +men¹ia +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + veµkos» písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka: +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S +\family default + alebo +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +3 +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Malé +\family default + +\size small +Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +malá +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + veµkos» písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka: +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default + alebo +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +4 +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Normálne +\family default + Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +normálna +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + veµkos» písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Je to tie¾ ¹tandardná veµkos». + (skratka: +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +n +\family default + alebo +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +5 +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Veµké +\family default + +\size large +Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +veµká +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + veµkos» písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka: +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-l +\family default + alebo +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +6 +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Väè¹ie +\family default + +\size larger +Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +väè¹ia +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + veµkos» písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka +\family sans +: M-s\SpecialChar ~ +S-L +\family default + alebo +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +7 +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Najväè¹ie +\family default + +\size largest +Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +najväè¹ia +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + veµkos» písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka: +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +8 +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Obrovské +\family default + +\size huge +Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +obrovská +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + veµkos» pís\SpecialChar \- +ma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka: +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +h +\family default + alebo +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +9 +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Obrovskej¹ie +\family default + +\size giant +Toto je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +obrovskej¹ia +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + veµ\SpecialChar \- +kos» písma. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka: +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +H +\family default + alebo +\family sans +M-s\SpecialChar ~ +0 +\family default +) +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Pri v¹etkých veµkostiach písma sa pou¾íva skratka +\family sans +M-s +\family default +, ale to je v slovenskom LyXe skratka na otvorenie menu +\family sans +Súbor +\family default +, tak¾e veµkosti budete musie» meni» cez okno +\family sans +©týl znaku +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +E¹te raz vás varujeme. + Neblbnite s touto vlastnos»ou. + Takmer nikdy by ste nemali potrebova» zmeni» veµkos» písma. + LyX automaticky mení veµkos» písma pre rôzne prostredia odsekov -- teda + pou¾ívajte to. + Toto nastavovanie je tu +\emph on +len +\emph toggle + pre dolaïovanie niektorých drobností! +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Rôzne +\family default + Tu si mô¾ete nastavi» pár ïal¹ích vecí. + Mo¾nosti sú: +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Silné +\family default + +\emph on +Toto je zvýraznený text. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Mo¾no to vyzerá rovnako ako +\shape italic +©ikmé +\shape default + písmo, ale je to trochu iné. + Ak pou¾ijete zvýraznený text na ¹ikmé písmo, bude tento text normálny. + V budúcich verziách LyXu bude mo¾né definova» si presné správanie tejto + +\emph on +logickej +\emph toggle + vlastnosti. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Podtrhnuté +\family default + +\bar under +Tento text je podtrhnutý. +\bar default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Na obrazovke (aspoò u mòa) sú podtrhnuté len slová (nie medzery medzi nimi). + Niè si z toho nerobte vo výstupe bude text podèiarknutý celý, teda aj s + medzerami. +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +(skratka: +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +u +\family default +) +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Meno +\family default + +\noun on +Tento text je ¹týlom Meno. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tak isto ako +\family sans +Zvýraznenie +\family default +, aj toto je logický atribút. + Nateraz je ekvivalentný ¹týlu +\family sans +Malé\SpecialChar ~ +veµké +\family default +, ale to by sa niekedy malo zmeni». +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +LaTeX +\family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +Tento text je v re¾ime +\backslash +LaTeX. +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Toto je ¹peciálny atribút, ktorý sa pou¾íva, ak chcete vlo¾i» do svojho + dokumentu èisté kódy LaTeXu. + V¹etko èo je písané v re¾ime LaTeX, sa doslova vlo¾í do LaTeX súboru. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ak mô¾ete, vyvarujte sa pou¾ívaniu podtrhnutého písma. + Je to pozostatok z èias písacích strojov, keï ste nemohli zmeni» písmo. + V LyXe je zahrnuté len preto, lebo ho tie¾ podporuje LaTeX a samozrejme + niektorí µudia ho +\emph on +mô¾u +\emph toggle + skutoène potrebova». +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Farba +\family default + S týmto si mô¾ete nastavi» farbu textu. + Samozrejme, ¾e na to potrebujete farebnú tlaèiareò a tie¾ nain¹talovaný + +\family sans +color +\family default + balík LaTeXu. + +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + nie je schopné tieto farby zobrazi». + Okrem mo¾nosti +\family sans +®iadne +\family default +, si mô¾ete vybra» medzi +\family sans +èiernou +\family default +, +\family sans +bielou +\family default +, +\family sans +èervenou +\family default +, +\family sans +zelenou +\family default +, +\family sans +modrou +\family default +, +\family sans +tyrkysovou +\family default +, +\family sans +fialovou +\family default + a +\family sans +¾ltou +\family default +. + Toto tu nebudeme ilustrova». +\layout Standard + +Na výber máte obrovské mno¾stvo kombinácií. +\layout Standard + +Keï u¾ ste si v okne +\family sans +©týl znaku +\family default + nastavili svoj ¹týl, mô¾ete ho pou¾i» pomocou tlaèítka na paneli nástrojov + oznaèenom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Font +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + (Samozrejme, ¾e tie¾ mô¾ete pou¾i» tlaèítka v okne +\family sans +OK +\family default + a +\family sans +Pou¾i» +\family default +.) Tlaèítko na paneli nástrojov vám umo¾ní prepína» sa medzi vami definovaným + ¹týlom, aj keï okno +\family sans +©týl znaku +\family default + je zatvorené. +\layout Standard + +Ako sme uviedli skôr, úplne zru¹i» ¹týl znakov na ¹tandardný mô¾ete kombináciou + +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Medezra. +\layout Standard + +Skonèime s rovnakým varovaním, ako predtým: nepreháòajte to s písmami. + Vá¹ text by mal hovori» sám za seba. +\layout Section + +Tlaè a náhµad +\layout Subsection + +Prehµad +\layout Standard + +Teraz, keï sme vám popísali niektoré základy tvorby dokumentov v LyXe, pravdepod +obne chcete vedie» ako svoju prácu vytlaèíte. + Av¹ak predtým ako vám to povieme, radi by sme vám trochu vysvetlili èo + sa deje +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +za scénou +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Niektoré z týchto informácií popí¹eme aj v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: lyxalatex} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +LyX na svojom pozadí pou¾íva program +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + (V skutoènosti je LaTeX len balík makier pre sádzací systém TeX, ale aby + sme sa vyhli zmätkom, budeme tomu celému hovori» +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +.) Pozerajte sa na to takto: LyX je to, èo pou¾ívate na napísanie svojho + dokumentu. + LyX potom zavolá LaTeX aby vá¹ dokument premenil do vytlaèiteµnej podoby. + Toto sa deje v niekoµkých krokoch: +\layout Enumerate + +Najprv LyX skonvertuje vá¹ dokument do textovej podoby príkazov pre LaTeX, + vygenerujúc súbor s príponou +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Enumerate + +Potom LaTeX pou¾ije tieto príkazy na vytvorenie vytlaèiteµného dokumentu. + LaTeX nevie niè o va¹ej tlaèiarni, ale namiesto toho vyprodukuje to, èo + je známe ako +\emph on +device-independent +\emph toggle + (nezávislý od zariadenia) súbor, alebo jednoducho +\family sans +Dvi +\family default +. + Jeho výstupm je súbor s príponou +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + +\family sans +Dvi +\family default + súbory sú plne prenosné. + Mô¾ete ich prená¹a» z jedného poèítaèa na druhý, bez akejkoµvek konverzie. +\begin_deeper +\layout Description + +Poznámka: +\family sans +Dvi +\family default + súbor obsahuje len to, èo bolo priamo v súbore pre LaTeX. + Ak máte v dokumente vlo¾ené PostScriptové obrázky, v dvi súbore budú len + odkazy na ne, tak¾e nesmiete zabudnú» pri prenose na iný poèítaè, prenies» + aj tieto obrázky. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + súbor mô¾ete pova¾ova» za koneèný výstup. + Keï ho máte, mô¾ete ho prezera», tlaèi», alebo konvertova» do iných formátov. +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Prezera» ho mô¾ete programom nazvaným +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Niektoré tlaèiarne a systémy Unix rozumejú +\family sans +Dvi +\family default + súborom, tak¾e tlaèi» ich mô¾ete priamo. +\layout Enumerate + +V dne¹nej dobe väè¹ina tlaèiarní rozumie formátu PostScript. + Ak idete tlaèi» dokument, LyX automaticky prevedie +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + súbor na PostScript. + LyX vám tie¾ umo¾ní prezrie» si PostScript súbor pomocou programu +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Výhodou pou¾itia PostScriptového súboru je, ¾e program ktorý do neho konvertuje + (nazvaný +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +) v¹etku grafiku, ktorú máte v dokumente vlo¾enú dá priamo do výstupného + PostScriptového súboru. + Tie¾ tam vlo¾í ¹peciálne písma, ktoré ste pou¾ili. + Toto robí PostScriptový súbor oveµa prenosnej¹ím ako +\family sans +Dvi +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +LyX toto v¹etko robí automaticky za vás. +\layout Standard + +Ako vidíte, predtým ako dostanete vytlaèenú verziu vá¹ho dokumentu sa robí + veµa vecí, tak¾e sa neobávajte ak tlaè zaberie viacej èasu ako v be¾ných + textových procesoroch. + Vytlaèený výsledok je cenou za èakanie. + Kvalita má v¾dy svoju cenu. +\layout Subsection + +Náhµad s +\family typewriter +xdvi +\layout Standard + +Aby ste si prezreli finálnu verziu vá¹ho dokumentu, so v¹etkým na svojom + mies\SpecialChar \- +te, oèíslovanými poznámkami atï, vyberte príkaz +\family sans +Zobrazi» DVI +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Súbor->Náhµad +\family default +. + Chvíµu budete musie» poèka». +\layout Standard + +Keï bude spravené v¹etko èo sa deje +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +za scénou +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, LyX zavolá program +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +. + Teraz sa mô¾ete pozrie» na výsledok. + (Ak chcete o +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + vedie» viac, preèítajte si manuálové stránky.) +\layout Description + +U¾itoèný\SpecialChar ~ +tip: Okno xdvi si nechajte otvorené (mô¾ete ho presunú» na inú pracovnú + plochu). + Potom, keï v dokumente urobíte nejaké zmeny a budete si ich chcie» pozrie», + vyberte príkaz +\family sans +Aktualizova» DVI +\family default +. + Program +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + automaticky znovu naèíta +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + súbor, o èom sa mô¾ete presvedèi» pri prepnutí sa do jeho okna. +\layout Subsection + +Prezeranie PostScriptovej verzie s programom +\family typewriter +ghost\SpecialChar \- +view +\layout Standard + +Vo v¹eobecnosti je prezeranie programom +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + najjednoduch¹í a najrýchlej¹í spôsob. + Ale mô¾e sa sta», ¾e si budete chcie» pozrie» PostScriptovú verziu. + Jedným z dôvodou sú písma. + V LaTeX dokumente mô¾ete pou¾íva» PostScriptové písma, ale +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + vám ich nezobrazí. + Aby ste videli skutoèný výsledok, budete musie» pou¾i» +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default +, alebo iný prezeraè PostScriptových súborov. +\layout Standard + +Na prezeranie slú¾i príkaz +\family sans +Zobrazi» PostScript +\family default +, z rovnakého menu ako predchádzajúci. + Potom si choïte da» kávu. + Keï je v¹etko hotové, LyX zavolá program +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + a vy si mô¾ete pozrie» výsledok. +\layout Standard + +Príkaz +\family sans +Aktualizova» PostScript +\family default + je taktie¾ rovnaký ako v predchádzajúcom prípade. +\layout Subsection + +Tlaè dokumentu +\layout Standard + +Ak chcete dokument vytlaèi», vyberte príkaz +\family sans +Tlaèi» +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Súbor +\family default +, alebo kliknite na tlaèítko zobrazujúce tlaèiareò. + Otvorí sa vám okno s nastavením tlaèe. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Neviem preèo, ale toto okno nie je vôbec lokalizované, preto aj ïalej v + texte budú anglické názvy. + Ak náhodou medzitým vyjde nejaká nov¹ia verzia LyXu a bude dobre lokalizovaná, + samozrejme ¾e tento text aktualizujem. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Tu je zoznam mo¾ností: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Toto okno má iné mo¾nosti aké bli popísané v anglickej +\emph on +User`s Guide +\emph toggle +, tak¾e sem dávam len môj popis. +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Print\SpecialChar ~ +Destination +\family default + Cieµ vá¹ho tlaèového výstupu. + Mô¾e to by» tlaèiareò alebo súbor. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Toto jediné bolo popísané v anglickej dokumentácii. +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Print\SpecialChar ~ +to\SpecialChar ~ +Printer: +\family default + Vyberiete si meno tlaèiarne, na ktorej chcete tlaèi». +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Toto meno talèiarne nie je pre príkaz +\family typewriter +lpr +\family default +, ale pre +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + To znamená, ¾e +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + musíte ma» nakonfigurované pre danú tlaèiareò. + Pozrite si sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: dvipskonfig} + +\end_inset + +, alebo dokumentáciu ku +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + ©tandardná tlaèiareò mô¾e tie¾ by» nastavená v +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. +\end_inset + + Tlaèiareò by mala rozumie» PostScriptu. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Print\SpecialChar ~ +to\SpecialChar ~ +File: +\family default + Do okienka zadajte názov súboru, do ktorého sa má tlaèi». + Výstup bude vo formáte PostScript. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Je dobré zada» celú cestu (napr. + pomocou tlaèítka +\family sans +Browse +\family default +), preto¾e LyX urobí výstup do doèasného adresára, kde si vytvára aj medzivýstup +y, tak¾e by ste mohli o svoj výsledok prís». +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Options +\family default + Ïal¹ie nastavenia. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Print\SpecialChar ~ +all +\family default + Vytlaèí celý dokument. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Print\SpecialChar ~ +Range: +\family default + Vytlaèí len zadaný rozsah strán, zadaný ich èíslami. + Poèiatoèná strana je v poli +\family sans +From\SpecialChar ~ +page +\family default +, koncová strana v poli +\family sans +To\SpecialChar ~ +page +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Print\SpecialChar ~ +first\SpecialChar ~ +page\SpecialChar ~ +first +\family default + Zaène tlaèi» od prvej stránky. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Print\SpecialChar ~ +last\SpecialChar ~ +page\SpecialChar ~ +first +\family default + Najprv vytlaèí poslednú stránku, a¾ potom ostatné. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Print\SpecialChar ~ +in\SpecialChar ~ +color\SpecialChar ~ +if\SpecialChar ~ +available +\family default + Farebná tlaè (ak je farebná tlaèiareò samozrejme). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Print\SpecialChar ~ +in\SpecialChar ~ +grayscale +\family default + Èiernobiela tlaè. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Number\SpecialChar ~ +of\SpecialChar ~ +copies +\family default + Poèet kópií. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Paper\SpecialChar ~ +format +\family default + Nastavenie papiera. +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Portrait +\family default + Portrét -- papier na vý¹ku. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Landscape +\family default + Krajinka -- papier na ¹írku. +\layout Standard + +Ïalej je nastavenie veµkosti papiera. + Mo¾nosti sú: +\family sans +A4 (210 x 298 mm) +\family default +, +\family sans +B5 +\family default +, +\family sans +Letter (8 x 11 in) +\family default +, +\family sans +Legal +\family default +, +\family sans +Executive +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tlaè mô¾e zabra» trochu viac èasu, preto¾e LaTeX, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + a ak nemáte PostScriptovú tlaèiareò tak aj +\family typewriter +ghostscript +\family default + musia vá¹ dokument spracova». +\layout Section + +Zopár slov o typografii. +\layout Subsection + +Spojovník a rozdeµovanie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: hyphens} + +\end_inset + +V LyXe má znak +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + tri rôzne då¾ky, èasto nazývané +\emph on +spojovník +\emph toggle +, +\emph on +en pomlèka +\emph toggle + a +\emph on +em pomlèka +\emph toggle +: +\layout Enumerate + +spojovník +\hfill +- +\hfill +vytvorený s +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +en pomlèka +\hfill +-- +\hfill +vytvorená s +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +em pomlèka +\hfill +--- +\hfill +vytvorená s +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\layout Enumerate + +znamienko mínus +\hfill + +\begin_inset Formula $-$ +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + v matematickom re¾ime +\layout Standard + +Vytvárate ich viacnásobným pou¾itím +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + za sebou. + Vo finálnom výstupe ich LyX automaticky konvertuje na príslu¹ne dlhú pomlèku. +\layout Standard + +Tieto tri typy pomlèiek sa odli¹ujú od znamienka mínus, ktoré je v matematickom + re¾ime a má svoju vlastnú då¾ku. + Tu sú príklady pou¾itia +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +: +\layout Enumerate + +roz-de-le-né slo-vo +\hfill +( +\emph on +spojovník +\emph toggle +) +\layout Enumerate + +Od A--Z +\hfill +( +\emph on +en pomlèka +\emph toggle +) +\layout Enumerate + +Oh --- to je ale pomlèka. +\hfill +( +\emph on +em pomlèka +\emph toggle +) +\layout Enumerate + + +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$ +\end_inset + + +\hfill +( +\emph on +znamienko mínus +\emph toggle +) +\layout Standard + +Tí, ktorí èítajú tento dokument v LyXe nevidia ¾iadny rozdiel. + Ale vo výstupe rozdiel uvidíte. +\layout Standard + +E¹te posledná poznámka o rozdeµovaní slov --- LyX automaticky rozdelí slovo + a vlo¾í doò spojovník v anglickom texte. + (V skutoènosti to robí LaTeX, a tie¾ rozdelí slová v niektorých iných jazykoch.) + Slová v¹ak budú rozdelené len vo finálnom výstupe. +\layout Standard + +Ak z nejakého dôvodu LaTeX nemô¾e slovo rozdeli» správne, mô¾ete ruène nastavi» + rozdeµovacie body. + Robí sa to príkazom +\family sans +Bod rozdelenia +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->©peciálny znak +\family default +. + Tieto body rozdelenia sú len návrhy pre LaTeX. + Ak rozdelenie nie je potrebné, LaTeX ich bude ignorova». +\layout Subsection + +Interpunkèné znamienka +\layout Subsubsection + +Skratky a konce viet +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: skratky} + +\end_inset + +Keï LyX zavolá LaTeX, aby vytvoril finálny dokument, LaTeX automaticky rozli¹uje + medzi slovami, vetami a skratkami. + LaTeX potom pridá +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +príslu¹né mno¾stvo medzery +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +: za vetou (medzi bodkou a nasledujúcim slovom) je medzera o nieèo väè¹ia. + V skratkách má medzera za bodkou rovnakú veµkos» ako medzera medzi slovami. +\layout Standard + +Nane¹»astie, algoritmus ktorý zis»uje èo je skratka a èo veta je jednoduchý. + Ak je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + za malým písmenom, ide o koniec vety, ak je za veµkým písmenom, jedná sa + o skratku. +\layout Standard + +Tu je niekoµko príkladov +\emph on +správnych +\emph toggle + skratiek a koncov viet: +\layout Itemize + +J. + Nováková +\layout Itemize + +Netrápte sa. + Buïte ¹»astný. +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +a tu je príklad, kedy algoritmus zlyhá: +\layout Itemize + +napr. + sem je príli¹ veµká medzera! +\layout Itemize + +Toto je pán M. + Je v poriadku. +\layout Standard + +Rozdiel uvidíte a¾ keï si pozriete výstup. +\layout Standard + +Na opravenie tohto problému urobje jedno z nasledujúceho: +\layout Enumerate + +Za skratkou s malým písmenom pou¾ite +\family sans +Chránenú medzeru +\family default + (pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: chmedzera-zlomriadku-hciara} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Enumerate + +Pou¾ite príkaz +\family sans +Bodka na konci vety +\family default + z podmenu +\family sans +©peciálne znaky +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default +. + Toto urobí za bodkou medzeru, ktorá sa pou¾íva na oddelenie viet. + Funkcia má skratku +\family sans +C-bodka +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +S opravami na¹e príklady vyzerajú takto: +\layout Itemize + +napr.\SpecialChar ~ +sem je príli¹ veµká medzera! +\layout Itemize + +Toto je pán M\SpecialChar \@. + Je v poriadku. +\layout Subsubsection + +Úvodzovky +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: uvodzovky} + +\end_inset + +LyX obyèajne robí úvodzovky správne. + Zvlá¹» pou¾ije otváraciu úvodzovku a zvlá¹» ukonèovaciu. + napríklad +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +úvodná ukonèovacia +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Toto generuje klávesový znak ". +\layout Standard + +Správanie sa znaku " mô¾ete zmeni» v okienku +\family sans +Konfigurova» úvodzovky +\family default +, ktoré zobrazíte príkazom +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie->Úvodzovky +\family default +. + Z rozbaµovacieho menu si vyberte typ úvodzoviek a taktie¾ oznaète èi majú + by» jednoduché ( +\begin_inset Quotes gls +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grs +\end_inset + +), alebo dvojité ( +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Tu sú príklady mo¾ností: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Pou¾ite tieto úvodzovky +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +dvojité +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + +jednoduché +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + Pou¾ite tieto úvodzovky +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +dvojité +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes sls +\end_inset + +jednoduché +\begin_inset Quotes srs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + Pou¾ite tieto úvodzovky +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +dvojité +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gls +\end_inset + +jednoduché +\begin_inset Quotes grs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + Pou¾ite tieto úvodzovky +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +dvojité +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes pls +\end_inset + +jednoduché +\begin_inset Quotes prs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + Pou¾ite tieto úvodzovky +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +dvojité +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes fls +\end_inset + +jednoduché +\begin_inset Quotes frs +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + Pou¾ite tieto úvodzovky +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +dvojité +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes als +\end_inset + +jednoduché +\begin_inset Quotes ars +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Ligatúry +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: ligatury} + +\end_inset + +Je be¾nou sádzacou praktikou zoskupova» urèité písmená a tlaèi» ich ako + jeden znak. + Tieto skupiny sú známe ako +\emph on +ligatúry +\emph toggle +. + Preto¾e LaTeX o nich vie, vá¹ dokument ich bude obsahova». + Tu sú mo¾né ligatúry: +\layout Itemize + +ff +\layout Itemize + +fi +\layout Itemize + +fl +\layout Itemize + +ffi +\layout Itemize + +ffl +\layout Standard + +Zatiaµèo v jednom slove mô¾e ligatúra vyzera» v poriadku, napr.\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +graffiti +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, v zlo¾ených slovách, napr.\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +cufflink +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + alebo nemecké +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Dorffest +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, vyzerá zle. + Aby ste ligatúru +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +rozbili +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, pou¾ite LaTeXový príkaz +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +/ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + medzi príslu¹nými písmenami. + (Pou¾ite +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +t +\family default +, alebo tlaèítko oznaèené TeX, aby ste text oznaèili ako LaTeXový príkaz. + Pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: latexcodes} + +\end_inset + +.) Toto zmení +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +cufflink +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +cuf +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +flink +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Dorffest +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Dorf +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +fest +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Vdovy a siroty +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: vdovy} + +\end_inset + +V star¹ích èasoch textových procesorov boli zlomy strán v¾dy tam, kde daná + strana konèila. + nezále¾alo na tom, èo bolo ïalej v texte. + Mohli ste vidie» vytlaèené dokumenty, kde boli nadpisy sekcií na samom + spodku strany, samotný prvý riadok odseku na konci strany, alebo posledný + riadok na zaèiatku novej strany. + Tieto kúsky textu sú známe ako +\emph on +vdovy +\emph toggle + a +\emph on +siroty +\emph toggle +. +\layout Standard + +LyX sa mô¾e vyvarova» zalomeniu strany za nadpisom. + Toto je èas» výhod prostredí odsekov. + Ale èo s vdovami a sirovami, keï zlom strany nechá jediný riadok odseku + samostatný na vrchu alebo spodku strany? V LaTeXu sú zabudované pravidlá + na lámanie strán, ktoré zabráòujú vznikom vdov a sirôt. + Toto je výhoda LyXu, ¾e pou¾íva LaTeX ako svoj backend. +\layout Standard + +Nebudeme sa zaobera» ako sa TeX a LaTeX rozhodujú o zalamovaní strán, alebo + ako by sme mohli zmeni» toto správanie. + Niektoré knihy o LaTeXu, spomenuté v literatúre (ako napríklad +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion} + +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} + +\end_inset + +) obsahujú viac informácií. + Av¹ak takmer nikdy sa nebudete musie» s týmto trápi». +\layout Chapter + +Insety: tabuµky, obrázky, poznámky +\layout Section + +Poznámky pod èiarou +\layout Standard + +Na rozdiel od iných programov, LyX na zobrazenie poznámok pou¾íva zatvára\SpecialChar \- +teµ\SpecialChar \- +né + insety, namiesto ich zobrazovania na spodu obrazovky, alebo niekde inde + v texte. + Keï vlo¾íte poznámku pod èiarou -- samozrejme príkazom +\family sans +Poznámka pod èiarou +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default + -- najprv v texte uvidíte èervený obdå¾nik oznaèený +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Toto je reprezentácia va¹ej poznámky v LyXe. + Do tohto obdå¾nika vlo¾íte svoj text. + Keï kliknete na ¹títku +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, obdå¾nik sa zavrie. + V budúcnosti poznámku sprístupnike kliknutím na èervenom slove +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +foot +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + napísanom horným indexom v texte na mieste poznámky. + Po kliknutí sa poznámka znovu otvorí. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Aby ste zavreli túto poznámku pod èiarou, klknite na ¹títku vµavo. +\end_inset + + V LyXe nebudete vidie» ¾iadne èísla. + O toto sa nemusíte nijak stara», preto¾e pri spracovávaní dokumentu LyX + poznámky oèísluje a tie¾ ich umiestni na spodok príslu¹nej strany. + Ak chcete u¾ napísaný text premeni» na poznámku, jednoducho ho oznaète + a kliknite na tlaèítko poznámky pod èiarou (tlaèítko zobrazujúce text a + ¹ípku, ukazujúcu na spodok tohto textu). +\layout Standard + +Èo LyX e¹te nemô¾e robi» je stara» sa o zvlá¹tne sádzanie poznámok -- èíslovanie + znovu od 1 v ka¾dej sekcii v triede dokumentu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +article +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, alebo zmena spôsobu èíslovania. + Na toto budete musie» vlo¾i» príkazy LaTeXu, ako sú popísané v manuále + +\emph on +Ïal¹ie mo¾nosti editácie +\emph toggle + ( +\emph on +Advanced Editing Tools +\emph toggle +) v sekcii +\emph on +Triky s poznámkami pod èiarou a na okraji +\emph toggle + ( +\emph on +Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars +\emph toggle +). +\layout Description + +Poznámka: Inset v LaTeXu a LyXe nie je jednoduchý odsek ako v obyèajných + textových procesoroch. + Je to komplexná textová ¹truktúra, ktorá mô¾e obsahova» v¹etko okrem insetov. + To znamená, ¾e v insete mô¾te pou¾íva» aj obrázky a tabuµky. +\newline +Ak pou¾ívate kontrolu pravopisu, zapamätajte si, ¾e insety +\emph on +musia by» +\emph toggle + otvorené aby boli skontrolované. + Na otvorenie a zatvorenie +\emph on +v¹etkých +\emph toggle + poz\SpecialChar \- +ná\SpecialChar \- +mok slú¾i príkaz +\family sans +Otvori» (Zatvori») v¹etky poznámky pod èiarou/na okraji +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Upravi»->Insety +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Poznámky na okraji +\layout Standard + +Poznámky na okraji v LyXe vyzerajú a správajú sa rovnako ako poznámky pod + èiarou. + Ak vlo¾íte poznámku, príkazom +\family sans +Poznámka na okraji +\family default + v menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default +, alebo tlaèítkom na li¹te nástrojov (zobrazuje text na okraji so ¹ípkou + ukazujúcou naò), v texte sa objaví èervený obdå¾nik so ¹títkom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Toto je poz\SpecialChar \- +nám\SpecialChar \- +ka na o\SpecialChar \- +kra\SpecialChar \- +ji. +\end_inset + + Kliknutím na ¹títok poznámku uzavriete a pred riadkom, ktorý poznámku obsahuje + sa zobrazí výkrièník. + Poznámku znovu sprístupníte kliknutím na slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +margin +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, napísaným ako èervený horný index v texte. + LyX ¹tandardne pou¾íva 1,9 cm (0,75 palcov) ako ¹írku okraja, kde sú napísané + poznámky. + Toto mo¾no nie je èo by ste chceli, ale podobne ako s poznámkami pod èiarou + LyX e¹te nedoká¾e robi» to, èo ponúka LaTeX. + Pre príslu¹né príkazy sa pozrite do nejakej knihy o LaTeXu. +\layout Section + +Obrázky a importovaná grafika +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: obrazky} + +\end_inset + +®iadny systém prípravy dokumentov nie je úplný bez schopnosti importova» + do dokumentu grafiku. + V LyXe sa to nazýva obrázok. + LyX dobre podporuje obrázky formátu Encapsulated PostScript, prièom vyu¾íva + +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + na vygenerovanie obrázkov na obrazovku a LaTeXový príkaz +\family typewriter + +\backslash +epsfig +\family default + na vlo¾enie obrázkov do finálneho dokumentu. +\layout Standard + +Obrázky, o ktorých hovoríme v tejto èasti, nemajú ¾iadny popis a v dokumente + sa objavia tam, kde ich umiestníte. +\layout Standard + +Umiestnenie obrázku do dokumentu je robené v dvoch krokoch: najprv poviete + LyXu ¾e chcete obrázok a potom obrázok otvoríte a po\SpecialChar \- +vie\SpecialChar \- +te o òom LyXu detaily. + Na vlo¾enie obrázku kliknite na posledné tlaèítko na li¹te, alebo vyberte + príkaz +\family sans +Obrázok +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Zobrazí sa vám okienko s dvoma mo¾nos»ami: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Encapsulated\SpecialChar ~ +PostScript: +\family default + Toto obrázok vlo¾í normálne. + Obrázok bude umiestnený samostatne medzi ridkami, ako tento: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename mobius.eps + display color + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Vlo¾ený\SpecialChar ~ +EPS: +\family default + Toto je tie¾ na PostScriptové obrázky, ale tieto sa správajú odli¹ne. + Sú vlo¾ené priamo do textu, ako napríklad tento: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename mobius.eps + display color + width 1in + height 0.2in + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Druhým krokom manipulácie s obrázkom je kliknutie na obrázku µavým tlaèítkom. + Zobrazí sa vám dialógové okno, kde si urèíte názov súboru a niektoré ïal¹ie + mo¾nosti. +\layout Standard + +Jednotlivé parametre si preberieme jeden po druhom: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +EPS\SpecialChar ~ +obrázok: +\family default + Toto je názov súboru a je to samovysvetµujúce. + Tlaèítko +\family sans +Pre\SpecialChar \- +chá\SpecialChar \- +dza» +\family default + vám umo¾ní pohybova» sa v hierarchii súborov graficky a uµahèí vám výber + súboru. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +©írka: Umo¾ní vám nastavi» si ¹írku obrázku. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Normálna +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + urèuje skutoènú ¹írku, ktorá je ulo¾ená v EPS súbore. + Av¹ak mô¾ete si ju zmeni» vybratím niektorej z volieb +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +cm +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +palce +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +%\SpecialChar ~ +stránky +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +%\SpecialChar ~ +ståpca +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a následným zadaním hodnoty do poµa pod nimi. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Vý¹ka: +\family default + Je podobná mo¾nosti +\family sans +©írka +\family default +. + V¹imnite si, ¾e ak urèíte len jednu z týchto mo¾ností (¹írku alebo vý¹ku) + a druhá mo¾nos» bude nastavená na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Normálna +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, potom pomer vý¹ky a ¹írky bude zachovaný ako v origináli. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Zobrazi»: +\family default + Tu nastavíte, ako bude daný obrázok zobrazený v LyXe (nemá to vplyv na + to, ako bude obrázok vyzera» vo výstupnom dokumente, len na va¹ej obrazovke). + Mo¾nos» +\family sans +Nezobrazi» tento obrázok +\family default + mô¾e urýchli» LyX. + Ten jednoducho namiesto obrázku zobrazí prázdny obdå¾nik. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Nastavenie: +\family default + Obsahuje dve mo¾nosti. + Zobrazi» orámovanie zobrazí v LyXe okolo obrázku rám (nemá to efekt na + výsledný dokument). + Prepínaè +\family sans +Robi» prepoèty +\family default + robí nieèo zázraèné. + Som si tým istý. + Ale nemám ani ¹ajn èo to je. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Otoèenie: +\family default + Do poµa +\family sans +Uhol +\family default + zadáte uhol v stupòoch, o koµko bude obrázok otoèený (otáèa sa proti smeru + hodinových ruèièiek). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\family sans +Na\SpecialChar ~ +celú\SpecialChar ~ +obrazovku\SpecialChar ~ +preview: +\family default + Toto talèítko jednoducho zavolá ghostview a obrázok zobrazí v samostatnom + okne. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + V dialógovom okne sú e¹te dve voµby: prepínaè +\family sans +Podobrázok +\family default + a textové pole +\family sans +Nadpis +\family default +. + Nepodarilo sa mi zisti» na èo slú¾ia. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Insety s obrázkami +\layout Subsubsection + +Pou¾ívanie insetov s obrázkami +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: insetobrazok} + +\end_inset + +Problém s vkladaním obrázkov priamo do textu je, ¾e mô¾u spravi» stránkovanie + veµmi neohrabané. + Preto mo¾no dáte prednos» Insetom s obrázkom, ktoré LyX (LaTeX) voµne umiestnia + v dokumente tam, kde najlep¹ie padnú. + Okrem toho vám LyX umo¾òuje automatizova» zoznam týchto obrázkov a k obrázkom + mô¾ete da» popis, pou¾itím prostredia +\family sans +Caption +\family default +, ktoré je vysvetlené v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: captionlayout} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Inset vlo¾íte príkazom +\family sans +Inset s obrázkom +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->Insety +\family default +. + Zobrazí sa vám inset (èervený obdå¾nik) bez obrázku. + Pou¾itím tlaèítka na vlo¾enie obrázku potom do neho vlo¾íte skutoèný obrázok. + Ak máte dvojståpcový dokument, príkazom +\family sans +Vlo¾i» ¹iroký inset s obrázkom +\family default + získate inset, ktorý sa rozpína cez ¹írku stránky. + +\begin_inset Float figure +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: escher} + +\end_inset + +Prvý inset s obrázkom. +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename escher-lsd.eps + display color + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Float figure +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename platypus.eps + display color + width 80text% + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: kill-plat} + +\end_inset + +Druhý inset s obrázkom. +\end_inset + +Vyzerá to jednoducho, ale medzi umiestnením popisu je jemný rozdiel. + Ak dávate prednos» popisu obrázku pod samotným obrázkom, potom obrázok + vlo¾te, keï je kurzor na samom zaèiatku popisu (alebo mô¾te popis zmaza» + a vytvori» ho neskôr vybratím prostredia +\family sans +Caption +\family default + potom, èo bol obrázok vlo¾ený). + Toto sme pou¾ili pre obrázok +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: kill-plat} + +\end_inset + +. + Ak pri vkladaní obrázku je kurzor na konci popisu, potom bude obrázok vlo¾ený + za popisok, tak ako je to v prípade obrázku +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: escher} + +\end_inset + +. + Najlep¹ie je pou¾íva» len jeden obrázok v insete. + Toto dovoµuje LyXu (v skutoènosti LaTeXu) najlep¹ie umiestni» ka¾dý obrázok. +\layout Standard + +Tieto obrázky tie¾ ukazujú pou¾itie návestia a referencie naò (pozri sekciu + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: crossref} + +\end_inset + +). + Pou¾itie návestí a krosreferencií je zvlá¹» dôle¾ité v prípade insetov + s obrázkami. + Mali by ste sa vyvarova» referenciám ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +obrázok hore +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, preto¾e LaTeX va¹e obrázky vo finálnom dokumente mô¾e premiestni» (potom + ten obrázok nemusí by» hore). + Ak nie je mo¾né obrázky umiestni» na rovnakú stranu ako text, ktorý sa + na ne odkazuje, potom budú umiestnené na samostatnú stránku. + Celkový efekt je obyèajne celkom dobrý. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Inset\SpecialChar ~ +s\SpecialChar ~ +obrázkom +\family default + a +\family sans +©iroký\SpecialChar ~ +inset\SpecialChar ~ +s\SpecialChar ~ +obrázkom +\family default + majú e¹te dve èrty. + Obrázok je automatický umiestnený do +\family sans +Zoznamu obrázkov +\family default + (ako je to popísané v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: zoznam} + +\end_inset + +). + Tento zoznam mô¾ete vlo¾i» do svojho dokumentu. + Druhou èrtou je, ¾e (ako v¹etky insety) mô¾u by» uzatvorené, alebo otvorené. +\layout Subsubsection + +Umiestnenie insetov +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: umiestnenie-insetov} + +\end_inset + +Celá my¹lienka insetov s obrázkom (tie¾ aj insetov s tabuµkou) je umo¾ni» + LyXu, aby obrázky (tabuµky) na stránky umiestòoval konzistentným, rozumným + spôsobom. + Toto by bolo neu¾itoèné, keby ste ten +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +rozumný spôsob +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + nemohli nejako ovláda». + LyX má ¹tyri rôzne miesta, kde sa pokúsi daný obrázok vlo¾i»: +\layout Description + +Here\SpecialChar ~ +(sem): LyX sa inset pokúsi vlo¾i» na rovnaké miesto v texte, ako ste + ho umiestnili vy. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ak na to nie je dostatok miesta, LyX skúsi jednu z ïal¹ích troch mo¾ností. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Top\SpecialChar ~ +(hore): LyX sa pokúsi umiestni» inset na vrchu aktuálnej stránky. + Ak sa obrázok nezmestí na aktuálnu stránku, bude umiestnený na nasledujúcej. +\layout Description + +Bottom\SpecialChar ~ +(dolu): LyX sa pokúsi umiestni» inset naspodu danej stránky. + Ak je tam málo miesta, bude na nasledujúcej stránke. +\layout Description + +Page\SpecialChar ~ +(na\SpecialChar ~ +stránke): LyX sa pokúsi vlo¾i» inset na samostatnú stránku. +\layout Standard + +Toto mô¾ete ¹pecifikova» v okne +\family sans +Rozlo¾nie dokumentu +\family default +. + Je tam textové pole, nazvané +\family sans +Umiestnenie insetov +\family default +, ktoré ovláda globálne umiestnenie insetov. +\layout Standard + +Celé to funguje tak, ¾e do tohto poµa mô¾te da» µubovoµnú kombináciu ¹tyroch + znakov, ktoré popisujú jednotlivé typy umiestnenia: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +h +\family default + pre +\emph on +here +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +t +\family default + pre +\emph on +top +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +b +\family default + pre +\emph on +bottom +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +p +\family default + pre +\emph on +page +\layout Standard + +Poradie urèuje, ktorý zo spôsobov LyX vyskú¹a ako prvý. + Ak neuspeje, vyskú¹a dal¹í a tak ïalej. + Tu je zopár príkaldov: +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +hpb +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Pokúsi sa umiestni» obrázok/tabuµku na svoju aktuálnu pozíciu. + Ak to nejde, dá ich na spodok stránky a ak zlyhá aj to, umiestni ich na + samostatnú stránku. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +tp +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Umiestni obrázok/tabuµku na vrchol stránky. + Ak je príli¹ dlhý/á, umiestní ho na oddelenú stránku. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +p +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +V¾dy umiestni obrázky a tabuµky na samostatné stránky. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +E¹te posledná poznámka: +\family sans +Umiestnenie insetov +\family default + ovláda pozíciu +\emph on +aj +\emph toggle + tabuliek +\emph on +aj +\emph toggle + obrázkov. +\layout Subsection + + +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + a LyX +\layout Standard + +Be¾nou otázkou býva: +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Ako by som si mohol vytvori» obrázok. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + Na¹»astie je odpoveï zahrnutá vo väè¹ine distribúcií Linuxu a/alebo LaTeXu. + +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + je mocný a veµmi doporuèovaný kresliaci nástroj. + Ak chcete vlo¾i» obrázky vytvorené s +\family typewriter +XFigom +\family default +, je na to niekoµko spôsobov. + Doporuèujeme nasledujúci: +\layout Enumerate + +Obrázok exportujete ako Encapsulated PostScript. + Takto mô¾e by» veµmi jednoducho vlo¾ený do LyXu, ako je to popísané v predchádz +ajúcej èasti. + Výhodou tohto je, ¾e máte k dispozícii celú silu PostScriptu. + To znamená Bezierove krivky, farby, v¹etky hrúbky èiar a veµa ïal¹ieho. + Ak ste do svojho obrázku vlo¾ili text, bude vytlaèený PostScriptovými písmami. + S obrázkom mô¾ete manipulova» ako s µubovoµným iným EPS obrázkom, ako je + to popísané vy¹¹ie. +\newline +Jedinou nevýhodou je, ¾e nemô¾ete priamo vytvára» vzorce, ako to oèakáva + PostScript. + Ak potrebujete vzorce alebo jednoduché exponenty, dopo\SpecialChar \- +ru\SpecialChar \- +èu\SpecialChar \- +je\SpecialChar \- +me nasledujúci + spôsob. +\layout Enumerate + +Obrázok exportujte ako LaTeX. + Toto sa dá tie¾ jednoducho vlo¾i» do LyX s tou výhodou, ¾e mô¾te pou¾íva» + v¹etky príkazy LaTeXu v rámci textu v +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default +. + Kôli tomu musíte v XFig nastavi» pre text +\emph on +special flag +\emph toggle +. + Toto je nastavené automaticky, ak +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + spustíte ako +\family typewriter +xfig\SpecialChar ~ +-specialtext +\family default +. + Ak je to urobené, a tie¾ ste vybrali LaTeX font, jednoducho mô¾ete v +\family typewriter +XFigu +\family default + napísa» +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +$H_2$ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Ak tento obrázok exportujete ako LaTeX a vlo¾íte do LyXu príkazom +\family typewriter + +\backslash +input +\family default +, text sa objaví ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\newline +Nevýhodou je, ¾e grafická sila LaTeXu nie je taká veµká ako sila PostScriptu. + Preto na zlo¾itej¹ie obrázky doporuèujeme tretí spôsob. +\layout Enumerate + +Obrázok exportuje ako kombinovaný LaTeX/PostScript. + Potom +\family typewriter +XFig +\family default + (v skutoènosti +\family typewriter +transfig +\family default +) vygeneruje dva súbory: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +PostScriptovú èas» +\family typewriter +xxx.ps_tex +\family default +, ktorá obsahuje v¹etku grafiku, +\layout Enumerate + +LaTeXovú èas» +\family typewriter +xxx.ps_tex_t +\family default +, ktorá obsahuje v¹etok text a odkaz na PostScriptovú èas». +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Potom musíte LaTeXovú èas» vlo¾i» príkazom +\family typewriter + +\backslash +input\SpecialChar ~ +xxx.ps_tex_t +\family default +. + Toto tie¾ automaticky vlo¾í PostScriptovú èas». +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ak dostanete chybu ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +unknown graphics extension ps_tex +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, budete musie» túto príponu zadeklarova». + Myslím si, ¾e toto je chyba transfigu, ktorá sa vyskytla v LaTeX2e. + Jednoducho pridajte riadok +\layout Standard + + +\backslash +@namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}} +\layout Standard + +do súboru +\family typewriter +/usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def +\family default +. + Potom pridajte +\family typewriter +ps_tex +\family default + k príponám: +\layout Standard + + +\backslash +def +\backslash +Gin@extension{eps, ps, ps_tex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ} +\layout Standard + +Toto by malo celú vec vyrie¹i». + Alternatívou je, ¾e PostScriptovú èas» exportujete ako +\family typewriter +xxx.eps +\family default + a LaTeXovú èas» +\family typewriter +xxx.ps_tex_t +\family default + manuálne zmeníte. + Ale toto je otravné. +\end_inset + + Takto máte plnú silu LaTeXu aj PostScriptu, okrem mo¾nosti obrázok po vytvorení + zväè¹ova». + Tak¾e ak chcete obrázok, ktorý budete zmäè¹ova»/zmen¹ova», jedinou mo¾nos»ou + je PostScriptoý formát. + Ïal¹ou malou výhodou nacha» LaTeX vysádza» text je, ¾e písmo pri obrázkoch + bude rovnaké ako písmo obyèajného textu, èo vyzerá tro¹ku kraj¹ie. +\layout Section + +Tabuµky +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: tabulky} + +\end_inset + +LyX má mo¾nos» vytvára» a editova» WYSIWYM tabuµky. + LaTeX doká¾e s tabuµkami urobi» oveµa viac vecí, ako je v súèasnosti mo¾né + v LyXe, tak¾e ak to èo tu bude popísané vám nestaèí, mali by ste sa poobzera» + po nejakej dobrej knihe o LaTeXu. +\layout Standard + +Tabuµku mô¾ete vlo¾i» buï tlaèítkom na nástrojovej li¹te, alebo príkazom + +\family sans +Tabuµka +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default +. + Objaví sa okienko, kde zadáte poèet riadkov a ståpcov. + ©tandardná tabuµka má èiary na hornej a µavej strane ka¾dej bunky, èiaru + na pravej strane posledného ståpca a èiaru na spodnej strane posledného + riadku, tvoriace rám tabuµky. + Ïalej aj najvy¹¹í riadok má èiaru na spodnom okraji, èo spôsobuje ¾e riadok + je oddelený od zvy¹ku tabuµky. + Tu je príklad: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +12 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +45 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +98 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +A +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +B +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +multi +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +C +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Menu na manipuláciu s tabuµkou +\layout Standard + +Tabuµku si mô¾ete prispôsobova» kliknutím na nej pravým tlaèítkom, èím sa + zobrazí menu, kde máte nasledujúce mo¾nosti: +\layout Itemize + +Pridávanie/ru¹enie èiar okolo riadkov alebo ståpcov. + Ak niektorú èiaru zru¹íte úplne, v LyXe sa vám zobrazí preru¹ovaná èiara, + av¹ak vo výstube nebude ¾iadna. + Ak nastavíte spodnú èiaru niektorého riadku a hornú èiaru riadku pod ním, + potom budú tieto riadky oddelené malou medzerou, ako je to vidno na najvy¹¹om + riadku tabuµky v príklade. + To isté mô¾ete urobi» vo vertikálnom smere, ak nastavíte pravú èiaru nejakému + ståpcu a µavú èiaru ståpcu vpravo od neho. +\layout Itemize + +Zarovnanie textu v ståpci. +\layout Itemize + +Pridávanie riadkov a ståpcov. +\layout Itemize + +Vymazanie riadkov, ståpcov alebo celej tabuµky. +\layout Itemize + +Multiståpec (viac ståpcov). +\layout Itemize + +Nastavenie pevnej ¹írky pre ståpec. +\layout Itemize + +Mo¾nosti pre dlhé tabuµky -- toto je u¾itoèné, ak va¹a tabuµka je dlh¹ia + ako stránka. + Potom je tabuµka na konci stránku rozdelená a pokraèuje na ïal¹ej stránke. +\layout Itemize + +Rotácia celej tabuµky alebo danej bunky o 90 stupòov. +\layout Standard + +Toto menu sa nachádza aj v hlavnom menu. + Skúste +\family sans +Upravi»->Tabuµka +\family default +, ak je kurzor umiestnený v tabuµke. +\layout Standard + +Väè¹ina z týchto mo¾ností tie¾ funguje aj na výber. + Znamená to, ¾e ak vyberiete viac buniek, riadkov alebo ståpcov (v¾dy vyberáte + bunky, ale ako budú interpretované zále¾í na akcii), príkaz sa vykoná na + va¹om výbere. +\layout Standard + +Ak pridávate riadok, potom bude pridaný +\emph on +pod +\emph toggle + riadok, ktorý obsahuje kurzor. + Podobne pridaný ståpec je pridaný +\emph on +vpravo +\emph toggle + od ståpca, ktorý obsahuje kurzor. + Takto je dos» »a¾ké prida» ståpec na zaèiatok tabuµky bez mno¾stva kopírovania + a vkladania. + Mazanie riadka alebo ståpcca je v¾dy aplikované na riadok, alebo ståpec, + ktorý obsahuje kurzor. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Viac ståpcov +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + spojí dve (alebo viac) susedných buniek v danom riadku. + Napríklad v tabuµke hore v riadku +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +B +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + je príkaz +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +viac ståpcov +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + aplikovaný na ståpce oznaèané +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +45 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +98 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Najprv vyberiete bunky, ktoré chcete spoji» a potom z menu vykonáte príkaz + +\family sans +Viac\SpecialChar ~ +ståpcov +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Viac ståpcov mô¾ete pou¾i» ak potrebujete samostatnú bunku zvlá¹» naformátova». + Tu je toho príklad: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +x +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +y +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +point a & b +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +103 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +point b & a +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +599 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +340 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +point abc +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1009 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +52 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +point abcd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +96 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +11 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Vidíte tabuµku, kde prvý riadok je zarovnaný doprostred, zatiaµèo prvý ståpec + je zarovnaný vµavo a ostatok vpravo. + Tie¾ boli odstránené spodná a horná èiara dvoch buniek. +\layout Standard + +Ak chcete, aby mal ståpec pevnú ¹írku, zadajte ju do okienka +\family sans +©írka ståpca +\family default +, ktoré zobrazíte kliknutím na tlaèítko na paneli nástrojov tabuµky, zobrazujúce + obojstrannú ¹ípku medzi dvoma èiarami. +\layout Standard + +Ak je va¹a tabuµka priveµká na to aby sa zmestila na ¹írku strany nastavenej + na vý¹ku, mô¾ete ju otoèi» o 90 stupòov a tabuµka sa v dokumente zobrazí + otoèená. + Tie¾ mô¾te rotova» jednotlivé bunky, aby ste získali v horizontálnom smere + viac miesta. + Pozrite sa na nasledujúci príklad, aby ste videli na èo to mô¾ete pou¾i». +\layout Standard + +Na rotáciu buniek slú¾i tlaèítko na li¹te, celú tabuµku otoèíte nastavením + voµby v rozbaµovacom menu na zaèiatku li¹ty nástrojov pre tabuµku. + +\family sans +Portrét +\family default + je normálna tabuµka, +\family sans +Krajinka +\family default + je tabuµka otoèená, +\family sans +Dlhá +\family default + je ¹peciálne nastavenie pre dlhé tabuµky, ktoré sa nezmestia na stránku. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Poznámka: +\emph toggle + Táto rotácia tabuµky/buniek sa +\emph on +nezobrazí +\emph toggle + na obrazovke, ale +\emph on +len +\emph toggle + v PostScriptovom výstupe. + Tak¾e ak si to chcete pozrie», musíte si da» zobrazi» PostScript, preto¾e + v +\family sans +DVI +\family default + to nebute fungova». +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Popis +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Príznak 1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Príznak 2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Príznak 3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Príznak 4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Príznak 5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Príznak 6 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Príznak 7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Príznak 8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Príznak 9 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Príznak 10 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Suma +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Popis\SpecialChar ~ +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Popis\SpecialChar ~ +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Popis\SpecialChar ~ +3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Popis\SpecialChar ~ +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Suma +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +30 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ako v tomto príklade vidíte, text v prvom riadku by sa nezmestil na ¹írku + stránky, ak by nebol rotovaný. +\layout Subsection + +Èo mô¾e by» v tabuµke umiestnené? +\layout Standard + +Do bunky v tabuµke mô¾e by» vlo¾ených veµa objektov. + ¥ubovoµný jednoduchý riadok textu, matematický vzorec, alebo obrázok, ale + aj v¹etky tri veci súèasne v jednej bunke. + Mô¾u by» menené tvary a veµkosti písiem. + Av¹ak do tabuµky nemô¾ete vlo¾i» inú tabuµku, ani zvlá¹tne prostredia (ako + napríklad +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, atï.), preto¾e LaTeX sa pokúsi celú tabuµku da» do tohto prostredia ako + odsek. + Výsledok tohoto je nepredvídateµný. +\layout Subsection + +Vystrihovanie a vkladanie a tabuµky +\layout Standard + +Vystrihovanie a vkladanie medzi tabuµkami pracuje dos» dobre. + Vystrihnú» a vlo¾i» mô¾ete viac ako jeden riadok. + Oznaèovanie pomocou my¹i alebo kurzorovými klávesami a klávesy +\family sans +Shift +\family default + funguje ako obyèajne. + Hodnoty v druhej tabuµke boli zkopírované z prvej a do druhej vlo¾ené. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Vystrihovanie a vkladanie mô¾e ma» ne¾iadúci výsledok, ak cieµová tabuµka + má iný poèet ståpcov ako zdrojová. +\layout Standard + +Aby ste mohli skopírova»/vystrihnú» a potom vlo¾i» +\emph on +celú +\emph toggle + tabuµku, budete musie» pou¾i» malý trik. + +\emph on +Pred +\emph toggle + a +\emph on +za +\emph toggle + tabuµkou musí by» odsek. + To znamená, ¾e ak tabuµka je prvá a/alebo posledá vec vo va¹om dokumente, + budete musie» okolo nej vytvori» odseky! Teraz oznaète celú tabuµku tak, + ¾e zaènete za posledným znakom odseku pred tabuµkou a skonèíte pred prvým + znakom odseku za tabuµkou. + Potom skopírujete/vystrihnete celú tabuµku vrátane ¹truktúry a nie len + jej obsah. +\layout Subsection + +Viacriadkový text v bunke +\layout Standard + +V tabuµke je mo¾né ma» viacriadkový text, ale nie úplne podµa predstáv WYSIWYM. + Na dosiahnutie tohto je niekoµko metód: +\layout Enumerate + +Zadefinujte si pevnú ¹írku ståpca. + Potom keï vá¹ text presiahne túto ¹írku, automaticky sa rozdelí na viac + riadkov a bunka sa vertikálne zväè¹í. +\layout Enumerate + +Odstráòte èiary medzi dvoma alebo viacerými susednými riadkami (bunkami). + Toto dáva len pribli¾ný viacriadkový text v bunke. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tu je príklad: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Toto je viacriadkový text v tabuµke. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Toto je dlhé. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 +\lang english + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Toto je viacriadkový text v tabuµke. + Toto je dlhé.A e¹te dlh¹ie. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Vidíte, ¾e viacriadkový text sa v LyXe nezobrazí správne, ale vo výstupe + bude dobrý. + Ak sú riadky veµmi dlhé, mô¾ete stlaèi» +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default + a získate nový riadok v tej istej bunke, kde mô¾ete pokraèova» v písaní. + Výstup +\emph on +NEBUDE +\emph toggle + re¹pektova» tieto zlomy riadkov, ale celý text bude pova¾ova» za jeden + riadok a zalomí ho podµa ¹írky ståpca. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ïalej je tu problém s textom v bunke, ktorý je dlhý a nezmestí sa na ¹írku + stránky a tabuµka +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +preteèie +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + za pravý okraj. + Podobne aj inset s dlhou tabuµkou sa nerozdelí na spodu stránky, tak¾e + mô¾e zasahova» pod dolný okraj. + Na vyrie¹enie týchto problémov máte tieto mo¾nosti: +\layout Enumerate + +Tabuµku rozdeµte na dve men¹ie. +\layout Enumerate + +Nastavte tabuµku na dlhú (rozbaµovacím menu na zaèiatku panelu nástrojov + tabuµky). + Toto automaticky rozdeµuje tabuµku na viac stránok ak je príli¹ dlhá. + Keï nastavíte dlhú tabuµku, automaticky sa sprístupní menu mo¾ností pre + takúto tabuµku (rozbaµovacie menu vpravo na li¹te pre tabuµku). + Tu si mô¾ete nastavi»: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Normálne: +\family default + ®iadna voµba nie je na danom riadku nastavená. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Prvá\SpecialChar ~ +hlavièka: +\family default + Aktuálny riadok a v¹etky riadky nad ním ktoré nemajú definovanú ¾iadnu + ¹peciálnu voµbu sú nastavené ako hlavièkové riadky prvej stránky dlhej + tabuµky. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Hlavièka: +\family default + Aktuálny riadok a v¹etky riadky nad ním ktoré nemajú definovanú ¾iadnu + ¹peciálnu voµbu sú nastavené ako hlavièkové riadky v¹etkých stránok dlhej + tabuµky, okrem prvej stránky, ak je definovaná +\family sans +Prvá\SpecialChar ~ +hlavièka +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Pätka: +\family default + Aktuálny riadok a v¹etky riadky nad ním ktoré nemajú definovanú ¾iadnu + ¹peciálnu voµbu sú nastavené ako pätkové riadky v¹etkých stránok dlhej + tabuµky, okrem poslednej stránky, ak je definovaná +\family sans +Posledná\SpecialChar ~ +pätka +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Posledná\SpecialChar ~ +pätka: +\family default + Aktuálny riadok a v¹etky riadky nad ním ktoré nemajú definovanú ¾iadnu + ¹peciálnu voµbu sú nastavené ako pätkové riadky poslednej stránky dlhej + tabuµky. +\layout Enumerate + + +\family sans +Nova\SpecialChar ~ +stránka: +\family default + Toto spraví zlom tabuµky na riadku, kde je táto voµba nastavená. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Tabuµka tie¾ mô¾e by» vlo¾ená v insete, ako je to popísané ni¾¹ie, èo umo¾ní + TeXu umiestni» ju tak dobre, ako to len bude mo¾né. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +Poznámka: +\family sans +Dlhé tabuµky +\family default + a +\family sans +rotácia +\family default + tabuµky/bunky pou¾ívajú ¹peciálne LaTeXové balíky, tak¾e by ste si mali + pozrie» +\emph on +Konfiguráciu LaTeX-u +\emph toggle + v menu +\family sans +Pomocník +\family default +, èi vá¹ systém toto podporuje. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\emph on +Pozn.\SpecialChar ~ +prekl.: +\emph toggle + Hlavièky a +\emph on +aj +\emph toggle + pätky je najlep¹ie definova» na zaèiatku tabuµky. + Pozor si dajte na èiary v tabuµke. + Posledný riadok hlavièky alebo pätky (aj prvej a poslednej) +\emph on +nesmie +\emph toggle + ma» nastavenú èiaru zdola, ale nmiesto toho nastavte riadku pod ním èiaru + zhora. + Ináè vo výstupe budú posledné riadky pätiek oddelené od tabuµky (ako keby + èiary medzi bunkami boli nastavené aj zhora aj zdola) a hlavièka nebude + ma» navrchu ¾iadnu èiaru. +\layout Subsection + +Insety s tabuµkou +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: tabulkainset} + +\end_inset + +Ak jednoducho tabuµku vlo¾íte pomocou tlaèítka na li¹te, alebo príkazom + +\family sans +Tabuµka +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default +, tabuµka bude umiestnená presne tam, kde sa nachádzal kurzor, zobrazená + na samostatnom riadku a vycentrovaná. + Pou¾itím príkazov +\family sans +Inset s tabuµkou +\family default + alebo +\family sans +©iroký inset s tabuµkou +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->Insety +\family default +, umo¾níte LaTeXu umiestni» tabuµku tam, kde sa najlep¹ie hodí, namiesto + toho, kde presne ste ju vlo¾ili vy. + Umiestòovanie insetov s tabuµkou je podobné ako umietòovanie insetov s + obrázkom (pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: insetobrazok} + +\end_inset + +), ktoré je popísané v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: umiestnenie-insetov} + +\end_inset + +. + Tabuµka +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab: inset_s_tabulkou} + +\end_inset + + je príklad insetu s tabuµkou, ktorá je v LyXe vlo¾ená na konci tohto odseku. + Podobne ako pri insetoch s obrázkom, +\family sans +©iroký inset s tabuµkou +\family default + je ¹iroká verzia insetu, ktorá sa rozprestiera cez oba ståpce v dvojståpcovom + dokumente. + +\begin_inset Float table +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab: inset_s_tabulkou} + +\end_inset + +Inset s tabuµkou. +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Janko +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Marienka +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Ferko +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} +a & b\\ +c & d\end{array}\right]$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsubsection + +Popisy tabuliek +\layout Standard + +Keï vytvoríte inset s tabuµkou, prvá vec, ktorú zbadáte je výzva na popis + tabuµky. + Na samotné vytvorenie tabuµky normálne vlo¾te tabuµku (tlaèítkom na paneli + nástrojov) keï je kurzor v insete. + Mô¾ete si urèi» èi bude popis nad, alebo pod tabuµkou. + Ak popis napí¹ete okam¾ite za slovo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Table: +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + v insete a tabuµku vlo¾ite a¾ za týmto popisom, bude popis nad tabuµkou, + ako v prípade tabuµky +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab: inset_s_tabulkou} + +\end_inset + +. + Ak ste popis e¹te nenapísali a vlo¾ili ste rovno tabuµku, potom bude popis + pod tabuµkou, ako v prípade tabuµky +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab: tabinset-popis_pod} + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Float table +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Caption + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab: tabinset-popis_pod} + +\end_inset + +Druhý inset s tabuµkou, s popisom dole. +\end_inset + +Mô¾ete vytvori» aj tabuµku bez popisu, vytvorením obyèajnej tabuµky (nie + insetu s tabuµkou), oznaèením celej tabuµky a potom vybratím príkazu +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->Insety->Inset s tabuµkou +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Dá sa to urobi» jednoducho aj tak, ¾e priamo vlo¾íte inset s tabuµkou, + prostredie odseku pre popis tabuµky nastavíte z pôvodného +\family sans +Caption +\family default + na +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, èím tento popis zmizne a vytvoríte si tabuµku. + Ak v budúcnosti budete tabuµku chcie» popísa», jednoducho v insete vytvoríte + odsek s prostredím +\family sans +Caption +\family default +. +\end_inset + + Príkladom je tabuµka +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab: tabinset-bez_popisu} + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Float table +placement htbp +wide false +collapsed false + +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +3 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +9 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab: tabinset-bez_popisu} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + Preto¾e nemá popis, nebude oèíslovaná, aj keï je oèíslovaná referencia + na òu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Èíslo, ktoré referencia zobrazí je èíslo sekcie v ktorej je vlo¾ená daná + tabuµka. +\end_inset + +. + Nie je mo¾né popísa» tabuµku, ak táto nie je vlo¾ená v insete. + V¹imnite si, ¾e popisovanie tabuliek ich automaticky èísluje, a odkazy + (sekcia +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: crossref} + +\end_inset + +) na ne toto èíslo vo výstupe zobrazia. +\layout Subsubsection + +Umiestnenie insetov +\layout Standard + +Technika umiestòovania insetov s tabuµkou je rovnaká ako pri insetoch s + obrázk\SpecialChar \- +om. + Preèítajte si sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: umiestnenie-insetov} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Obsah a ïal¹ie zoznamy +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: obsah} + +\end_inset + +Jednou z naozaj pekných vlastností LaTeXu je µahkos», s ktorou vám umo¾ní + vytvára» rôzne +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +zoznamy +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ako napríklad obsah. + V¹etko èo musíte urobi» je pou¾íva» urèité prostredia a vlo¾i» referenciu + na miesto, kde sa má zoznam objavi». +\layout Standard + +Ak ste pou¾ívateµ LaTeXu, alebo ste pou¾ívali star¹iu verziu LyXu, potom + si mo¾no spomínate, ¾e ste museli LaTeX spusti» viackrát, aby veci fungovali + správne. + Na¹»astie toto je u¾ minulos»ou. + LyX sa sám postará o to, aby bol LaTeX spustený príslu¹ný poèet krát, aby + sa zoznamy správne objavili vo výstupe. +\layout Subsection + +Obsah +\layout Standard + +Aby ste získali obsah, musíte spravi» 4 veci: +\layout Enumerate + +Pou¾i» triedu dokumentu, ktorá obsah podporuje (v¹etko okrem +\family typewriter +Letter +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Pou¾íva» prostredia odsekov, ktoré obsah vytvárajú: +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +, ( +\family sans +Sub +\family default +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +) +\family sans +Section +\family default +, ( +\family sans +Sub +\family default +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +) +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +. + Prostredia s *, ako napríklad +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, sa v obsahu +\emph on +nezobrazia +\emph toggle +. +\layout Enumerate + +Uistite sa, ¾e +\family sans +Håbka èíslovania odsekov +\family default + a +\family sans +Håbka obsahu +\family default + v okne +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie dokumentu +\family default + sú nastavené na správne hodnoty. + Napríklad, ak v obsahu chcete len kapitoly a sekcie, potom hodnotu nastavte + na 1. +\layout Enumerate + +Vlo¾te obsah na miesto, kde ho chcete. + Urobíte to príkazom +\family sans +Obsah +\family default + v menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->Zoznamy a obsah +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Je e¹te jedna vec, ktorú s obsahom mô¾ete robi». + Nezále¾í na tom, èi ste vo svojom texte obsh vytvorili alebo nie, príkazom + +\family sans +©truktúra dokumentu +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie +\family default + zobrazíte okno s obsahom, ktoré vám umo¾ní navigáciu v texte. +\layout Subsection + +Zoznam obrázkov, tabuliek a algoritmov +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: zoznam} + +\end_inset + +Zoznam obrázkov (ZO), zoznam tabuliek (ZT) a zoznam algoritmov (ZA) sú veµmi + podobné obsahu. + Medzi nimi je len niekoµko drobných odli¹ností. + Nasledujúci popis je pre zoznam obrázkov, ale platí aj pre ZT a ZA. +\layout Enumerate + +Ak chcete aby sa vá¹ obrázok objavil v zozname, +\emph on +musíte +\emph toggle + pou¾íva» insety s obrázkom ( +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->Insety->Inset s obrázkom +\family default +). +\layout Enumerate + +Na mieste, kde zoznam chcete, zadajte príkaz na vlo¾enie zoznamu -- +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->Zoznamy a obsah->Zoznam obrázkov +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + + +\emph on +Poznámka autorov: pozorný èitateµ si urèite v¹imol, ¾e v tejto U¾ívateµskej + príruèke nie je ¾iadna zmienka o algoritmoch. + Je to preto, lebo toto je nová vlastnos», ktorá e¹te nebola zdokumentovaná + - jml. +\layout Chapter + +Matematické vzorce +\layout Section + +Základy editovania matematiky +\layout Standard + +Editovanie matematických výrazov v LyXe je teraz takmer úplne WYSIWYM. + Toto je nieèo, èoho sa veµa starých pou¾ívateµov TeXu obáva. + Majú radi, ak mô¾u pou¾i» klávesnicu na vlo¾enie nieèoho ako +\family typewriter +$ +\backslash +alpha$ +\family default + (toto v be¾nom TeXu znamená +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + vo finálnom dokumente), preto¾e veria, ¾e je to rýchlej¹ie ako blúdenie + cez menu symbolov. + Toto je posudok od jedného z tých star¹ích pou¾ívateµov, +\noun on +Davida Johnsona +\noun toggle +. +\layout Quotation + +Nakoniec som sa presvedèil, ¾e matematický editor je správna cesta, keï + som zistil ¾e a¾ na nejaké detaily ho mô¾em pou¾íva» rovnakým spôsobom, + ako som bol zvyknutý v TeXu. + Napríklad tento symbol +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + som vytvoril tak, ¾e som stlaèil +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default +, aby som zapol matematický re¾im, potom napísal +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alpha +\family default +, stlaèil +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default + a +\family sans +Esc +\family default +. + Akonáhle som stlaèil tú medzeru, symbol +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + sa objavil na obrazovke. +\layout Standard + +Klávesová skratka +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default + zapína matematický re¾im, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alpha +\family default + je samozrejme ¹tandardný TeX kód, a +\family sans +Esc +\family default + ukonèuje matematický re¾im. + Dosta» sa do matematického re¾imu je tro¹ku pomal¹ie ako v ¹tandardnom + TeXu (najmenej pre tento mód), ale má to svoje výhody: +\layout Itemize + +Máte okam¾itú vizuálnu správu o tom, ¾e vá¹ TeX je správny. +\layout Itemize + +Na obrazovke máte skutoèné matematické výrazy, správne zobrazené, aby ste + mali istotu ¾e va¹a matematika je správna (aspoò èo sa týka toho ako je + napísaná). +\layout Itemize + +O v¹etok ten nový zmätok okolo LaTeXových ¹peciálnych prostrediach sa stará + LyX a nie vy. +\layout Itemize + +U¾ nemusíte v kóde hµada» chýbajucí +\family sans +$ +\family default + alebo nadbytoènú +\family sans +} +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Ak si nepamätáte LaTeXové meno urèitého symbolu, ako napríklad +\begin_inset Formula $\wp$ +\end_inset + +, mô¾ete ho sájs» v menu. +\layout Standard + +-- tieto výhody znamenajú, ¾e písanie matematky v LyXe je rýchlej¹ie ako + v èistom LaTeXu. +\layout Subsection + +Vyvolanie matematického editora +\layout Standard + +Je niekoµko spôsobov ako vyvola» matematický editor. + Mô¾ete kliknú» na tla\SpecialChar \- +èít\SpecialChar \- +ko, na ktorom je +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + +. + Toto vám otvorí malý modrý obdå¾nik orámovaný rú¾ovým obdå¾nikom. + To modré je pozícia matematického kurzoa a to rú¾ové indikuje matematický + re¾im. + Tie¾ mô¾ete pou¾i» klávesovú skratku +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +m +\family default +, alebo +\family sans +C-m +\family default +. + Vyvolanie matematického re¾imu jedným z týchto spôsobov spustí +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +riadkovú +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + matematiku. + Ak nechcete výraz vlo¾i» priamo do textu, kliknite na tlaèítko +\family sans +Rovnica +\family default + (zobrazuje modrý ¹tvorèek, ktorý má dve èiary nad aj pod sebou). +\layout Standard + +Ak pou¾ívate matematický re¾im na napísanie jednoduchých gréckych písmen + (napr. + +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +), je na to ¹peciálna skratka. + Jednoducho stlaète +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +g\SpecialChar ~ +a +\family default + pre +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +, +\family sans +M-m\SpecialChar ~ +g\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default + pre +\begin_inset Formula $\beta$ +\end_inset + +, atï. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Tieto skratky nane¹»astie zase nefungujú, preto¾e skratka +\family sans +M-m +\family default + otvorí menu +\family sans +Mo¾nosti +\family default +. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Taktie¾ ak kliknete na µubovoµné tlaèítko na paneli nástrojov matematiky, + automaticky sa vyvolá editor. +\layout Subsection + +Navigácia v rovnici +\layout Standard + +Editor automaticky aktivujete kliknutím na rovnicu (hocikde v modrom texte). + Kurzor sa umiestní na miesto kde ste klikli. + V rovnici sa najlep¹ie pohybuje pomocou kurzorových ¹ípiek. + Miesto, kde sa dá nieèo v rovnici napísa» je indikované malým modrým obdå¾nikom. +\layout Standard + +Kurzorové ¹ípky sa mô¾u pou¾íva» na navigáciu v texte v µubovoµnej matematickej + ¹truktúre. + Ak ste na kraji výrazu a stlaèíte ¹ípku smerom von, kurzor z výrazu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +vyskoèí +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Stlaèením +\family sans +Medzery +\family default + ukonèíte zlomok, alebo inú matematickú ¹truktúru (napr. + odmocnina +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ +\end_inset + +, zátvorky +\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$ +\end_inset + +, alebo maticu +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{array}{cc} +1 & 2\\ +3 & 4\end{array}\right)$ +\end_inset + +), prièom kurzor zostane vo výraze. + Stlaèením +\family sans +Esc +\family default + vyskoèíte z výrazu a kurzor sa umiestni za daný výraz. + Ak ste na konci výrazu a stlaèíte +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default +, tie¾ z výrazu vyskoèíte, ale za ním sa automaticky vlo¾í medzera. + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + sa pou¾íva na pohyb v nejakej matematickej ¹truktúre, napríklad na pohyb + po èlenoch matice, alebo na pohyb v multiriadkovom výraze. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Medzera +\family default + nevkladá medzeru, ale ako sme u¾ povedali, ukonèuje nejakú matematickú + ¹truktúru. + Preto si musíte dáva» pozor a stláèa» ju len vtedy, keï to potrebujete. + Napríklad ak chcete +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$ +\end_inset + +, pod odmocninu napí¹te +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +2x+1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\emph on +nie +\emph toggle + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +2x + 1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, preto¾e potom by pod odmocninou bolo len +\begin_inset Formula $2x$ +\end_inset + + a výraz by vyzeral +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+$ +\end_inset + + a stlaèením medzery za znamienkom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + vyskoèíte z výrazu. +\layout Standard + +Keï hovoríme o klávese +\family sans +Medzera +\family default +, mo¾no budete chcie» vytvori» prázdne mies\SpecialChar \- +ta, okrem medzerovania ktoré + ¹tandardne poskytuje LaTeX. + Neodporúèame to, lebo to odporuje ¹týlu WYSIWYM, av¹ak sú situácie kedy + to mô¾ete potrebova». + Ak tak chcete, stlaèe +\family sans +C-Medzera +\family default +. + Vytvoríte malú medzeru, ktorá sa zobrazí ako malé èervené podtr¾ítko: +\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ +\end_inset + +. + Ïal¹ím trikom je zmenenie veµkosti tejto mezery. + +\emph on +Predtým +\emph toggle + ako pohnete kurzorom po tom èo stlaèíte +\family sans +C-Medzera +\family default +, ak znova stlaèíte +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default +, zmeníte jej veµkos». + Táto veµkos» sa mení cez niekoµko veµkostí. + Posledá je zobrazená modro a je to negatívna medzera. + Tu je príklad: +\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Akúkoµvek matematickú ¹truktúru mô¾ete nacha» vyplnenú len èiastoène, ako + napríklad túto maticu: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +\lambda_{1}\\ + & \ddots\\ + & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right)\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ak v¹ak necháte èiastoène vyplnený zlomok, alebo prázdny index, výsledok + bude nepredvídateµný. + Ináè to väè¹ine objektov nevadí. +\layout Subsection + +Oznaèovanie textu +\layout Standard + +Text vo výraze mô¾ete oznaèi» dvoma spôsobmi. + Umiestni» kurzor na okraj oznaèovaného textu a stlaèenie +\family sans +Shift-©ípka +\family default +. + Text bude zvýraznený ako pri oznaèovaní normálneho textu. + Podobne mô¾ete be¾ným spôsobom oznaèi» text my¹ou. + Potom mô¾ete text kopírova», alebo vystrihnú» a mô¾ete ho vlo¾i» do µubovoµného + matematického insetu (nie mimo LyXu, alebo do èistého textu v LyXe). + Text oznaèený v LyXe mimo matematického výrazu nemô¾te do výrazu vlo¾i» + (zatiaµ). +\layout Subsection + +Exponenty a indexy +\layout Standard + +Na pridanie exponentu a indexu mô¾ete pou¾i» tlaèítka na paneli matematických + nástrojov, ale oveµa rýchlej¹ie je pou¾itie ¹tandardnej metódy TeXu. + Ak chcete napísa» +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ +\end_inset + +, v matematickom výraze napí¹te +\family typewriter +x^2 +\family default + a potom +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default +. + Medzera na konci umiestni kurzor spä» na základný riadok. + Ak napí¹ete +\family typewriter +x^2y +\family default + dostanete +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$ +\end_inset + +. + Ak chcete +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$ +\end_inset + +, napí¹te +\family typewriter +x^2 +\family default +, +\family sans +Medzera +\family default + a potom +\family typewriter +y +\family default +. + Indexy sú podobné, teda aby ste dostali +\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$ +\end_inset + +, napí¹te (v\SpecialChar ~ +matematickom výraze) +\family typewriter +a_1 +\family default + a potom +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + V matematike mi nefungovala slovenská klávesnica (výhodou bolo, ¾e som + si nemusel prepína» na anglickú, keï som chcel napísa» +\family typewriter +^ +\family default +). +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Zlomky +\layout Standard + +Zlomok vytvoríte príkazom +\family typewriter + +\backslash +frac +\family default + (vo výraze), alebo pou¾itím tlaèítka +\family sans +Zlomok +\family default +. + Zobrazí sa vám prázdny zlomok, s dvoma ¹tvorèekmi, do ktorých mô¾ete nieèo + vlo¾i». + Kurzor sa automaticky nastaví do èitateµa zlomku. + Aby ste sa presunuli do menovateµa, jednoducho stlaète +\family sans +©ípku nadol +\family default +. + Pre pohyb naspä» hore stlaète +\family sans +©ípku nahor +\family default +. + Do zlomku mô¾e by» vlo¾ená µubovoµná matematická ¹truktúra, ako to ukazuje + tento príklad: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc} +2 & 3\\ +4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Sumy a integrály +\layout Standard + +Znamienka sumy +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + a integrálu +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + majú èasto napísané hranice, ktoré sú v LyXe (a v TeXu) umiestnené ako + horný a dolný index. + Hranice sumy v riadku budú na strane, ako sem +\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$ +\end_inset + +, inak budú nad a pod symbolom: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right)\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Av¹ak integrál v¾dy hranice zobrazí na strane (nie nad znaminkom a pod ním): + +\begin_inset Formula $\int_{0}^{x}f(t)dt=F(x)$ +\end_inset + +, rovnako aj: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +V druhom prípade oba symboly automaticky zmenia svoju veµkos». + V tomto prípade tie¾ mô¾e by» zmenené umiestnenie hraníc (priamo nad alebo + pod, alebo posum doprava od znaku). + Urobíte tak umiestnením kurzoru pred znak a stlaèíte +\family sans +A-m l +\family default +. + Aká zmena sa presne udeje zále¾í na znaku. + Urèité ïal¹ie matematické výrazy tie» majú túto vlastnos», ako napríklad: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +V riadkovom výraze to bude zobrazené na strane: +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$ +\end_inset + +. + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ +\end_inset + + napísaná èerveným písmom má zvlá¹tne urèenie. + V LaTeXu je pova¾ovaná za ¹peciálny objekt a preto tak pracuje s dolným + indexom. + V LyXe ju dostanete napísaním +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lim +\family default + v matematickom výraze, alebo vybraním funkcie z menu funkcií na mate\SpecialChar \- +ma\SpecialChar \- +tickom + paneli nástrojov. + Ïal¹ie ¹peciálne slovo je napr. + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ +\end_inset + + a väè¹ina trigonometrických funkcií, popísaných ni¾¹ie v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: mat-fcie} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Panel matematických nástrojov +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: mat-panel} + +\end_inset + +Tento panel obsahuje zoznam matematických symbolov a ¹truktúr. + Umo¾òuje vám rýchly prístup k menej triviálnym vlastnostiam matematiky. +\layout Standard + +Prvé dve tlaèítka sú druhá odmocnina +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ +\end_inset + + a zlomok +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Ïalej nasledujú tlaèítka pre sumu, integrál, exponent a index. + Siedmym tlaèítkom v poradí je oddeµovaè (zátvorky), ktorým si mô¾ete vybra» + µavý a pravý oddeµovaè: +\begin_inset Formula $\left\{ 3\right\rangle $ +\end_inset + +. + Ich veµkos» bude automaticky prispôsobená tomu, èo je v nich uzatvorené. + Ïal¹ou ikonou sú dekorácie, ktoré umo¾òujú nad alebo pod matematický výraz + umiestni» èiaru, vlnovku, ¹ípku alebo zátvorku: +\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\widehat{V}}$ +\end_inset + +. + Toto sa tie¾ prispôsobuje danej matematickej ¹truktúre. + Ïalej nasleduje tlaèítko pre medzerovanie, ktoré vám umo¾ní vlo¾i» chránenú + medzeru danej då¾ky: +\begin_inset Formula $2\qquad3$ +\end_inset + +. + Ïal¹ím tlaèítkom vlo¾íte do výrazu maticu zadaných rozmerov a takisto si + mô¾ete nastavi» zarovnanie +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +1 & 2 & 3\\ +45 & 67 & 89\end{array}\right)$ +\end_inset + +. + Zátvorky okolo matice sú pridané tlaèítkom +\family sans +Oddeµovaè +\family default +. + Kliknutím na ïal¹ie tlaèítko (keï ste v èistom texte) vytvoríte novú oblas» + na zadanie matematického výrazu. + Ta je vytvorená na novom riadku a vycentrovaná: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +1+2=3\] + +\end_inset + +Ak na toto tlaèítko kliknete keï ste v nejakom matematickom výraze, prepnete + tento výraz do riadkového módu, alebo naopak. +\layout Standard + +Ïalej sú na paneli tlaèítka obsahujúce matematické symboly. +\layout Subsection + +Ïal¹ie matematické symboly +\layout Standard + +Ïal¹ie matematické symboly sú rozdelené do niekoµkých kategórií a to: Grécke + znaky -- +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + +, operátory -- +\begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$ +\end_inset + +, relácie -- +\begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$ +\end_inset + +, ¹ípky -- +\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + +, symboly premenlivej veµkosti -- +\begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$ +\end_inset + + a kategória rôzne -- +\begin_inset Formula $\infty\spadesuit$ +\end_inset + +. + Ak poznáte ¹tandardné makro LaTeXu pre nejaký symbol, tieto menu nemusíte + pou¾íva», ale pomô¾u vám pri tých symboloch, ktorých mená ste zabudli. + Ak chcete napísa» symbol ktorého LaTeXové makro poznáte, v¹etko èo musíte + urobi» je napísa» ho, vrátane úvodného +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default +, tak ako keby ste to písali v èistom LaTeXu, ako napríklad +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alpha +\family default +. + Daný znak bude automaticky konvertovaný na skutoèný symbol hneï ako stlaèíte + medzeru, alebo iný ne-alfabetický znak. + Text, ktorý takto pí¹ete sa zobrazí èerveným písmom (úodné +\family typewriter + +\backslash + +\family default + sa nezobrazuje), ale zmení sa na modrý symbol ktorý vám vizuálne povie, + ¾e LyX rozumie tomu, èo ste chceli. + Ak matematický editor nie je schopný rozpozna» a skonvertova» symbol ktorý + ste napísali, zostane napísaný èerveným písmom (toto sa nazýma +\emph on +makro mód) +\emph toggle +. +\layout Standard + +V LyXe zatiaµ nemô¾u by» zobrazené v ¹týle WYSIWYM v¹etky znaky dostupné + v LaTeXu. + Ak skúsite napísa» symbol, ktorého LaTeXové meno poznáte, napr. + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +oint +\family default + pre +\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ +\end_inset + +, keï skonèíte písanie toho textu a stlaèíte +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default + (alebo èíslo, alebo iný ne¹tandardný znak), ak LyX mô¾e, zobrazí symbol + ktorého makro ste napísali. + Ak to LyX nemô¾e, nechá makro napísané èerveným písmom, ako napríklad +\begin_inset Formula $A\hookrightarrow B$ +\end_inset + +. + Ak dané makro LaTeX pozná, vytlaèí ho správne. + Niektoré symboly prístupné cez tlaèítka na paneli sa zobrazia týmto spôsobom. + Toto vám tie¾ umo¾òuje definova» si svoje vlastné makrá (daný textový re»azec + vlo¾te do preambuly (pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: preambula} + +\end_inset + +)). + Napríklad re»azec: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +a}{ +\backslash +alpha} +\layout Standard + +v preambule vám dovolí v matematike pou¾i» +\family typewriter + +\backslash +a +\family default + namiesto +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alpha +\family default + na vytvorenie symbolu +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +. + Av¹ak dajte si pozor na to, ¾e LyX sa neuistí, èi je takéto makro prípustné + a ak nebude, pri vytváraní výstupu dostanete chybu LaTeXu. + Pre detaily si preèítajte sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: latexcodes} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Matematické funkcie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: mat-fcie} + +\end_inset + +Predposledné tlaèítko na paneli matematických nástrojov vám umo¾òuje vklada» + rôzne matematické funkcie, ako napríklad +\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\cos$ +\end_inset + +, atï.\SpecialChar ~ +(vo výraze ich mô¾ete vlo¾i» napísaním +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sin +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cos +\family default + atï.). + ©tandardná matematická prax je, ¾e funkcie ktoré sú menami, ako napríklad + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ +\end_inset + + by nemali by» napísané kurzívou. + Ak by ste jednoducho napísali +\begin_inset Formula $sin$ +\end_inset + +, bolo by to samozrejme kurzívou napísané. + Av¹ak toto má e¹te jednu vlastnos», ktorá sa prejaví vo výstupe. + Napríklad vo výraze +\begin_inset Formula $\sin t$ +\end_inset + + bude vo výstupe malá medzera medzi písmenami n a t. + Pre slová, ktoré znamenajú zlo¾itej¹ie matematické objekty, ako napríklad + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ +\end_inset + +, makro mení spôsob umiestòovania dolného indexu. + Ak ide o riadkový výraz, bude to vyzera» takto: +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$ +\end_inset + +, inak to bude takéto: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L\] + +\end_inset + +Tieto dva výrazy boli napísané rovnako, ale pou¾itie makra +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lim +\family default + ovplyvòuje zobrazenie (ovplyvnená je riaková verzia, kôli medzerám medzi + riadkami). +\layout Subsection + +Viac symbolov +\layout Standard + +Sú nejaé matematické symboly, ktoré nie sú prístupné z èistého LaTeXu (alebo + z LyXu), ale v sádzaní matematiky sú dos» be¾né, ako napríklad písmo old-German + Fraktur a ¹tylizované písmo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +blackboard bold +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + be¾ne pou¾ívané na zobrazenie komplexných alebo celých èísel. + V okne +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie dokumentu +\family default + je prepínaè +\family sans +Pou¾i» AMS matematiku +\family default +. + Keï je aktivovaný, sú dostupné v¹etky AMS-LaTeX symboly a prostredia. + Ak tieto balíky aktivujete cez preambulu, dostanete sa do problémov, preto¾e + LyX si sám definuje niektoré z makier pou¾itých v týchto balíkoch. + Rozlo¾enie AMS vkladá tieto balíky automaticky. +\layout Subsection + +Akcenty +\layout Standard + +V matematickom re¾ime mô¾ete vklada» znaky s akcentom rovnako ako v texte. + Mô¾e to závisie» na va¹ej klávesnici. + Rovnako mô¾ete pou¾i» makrá TeXu. + To znamená, ¾e ak chcete v matematickom re¾ime vlo¾i» +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ +\end_inset + +, napí¹te +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hat +\family default +, +\family sans +medzera +\family default +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + V nasledujúcej tabuµke sú ekvivalenty pre názvy akcentov v textovom a matematic +kom re¾ime: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +text +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +matematika +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +príklad +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +circumflex +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +hat +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +grave +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +grave +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +acute +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +acute +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +umlaut +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ddot +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +tilde +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +tilde +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +dot +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +dot +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +breve +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +breve +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +caron +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +check +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +macron +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +bar +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +--- +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +vec +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Zátvorky +\layout Standard + +V LyXe je dostupných niekoµko druhov zátvoriek. + Pre niektoré prípady by malo postaèova» pou¾itie klávesov +\family typewriter +()[]{}| +\backslash +<> +\family default +. + Ale ak chcete uzátvorkova» veµkú ¹truktúru, ako napríklad matica, alebo + ak máte niekoµko úrovní zátvoriek, je vhodnej¹ie pou¾íva» tlaèítko +\family sans +Oddeµovaè +\family default + na paneli matematických nástrojov (pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: mat-panel} + +\end_inset + +). + Napríklad týmto spôsobom urobíte zátvorky okolo ¹tandard\SpecialChar \- +nej matice: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left(\begin{array}{cc} +1 & 2\\ +3 & 4\end{array}\right)\] + +\end_inset + +A lep¹ie zviditeµníte úrovne zátvoriek v takomto hnusobstve: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\] + +\end_inset + +alebo: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\] + +\end_inset + +Zátvorky z okna Oddeµovaè sa svojou veµkos»ou automaticky prispôsobia tomu, + èo je v nich uzatvorené (v èistom LaTeXu je to urobené cez +\family typewriter + +\backslash +left( blah +\backslash +right) +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Zátvorky vyberiete tak, ¾e pomocou prepínaèa vyberiete èi chcete nastavi» + pravú alebo µavú zátvorku a potom kliknete na zátvorke, ktorú chcete. + Ak chcete, aby na niektorej strane nebola zátvorka, kliknite na prázdne + tlaèítko. + V LyXe sa to zobrazí ako èiarkovaná èiara, ale nevytlaèí sa niè. +\layout Standard + +Ak sa do matematického výrazu rozhodnete vlo¾i» zátvorky (alebo inú matematickú + ¹truktúru, ako napríklad odmocninu) okolo nejakej matematickej ¹truktúry, + oznaète danú ¹truktúru, ktorá má by» umiestnená v zátvorke (stlaèením klávesy + +\family sans +Shift +\family default + a pohybom kurzoru ¹ípkami). + Potom vyberte príslu¹nú pravú a µavú zátvorku a kliknite na tlaèítko +\family sans +Pou¾i» +\family default + alebo +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + Okolo danej ¹truktúry budú vytvorené zátvorky. +\layout Section + +Polia a viacriadkové rovnice +\layout Standard + +Polia, ako napríklad matice, sa do LyXu vkladajú jednoducho. + Staèí kliknú» na tlaèítko +\family sans +Matica +\family default + na paneli matematických nástrojov, ktoré vám zobrazí okno kde si zadáte + poèet riadkov a ståpcov matice. + Tu je príklad: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +1 & 2 & 3\\ +4 & 5 & 6\\ +7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right)\] + +\end_inset + +Zátvorky nie sú automatické, ale mô¾ete ich prida» tlaèítkom +\family sans +Oddeµovaè +\family default +. + Spo\SpecialChar \- +meò\SpecialChar \- +te si, ¾e to mô¾ete urobi» aj potom èo maticu napí¹ete (jej oznaèením + a následným aplikovaním zátvoriek). + Keï vytvárate maticu, mô¾ete sa rozhodnú», èi ståpce (alebo niektoré z + nich) budú zarovnané napravo, naµavo, alebo vycentrovnaé. + Toto sa urèuje textovým poµom, v ktorom je ¹tadardne napísané +\family typewriter +ccc +\family default +. + Mali by ste by» opatrný pri rozhodovaní sa koµko ståpcov a radkov bude + ma» va¹a matica. + Riadky do matice mô¾ete prida» klávesou +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default + keï ste v danej matici a zru¹i» ich klávesami +\family sans +A-e k +\family default +. + Zatiaµ nie je mo¾né pridáva» alebo ru¹i» ståpce. + Tu je ïal¹í príklad, s rôznym zarovnaním ståpcov: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Ako som u¾ spomenul, v matematike mi nefunguje diakritika, tak¾e si to + nev¹ímajte. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{array}{lcr} +stlpec & stlpec & tento\\ +zarovnany & je & je\, zarovnany\\ +nalavo & vycentrovany & doprava\end{array}\] + +\end_inset + +V matematickom re¾ime LaTeXu sú aj ïal¹ie polia, èiastoène s vlo¾enými balíkmi + AMS-LaTeX. + Napríklad +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cases +\family default +. + V LyXe zatiaµ nie sú podporované (prostredie +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cases +\family default + je podporované vo vývojovej verzii LyXu). + Av¹ak takúto ¹truktúru je mo¾né vytvori» pomocou matice (èo aj v skutoènosti + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cases +\family default + robí). + Tu je príklad: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cl} +\frac{1}{q}, & \mathrm{ak}\, x=\frac{p}{q}\\ +0, & \mathrm{ak}\, x\,\mathrm{je}\,\mathrm{iracionalne}\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + +Najprv sme vytvorili zátvorky (pravá je prázdna), potom do nich vlo¾ili + maticu +\begin_inset Formula $2\times2$ +\end_inset + +, so zarovnaním oboch ståpcov naµavo. + Písmo Roman bude vysvetlené neskôr. +\layout Standard + +Viacriadkové rovnice sa v LyXe tie¾ vytvárajú veµmi jednoducho. + Rovnicu nesmiete písa» v riadkovom re¾ime. + Teda kliknete na tlaèítko +\family sans +Rovnica +\family default + na paneli, èo automaticky zapne +\family typewriter +eqnarray +\family default + formát (formát LaTeXu pre viacriadkové rovnice). + Potom vo výraze stlaète +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +. + Ak chcete viacriadkovú rovnicu, najlep¹ie je prida» nový riadok ( +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +) okam¾ite na zaèiatku. + Ka¾dý riadok je potom rozdelený na tri oblasti, v ktorých sa mô¾ete pohybova» + my¹ou, ¹ípkami, alebo tabulátorom. + Tu je príklad: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +3 & = & 1+2\\ +4+5 & = & 9\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + +U¾ existujúcu rovnicu mô¾ete zmeni» ne viacriadkovú stlaèením +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default + ak je kurzor umiestnený hocikde v originálnej rovnici. + Av¹ak LyX sa nepokúsi rozdeli» rovnicu na tri èasti, ale v¹etko vlo¾í do + µavej èasti riadku. + Ak chcete zmeni» zarovnanie rovnice, umiestnite kurzor na miesto, kde chcete + ma» prostrednú èas» riadku a stlaète +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default +. + Ak bude kurzor umiestnený niekde v µavej èasti, potom tá èas», ktorá je + od kurzora napravo sa presunie do prostrednej èasti a to èo bolo v prostriedku + sa presunie na zaèiatok pravej èasti. + Ak je kurzor v prostrednej èasti, potom v¹etko napravo od neho sa presunie + na zaèiatok pravej èasti. + Do prostrednej èasti by ste nemali dáva» veµké ¹truktúru, ako napríklad + zlomky, preto¾e LaTeX ich vysádza tak, ¾e ich zmen¹í. +\layout Standard + +Riadok vo viacriadkovom výraze mô¾ete vymaza» pou¾itím +\family sans +A-e k +\family default +, ak máte kurzor nastavený na danom riadku. + Nový riadok pridáte +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Èíslovanie rovníc +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: mat-label} + +\end_inset + +Èíslovanie rovníc je v LyXe veµmi jednoduché. + V¹etko, èo musíte urobi», ak chcete zmeni» rovnicu ako napríklad: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +1+2=3\] + +\end_inset + +na èíslovanú rovnicu: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +1+2=3\label{mathed:prva_rovnica}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +je vybra» príkaz +\family sans +Návestie +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default +. + Otvorí sa vám okienko, do ktorého zadáte re»azec. + Nemusíte zadáva» èíslo, preto¾e o preèíslovanie rovníc sa stará LaTeX. + Vo výstupe sa toto návestie nezobrazí. + Namiesto neho tam bude príslu¹né èíslo rovnice. + Návestia sa pou¾ívajú interne na krosreferencie. + Èíslova\SpecialChar \- +nie rovnice mô¾ete zapnú» bez toho, aby ste vlo¾ili nejaké návestie. + Do minibuffera (Riadok pod hlavným oknom LyXu, ktorý obyèajne zobrazuje + informácie o dokumente. + Keï naò kliknete, jeho obsah sa zma¾e +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Obsah minibuffera som musel vymazáva» ruène. + Ale inak to funguje. +\end_inset + + a vy mô¾ete napísa» nejaký príkaz.) napí¹te príkaz +\family typewriter +math-number +\family default +. + Kurzor musí by» umiestnený v rovnici. + Príklad: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +1+1=2\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +Tento príkaz je prepínaè. + Ak ho zadáte znovu, èíslovanie danej rovnice bude zru¹ené. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Jedine takýmto spôsobom som dokázal zru¹i» èíslovanie rovnice (aj keï má + návestie). +\end_inset + + Na rovnicu s návestím (nie tú, ktorá je len oèíslovaná) sa mô¾ete odkazova» + krosreferenciou (príkaz +\family sans +Krosreferencia +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default +). + Toto je odkaz na rovnicu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:prva_rovnica} + +\end_inset + +. + V návestiach by ste +\emph on +nemali +\emph toggle + pou¾íva» medzery, preto¾e vám to mô¾e spôsobi» problémy. + Je to chyba LyXu, ktorá ale mô¾e by» odstránená. +\layout Standard + +©tandardom pre èíslovanie (aj vkladanie návestí) viac-riadkových rovníc + je, ¾e ka¾dý riadok je èíslovaný samostatne. + Keï raz vlo¾íte na nejaký riadok návestie aby bol oèíslovaný, automaticky + budú oèíslované v¹etky nasledujúce riadky (bude im pridané návestie +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +# +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). + Toto návestie si mô¾ete zmeni», aby ste sa mohli na daný riadok odkazova». +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:druha_rovnica}\\ +2 & = & 7-5\\ +1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\\ +16 & = & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:tertia_rovnica}\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +V¹imnite si, ¾e prvá rovnica má návestie ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:druha_rovnica} + +\end_inset + +), druhá a tretia sú èíslované ale bez návestia a posledá má zase návestie + ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:tertia_rovnica} + +\end_inset + +). +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Tretia rovnica nemala ma» ani návestie ani nemala by» oèíslovaná. + Keï som v¹ak v minibufferi zadal +\family typewriter +math-number +\family default +, zru¹il mi èíslovanie na v¹etkých ¹tyroch rovniciach. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +U¾ívateµsky definované makrá v matematic\SpecialChar \- +kom re¾ime +\layout Standard + +LyX vo verzii 0.12 dovoµuje u¾ívateµovi definova» si makrá. + U¾ívateµsky definované makro nie je èervený názov, ktorý LyX nepozná a + preto ho nevie nakresli» (v minulosti nazývaný makro re¾im, teraz jednoducho + TeX re¾im). + Tlaèítko definície makra sa na obrazovke zobrazí ako ¹edý obdå¾nik, s názvom + makra napísaným modrou farbou (farba matematiky). + Ale ak naò kliknete, zobrazí sa ako normálny matematický obdå¾nik, ktorý + mô¾ete editova». + Vyskú¹ajte si to: +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\makro}{a+b} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Ak chcete toto makro pou¾i» v iných rovniciach, staèí napísa» jeho meno + v TeX re¾ime, v tomto prípade +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makro +\family default +, a ono sa automaticky expanduje: +\begin_inset Formula $c=\makro$ +\end_inset + +. + Ako si mô¾ete overi», kurzor sa do makra nedá umiestni». + Celé makro vystupuje ako jediný znak a vygenerovaný TeX kód tohto výrazu + je +\family typewriter +c = +\backslash +makro +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Av¹ak do niektorých makier mô¾ete kurzor umiestni». + Do tých, ktoré majú +\emph on +argumenty +\emph toggle +. + V definícii makra argument vyzerá ako +\family typewriter +# +\family default + nsledovaný èíslom argumentu: +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\makrosarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}} +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Keï sa toto makro expanduje, bude v òom obyèajný prázdny modrý obdå¾nik, + ktorý indikuje, ¾e doòho mô¾ete nieèo vlo¾i»: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makrosarg = +\family default + +\begin_inset Formula $\makrosarg{}$ +\end_inset + +. + Príklad: +\begin_inset Formula $b=\makrosarg{x-2}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Pri exporte do LaTeXu vytvoria definície makier príkaz +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newcommand +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Návod na pou¾ívanie makier +\layout Subsubsection + +Ako ich vytvori» +\layout Standard + +Ak chcete vytvori» makro, do minibuffera napí¹te príkaz: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +math-macro [poèet argumentov] +\layout Standard + +Napríklad +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makro +\family default + bolo vytvorené ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +math-macro makro +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makrosarg +\family default + bolo vytvorené ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +math-macro makrosarg 1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Ak chcete vlo¾i» znaèku argumentu (len v obdå¾niku definície makra), pou¾ite + príkaz: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +math-macro-arg <èíslo> +\layout Standard + +Znaèka argumentu +\family typewriter + +\backslash +makrosarg +\family default + bola vlo¾ená ako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +math-macro-arg 1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +V makre nemô¾ete pou¾i» viac ako 9 argumentov, èíslovaných od 1 po 9. + V definícii makra sa mô¾e argument opakova», ale samozrejme zadaný bude + len raz. + Èíslo argumentu nemô¾e by» väè¹ie ako poèet argumentov, ktorý bol pre dané + makro definovaný. +\layout Subsubsection + +Ako sa pohybova» +\layout Description + +Pomocou\SpecialChar ~ +kurzorových\SpecialChar ~ +kláves: Ak vsúpite do makra, kurzor sa umiestni do prvého + argumentu. + Na ïal¹í argument sa presuniete klávesou +\family sans +TAB +\family default +. + Zapamätajte si, ¾e ak stlaèíte +\family sans +Medzeru +\family default +, kurzor sa umiestni von za makro. +\layout Description + +Pomocou\SpecialChar ~ +my¹i: Ako obyèajne, kliknutím na dané políèko argumentu. +\layout Standard + +V súèasnosti si u¾ívateµ mô¾e definova» len príkazové makrá, ale vnútorne + je mo¾né definova» si aj makrá prostredia. +\layout Standard + +Je niekoµko preddefinovaných makier, ktoré hlavne umo¾òujú u¾ívateµom AMS-LaTeXu + pou¾íva» AMS makrá v zmysle WYSIWYM, ako napríklad +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cases +\family default + a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +binom +\family default +. + ( +\emph on +Poznámka: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cases +\family default + v súèasnosti nie je povolené, preto¾e po nejakom zjednodu¹ení a zdokonalení + makra, jediné platné argumenty sú pododseky (subparagraphs). + Tabulátory (tabs) ani nové riadky (newlines) nie sú prípustné. +\emph toggle +) +\layout Section + +Dolaïovanie +\layout Subsection + +Písmo +\layout Standard + +V matematickom re¾ime mô¾ete pou¾íva» niekoµko druhov písma, ale (zatiaµ) + je nutné meni» ich pomocou klávesových skratiek. + Nezobrazia sa presne WYSIWYM a niektoré sa WYSIWYM nezobrazia vôbec. + ©tandardné písmo pre text je ¹íkmé, +\begin_inset Formula $text$ +\end_inset + +, ale pre èísla je ¹tandardné písmo Rímske. + Ak chcete v mate\SpecialChar \- +ma\SpecialChar \- +tike napísa» text rímskym písmom, stlaète +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{text}$ +\end_inset + +. + Ak chcete tuèné, +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{text}$ +\end_inset + +, stlaète +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +b +\family default +. + Ak chcete kaligrafické písmo pre veµké písmená (na obrazovke to vyzerá + ako ¹ikmá Helvetica, ale vo výstupe je to kraj¹ie), stlaète +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ + +\family default +e: +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{TEXT}$ +\end_inset + +. + Tu je tabuµka v¹etkých podporovaných písiem: +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + Skratka M-c\SpecialChar ~ +i nefunguje. + Druhý ståpec je písaný anglickými ekvivalentami, preto¾e v matematike nefunguje + diakritika (u¾ som sa o tom myslím zmieòoval). + Ináè, keï chcete v matematike zmeni» písmo, nejde to tak ako v normálnom + texte, ¾e si oznaèíte nieèo èo u¾ máte napísané a potom stlaèíte príslu¹nú + kombináciu kláves, ale najprv treba stlaèi» danú klávesovú skratku a potom + písa». +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Textový re¾im +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Matematika +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Klávesová skratka v matematike +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Tuèné +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{Bold}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +M-C\SpecialChar ~ +b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Zvýraznené +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\emph toggle + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\emph toggle +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +e +\family default + alebo +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +i +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\emph toggle +--------- +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\emph toggle + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\emph toggle +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +r +\family default + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +\emph toggle +Písací stroj +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\emph toggle + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\emph toggle +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +p +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\emph toggle +©tandardné +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\emph toggle + +\begin_inset Formula $Default$ +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +\emph toggle +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +Medzera +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Matematický re¾im nepodporuje v¹etky znaky vo v¹etkých písmach a v týchto + ¹týloch písiem budú podporované iba písmená, v prípade kaligrafického textu + len veµké písmená. +\layout Standard + +Je mo¾né (v AMS-LaTeXu) urobi» v matematike tuèné písma a symboly (nie ¹ikmé). + Av¹ak LyX toto nepodporuje WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@. + Vytlaèí sa to v¹ak správne. + Aby ste napísali tuèný symbol, napríklad tuènú +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +, v matematike napí¹te +\family typewriter + +\backslash +boldsymbol{ +\backslash +alpha} +\family default +. + Ukonèujúca zlo¾ená zátvorka sa objaví ihneï ako napí¹ete prvú zátvorku. + Toto funguje pre v¹etky symboly a èísla. + Tie¾ je mo¾né písa» písmom Fraktur (tradièné nemecké), keï napí¹ete napríklad + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathfrak{g} +\family default +, pre Fraktur +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Formula $g$ +\end_inset + + +\family default +, alebo písmom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +blackboard-bold +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, veµké písmená s dvojitou èiarou s príkazom +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathbb{R} +\family default +. + Tieto symboly sa (zatiaµ) v LyXe nezobrazia WYSIWYM a musí by» pou¾itý + balík AMS-LaTeX (vrátane +\family typewriter +amsfonts +\family default +). + Pridanie týchto balíkov je zále¾itos» nastavenia vlastností dokumentu ( +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie->Dokumnet +\family default +). + Je tam prepínaè nazvaný +\family sans +Pou¾i» AMS matematiku +\family default +. + Keï je aktivovaný, sú dostupné v¹etky AMS-LaTeX symboly a prostredia. +\layout Standard + +V tejto príruèke neudávame príklady týchto písiem, aby ju bolo mo¾né prezrie» + a vytlaèi» aj bez týchto balíkov, ktoré niektorí µudia nemusia ma» nain\SpecialChar \- +¹ta\SpecialChar \- +lo\SpecialChar \- +van +é. +\layout Subsection + +Veµkosti písiem +\layout Standard + +V matematike sú ¹tyri (relatívne) veµkosti (alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +¹týly +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +) písiem, ktoré sa automaticky vyberajú vo väè¹ine situácií. + Ich názvy sú +\emph on +textstyle +\emph toggle +, +\emph on +displaystyle +\emph toggle +, +\emph on +scriptstype +\emph toggle + a +\emph on +scriptscriptstyle +\emph toggle +. + Pre väè¹inu znakov je textstyle a displaystyle rovnaká veµkos», ale zlomky, + horné a dolné indexy a urèité ïal¹ie efekty sú v displaystyle vysádzané + väè¹ie, alebo umiestnené inak. + Okrem niektorých operátorov, ktoré sa sami prispôsobujú rôznym situáciám, + v¹etok text bude vysádzaný v týchto rôznych veµkostiach tak, ako LaTeX + uzná za vhodné. + Toto si mô¾ete prestavi» príkazom +\family typewriter +math-size +\family default + v minibufferi. + Napríklad zlomok +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + + mô¾ete vysádza» normálne (textstyle), alebo ho mô¾ete urobi» väè¹í, èo + tie¾ zmení riadkovanie, v ¹týle displaystyle, ak v minibufferi napí¹ete + +\family typewriter +math-size displaystyle +\family default +, keï kurzor je nastavený na hlavnom riadku rovnice: +\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + Buïte opatrný, preto¾e ak kurzor bude nad alebo pod zlomkovou èiarou, potom + bude zväèsené len to èíslo: +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + +! Toto odrá¾a LaTeXovú +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +neúmyselnú vlastnos» +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +V podstate chybu. +\end_inset + +, nie LyXovú. + Tieto zmeny veµkostí písma nie sú v LyXe také zrejmé ako budú vo výstupe. + Tu je príklad textu napísaného v rôznych ¹týloch: +\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle displaystyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +V¹etky tieto matematické veµkosti písiem sú relatívne, to znamená, ¾e ak + je matematický výraz a okolitý text vysádzaný urèitou veµkos»ou písma, + potom budú v¹etky tieto matematické veµkosti upravené. + Podobne, ak sa zmení základná veµkos» písma dokumentu, budú upravené v¹etky + písma. +\layout Standard + + +\size largest +Tu je odsek vo veµkosti písma +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Najväè¹ie +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, so symbolom: +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Toto tie¾ platí pre matematické písma v názvoch sekcií atï. +\layout Chapter + +Ïal¹ie nástroje +\layout Section + +Krosreferencie +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: crossref} + +\end_inset + +Tí z vás, ktorí tento manuál èítajú priamo v LyXe, vidia na zaèiatku tohto + odseku ¹edý obdå¾nik s textom. + To je +\family sans +návestie +\family default +. + Aby sme sa správne vyjadrili, je to polovica krosreferencie. + Druhá polovica je +\family sans +referencia +\family default +, a vyzerá takto: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: crossref} + +\end_inset + +. + Tí èo èítajú tento manuál v LyXe zasa vidia ¹edý obdå¾nik s textom. + Tí, ktorí èítajú vytlaèený manuál vidia èíslo --- v tomto prípade èíslo + tejto sekcie. + Tie¾ je ïal¹ia mo¾nos» krosreferencie: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec: crossref} + +\end_inset + +. + Toto je èíslo strany, obsahujúcej dané návestie. + A na toto slú¾ia krosreferencie: dovoµujú vám odkazova» sa na iné èasti + vá¹ho dokumentu. + Nemusíte si pamäta», aké èíslo má ktorá sekcia --- o to sa postará LyX! + V¹etko èo potrebujete urobi» je pou¾i» +\family sans +návestie +\family default + na oznaèenie sekcie, obrázku, tabuµky, rovnice, atï. + a potom sa naò odkáza» +\family sans +referenciou +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Návestie vlo¾íte príkazom +\family sans +Návestie +\family default +, z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default +. + Zobrazí sa vám okienko, kde zadáte vá¹ popis. + Návestia, ktoré ste vytvorili nemô¾ete zmeni» (aspoò zatiaµ nie). + Budete musie» zmaza» staré návestie, vytvori» nové a zmaza» v¹etky referencie + na staré návestie a vlo¾i» nové referencie. + Je to dos» +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +bolestivé +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, tak¾e buïte opatrní pri vyberaní názvov návestí. +\layout Standard + +Referenciu vlo¾íte príkazom +\family sans +Krosreferencia +\family default + takisto z menu +\family sans +Vlo¾i» +\family default +. + Zobrazí sa vám okno +\family sans +Vlo¾i» krosreferenciu +\family default + so zoznamom návestí a nejakými tlaèítkami. + Dvojkliknutím na niektoré návestie vlo¾íte do textu na miesto kurzora referenci +u na dané návestie. + Na mieste referencie bude vo vytlaèenom dokumente èíslo sekcie, kde sa + nachádza návestie (to isté robí tlaèítko +\family sans +Vlo¾i» referenciu) +\family default +. + Tlaèítko +\family sans +Vlo¾i» èíslo strany +\family default + vlo¾í referenciu tak, ¾e vo vytlaèenom dokumente bude na jej mieste èíslo + strany, na ktorej sa dané návestie nachádza. + +\family sans +Ís» na referenciu +\family default + vás v dokumente presunie na zadanú referenciu. + Je to vhodné na rýchly presun v dokumente. + Tlaèítkom +\family sans +Aktualizova» +\family default + aktualizujete zoznam návestí. + Pou¾ite ho v prípade, ¾e okno +\family sans +Vlo¾i» referenciu +\family default + necháte stále otvorené a pri editovaní dokumentu pridáte nejaké nové návestia. + Je to nutné, lebo inak by ste tieto nové návestia v zozname nemali. + +\family sans +Zavrie» +\family default + samozrejme uzavrie okno. +\layout Standard + +Ak z nejakého iného dokumentu vlo¾íte text, ktorý obsahuje návestia a referencie +, alebo ak zru¹íte nejaké návestie vo va¹om dokumente, na ktoré sa odkazuje + referencia, LaTeX vám oznámi chybu: +\layout Quote + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Warning: Reference X on page Y undefined on input line Z. +\newline +LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references. +\layout Standard + +Vo výstupe budú namiesto referencie dva otázniky. +\layout Standard + +Referencie vytlaèia èíslo najbli¾¹ej sekcie, v ktorej sa nachádza návestie. + Tak¾e ak chcete pou¾i» návestie na kapitolu ( +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +), ale okam¾ite za názvom kapitoly nasleduje názov sekcie ( +\family sans +Section +\family default +), návestie musíte vlo¾i» +\emph on +do +\emph toggle + prostredia +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +. + Nezále¾í na tom kde, a v LyXe to mô¾e vyzera» blbo, ale musíte to urobi». + To isté platí pre názvy sekcií na ni¾¹ích úrovniach. + Ak za názvom sekcie nasleduje èistý text, potom mô¾ete návestie vlo¾i» + kdekoµvek do tohto textu. +\layout Standard + +Taktie¾ normálne referencie --- referencie, ktoré sa odkazujú na èíslo sekcie + --- dávajú zmysel len v èíslovaných názvoch sekcií, èíslovaných insetoch + s tabuµkou a obrázkom. + Ak pou¾ijete návestie v neèíslovanej sekcii, tabuµke, atï., potom by ste + sa naò mali odkazova» len referenciami na èíslo strany. + Inak bude èíslo referencie nesprávne (pravdepodobne to bude èíslo najbli¾¹ej + èíslovanej sekcie). + Ak chcete vedie» detaily o èíslovaní a popisovaní obrázkov, tabuliek a + rovníc, pozrite si sekcie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: insetobrazok} + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: tabulkainset} + +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: mat-label} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Manuálne dolaïovanie +\layout Subsection + +Extra horizontálna medzera +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: hmedzera} + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +HFill +\family default + (horizontálna výplò) je ¹peciálna vlastnos» LyXu pre pridávanie medzier + jednotným spôsobom. + +\family sans +HFill +\family default + je v skutoènosti medzera s premenlivou veµkos»ou, ktorej veµkos» sa v¾dy + prispôsobuje zostávajúcemu priestoru medzi µavým a pravým okrajom.Ak je + a riadku viac ako jeden +\family sans +HFill +\family default +, potom dostupný priestor rozdelia medzi seba rovnakým dielom. +\layout Standard + +Poznámka: Ak vlo¾íte +\family sans +HFill +\family default + na zaèiatok riadku a tento nie je prvým riadkom v odseku, LyX ho bude ignorova». + Toto chráni +\family sans +HFill +\family default + pred náhodným zalomením sa na nový riadok. +\layout Standard + +HFill vlo¾íte príkazom +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->©peciálny znak->HFill +\family default +. + Máme tu zopár prí\SpecialChar \- +kla\SpecialChar \- +dov, èo mô¾ete s +\family sans +HFill +\family default +om robi»: +\layout Quote + +Toto je na µavej strane. +\hfill +Toto je na pravej. +\layout Quote + +Naµavo +\hfill +V prostriedku +\hfill +Napravo +\layout Quote + +Naµavo +\hfill +1/3 vµavo +\hfill + +\hfill +Napravo +\layout Standard + +To bol príkald v prostredí +\family sans +Quote +\family default +. + Tu: +\hfill +:je jeden v ¹tandardnom odseku. + Vo vytlaèenej forme to nemusí by» oèividné, ale +\family sans +HFill +\family default + sa nachádza medzi dvoma +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Pamätáte si, ¾e sme povedali, ¾e HFill v¾dy vypåòa ostávajúci priestor medzi + okrajmi? Na jednom riadku mô¾e by» viac ako jeden pár okrajov. + Tu je príklad s prostredím +\family sans +List +\family default +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM + +jeden +\hfill +dva :tri +\hfill +¹tyri +\hfill +pä» +\hfill +¹es» +\layout Standard + +Dvojbodka oznaèuje zaèiatok polo¾ky. + (V skutoènosti je v popise polo¾ky z prostredí +\family sans +List +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +skrytý +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\family sans +HFill +\family default +. + Je vlo¾ený na koniec popisu automaticky.) Podobne sa HFilly správajú v iných + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +multiokrajových +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + situáciách, ako napríklad v dvojståpcovom re¾ime. +\layout Subsection + +Extra vertikálna medzera +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: vertmedzera} + +\end_inset + +Na pridanie vertikálnej medzery nad, alebo pod odsek, pou¾ite okno +\family sans +Prostredie odstavca +\family default + ( +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie->Odstavec +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Nebudeme ukazova» príklady +\family sans +VFill +\family default +u, preto¾e je to plýtvanie papierom. + Funguje rovnako ako +\family sans +HFill +\family default +: zvy¹ok stránky zaplní prázdnymi medzerami. + Ak je na stránke viac +\family sans +VFill +\family default +ov, voµný priestor si rozelia medzi seba rovnako. + Preto ich mô¾ete pou¾i» na vycentrovanie textu na stránke, alebo dokonca + umiestni» text dole v 2/3 stránky alebo 1/4 atï. +\layout Subsection + +Zmena zarovnania odseku +\layout Standard + +V okne Prostredie odstavca mô¾ete zmeni» zarovnanie odseku. + Na výber máte ¹tyri mo¾nosti: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Vpravo +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Vµavo +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Blok +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Na stred +\layout Standard + +Vo väè¹ine prípadov je ¹tandardné zarovnanie do bloku, v ktorom je medzera + medzi slovami premenlivá a ka¾dý riadok odseku vypåòa priestor medzi µavým + a pravým okrajom. + Ïal¹ie tri mo¾nosti by mali by» samovysvetµujúce a vyzerajú takto: +\layout Standard +\align right +Tento odsek je zarovnaný doprava. +\layout Standard +\align center +Tento je vycentrovaný. +\layout Standard +\align left +Tento je zarovnaný doµava. +\layout Standard + +V niektorých prostrediach odsekov je ¹tandardne nastavené iné zarovnanie + ako +\family sans +blok +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Pevné zlomy strán +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: zlomstrany} + +\end_inset + +Ak sa vám nepáèi spôsob, ktorým LaTeX zalamuje stránky vá¹ho dokumentu, + mô¾ete ho prinúti» zalomi» stranu tam, kde to chcete vy. + V v¹eobecnosti toto +\emph on +nebude +\emph toggle + potrebné, preto¾e LaTeX je v zalamovaní strán dobrý, ako sme sa zmienili + v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: vdovy} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Tak¾e vo v¹eobecnosti nie je potrebné pou¾íva» mo¾nos» popísanú ni¾¹ie a + +\emph on +dôrazne +\emph toggle + vám doporuèujeme +\emph on +nepou¾íva» +\emph toggle + ju dovtedy, kým text nebude skutoène +\emph on +hotový +\emph toggle + a kým ste si nepozreli náhµad dokumentu, èi +\emph on +skutoène +\emph toggle + musíte meni» zlomy strán. + +\emph on +Len +\emph toggle + v tom prípade mô¾ete pou¾i» pevný zlom riadku nad alebo pod odsekom, ktorý + nastavíte v okne +\family sans +Prostredie odstavca +\family default + ( +\family sans +Zalom. + stránky +\family default +: nad, pod). +\layout Standard + +Mohli by ste pou¾i» zlom strany na to, aby ste mali obrázok, alebo tabuµku + na vrchu stránky. + Ale robi» to takto je zlý spôsob. + LyX vám umo¾òuje automaticky umiestòova» obrázky a tabuµky na vrchu stránky + (alebo na spodu, alebo na vlastnej stránke), prièom vás nemusí trápi» to, + èo je pred alebo za va¹ím obrázkom alebo tabuµkou. + Viac sa dozviete v sekciách +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: obrazky} + +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: tabulky} + +\end_inset + + a tie¾ si preèítajte o +\family sans +insetoch +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Ïal¹ie nástroje +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: chmedzera-zlomriadku-hciara} + +\end_inset + +Táto sekcia struène popisuje ako mô¾u by» niektoré vlastnosti známe u¾ívateµovi + LaTeXu vygenerované LyXom. +\layout Itemize + +Chránená medzera: Pou¾íva sa na oznámenie LyXu (a LaTeXu), aby na danom + mieste nezalamoval riadok. + Mô¾e to by» nutné, aby ste sa vyhli nechceným zlomom riadku, ako napríkald + v tomto prípade: +\begin_deeper +\layout Quote + +Dobrá dokumentácia by nemala vá¾i» viac ako 1 +\newline +kg. +\layout Standard + +Obyèajne by bolo dobré medzi +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +kg +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + vlo¾i» chránenú medzeru. + Urobíte to príkazom +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->©peciálny znak->Chránená medzera +\family default +, alebo +\family sans +C-Medzera +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Zlom riadku: Zlom riadku mô¾ete vlo¾i» príkazom +\family sans +Vlo¾i»->©peciálny znak->Zalomenie riadku +\family default +, alebo skratkou +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +. + Av¹ak nemali by ste to pou¾íva» na opravu LaTeXových zlomov riadkov, preto¾e + ten je v zalamovaní riadkov veµmi dobrý\SpecialChar \ldots{} + (pozri sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: zlomstrany} + +\end_inset + +). + Je v¹ak niekoµko situácií, keï je potrebné aktívne vklada» zlomy riadkov, + napríkald pri písaní básne, alebo adresy (pozri sekcie +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: quote} + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: verse} + +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: adresa_pouzitie} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Itemize +\line_bottom +Horizontálna èiara nad, alebo pod odsekom: mô¾e to by» u¾itoèné pre nadpisy. + Dostanete ich nastavením v okne +\family sans +Prostredie odstavca +\family default +. + Tu: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +je príkald. +\end_deeper +\layout Section + +Kontrola pravopisu +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: kontrola-pravopisu} + +\end_inset + +Samotný LyX nemá zabudovanú kontrolu pravopisu. + Na kontrolu pravopisu pou¾íva externý program +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Pre in¹taláciu programu a kde nájs» slovníky si pozrite dokumentáciu k programu + +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, ktorá je v jeho distribúcii. + Po in¹talácii programu mô¾ete pou¾íva» polo¾ku +\family sans +Kontrola pravopisu +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Upravi» +\family default +. + (Uistite sa, ¾e binárka +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + je niekde vo va¹ej ceste +\family typewriter +PATH +\family default +. + Ak máte verziu +\family typewriter +4.* +\family default + tohto programu, bolo by lep¹ie, keby ste ju nahradili aktuálnou verziou + +\family typewriter +3.1.20 +\family default +. + Verzia +\family typewriter +4 +\family default + bola krátko-¾ijúcou GNU verziou a mala veµa problémov.) +\layout Standard + +Ak chcete zaèa» kontrolova» pravopis, vyberte príkaz +\family sans +Kontrola pravopisu +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Upravi» +\family default +. + Kontrola zaène od aktuálnej pozície kurzora. + Zobrazí sa vám okno +\family sans +Kontrola pravopisu +\family default +. + V textovom poli +\family sans +Neznámy: +\family default + zobrazí +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + nesprávne (alebo neznáme) slovo. + V ïal¹om poli +\family sans +Zameni»: +\family default + mô¾ete napísa» slovo, ktorým sa má nesprávne slovo nahradi». + V¾dy, keï +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + nájde neznáme slovo, toto je zvýraznené (oznaèené) a dokuemnt sa nastaví + tak, aby bolo dané slovo viditeµné. + V okne kontroly je tie¾ zoznam +\family sans +Alternatívy: +\family default +, ktorý zobrazuje mo¾né alternatívy neznámeho slova, ak +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + nejaké nájde. + Kliknutím na niektorú z nich ju skopírujete do poµa +\family sans +Zameni»: +\family default +, dvojkliknutím priamo dané slovo nahradíte. + Tlaèítka v okne +\family sans +Kontrola pravopisu +\family default + sú celkom samovysvetµujúce: +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Zaèa»\SpecialChar ~ +kontrolu\SpecialChar ~ +pravopisu +\family default + zaène kontrolova» dokument od miesta, kde sa aktuálne nachádza kurzor. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Vlo¾i»\SpecialChar ~ +do\SpecialChar ~ +osobného\SpecialChar ~ +slovníka +\family default + vlo¾í slovo do slovníka programu ispell, tak¾e toto slovo bude v budúcnosti + rozpoznávané. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Akceptova»\SpecialChar ~ +slovo\SpecialChar ~ +(doèasne) +\family default + dané slovo, ktoré ispell na¹iel ako neznáme bude akceptované pre zvy¹ok + kontroly pravopisu, ale nebude pridané do slovníka. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Ignorova»\SpecialChar ~ +slovo +\family default + nezmení slovo zachytené +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +om, ale slovo bude opä» zachy\SpecialChar \- +tené, ak sa v dokumente vyskytne neskôr. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Zameni»\SpecialChar ~ +slovo +\family default + zamení nájdené slovo tým, èo ste napísali do textového poµa +\family sans +Zameni»: +\family default +. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Ukonèi»\SpecialChar ~ +kontrolu\SpecialChar ~ +pravopisu +\family default + zastaví vykonávanie programu +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, ale neuzavrie okno kontroly pravopisu. + V¹imnite si, ¾e kontrolu pravopisu mô¾ete ukonèi» hocikedy, nielen pri + nájdení neznámeho slova. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Parametre\SpecialChar ~ +kontroly\SpecialChar ~ +pravopisu +\family default + otvorí ïal¹ie okno, kde si mô¾ete nastavi» niektoré mo¾nosti +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +u. +\layout Description + + +\family sans +Zavrie»\SpecialChar ~ +kontrolu\SpecialChar ~ +pravopisu +\family default + urobí presne to, èo oèakávate. +\layout Standard + +Nakoniec je tam e¹te teplomer, ktorý vás informuje o postupe kontroly. +\layout Description + +Poznámka: Ak chcete kontrolova» pravopis v poznámkach pod èiarou, na okraji, + alebo v popisoch insetov s tabuµkami alebo obrázkami, +\emph on +musíte +\emph toggle + ich ma» otvorené. + Jednoducho sa to dá urobi» v menu +\family sans +Upravi»->Insety->Otvori» v¹etky\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Subsection + +Parametre kontroly pravopisu +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: pravopis_param} + +\end_inset + +V okne parametre kontroly pravopisu sa dajú nastavi» nasledujúce mo¾nosti + (toto okno je tie¾ dostupné z menu +\family sans +Mo¾nosti +\family default +): +\layout Subsubsection + +Slovník +\layout Standard + +©andardne je súbor so slovníkom vybraný podµa jazyka dokumentu, ktorý kontroluje +te. + Ten sa nastavuje v okne +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie dokumentu +\family default +. + Ak nemáte slovník pre daný jazyk, +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + skonèí okam¾ite po spustení kontroly pravopisu. + Na ¹tandardnom chybovom výstupe sa vám zobrazí hlá¹ka typu: +\layout Quote + + +\family typewriter +Can't find file /usr/lib/ispell/xyz.hash +\layout Standard + +a taktie¾ LyX vám zobrazí správu, ktorá vás informuje o chybe. + V takom prípade mô¾ete ¹pecifikova» iný súbor so slovníkom v textovom poli + +\family sans +Pou¾i» alternatívny jazyk +\family default +, alebo zmeni» jazyk dokumentu. +\layout Standard + +Ïal¹ím rie¹ením je vytvori» link z povedzme +\family typewriter +deutch.(aff/hash) +\family default + na +\family typewriter +german.(aff/hash) +\family default +, alebo iný súbor so slovníkom va¹eho jazyka. + To kôli tomu, preto¾e ispell slovníky majú normálne názvy v natívnom jazyku + ( +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +deutch +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +), zatiaµèo +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, ak je spustený z LyXu, hµadá anglické názvy mien, ktoré sa pou¾ívajú v + LaTeXovom balíku babel ( +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +german +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Do problémov sa tie¾ mô¾ete dosta», ak kódovanie písma nie je správne pre + daný jazyk. + Ak pou¾ívate jazyk s kódovaním latin1 a kódovanie v rozlo¾ení dokumentu + nastavíte na latin1 (alebo nejaké iné ako +\family sans +default +\family default +), takúto mo¾nos» musíte ma» aj v jazykovom slovníku. + Ak vá¹ slovník nepodporuje kódovanie ktoré ste vybrali, na ¹tandardnom + chybovom výstupe sa vám zobrazí chyba: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1' +\layout Standard + +Kontrola pravopisu vám ohlási chybu, ¾e nemohla spusti» +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + a vy máte pravdepodobne problém so slovníkom. +\layout Standard + +Na vyrie¹enie tohto problému máte ¹tyri mo¾nosti. + Najjednoduch¹ou je skúsi» zapnú» voµbu +\family sans +Vstupné kódovanie pre ispell +\family default + v okne nastavenia kontroly pravopisu. + Ak to nepomô¾e, pred kontrolou pravopisu mô¾ete nastavi» kódovanie v rozlo¾ení + dokumentu na +\family sans +default +\family default + (toto je pravdepodobne otravné). + Tre»ou mo¾nos»ou je prida» voµbu latin1 do súboru vá¹ho slovníka +\family typewriter +\emph on +< +\family default +jazyk +\family typewriter +> +\emph toggle +.aff +\family default + a slovník prekompilova» (èo pravdepodobne nebude µahké, ak ste v¹etko nain¹talo\SpecialChar \- + +va\SpecialChar \- +li s nejakou distribúciou a nemáte adresár jazykov v zdrojákoch +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +u). + Preèítajte si dokumentásiu k +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +u. + ©tvrtým spôsobom je posla» správu správcovi balíka, alebo e¹te ep¹ie správcovi + súboru slovníka a po¾iada» ho o vyrie¹enie vá¹ho problému. +\layout Subsubsection + +Osobný slovník +\layout Standard + +Ak slovo nebolo nájdené v hlavnom slovníku, +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + pou¾íva osobný slovník, do ktorého mô¾ete ulo¾i» slová, aby ich bolo mo¾né + v budúcnosti kontrolova». + Názov tohto súboru obyèajne je +\family typewriter +$HOME/.ispell_ +\family default +\emph on +dictionary +\emph toggle +, kde +\emph on +dictionary +\emph toggle + je názov globálneho pu¾ívaneho slovníku. + Súbor (pre ¹tandardný slovník) je obyèajne nazvaný jednoducho +\family typewriter +$HOME/.ispell_words +\family default +. + Ak chcete pou¾íva» iný súbor ako svoj osobný slovník, mô¾ete to nastavi» + v parametroch kontroly pravopisu. + Adresár, kde +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + ukladá vá¹ osobný slovník je vá¹ domovský adresár a nie adresár kde editujete + dokument. + Ak zadáte názov súboru, ktorý neexistuje, na ¹tandardnom chybovom výstupe + sa vím zobrazí chybová hlá¹ka, ktorú ale mô¾ete ignorova», preto¾e +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + na konci kontroly pravopisu súbor vytvorí. +\layout Subsubsection + +Ïal¹ie mo¾nosti +\layout Standard + +V okne nastavenia kontroly pravopisu si mô¾ete nastavi» e¹te niekoµko mo¾ností: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Akceptova» spojené slová ako správne +\family default + +\newline +Spojené slová sa nebudú pova¾ova» za chyby. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Pou¾i» alternatívny osobný slovník +\family default + +\newline +Tu zadáte názov svojho osobného slovníka. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Extra ¹peciálne znaky povolené v slovách +\family default + +\newline +Normálne by to nemalo by» potrebné. +\layout Subsection + +Problémy +\layout Standard + +Ak nemô¾ete skontrolova» medzinárodné znaky, skúste zapnú» prepínaè +\family sans +Vstupné kódovanie pre ispell +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Medzinárodná podpora +\layout Standard + +Táto sekcia popisuje ako pou¾íva» LyX s inými jazykmi. + LyX je ¹tandardne nakonfigurovaný tak, ¾e podporuje anglizký jazyk na US + klávesnici so ¹tandardnou US veµkos»ou papiera a kontrolou pravopisu nastavenou + na US angliètinu. + Niektoré alebo v¹etky z týchto nastavené mô¾ete zmeni» a zmeny mô¾u plati» + len na aktuálne sedenie, alebo ich mô¾ete pou¾íva» ako novú ¹tandardnú + konfiguráciu. +\layout Standard + +Ak máte klávesnicu prispôsobenú jazyku ktorý pou¾ívate (napríklad nemeckú + klávesnicu na písanie po nemecky) a máte správne nakonfigurované prostredie + X Window, v¹etko èo potrebujete urobi» pre LyX je poveda» mu svoj jazyk, + kódovanie znakov a po¾adovanú veµkos» papiera. + Pre viac informácií si pozrite sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: jazyk} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Mo¾no by ste chceli zmeni» mapovanie niektorých klávesov, alebo vytvori» + si úplne odli¹né mapovanie. + Napríklad normálne pí¹ete v talianèite na americkej klávesnici ale príle¾itostn +e chcete vlo¾i» citáty po nemecky. + V takomto prípade si mô¾ete vytvori» svoje vlastné mapovanie klávesnice, + alebo modifikova» existujúce, aby podporovalo znaky, ktoré chcete. +\layout Standard + +Detaily a tom ako si prispôsobi» LyX svojmu jazyku je cesta za hranicami + tohto manuálu. + Nemusíte si zmeni» len klávesnicu. + Zmeni» mô¾ete menu, názvy tlaèítok atï., aby boli vo va¹om rodnom jazyku. + Ak sa chcete nauèi» viac o písaní máp pre klávesnicu a prispôsobení LyXu + svojmu rodnému jazyku, preèítajte si manuál +\emph on +Prispôsobenie +\emph toggle +. +\layout Subsection + + +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie Dokumentu +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: jazyk} + +\end_inset + +V okne +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie dokumentu +\family default + si mô¾ete okrem iných vecí nastavi» jazyk a kódovanie znakov pre vá¹ jazyk. +\layout Standard + +Svoj jazyk si vyberiete kliknutím na rozbaµovacie menu Jazyk. + ©tandardný je americká angliètina. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ak vyberiete iný jazyk ako +\family sans +default +\family default +, automaticky sa LaTeXu pridá podpora Babel. + Ak Babel nemáte nain¹talovanú, pozrite sa po iných distribúciach LaTeXu. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Menu Kódovanie vám dovoµuje vybra» si kódovanie znakov, ktoré chcete pou¾i». + ©tandardné ( +\family sans +default +\family default +) je +\family typewriter +ASCII +\family default + kódovanie, ktoré je postaèujúce pre angliètinu. + Vylep¹ené +\family typewriter +ASCII +\family default + kódovanie je kódovanie +\family typewriter +Latin1 +\family default +, ktoré zahàòa znaky vy¾adované niektorými jazykmi západnej Európy. + Tretia mo¾nos», +\family typewriter +Latin2 +\family default +, je s podporou jazykov východnej Európy. + Vyberte si teda to, ktoré vám vyhovuje. + (Pre kódovanie znkov si pozrite sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: klavtab} + +\end_inset + +.) +\layout Subsection + + +\family sans +Parametre klávesnice +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: optkey} + +\end_inset + +Dialóg +\family sans +Mo¾nosti->Klávesnica +\family default + vám dovoµuje vybra» si mapovanie klávesnice. + Mô\SpecialChar \- +¾ete si vybra» primárny a sekundárny jazyk a potom oznaèi», ktorý chcete + pou¾íva». +\layout Standard + +V èasti +\family sans +Jazyk +\family default + si vyberte +\family sans +Primárny +\family default + a +\family sans +Sekundárny +\family default + jazyk. + Potom si v èasti +\family sans +Mapovanie +\family default + nastavte èi chcete pou¾i» mapovanie pre primárny alebo sekundárny jazyk, + alebo nastavte +\family sans +®iadne mapovanie +\family default +, ak alternatívne mapovania nechcete pou¾íva». +\layout Standard + +V textovom poli +\family sans +Znaková sada +\family default + si mô¾ete nastavi» snakovú sadu, ak vá¹ jazyk pou¾íva viac ako jednu. + Napríklad gréètina pou¾íva dve a u¾ívateµ tu mô¾e zada» +\family typewriter +iso-8859-7 +\family default +. + Potom bude nastavené príslu¹né mapovanie. +\layout Standard + +V¹imnite si, ¾e pri výbere jazykov máte aj mo¾nos» +\family sans +Iný +\family default +. + Toto mô¾ete pou¾i», ak chcete vybra» u¾ívateµské mapovanie, ktoré ste si + vytvorili. + Napríklad distribúcia LyXu poskytuje mapovanie +\family typewriter +american-2 +\family default +, v adresári +\family typewriter +$LYX_DIR/kbd +\family default +. + Toto mapovanie podporuje niektoré znaky iných jazykov. + Aby ste ho mohli pou¾íva», ako primárny jazyk vyberte +\family sans +Iný +\family default + a napí¹te meno mapy klávesnice ( +\family typewriter +american-2 +\family default +) a kliknite na OK. +\layout Chapter + +LyX a LaTeX +\layout Section + +Ako LyX pou¾íva LaTeX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: lyxalatex} + +\end_inset + +Táto kapitola je aj pre TeX-nikov aj pre LaTeX-chtivých. + Vysvetlíme v nej ako LyX a LaTeX spolupracujú aby vyprodukovali vytlaèiteµný + výstup. + Toto je jediné miesto v hociktorom z manuálov, kde predpokladáme, ¾e viete + nieèo o LaTeXu. +\layout Standard + +Kedysi sme LyX nazvali +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +WYSIWYM frontendom k LaTeXu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ale to u¾ nie je pravda. + Sú aj iné frontendy k LaTeXu. + Tie sú jednoducho editory, so schopnos»ou spusti» LaTeX a oznaèi» v¹etky + chyby v súbore, ktorý editujete. + Aj keï LyX +\emph on +je +\emph toggle + editor a +\emph on +spú¹»a +\emph toggle + LaTeX a tie¾ oznaèuje chyby v súbore, doká¾e toho e¹te oveµa, oveµa viac. + Vïaka konceptu WYSIWYM +\emph default + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +What You See Is What You Mean (To èo vidí¹, je to èo myslí¹) +\end_inset + +, nepotrebujete LaTeX aby ste mohli efektívne LyX vyu¾íva». + LyX tie¾ LaTeXu pridáva pár roz¹írení. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vývojový tím to urobil kôli kódu. + Nové makrá umo¾òujú LyXu jednoduch¹ie vyprodukova» LaTeXový kód a uisti» + sa, ¾e výstupný kód je správny. + Niè, s èím by ste si vy ako u¾ívateµ mali láma» hlavu. +\end_inset + + Niekedy vyskú¹ajte príkaz +\family sans +ako\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Súbor->Export +\family default + a potom si pozrite preambulu výstupného +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + súboru. + V¹imnete si rozlièné nové makrá, ¹peciálne definované LyXom. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Trochu histórie: kedysi v¹etky tieto makrá boli súbore +\family typewriter +lyx.sty +\family default +. + Tím sa rozhodol, ¾e súbory +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + generované LyXom by mali by» prenosnej¹ie. + Tak¾e teraz sú makrá v preambule. +\end_inset + + Av¹ak voèi u¾ívateµovi je toto v¹etko transparentné. +\layout Standard + +Je pä» príkazov, ktoré automaticky spustia LaTeX. + Sú to: +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Zobrazi»\SpecialChar ~ +DVI +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Zobrazi»\SpecialChar ~ +PostScript +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Aktualizova»\SpecialChar ~ +DVI +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Aktualizova»\SpecialChar ~ +PostScript +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Tlaèi» +\layout Standard + +V¹etky sa nachádzajú v menu Súbor. + LaTeX bude spustený len vtedy, ak sa dokument zmenil od posledného spustenia + LaTeXu. +\layout Standard + +Ak LaTeX spustíte na súbor ktorý práve editujete, LyX vykoná tieto kroky: +\layout Enumerate + +Skonvertuje dokument do LaTeXu a súbor ulo¾í s príponou +\family typewriter +.tex. +\layout Enumerate + +Spustí LaTeX na +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + súbor (mo¾no niekoµko krát). +\layout Enumerate + +Ak sa vyskytnú nejaké chyby, v dokumente ich oznaèí. +\layout Standard + +Ak bol LaTeX spustený príkazom +\family sans +Zobrazi»\SpecialChar ~ +DVI +\family default +, potom spustí +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + na zobrazenie +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + súboru. + Ak ste pou¾ili +\family sans +Zobrazi»\SpecialChar ~ +PostScript +\family default + alebo +\family sans +Tlaèi» +\family default +, LyX vykoná e¹te dva kroky: +\layout Itemize + +Skonvertuje DVI do PostScriptu pomocou +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Pre +\family sans +Zobrazi»\SpecialChar ~ +PostScript +\family default + bude prípona výstupného súboru +\family typewriter +.ps_tmp +\layout Itemize + +Pre +\family sans +Tlaèi» +\family default + bude prípona +\family typewriter +.ps +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Spustí +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + alebo po¹le PostScriptový súbor na tlaèiareò. +\layout Section + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Pomoc! LyX vygeneroval neèítateµný +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + súbor. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Zarytí pou¾ívatelia LaTeXu budú krièa» a do noci zavýja» a potom LyX vyhlásia + za neu¾itoèný, jednoducho preto, lebo neèítali manuál. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Pozn. + prekl.: +\emph toggle + V origináli bolo napísane +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +didn't RTFM +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, kde RTFM sa mi zdá ¾e znamená Read The Fucking Manual :-). +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Uvedieme to na správnu mieru. + LyX produkuje dva typy LaTeXových súborov. + Jeden je µudsky-èitateµný a druhý èitateµný pre LyX. + V¾dy, keï LyX spustí LaTeX, produkuje LaTeXový súbor, v ktorom mô¾e jednoducho + hµada» chyby. + Výsledný +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + súbor nie je µudsky-èitateµný. + Nikdy sa ho nepokú¹ajte èíta». + Ak chcete .tex súbor, ktorý chcete posla» kolegovi, dokument exportujte + +\family sans +ako\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default + z menu súbor. +\layout Standard + +Povieme to e¹te raz, pre tých, ktorí chápu pomal¹ie: +\layout Quote + +Ak chcete +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + súbor, ktorý mô¾te posla» kolegovi, vyberte príkaz +\family sans +Súbor->Export->ako\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Preklad LaTeXových súborov do LyXu +\layout Standard + +Veµa zo zaèiatoèníkov v LyXe je u¾ zoznámená s LaTeXom. + Obyèajne sa pýtajú, èi je mo¾né prelo¾i» LaTeXový súbor do LyXu. + Odpoveï je +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +niektoré druhy +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Prekladaè LaTeXu do LyXu nazvaný reLyX sa vyvíja, ktorý skonvertuje LaTeX + súbor do LyXu, prièom neznáme príkazy a prostredia nechá v prostredí LaTeX. + Prekladaè a in¹trukcie ako ho pou¾íva» nájdete v distribúcii LyXu pod adresárom + +\family typewriter +development/reLyX +\family default +. + Aj keï je stále nový a má chyby, veµmi rýchlo sa vyvíja, a mô¾e vám u¹etri» + veµa práce. +\layout Standard + +Nové verzie LyXu budú schopné èíta» (takmer) obyèajný starý LaTeX. + Av¹ak dovtedy vám èas u¹etrí reLyX. +\layout Standard + +Ak nemô¾ete reLyX prinúti» pacova», alebo chcete do LyX súboru vlo¾i» len + èas» LaTeXového kódu, pozrite si sekciu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: latexcodes} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Vkladanie LaTeXového kódu do dokumentov LyXu +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: latexcodes} + +\end_inset + +Toto je dos» dôle¾itá vec: Do LyXového dokumentu mô¾ete v¾dy vlo¾i» LaTeXový + kód. + LyX jednoducho nemô¾e a pravdepodobne ani nikdy nebude môc» zobrazi» v¹etky + mo¾né LaTeXové kon¹trukcie. + Ak potrebujete vlo¾i» príkaz LaTeXu do svojho dokumentu, máte dve mo¾nosti: +\layout Description + +Inline: Hocikedy a hocikde oznaète blok textu ako LaTeX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Sú tri spôsoby pre tento príkaz: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Menu: +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie->©týl\SpecialChar ~ +TeX +\layout Itemize + +Tlaèítkom na li¹te: Tlaèítko s èerveným slovom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Klávesová skratka: +\family sans +M-c\SpecialChar ~ +t +\layout Standard + +Funguje to ako ¹týl znaku. + ©týl TeX mô¾ete vypína» a zapína». + Ak je zapnutý, v¹etko èo napí¹ete bude v re¾ime TeX. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Je to najlep¹ie pre krátke kúsky LaTeXového kódu. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +S pou¾itím ¹týlu TeX sme sa u¾ stretli v sekciách +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: skratky} + +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: ligatury} + +\end_inset + +. +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Prostredie\SpecialChar ~ + +\family sans +LaTeX +\family default +: S týmto sme sa u¾ tie¾ stretli v sekcii +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: LaTeXlayout} + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Prostredie odseku +\family sans +LaTeX +\family default + je urèené pre veµké bloky LaTeXového kódu. + Jeho pou¾itie je celkom jednoduché, ak dodr¾íte pár rád: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Riadky zalamujte +\family sans +C-Enter +\family default +. + Samotný +\family sans +Enter +\family default + nastaví prostredie na +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Riadky nezaèínajte +\family sans +Medzerou +\family default +. + LyX má chybu, ktorá sa na takýchto riadkoch prejaví. + (Viem ¾e to znamená, ¾e nemô¾ete svoj LaTeX kód odsadzova», aby vyzeral + pekne.) +\layout Itemize + +Prostredie +\family sans +LaTeX +\family default + +\emph on +mô¾ete +\emph toggle + vnára» do iných prostredí. + Napríklad predpokladajme, ¾e chcete urobi» toto: +\begin_deeper +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +begin{itemize} +\newline + +\backslash +item ..... +\newline +. +\newline +. +\newline +. +\newline +%Vá¹ LaTeXový kód, aby nieèo urobil +\newline +% +\newline +. +\newline +. +\newline +. +\newline + +\backslash +end{itemize} +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Rovnakú vec dosiahnete, ak prostredie +\family sans +LaTeX +\family default + vnoríte do prostredia +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Tu je príklad kódu v prostredí LaTeX. + Kód vyzerá takto: +\begin_deeper +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +begin{tabular}{ll} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline +Toto je príkald prostredia minipage. + +\newline +Do neho mô¾ete vlo¾i» takmer v¹etko, +\newline +dokonca aj (neplávajúce) obrázky a tabuµky. +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline +% +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{verbatim} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline +Toto ... + +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline + +\backslash +end{verbatim} +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline + +\backslash +end{tabular} +\layout Standard + +Teraz nasleduje to isté v prostredí LaTeX. + Tí z vás, ktorí èítajú tento dokument online, budú vidie» len èervený text. + Tí, ktorí èítajú vytlaèenú verziu dokumentu uvidia koneèný výsledok: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +begin{tabular}{ll} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline +Toto je príkald prostredia minipage. Do neho mô¾ete vlo¾i» takmer v¹etko, dokonca aj (neplávajúce) obrázky a tabuµky. +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline +% +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{verbatim} +\newline + +\backslash +begin{minipage}{5cm} +\newline +Toto ... +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline + +\backslash +end{verbatim} +\newline + +\backslash +end{minipage} +\newline + +\backslash +end{tabular} +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Okrem týchto dvoch metód mô¾ete e¹te vytvori» samostatný súbor, ktorý bude + obsahova» zlo¾itú LaTeXovú ¹truktúru. + Potom mô¾ete pou¾i» ¹týl TeX alebo prostredie LaTeX a do dokumentu vlo¾i» + LaTeXový príkaz +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +input{môjsúbor} +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + LaTeX potom do vá¹ho dokumentu vlo¾í súbor +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +môjsúbor.tex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (v¹imnite si príponu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Toto doporuèujeme pou¾íva» len keï viete, ¾e daný +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + súbor pracuje správne. + Inak si spôsobíte vygenerovanie mnohých LaTeXových chýb. +\layout Standard + +Nakoniec e¹te pár poznámok: +\layout Itemize + +V LyXe sa LaTeXový kód zobrazuje +\emph on +èerveným +\emph toggle + písmom. +\layout Itemize + +LyX nekontroluje, èi je vá¹ LaTeXový kód správny. +\layout Itemize + +Vyvarujte sa znovu-vynachádzaniu kolesa. +\layout Standard + +Posledná poznámka sa týka dvoch vecí. + Poprvé, LyX má v sebe zabudovaných dos» vecí a ïal¹ie sa pridávajú. + V manuáloch sa uistite, ¾e LyX nemá takú a takú vec e¹te predtým, ne¾ zaènete + písa» kód LaTeXu. + Podruhé, existuje veµa LaTeXových balíkov, ktoré robia rôzne veci, od popisov, + cez obálky a¾ po viac-stránkové tabuµky. +\layout Standard + +Ak potrebujete vo svojom dokumente urobi» nieèo divoké, tak si ako asistenta + zaobstarajte dobrú knihu o LaTeXu. + Niektoré sú spomenuté v literatúre tohto manuálu. +\layout Standard + +Niektorá príkazy LaTeXu musia by» umiestnené pred zaèiatkom aktuálneho textu. + Tie patria do preambuly, o ktorej je písané v ïal¹ej sekcii. +\layout Section + +LyX a LaTeX preambula +\layout Subsection + +O LaTeX preambule +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: preambula} + +\end_inset + +Ak u¾ poznáte LaTeX, tak vám netreba vysvetµova» naèo je dobrá preambula. + Ak nie, nasledujúca èas» vám dá zopár návrhov --- znovu doporuèujeme aby + ste si pre podrobnej¹ie informácie pozreli nejakú knihu o LaTeXu. + V ka¾dom prípade by ste si mali preèíta» toto, preto¾e vysvetµujeme èo + mô¾ete robi» a èo nemusíte v LaTeX preambule v dokumente LyXu. +\layout Standard + +LaTeX preambula je na samom zaèiatku dokumentu, +\emph on +pred +\emph toggle + textom. + Slú¾i na: +\layout Itemize + +Deklaruje triedu dokumentu. + LyX toto robí za vás. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ak ste len +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sviatoèný +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + pou¾ívateµ LaTeXu a máte nejaké u¾ívateµské triedy, ktoré chcete pou¾i», + pozrite sa do manuálu +\emph on +Prispôsobenie +\emph toggle +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Deklaruje pou¾itie balíkov. + LaTeXové balíky poskytujú ¹peciálne príkazy, ktoré sú v dokumente pou¾iteµné, + len ak bol daný balík deklarovaný v preambule. + Napríklad balík +\family typewriter +indentfirst +\family default + prinúti v¹etky odseky by» odsa\SpecialChar \- +dené. + Sú ïal¹ie balíky na popisky, obálky, okraje atï. +\layout Itemize + +Nastavuje poèítadlá, premenné, då¾ky a ¹írky. + Je niekoµko LaTeXových poèítadiel a premenných, ktoré +\emph on +musia +\emph toggle + by» nastavené globálne v preambule, aby mali po¾adovaný efekt. + (Tie¾ sú aj premenné, ktoré mô¾ete nastavova» a nulova» priamo v dokumente.) + Okraje sú dobrým príkladom toho, èo musí by» nastavené v preambule. + Ïal¹ím príkladom je formát popiskov zoznamov. + V skutoènosti tieto mô¾te nastavi» hocikde, ale najlep¹ie je urobi» to + raz, v preambule. +\layout Itemize + +Deklaráciu u¾ívateµsky definovaných príkazov (pomocou +\family typewriter + +\backslash +newcommand +\family default + alebo +\family typewriter + +\backslash +renewcommand +\family default +), hlavne skratiek pre LaTeXové príkazy, ktoré sa v dokumente vyskytujú + veµmi èasto. + Aj keï je preambula dobrým miestom na deklaráciu takýchto príkazov, +\emph on +mô¾u +\emph toggle + by» deklarované hocikde (Samozrejme pred miestom, kde sú po prvý krát pou¾ité.) +\layout Standard + +LyX pridáva do preambuly +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + súboru ktorý vyprodukuje svoje vlastné definície. + Takto sa LaTeXové súbory vygenerované LyXom stávajú prenosné. +\layout Subsection + +Zmena preambuly +\layout Standard + +Príkazy, ktoré do preambuly vkladá LyX sú fixné: vy ich nemô¾ete zmeni». + Av¹ak do preambuly mô¾ete prida» svoje vlastné veci. + Dá sa to urobi» dvoma spôsobmi: +\layout Enumerate + +Z menu +\family sans +Rozlo¾enie +\family default + vyberte príkaz +\family sans +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +preambula +\family default +. + Otvorí sa vám okno, do ktorého mô¾ete napísa» svoje obµúbené príkazy. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Editovacie správanie sa tohto okna je závislé na toolkite, tak¾e neoèakávajte, + ¾e v òom budú fungova» LyXové skratky. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Nastavte toto vo svojej ¹tandardnej ¹ablóne (pozri +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec: nastavenie} + +\end_inset + +), tak¾e toto bude ¹tandardná preambula pre ka¾dý súbor, ktorý vytvoríte. +\layout Standard + +V¹etko, èo je v +\family sans +LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +preambule +\family default + LyX pridá do svojej vlastnej vstavanej preambuly. + Predtým, ne¾ do preambuly nieèo pridáte, mali by ste sa uisti», èi LyX + nepodporuje to, èo chcete urobi» (pamätáte si na to èo sme povedali o znovu-vyn +ájdení kolesa?). + Tie¾ +\emph on +sa uistite, ¾e kód va¹ej preambuly je správny +\emph toggle +. + LyX to nekontroluje. +\layout Subsection + +Príklady +\layout Standard + +Tu je pár príkladov toho, èo mô¾ete do preambuly prida» a èo to robí: +\layout Subsubsection + +Príklad è. + 1: Posunutie +\layout Standard + +V LaTeXu sú dve premenné, ktoré ovládajúpozíciu stránky: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hoffset +\family default + (horizontálne posunutie) a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +voffset +\family default + (vertikálne posunutie). +\layout Standard + +©tandardné hodnoty pre +\family typewriter + +\backslash +hoffset +\family default + a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +voffset +\family default + sú 0 pt, tzn., ¾e stránka nie je posunutá. +\layout Standard + +Nane¹»astie, niektoré DVI ovládaèe v¾dy stránku posunú. + Nevieme preèo, alebo preèo takéto správanie e¹te nebolo odstránené. + Tu vám mô¾u pomôc» tieto dve premenné. + Predpokladajme, ¾e vá¹ µavý a horný okraj sú v¾dy o 0,5 cm väè¹ie. + Do preambuly mô¾te prida» toto: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +hoffset}{-0.5 cm} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +voffset}{-0.5 cm} +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +a va¹e okraje budú teraz správne. +\layout Subsubsection + +Príklad è. + 2: ©títky +\layout Standard + +Keï hovoríme o ¹títkoch, predpokladajme, ¾e chcete vytlaèi» pár adresných + ¹títkov. + Na ¹títky existuej pekný balík, nazvaný +\family typewriter +labels.sty +\family default +. + Vá¹ systém ho nemusí ma» ¹tandardne nain¹talovaný. + Toto si musíte zisti». + Tie¾ by ste si k tomu balíku mali preèíta» dokumentáciu. + My to za vás neurobíme. + Ale preto¾e toto je príklad, uká¾eme vám ako tento balík pou¾i». +\layout Standard + +Najprv sa uistite, ¾e máte nastavenú triedu dokumentu +\family sans +article +\family default +. + Teraz do preambuly vlo¾te nasledujúce riadky: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +usepackage{labels} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +LabelCols=3 +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +LabelRows=7 +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +LeftBorder=8mm +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +RightBorder=8mm +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +TopBorder=9mm +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +BottomBorder=2mm +\layout Standard + +Teraz ste pripravený tlaèi» ¹títky, ale okolo ka¾dého textu ¹títku budete + musie» vlo¾i» LaTeXové príkazy +\family typewriter + +\backslash +begin{labels} +\family default + a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +end{labels} +\family default +. + Toto a ïla¹ie vlastnosti +\family typewriter +labels.sty +\family default + sú popísané v dokumentácii tohto balíka. +\layout Standard + +Niekedy mo¾no niekdo napí¹e rozlo¾enie LyXu aby tento balík podporoval priamo. + Mo¾no ten niekto ste práve vy. +\layout Subsubsection + +Príklad è. + 3: Odsadenie odsekov +\layout Standard + +Amerièania sú zvyknutí odsadzova» prvý riadok +\emph on +ka¾dého +\emph toggle + odseku. + Samozrejme, ¾e toto nie je ¹tandardné typografické správanie. + V knihách sú typicky odsadené prvé riadky len tých odsekov, +\emph on +pred +\emph toggle + ktorými u¾ nejaký odsek je. + My¹lienka odsadzovania prvého riadku odseku je, ¾e má oddeli» susediace + odseky od seba. + Ak neexistuje predchádzajúci odsek, napríklad je tam obrázok, alebo je + to prvý odsek sekcie, potom nie je ¾iadne odsadenie. +\layout Standard + +Ak ste v¹ak typický amerièan, takýmito vecami sa nezaoberáte: chcete svoje + odsadenie! Do preambuly pridajte toto: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +usepackage{indentfirst} +\layout Standard + +Ak nemáte nejakú divnú distribúcie TeXu, tento balík budete ma» a v¹etky + va¹e odseky budú ma» odsadenie, aké si zaslú¾ia. +\layout Subsubsection + +Príklad è. + 4: Èíslovanie v prostredí odseku +\family sans +Enumerate +\layout Standard + +©tandardné èíslovanie pre prostredie +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + zaèína arabskými èíslami a konèí veµkými písmenami. + Predpokladajme, ¾e chcete inú schému èíslovania. + Ako sme sµúbili, teraz uká¾eme, ako to urobi». +\layout Standard + +Tu je rýchly príklad ako zmeni» schému èíslovania: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelnumi}{ +\backslash +Roman{enumi}.} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelnumii}{ +\backslash +Alph{enumii}.} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelnumiii}{ +\backslash +arabic{enumiii}.} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelnumiv}{ +\backslash +alph{enumiv}.)} +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +ktorý zmení èíslovanie na veµké rímske èísla, veµké písmená, arabské èísla + a malé písmená ( +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +I. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +A. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +a.) +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Ako z príkladu vidno, pre ka¾dú úroveò vnorenia je príkaz +\family typewriter + +\backslash +labelnumi +\family default + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +labelnumiv +\family default + a tie¾ poèítadlo +\family typewriter +enumi +\family default + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\family typewriter +enumiv +\family default +. + Tie¾ je pä» príkazov pre +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +vy\SpecialChar \- +tla\SpecialChar \- +èenie èísla +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +: +\family typewriter + +\backslash +arabic{} +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +roman{} +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +Roman{} +\family default +, +\family typewriter + +\backslash +alph{} +\family default + a +\family typewriter + +\backslash +Alph{} +\family default +,z ktorých ka¾dý má jedno poèítadlo ako argument. + Pred a za toto mô¾ete pridáva» znaky, ale nie je dôvod dáva» tam medzery. +\layout Standard + +Takto mô¾ete robi» veµmi pestré veci. + Napríklad: +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelnumi}{ +\backslash +# +\backslash +Alph{enumi} +\backslash +#} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelnumii}{ +\backslash +Alph{enumi}. +\backslash +arabic{enumii}} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelnumiii}{ +\backslash +alph{enumiii}+} +\layout LyX-Code + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +labelnumiv}{( +\backslash +roman{enumiv})} +\layout Standard + +vyprodukuje takúto èíslovaciu schému: ( +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +#A# +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +A.1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +a+ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +(i) +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Ako v¹etky príkazy preambuly, ¾iadny z nich sa neprejaví v LyXe, ktorý je + iba WYSIWYM, ale vo finálnom výstupe budú. + Je len na vás, aby ste sa uistili, ¾e kód preambuly má ¾iadaný efekt. +\layout Subsubsection + +Príklad è. + 5: Tento dokument +\layout Standard + +Mô¾ete si pozrie» preambulu tohto dokumentu, kôli nápadom nejakých výhod, + ktoré mô¾ete urobi». + +\layout Section + +Chyby LyXu a LaTeXu +\layout Standard + +Keï LyX volá LaTeX, povie mu, aby ignoroval v¹etky chyby a pokraèoval v + práci. + Potom od LaTeXu vyu¾íva log-súbor. + Ako sme sa u¾ skôr zmienili, LyX generuje dva druhy +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + súborov, z ktorých sa jeden pou¾íva na lokalizovanie chýb v dokumente. + Ak sa niekde vyskytne chyba, LyX na to miesto vlo¾í znaèku so slovom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Chyba +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Príle¾itostne sa LyX netrafí presne na miesto, kde sa chyba vyskytla. + Typicky sa to stáva pri tabuµkách, obrázkoch, matematike a preambule. +\end_inset + + Tie¾ zobrazí hlá¹ku, ktorá vás upozoròuje na fakt, ¾e sa vyskytli nejaké + chyby. +\layout Standard + +Medzi chybami sa mô¾ete pohybova» príkazom +\family sans +Ís»\SpecialChar ~ +na\SpecialChar ~ +chybu +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Upravi» +\family default +. + Kliknutím na znaèku chyby otvoríte okno, kde si preèítate chybové hlásenie, + ktoré vyprodukoval LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Niektorí µudia si radi pozrú priamo log-súbor, prístupný príkazom +\family sans +Pozrie» LaTeX log súbor +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Upravi» +\family default +. + V òom sa nachádzajú niektoré be¾né chybové hlásenia a varovania. + Tie si popí¹eme na tomto mieste. + Pre úplný zoznam by ste sa mali pozrie» do nejakej dobrej knihy o LaTeXu. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Warning: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +V¹etko, èo zaèína týmito slovami je varovná hlá¹ka. + Takéto hlásenie mô¾ete dosta», ak ste pridali alebo zmenili krosreferencie + alebo polo¾ky literatúry a LaTeX vám oznamuje, ¾e by ste ho mali spusti» + znovu. +\layout Standard + +Toto mô¾ete ignorova». +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Font Warning: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ïal¹ia varovná hlá¹ka, tentoraz o písme, ktoré LaTeX nemohol nájs». + Zvy¹ok hlásenia èasto hovorí o písme, ktoré LaTeX pou¾il ako náhradu. +\layout Standard + +Toto mô¾ete bezpeène ignorova». +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Overfull +\backslash +hbox +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +LaTeX miluje toto hlásenie. + Je to varovanie o riadkoch, ktoré sú príli¹ dlhé a prekraèujú pravú hranicu. + Takmer v¾dy je to vo výstupe nev¹imnuteµné, Alebo do pravého okraja zasahuje + len jeden alebo dva znaky. + LaTeX vygeneruje najmenej jedno takéto hlásenie pre ka¾dý dokument, ktorý + napí¹ete. +\layout Standard + +Túto blbú hlá¹ku mô¾ete ignorova». + Ak je nejaký problém s nieèim èo je príli¹ ¹iroké, povedia vám to va¹e + oèi. + Len sa pozrite na výstup. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Underfull +\backslash +hbox +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Nie je také be¾né, ako predchádzajúce varovanie. + LaTeX asi rad¹ej tlaèí riadky, ktoré sú trochu ¹iroké ako riadky, ktoré + sú trochu úzke. + Nevieme preèo je to tak. +\layout Standard + +Toto tie¾ mô¾ete ignorova». +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Overfull +\backslash +vbox +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + a +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Underfull +\backslash +vbox +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Varovania o problémoch so zalamovaním stránky. + Znova, pozrite si výstup. + Va¹e oèi vám povedia kde je chyba. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Error: File 'Xxxx' not found +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Súbor +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Xxxx +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + nie je v systéme nain¹talovaný. + Toto sa obyèajne vyskytne, ak nejaký balík, ktorý potrebuje vá¹ dokument + nie je nain¹talovaný. + Ak ste niè nepridali do preambuly a nepou¾ili ste príkaz +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{} +\family default +, potom chýba jeden z balíkov, ktoré sa pokúsil natiahnú» LaTeX. + Zoznam balíkov, ktoré pozná LyX si preèítate príkazom +\family sans +Konfigurácia\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX-u +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Pomocník +\family default +. + Tento zoznam je aktalizovaný v¾dy, keï LyX prekonfigurujete. + (príkaz +\family sans +Prekonfigurova» +\family default + z menu +\family sans +Mo¾nosti) +\family default +. + Tento zoznam vám povie, ktoré balíky boli detegované a èo robia. +\layout Standard + +Ak ste pou¾ili +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{} +\family default +, a balík nie je nain¹talovaný, potom si ho budete musie» doin¹talova» sami. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +LaTeX Error: Unknown option +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Chybové hlásenia zaèinajúce takto vám hovoria, ¾e ste ¹pecifikovali zlú + alebo nedefinovanú voµbu pre balík. + Pozrite si dokumentáciu k balíku. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Undefined control sequence +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ak ste do dokumentu vlo¾ili kód LaTeXu a urobili ste v òom nejakú chybu, + dostanete toto hlásenie. + Napríklad ste mohli zabudnú» natiahnú» nejaký balík. + V ka¾dom prípade toto hlásenie obyèajne znamená, ¾e ste pou¾ili nedefinovaný + príkaz. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Sú aj ïal¹ie chybové a varovné hlásenia. + Niektoré sú samovysvetµujúce (pre znalých angliètiny). + To sú obyèajne hlásenia LaTeXu. + Iné sú akoby +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +kryptované +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + To sú hlásenia TeXu a my skutoène nevieme èo znamenajú, alebo ako ich rozlú¹ti». +\layout Standard + +Je v¹eobecná postupnos», èo by ste mali urobi», ak dostanete chybové hlásenie: +\layout Enumerate + +Pozrite si kód LaTeXu kôli typografickým chybám. +\layout Enumerate + +Ak ¾iadne nie sú, skontrolujte si, èi ste príkaz(y) pou¾ili správne. +\layout Enumerate + +Ak dostanete chybové znaèky na vrchole dokumentu, znamená to, ¾e chyby sú + v preambule. + Skontrolujte si ju. +\layout Enumerate + +Ak ste niè nepridali do preambuly a do dokumentu ste nevlo¾ili ¾iaden LaTeX + kód, hlavným podozrivým sa stáva sama distribúcia LaTeXu. + Skontrolujte si chýbajúce balíky a doin¹talujte ich. +\layout Enumerate + +OK, nechýba ¾iadny balík. + Nepou¾ili ste náhodov niektoré z vecí na dolaïovanie dokumentu? Zvlá¹» + nepou¾ili ste ich zle, ako napríklad ma\SpecialChar \- +nu\SpecialChar \- +ál\SpecialChar \- +ne vlo¾enie niekoµkých +\family sans +Chránených medzier +\family default +, +\family sans +Zlomov riadkov +\family default + a +\family sans +Zlomov strán +\family default +? Nepokúsili ste sa upravi» nieèo pomocov týchto vecí namiesto pou¾itia + príslu¹ného prostredia odseku? +\layout Enumerate + +V poriadku, niè z tohoto ste nerobili. + Nepokúsili ste sa urobi» nejaký vrtoch? Vlo¾ili ste nieèo do tabuµky alebo + rovnice, ako napríklad vkladanie obrázku do bunky v tabuµke? +\layout Enumerate + +Neprehnali ste to s vnáraním? LyX (zatiaµ) nekontroluje, èi ste neprekroèili + limity vnárania. + Ak ste náhodov prostredia vnorili a¾ na sedemnástu úroveò, máte problém. +\layout Enumerate + +Nedostali ste ¾iadne chybové hlásenie, ale vá¹ výstup vyzerá zle. + Ak máte obrázok, alebo tabuµku, ktorá je príli¹ ¹iroká alebo dlhá na stránku, + musíte: +\begin_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +zmen¹i» obrázok, aby sa na stránku zmestil. +\layout Enumerate + +oreza» tabuµku, aby sa na stránku zmestila. +\layout Standard + +Ak je z výstupom e¹te nieèo zlé a vy ste nerobili ¾iadne výstrelky ani ste + niè manuálne nedolaïovali, nevieme v èom je chyba. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ak toto v¹etko nepomô¾e --- nu¾, +\emph on +mo¾no +\emph toggle + ste na¹li chybu v LyXe\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Zásluhy +\layout Standard + +Je veµa rúk. + ktoré prispeli do ná¹ho +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +hrnca +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + s dokumentáciou. +\layout Standard + +Najprv by sme chceli vzda» hold tým, ktorí boli pred nami. + Dali nám základ nad ktorým sme vybudovali nové manuály a niektorí naïalej + poskytujú informácie: +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich +\noun toggle + napísal originál dokumentácie, z ktorého bol vytvorený tento manuál a tie¾ + akýsi +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +predvoj +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + k tomuto manuálu (alebo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +LyX Manifesto +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ako to volajú niektorí z nás). +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Lars Gullik Bjønnes +\noun toggle + napísal niekoµko minidokumentov, vrátane niektorých informácií o medzinárodnej + podpore LyXu. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Ivan Schretet +\noun toggle + tie¾ napísal minidokument o medzinárodnej podpore, zvlá¹» o medzinárodných + mapách klávesnice a prispôsobení. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Pascal André +\noun toggle + pôvodne zdokumentoval LinuxDoc SGML rozhranie. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Alejandro Aguilar Sierra +\noun toggle + pôvodne zdokumentoval matematický mód a poskytol záznamy pre matematické + funkcie v +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Zvlá¹tne poïakovanie LyX Tímu +\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit} + +\end_inset + + za pomoc a odpovede na otázky. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Ïalej je èas poïakova» sa Dokumentaènému tímu LyXu, v¹etkým µuïom, ktorí + pomohli prepísa» starú dokumentáciu do novej formy, ktorú má po verzii + 0.10: +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +David Johnson +\noun toggle +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Prispievateµ do ÈKO (FAQ) a +\family typewriter +HowDoI-.lyx +\layout Itemize + +V¹eobecná pomoc pri editovaní. +\layout Itemize + +Dokumentácia +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +matematického re¾imu +\layout Itemize + +tabuliek +\layout Itemize + +kontroly pravopisu +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +v +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Rich Fields +\noun toggle +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Hlavný prispievateµ do +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\layout Itemize + +Dokumentácia základného prostredia LyXu v +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Paul Evans +\noun toggle +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Správca ÈKO (FAQ) a +\family typewriter +HowDoI-.lyx +\layout Itemize + +Dokumentácia LinuxDoc v +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Paul Russel +\noun toggle +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Dokumentácia obrázkov a importovanej grafiky v +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +John Raithel +\noun toggle +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Dokumentácia medzinárodných vlastností v +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Robin Socha +\noun toggle +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Dokumentácia +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +poznámok pod èiarou +\layout Itemize + +poznámok na okraji +\layout Itemize + +obsahu +\layout Itemize + +krosreferencií +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +v +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Amir Karger +\noun toggle +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Hlavný prispievateµ do +\family typewriter +Tutorial.lyx +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Matthias Zenker +\noun toggle +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Dokumentácia +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +ruèného dolaïovania +\layout Itemize + +pou¾ívania LaTeXu z LyXu +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +v +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +John Weiss +\noun toggle +: +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +V¹eobecná organizácia a formát dokumentov. +\layout Itemize + +Dokumentácia +\begin_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Nastavenia LyXu +\layout Itemize + +prostredí odsekov, rozlo¾enia dokumentu, vnárania, typografickýxh poznámok, + písiem +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +s nejakými drobnými zmenami v úvodnej sekcii v +\family typewriter +UserGuide.lyx +\family default + od +\noun on +Matthiasa Ettricha +\noun toggle +. +\layout Itemize + +Tie¾ je zodpovedný za Predstavenie v +\family typewriter +Tutorial.lyx +\layout Itemize + +Editor dokumentácií (od 6/96 -- jeseò 1997) +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Po jeseni 1997 prevzal správu nad dokumentáciou LyX Tím ako celok. +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {lyxcredit} + +The LyX source tree. + File: CREDITS. +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {latexbook} + +Leslie Lamport, +\emph on +LaTeX: A Document Preparation System +\emph toggle +. + Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994 +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {latexcompanion} + +Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin: +\emph on +The LaTeX Companion +\emph toggle +. + Addison-Wesley, 1994 +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {latexguide} + +A Guide to LaTeX2e, Kopka and Daly. +\layout Bibliography +\bibitem {texbook} + +Donald E. + Knuth, +\emph on +The TeXbook +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/sl_Intro.lyx b/lib/doc/sl_Intro.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6e1b2088cd --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/sl_Intro.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,952 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language slovene +\inputencoding latin2 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize letterpaper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language german +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default + +\layout Title + +Uvod v LyX +\newline +ali +\newline +Kako uporabljati dokumentacijo! +\layout Author + +John Weiss in skupina LyX Team +\newline + +\size normal +Prevod: Roman Maurer +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Jezikovni pregled: Dora Mali +\end_inset + + +\layout Date + +11. + marec 1999 +\layout Section + +Pot po dokumentaciji +\layout Standard + +Dobrodo¹li v LyX! +\layout Standard + +Dokumentacija je razdeljena na veè razliènih datotek, da bi la¾je na¹li + odgovore na vpra¹anja, ki se vam zastavljajo, in spoznali vse odlike LyXa. + Vsak od teh spisov ima poseben namen, kot je opisano spodaj. + Preden se podaste v katerokoli od teh datotek, pa bi morali najprej podrobno + prebrati tole, saj boste tu izvedeli marsikaj uporabnega in si pozneje + prihranili precej èasa. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \align center +POZOR!!!!! POZOR!!!!! POZOR!!!! +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip \align center +Nevarnost, nevarnost! +\layout Standard + +Èeprav ima razlièica LyXa zdaj ¹tevilko 1.0 (in veè), je morda nekaj dokumentacij +e nepopolne ali pa se nana¹a na starej¹e razlièice. + Tako kot preostanek LyXa so tudi priroèniki delo skupine prostovoljcev + s +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +pravimi slu¾bami +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, z dru¾inami, ki morajo pomivati posodo, menjati pesek v maèjem strani¹èu + in tako naprej in tako naprej. + Po svojih najbolj¹ih moèeh se trudimo, da bi ohranili priroènike v tip-top + formi, vendar nam to morda kdaj tudi ne bo uspelo. + (Èe ¾elite to popraviti, poleg tega spisa preberite ¹e razdelek\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +.) +\layout Standard + +In ¹e nekaj vas prosimo -- èe vas karkoli v teh priroènikih zmede, ker je + nejasno ali napaèno, ne oklevajte in nam sporoèite! S trenutnimi vzdr¾evalci + spisov lahko stopite v stik tudi po elektronski po¹ti na naslov +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Oblika priroènikov +\layout Standard + +Nekateri ste priroènik(e) za LyX ¾e natisnili. + Drugi jih morda prebirate na zvezi, kot datoteko v LyXu. + Za tiste, ki jih berete na zvezi, je priroènik videti malce drugaèen od + tiskane razlièice. + Najprej, naslov je preprosto na vrhu spisa, ne urejen na posebni strani + kot v nekaterih tiskanih razlièicah. + Opombe v nogi in kazalo vsebine niso vidni. + Na voljo je postavka menuja za ogled kazala vsebine. + Odprete ga tako, da z menuja +\family sans +Uredi +\family default + izberete postavko +\family sans +Kazalo\SpecialChar ~ +vsebine +\family default +. + Opombo v nogi, ki je videti takole +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Zdravo! +\layout Standard + +Zaprete me lahko s klikom sive ¹katle z napisom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + na levi strani. +\end_inset + +, odprete , èe jo kliknete z levim gumbom mi¹ke. +\layout Standard + +V tiskanih priroènikih so vsa navzkri¾na sklicevanja vidna kot prave ¹tevilke + poglavja, razdelka, podrazdelka in tako naprej. + Na zvezi pa so vsa navzkri¾na sklicevanja videti kot siva ¹katla, podobna + tej: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +. + (V tiskanem priroèniku boste namesto tega videli ¹tevilko.) Èe to ¹katlo + kliknete z levim gumbom mi¹ke, vas LyX popelje v tisti razdelek. + Nazaj se vrnete s +\family sans +C-< +\family default +. + (Kaj pomeni +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C-< +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +? Glej spodaj.) +\layout Standard + +Zdaj, ko smo pojasnili nekatere razlike med tiskanimi in elektronskimi izvodi + te datoteke, si lahko zaènemo ogledovati obliko tega spisa. + Tu in tam boste opazili razliène pisave: +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Poudarjeni slog +\emph default + se uporablja za splo¹ne poudarke, splo¹ne argumente, naslove knjig, imena + razdelkov v drugih priroènikih in opozorila avtorjev. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Pisava pisalnega stroja +\family default + prikazuje imena programov in datotek, kode za LaTeX ter kode in funkcije + za LyX. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Neserifna pisava +\family default +se uporablja za imena menujev, gumbov ali menujskih postavk ter imena tipk + na tipkovnici. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Velike èrke +\noun default +se uporabljajo za imena ljudi. +\layout Standard + +Kar zadeva tipke in tipkovne povezave, vas bomo verjetno napotili k razdelku + +\emph on +Key Bindings +\emph default + v +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Referenènem priroèniku +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (datoteka +\family typewriter +Reference.lyx +\family default +). + Ko se bomo morali sklicevati na tipke, bomo uporabili naslednje dogovore + o predponah: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + oznaèuje tipko +\family sans +Control- +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + oznaèuje tipko +\family sans +Shift- +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + oznaèuje tipko +\family sans +Meta- +\family default +, ki bo na nekaterih tipkovnicah oznaèena z +\family sans +Alt- +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + so funkcijske tipke. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + je ube¾na tipka. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Levo +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Desno +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Gor +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Dol +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +: pomen je oèiten. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Insert +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Home +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +End +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +: teh ¹est tipk je na veèini osebnih raèunalnikov nad kurzorskimi tipkami. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + se na nekaterih tipkovnicah imenujeta +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Prior +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Next +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Return +\family default + in +\family sans +Enter +\family default + se nana¹ata na isto tipko. + Nekatere tipkovnice imajo tipko +\family sans +Return +\family default + oznaèeno kot +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Return +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, druge kot +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Enter +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, tretje imajo dve tipki. + LyX ju obravnava kot eno samo, zato bomo izmenoma uporabljali oznaki +\family sans +Return +\family default + in +\family sans +Enter +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Vèasih boste videli tudi kaj podobnega temu: +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +[Glej +\emph on +,Referenèni priroènik` +\emph default +] +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Privzete tipkovne kombinacije za posamezne funkcije smo zbrali v +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Referenènem priroèniku +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, zato poglejte tudi tja. +\layout Section + +Priroèniki +\layout Standard + +Na naslednjem seznamu je opisana vsebina vseh datotek v dokumentaciji: +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Uvod \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Ta datoteka. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Uèbenik \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Èe ste novinec v LyXu in niste nikoli prej uporabljali LaTeXa, bi se morali + branja lotiti tukaj. + Èe mislite, da je LaTeX snov, iz katere izdelujejo kondome, morate vsekakor + prebrati +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default +. + Vedite, da boste tudi potem ¹e vedno mislili, da je LaTeX nekaj raztegljivega + -- vendar +\emph on +boste +\emph default + vedeli, kako uporabljati LyX. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tudi, èe +\emph on +ste +\emph default +¾e prej uporabljali LaTeX, bi morali prebrati +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default +, zaèen¹i z razdelkom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +LyX za uporabnike LaTeXa +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (pa tudi, èe boste preleteli preostanek spisa, vam ne bo ¹kodilo). +\layout Standard + +Èe kdaj ostanete brez navdiha v zvezi z LyXom, najprej vzemite v roke +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default +, ¹ele potem se poglobite v druge priroènike. + Uèbenik je dobra odskoèna deska. +\end_deeper +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki\SpecialChar ~ +vodnik \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Primarna dokumentacija. + Tu bomo posku¹ali obdelati +\emph on +veèino +\emph default + osnovnih postopkov in dostopnih odlik LyXa. + Osrednji priroènik predpostavlja, da ste prebrali +\emph on +Uèbenik +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + ali pa vsaj be¾no poznate LaTeX. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Raz¹irjene\SpecialChar ~ +odlike \SpecialChar ~ + +\newline + +\emph default +Raz¹iritev +\emph on +Uporabni¹kega vodnika +\emph default +. + Dodatni videzi sestavkov in mo¾nosti za posebno urejanje, skupaj z nekaterimi + zvijaèami mojstrov LaTeXa. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Prilagoditev \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Opis izpopolnjenih mo¾nosti LyXa, skupaj s postopki za prilagoditev splo¹nega + vedenja LyXa. + Sem so v¹tete tudi kombinacije tipk, internacionalizacija in nastavitvene + datoteke. + Naj vam ne pride na misel, da bi pokukali semkaj, dokler ne preberete +\emph on +Uèbenika +\emph default +. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Referenèni\SpecialChar ~ +priroènik \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +Ta obsega izèrpen, podroben opis odlik LyXa, a brez uporabnih namigov, kako + ga uporabljati, ter napotke, kdaj pogledati v +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default +, +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default + ali druge priroènike. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Znani\SpecialChar ~ +hro¹èi \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +V tej datoteki je seznam znanih hro¹èev v LyXu in napotki, kaj storiti, + èe v LyXu naletite na hro¹èa. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Nastavitev\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeXa \SpecialChar ~ + +\emph default + +\newline +LyX takoj po namestitvi prei¹èe sistem. + V tej datoteki so podatki, ki jih je LyX zbral o va¹i namestitvi LaTeXa. + Preverite to datoteko in poglejte, ali vam manjka kaj, kar bi sicer ¾eleli + imeti. +\layout Standard + +Te datoteke se bodo po potrebi sklicevale druga na drugo. + V +\emph on +Uporabni¹kem vodniku +\emph default +, denimo, so zbrani +\emph on +nekateri +\emph default + podatki o namestitvi in prilagoditvi, kaj veè pa boste izvedeli v +\emph on +Prilagoditvenem priroèniku +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +©e enkrat bomo zapisali pomemben nasvet: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.51cm \added_space_bottom 0.51cm \align center +Èe ste novinec v LyXu, si preberite +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default +. + Takoj. +\layout Standard + +Drugaèe se boste po nepotrebnem jezili. +\layout Section + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Contrib} + +\end_inset + +Prispevki k dokumentacijskem projektu +\layout Subsection + +Poroèanje o napakah v priroènikih +\layout Standard + +To je zelo preprosto. + Sporoèilo lahko po¹ljete na dopisni seznam za razvijalce ali za uporabnike + LyXa. + Dokumentacijska skupina pa bo najbolj vesela sporoèila na naslov +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\family default +. + Èe gre za manj¹e popravke, jih bo kdo vnesel. + Èe gre za kaj veèjega, pa vam priporoèamo, da se pridru¾ite dopisnemu seznamu + in se, preden karkoli ukrenete, nekaj èasa pogovarjate z nami. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 1.06cm \added_space_bottom 1.06cm \align center + +\emph on +Nikoli ne spreminjajte vsebine priroènikov brez poprej¹njega soglasja dokumentac +ijske skupine! +\layout Standard + +Tak¹ne nakljuène spremembe ne bodo pri¹le v dokumentacijo, saj dokumentacijska + skupina vzdr¾uje osrednje izvode v drevesu CVS +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +CVS je sistem za nadzorovanje razlièic datotek prek omre¾ja. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Subsection + +Pridru¾itev dokumentacijski skupini +\layout Standard + +Dokumentacijskemu projektu za LyX, tako kot vsemu pri projektu LyX, vedno + prav pride pomoè! Èe bi radi prispevali k Dokumentacijskem projektu, +\emph on +najprej +\emph default + opravite tole: +\layout Enumerate + +Pridobite zadnjo izvorno kodo LyXa. + Odtarajte jo +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Bolj pustolovske du¹e med vami bodo anonimno pobrale zadnjo izvorno kodo + iz arhiva CVS za LyX. +\end_inset + +. + V glavnem drevesu boste na¹li imenik, imenovan +\family typewriter +development +\family default +. + V njem je datoteka +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +. + Preberite jo; to je slogovna predloga za dokumentacijo. +\layout Enumerate + +Vzemite si dan ali dva oddiha, potem pa ¹e enkrat preberite +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Zatem preberite +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default + in +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default +. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Smisel te naloge je, da si ustvarite predstavo in da se vam utrnejo zamisli. + +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default + in +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default + bosta vedno najbolj osve¾eni del dokumentacije. + Pri ogledu bi morali spoznati, kako naj bi brali priroènike in kako naj + bi bili le-ti videti. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Spet preberite +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Enumerate + +Zdaj stopite v stik s skupino na naslovu: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\layout Standard + +Radi bi dosegli, da bi razumeli +\emph on +slog +\emph default +, preden bi zaèeli pisati. + Drugaèe boste morali svoje prispevke vnoviè napisati. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Naj vam ne pride na misel, da bi se lotili pisanja, dokler ne poklepetamo + po e-po¹ti. + Trenutno stanje v dokumentaciji si boste lahko ogledali na spletni strani + dokumentacijske skupine (ko jo bomo usposobili) ali v arhivih dopisnih + seznamov na +\family typewriter +www.lyx.org +\family default +. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/sl_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/sl_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..137a51da56 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/sl_Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,5649 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language slovene +\inputencoding latin2 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize default +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language german +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +Uèbenik LyXa +\layout Author + + +\noun on +Amir Karger +\noun default + in skupina LyX Team +\newline + +\size normal +(prevedel +\noun on +Roman Maurer +\noun default +) +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +18. + junija 2000 dopolnjeno s pripombami lektorice +\layout Standard + +Dore Mali. +\end_inset + + +\layout Date + +26. + maj 1999 +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Uvod +\layout Section + +Dobrodo¹li v LyX! +\layout Standard + +Ta datoteka je namenjena vsem vam, ki niste ¹e nikoli sli¹ali za LaTeX ali + pa ga ne znate prav dobro uporabljati. + No, le brez panike -- za to, da bi lahko uporabljali LyX, se vam ne bo + treba uèiti LaTeXa. + To je, navsezadnje, poglavitna poanta LyXa: ponuditi skoraj WYSIWYG +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +What You See Is What You Get -- +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +to kar vidi¹, to dobi¹ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + + vmesnik za LaTeX. + Vseeno pa se nekaterih stvari morate nauèiti, da bi LyX lahko uèinkovito + uporabljali. +\layout Standard + +Nekateri ste verjetno naleteli na tale spis, ker ste posku¹ali vstaviti + dva presledka za piko ali tri prazne vrstice med odstavkoma. + Kar precej ¾ivcev vas je stalo, preden ste ugotovili, da tega ne morete + storiti. + Ugotovili boste, da veèina drobnih trikov, ki ste jih bili vajeni iz drugih + urejevalnikov besedil, v LyXu ne deluje. + Veèina urejevalnikov besedil, ki ste jih uporabljali doslej, zahteva roèno + vstavljanje vseh presledkov, sprememb pisave in tako naprej. + Na koncu morate torej spis tudi staviti, ne le napisati. + LyX stavljenje postori namesto vas in vam omogoèa, da se osredotoèite na + vsebino pisanja. +\layout Standard + +Zato ostanite z nami in berite naprej. + Èasa, ki ga boste porabili za branje tega uèbenika, ne boste ob¾alovali. +\layout Section + +Kaj +\emph on +je +\emph default + Uèbenik in kaj +\emph on +ni +\layout Standard + +Preden zaènemo ta razdelek, ¾elimo na hitro na nekaj opozoriti. + +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default + uporablja zapis, oèrtan v +\emph on +Uvodu +\emph default +. + Èe ste se branja dokumentacije lotili tule, raje najprej preberite +\emph on +Uvod +\emph default +. + Da, kar takoj. +\layout Standard + +Zdaj, ko poznate pomen posameznih pisav, ¾elimo spregovoriti ¹e o namenu + tega +\emph on +Uèbenika +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Kar najbolj izkoristite Uèbenik +\layout Standard + +Uèbenik sestavljajo zgledi in naloge. + Èe ¾elite ta spis kar najbolj izkoristiti, ob branju vtipkavajte vse tiste + nesmisle, za katere vam reèemo, da jih morate in preizkusite vse naloge, + da bi videli, ali ste jih pravilno razumeli. + Da bi bilo prebiranje udobnej¹e, boste morda ¾eleli izpisati razlièico + tega spisa v postscriptu. +\layout Standard + +Èe imate LaTeX v malem prstu, boste verjetno sposobni prebrati +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default + malce hitreje, saj so ¹tevilni pojmi v LyXu le preobleèeni pojmi iz LaTeXa. + Vendar ima LyX nekatere posebnosti +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +ali, bolj optimistièno, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +odlike +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + +, ki se jih boste ¾eleli nauèiti. + Tudi èe se vam ne ljubi prebrati preostanka +\emph on +Uèbenika +\emph default +, bi si morali vsekakor pogledati razdelek +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +, ki je napisan posebej za izku¹ene uporabnike LaTeXa. +\layout Standard + +Razdelek +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + je ostalina iz zgodnjih razlièic Uèbenika in je precej ubog. + Vendar je ¹e vedno prijeten +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +daljnji +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + uvod v LyX, zato si ga preberite, èe vas zanima, èemu pravzaprav rabi LyX. +\layout Subsection + +Naslednjega +\emph on +ne boste +\emph default + na¹li: +\layout Itemize + +Krmljenja po ¾lièki in drugega poneumljanja. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Dandanes se zdi, da se v raèunalni¹ki literaturi za samopomoè predpostavlja, + da ima uporabnik IQ krompirja. + Mi tega ne poènemo. +\layout Standard + +Na drugi strani pa se zavedamo, da se veèina uporabnikov zateèe k priroèniku, + posebej k uèbeniku, ko se zgubijo. + Vemo torej, da +\emph on +niste +\emph default + neumni, razumemo pa, da vam ni niè jasno ali da vas vse skupaj silno bega. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Navodil o uporabi mi¹ke ali tipkovnice. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Èe do zdaj niste ugotovili, kako se uporablja raèunalnik, vam ne moremo + pomagati; to sodi onkraj dometa priroènikov za LyX. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Poleg tega imate verjetno v glavi veè kot polovico mo¾gan, sodeè po tem, + da ste se sploh sklenili nauèiti LyX. +\end_inset + + +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Podrobnih razlag vseh mogoèih odlik LyXa. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Saj ne ¾elite dveh +\emph on +Uporabni¹kih vodnikov +\emph default +? +\layout Standard + +©alo na stran, tukaj smo zato, da vas usposobimo za delo, tako da boste + potrebovali le ¹e +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default +. + Èe bi tukaj na¹tevali podrobnosti o vseh mogoèih odlikah LyXa, bi bil +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default + redundanten, predolg in vedno zastarel. + Tukaj vas le uvajamo v zadeve; predstavljajte si, da na koncu vsakega razdelka + pi¹e ¹e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +poglejte tudi v +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Podrobnih razlag LaTeXa. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +So nepotrebne. + Èe ste radovedni in bi se radi nauèili zanimivih trikov, ki so na voljo + v LaTeXu, lahko ¹e vedno vzamete v roke knjigo o LaTeXu. + Kar nekaj dobrih je na prodaj. + Res ni nobene potrebe, da bi izumljali toplo vodo \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Tako, junaki, èas je za premik naprej. + Privo¹èite si lahko kratek izlet po naslednjem razdelku ali pa kar takoj + krenite k razdelku +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Kaj je LyX? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Pregled +\layout Standard + +Del uvodnega izziva pri uporabi LyXa je tudi sprememba naèina va¹ega, tj. + uporabnikovega, mi¹ljenja. + Vèasih smo spise pisali s pisalnimi stroji, zato smo vsi poznali doloèene + zvijaèe, s katerimi smo se izognili omejitvam teh naprav. + Podèrtovanje, ki je komajda kaj veè kot udarjanje znaka +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + po besedilu, je postalo sredstvo za poudarjanje besedila. + Èe ste ¾eleli izdelati tabelo, ste morali prej ugotoviti, kolik¹en bo vsak + stolpec posebej, in nastaviti ustrezne tabulatorje. + Enako je veljalo za pisma in druga na desni poravnana besedila. + Deljenje na koncu vrstice je zahtevalo pozorno oko in precej¹njo sposobnost + predvidevanja. +\layout Standard + +Z drugimi besedami, izurili so nas, da smo se ubadali s podrobnostmi o tem, + kateri znak gre kam. +\layout Standard + +Skoraj vsi urejevalniki besedil ohranjajo to tradicijo. + ©e vedno uporabljajo tabulatorje za dodajanje presledkov. + ©e vedno vas mora skrbeti natanèen polo¾aj stvari na strani. + Poudarjanje besedila pomeni, da je treba zamenjati pisavo, podobno kot + je bilo treba pri pisalnem stroju zamenjati kolo. + Saj veste. +\layout Standard + +Tu se LyX razlikuje od navadnih urejevalnikov besedil. + V LyXu se ne utrujate s polo¾ajem posameznih znakov. + LyXu poveste +\emph on +kaj poènete +\emph default +, in LyX poskrbi za vse drugo, tako da sledi mno¾ici pravil, imenovani +\emph on +slog +\emph default +. + Oglejmo si zgled: +\layout Standard + +Denimo, da pi¹ete poroèilo. + Na zaèetku poroèila ¾elite imeti razdelek, imenovan +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Uvod +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Zato odprete menu va¹ega urejevalnika besedil, ki spreminja velikost pisave, + in se odloèite za novo velikost pisave. + Potem vkljuèite polkrepko pisavo. + Potem napi¹ete +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +Uvod +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Èe se pozneje odloèite, da ta razdelek spada nekam drugam v spis, ali èe + vstavite predenj nov razdelek, morate seveda spremeniti ¹tevilèenje zanj + in za vse nadaljnje razdelke, pa tudi kazalo vsebine. +\layout Standard + +V LyXu na padajoèem menuju skrajno levo v orodni vrstici izberete +\family sans +Section +\family default + ter napi¹ete +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Uvod +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Da, to je vse. + Èe izre¾ete in prilepite razdelek, se bo samodejno pre¹tevilèil -- kjerkoli. + Mogoèe je, da LyX celo samodejno osve¾i vsa sklicevanja v datoteki na ta + razdelek. + +\layout Standard + +Zdaj pa si oglejmo, kako je s konsistentnostjo. + Èez pet dni spet odprete svoje poroèilo in zaènete pisati razdelek 4. + Vendar ste pozabili, da ste uporabljali pisavo velikosti 18\SpecialChar ~ +pik namesto + 16\SpecialChar ~ +pik, zato napi¹ete naslov razdelka 4 z drugo pisavo, kot razdelek 1. + Teh te¾av v LyXu sploh ni. + Za nadle¾no knjigovodstvo o velikosti pisav skrbi raèunalnik, ne vi. + Navsezadnje je to nekaj, kar gre raèunalniku dobro od rok. +\layout Standard + +Tukaj je ¹e en zgled. + Denimo, da sestavljate seznam. + V drugih urejevalnikih besedil je seznam le skupek tabulatorjev in znakov + za novo vrsto. + Ugotoviti morate, kam postaviti oznako za vsako postavko seznama, kak¹na + mora biti ta oznaka, koliko praznih vrstic morate izpustiti med dvema postavkam +a in tako naprej. + V LyXu se ukvarjate le z dvojim: za kak¹ne vrste seznam gre in kaj uvrstiti + nanj. + To je to. +\layout Standard + +Torej je osnovna zamisel, na kateri temelji LyX: doloèite, kaj poènete, + ne, kako tisto poènete. + Namesto modela +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +to kar vidi¹, tudi dobi¹ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (angl. + what you see is what you get, WYSIWYG), uporablja LyX model +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +tisto vidi¹, kar tudi +\emph on +misli¹ +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (angl. + what you see is what you mean, WYSIWYM). +\layout Subsection + +Razlike med LyXom in urejevalniki besedil +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ne, tu ne posku¹amo zanetiti (ali dobiti) svete vojne med urejevalniki besedil. + Vendar mislimo, da je pomembno opisati odlike LyXa. + In ena od poglavitnih, WYSIWYM, je pojem, ki se povsem razlikuje od mnenja, + ki ga ima 99\SpecialChar ~ +% ljudi o urejanju besedil. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Tu je na¹teto, èesa vse ne boste na¹li v LyXu: +\layout Itemize + +ravnila za spis, +\layout Itemize + +tabulatorjev, +\layout Itemize + +dodatnega presledka (tj. + pritiska na +\family sans +Enter +\family default + ali +\family sans +Space +\family default + dvakrat ali veèkrat). +\layout Standard + +Tabulatorji, ki vam skupaj z ravnilom prikazujejo polo¾aj posameznih stvari + na strani, so v LyXu neuporabni. + Program skrbi za postavitev stvari na stran, ne vi. + Z dodatnim presledkom je podobno; LyX ga dodaja, kjer je treba, odvisno + od konteksta. + Najprej bo zoprno, da ne morete natipkati dveh praznih vrstic zapored, + a èe razmi¹ljate na naèin WYSIWYM, je to bolj logièno. +\layout Standard + +Tu pa so nekatere mo¾nosti, ki so na voljo v LyXu, a se jih morda ne uporablja + tako, kot mislite: +\layout Itemize + +nadzor zamikanja, +\layout Itemize + +prelomi strani, +\layout Itemize + +presledki med vrsticami (tj. + enojni presledek, dvojni presledek itd.), +\layout Itemize + +presledek, vodoravni in navpièni, +\layout Itemize + +pisave in velikosti pisav, +\layout Itemize + +videz pisav (polkrepki, kurzivni, podèrtani itd.). +\layout Standard + +Èeprav je vse to v LyXu na voljo, tega na splo¹no ne boste potrebovali. + LyX bo skrbel za to namesto vas, glede na to, kaj poènete. + Razlièni deli spisa so samodejno postavljeni v razliènem videzu in velikosti + pisave. + Zamikanje odstavkov je odvisno od konteksta; razliène vrste odstavkov se + zamikajo razlièno. + Prelomi strani se prav tako urejajo samodejno. + Na splo¹no je presledek med vrsticami, med besedami in med odstavki spremenljiv +ka, ki jo nastavi LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Te vrednosti se da spremeniti (le za nekatere med njimi je treba znati LaTeX) + za celoten spis ali za doloèeni del spisa. + Glej +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default + za podrobnosti. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Za konec na¹tejmo ¹e tisto, po èemer LyX (in LaTeX) preka¹a ¹tevilne urejevalnik +e besedil: +\layout Itemize + +deljenje besed, +\layout Itemize + +taki in drugaèni seznami, +\layout Itemize + +matematièni izrazi, +\layout Itemize + +tabele, +\layout Itemize + +navzkri¾no sklicevanje. +\layout Standard + +©tevilni sodobni urejevalniki besedil zmorejo staviti matematiène simbole, + tabele in deljenje besed, in nekateri se celo premikajo proti definicijam + sloga in zasnovi WYSIWYM. + Vendar to poènejo ¹ele od nedavna, medtem ko LyX temelji na sistemu za + pripravo dokumentacije LaTeX. + LaTeX pa je na voljo ¾e veè kot 10 let in +\emph on +deluje +\emph default +. + Vsi hro¹èi so bili ¾e zdavnaj odpravljeni. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Prav, vemo, da ni niè popolno, vendar je LaTeX tako blizu raèunalni¹kemu + programu brez hro¹èev, kot je le mogoèe. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Konèna in najpomembnej¹a razlika med LyXom in drugimi urejevalniki besedil + je stabilnost. + Za razliko od doloèenih komercialnih urejevalnikov besedil LyX +\emph on +ne +\emph default + trdi, da je stabilen in se sesuje vsakih 30 minut, ko urejate obse¾en spis. + Skupina +\emph on +The LyX Team +\emph default + se zaveda, da ne bomo ujeli vsakega posameznega hro¹èa, niti ne posku¹amo + prodati hro¹èev kot odlike (kot poènejo +\emph on + +\emph default + doloèeni osebki v programski industriji). + Ko ti hro¹èi (oh, oprostite \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +odlike +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} +) dvignejo svojo grdo glavo, morda mislite, da bo LyX izpisal nekak¹en + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +modri zaslon smrti +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in povlekel s seboj v propad ¹e zadnje tri strani va¹ega ustvarjalnega + naprezanja. +\layout Standard + +Nak. +\layout Standard + +Ko se LyX sesuje, pred smrtjo izpi¹e vse spise iz pomnilnika v re¹ilno datoteko. + Ob vnoviènem zagonu bo LyX te re¹ilne izvode opazil, ¹e posebej, èe boste + poskusili nalo¾iti prizadeto(e) datoteko(e). + Vpra¹al vas bo, èe ¾elite nalo¾iti re¹ilno ali morda izvirno datoteko, + glede na to, katera je novej¹a. + ©tevilni uporabniki so svoje doktorske disertacije napisali z LyXom. + Redko, èe sploh, so izgubili kak¹no stran, kljub temu, da se je tu in tam + vse skupaj sesulo. +\layout Subsection + +Kaj, zaboga, +\emph on +je +\emph default + LaTeX? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX je sistem za pripravljanje dokumentov, ki ga je leta 1985 zasnoval + Leslie Lamport. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vir informacij v tem razdelku je knjiga +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ki sta jo napisala Helmut Kopka in Patrick Daly. + Podatke o tej knjigi lahko najdete v bibliografiji +\emph on +Uporabni¹kega vodnika +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_inset + + Temelji na stavnem jeziku, imenovanem TeX, ki ga je leta 1984 ustvaril + Donald Knuth. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + se izgovarja podobno kot +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +eh +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, in to kar dobro ponazarja mnenje ¹tevilnih ljudi o njem. + A marsikdo ne ve, kaj sploh je TeX. + TeX vzame zaporedje stavnih ukazov, napisanih v skriptu v datoteki ASCII, + in jih izvede. + Deluje malce bolj zapleteno kot pisalni stroj, a niti pribli¾no tako zamotano + kot prava tiskalna naprava. + Vsekakor je tisto, kar pride iz TeXa, tako imenovana datoteka oblike +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +ki je neodvisna od naprave +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (angl. + device independent), skraj¹ano: +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Datoteko +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + lahko potem po¹ljete èemurkoli, kar razume to obliko, ali spremenite +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + v druge oblike, kot je postscript. +\layout Standard + +Èe TeX ne bi imel neke posebej uporabne odlike, bi bil le stavni stroj. + Vendar vam dovoljuje tudi definirati makroukaze. + Tu stvari postanejo zanimive. +\layout Standard + +Veèina ljudi, ki uporablja TeX, pravzaprav uporablja paket makroukazov, + s katerim je Knuth prikril precej stavnih podrobnosti. + To je tisto, na kar misli veèina ljudi, ko misli na TeX. + Navadni uporabniki ne pi¹ejo v surovem TeXu, ki ga sestavljajo bridki stavni + ukazi. + To poènejo ljudje, ki ustvarjajo pakete novih makroukazov. + Tu v na¹o pripoved stopi Leslie Lamport. + ®elel je imeti paket makroukazov, ki bi bil bolj uporabni¹ko in manj stavno + usmerjen, nabor ukazov, ki konsistentno omogoèa staviti stvari, kot so + razdelki ali tabele ali matematiène formule, konsistentno s èim manj zme¹njave. + Tako je bil rojen LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Vzporedno z razvojem in rastjo LaTeXa so razlièni ljudje ustvarjali lastne + pakete makroukazov za TeX, tak¹ne za izdelovanje prosojnic ali èlankov + za matematiène revije in tako naprej. + Nekateri so za to uporabljali surovi TeX, drugi so zaèeli spreminjati LaTeX. + V poznih osemdesetih letih je skupina LaTeXovcev (seveda skupaj z Lamportom) + zaèela razvijati LaTeX2e, trudeè se vnesti red v vso to zme¹njavo. + Ta nova razlièica LaTeXa pozna ukaze, ki poskrbijo za preprostej¹i vmesnik + za ustvarjanje makroukazov v TeXu (se ga spomnite?), pomagajo uporabljati + nove pisave in tako naprej. + Pravzaprav je LaTeX ¾e sam po sebi zelo raz¹irljiv jezik! Uporabniki po + vsem svetu so poleg standardnih ustvarjali tudi dodatke za LaTeX za lastno + rabo. +\layout Standard + +LaTeX je mogoèe raz¹iriti na dva naèina: z razredi in slogi. + +\emph on +Razred +\emph default + (angl. + class) je nabor makroukazov LaTeXa (ali TeXa), ki opisuje novo zvrst spisa, + kot je knjiga ali èlanek. + Na voljo so razredi za prosojnice, fizikalne in matematiène revije\SpecialChar \ldots{} +, nekatere + univerze imajo celo poseben razred za svoje disertacije! +\emph on +Slog +\emph default + (angl. + style) se razlikuje od razreda po tem, da ne doloèa nove zvrsti dokumenta, + ampak razlièno +\emph on +vedenje +\emph default +, ki ga lahko uporablja katerikoli spis. + Na primer, LyX nadzoruje robove strani in presledke med vrsticami z dvema + razliènima slogovnima datotekama za LaTeX, posebej za te namene. + Slogovne datoteke rabijo za vrsto opravil: tiskanje nalepk ali ovojnic, + spreminjanje zamikanja v spisu, dodajanje novih pisav, uporabo slik, naèrtovanj +e posebnih glav strani, prilagoditev bibliografij, spremembo mesta in videza + opomb v nogi, tabel, slik, prilagoditev seznamov in tako naprej. +\layout Standard + +Tule je povzetek: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Stavni jezik z mo¾nostjo makroukazov. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Paket makroukazov, temeljeè na TeXu. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +razredi: Opisi zvrsti spisa z uporabo LaTeXa. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +slogi: Nekako spremenijo privzeto vedenje LaTeXa. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Vizualni urejevalnik besedil vrste WYSIWYM, ki za tiskanje uporablja + LaTeX v vsej njegovi slavi. +\layout Standard + +Namen tega razdelka je bil pojasniti, +\emph on +zakaj +\emph default + LyX deluje nekako drugaèe od drugih urejevalnikov besedil. + Razlog je preprost: LyX uporablja LaTeX za tiskanje. + Prav tako kot LaTeX se tudi LyX osredotoèa na vsebino va¹ega pisanja -- + na to, +\emph on +kaj +\emph default + pi¹ete. + Raèunalnik potem poskrbi za pravi videz. +\layout Standard + +In ¹e zadnje. + LaTeX izgovarjamo podobno kot TeX: +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +lejteh +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, na Slovenskem pa pogosto tudi +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +láteh +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Lamport pravi v svoji knjigi, da je mogoèa tudi izgovorjava +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +lejteks +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + pa izgovarjamo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +liks +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Ali +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +laks +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ali +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +luks +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, odvisno od tega, od kod prihajamo\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Chapter + +Prvi koraki v LyXu +\layout Section + +Va¹ prvi sestavek v LyXu +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + + Prav\SpecialChar \@. + Pripravljeni ste in lahko zaènete pisati. + ©e prej pa moramo omeniti nekatere stvari, da bo, vsaj tako upamo, +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default + ¹e bolj pouèen, uporaben in zabaven. +\layout Standard + +Ker vam marsièesa ne bomo povedali, +\emph on +najprej +\emph default + poi¹èite druge datoteke s pomoèjo. + Na sreèo je to zelo preprosto. + Za¾enite LyX. + Z menuja +\family sans +Pomoè +\family default + izberite +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default +. + Morda boste ¾eleli nalo¾iti tudi +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default + (èe ga ¾e ne berete z zaslona). + Tako ju boste lahko brali, medtem, ko boste pisali svojo datoteko. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Rabita vam lahko tudi kot dobra zgleda o tem, kako uporabljati ¹tevilne + odlike LyXa. +\end_inset + + Vedite, da lahko na menuju +\family sans +Spisi +\family default + preklapljate z enega spisa na drugega, ko imate odprtih veè spisov. + +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default + ne bo podrobno obdeloval tem, ki so opisane v drugih priroènikih za LyX. + Na zaèetku vam to utegne malce ote¾iti ¾ivljenje, vendar bo tako +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default + ostal kratek. + Poleg tega se boste tako tudi navadili uporabljati druge priroènike, to + pa vam bo -- dolgoroèno -- prihranilo veliko èasa. +\layout Standard + +V tem +\emph on +Uèbeniku +\emph default + bomo predpostavili, da imate popolnoma delujoèo razlièico LyXa, pa tudi + programe LaTeX, +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + ali kak drug pregledovalnik datotek DVI, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + ali kak drug naèin spreminjanja spisov iz oblike DVI v postscriptno obliko, + in delujoè tiskalnik. + To so kar hude predpostavke. + Èe karkoli od tega ne dr¾i, boste morali (ali pa va¹ prijazni sistemski + upravitelj) pravilno usposobiti va¹ sistem. + Podatke o usposobitvi omenjenih sestavin najdete v drugih priroènikih. +\layout Standard + +Konèno, napisali smo datoteko, ki vam omogoèa uèenje ve¹èin LyXa. + Imenuje se +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\family default +. + Mislite si, da jo je napisal nekdo, ki ni vedel za nobeno od èudovitih + odlik LyXa. + Ko se boste nauèili nove funkcije LyXa, vam bomo predlagali, da popravite + doloèene dele datoteke +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\family default +. + V njej so tudi +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +subtilni +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + namigi o tem, kako kaj popraviti. + Èe ¾elite goljufati (ali preveriti, kaj ste napravili), je na voljo tudi + datoteka +\family typewriter +sl_primer_lyxan.lyx +\family default + z istim besedilom, kot bi ga napisal in stavil mojster LyXa. +\layout Subsection + +Tipkanje, pregledovanje in tiskanje +\layout Itemize + +Z ukazom +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atoteka\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +N +\bar default +ova +\family default + odprite novo datoteko. + +\layout Itemize + +Napi¹ite kaj podobnega: +\family typewriter +To je moj prvi spis v LyXu! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +No, prav. + Pravzaprav lahko napi¹ete, karkoli ¾elite. + V bistvu je vseeno. + Tu se vam moramo opravièiti za plehkost tega stavka in vseh nadaljnjih, + za katere vas bomo ¹e prosili, da jih vtipkajte. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Posnemite svoj spis z ukazom +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atoteka\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Shrani\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +k +\bar default +ot\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Itemize + +Z ukazom +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atoteka\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Glej\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +d +\bar default +vi +\family default + po¾enite LaTeX, da boste ustvarili datoteko +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + V oknu, v katerem ste pognali ukaz +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default +, vidite izpis sporoèil LaTeXa, ki jih lahko za zdaj prezrete. + LyX bo pognal +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (ali kak drug ogledovalnik datotek +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +), ta pa bo odprl novo okno in prikazal va¹ spis v taki obliki, kot bo natisnjen. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Èe pustite, da +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + teèe v ozadju, lahko prihranite èas. + Potem lahko uporabljate ukaz +\family sans +Datoteka\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Os +\bar under +v +\bar default +e¾i\SpecialChar ~ +dvi +\family default + in preprosto kliknete okno programa +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (ali ga poveèate), ko LaTeX konèa. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Spis natisnite z ukazom +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atoteka +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +T +\bar default +iskaj +\family default + in izbiro +\family sans +V\SpecialChar ~ +redu\SpecialChar \@. + +\layout Standard + +Èestitamo! Napisali in natisnili ste svoj prvi spis v LyXu. + Vse drugo so le podrobnosti, obdelane v preostanku +\emph on +Uèbenika +\emph default +, v +\emph on +Uporabni¹kem vodniku +\emph default + in v +\emph on +Referenènem priroèniku +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Preproste operacije +\layout Standard + +LyX lahko seveda postori veèino tistega, kar ste vajeni uporabljati v urejevalni +ku besedil. + Samodejno poravnava besede in zamika odstavke. + Odprite nekaj menujev +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Èe ste tak¹ni kot ¹tevilni uporabniki Unixa, ste to ¾e storili, ¹e preden + ste sploh zaèeli brati +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default +. +\end_inset + + in videli boste, da ima veèina preprostih ukazov (npr. + +\family sans +Izhod, P +\bar under +r +\bar default +ilepi, Tiskaj) +\family default +prièakovano ime, da so v menuju, v katerem bi jih prièakovali, in da tudi + delujejo tako, kot bi prièakovali. + Tu je kratek opis nekaterih preprostih operacij. +\layout Description + +Razveljavi LyX ima +\emph on +mo¾nost +\emph default + za +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +neskonèno razveljavitev +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + To pomeni, da lahko razveljavite vse, kar ste naredili od zaèetka trenutne + urejevalne seje. + To storite tako, da venomer izbirate +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +redi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Razveljavi +\family default +. + Èe razveljavite preveè, izberite +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +redi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ponovi +\bar under + +\family default +\bar default +in vzpostavili boste prej¹nje stanje. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +[Trenutno je raven razveljavitev pravzaprav omejena na 100 korakov, dokler + ni razveljavitveni mehanizem podrobno preizku¹en. + Razveljavitev tudi ne deluje vselej; pri sprememinjanju videza spisa ¾e + ne.] +\end_deeper +\layout Description + +Izre¾i/Prilepi/Prepi¹i Uporabite +\family sans +Ur +\bar under +e +\bar default +di\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Izre¾i +\family default +, +\family sans +Ur +\bar under +e +\bar default +di\SpecialChar \menuseparator +P +\bar under +r +\bar default +ilepi +\family default +, in +\family sans +Ur +\bar under +e +\bar default +di\SpecialChar \menuseparator +K +\bar under +o +\bar default +piraj +\family default +za izrezovanje, lepljenje in kopiranje. + Ali pa samodejno prilepite izbrano besedilo s +\emph on +srednjim gumbom +\emph default +. +\layout Description + +Poi¹èi/Nadomesti Uporabite +\family sans +Ur +\bar under +e +\bar default +di\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Poi¹èi\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +nadomesti +\family default +za iskanje, obèutljivo za velikost èrk. + V dobljenem dvi¾nem oknu i¹èite s pu¹èicami za naprej in nazaj ter uporabite + gumb +\family sans +Nadomesti +\family default + za nadomestitev besede, ki jo najdete. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Zaprite okno, ko konèate. + Ali pa ga pustite odprtega, èe se vam zdi tako bolj pripravno. + Veèino dvi¾nih oken v LyXu -- v¹tev¹i z okni +\family sans +Poi¹èi\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +nadomesti +\family default +, +\family sans +Kazalo vsebine +\family default + in okni postavke +\family sans +Videz +\family default +, ter razliènimi matematiènimi dvi¾nimi okni -- lahko pomanj¹ate, ne da + bi jih zaprli. + Malo je dvi¾nih oken, kot je +\family sans +Datoteka\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +O +\bar default +dpri +\family default +, ki ne dovoljujejo vna¹anja v glavno okno LyXa, dokler dvi¾nega okna zares + ne zaprete. + Preverite le, ali je aktivno pravo okno, ko posku¹ate vna¹ati besedilo + v glavno okno LyXa ali uporabiti ukaz v kakem drugem dvi¾nem oknu LyXa. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Oblikovanje\SpecialChar ~ +znakov Besedilo lahko +\emph on +poudarite +\emph default + (to bo na splo¹no spremenilo znake kurzivno), ga naredite +\series bold +polkrepkega +\series default + ali spremenite v +\noun on +velike èrke +\noun default + (navadno so to majhne velike èrke, kakr¹ne so v rabi za pisanje imen ljudi), + s stikali menuja +\family sans +Videz +\family default +. +\layout Description + +Orodna\SpecialChar ~ +vrstica Gumbi v orodni vrstici (prav pod menuji) omogoèajo nekatere + pogostej¹e funkcije, kot sta +\family sans +Prilepi +\family default + in +\family sans +Tiskaj +\family default +. + Èe dr¾ite kazalec mi¹ke nad enim izmed gumbov orodne vrstice, vam majhno + rumeno sporoèilo pove, kaj poène tisti gumb. +\layout Standard + +Seveda ¹e niste napisali dovolj, da bi lahko uporabili veèino teh funkcij. + Ko boste napisali veè, pa le posku¹ajte razveljavljati, lepiti itd. +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM: Nevidni znaki v LyXu +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +Ena od stvari, katerim se novi uporabniki najte¾e privadijo, je LyXovo delo + z nevidnimi znaki. + Èe ¹e tolikokrat pritisnete +\family sans +Return +\family default +, boste dobili le eno prazno vrstico. + Èe ¹e tolikokrat pritisnete +\family sans +Space +\family default +, boste dobili le en presledek. + V prazni vrstici vam LyX sploh ne bo dovolil napisati presledka. + Tudi tipka +\family sans +Tab +\family default + vas ne bo premaknila v naslednje polje; pravzaprav sploh +\emph on +ni +\emph default + polj (angl. + tab stops)! Na vrhu strani tudi ni ravnila, ki bi omogoèalo doloèiti polja + ali robove. +\layout Standard + +©tevilni komercialni urejevalniki besedil temeljijo na naèelu WYSIWYG: +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +To, kar vidi¹, tudi dobi¹ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (angl. + What You See Is What You Get). + Po drugi strani LyX temelji na naèelu +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +To, kar vidi¹, tudi +\emph on +misli¹ +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (angl. + What You See Is What You +\emph on +Mean +\emph default +). + Vtipkate tisto, kar mislite, LyX pa namesto vas poskrbi za stavljenje, + tako da bo izhod v¹eèen. + +\family sans +Return +\family default + pravopisno loèuje odstavke in +\family sans +Space +\family default + besede, zato ni razloga, da bi jih imeli veè zapovrstjo; +\family sans +Tab +\family default + sploh nima pravopisne vloge, zato ga LyX ne podpira. + Èe boste uporabljali LyX, se boste lahko bolj posvetili +\emph on +vsebini +\emph default + va¹ega spisa in manj skrbeli za +\emph on +obliko +\emph default +. + Veè o pojmu WYSIWYM najdete v razdelku +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +LyX zna opraviti (¹tevilne) drobne popravke oblike va¹ega spisa. + Konec koncev LyX morda ne bo stavil +\emph on +natanko +\emph default + tistega, kar mislite. + Podatek o vsem tem najdete v +\emph on +Uporabni¹kem vodniku +\emph default +. + LyX vstavlja +\family sans +HFill +\family default +e in navpiène razmike -- ki so moènej¹i in izrecnej¹i od veè presledkov + ali praznih vrstic -- ter naèine za roèno spreminjanje velikosti pisave, + oblike znakov in poravnavanja odstavkov. + Spis lahko napi¹ete od zaèetka do konca in se pri tem osredotoèite na vsebino, + z drobnimi popravki oblike pa se ukvarjate ¹ele na koncu. + Pri standardnih urejevalnikih besedil vas bo med pisanjem zmedlo urejanje + oblike spisa. +\layout Section + +Okolja +\layout Standard + +Razlièni deli spisa imajo razliène namene; te dele imenujemo +\emph on +okolja +\emph default +. + Veèino spisa sestavlja navadno besedilo. + Imena razdelkov (poglavij, podrazdelkov itd.) pomagajo bralcu ugotoviti, + da bo obravnavana nova tema ali podtema. + Doloèeni deli spisa imajo posebna okolja. + Èlanek, objavljen v reviji, bo imel povzetek in naslov. + Pismo ne bo imelo niè od na¹tetega, a bo verjetno imelo okolje, ki doloèa + naslov pisca. +\layout Standard + +Okolja so veèji del filozofije +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +to, kar vidi¹, tudi misli¹ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (angl. + What You See Is What You Mean) LyXa. + Neko okolje lahko potrebuje doloèen slog in doloèeno velikost pisave, zamikanje +, presledke med vrsticami in drugo. + To ¹e dodatno ote¾uje dejstvo, da se lahko toèno oblikovanje za dano okolje + razlikuje: doloèena revija lahko uporablja v centriranih naslovih razdelkov + polkrepko pisavo velikosti 18 pik, druga pa levo poravnane naslove v le¾eèi + pisavi velikosti 15 pik; razlièni jeziki imajo lahko razlièno navado zamikanja; + in oblika izpisovanja bibliografije je lahko zelo razlièna. + LyX vam omogoèa, da se izognete uèenju vseh teh razliènih oblikovalskih + slogov. +\layout Standard + +©katla +\family sans +Okolje +\family default + se je v levem delu orodne vrstice (prav pod menujem +\family sans +Datoteka +\family default +). + Oznaèuje okolje, v katerem trenutno pi¹ete. + Ko ste pisali svoj prvi spis, je sporoèala +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +; to je privzeto okolje za besedilo. + Zdaj boste v svoj novi spis vstavili ¹tevilna okolja, da boste videli, + kako delujejo. + To boste storili z menujem +\family sans +Okolje +\family default +, ki ga odprete s klikom ikone +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +pu¹èice navzdol +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + na desni strani ¹katle +\family sans +Okolje +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Razdelki in podrazdelki +\layout Standard + +V prvo vrstico datoteke v LyXu vpi¹ite besedo +\family typewriter +Uvod +\family default + in izberite +\family sans +Section +\family default + (slov. + +\family sans +Razdelek +\family default +) z menuja +\family sans +Okolje +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ni vam treba +\emph on +izbrati +\emph default + vrstice. + Èe ni izbranega besedila, LyX spremeni trenutni odstavek v izbrano okolje. + Lahko pa tudi spremenite veè odstavkov hkrati v razlièna okolja preprosto + tako, da jih izberete (pobarvate), preden se odloèite za okolje. +\end_inset + +. + LyX o¹tevilèi razdelek s ¹tevilko +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in postavi glavo razdelka (naslov) v veèjo pisavo. + (Seveda bo glava razdelka pravilno stavljena tudi v datoteki +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + ali v natisnjenem spisu.) Zdaj pritisnite +\family sans +Return +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Opazili boste, da se ¹katla +\family sans +Okolje +\family default + spremeni iz +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Section +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + nazaj v +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Standard +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (slov. + +\family sans +Navadno +\family default +). + Glave razdelkov se tako, kot veèina okolij, privzeto konèajo, ko pritisnete + +\family sans +Return +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Glejte +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default + za naèine pisanja naslovov v dveh ali veè vrsticah. + Okolje +\family sans +Standard +\family default + se lahko seveda nadaljuje v veè odstavkih. + Razlièna okolja seznamov (glejte spodaj) se tudi ne konèajo, ko pritisnete + +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Vedno lahko izveste, v katerem okolju ste, tako da si ogledate ¹katlo +\family sans +Okolje +\family default +. +\end_inset + + Vtipkajte uvod spisa: +\layout LyX-Code + +To je uvod v moj prvi spis v LyXu. +\layout Standard + +Spet pritisnite +\family sans +Return +\family default + in z menuja +\family sans +Okolje +\family default + zopet izberite +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + LyX izpi¹e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in èaka, da boste vnesli naslov. + Napi¹ite +\family typewriter +Veè stvari +\family default + in videli boste, da bo LyX tudi to postavil kot naslov razdelka. +\layout Standard + +Èedalje bolje nam gre. + Pojdite spet na konec prvega razdelka (po +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +moj prvi spis v LyXu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +) in zopet pritisnite +\family sans +Return +\family default + ter z menuja +\family sans +Okolje +\family default + izberite postavko +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + LyX spet napi¹e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in èaka, da vnesete naslov. + Vpi¹ite +\family typewriter +O tem spisu +\family default +. + Razdelek +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Veè stvari +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ki je prej imel ¹tevilko 2, se samodejno pre¹tevilèi v razdelek 3! V pravem + duhu WYSIWYM morate le oznaèiti besedilo, ki doloèa naslove razdelkov, + LyX pa poskrbi za ¹tevilèenje in stavljenje naslovov razdelkov. +\layout Standard + +Pritisnite +\family sans +Return +\family default +, da se boste vrnili v okolje +\family sans +Standard +\family default +, ter vpi¹ite naslednjih pet vrstic: +\layout LyX-Code + +Razdelki in podrazdelki so opisani spodaj. +\layout LyX-Code + +Opis razdelkov +\layout LyX-Code + +Razdelki so veèji od podrazdelkov. +\layout LyX-Code + +Opis podrazdelkov +\layout LyX-Code + +Podrazdelki so manj¹i od razdelkov. +\layout Standard + +Kliknite drugo vrstico in z menuja +\family sans +Okolje +\family default + izberite +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +. + LyX o¹tevilèi podrazdelek z +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in ga postavi v pisavi, veèji od navadnega besedila, vendar manj¹i od naslova + razdelka. + V okolje +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + spremenite tudi èetrto vrstico. + Kot ste verjetno prièakovali, LyX samodejno o¹tevilèi razdelek z +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Èe pred razdelek 2 postavite ¹e en razdelek, bo razdelek 2 pre¹tevilèen + v 3, njegova podrazdelka pa v +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +3.1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +3.2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Nadaljnje ravni razdelkov obsegajo podpodrazdelke ( +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +), odstavke ( +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +) in pododstavke +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. + Pustili bomo, da se boste z njimi poigrali sami. + Morda boste opazili, da odstavki in pododstavki privzeto niso o¹tevilèeni + in da so pododstavki zamaknjeni; poglejte +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default +, kako bi to spremenili. + Pravzaprav predstavljajo najvi¹jo raven razdelkov zaglavja poglavij ( +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +), vi¹jo od razdelkov ( +\family sans +Section +\family default +), vendar jih lahko uporabljate le v doloèenih vrstah (razredih besedil) + spisov za LyX (glej razdelek +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +). + +\layout Standard + +Nazadnje boste morda ¾eleli imeti neo¹tevilèene razdelke ali podrazdelke. + Imamo tudi okolja za to. + Èe spremenite eno od glav va¹ih razdelkov v okolje +\family sans +Section* +\family default + (morda se boste morali pomakniti navzdol po menuju +\family sans +Okolje +\family default +, da ga boste na¹li), LyX uporablja za glavo isto velikost pisave kot za + navadni razdelek, vendar tega razdelka ne o¹tevilèi. + Ustrezna +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +zvezdnata +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + okolja so na voljo tudi za +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + in +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +. + Poskusite spremeniti nekaj svojih razdelkov ali podrazdelkov v zvezdnata + okolja in poglejte, kako se spreminjajo ¹tevilke drugih razdelkov. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Uredite glave razdelkov in podrazdelkov v datoteki +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\family default +. + Ta spis boste na¹li v imeniku +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default +,. + Vanj pridete z izbiro +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atoteka +\bar under +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +O +\bar default +dpri +\family default + in klikom gumba +\family sans +Primeri +\family default +. + Odprite spis in uporabite +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atoteka\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Shrani\SpecialChar ~ + +\bar under +k +\bar default +ot +\family default + za izdelavo izvoda te datoteke v va¹em lastnem imeniku; v njem jo boste + lahko obdelovali. +\layout Subsection + +Seznami in podseznami +\layout Standard + +LyX pozna veè razliènih okolij za stavljenje seznamov. + Raznovrstna okolja seznamov vas osvobodijo tega, da bi morali milijonkrat + pritisniti +\family sans +Tab +\family default +, ko pi¹ete izvleèek, ali pre¹tevilèiti ves seznam, ko ¾elite dodati postavko + na sredino seznama. + Omogoèajo vam, da se osredotoèite na vsebino seznama. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Da, to dejstvo v +\emph on +Uèbeniku +\emph default + vseskozi preveè poudarjamo. + Vendar +\emph on +je +\emph default + to poglavitna filozofija LyXa, zato nam, prosimo, oprostite. +\end_inset + + Razliène zvrsti spisov logièno potrebujejo razlièna okolja seznamov: +\layout Itemize + +predstavitev na prosojnicah lahko uporablja seznam s krogci okolja +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + za opis razliènih stvari; +\layout Itemize + +izvleèek bi lahko uporabljal o¹tevilèene sezname (in èrkovne podsezname) + okolja +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +; +\layout Itemize + +spis, ki opisuje razliène programske pakete, bi lahko uporabljal opisno + okolje +\family sans +Description +\family default +, v katerem se vsaka postavka s seznama zaène z besedo v polkrepki pisavi; +\layout Itemize + +okolje +\family sans +List +\family default + -- v LaTeXu ga ni -- je malce drugaèna oblika okolja +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Napi¹imo seznam razlogov, zaradi katerih je LyX bolj¹i od drugih urejevalnikov + besedil. + Nekje v svojem spisu napi¹ite: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +LyX je bolj¹i od drugih urejevalnikov besedil, ker: +\layout Standard + +in pritisnite +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Zdaj z menuja +\family sans +Okolje +\family default + izberite +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +. + LyX izpi¹e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +krogec +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (pravzaprav zvezdico, ki pa bo v izhodu nadome¹èena s krogcem) na zaèetku + vrstice. + Vtipkajte svoje razloge: +\layout LyX-Code + +Stavi besedilo namesto vas. +\layout LyX-Code + +Matematika je WYSIWYG. +\layout LyX-Code + +Zelo lahko je ustvariti sezname! +\layout Standard + +Seznamska okolja se, za razliko od glav, ne konèajo, ko pritisnete +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Namesto tega LyX predvideva, da greste k naslednji postavki seznama. + Namesto zgornjega boste torej dobili seznam s tremi postavkami. + Èe ¾elite veè kot en odstavek znotraj ene +\emph on +postavke +\emph default + seznama, je eden od naèinov uporaba kombinacije +\family sans +Za¹èiteni\SpecialChar ~ +Return +\family default +, ki jo dobite s pritiskom +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +. + Seznam zapustite z vnoviènim izborom okolja +\family sans +Standard +\family default + (ali pa uporabo tipkovne kombinacije +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Dobili ste èudovit seznam postavk. + Morda boste ¾eleli pognati LaTeX in si pogledati, kak¹en je videti natisnjeni + seznam. + Kaj pa, èe ¾elite o¹tevilèiti razloge? No, le izberite celoten seznam +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX vam ne bo pustil izbrati prvega krogca, èe ne boste izbrali tudi odstavka + +\emph on +pred +\emph default + seznamom, tega pa verjetno ne ¾elite narediti. + Podobno tudi ne morete izbrati ¹tevilke v o¹tevilèenem naslovu razdelka. + Ne skrbite za to. +\end_inset + + in iz menuja +\family sans +Okolje +\family default + izberite +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. + Puf! LyX bo, kot smo ¾e omenili, pri dodajanju ali odstranjevanju postavke + seznama poskrbel za o¹tevilèenje. +\layout Standard + +Ko je seznam ¹e vedno izbran, ga lahko spremenite v drugi dve seznamski + okolji, +\family sans +Description +\family default + in +\family sans + List +\family default +. + Tako boste videli, kak¹ni sta. + Pri teh dveh okoljih je vsaka postavka seznama sestavljena iz izraza, vsebujoèe +ga prvo besedo postavke, ki mu sledi definicija -- ostanek odstavka (dokler + ne pritisnete +\family sans +Return +\family default +.) Izraz je stavljen bodisi polkrepko ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +) bodisi s +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Tab +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vendar s stavnim znakom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Tab +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ki se spreminja tako, da ustreza najdalj¹emu izrazu, ne s togim, nespremenljiv +im +\family sans +Tab +\family default + na pisalnem stroju. +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +List +\family default +) loèen od preostanka odstavka. + Èe ¾elite imeti v definiciji veè kot eno besedo, loèite besedi z +\family sans +Za¹èitenim\SpecialChar ~ +presledkom +\family default +; tega vstavite z vnosom +\family sans +C-Space +\family default + in je videti kot mali ro¾nati +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Stavite seznam v datoteki +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\layout Standard + +Sezname lahko gnezdite drugega v drugega na najrazliènej¹e naèine. + Oèitni zgled bi bilo pisanje izvleèkov. + O¹tevilèeni in krogèasti seznami bodo imeli razliène sheme ¹tevilèenja + in drugega oznaèevanja za podsezname. + Podrobnosti o razliènih vrstah seznamov in z +\emph on +veliko +\emph default + gnezdenja si poglejte v +\emph on +Uporabni¹kem vodniku +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Druga okolja: verzi, citati in ¹e veè +\layout Standard + +Za loèevanje citatov od preostalega besedila sta na voljo dve okolji: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + za kratke navedbe in +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + za dalj¹e. + Raèunalni¹ka koda (okolje +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, v +\emph on +Uèbeniku +\emph default + uporabljeno tudi za dolge tipkalne zglede) se izpi¹e v pisavi +\family typewriter +pisalnega +\family default + +\family typewriter +stroja +\family default +; edino v tem okolju vam je v LyXu dovoljeno uporabljati veè presledkov + za zamikanje kode. + Z uporabo okolja +\family sans +Verse +\family default + lahko celo pi¹ete poezijo +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + ob predpostavki, da ste sploh dovolj ustvarjalni, da se domislite kak¹ne + pesmi. +\end_inset + +, tako da z +\family sans +Return +\family default + loèujete kitice in s +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + vrstice v kitici. + Popolnej¹i opis vseh dostopnih okolij v LyXu najdete v +\emph on +Uporabni¹kem vodniku +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Pravilno postavite primerna okolja +\family sans +Quote, LyX-Code +\family default + in +\family sans +Verse +\family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + +v datoteki +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Pisanje spisov +\layout Standard + +V prej¹njem poglavju naj bi se privadili pisanja v LyXu. + Uvedlo naj bi vas v osnovne urejevalne operacije v LyXu ter v zmogljive + metode pisanja z okolji. + Veèina ljudi, ki uporabljajo LyX, pa bo ¾elela pisati spise: prispevke, + èlanke, knjige, priroènike ali pisma. + To poglavje vas bo popeljalo od preprostega pisanja besedil z LyXom do + tega, kako se spi¹e popoln spis. + Uvedlo vas bo v razrede besedil, ki vam bodo omogoèali pisati razliène + vrste spisov. + V nadaljevanju bomo opisali ¹e ¹tevilne dodatke, ki spremenijo besedilo + v spis, kot so naslovi, opombe v nogi, navzkri¾na sklicevanja, bibliografije + in vsebinska kazala. +\layout Section + +Razredi besedil in vzorci: pisanje pisem +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +Razliène vrste spisov morajo biti razlièno stavljene. + Knjige, denimo, so na splo¹no natisnjene na obeh straneh papirja, èlanki + pa le na eni strani. + ©tevilni spisi imajo ¹e dodatna posebna okolja: pisma, denimo, taka -- + kot sta naslov in podpis po¹iljatelja -- ki v knjigi ali èlanku ne bi imela + smisla. + +\emph on +Razred besedil +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Uporabniki LaTeXa: to je ekvivalent razredu spisa v LaTeXu (angl. + documentclass). +\end_inset + + +\emph default +(angl. + textclass) poskrbijo za te velike razlike med razliènimi zvrstmi spisov. + Ta +\emph on +Uèbenik +\emph default +, denimo, je napisan v razredu besedil za pisanje knjig ( +\family sans +Book +\family default +). + Razredi besedil so ¹e en pomemben del filozofije WYSIWYM; LyXu povedo, + kako staviti spis, da tega vam ni treba vedeti. +\layout Standard + +Va¹ spis verjetno nastaja v razredu besedil +\family sans +Article +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +To je navadno privzet razred besedil, èeprav ga lahko spremenite v svoji + datoteki +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +. +\end_inset + +. + Poskusite spremeniti razred besedila v druge razrede (z uporabo menuja + Razred +\family default + na menuju +\family sans +Videz\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spis +\family default +) in si oglejte, kako se razlikuje njihovo stavljenje. + Èe svoj spis spremenite v razred besedila +\family sans +Book +\family default + in pogledate na menu +\family sans +Okolje +\family default +, boste videli, da veèina dovoljenih okolij ostaja nespremenjena. + Vendar lahko zdaj uporabljate tudi okolje +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + (za naslove poglavij). + Èe niste preprièani o tem, katera okolja lahko uporabljate z danim razredom + spisa, poglejte na menu +\family sans +Okolje +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Velikost pisave, tisk v enem ali dveh stolpcih in glave strani so le nekateri + od naèinov, po katerih se razlikujejo stavljenja v razliènih revijah. + Revije sprejemajo elektronske prispevke in imajo svoje +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +slogovne datoteke +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + za LaTeX, tako da lahko avtorji po¹ljejo pravilno stavljene èlanke. + LyX je nastavljen tako, da podpira tudi to. + LyX, denimo, podpira stavljenje (in dodatna okolja) revij ameri¹kega dru¹tva + matematikov z uporabo razreda besedil +\family sans +Article\SpecialChar ~ +(AMS) +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Tu so zelo na kratko na¹teti nekateri razredi. + Kot ponavadi podrobnosti tudi tokrat poi¹èite v +\emph on +Uporabni¹kem vodniku +\emph default +. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Ime +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Opombe +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +èlanek, enostranski, brez poglavij +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +videz in okolja za American Math Society +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +poroèilo, dalj¹e od èlanka, obe strani +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report + zadeve spredaj in zadaj +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +prosojnice (tudi FoilTeX) +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +¹tevilna dodatna okolja za naslov, podpis\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Vzorci: pisanje pisma +\layout Standard + +Eden izmed najbolj priljubljenih razredov spisa je +\family sans +Letter +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Eden od naèinov za pisanje pisma je, da odprete +\family sans +\bar under +N +\bar default +ovo +\family default + datoteko in z menuja +\family sans +Videz\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spis +\family default + izberete +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +azred +\family default + +\family sans +letter +\family default +. + Èeprav je to najbolj oèiten naèin pisanja pisma, pa se zdi kot nepotrebno + delo. + Vsakiè, ko pi¹ete poslovno pismo, boste ¾eleli v njem imeti svoj naslov, + naslov prejemnika, telo, podpis itd. + LyX zato ponuja +\emph on +vzorec +\emph default + za pisma; ko imate enkrat vzorec, lahko vsakiè le nadomestite nekaj delov + pisma s svojim besedilom. +\layout Standard + +Odprite novo datoteko z izbiro +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atoteka\SpecialChar \menuseparator +No +\bar under +v +\bar default +a\SpecialChar ~ +po\SpecialChar ~ +vzorcu +\family default +. + Po izboru imena nove datoteke izberite z menuja +\family sans +Izberi\SpecialChar ~ +vzorec +\family default + vzorec +\family typewriter +letter.lyx +\family default +. + Shranite in natisnite datoteko, da boste videli, kako so stavljena razlièna + okolja. +\layout Standard + +Ko boste pogledali v vsebino menuja +\family sans +Okolje +\family default +, boste videli ¹tevilna okolja, denimo okolje +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +, ki jih v veèini preostalih razredov spisov ni. + Druga, kot +\family sans +Quote +\family default +in +\family sans +Description +\family default +, vam bodo ¾e znana. + Lahko se malce poigrate z razliènimi okolji, da boste razumeli njihov namen. + Opazili boste, na primer, da je pred podpisom v okolju +\family sans +Signature +\family default + rdeèa beseda +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Signature: +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + V pravem pismu, kot boste videli, èe natisnete datoteko, pa je ni. + Tu je le zato, da vam pove, kam spada podpis. + Vedite tudi, da ni pomembno, kje v spisu je vrstica +\family sans +Signature +\family default +. + Spomnite se, LyX je WYSIWYM; okolje +\family sans +Signature +\family default + lahko postavite, kamorkoli ga ¾elite, LyX pa bo vedel, da mora biti v izpisu + podpis na koncu. +\layout Standard + +Vzorec je le obièajna datoteka za LyX. + To pomeni, da jo lahko izpolnite s svojim naslovom in podpisom ter shranite + datoteko kot nov vzorec. + Odslej lahko vsakiè, ko pi¹ete novo datoteko, uporabite novi vzorec in + s tem prihranite èas. + Verjetno nam ni treba predlagati posebne +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +vaje +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +; le kak¹no pismo napi¹ite +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Opozorilo, èe pi¹ete po vzorcu. + Èe zbri¹ete vse besedilo v okolju -- èe, denimo, zbri¹ete celotno polje +\family sans + My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +, da bi ga nadomestili s svojim -- in potem premaknete kazalec, lahko okolje + izgine. + To se zgodi, ker okolja ne more biti brez vsebovanega besedila. + Le vnoviè izberite okolje z menuja +\family sans +Okolje +\family default +, da ga povrnete. +\end_inset + +! +\layout Section + +Naslovi spisov +\layout Standard + +LyX (kot LaTeX) upo¹teva naslov -- ki lahko vsebuje pravi naslov, ime avtorja, + datum in celo povzetek èlanka -- kot loèeni del spisa. +\layout Standard + +Vrnite se v va¹ spis +\family typewriter +newfile.lyx +\family default +in se preprièajte, da uporablja razred besedila +\family sans +Article +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Niè veè ne bi smeli uporabljati razreda besedila +\family sans +Letter +\family default +, saj ta razred za pisanje pisem ne podpira naslovov. +\end_inset + + V prvo vrstico vpi¹ite naslov in spremenite okolje te vrstice v +\family sans +Title +\family default +. + V naslednjo vrstico vpi¹ite svoje ime in spremenite okolje te vrstice v + +\family sans +Author +\family default +. + V naslednjo vrstico vpi¹ite datum in izberite okolje +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Napi¹ite odstavek ali dva, ki povzemata va¹ spis in zanju izberite okolje + +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +. + Zdaj poglejte kako je to videti natisnjeno. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Uredite naslov, datum in ime avtorja v datoteki +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\layout Section + +Oznake in navzkri¾na sklicevanja +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + +V svojem spisu lahko oznaèite razdelek (ali podrazdelek ali, redkeje, le + nakljuèni del besedila). + Ko to storite, se lahko v drugih delih spisa sklicujete na oznaèeno besedilo + z uporabo navzkri¾nih sklicev. + Sklicujete se lahko na ¹tevilko razdelka ali na stran, na kateri je razdelek. + LyX namesto vas skrbi za pravilne sklice, pa tudi za razdelke in opombe + v nogi. + Samodejne oznaèbe in navzkri¾ni sklici so ena najveèjih prednosti LyXa + (in LaTeXa) pred navadnimi urejevalniki besedil. +\layout Subsection* + +Va¹a prva oznaka +\layout Standard + +Oznaèimo na¹ drugi razdelek z naslovom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +O tem spisu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Kliknite konec vrstice z naslovom razdelka in izberite +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +stavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Oznaka +\family default +. + Prika¾e se menu, ki vas prosi za ime razdelka. + Vpi¹ite +\family typewriter +sec:aboutdocument +\family default +; to se zdi dober opis oznake, ki ga ne boste zamenjali za druge oznake, + ki jih bomo morda ¹e dodali. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Pi¹emo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sec: +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ker lahko oznaèujete tudi enaèbe, tabele in slike. +\end_inset + + Ko kliknete +\family sans +V\SpecialChar ~ +redu +\family default +, se poleg naslova razdelka prika¾e ¹katla z oznako. +\layout Standard + +Mimogrede, oznako bi lahko postavili tudi kamorkoli drugam v razdelek; sklici + na razdelek nosijo ¹tevilko zadnjega razdelka ali podrazdelka pred oznako. + Èe oznako postavite v isto vrstico kot naslov razdelka (ali morda v prvo + vrstico besedila razdelka), pa bodo sklicevanja na stran nosila ¹tevilko + strani zaèetka razdelka. +\layout Standard + +Zaenkrat niste naredili ¹e nièesar -- datoteka +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + bo videti povsem enaka, saj se oznake ne prika¾ejo v natisnjenem spisu. + Vendar se lahko zdaj, ko ste dodali oznako, nanjo sklicujete z navzkri¾nim + sklicevanjem. + To bomo storili zdajle. +\layout Subsection* + +Va¹i prvi navzkri¾ni sklici +\layout Standard + +Postavite kazalec nekje v razdelek 2 va¹ega spisa. + Napi¹ite: +\layout LyX-Code + +Èe ¾elite izvedeti veè o tem spisu, poglejte +\newline +razdelek , ki ga najdete na strani . +\layout Standard + +Zdaj -- s kazalcem za besedo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +razdelek +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + -- izberite +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +stavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Navzk +\bar under +r +\bar default +i¾no\SpecialChar ~ +sklicevanje +\family default +. + Prika¾e se menu +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +referenco +\family default +, v katerem najdete vse mogoèe oznake, na katere se lahko sklicujete. + Trenutno bi morala biti tam le ena, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sec:aboutdocument +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Izberite jo (morda bo izbrana ¾e privzeto) in kliknite +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +referenco +\family default +. + Zdaj postavite kazalec za besedo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +strani +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in na menuju +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +referenco +\family default + kliknite +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +¹tevilko\SpecialChar ~ +strani +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX postavi sklic v ¹katlo natanko tam, kjer je bil kazalec. + V natisnjenem spisu se bo oznaka sklica nadomestila bodisi s ¹tevilko strani + bodisi s ¹tevilko razdelka (odvisno od tega, kaj ste izbrali z menuja +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +referenco +\family default +). + Prikladno je tudi, da se navzkri¾ni sklic med urejanjem spisa v LyXu obna¹a + kot hiperpovezava; èe ga kliknete, prestavite kazalec na oznako sklica. + Uporabite +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atoteka\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Os +\bar under +v +\bar default +e¾i\SpecialChar ~ +dvi +\family default + in videli boste, da se na zadnji strani sklicujemo na +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +razdelek 2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +stran 1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (ali katerokoli stran, na kateri je naslov razdelka 2). +\layout Subsection* + +©e veè zabave z oznakami +\layout Standard + +Povedali smo vam, da LyX skrbi za ¹tevilèenje navzkri¾nih sklicev; zdaj + lahko to preverite. + Za razdelkom 2 dodajte nov razdelek. + Zdaj spet po¾enite LaTeX in sklic na razdelek se je ¾e spremenil v 3! Spremenit +e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +O tem spisu +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + v podrazdelek in navzkri¾ni sklic bo kazal na podrazdelek 2.1 namesto na + razdelek 3. + Sklic na stran se ne bo spremenil, razen èe ne boste dodali celotne strani + besedila pred oznako. +\layout Standard + +Èe ¾elite veè vaditi z oznakami, poskusite vstaviti oznako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sec:myfirstlabel +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + namesto va¹e prvotne oznake in se sklièite na to oznako z nekega drugega + dela spisa. + Èe pogosto vstavljate navzkri¾ne sklice (na primer èe pi¹ete èlanek za + kak¹no revijo), je morda priroèno pustiti okno +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +referenco +\family default + kar odprto. +\layout Standard + +Èe se ¾elite preprièati, ali navzkri¾no sklicevanje deluje tudi z velikimi + spisi, prepi¹ite (s +\family sans +Prepi¹i +\family default +) nekaj strani besedila iz +\emph on +Uporabni¹kega vodnika +\emph default + na odlo¾i¹èe in ga prilepite (s +\family sans +Prilepi +\family default +) v svoj spis +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Mimogrede, prepisovanje naslova poglavja lahko povzroèi napako v LyXu, saj + poglavja niso dovoljena v razredu besedila za pisanje èlankov. + Èe se to zgodi, le izbri¹ite naslov poglavja. + Èe ¾elite vedeti, zakaj se to zgodi, glejte razdelek +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Uredite sklicevanja v +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\layout Section + +Opombe v nogi in na robu +\layout Standard + +Opombe v nogi lahko vstavljate z gumbom +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +opombo\SpecialChar ~ +v\SpecialChar ~ +nogi +\family default + v orodni vrstici +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Gumb prikazuje pu¹èico, ki ka¾e na besedilo v nogi. +\end_inset + + ali z izbiro +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Opomba\SpecialChar ~ +v\SpecialChar ~ +nogi +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Kliknite konec besede +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + nekje v spisu in izberite gumb +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +opombo\SpecialChar ~ +v\SpecialChar ~ +nogi +\family default +. + Pod trenutno vrstico se odpre vrstica opombe v nogi. + Na levem robu vrstice boste videli na sivem ozadju rdeèo besedo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (slov. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +noga +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). + Ostanek vrstice je rdeèe okvirjen; tja pi¹ete va¹o opombo v nogi. + LyX postavi kazalec na zaèetek vrstice. + Napi¹ite +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX je stavni urejevalnik besedil. +\layout Standard + +Zdaj kliknite besedo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Vrstica z opombo izgine, ostane le malce dvignjena rdeèa beseda +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, ki vam poka¾e, kje bo oznaka opombe v nogi v stavljenem besedilu; to se + imenuje +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +zvijanje +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + opombe v nogi. + Opombo v nogi lahko kadarkoli razvijete -- in preuredite njeno besedilo, + èe ¾elite -- s klikom rdeèe oznake +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Morda se spra¹ujete, zakaj je oznaka za opombo v nogi beseda namesto ¹tevilke. + Odgovor: LyX namesto vas skrbi za ¹tevilèenje opomb v nogi. + O tem se lahko preprièate, èe pogledate datoteko +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + (ali izpis). + Èe boste dodali druge opombe v nogi, jih bo LyX pre¹tevilèil. + Ker LyX (no, pravzaprav LaTeX) skrbi za ¹tevilèenje opomb v nogi, zares + ni treba vstavljati ¹tevilk v datoteko za LyX. +\layout Standard + +Opombo v nogi lahko izre¾ete in prilepite kot navadno besedilo. + Kar poskusite! Samo izberete oznako opombe v nogi +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Morda jo boste la¾je izbrali s tipkovnico. + Èe posku¹ate oznaèiti opombo v nogi z mi¹ko, jo lahko po pomoti odprete. +\end_inset + + in uporabite izbiri +\family sans +Izre¾i +\family default + in +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +rilepi +\family default +. + Poleg tega lahko spremenite navadno besedilo v opombo v nogi tako, da ga + izberete in pritisnete gumb +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +opombo\SpecialChar ~ +v\SpecialChar ~ +nogi +\family default +; opombo v nogi pa spremenite v navadno besedilo s klikom gumba +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +opombo\SpecialChar ~ +v\SpecialChar ~ +nogi +\family default +, ko je kazalec na njej. +\layout Standard + +Opombe na robu lahko dodaste z gumbom Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +opombo\SpecialChar ~ +na\SpecialChar ~ +robu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Gumb prikazuje pu¹èico, ki ka¾e na besedilo nad njo na robu in bi moral + biti poleg gumba +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar ~ +opombo\SpecialChar ~ +v\SpecialChar ~ +nogi +\family default + v orodni vrstici. +\end_inset + + ali +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +stavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Opomba\SpecialChar ~ +na\SpecialChar ~ +robu +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + Opombe na robu so kot tiste v nogi, le da: +\layout Itemize + +zaslonska oznaka pravi +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (slov. + rob) namesto +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +; +\layout Itemize + +so opombe postavljene ob rob besedila, ne podenj; +\layout Itemize + +opombe na robu niso o¹tevilèene; +\layout Itemize + +ko opombo zvijete, bo poleg na robu postavljen klicaj. + Ta klicaj se ne bo prikazal v stavljenem besedilu. +\layout Standard + +Spremenite svojo opombo v nogi v besedilo, jo izberite in spremenite v opombo + na robu. + Spet po¾enite LaTeX in poglejte, kako je videti opomba na robu. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Uredite opombo v nogi v datoteki +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\layout Section + +Bibliografije +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +Bibliografije so podobne navzkri¾nim sklicevanjem. + Bibliografija pod naslovom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Literatura +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + na koncu spisa na¹teva seznam virov, na katere se lahko sklicujemo v spisu. + Podobno kot pri naslovih razdelkov vam tudi tokrat LyX in LaTeX olaj¹ata + delo s samodejnim ¹tevilèenjem bibliografskih postavk in samodejno spremembo + sklicev, ko se spremenijo ¹tevilke sklicevanih postavk. +\layout Standard + +Pojdite na konec spisa in vklopite okolje +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +. + Zdaj bo vsak vneseni odstavek pomenil vir. + Napi¹ite +\family typewriter +The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX DocTeam +\family default + kot va¹ prvi vir. + Opazili boste, da LyX pred vsak vir samodejno postavi ¹katlo s ¹tevilko. + Kliknite to ¹tevilko vira in prikazal se bo menu +\family sans +Postavka\SpecialChar ~ +literature +\family default +. + Prvo polje, +\family sans +Kljuè +\family default +, lahko uporabljate za sklicevanje na to postavko v spisu za LyX. + Privzeto je ¹tevilo, vendar ga lahko spremenite tudi v besedo. + Spremenite polje +\family sans +Kljuè +\family default + v +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +lyxtutorial +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, da si ga boste la¾je zapomnili. +\layout Standard + +Zdaj izberite mesto v spisu, kamor bi radi vstavili sklic. + To storite z ukazom +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Citiranje\SpecialChar \@. + +\family default + LyX nari¹e sivo ¹katlo s tremi vpra¹aji med oglatimi oklepaji in prika¾e + se menu +\family sans +Citiranje +\family default +. + Prvo polje v tem menuju se imenuje tudi +\family sans +Kljuè +\family default +, in to polje vam dovoljuje izbirati bibliografsko postavko, na katero se + ¾elite sklicevati +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Zato je pametno, da kljuèe poimenujete z enkratnimi in logiènimi imeni, + namesto da pustite v polju +\family sans +Kljuè +\family default + privzete ¹tevilke. +\end_inset + +. + S pu¹èico na padajoèem menuju na desni strani polja +\family sans +Kljuè +\family default + izberite +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +lyxtutorial +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (trenutno je to edina bibliografska postavka). + Zdaj po¾enite LaTeX in videli boste, da je sklic v besedilu v oglatih oklepajih + in ka¾e na literarni vir na koncu spisa. +\layout Standard + +Kako se uporabljajo druga polja? Polje +\family sans +Opomba +\family default + v menuju +\family sans +Citiranje +\family default + postavi v besedilo opombo (kot sklic na stran ali poglavje v sklicevani + knjigi ali èlanku) v oglatih oklepajih poleg oznake vira. + Èe ¾elite, da bodo imeli sklici v natisnjenem besedilu oznake namesto ¹tevilk + (nekatere revije, na primer, uporabljajo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +[Smi95] +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, kadar se sklicujejo na Smithov èlanek iz leta 1995), uporabite polje +\family sans +Oznaka +\family default + na menuju +\family sans +Postavka\SpecialChar ~ +literature +\family default +. + Kot ponavadi najdete podrobnosti v +\emph on +Uporabni¹kem vodniku +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja: +\series default +Uredite literarne vire in sklicevanje v datoteki +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\layout Section + +Kazalo vsebine +\layout Standard + +Na zaèetek spisa boste morda ¾eleli vkljuèiti vsebinsko kazalo. + Z LyXom je to zelo preprosto. + Med naslovom spisa in prvim naslovom razdelka pritisnite +\family sans +Return +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ne parajte si ¾ivcev s klikanjem ali brisanjem pred ¹tevilko razdelka. + Ne bo delovalo. + Tako ali tako ne morete urediti ¹tevilke razdelka, saj LyX sam skrbi za + ¹tevilèenje razdelkov. +\end_inset + + in izberite +\bar under +V +\bar default +stavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Seznami\SpecialChar ~ +in\SpecialChar ~ +kazala\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Kazalo\SpecialChar ~ +vsebine +\family default +. + V ¹katli (imenovani tudi +\emph on +vstavek +\emph default +, angl. + inset) v prvi vrstici spisa se bo prikazalo besedilo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Vsebinsko kazalo +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Morda se to ne zdi preveè uporabno. + Èe pa si boste ogledali svojo datoteko +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, boste videli, da je kazalo vsebine nastalo samo od sebe in da na¹teva + ¹tevilne razdelke in podrazdelke va¹ega spisa. + Kot ponavadi, èe preuredite razdelke ali ustvarite nove, boste videli te + spremembe v datoteki +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +, ko jo boste osve¾ili. +\layout Standard + +Vsebinsko kazalo se ne prika¾e v zaslonski razlièici spisa, saj ga tako + ali tako ne morete neposredno urediti. + Vendar lahko prika¾ete kazalo v posebnem oknu tako, da kliknete vstavek + vsebinskega kazala ali z izbiro +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +redi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +K +\bar under +a +\bar default +zalo\SpecialChar ~ +vsebine +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ukaz prek menuja bo deloval tudi, èe ¹e nimate vstavka s kazalom vsebine. +\end_inset + +. + To je lahko zelo uporabno orodje. + Okno s kazalom vsebine lahko uporabljate za premikanje po spisu. + Èe kliknete naslov (pod)razdelka v oknu Vsebinsko\SpecialChar ~ +kazalo +\family default +, se bo osvetlila vrstica in premaknil kazalec (v urejevalnem oknu LyXa) + na to mesto v spisu. + Za pomikanje po kazalu lahko uporabljate tudi tipke s pu¹èicami. + Morda se vam bo celo zdelo pripravno, da pustite to okno med urejanjem + spisov vedno odprto. +\layout Standard + +Vsebinskega kazala se znebite tako, da zbri¹ete njegovo oznako kot katerikoli + drug znak. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Uredite vsebinsko kazalo v datoteki +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Uporaba matematike +\layout Standard + +LaTeX uporabljajo ¹tevilni znanstveniki za pisanje èudovitih enaèb brez + krmilnih znakov, ki jih uporabljajo urejevalniki besedil in njihovi urejevalnik +i enaèb. + Vendar so ¹tevilni znanstveniki razoèarani, saj je pisanje enaèb v LaTeXu + bolj programiranje kot pisanje. + Na sreèo ima LyX podporo WYSIWYM za enaèbe. + Èe ste vajeni LaTeXa, lahko ¹e vedno uporabljate vse obièajne matematiène + ukaze LaTeXa, vendar se bodo prikazali v slogu WYSIWYM. + Èe pa niste ¹e nikoli nièesar napisali v LaTeXu, vam bo +\family sans +Matematièna\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èa +\family default + omogoèila hitro in lahko pisanje matematike s profesionalnim videzom +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX pa ne more preveriti, ali je tisto, kar pi¹ete tudi +\emph on +pravilno +\emph default +. + ®al. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Matematièni naèin +\layout Standard + +Nekam v svoj spis za LyX napi¹ite: +\layout LyX-Code + +V¹eè mi je Einsteinov izrek E=mc^2, +\newline +ker je tako preprost. +\layout Standard + +No, enaèba ni videti prav lepo, niti v datoteki +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + ne; med èrkami in enaèajem ni presledka in +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + bi radi napisali kot pravi eksponent. + Za slabo stavljenje je krivo to, da LyXu nismo povedali, da bomo napisali + matematièni izraz, zato ga je postavil kot vsako drugo besedilo. +\layout Standard + +Za matematiène zapise lahko uporabljate naèin Mathed, sicer znan kot matematièni + naèin. + Vanj vstopite s klikom gumba v orodni vrstici, na katerem v modrem pi¹e + +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + +. + LyX bo odprl modri kvadratek s pravokotno vijolièno obrobo. + Modri kvadrat je +\emph on + kraj vstavljanja +\emph default +, ki vam pove, da Mathed èaka, da boste nekaj vstavili, pravokotnik pa vam + sporoèa, da ste v naèinu Mathed. + LyX je postavil kazalec v modri kvadratek, zate vnoviè vpi¹ite +\family typewriter +E=mc^2 +\family default +. + Vpisani izraz je moder in modri kvadrat izgine, br¾ ko kraj vstavljanja + ni veè prazen. + Zdaj pritisnite +\family sans +Esc +\family default + in zapustite Mathed (pozor: z vnoviènim klikom gumba +\family sans +Matematièni\SpecialChar ~ +naèin +\family default + +\emph on +ne boste +\emph default + pri¹li iz Matheda). + Vijolièni pravokotnik izgine, ostane le kazalec na desni strani izraza. + Èe boste zdaj kaj vpisali, bo to spet navadno besedilo. +\layout Standard + +Po¾enite LaTeX in poglejte datoteko +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Opazili boste, da je izraz lepo stavljen, s presledki med èrkami in enaèajem + ter z eksponentom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Za èrke se v matematiènem naèinu predvideva, da pomenijo spremenljivke, + zato so izpisane kurzivno. + ©tevilke so le ¹tevilke. +\layout Standard + +Mathed je ¹e en zgled filozofije WYSIWYM. + V LaTeXu lahko napi¹ete matematièni izraz kot besedilo in ukaze kot je + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +; to je lahko neprijetno, saj izraza ne vidite dokler ne po¾enete LaTeXa, + in lahko izgubljate èas z iskanjem manjkajoèih oklepajev ali drugimi +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +hro¹èi +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Po drugi strani se LyX ne trudi, da bi bil izraz na zaslonu stavljen popolno + (WYSIWYG), a vam daje zelo dober vpogled v videz stavljenega izraza. + Za profesionalno stavljenje potem poskrbi LaTeX. + V 99\SpecialChar ~ +% primerov vam ne bo treba spreminjati velikosti pisave ali presledkov, + ki jih naredi LaTeX. + Tako se boste (oprostite, ker se ponavljamo) lahko osredotoèili na +\emph on +vsebino +\emph default + matematiènih zapisov, ne na njihovo obliko. +\layout Section + +Plovba po enaèbi +\layout Standard + +Zdaj spremenimo +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + v +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Uporabite tipke s pu¹èicami za premik kazalca na izraz. + Ob vstopu v matematièni naèin boste opazili vijolièni pravokotnik, ki vam + nakazuje, da ste spet v naèinu Mathed. + Zdaj uporabite +\family sans +Levo +\family default + in +\family sans +Desno +\family default + za premik kazalca za znakom za enakost in napi¹ite +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1+ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Za izhod iz obrazca lahko spet uporabite tipke s pu¹èicami ali pa +\family sans +Esc +\family default +, in vijolièni pravokotnik bo spet izginil. + Marsikomu se zdi priroèneje uporabljati pu¹èice, vendar lahko tudi kliknete + kjerkoli v izrazu in s tem zaènete na tistem mestu urejati obrazec. +\layout Standard + +Razen pri posebnih tipkah, opisanih zgoraj, je tipkanje v matematiènem naèinu + podobno urejanju navadnega besedila. + Za brisanje uporabljajte +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (ali +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +). + Besedilo izberite bodisi s pu¹èicami bodisi z mi¹ko. + V matematiènem naèinu deluje +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +redi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Razveljavi +\family default +, pa tudi izrezovanje in lepljenje. + Pozorni pa bodite na naslednje: èe ste ravno desno od izraza v Mathedu + in pritisnete +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (ali +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +), se bo izbrisal celoten izraz. + Na sreèo ga lahko priklièete nazaj z +\family sans +Razveljavi +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Kaj pa, èe ¾elite spremeniti +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + v +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + +? Spet lahko uporabite mi¹ko in kliknete pravo mesto. + Lahko pa tudi uporabite tipke s pu¹èicami. + Èe je kazalec takoj za èrko +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, vendar ¹e pred +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, bo pritisk na +\family sans +Gor +\family default + premaknil kazalec na raven eksponenta, prav pred +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Dodajte +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +.5 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Zdaj pritisnite +\family sans +Dol +\family default + in se vrnite na obièajno raven. + Pravzaprav boste s pritiskom na +\family sans +Dol +\family default + kjerkoli v eksponentu premaknili kazalec takoj +\emph on +za +\emph default + eksponent (da bi lahko potem napisali +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Med plovbo po izrazu lahko uporabljate tudi +\family sans +Space +\family default +. + Èe ste trenutno v strukturi Matheda (indeks, eksponent, ulomek, koren, + oklepaji ali matrika, vsi ti so opisani v nadaljnjih razdelkih), pritisk + na +\family sans +Space +\family default + premakne kazalec takoj za to strukturo, vendar ¹e ostanete v Mathedu. + Ko je kazalec kjerkoli v eksponentu, pritisk na +\family sans +Space +\family default + premakne kazalec ni¾je na obièajno raven in takoj za eksponent. + To pomeni, da lahko napi¹ete +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{1+x}-2$ +\end_inset + + brez uporabe mi¹ke +\emph on +ali +\emph default + tipk s pu¹èicami; to vam bo, ko boste postali bolj izku¹eni, gotovo ljub¹e. + Pazite le, da ne boste pritisnili +\family sans +Space +\family default + med enico in znakom za plus, drugaèe boste zapustili eksponent. + Na mestih, kjer te operacije nimajo smisla (denimo med +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +), +\family sans +Space +\family default + ne naredi nièesar +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Space +\family default + in +\family sans +Tab +\family default + +\emph on +ne +\emph default + uporabljamo za dodajanje razmikov med dele enaèbe. + Ta razmik je stvar stavljenja, zato bi ga morali prepustiti LyXu/LaTeXu + (glej razdelek +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +). + Èe niste zadovoljni, lahko uporabite tudi katerega od naèinov za fino stavljenj +e razmikov -- veè o tem izveste v +\emph on +Uporabni¹kem vodniku +\emph default + -- vendar se ne ukvarjajte s finim stavljenjem, dokler spisa ne dokonèate. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Vedite, da za matematiènim izrazom ne bo presledka, èe ga zapustite s pritiskom + +\family sans +Esc +\family default +. + To je v redu, èe vpisujete vejico ali piko, a èe ¾elite vpisati za obrazcem + ¹e kak¹no besedo, morate eksplicitno pritisniti +\family sans +Space +\family default + po izhodu iz Matheda. + Vendar obstaja bli¾njica, èe ste na koncu izraza v Mathedu: v tem primeru + pritisk +\family sans +Space +\family default + zapusti Mathed +\emph on +in +\emph default + izpi¹e presledek za izrazom. + Tako lahko napi¹ete +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + je moja najljub¹a enaèba +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + namesto +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + +je moja najljub¹a enaèba +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Eksponenti in indeksi +\layout Standard + +Eksponent lahko vnesete na menuju +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematika +\family default +, vendar je preprosteje pritisniti znak za streho +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + LyX vstavi mesto vstavljanja (modri kvadrat, saj se spomnite?) v eksponent + tako, da se bo vse, kar boste pisali, prikazalo v eksponentu in v manj¹i + velikosti pisave. + Vse, kar boste pisali do pritiska na +\family sans +Space +\family default + (ali +\family sans +Esc +\family default + za popoln izhod iz Matheda), se bo izpisalo v eksponentu. +\layout Standard + +Tudi pisanje indeksov je enako preprosto -- pisanje pod ravnijo zaènete + s pritiskom na podèrtaj, +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Lahko pi¹ete indekse indeksov in eksponente eksponentov, kot v temle izrazu: + +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Postavite enaèbo 1 v datoteki +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\family default + v matematièni naèin. +\layout Section + + +\family sans +Matematièna plo¹èa +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Matematièna\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èa +\family default + omogoèa vstavljanje simbolov ali izvajanje ¹tevilnih zapletenih funkcij + v Mathedu. + Marsikatero od teh funkcij lahko izvedete s tipkovnico ali prek menuja + +\family sans +\bar under +M +\bar default +atematika +\family default +. + Vendar se bomo osredotoèili na uporabo +\family sans +Matematiène\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èe +\family default + zato, da vas bomo seznanili s tem, kar je na voljo. + Pozneje se lahko nauèite ¹e bli¾njice s tipkovnico, morda iz drugih priroènikov. + Zato zdaj odprite +\family sans +Matematièno\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èo +\family default + in jo med branjem tega razdelka pustite odprto. +\layout Subsection + +Gr¹ke èrke in simboli +\layout Standard + +Èe kliknete gumb z oznako +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\varepsilon\varepsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, boste priklicali menu, s katerega lahko izberete gr¹ko èrko, ki se bo + pokazala pod kazalcem. + Vedite, da je nekaj razlièic èrk epsilon, pi, phi, theta in sigma. + Èe pi¹ete besedilo in izberete kaj z +\family sans +Matematiène\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èe +\family default +, se bo naèin Mathed odprl samodejno; to je prikladna bli¾njica. +\layout Standard + +©tirje drugi gumbi na dnu +\family sans +Matematiène\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èe +\family default + vam dovoljujejo izbirati iz velike tabele simbolov, ki se uporabljajo v + matematiki: razliène pu¹èice, znaki za relacije, operatorji, vsote in integrali. + Vedite, da vam indeksiranje in eksponiranje omogoèata uporabo spodnjih + in zgornjih meja pri vsotah in integralih. + Zadnji gumb pomeni strah vzbujajoèo toèko razno. + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Nothing you can do that can't be done\SpecialChar \ldots{} + All you need is +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Kvadratni koreni, poudarki in oklepaji +\layout Standard + +Kvadratni koren napi¹ete s klikom gumba z znakom kvadratnega korena. + Prika¾e se kvadratni koren in kazalec je na novem mestu vstavljanja pod + kvadratnim korenom. + Lahko vpisujete spremenljivke, ¹tevila, druge kvadratne korene, ulomke, + karkoli ¾e hoèete. + LyX bo samodejno razvlekel kvadratni koren, da bo ta lahko pokril korenjenec. +\layout Standard + +Podobno izvedete poudarjanje znaka ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +) ali skupine znakov ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +). + Pritisnite gumb +\family sans +Okrasek +\family default +, na katerem je modri kvadrat s èrno tildo\SpecialChar ~ +(~) nad njim, in s tem odprite + okno +\family sans +Okrasek +\family default +. + Kliknite okrasek in LyX ga bo izpisal z mestom vstavljanja pod (ali nad) + njim. + Vpi¹ite, kar ¾elite, na mesto vstavljanja in pritisnite +\family sans +Space +\family default +, da +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +zapustite +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + okra¹evanje. +\layout Standard + +Oklepaji, kot so okrogli, oglati in zaviti, delujejo podobno, a so malce + bolj zapleteni. + Pritisnite gumb +\family sans +Oklepaji +\family default +, ki je videti kot moder kvadrat, obkro¾en z oklepaji, da se prika¾e okno + +\family sans +Oklepajev +\family default +. + Kliknite levi oklepaj z +\emph on +levim gumbom mi¹ke +\emph default + in desni oklepaj z +\emph on +desnim gumbom mi¹ke +\emph default +. + (Namesto tega lahko uporabite radijska gumba, oznaèena z +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Levi +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Desni +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, in potem kliknete oklepaje z +\emph on +levim gumbom mi¹ke +\emph default +.) Va¹ trenutni izbor oklepajev je prikazan v ¹katli na vrhu okna. + Privzeto je to par okroglih oklepajev, a s to splo¹no metodo izbiranja + lahko izberete par zavitih oklepajev, zaviti oklepaj in okrogli zaklepaj + ali celo prazen kvadrat, da dobite nekaj kot +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (prazni oklepaj je v LyXu prikazan kot prekinjena èrna èrta, ki pa je v + izhodu ne bo videti). +\layout Standard + +Ko izberete svoje oklepaje, kliknite +\family sans +V\SpecialChar ~ +redu +\family default + in jih s tem prenesite v svoj izraz (ali pritisnite +\family sans +Uporabi +\family default +, èe ¾elite pustiti okno odprto za naslednjiè). + Èe ste leni, lahko v matematiènem naèinu vpi¹ete prave oklepaje, namesto + da jih izbirate z oknom +\family sans +Oklepaji +\family default +. + Vendar bodo ti roèno vneseni oklepaji enako veliki kakor navadno besedilo; + to bo videti slabo, èe imate med oklepaji velik ulomek ali matriko. + Z uporabo okna +\family sans +Oklepaji +\family default + lahko zagotovite, da so velikosti oklepajev prilagojene dejanski vsebini. +\layout Standard + +Oklepaje ali znake za kvadratni koren lahko postavljate tudi na ¾e obstojeèe + besedilo. + Izberite del obrazca, ki ga ¾elite prilagoditi, in potem kliknite na ¾eleni + gumb na +\family sans +Matematièni\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èi +\family default +. + To poskusite uporabiti in spremenite Newtonov drugi zakon iz skalarne oblike + v vektorsko ( +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + v +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + Ko boste enkrat spoznali matrike, boste lahko tako dodajali oklepaje okoli + njih. +\layout Subsection + +Ulomki +\layout Standard + +V Mathedu je preprosto pisati ulomke. + Samo gumb z ulomkom na +\family sans +Matematièni\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èi +\family default +, ki prikazuje ulomek z modrima kvadratoma namesto ¹tevca in imenovalca, + kliknite. + LyX zapi¹e v ulomek dve mesti vstavljanja. + Kot bi predvidevali, se lahko po ulomku premikate s tipkami s pu¹èicami + ali z mi¹ko. + Kliknite zgornji kvadrat in napi¹ite +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Zdaj pritisnite +\family sans +Dol +\family default + in napi¹ite +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + Zapisali ste ulomek! Seveda lahko v vsako od tistih dveh ¹katel napi¹ete + karkoli: spremenljivke z eksponenti, kvadratne korene, druge ulomke ali + karkoli ¾e. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Postavite enaèbo 2 v datoteki +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\family default + v matematièni naèin. +\layout Subsection + +Naèin TeX: Limite, log, sin in drugi +\layout Standard + +Èrke v matematiènem naèinu veljajo za spremenljivke, zato LyX misli, da + hoèete z vnosom +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + v matematiènem naèinu pravzaprav vnesti produkt treh spremenljivk, +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + +, in +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + +. + Tri èrke bodo stavljene kurzivno, èeprav ste pravzaprav mislili postaviti + besedo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + kot pokonèno. + Poleg tega LyX ne bo dodal presledka med besedi +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + (s pritiskom na +\family sans +Space +\family default + le zapustite matematièni naèin). + Kako torej dobiti +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + namesto +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Kliknite +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + v opisni ¹katli +\family sans +Funkcije +\family default + v +\family sans +Matematièni\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èi +\family default +. + Prika¾e se beseda +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + v pokonèni rdeèi pisavi, znani tudi kot +\emph on +naèin TeX +\emph default +. + Celotna beseda se obravnava kot en simbol, zato jo pritisk na +\family sans + Backspace +\family default + zbri¹e. + Zdaj vtipkajte +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +; izpisan bo v modri kurzivni pisavi, kot bi v Mathedu tudi prièakovali. + V datoteki +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default + bo izraz pravilno stavljen. + Poskusite. +\layout Standard + +Drugi ukazi, ki jih morate vnesti v naèinu TeX z uporabo opisne ¹katle +\family sans +Funkcije +\family default + obsegajo druge trigonometriène funkcije in njihove inverze, hiperboliène + funkcije, logaritme, limite in ¹e kar nekaj drugih. + Te funkcije lahko prenesejo tudi indekse ali eksponente, potrebne za vnos + +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + ali +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Postavite enaèbo 3 v datoteki +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\family default + v matematièni naèin. +\layout Subsection + +Matrike +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +Kliknite gumb +\family sans +Matrika +\family default + na +\family sans +Matematièni\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èi +\family default +. + Menu +\family sans +Matrika +\family default + premore dva pomièna drsnika, ki omogoèata izbiranje ¹tevila vrstic in stolpcev + za va¹o matriko. + Izberite dve vrstici in tri stolpce in pritisnite +\family sans +Uporabi +\family default + ali +\family sans +V\SpecialChar ~ +redu +\family default +. + LyX pripravi ¹est mest vstavljanja v matriki reda +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + +. + Kot po navadi lahko tudi tokrat na vsako mesto vstavljanja vstavite poljubni + izraz v Mathedu (kvadratni koren, drugo matriko itd.). + Èe ¾elite, lahko celo pustite nekatera mesta vstavljanja prazna. +\layout Standard + +Za vodoravno premikanje iz enega stolpca matrike v drugega lahko uporabljate + tipko +\family sans +Tab +\family default +, lahko pa uporabljate tudi tipke s pu¹èicami -- pritisk na +\family sans +Desno +\family default + na koncu prve ¹katle vas bo premaknil v naslednjo, +\family sans +Dol +\family default + vas premakne v naslednjo vrsto itd. +\layout Standard + +Veè o tem, kako spremeniti vodoravno poravnavo vsakega stolpca in kako spremenit +i navpièni polo¾aj celotne matrike, najdete v +\emph on +Uporabni¹kem vodniku +\emph default +. + Vedite, da naj bi za pisanje tabele, v kateri je le besedilo, uporabili + èudovito podporo v LyXu za tabele, ne pa da se trudite pisati besedilo + v matriko. +\layout Subsection + +Prikazni naèin +\layout Standard + +Vsi izrazi, ki smo jih napisali doslej, so bili v isti vrstici kot besedilo + pred njimi in za njimi -- tak¹ni izrazi so znani kot +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +zajeti +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + To zadostuje za kratke, preproste izraze, vendar jih morate, èe ¾elite + pisati veèje, ali èe ¾elite, da bi izrazi izstopali iz besedila, pisati + v prikaznem naèinu. + Poleg tega lahko le prikazane izraze oznaèujete in ¹tevilèite (glej +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default +) in veèvrstiène enaèbe (glej razdelek +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +) morajo biti v prikaznem naèinu. +\layout Standard + +Na +\family sans +Matematièni\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èi +\family default + kliknite gumb +\family sans +Prikaz +\family default +, ki ponazarja dve vrstici besedila pred usredinjeno modro ¹katlo in za + njo. + LyX odpre mesto vstavljanja, vendar je to mesto v naslednji vrstici in + usredinjeno. + Zdaj vpi¹ite izraz in po¾enite LaTeX, da ga boste videli. + Gumb +\family sans +Prikaz +\family default + pravzaprav preklaplja; zdaj ga uporabite ter postavite nekaj va¹ih izrazov + v prikazni naèin in nazaj. +\layout Standard + +Prikazni naèin se malce razlikuje od navadnega Matheda: +\layout Itemize + +privzeta pisava je za nekatere simbole, kot sta +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + in +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + +, manj¹a; +\layout Itemize + +indeksi in eksponenti za limite in vsote (vendar ne tudi za integrale) so + izpisani pod simbolom namesto poleg njega; +\layout Itemize + +besedilo je usredinjeno. +\layout Standard + +Razen teh razlik pa so si prikazani in zajeti izrazi zelo podobni. +\layout Standard + +©e zadnji napotek o stavljenju prikazanih enaèb: bodite previdni pri tem, + ali vstavljate svojo enaèbo v nov odstavek ali ne. + Èe va¹a enaèba nastopa sredi stavka ali odstavka, ne pritisnite +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + To bi povzroèilo nastanek novega odstavka takoj +\emph on +za +\emph default + enaèbo in besedilo bi bilo zamaknjeno; tega verjetno ne ¾elite. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Postavite razliène enaèbe v +\family typewriter +sl_primer_surov.lyx +\family default + v prikazni naèin in si oglejte, kako razlièno se stavijo. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Vaja +\series default +: Z uporabo razliènih orodij, ki ste jih spoznali v tem razdelku, bi morali + znati postaviti enaèbo, kot je: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Veèvrstiène enaèbe +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +Poskusite napisati naslednje enaèbe in poglejte izhodno datoteko +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +. + Vnesti boste morali dve razlièni enaèbi v prikaznem naèinu. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y+y+y+y+y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +=5y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +To sploh ni videti dobro! Èe napi¹ete dve ali veè enaèb zapored, so videti + veliko bolje, èe so njihovi enaèaji poravnani; to ¹e posebej dr¾i, èe druga + enaèba nima leve strani. + LyX vam dovoljuje pisati veèvrstiène enaèbe z nekaj nadzora nad njihovim + poravnavanjem. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\ + & = & 5y\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +To je videti +\emph on +precej +\emph default + bolje! Enaèaja sta poravnana in med enaèbama je manj navpiènega presledka. +\layout Standard + +Za zaèetek pisanja veèvrstiène enaèbe odprite prikazni naèin Matheda in + pritisnite +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +. + LyX bo izpisal dve vrstici, od katerih bo vsaka imela tri mesta vstavljanja. + Kot pri matrikah lahko uporabljate mi¹ko, pu¹èice ali +\family sans +Tab +\family default + za premikanje z enega mesta vstavljanja na drugo. + Poskusite reproducirati zgornjo dvovrstièno enaèbo. + Vedite, da je v veèvrstièni enaèbi povsem dovoljeno pustiti eno ali veè + mest vstavljanja praznih. + To je lahko uporabno v primerih, kot je zgornji, ali za razdelitev zelo + dolgih enaèb, denimo: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & a+b+c+d\\ + & & +e+f+g\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX bo poravnal drugo (sredi¹èno) polje vsake vrstice, zato boste navadno + v to polje postavili enaèaje ali druge relacijske simbole, èeprav lahko + tja postavite, karkoli ¾elite. + Vendar ne uporabljajte veèvrstiènih enaèb za izpis matrike; za to uporabite + matriko (glej razdelek +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Èe ¾elite ¹e veè enaèb, uporabite +\family sans +C-Return +\family default + za novo vrstico s tremi praznimi mesti vstavljanja. + Èe niste na koncu vrstice, ko to storite, se bo preostanek trenutne vrstice + prenesel v novo. + Èe pritisnete +\family sans +C-Return +\family default +, ko ste ¾e napisali (enovrstièno) enaèbo, bo vsa enaèba v prvem polju. + Postavite kazalec pred enaèaj in pritisnite +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default +, da ga premaknete v drugo polje. + Potem se premaknite za enaèaj in spet uporabite +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default + za premik desne strani enaèbe v tretje polje. + Poskusite spremeniti svojo enaèbo +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + v +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +E & = & mc^{2}\\ + & = & mc\times c\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Èe napi¹ete preveè vrstic, postavite kazalec na konec vrstice in uporabite + +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + za izbris naslednje. + To bo zbrisalo znak za konec vrstice in zdru¾ilo naslednjo vrstico (vsa + njena tri mesta) s koncem trenutne. + Èe je naslednja vrstica prazna, jo bo to zbrisalo. + Opozorilo: uporaba +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default +, ko niste na koncu vrstice, lahko povzroèi èudno vedenje. +\layout Section + +©e veè matematike +\layout Standard + +Mathed zmore ¹e veliko veè. + Do zdaj ste se ¾e udomaèili v osnovah, zato le poglejte v +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default +, kako: +\layout Itemize + +oznaèevati in ¹tevilèiti izraze; +\layout Itemize + +spreminjati vrsto in obliko pisav, npr., v izrazu uporabiti polkrepko besedilo. + Tu bomo zapisali, da klik gumba +\family sans +Matematièni\SpecialChar ~ +naèin +\family default + v orodni vrstici, ko ste ¾e v Mathedu, omogoèa pisanje pokonènih èrk, dokler + ne pritisnete (neza¹èitenega) presledka; +\layout Itemize + +na fino urediti velikost pisav in presledkov v izrazu (ne skrbite za to + pred dokonèno predrazlièico!); +\layout Itemize + +pisati makroukaze. + Ti so zelo moèno orodje, saj jih lahko definirate enkrat na vrhu spisa + in uporabljate v vsem spisu. + Èe spremenite definicijo makroukaza, se bo spremenil sklic na ta makroukaz + v vsem spisu. + Makroukazi lahko vzamejo tudi argumente; +\layout Itemize + +poèeti ¹tevilne druge stvari, ki jih v tem +\emph on +Uèbeniku +\emph default + nismo utegnili omeniti. +\layout Chapter + +Razno +\layout Section + +Druge poglavitne odlike LyXa +\layout Standard + +Nismo na¹teli vseh ukazov LyXa in tega tudi ne nameravamo. + Èe vas zanima kaj veè, kot po navadi poglejte v +\emph on +Uporabni¹ki vodnik +\emph default +. + Natanèna vloga vseh menujskih ukazov je opisana v +\emph on +Referenènem priroèniku +\emph default +. + Omenili bomo le nekaj pomembnej¹ih stvari, ki jih lahko postori LyX\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Itemize + +LyX ima podporo WYSIWYG za tabele. + Uporabite +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +stavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ta +\bar under +b +\bar default +ela +\family default + za tabelo. + Kliknite tabelo z +\emph on +desnim gumbom +\emph default + in odprl se bo menu +\family sans +Naèrt\SpecialChar ~ +tabele +\family default + ter vam omogoèil dodatno izèrpno urejanje. +\layout Itemize + +LyX podpira tudi vstavljanje slik v postscriptu (ali surovem LaTeXu) v spise. + (Uganili ste: +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +stavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Slika +\family default +. + Potem kliknite sliko ter izberite datoteko, ki naj se vkljuèi, kot zasuka + ali faktor poveèave, itd.) Tabele in slike imajo lahko razlage in LyX zna + sam narediti seznam slik in/ali tabel. +\layout Itemize + +Podprt je nadzor razlièic spisov z uporabo sistema RCS (podrobnosti v +\family typewriter +man rcsintro +\family default +). +\layout Itemize + +LyX je zelo nastavljiv. + Na ¹tevilne naèine je mogoèe nastaviti vse, od videza okna z LyXom do videza + izhoda. + Veè o tem najdete v +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +omoè\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Prilagoditev +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +LyX razvija skupina programerjev s petih celin. + Zato ima LyX bolj¹o podporo neangle¹kim jezikom (sloven¹èini, nizozem¹èini, + nem¹èini, gr¹èini, èe¹èini, tur¹èini\SpecialChar \ldots{} +) kot marsikateri drug urejevalnik + besedil. + Lahko pi¹ete spise v razliènih jezikih, lahko pa tudi nastavite LyX, da + bo prikazoval svoje menuje in sporoèila o napakah v neangle¹kih jezikih. +\layout Itemize + +LyX lahko bere spise, pisane v LaTeXu. + Glej razdelek +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Pravopisne napake v spisu preverite z +\family sans +\bar under +U +\bar default +redi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Èrkovalnik +\family default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vedite, da èrkovalnik preveri spis le od kazalca do konca spisa. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +LyX za uporabnike LaTeXa +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +Èe o LaTeXu ne veste nièesar, vam tega razdelka ni treba brati. + Najbr¾ se boste raje najprej ¾eleli +\emph on +nauèiti +\emph default + kaj o LaTeX-u in ¹ele potem prebrali tale razdelek. + Vendar bo mnogim, ki bodo zaèeli uporabljati LyX, LaTeX ¾e domaè. + Èe tudi vi sodite mednje, se morda spra¹ujete, ali LyX lahko res postori + vse, kar zmore LaTeX. + Na kratko bi lahko rekli, da LyX zmore tako ali drugaèe skoraj vse, kar + zmore LaTeX, da pa vsekakor poenostavi veèino priprav spisov v LaTeXu. + Trenutno je malce neroden pri spreminjanju starih spisov v LaTeXu in ¹e + ponekod drugod, vendar se bodo poznej¹e razlièice LyXa teh te¾av otresle. +\layout Standard + +Ker je to le uèbenik, bomo omenili le tisto, kar bo zanimalo najveè novih + uporabnikov LyXa. + Da bi ohranili kratkost +\emph on +Uèbenika +\emph default +, torej tu podajmo le najnujnej¹e. + V +\emph on +Uporabni¹kem vodniku +\emph default + je zbrana veèina podatkov o razlikah med LyXom in LaTeXom in navodila, + kako uporabiti razliène zvijaèe, ki jih ponuja LaTeX, v LyXu. +\layout Subsection + +Naèin TeX +\layout Standard + +Vse, kar vnesete v naèinu TeX, se dobesedno prenese LaTeXu in je na zaslonu + vidno v rdeèi barvi. + V naèin TeX vstopite z izbiro +\family sans +Videz\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Slog\SpecialChar ~ +TeXa +\family default + ali èe kliknete rdeèi preklopni gumb v orodni vrstici. +\layout Standard + +V Mathedu se naèin TeX obravnava malce drugaèe. + Vanj vstopite tako, da pritisnete nagibnico. + Nagibnica se ne izpi¹e, a vse, kar boste vpisali po tem, se prika¾e v rdeèi + barvi. + Naèin TeX lahko zapustite s pritiskom +\family sans +Space +\family default + ali kakega drugega neabecednega znaka, kot je ¹tevilka, podèrtaj, streha + ali oklepaj. + Ko zapustite naèin TeX, bo LyX spremenil va¹ ukaz v WYSIWYM, èe ga prepozna. + Èe torej v Mathedu napi¹ete +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default + in pritisnete +\family sans +Space +\family default +, bo LyX spremenil rdeèi napis +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +gamma +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + v modro gr¹ko èrko +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + To deluje skoraj pri vseh nezapletenih matematiènih makroukazih (èeprav + vedite, da bodo funkcije, kot je +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sin +\family default +, ¹e vedno ostale rdeèe, saj so ¾e v obliki WYSIWYM). + To je lahko hitrej¹e kot uporaba +\family sans +Matematiène\SpecialChar ~ +plo¹èe +\family default + in je posebej primerno za izku¹ene uporabnike LaTeXa. +\layout Standard + +Kot poseben primer, èe v matematiènem naèinu TeX vpi¹ete zaviti oklepaj, + bo Mathed izpisal rdeèi zaviti oklepaj +\emph on +in +\emph default + zaklepaj, vas potem odvedel +\emph on +iz +\emph default + naèina TeX in postavil kazalec med zavita oklepaja. + Tako je bolj priroèno vpisovati ukaze, ki zahtevajo argument, a jih Mathed + ne pozna. +\layout Standard + +LyX (¹e?) ne zmore èisto vsega, kar zmore LaTeX. + Nekatere eksotiène funkcije sploh niso podprte, medtem ko druge delujejo, + a rezultati niso vidni v obliki WYSIWYG. + Naèin TeX dovoljuje uporabnikom, da popolnoma izkoristijo pro¾nost LaTeXa, + pri tem pa lahko uporabljajo vse prikladne oblike LyXa, kot je matematika + WYSIWYG, tabele in urejanje. + LyX nikoli ne bo mogel podpirati vseh paketov za LaTeX. + Vendar z vpisom +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{foo} +\family default + v vzglavju (glej razdelek +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +) lahko uporabite katerikoli paket, ki ga ¾elite -- èeprav ne boste imeli + podpore WYSIWYG za vse odlike tega paketa. +\layout Subsection + +Uvoz spisov v LaTeXu -- +\family typewriter +reLyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +Datoteko za LaTeX lahko uvozite v LyX z uporabo +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atoteka\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +U +\bar default +voz\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaTeX +\family default + v LyXu. + To bo poklicalo skript v perlu, imenovan +\family typewriter + reLyX +\family default + -- ta bo ustvaril datoteko +\family typewriter +foo.lyx +\family default + iz datoteke +\family typewriter +foo.tex +\family default + -- in potem odprlo to datoteko. + Èe sprememba ne deluje, poskusite priklicati +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + iz ukazne vrstice +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ob namestitvi LyXa se v isti imenik kot program +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + namesti tudi posebna izvedljiva datoteka, imenovana +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + (npr. + +\family typewriter +/usr/local/bin/reLyX +\family default +). + +\family typewriter + reLyX +\family default + potrebuje Perl (ko smo to pisali, razlièico 5.002). +\end_inset + +, morda brez natanènej¹ih izbir. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +ReLyX +\family default + bo spremenil veèino legalnega LaTeXa, a ne vsega. + Tisto, èesar ne razume, bo pustil v naèinu TeX, da boste lahko po spremembi + z +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default +om na¹li rdeèe besedilo in ga roèno popravili, da bo videti prav. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +ReLyX +\family default +u je posveèena posebna stran referenènega priroènika. + Preberite jo in ugotovite, kateri ukazi in okolja LaTeXa ¹e niso podprti, + morebitne hro¹èe (in kako se jim izogniti) ter kako uporabljati razliène + izbire. +\layout Subsection + +Prevajanje spisov v LyXa v LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Morda boste ¾eleli preoblikovati spis v LyXu v datoteko za LaTeX. + Denimo, da bi jo sodelavec ali soavtor, ki nima LyXa, ¾elel prebrati. + Z LyXom je to zelo preprosto. + Izberite +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +atoteka\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +I +\bar default +zvoz\SpecialChar \menuseparator +kot\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default +. + To bo ustvarilo datoteko +\family typewriter +karkoli.tex +\family default + iz datoteke +\family typewriter +karkoli.lyx +\family default +, ki jo urejate. + LyX venomer ustvarja zaèasne datoteke za LaTeX, ko pregledujete ali tiskate + datoteke, zato je zelo dober v ustvarjanju LaTeXa. +\layout Subsection + +Vzglavje LaTeXa +\layout Subsubsection + +Razred spisa +\layout Standard + +Menu +\family sans +Videz\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spis +\family default + poskrbi za ¹tevilne izbire, ki bi jih sicer vnesli z ukazom +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default +. + Tu spremenite razred, privzeto velikost pisave in papirja. + Dodatne izbire za ukaz +\family typewriter + +\backslash +documentclass +\family default + lahko vnesete na obmoèje +\family sans +Dodatne\SpecialChar ~ +izbire +\family default +. +\layout Subsubsection + +Drugo v vzglavju +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble} + +\end_inset + +Èe imate posebne ukaze, ki bi jih radi vnesli v vzglavje datoteke za LaTeX, + jih lahko uporabite tudi v spisu za LyX. + Izberite +\family sans +Videz\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Vzglavje\SpecialChar ~ +za\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX +\family default + in jih vpi¹ite v sve¾e odprto okno. + Vse, kar boste napisali, se bo (kot v naèinu TeX) preneslo neposredno LaTeXu. +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX ima dobro, a ne polno podporo BibTeXu. + Ta vam omogoèa gradnjo baz podatkov literarnih sklicev, ki jih lahko uporabljat +e v razliènih spisih. + Izberite +\family sans +Vstavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Seznami\SpecialChar ~ +in\SpecialChar ~ +kazala\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Viri\SpecialChar ~ +iz\SpecialChar ~ +BibTeXa +\family default + za vstavitev datoteke +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +. + Kliknite nastalo ¹katlo +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Reference, ustvarjene z BibTeXom +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + in dobili boste menu z imenom +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +. + V polje +\family sans +Baza\SpecialChar ~ +podatkov +\family default + vpi¹ite, kar bi sicer vpisali med zavita oklepaja ukaza +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Kot v navadnem LaTeXu morajo biti razlièni viri loèeni z vejicami brez nevidnih + znakov (presledkov in predelènikov). +\end_inset + +. + V polje +\family sans +Slog +\family default +vpi¹ite, kar bi sicer vpisali v zavitih oklepajih ukaza +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Ko ste to storili, lahko uporabljate sklice na katerikoli zajeti vir z ukazom + +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +stavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Citiranje +\family default + (glej razdelek +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +). + LyX bo poskrbel za poganjanje BibTeXa. + To, da ima LyX +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +dobro, a ne polno podporo +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +, pravimo zato, ker LyX ne more ustvariti datotek +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + in ne boste dobili seznama vseh virov v va¹i datoteki +\family typewriter +bib +\family default + z menuja +\family sans +Citiranje +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Razno +\layout Standard + +Za¹èiteni presledek vstavite s kombinacijo +\family sans +C-space +\family default +. + Na zaslonu se bo prikazal majhen ro¾nat +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +. + V +\emph on +Uèbeniku +\emph default + jih je veliko. + Vse o drugih posebnih znakih, skupaj s tropièjem, prisiljenim prelomom + vrstice in mestom delitve besede, najdete v menuju +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +stavi\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Posebni\SpecialChar ~ +znak +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Napake! +\layout Standard + +Vèasih, ko boste LaTeXali spis, bodo nastale napake, ki jih ne razumeta + niti LyX niti LaTeX. + Ko se to zgodi, bo LyX ustvaril ¹katlo z obvestilom o napaki (okno, v katerem + pi¹e +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +error +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +). + Klik te ¹katle bo odprl okno, ki bo pokazalo, za kak¹no napako gre. + Èe ste vi storili nekaj narobe z LyXom, bo to napaka v LyXu. + Te bi morale biti zelo zelo redke. + Èe je imel te¾ave LaTeX (najpogosteje se to zgodi s tistim, kar je napisano + v naèinu TeX), bo LyX le povzel sporoèilo o napaki, ki ga je sporoèil LaTeX. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/sv_Intro.lyx b/lib/doc/sv_Intro.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..945f814397 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/sv_Intro.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,1101 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass article +\language swedish +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics default +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language swedish +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle plain + +\layout Title + +Introduktion till LyX +\newline +eller +\newline +Hur använda dessa manualer! +\layout Author + +av John Weiss och dokumentationsgruppen för LyX +\newline + +\size normal +\emph on +(Översatt från engelskan av +\noun on +Joacim Persson +\noun default +) +\layout Section + +Att navigera runt i dokumentationen +\layout Standard + +Välkommen till LyX! +\layout Standard + +För att det skall bli lättare att hitta svar på dina frågor och beskriva + alla funktioner i LyX har dokumentationen delats upp i flera filer. + Varje fil har sitt eget syfte. + Innan du börjar plöja runt i de andra filerna bör du grundligt läsa igenom + denna eftersom den innehåller en hel del information och kommentarer som + kan spara dig lite tid. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom medskip \align center +VARNING!! +\layout Standard + +Dokumentationen är till stor del ofullständig i nuläget! Som programmet, + är manualerna fortfarande i beta-stadiet. + Allt blir färdigt till version 1.0 +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Den engelska då förstås. + (ö.anm) +\end_inset + +, på hedersord! +\layout Standard + +Gör oss alla en tjänst -- om något i dokumentationen verkar förvirrande, + är oklart, eller fel, tveka inte att tala om det för oss! Du kan nå LyX-folket + på utvecklarnas epostlista +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +På listan talas engelska. + Felaktigheter i de engelska orginalversionerna slår troligen igenom i den + svenska. + Om det bara är fel i den svenska versionen, eller om din engelska är knagglig, + kontakta översättaren av respektive dokument. +\end_inset + +. + +\family default + +\layout Section + +Formen på manualerna +\layout Standard + +Några av er har kanske skrivit ut manualen. + Andra kanske läser den på skärmen med LyX. + För er som läser den på skärmen bör kanske nämnas att det skiljer sig något + mellan den utskrivna versionen och den på skärmen. + För det första ligger titeln bara i toppen på dokumentet, inte formaterad + på en egen sida som i de tryckta versionerna av några av manualerna. + För det andra är varken fotnoter eller innehållförteckningen synliga. + Det finns ett fönster för innehållsförteckningen. + Du öppnar det genom att vänsterklicka på den gråa rutan märkt +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Innehåll +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + i dokumentfönstret, eller genom att välja +\family sans +Innehållsförteckning +\family default + från menyn +\family sans +Redigera +\family default +. + För att titta på en fotnot, som ser ut så här +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Hej på dej du! +\end_inset + +, klicka på den med vänsterknappen på musen. +\layout Standard + +Nu när vi klarat ut några av skillnaderna mellan den tryckta versionen och + den på skärmen kan vi gå över till formatet på detta dokument. + Emellanåt finner du text olika teckenstilar: +\layout Itemize + + +\emph on +Betonad stil +\emph default + används för betoning av ord och fraser i allmänhet, boktitlar, namn på + avsnitt i andra manualer och notiser från författarna. +\layout Itemize + + +\family typewriter +Skrivmaskinsstil +\family default + används för programnamn och filnamn, LaTeX-kod, LyX-kod och funktioner. +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Linjärer +\family default + används för menyval, knappar och namn på dialogrutor, samt för namnen på + tangenter på tangentbordet. +\layout Itemize + + +\noun on +Namnstil +\noun default + används för personnamn. +\layout Standard + +För tangenter och deras bindningar till funktioner kommer du troligtvis + att hänvisas till +\emph on +Tangentbindningar +\emph default + i +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Referensmanualen +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + När vi refererar till tangenter så använder vi följande skrivsätt för prefix: +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +C- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + indikerar +\family sans +Control. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +S- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + indikerar +\family sans +Shift +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +M- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + indikerar +\family sans +Meta- +\family default + tangenten, vilken på många tangentbord är samma som +\family sans +Alt +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F1 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +F12 +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + är funktionstangenterna +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Esc +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + är +\family sans +Escape. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Vänster +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Höger +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Upp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Ned +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: piltangenterna. +\layout Itemize + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Insert +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Delete +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Home +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +End +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: Detta är de sex tangenterna som finns på många PC-tangentbord. + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageUp +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + och +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +PageDown +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + heter även +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Prior +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + och +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Next +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + på vissa tangentbord. + +\layout Itemize + + +\family sans +Retur +\family default + och +\family sans +Enter +\family default + avser båda samma tangent. + Vissa tangentbord betecknar +\family sans +Retur +\family default + med +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Return +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, andra med +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Enter +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, och vissa har en av varje. + LyX behandlar alla som samma tangent, så vi kommer att använda +\family sans +Retur +\family default + och +\family sans +Enter +\family default + om vartannat. +\layout Standard + +Du lär också se något i stil med +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +[Se +\emph on +Referensmanualen +\emph default +] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ibland. + Vi har listat de förvalda tangentbindningarna för funktionerna i +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Referensmanualen +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, så titta där med. +\layout Section + +Manualerna +\layout Standard + +Följande lista beskriver innehållet i var och en av filerna i dokumentationen: +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Introduktion +\emph default +Denna fil. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Nybörjarkurs +\emph default +Om du är nybörjare med LyX, och aldrig har använt LaTeX förut, eller aldrig + ens hört talas om LaTeX så bör du börja här. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default +Huvuddokumentationen. + Vi försöker täcka +\emph on +det mesta +\emph default +av grundläggande funktioner och tillgängliga finesser i LyX här. + Huvudmanualen förtsätter att du har åtminstone någon kunskap om LaTeX, + eller att du läst +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Avancerad\SpecialChar ~ +redigering +\emph default +Förlängning av +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default +som behandlar fler dokumenttyper och särskild redigering, bland annat några + knep med LaTeX. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Anpassning +\emph default +En beskrivning till hur man skräddarsyr tangentbindningar, verktygspanelen + och andra saker i LyX. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Referensmanualen +\emph default +Denna innehåller en utförlig, detaljerad beskrivning av finesserna i LyX. + Dock utan de hjälpsamma tipsen och beskrivningarna som finns i +\emph on +Handboken.Särskilda\SpecialChar ~ +verktyg +\emph default +En fil som täcker alla specialverktyg och avancerade företeelser, bland + annat några knep som används av mästarna på LaTeX. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +Kända\SpecialChar ~ +fel +\emph default +Denna fil innehåller en lista av fel i programmet LyX, och ger instruktioner + om vad du skall göra om du hittar ett. +\layout Description + + +\emph on +LaTeX-konfiguration +\emph default +LyX undersöker ditt system vid installationen. + Denna fil innehåller information om vad LyX har tagit reda på om din LaTeX-inst +allation. + Titta i den och se om du saknar något som du skulle vilja ha. +\layout Standard + +Dessa filer kommer att hänvisa till varandra när så är nödvändigt. + Till exempel innehåller +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + inte +\emph on +all +\emph default +information om installation och anpassning utan hänvisar läsaren till +\emph on +Anpassning +\emph default + för mer information. +\layout Standard + +Vi vill åter igen betona en viktig sak: +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.51cm \added_space_bottom 0.51cm \align center +Om du aldrig använt eller ens hört talas om LaTeX, läs +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +LyX kan annars kanske förfalla konstig och oanvändbar för dig. +\layout Section + +Att bidra till dokumentationsprojektet +\layout Subsection + +Rapportera fel +\layout Standard + +Det är enkelt. + Skicka bara ett meddelande antingen till utvecklarnas epostlista eller + till användarnas epostlista. + Om du sätter titeln till +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Doc Error +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + eller något liknande blir det lättare för oss att se det. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Nu finns det förstås ännu ingen särskild epostlista för den svenska versionen + +\emph on +(ö.anm.) +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 1.06cm \added_space_bottom 1.06cm \align center + +\shape italic +Ändra aldrig i någon av manualerna utan att först tala med författaren i + fråga! +\layout Standard + +Sådana ändringar hamnar ändå inte i dokumentationen, eftersom dokumentationsgrup +pen har orginalen i CVS-trädet. +\layout Subsection + +Att sätta igång +\layout Standard + +Dokumentationsprojektet kan, som allt annat i LyX-projektet, alltid behöva + hjälp! Om du är sugen på att bidra till projektet så bör du +\emph on +först +\emph default + göra följande: +\layout Enumerate + +Skaffa den senaste versionen av källkoden till LyX. + I filträdet hittar du en katalog som heter +\family typewriter +development +\family default +. + I den katalogen ligger en fil som heter +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +. + Läs den; den fastslår stilen på dokumentationen. +\layout Enumerate + +Läs +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default + igen. +\layout Enumerate + +Läs sedan +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default +. + Alltihop. + +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Vitsen med det är att ge dig idéer. + +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + är den mest kompletta av alla handböckerna. + Där bör du få en uppfattning om hur vi vill att manualerna skall skrivas + och se ut. +\end_deeper +\layout Enumerate + +Kontakta slutligen utvecklingsgruppen på: +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +lyx@via.ecp.fr +\family default + +\layout Standard + +Vi vill försäkra oss om att du förstår stilen som beskrivs i +\family typewriter +DocStyle.lyx +\family default +\emph on + innan +\emph default + du börjar skriva. + Annars kommer vi att be dig skriva om dina bidrag. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Fundera +\emph default + inte ens på att börja skriva innan vi talats vid via epost. + Du kan följa pågående arbete med dokumentationen på dokumentationsgruppens + hemsida. +\layout Section + +Svenska +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +(Tillägg till den svenska översättningen) +\layout Subsection + +Svenska typografiska fackord +\layout Standard + +I översättningarna av både denna +\emph on +Introduktion, Handboken, +\emph default +och lokaliseringen +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Description + +Lokalisering Översättning av meddelanden i ett program. +\end_inset + + av LyX har jag försökt använda mig av vedertagna svenska typografiska fackterme +r. + Det kan tänkas att dessa inte alltid är bekanta för en lekman, så här följer + en kort ordlista: +\layout Description + +Antikva kallas i engelska texter för +\emph on +Roman +\emph default +. + Det är alltså vanlig rak stil med seriffer som denna. +\layout Description + +Bomber dekorationer som används för att markera element i en uppställning. +\layout Description + +Brödtext den teckenstil som används för löpande text i ett visst dokument. +\layout Description + +Kapitäler +\shape smallcaps +Snitt som ser ut så här. + +\shape default +Det är inte riktigt samma sak som +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +små versaler +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +; ett kapitälsnitt har gemena med samma form som versaler, men de är inte + bara rena förminskningar av versalerna. + Gemenerna skall ha något mer svärta än om de vore förminskade versaler. + Förr i tiden sattes de med en lätt spärr, för att förbättra ordbilden. +\layout Description + +Kägel höjd på typen inklusive kött. + Här använt som synonym för radavstånd. + Observera att LaTeX kan variera radavståndet på varje sida för att fördela + texten inom dokumentet bättre (efter en uppsättning komplicerade regler + som kanske bara Donald Knuth själv förstår), så +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +kägel +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + är inte ett exakt mått i LyX/LaTeX, snarare en egenskap för stilen på dokumente +t. +\layout Description + +Kött +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +luft +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + runt själva tecknen, vertikalt och horisontellt. +\layout Description + +Linjärer +\family sans +Teckensnitt utan seriffer, som denna. +\layout Standard + +Jag rekommenderar att läsaren dessutom läser någon svensk bok i ämnet. + Nu är jag programmerare och inte typograf, så det kan tänkas att jag misstagit + mig på betydelserna här och där. + Har du förslag till förbättringar av översättningarna kan du kontakta mig + på +\family typewriter +sp2joap1@ida.his.se +\layout Subsection + +Svensk typografi +\layout Standard + +Typografiska traditioner och konventioner skiljer sig från land till land. + Eftersom traditionerna skiljer sig åt, och läsarna kan förväntas vara tränade + på sin egen typografiska tradition torde det i lättläslighetens namn det + vara lämpligt att följa infödingarnas vanor om man vill bli förstådd så + lätt som möjligt. + I de engelska manualerna för LyX och LaTeX är det genomgående amerikansk + typografi som används i exempel, och det bör man vara medveten om. + Det finns åtskilliga böcker om svensk typografi; titta i hyllorna +\family sans +Aef +\family default + och +\family sans +Poa +\family default + i närmaste bibliotek, eller prata med din bokhandlare. + Var dock försiktig med hur mycket du läser, typografi kan vara svårt vanebildan +de! Jag skall här bara kort nämna några särdrag för svensk typografi gentemot + engelsk: +\layout Itemize + +Citat skrivs +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +citat +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + (dubbelapostrofer om båda sidor, vända åt samma håll). + I bland, och särskilt i äldre texter, används »måsögon», vända åt samma + håll. + Bara det första stöds i menyn +\family sans +Stil->Citattecken +\family default + för närvarande. + Citat inom citat som: +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Kalle sa 'hej' till oss. +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +, skrivs med enkla apostrofer, åt samma håll. + Men det finns även andra varianter, som +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +citat +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + som ibland används av svenskar. +\layout Itemize + +--- (helfyrkants talstreck) används inte i svensk typografi. + Använd -- ( +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +pratminus +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +) i stället. + Observera att matematikläget i LyX har särskilt minustecken. +\layout Itemize + +Vi har mindre avstånd mellan meningar än engelsktalande. + (I handböckerna nämns ibland situationer där användaren försöker +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +lägga två mellanslag före stor bokstav +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +, vilket kanske låter besynnerligt för svenskar.) Detta sköter Babel-paketet + till LaTeX om automatiskt, om du sätter språket till +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +swedish +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + i +\family sans +Stil->Dokument +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +I utombrittisk europeisk typografi används +\emph on +didot +\emph default +-systemet som måttsystem. + Amerikaner och britter använder sig av +\emph on +pica +\emph default +. + I didotsystemet är en +\emph on +punkt +\emph default +0,376\SpecialChar ~ +mm, och i picasystemet är en +\emph on +point +\emph default + 0,352\SpecialChar ~ +mm. + TeX hanterar båda, men LaTeX använder typgrader mätta i pica om inget annat + anges +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +tror jag +\end_inset + +. + Nu spelar det ingen större roll eftersom TeX eliminerar sätteriet på tryckeriet. + Den +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +storlek +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + som sätts i +\family sans +Stil->Tecken +\family default + är +\emph on +relativ +\emph default +; det är inte fasta teckengrader utan en uppsättning grader noga balanserade + mot varandra, vilka kan variera mellan olika dokumentklasser i LaTeX. + Denna abstraktion är unik för LaTeX och därför används inte de konventionella + teckengradsnamnen i LyX ( +\emph on +petit, korpus, cicero, mittel +\emph default +osv.). +\layout Itemize + +Vi använder kommatecken som decimaltecken, och punkt för att markera tusental: + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +3,141.593 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + (engelsk typografi är tvärtom: +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +3.141,593 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Nu är det förstås din ensak hur du skriver dina dokument, och det är alltid + +\emph on +läsbarheten +\emph default + +\emph on +som +\emph default + +\emph on +är +\emph default + +\emph on +viktigast. + +\emph default +Det kan kanske vara motiverat att använda engelsk typografi för texter som + till exempel skall läsas av svenska datavetenskapstudenter, eftersom de + högst troligen plöjer igenom mängder av engelsk kurslitteratur, och är + mest vana vid den stilen, men använd gott omdöme. + Det kan nämnas att det har gjorts studier på senare år rörande hur vi läser. + Det finns litteratur i det ämnet med. +\the_end diff --git a/lib/doc/sv_Tutorial.lyx b/lib/doc/sv_Tutorial.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e63594af50 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/sv_Tutorial.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,5336 @@ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 +\textclass book +\language swedish +\inputencoding latin1 +\fontscheme default +\graphics none +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing single +\papersize Default +\paperpackage a4 +\use_geometry 0 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language swedish +\quotes_times 2 +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle headings + +\layout Title + +Nybörjarkurs i LyX +\layout Author + +av Amir Karger och dokumentationsgruppen för LyX +\newline + +\size normal +(Översättning av +\noun on +Joacim Persson +\noun default +) +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Chapter + +Introduktion +\layout Section + +Välkommen till LyX! +\layout Standard + +Denna fil har skapats för alla er som aldrig har hört talas om LaTeX, eller + som inte kan det särskilt bra. + Ingen panik - du behöver inte lära dig LaTeX för att använda LyX. + Snarare är det just det som är avsikten med LyX: att ge tillgång till ett + gränssnitt till LaTeX som nästan är WYSIWYG. + Det är dock några saker du behöver lära dig för att använda LyX effektivt. +\layout Standard + +En och annan av er har kanske hittat till detta dokument därför att ni har + försökt lägga in flera mellanslag efter varandra, eller lägga in 3 tomma + rader mellan styckena. + Efter mycken frustration har du upptäckt att det inte går. + Tvärtom kommer du att se att alla dessa små knep som du är van att använda + i andra ordbehandlare helt enkelt inte fungerar i LyX. + Detta beror på att de flesta ordbehandlare du arbetat med tidigare kräver + att du matar in alla mellanrum, ändringar av typsnitt o.s.v. + för hand. + Resultatet blir då att du inte bara skriver dokumentet utan typsätter det + också. + LyX gör typsättandet åt dig, på ett konsekvent sätt och låter dig koncentrera + dig på viktigare saker, som innehållet i det du skriver. +\layout Standard + +Så ha överseende med oss och läs vidare. + Att läsa denna nybörjarkurs är avgjort värt den tid det tar. +\layout Section + +Om detta dokument +\layout Standard + +I den här kursen utgår vi från att du redan känner till vilka knappar du + har på ditt tangentbord, att du vet hur man använder en mus och hur du + använder din fönsterhanterare o.s.v. + Vi utgår också ifrån att du inte kan en jota om LaTeX. +\layout Standard + + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Nybörjarkursen +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + använder de beteckningssätt som anges i +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Introduktion till LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + Om du hamnade i den här handboken först, börja läs +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Introduktionen +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + i stället. +\layout Standard + +Nu när du vet vilka typstilar som betyder vad vill vi tala lite med dig + om vad syftet är med denna +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Nybörjarkurs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Vad nybörjarkursen +\emph on +är +\emph default + och vad den +\emph on +inte +\emph default +är. +\layout Subsection + +Att få ut mesta möjliga av nybörjarkursen +\layout Standard + +Nybörjarkursen består mest av exempel och övningar. + För att få ut mesta möjliga av kursen bör du läsa igenom dokumentet, knappa + in alla de små fånigheter vi ber dig knappa in och pröva dig på alla övningarna + för att se om du har fattat dem rätt. + Om du vill vara bekväm av dig kan du skriva ut Postscript®-versionen av + detta dokument. +\layout Standard + +Om du redan är bekant med LaTeX läser du förmodligen igenom kursen snabbare, + eftersom många begrepp i LyX egentligen är förklädd LaTeX. + Det finns dock några punkter där det skiljer sig en smula som du bör känna + till. + Även om du inte känner för att läsa igenom hela kursen bör du åtminstone + läsa avsnitt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +, som är skriven just för LaTeX-användare. +\layout Standard + +Avsnittet +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + är en kvarleva från en tidigare version av kursen och är lite mastig. + Men det är i alla fall en hyfsad överblickbar presentation av LyX, så du + kanske vill ta en snabbtitt på det för att få en känsla av vad LyX går + ut på. +\layout Subsection + +Vad du +\emph on +inte +\emph default +hittar: +\layout Itemize + +Instruktioner för hur man använder en mus eller ett tangentbord +\layout Itemize + +Grundlig redogörelse för samtliga finesser i LyX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Målet med kursen är bara att få igång dig såpass att det enda du i stort + sett behöver är +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default +. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Detaljerade förklaringar om LaTeX. +\begin_deeper +\layout Standard + +Onödigt. + Om du är riktigt sugen på att lära dig några av trollkonsterna man kan + göra med LaTeX, skaffa dig en bra bok om LaTeX. + Det finns åtskilliga av dessa i handeln. +\end_deeper +\layout Standard + +Så är det dags att gå vidare. + Du kan ta en kort utflykt i nästa avsnitt eller du kan gå vidare till +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Vad är LyX? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Överblick +\layout Standard + +Den första utmaningen med att använda LyX är att förändra tankesättet. + Du förstår, de flesta ordbehandlare är kort sagt förvuxna skrivmaskiner. + En gång i tiden var skrivmaskiner det enda vi hade för att skapa dokument, + så vi lärde oss vissa knep för att kringgå deras begränsningar. + Understrykningar, vilket inte är mycket mer än att knacka över texten med + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + kom att bli sättet att betona delar av texten. + För att skapa en tabell så räknade man ut i förhand hur stor varje kolumn + skulle bli och satte tabstopparna efter detta. + Det samma gällde för brevhuvuden och annan högerjusterad text. + Bindestrecken i slutet på rader krävde ett vaket öga och en hel del förutseende. +\layout Standard + +Med andra ord blev vi alla tränade till att bekymra oss över exakt var på + sidan varje litet tecken skall hamna. +\layout Standard + +Som en följd av detta har nästan varenda ordbehandlare denna filosofi. + De använder fortfarande tabstoppar för att lägga in luft. + Man tvingas fortfarande bekymra sig över exakt var på pappret sakerna hamnar. + Betoning av text betyder ändra typsnitt, det vill säga byta skrivhjul på + skrivmaskiner. + Ja, du fattar. +\layout Standard + +Det är på denna punkt som LyX skiljer sig från en vanlig ordbehandlare. + Du behöver inte befatta dig med vilka bokstäver som skall hamna var. + Du talar om för LyX +\emph on +vad du håller på med +\emph default + och LyX fixar resten, enligt en uppsättning regler som kallas för en +\emph on +stil +\emph default +. + Låt oss ta ett litet exempel: +\layout Standard + +Ponera att du håller på att skriva en rapport. + Du kanske vill att rapporten skall börja med ett avsnitt som heter +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Inledning +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Så du bläddrar fram vad det nu är för en meny som din ordbehandlare har + för att ändra storleken på bokstäverna och bestämmer dig för en ny storlek. + Sedan slår du på fetstil. + Sedan knappar du in +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +1.__Inledning +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Om du senare ändrar dig och flyttar detta avsnitt till en helt annan plats + i rapporten eller om du lägger in ett nytt avsnitt före detta så får du + ändra numreringen och dessutom fler rader i innehållsförteckningen. +\layout Standard + +I LyX drar du ned rullmenyn i vänsterkanten och väljer +\family sans +Section +\family default + ( +\family sans +\emph on +avsnitt +\emph default +, +\family default + ö.anm.). +\layout Standard + +Japp, det var allt. + Om du klipper och klistrar avsnittet så ändras numreringen automatiskt + -- överallt. + Det finns rent av ett sätt att få LyX att uppdatera hänvisningar inom dokumente +t automatiskt. +\layout Standard + +Vi har även problemet med att vara konsekvent. + Fem dagar senare öppnar du din rapport igen och börjar på med avsnitt 4. + Tyvärr så har du glömt av att du körde med 18 punkters fetstil och inte + 16 punkter, så du skriver in titeln för avsnitt 4 med en annan stil än + du hade för avsnitt 1. + Det problemet existerar överhuvudtaget inte i LyX. + Datorn tar hand om den där tråkiga bokföringen om vilka saker har vilka + stilar; du slipper sånt. + Det är just sådant trälgöra datorer är bra på. +\layout Standard + +Ytterligare ett exempel. + Antag att du håller på med en lista. + I konventionella ordbehandlare är en lista inget annat än en hög med tabstoppar + och rader. + Du får själv räkna ut var märket för varje punkt i listan skall hamna, + vilket märke du skall ha och så vidare. + Med LyX har du två saker att bestämma dig för: vad är det för ett slags + lista, och vad vill jag stoppa i den. + Det är allt. +\layout Standard + +Alltså, den grundläggande tanken med LyX är: tala om vad det är du gör, + inte hur det skall göras. +\layout Subsection + +Skillnader mellan LyX och ordbehandlare +\layout Standard + +Det är en rik flora med små trick som du är van vid som inte alls finns + i LyX. + Detta kan få dig att klättra på väggarna till att börja med. + Det går för sig. + Det tar tid att ändra vanor. +\layout Standard + +Här följer en liten lista över saker som du inte finner i LyX: +\layout Itemize + +Den ökända linjalen som nu för tiden finns i många kommersiella ordbehandlare +\layout Itemize + +Tabulatorstoppar +\layout Itemize + +Extra tomma rader eller blanktecken [dvs. + hamra på returtangenten eller mellanslag två eller fler gånger] +\layout Standard + +Tabulatorstoppar och linjalen som visar dig placeringen av saker på sidan + saknar all mening i LyX. + Programmet bekymrar sig om var sakerna hamnar på sidan åt dig. + Samma sak med extra tomrader; LyX lägger in dem där de krävs, beroende + på sammanhanget. + Vad gäller kägel är det bortarbetat begrepp i LyX. + Avståndet mellan rader är +\emph on +variabelt +\emph default +, så också avståndet mellan ord. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Det finns sätt att ändra största och minsta tillåtna mellanrum, men det + kräver viss kunskap om LaTeX. + Det finns ingen anledning att bekymra sig om det just nu. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Här följer några saker som finns i LyX men som kanske inte fungerar som + du tror: +\layout Itemize + +Kontroll av indragning av text +\layout Itemize + +Sidbrytningar +\layout Itemize + +Kägel [dvs. + enkelt, dubbelt radavstånd osv.] +\layout Itemize + +Tomrum, höjdledes och breddledes. +\layout Itemize + +Teckensnitt och teckengrad +\layout Itemize + +Teckenstil [fet, lutande, understruken osv.] +\layout Standard + +Även om de finns i LyX så behöver du i allmänhet inte röra dem. + LyX löser dessa saker åt dig, med avseende på vad det är du håller på med. + Olika delar av dokumentet sätts automatiskt med olika teckenstilar och + storlekar. + Indragningar av stycken beror på sammanhanget; olika slag av stycken får + olika slag av indragningar. + Sidbrytning sköts även det automatiskt. + All luft mellan rader, mellan stycken och mellan ord sätts av LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Det finns sätt att justera dessa (och i de flesta fall krävs ingen kunskap + om LaTeX), antingen för dokumentet som helhet eller på särskilda ställen. + Se +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + för vidare detaljer. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\added_space_top bigskip +Slutligen är det några punkter där LyX [och LaTeX] överträffar många ordbehandla +re: +\layout Itemize + +Avstavning +\layout Itemize + +Listor av alla de slag +\layout Itemize + +Matematik +\layout Itemize + +Tabeller +\layout Itemize + +Hänvisningar +\layout Subsection + +Vad sjutton är LaTeX? +\layout Standard + +LaTeX är ett system för dokumentberedning skapat av Leslie Lamport 1985. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Källan till informationen i detta avsnitt är +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +A guide to LaTeX2e +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, av Helmut Kopka och Patrick Daly, vilken är listad i referenserna till + +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default +. +\end_inset + + Detta byggde i sin tur på ett typsättningsspråk kallat TeX, skapat av Donald + Knuth 1984. + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +TeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + uttalas som +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +bläch! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + vilket illustrerar hur många människor känner inför det. + Nu är det väl så att de flesta människor inte riktigt förstår vad TeX är. + TeX tar en radda med typsättningskommandon, från en vanlig textfil, och + exekverar dem. + Resultatet blir vad som kallas en +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +device independent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Enhetsoberoende fil. + Ett särskilt filformat som är oavhängit upplösningen på den hårdvara som + dokumentet visas på/skrivs ut på. + Därav namnet. + Även om det nu faktiskt finns skrivare som förstår DVI, så är inte det + nödvändigt. + DVI-filer är helt portabla. + (ö.anm.) +\end_inset + + fil, eller förkortat: +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Dvi +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Du kan mata Dvi-filen till allt som förstår Dvi, eller konvertera den till + andra format som Postscript®. +\layout Standard + +Om det inte vore för en enda egenskap så skulle TeX bara vara en typsättningsmot +or. + Men TeX tillåter att man definierar makron. + Det är där det roliga börjar. +\layout Standard + +De flesta som använder TeX använder egentligen ett makropaket som Knuth + skapade för att dölja en hel del av detaljerna med typsättandet. + Detta är vad de flesta tänker på när de tänker på TeX. + Vanliga användare arbetar inte med rå TeX, vilket är renodlade typsättningskomm +andon. + Folk som skapar nya makropaket gör det. + Och här kommer Leslie Lamport in i vår historia. + Han ville ha ett makropaket som var mer användarvänligt och mindre typsättarinr +iktat, en uppsättning kommandon som på ett konsekvent sätt typsätter saker + som avsnitt eller tabeller eller matematiska formler på en ett enhetligt, + likartat sätt med så lite finlir som möjligt. + Så föddes LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +Parallellt med utvecklingen av LaTeX skapade andra personer sina egna skräddarsy +dda makropaket för TeX, paket för overheadbilder, för artiklar i matematiktidskr +ifter och så vidare. + Några använde rå TeX för detta, andra började modifiera LaTeX. + För att försöka samordna denna röra började ett gäng LaTeXperter [där ingick + förstås även Lamport själv] att i slutet på 1980-talet arbeta på LaTeX2e, + den nuvarande versionen av LaTeX. + Denna nya version av LaTeX har kommandon som tillhandahåller ett gränssnitt + till TeXs makroskaparkommandon [kommer du ihåg TeX?] som är lättare att + använda, hjälpmedel vid användning av nya typsnitt, och så vidare. + LaTeX är faktiskt ett tämligen väl utbyggt språk i sig självt! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +och har så varit innan LaTeX2e förresten. + LaTeX2e bara byggde ut dessa möjligheter ytterligare. +\end_inset + + Användare över hela världen har skrivit sina egna tillägg till LaTeX förutom + de som finns som standard. +\layout Standard + +Det finns två sätt att bygga ut LaTeX: klasser och stilar. + En +\emph on +klass +\emph default + är en uppsättning makron skrivna i LaTeX [och TeX] vilka beskriver en ny + typ av dokument, som en bok eller en artikel. + Det finns klasser för fysik-- och matematiktidskrifter, för brev\SpecialChar \ldots{} + vissa + universitet har rent av helt egna klasser för avhandlingar! En +\emph on +stil +\emph default + skiljer sig från en klass i det att den inte definierar en ny typ av dokument, + utan en ny +\emph on +egenskap +\emph default + som alla typer av dokument kan använda. + För att hantera sidmarginaler och kägel använder till exempel LyX två olika + LaTeX-stilfiler vilka är konstruerade för dessa syften. + Det finns stilfiler för alla de slag av företeelser: trycka etiketter eller + kuvert, ändra indragningar, lägga till typsnitt, hantera grafik, skapa + tjusiga sidhuvuden, speciella utseenden och mekanismer gällande litteraturhänvi +sningar, ändra placering och utseende på fotnoter, tabeller och figurer, + speciella format på listor m.m, m.m. +\layout Standard + +Summering: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +TeX: Typsättningsspråk som tillåter makron. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LaTeX: Makropaket som bygger på TeX. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +klasser: Beskrivningar av typer av dokument m.h.a. + LaTeX +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +stilar: Förändrar det förvalda beteendet hos LaTeX på något sätt. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +LyX: Grafisk WYSIWYM-ordbehandlare som använder LaTeX med alla sina finesser + för att skriva ut. +\layout Standard + +Tanken med detta avsnitt var att försöka förklara +\emph on +varför +\emph default + LyX fungerar något annorlunda än andra ordbehandlare. + Orsaken är enkel: LyX använder LaTeX för grovjobbet och precis som LaTeX + så fokuserar LyX på strukturen av det du skriver -- +\emph on +vad +\emph default + det är du skriver. + Datorn reder sedan ut de kosmetiska detaljerna. +\layout Standard + +En sak till. + LaTeX uttalas som TeX. + Som en Kalmarbo säger +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Äsch +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Om du uttalar LaTeX som namnet på materialet de tillverkar kondomer av + uttalar du det fel. + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + å andra sidan uttalas som det stavas. +\layout Chapter + +Börja med LyX +\layout Section + +Ditt första dokument +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex} + +\end_inset + + Sådär ja. + Du är klar att börja skriva. + Men innan du gör det är det några saker vi bör nämna som förhoppningsvis + gör +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen +\emph default + mer lärorik, användbar och kul. +\layout Standard + +Eftersom det är en hel del information som vi inte kommer att ge dig, så + blir det första du skall göra att hitta de andra hjälpfilerna. + Turligt nog är detta väldigt enkelt. + Starta upp LyX. + Välj +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + från +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +jälp +\family default +-menyn. + Kanske vill du ladda +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen +\emph default + också (såvida du inte redan läser den på skärmen förstås). + Därigenom kan du läsa dem medan du skriver din egen fil +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +De fungerar också bra som bra exempel på hur man använder de många finesserna + i LyX. +\end_inset + +. + Märk väl att när du har flera dokument öppna samtidigt kan du använda dig + av menyn +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +okument +\family default + för att växla mellan dem. + +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen +\emph default + kommer inte att täcka ämnena i andra handböcker i detalj. + Detta kanske gör det besvärligare för dig till en början, men det håller + +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen +\emph default + kort. + Detta vänjer dig dock redan från början till den goda vanan att använda + de andra handböckerna vilket -- i längden -- sparar mycket av din tid. +\layout Standard + +I denna +\emph on +Nybörjarkurs +\emph default + kommer vi att anta att du har en fullt fungerande version av LyX, tillika + LaTeX, +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + eller någon annan dvi-visare, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + eller något annat sätt att konvertera dvi-dokument till PostScript®-dokument, + och en fungerande skrivare. + Detta är många antaganden. + Om något av detta inte är fallet så måste du (eller din trevlige systemadminist +ratör) sätta upp systemet. + Du hittar information om hur detta går till i andra manualer. +\layout Standard + +Slutligen har vi skrivit en fil för låta dig öva dina färdigheter i LyX + på. + Den heter +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Tänk dig att den var skriven av någon som inte visste något alls om möjligheter +na med LyX. + Vi förslår att du snyggar upp +\family typewriter +example_raw +\family default +. +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + allt eftersom du lär dig fler funktioner i LyX. + Den innehåller också +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +fina +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + vinkar om hur du kan göra. + Om du vill fuska (eller kontrollera om du gjort rätt) så finns det även + en fil som heter +\family typewriter +example_lyxified.lyx +\family default + vilken innehåller samma text, fast skriven och typsatt av en LyX-kunnig. +\layout Subsection + +Inmatning, förhandsvisning och utskrift +\layout Itemize + +Öppna en ny file med +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +il-> +\bar under +N +\bar default +y +\layout Itemize + +Skriv in en mening som: +\family typewriter +Detta är mitt första LyXdokument! +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Jo ja, du kan förstås skriva vad som faller dig in. + Det spelar ingen roll alls. + Vi ber om överseende med fånigheten av denna mening, så även annat vi ber + dig skriva framledes. +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Spara ditt dokument med +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +il->Spara\SpecialChar ~ +s +\bar under +o +\bar default +m +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Kör LaTeX för att skapa och visa en dvi-fil med +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +il->Visa\SpecialChar ~ +d +\bar under +v +\bar default +i +\family default +. + Du kanske får se saker skrivas ut i fönstret som du startade +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + från. + Detta är meddelanden från LaTeX vilka du kan strunta i just nu. + LyX kommer att starta +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + (eller någon annan dvi-visare), vilken kommer att lägga upp ett nytt fönster + som visar hur ditt dokument kommer att se ut när det blir utskrivet +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Du kan spara tid genom att lämna +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default + igång i bakgrunden. + Du kan då använda +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +il->Uppdatera\SpecialChar ~ +dvi +\family default + för att generera om dvi-filen efter ändringar och bara klicka på +\family typewriter +xdvi +\family default +-fönstret (eller öppna ikonen) efter att LaTeX har kört klart. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Skriv ut med +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +il->S +\bar under +k +\bar default +riv\SpecialChar ~ +ut +\family default + och tryck på +\family sans +OK +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Gratulerar! Du har skapat och skrivit ut ditt första LyX-dokument. + Resten är bara detaljer, detaljer som täcks i resten av +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen, Handboken +\emph default +, och +\emph on +Referensmanualen +\emph default +. +\layout Subsection + +Enkla operationer +\layout Standard + +LyX kan förstås göra det mesta du är van att kunna göra med en ordbehandlare. + Den bryter rader och gör indragningar av stycken automatiskt. + Dra ned ett par menyer nu +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Om du är som de flesta +\noun on +unix +\noun default +-användare är, gjorde du det långt innan du började läsa +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen. +\end_inset + + och du finner att de flesta enkla kommandon (t.ex. + +\family sans +Avsluta, Klistra in, Skriv ut +\family default +) har de namn du förväntar dig, ligger i den meny du förväntar dig och fungerar + som du förväntar dig. + Här följer en kort beskrivning över hur man gör några andra enkla saker. +\layout Description + +Ångra LyX har +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +obegränsad ångerfunktion +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +I LyX 1.0 är ångerfunktionen för närvarande begränsad. + Bara de 100 senaste ändringarna lagras. + Detta för att ångerfunktionen (gör om-funktionen rättare sagt) krånglar + vid riktigt stora manövrar. +\end_inset + +, vilket betyder att du kan ångra varje kommando du gjort sedan redigeringsomgån +gen startade genom att välja +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +edigera->Å +\bar under +n +\bar default +gra +\family default + om och om igen. + Om du ångrar för mycket väljer du bara +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +edigera-> +\bar under +G +\bar default +ör om +\family default + för att få tillbaka ändringen igen. +\layout Description + +Klipp/Klistra/Kopiera Använd +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +edigera-> +\bar under +K +\bar default +lipp, ->Kl +\bar under +i +\bar default +stra +\family default +och +\family sans +->K +\bar under +o +\bar default +piera +\family default + för att klippa, klistra och kopiera. + Eller klistra in med +\emph on +mittknappen +\emph default + på musen. +\layout Description + +Sök/Byt Använd +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +edigera-> +\bar under +S +\bar default +ök\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Byt +\family default + för att söka efter en sträng. + Flytta mellan träffarna med pilarna i dialogen som kommer upp och använd + +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +rsätt +\family default +-knappen för att byta ut en sträng du hittat. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Stäng fönstret när du är klar. + Eller lämna det öppet om du föredrar det. + De flesta dialogrutor i LyX --- som +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +ök\SpecialChar ~ +&\SpecialChar ~ +Byt, Innehållsförteckning +\family default + och +\family sans +Stil +\family default +-dialogerna samt ett antal matematikdialoger --- är fönster som kan förminskas + i stället för att stängas. + Några få dialoger som +\family sans +Fil->Öppna +\family default +låter dig inte skriva i huvudfönstret för LyX förrän du stängt dialogrutan. +\end_inset + + +\layout Description + +Formatering\SpecialChar ~ +av\SpecialChar ~ +tecken Du kan +\emph on +betona +\emph default +text (vilket vanligen ändrar till kursiv stil), sätta den till +\series bold +fetstil +\series default +eller med +\noun on +Namnstil +\noun default + (vanligen kapitäler, används för personers namn) från växelknapparna i + +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +til +\family default +-menyn. +\layout Description + +Verktygspanelen Under menyerna ligger verktygspanelen, vilken ger dig tillgång + till några populära funktioner som +\family sans +Klistra +\family default + och +\family sans +Skriv\SpecialChar ~ +ut +\family default +. + Om du håller kvar musen på en av knapparna på panelen dyker det strax upp + en liten gul skylt som förklarar knappens funktion. +\layout Standard + +Nu har du förstås inte skrivit tillräckligt mycket än för att haft nytta + av dessa funktioner. + Pröva +\family sans +ångra, klistra +\family default + osv, efterhand som du skriver mer. +\layout Subsection + +WYSIWYM: Tomrum i LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +En av de saker som nya användare har svårast att vänja sig vid är sättet + varpå LyX hanterar tomrum. + Hur du än trycker på returtangenten får du bara en enda tom rad. + Hur du än trycker på mellanslag få du inte mer än ett mellanrum. + LyX låter dig inte ens skriva in ett mellanslag på en tom rad. + Tabtangenten flyttar inte markören en tabstopp; det +\emph on +finns +\emph default + överhuvudtaget inga tabstoppar! Det finns heller ingen linjal överst som + att sätta tabstoppar eller marginaler med. +\layout Standard + +Många kommersiella ordbehandlare baseras på principen WYSIWYG: +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You Get +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Det du ser är det du får +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +(ö.anm) +\end_inset + +. + LyX å andra sidan baseras på principen +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +What You See Is What You +\shape italic +Mean +\shape default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Det du ser är det du +\emph default +menar +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (ö.anm) +\end_inset + +. + Du skriver in vad du avser, och LyX sköter typsättningen åt dig så att + resultatet blir bra. + En +\family sans +Retur +\family default + skiljer stycken åt grammatiskt och ett +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + skiljer ord åt grammatiskt så det finns ingen anledning att ha flera av + dem i rad; en +\family sans +Tab +\family default + har ingen grammatisk funktion alls, så den stöder inte LyX. + När du använder LyX ägnar du dig åt +\emph on +innehållet +\emph default + i dokumentet och mindre åt att bekymra dig över +\emph on +formatet +\emph default +. + Se avsnitt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} + +\end_inset + + för vidare information om begreppet WYSIWYM. +\layout Standard + +LyX har (många) sätt att finjustera utseendet på ditt dokument. + När allt kommer omkring så är det inte säkert att LyX sätter dokumentet + +\emph on +exakt +\emph default + som du vill ha det. + +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + berättar mer om det. + Det handlar om +\family sans +H-fyllningar +\family default + och vertikala tomrum -- vilka är kraftfullare än en radda mellanslag eller + tomrader -- och sätt att ändra storlek och stil på typsnitt och finjusteringar + av stycken för hand. + Huvudtanken är dock att du kan skriva hela dokument, koncentrera dig på + innehållet och göra finjusteringarna efteråt. + Med vanliga ordbehandlare blir du distraherad av formaterandet genom hela + skrivandet. +\layout Section + +Miljöer +\layout Standard + +Olika delar av ett dokument har olika syften; dessa kallar vi +\emph on +miljöer +\emph default +. + Huvuddelen av ett dokument består av vanlig text. + Titlarna på avsnitt (kapitel, underavsnitt osv.) låter läsaren förstå att + ett nytt ämne eller delämne skall behandlas.Vissa typer av dokument har + särskilda miljöer. + En artikel till en tidskrift har en översikt och en titel. + Ett brev har inget av detta men har troligen miljöer för avsändarens adress. +\layout Standard + +Miljö är en central del av filosofin +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Det du ser är det du menar +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + i LyX. + En viss miljö kanske kräver ett visst teckensnitt, teckengrad, stil på + indragningar, kägel, m.m. + Problemet förvärras av att en tidskrift kanske har fetstil 18 punkter, + centrerat för titlar på stycken, medan en annan har lutande stil, 15 punkter, + vänsterjusterat; olika länders språk kan ha olika sedvänjor för indragning; + och formaten på litteraturhänvisningar kan variera betydligt. + LyX hjälper dig att slippa hålla reda på och lära dig alla de olika stilarna. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Miljörutan +\family default + finns i vänstra ändan av verktygspanelen (strax under menyn +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +il) +\family default +. + Den indikerar vilken miljö du skriver i för tillfället. + När du skriver ditt första dokument säger det +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, vilket är utgångspunktsmiljön för text. + Du skall nu få lägga in några olika miljöer i ditt dokument så att du får + se hur det fungerar. + Detta gör du genom att använda +\family sans +Miljölistan +\family default + vilken du öppnar genom att klicka på pilen till höger om +\family sans +Miljörutan +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Avsnitt och underavsnitt +\layout Standard + +Skriv ordet +\family typewriter +Inledning +\family default + på den första raden i din LyX-fil, och välj +\family sans +Section +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Section +\family default +, +\emph on +avsnitt. + +\emph default +I nuläget är inte dessa nyckelord översatta i LyX, de följer de namn som + används i LaTeX (ö.anm) +\end_inset + + från Miljölistan +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Du behöver inte +\emph on +markera +\emph default + raden. + Om inget är markerat så ändrar LyX stycket som markören står på till den + valda miljön, men du kan ändra miljön för flera stycken åt gången genom + att markera dem innan du väljer miljö. +\end_inset + +. + LyX numrerar avsnittet som +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + och sätter titeln i en större stil. + (Naturligtvis kommer titeln att sättas i större stil även i +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +--filen eller det utskrivna dokumentet.) Tryck nu på +\family sans +Retur +\family default +. + Notera att +\family sans +Miljörutan +\family default + ändras från +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + till +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Standard +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Titlar på avsnitt antas, som de flesta miljöer, ta slut när du trycker + +\family sans +Retur +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Läs +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default +för att se hur man skriver titlar med två eller fler rader. + Miljön +\family sans +Standard +\family default + kan förstås fortsätta stycke efter stycke. + De olika miljöerna för listor (se nedan) bryts heller inte de när du trycker + på +\family sans +Retur +\family default +. + Du kan alltid se vilken miljö du är i genom att titta i +\family sans +Miljörutan +\family default +. +\end_inset + + Skriv inledningen: +\layout LyX-Code + +Detta är inledningen i mitt första dokument med LyX. +\layout Standard + +Tryck på +\family sans +Retur +\family default + och välj +\family sans +Section +\family default + från +\family sans +Miljörutan +\family default + igen. + LyX skriver +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + och väntar på att du skriver en titel. + Skriv +\family typewriter +Mera grejor +\family default +, och du ser att LyX återigen sätter det som en avsnittstitel. +\layout Standard + +Det tar sig. + Gå till slutet av avsnittet igen (efter +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +mitt första dokument +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), tryck +\family sans +Retur +\family default + och välj +\family sans +Section +\family default + från +\family sans +Miljörutan +\family default + igen. + Återigen skriver LyX +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + och väntar på att du skall skriva en titel. + Skriv +\family typewriter +Om detta dokument +\family default +. + Avsnittet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Mera grejor +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + som förut var avsnitt 2 har automatiskt numrerats om till avsnitt 3! I + verklig WYSIWYM-anda behöver du bara mata in texten som blir titeln på + avsnittet och LyX tar hand om numeringen av avsnitten och typsätter dem. +\layout Standard + +Tryck +\family sans +Retur +\family default + igen, gå tillbaka till miljön +\family sans +Standard +\family default + och mata in följande fem rader: +\layout LyX-Code + +Avsnitt och underavsnitt beskrivs nedan. +\layout LyX-Code + +Beskrivning av avsnitt +\layout LyX-Code + +Avsnitt är större än underavsnitt. +\layout LyX-Code + +Beskrivning av underavsnitt +\layout LyX-Code + +Underavsnitt är mindre än avsnitt. +\layout Standard + +Klicka på den andra raden och välj +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + från +\family sans +Miljölistan. + +\family default + LyX numrerar underavsnittet som +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +2.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + och sätter det i ett typsnitt som är större än vanlig text men mindre än + avsnittstiteln. + Ändra även fjärde raden till +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +. + Som väntat numrerar LyX underavsnittet till +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +2.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Om du lägger ytterligare ett avsnitt före avsnitt 2, kommer avsnitt två + att numreras om till 3 och underavsnitten till +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +3.1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + och +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +3.2 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Andra nivåer av indelningar innefattar +\family sans +Subsubsection, Paragraph +\family default + och +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +Underunderavsnitt, stycke och understycke (ö.anm) +\end_inset + + Vi låter dig leka med dessa på egen hand. + Som du kanske märker är titlar för stycken och understycken normalt inte + numrerade, och understycken normalt inte indragna; läs i +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + hur man ändrar detta. + Titlar på kapitel är egentligen den högsta nivån av indelning, ovanför + avsnitt, men dessa förekommer bara i särskilda stilar (dokumentklasser) + i LyX-dokument. + (se avsnittet +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Slutligen kanske du vill ha avsnitt och underavsnitt som inte är numrerade. + Det finns miljöer för dessa också. + Om du ändrar en av dina avsnittstitlar till miljön +\family sans +Section* +\family default + så kommer LyX att använda samma storlek på titeltexten som vanliga avsnittstitl +ar, men kommer inte att sätta nummer på den. + Det finns motsvarande +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +stjärnade +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + miljöer för +\family sans +Underavsnitt +\family default + och +\family sans +Underunderavsnitt. + +\family default + Pröva att ändra några av dina avsnitt och underavsnitt till stjärnade miljöer + och märk hur de andra avsnittens numrering ändras. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default + Rätta till avsnitt och underavsnitt i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. + Denna fil hittar du i katalogen +\family typewriter +examples/ +\family default + som du kan öppna med +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +il->Ö +\bar under +p +\bar default +pna +\family default + och sedan klicka på knappen +\family sans +Exempel +\family default +. + Öppna dokumentet och välj +\family sans +\bar under +F +\bar default +il->Spara\SpecialChar ~ +s +\bar under +o +\bar default +m +\family default + för att spara en arbetskopia. +\layout Subsection + +Listor och underlistor +\layout Standard + +LyX har flera olika miljöer för att typsätta listor. + De många listmiljöerna befriar dig från att hamra på +\family sans +Tab +\family default + upprepade gånger när du skriver ett utkast, eller från att numrera om halva + listan när du vill lägga in en punkt i mitten, och låter dig koncentrera + dig på innehållet +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Ja, vi överbetonar detta genom hela +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen +\emph default +. + Men det +\emph on +är +\emph default + grundtanken med LyX, så stå ut med oss. +\end_inset + +. + Olika typer av dokument kräver följaktligen olika listmiljöer: +\layout Itemize + +En serie overheadbilder kanske behöver miljön +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + med sina listor med prickar för att beskriva olika punkter. +\layout Itemize + +En uppställning kan använda de numrerade listorna i miljön +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +Ett dokument som beskriver ett antal fackord kanske använder +\family sans +Description +\family default +, där varje element i listan börjar med ett ord i fetstil. +\layout Itemize + +Miljön +\family sans +List +\family default + -- vilken inte finns i LaTeX -- är en variant på +\family sans +Description +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Som övning skall vi nu skriva en liten lista över varför LyX är så himla + bra. + Skriv någonstans i dokumentet: +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +Lyx är så himla käckt för att: +\layout Standard + +och tryck +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + Välj så +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + från miljömenyn. + Lyx skriver en så kallad +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +bomb +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + (nåja, det blir bara en asterisk, vilken blir en liten prick -- en bomb + -- i slutresultatet) i början på raden. + Mata in några anledningar att LyX är trevligt: +\layout LyX-Code + +Typsättningen sköts automagiskt. +\layout LyX-Code + +Matematik ser rackarns bra ut +\layout LyX-Code + +Det är så lätt att göra uppställningar! +\layout Standard + +Till skillnad från titlar på stycken och liknande så avslutas inte listmiljöerna + när du trycker +\family sans +Retur +\family default +. + I stället räknar LyX med att du nog vill mata in fler element i uppställningen. + Ovanstående ger därför en uppställning med tre element. + Om du vill ha ett element i uppställningen som består av mer än ett stycke + är ett sätt att göra det att använda en +\family sans +Skyddad\SpecialChar ~ +Retur +\family default +, vilket du får genom att trycka +\family sans +C-Retur +\family default +. + För att sluta mata in element i uppställningen väljer du åter miljön +\family sans +Standard +\family default + (kan göras med kommandot +\family sans +M-p\SpecialChar ~ +s +\family default +). +\layout Standard + +Nu har du en tjusig uppställning. + Kanske vill du köra LaTeX för att se hur det blir i slutändan. + Men ponera att du vill numrera elementen? Tja, markera hela uppställningen +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +LyX låter dig inte markera själva bomben i det allra första elementet såvida + du inte markerar även stycket +\emph on +före +\emph default + listan, vilket du troligen inte vill. + Det är samma sak med själva siffran i numrerade uppställningar. + Markera bara din +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +egen +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + text. +\end_inset + + och välj miljön +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + från +\family sans +Miljölistan +\family default +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +tjoff! Och som vi nämnde tidigare så trollar LyX till numreringen om du + tar bort eller lägger till ett element i numrerade uppställningar. +\layout Standard + +Medan uppställningen fortfarande är markerad kan du prova att välja de två + andra typerna av uppställningar, +\family sans +Description +\family default + och +\family sans +List +\family default +, för att se hur dessa ser ut. + I dessa består elementen av en +\emph on +term +\emph default +, första ordet i elementet, åtföljd av en +\emph on +definition +\emph default +, resten av texten. + Termen sätts antingen med fetstil ( +\family sans +Description +\family default +) eller skiljs från definitionen med en +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +tabulering +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Denna är smartare än tabulering på skrivmaskiner; den justeras automatiskt + efter den längsta termen i uppställningen så att definitionerna läggs ut + med en snygg vänsterkant sinsemellan. +\end_inset + + ( +\family sans +List +\family default +). + Om du vill ha termer på mer än ett ord använder du +\family sans +Skyddat\SpecialChar ~ +Mellanslag +\family default + mellan dem, vilka kan fås genom att trycka +\family sans +C-mellanslag +\family default + och visas som små lila +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +u:n +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default + Typsätt uppställningen i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Standard + +Du kan lägga listor inuti listor på alla de olika sätt. + Numrerade listor och listor med bomber har olika system för hur numreringen/bom +berna ser ut för underlistor. + Se +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + för vidare detaljer om hur de används och för exempel på +\emph on +omfattande +\emph default + nästling. +\layout Subsection + +Andra miljöer: Vers, Citat och annat +\layout Standard + +Det finns två miljöer för att citera text från andra: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + för korta citat och +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + för längre. + Programkod (miljön +\family sans +Code +\family default +, vilken används här för långa exempel på inmatningar) sätts med +\family typewriter +skrivmaskinsstil +\family default +; denna miljö är den enda i LyX som tillåter flera mellanslag i rad i texten + och indentering. + Du kan rent av skriva poesi +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +den konstnärliga aspekten av poesin får du förstås sköta själv, LyX kan + bara bistå med god typografi för den. +\end_inset + + med miljön +\family sans +Verse +\family default +, och då använda +\family sans +Retur +\family default + för att skilja stroferna åt, och +\family sans +C-Retur +\family default + för radbrytning inom stroferna. + Se vidare +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + för mer fullständiga beskrivningar över de tillgängliga miljöerna i LyX. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default + Typsätt delarna +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + och +\family sans +Verse +\family default + i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Att skriva dokument +\layout Standard + +Förhoppningsvis fick du lite kött på benen i förra kapitlet. + Det gick igenom grundläggande redigering i LyX och även den kraftfulla + metoden att använda miljöer. + De flesta som använder LyX vill dock skriva dokument: brev, artiklar, essäer, + handböcker, böcker osv. + I detta kapitel skall vi från att skriva enkla texter gå vidare till att + skriva hela dokument. + Det skall redogöra för textklasser, med vilka man bestämmer vilket slags + dokument man skriver. + Därefter skall vi plocka lite från smörgåsbordet av godsaker som förvandlar + text till dokument som titlar, fotnoter, hänvisningar, litteraturhänvisningar, + och innehållsförteckning. +\layout Section + +Textklasser och mallar: Att skriva brev +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +Olika slags dokument typsätts olika. + Till exempel typsätts böcker i allmänhet dubbelsidigt, medan artiklar sätts + enkelsidigt. + Dessutom har många dokumenttyper särskilda miljöer: brev innehåller till + exempel miljöer som adressat och signatur, vilka inte används i i en bok + eller en artikel. + För att hålla reda på dessa har LyX något som vi kallar +\emph on +textklasser +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +I LaTeX motsvaras detta av +\family typewriter +documentclass +\end_inset + +, dessa definierar alltså diverse standardinställningar rörande upplägget + av sidorna, samt vilka miljöer som ingår i klassen. + Denna Nybörjarkurs +\emph default + är exempelvis skriven i textklassen +\family sans +Book +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Ditt dokument skrivs troligen som +\family sans +Article +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Det är normalt den textklass som nya dokument har som skönsvärde. + Du kan sätta Skönsvärdet för detta i din +\family typewriter +lyxrc +\family default +-fil. +\end_inset + +. + Prova att ändra till andra textklasser (med listvalet Class +\family default + i menyn +\family sans +Stil->Dokument +\family default +) för att se vad de har för skillnader. + Om du byter till textklassen +\family sans +Book +\family default + och tittar i +\family sans +Miljömenyn +\family default + ser du att de flesta tillåtna miljöer är de samma, men nu har du dessutom + miljön +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +. + Om vid något tillfälle är osäker på vilka miljöer som är tillgängliga i + en viss textklass så kikar du bara i +\family sans +Miljölistan +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Kägel, en- eller tvåkolumners utskrifter och sidhuvuden är bara några punkter + som olika tidskrifter skiljer sig från varandra på. + I den allt mer mognande datoråldern har de börjat ta emot bidrag på elektronisk +t media, och tillhandahåller +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +stilfiler +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + så att författarna kan skicka in bidrag enligt önskad typografi. + LyX stöder detta. + +\layout Standard + +Här är en liten (ofullständig) tabell över några av dessa textklasser. + Se som vanligt i +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + för detaljer, och i +\family sans +Stil->Dokument +\family default + för en lista på vilka klasser som är tillgängliga i din installation. +\layout Standard +\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Namn +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Kort beskrivning +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +enkelsidigt, inga kapitel +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +article (AMS) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +stil och miljöer för American Math Society +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +längre än article, dubbelsidigt +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +book +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +report + omslag +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +slides +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +overheadbilder +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +letter +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +extra miljöer för adress, signatur\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Mallar: Skriva brev +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +(I skrivandes stund finns ingen mall för svenska affärsbrev, vilka kanske + heller inte är lika formellt utformade som i engelsktalande länder. + Det finns dock stöd för svenska beteckningar i +\family sans +letter +\family default +\emph default +- +\emph on +klassen i LaTeX, så den motsvarande textklassen +\family sans +letter +\family default +\emph default + +\emph on +i LyX går att använda för att göra en en mall om man vill. + Nedanstående tjänar som exempel på hur mallar används.) +\layout Standard + +En populär textklass är +\family sans +Letter +\family default +. + Ett sätt att skriva ett brev är starta ett nytt dokument och välja +\family sans +Letter +\family default + från +\family sans +Klass +\family default +-listan i +\family sans +Stil->Dokument +\family default +. + Även om detta kanske är det mest uppenbara sättet att skriva ett brev, + blir det en del merarbete. + Varje gång du skriver ett affärsbrev vill du ha avsändare, adressatens + adress, en brödtext, en signatur och så vidare. + För att göra det bekvämt har LyX +\emph on +mallar +\emph default + för brev vilka innehåller ett exempelbrev med brevets olika delar utlagda. + Du byter bara ut texten i delarna med din egen text. +\layout Standard + +Öppna en ny fil med +\family sans +Fil->Ny\SpecialChar ~ +efter\SpecialChar ~ +mall +\family default +. + Efter att ha valt filnamnet, välj +\family typewriter +latex_letter.lyx +\family default + från nästa dialog, +\family sans +Välj\SpecialChar ~ +mall +\family default +. + Spara och skriv ut filen för att se hur de olika miljöerna typsätts. +\layout Standard + +När du tittar i +\family sans +miljörutan +\family default + ser du flera olika miljöer, som +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default +, vilken inte förekommer i andra textklasser. + Andra, som +\family sans +Quote +\family default + och +\family sans +Description, +\family default + är gamla bekanta. + Du kan leka lite med dem ett tag för att se hur de fungerar. + Du märker till exempel att miljön +\family sans +Signature +\family default + har ordet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Signature: +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + i rött före själva signaturen. + Detta ord kommer inte med i själva utskriften. + Det är bara där för att markera var signaturen hamnar. + Notera också att det inte spelar någon roll var i dokumentet +\family sans +Signature +\family default + ligger. +\layout Standard + +En mall är bara en vanlig LyX-fil. + Detta innebär att du kan fylla i din egen adress och signatur och spara + filen som en ny mall. + Därefter kan du använda den nya mallen för att spara tid. + Vi behöver väl inte förslå någon +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +övning +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + här; skriv ett brev till någon +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +En varning om du skriver från en mall. + Om du raderar hela texten i en miljö -- säg att du raderar hela +\family sans +My\SpecialChar ~ +Address +\family default + för att lägga in din egen -- och sedan flyttar markören utan att skriva + in någon ny text så försvinner miljön. + Det blir så för att en miljö inte kan vara tom. + För att få tillbaka miljön igen väljer du den helt enkelt från +\family sans +Miljölistan +\family default +. +\end_inset + +! +\layout Section + +Dokumenttitlar +\layout Standard + +På samma vis som LaTeX betraktar LyX titeln -- vilken kan innehålla själva + namnet på dokumentet, författaren, datum och rent av sammanfattningen -- + som något separat från själva dokumentet. +\layout Standard + +Gå tillbaka till +\family typewriter +newfile.lyx +\family default + och försäkra dig om att det använder textklassen +\family sans +Article +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Du skall inte använda +\family sans +Letter +\family default + längre, eftersom +\family sans +Letter +\family default + inte tillåter titlar. +\end_inset + +. + Skriv in en titel på första raden, och ändra miljön till Title +\family default +. + På nästa rad skriver du ditt namn och byter till +\family sans +Author +\family default +. + På raden därefter skriver du in dagens datum och ändrar till +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Skriv ett stycke eller två som sammanfattar innehållet i din artikel med + miljön +\family sans +Abstract +\family default +. + Se nu efter hur det ser ut i utskriften. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default +Rätta till titel, datum och författare i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Märken och hänvisningar +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} + +\end_inset + +Du kan sätta ett märke i ett avsnitt (eller underavsnitt, eller mer ovanligt, + någon godtycklig text) i ditt dokument. + När du gjort det kan du hänvisa till detta avsnitt från andra delar av + dokumentet. + Du kan antingen hänvisa till avsnittsnumret eller till sidan där märket + är satt. + Som med avsnitt och fotnoter fixar LyX numreringen åt dig. + +\layout Subsection* + +Ditt första märke +\layout Standard + +Nu skall vi sätta ett märke i vårt andra avsnitt vars titel är +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Om detta dokument +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Klicka vid slutet på titelraden och välj +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Referensmärke +\family default +. + En dialogruta frågar dig efter ett namn på märket. + Skriv in +\family typewriter +avs:omdokumentet +\family default +, vilket kanske kan vara ett hyfsat beskrivande namn som inte blir sammanblandat + med andra märken +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vi skriver +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +avs: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + för +\emph on +avsnitt +\emph default + eftersom vi kan ha märken för figurer, tabeller och ekvationer. +\end_inset + + vi kanske lägger in senare. + När du klickar på +\family sans +OK +\family default + läggs märket in där markören stod, efter titeln. +\layout Standard + +Förresten kunde du ha satt märket var som helst inom avsnittet; hänvisningar + till avsnittsnummer hänvisar alltid till det avsnitt eller underavsnitt + som märket ligger i. + Men om man vill försäkra sig om att sidhänvisningar till ett avsnitt verkligen + pekar på den sida där avsnittet börjar lägger man lämpligen märket tillsammans + med titeln eller alldeles i början av avsnittets brödtext. +\layout Standard + +Så långt har du inte gjort särskilt mycket -- +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-filen ser precis likadan ut som förut eftersom märken inte är synliga i + utskriften. + Men du har nu åtminstone något att hänvisa till. + Det blir nästa steg. +\layout Subsection* + +Din första hänvisning +\layout Standard + +Sätt markören någonstans i avsnitt 2 i ditt dokument. + Skriv: +\layout LyX-Code + +Om du vill veta mer om detta dokument se vidare +\layout LyX-Code + +avsnitt , vilket hittas på sidan . +\layout Standard + +Sätt så markören efter ordet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +avsnitt +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + och välj +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Hänvisning +\family default + och dialogrutan för hänvisningar dyker upp vilken visar en lista över inlagda + märken. + Just nu finns där bara ett märke, +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +avs:omdokumentet +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Välj det (det kanske redan är valt) och klicka på +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in\SpecialChar ~ +avsnittsnummer +\family default +. + Sätt nu markören efter ordet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +sidan +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +, och klicka på +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in\SpecialChar ~ +sidnummer +\family default + i dialogrutan. +\layout Standard + +LyX lägger in hänvisningen in en ruta där markören stod. + I utskriften byts denna ruta ut mot antingen avsnittsnumret eller sidnumret + beroende på vilket du valde. + För din bekvämlighets skull fungerar rutan även som en så kallad hyperlänk + under redigeringsarbetet; om du klickar på den hoppar du till den plats + i dokumentet där märket ligger. + Du kan hoppa tillbaka genom att trycka +\family sans +C-< +\family default +. + Kör +\family sans +Fil->Uppdatera\SpecialChar ~ +dvi +\family default + och du ser att på sista sidan hänvisar du till +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +avsnitt 2 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + och +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +sidan 1 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + (eller vilken sida nu avsnitts två titel hamnat på). +\layout Subsection* + +Mer kul med märken +\layout Standard + +Vi sa tidigare att LyX sköter om numrerandet för hänvisningar; nu kan du + testa det. + Lägg till ett nytt avsnitt före avsnitt 2 och kör LaTeX igen -- simsalabim! + -- hänvisningen hänvisar till avsnitt 3! Ändra +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Om detta dokument +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + till ett underavsnitt, och hänvisningen går till underavsnitt 2.1 i stället + för 3. + Sidhänvisningen ändras inte såvida du inte förstås lägger till en hel sida + text före märket. +\layout Standard + +Om du vill öva mer med märken, kan du till exempel pröva att sätta ett märke + som: +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +avs:mittförstamärke +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +, där din första hänvisning var och hänvisa till märket från någon annan + plats i dokumentet. + Om du ofta lägger in hänvisningar kan det vara bekvämt att lämna dialogrutan + uppe. +\layout Standard + +Om du vill förvissa dig om att hänvisningar fungerar även för större dokument + kan du till exempel +\family sans +Kopiera +\family default + några sidor text från +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + till klippbordet och +\family sans +Klistra +\family default + den stulna texten till ditt eget dokument +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +När man kopierar kapiteltitlar in i ett dokument av klassen +\family sans +Article +\family default + kan man få felmeddelanden eftersom kapitel inte är tillåtna i +\family sans +Article +\family default +. + Om detta händer kan du ta bort kapiteltiteln. + Om du undrar varför det blir på detta viset, se avsnitt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} + +\end_inset + +. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default +Rätta till hänvisningarna i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Fotnoter och anteckningar i marginalen +\layout Standard + +Fotnoter kan läggas in med knappen +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in\SpecialChar ~ +fotnot +\family default + i verktygspanelen +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Knappen visar en pil som pekar på röd text placerad under lite svart text. +\end_inset + + eller med +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Fotnot +\family default +. + Klicka på slutet av ordet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +LyX +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + någonstans i dokumentet och tryck på fotnotknappen. + En fotnotsrad öppnas under raden du stod på. + I vänstra änden av raden ser du ordet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + i röd text på grå bakgrund. + Resten av raden har en röd ram; där skriver du in din fotnot. + LyX skall ha placerat markören i början på fotnodsraden. + Skriv: +\layout LyX-Code + +LyX är en typsättande ordbehandlare. +\layout Standard + +Klicka nu på ordet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Fotnotsraden försvinner och lämnar bara kvar ordet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +, skrivet med liten upphöjd text som en markör var fotnotsmärket hamnar + i texten; detta kallas för att +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +stänga +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + fotnoten. + Du kan öppna fotnoten när du vill -- och ändra dess innehåll om du vill + -- genom att klicka på den röda markören +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Du kanske undrar varför det bara är ett sånt märke och inte ett nummer. + Svaret är att LyX fixar numreringen av fotnoternas märken i utskriften. + Du kan se själv i +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-filen (eller i utskriften)- Om du lägger till fler fotnoter kommer LyX + att numrera om dem. + Eftersom LyX (LaTeX egentligen) numrerar dem åt oss finns det ingen anledning + att lägga ut numren i LyX-filen. +\layout Standard + +En fotnot kan klippas och klistras som vanlig text. + Pröva! Allt du behöver göra är att markera fotnotsmarkören +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Det kan vara enklast att markera den med tangentbordet. + Det är lätt hänt att man råkar öppna fotnoten om man försöker markera markören + med musen. +\end_inset + + och +\family sans +Klipp +\family default +a och +\family sans +Klistra +\family default + den. + Du kan också ändra en bit brödtext till en fotnot genom att markera den + och trycka på fotnotsknappen, eller ändra en fotnot till brödtext med samma + knapp när markören står inne i en öppnad fotnot. +\layout Standard + +Marginalanteckningar +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +En marginalanteckning +\end_inset + + kan läggas till med knappen +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in\SpecialChar ~ +marginalanteckning +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Knappen visar en pil som pekar på röd text till höger om (dvs i marginalen) + om svart text, och knappen bör ligga till höger om fotnotsknappen. +\end_inset + + +\family default +eller med +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Marginalanteckning\SpecialChar \@. + +\family default +Marginalanteckningar fungerar som fotnoter förutom att: +\layout Itemize + +markören heter +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + i stället för +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +foot +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +de hamnar i marginalen i stället för underst på sidan +\layout Itemize + +de är inte numrerade +\layout Itemize + +när en marginalanteckning stängs läggs ett utropstecken ut i vänsterkanten. + Detta utropstecken kommer inte med i den färdiga texten. +\layout Standard + +Ändra tillbaka din fotnot till brödtext, markera den och gör om den till + en marginalanteckning. + Kör LaTeX igen och studera resultatet. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default + Rätta till fotnoterna i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Section + +Referenser (Litteraturförteckning) +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Det heter +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Litteraturförteckning +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + för +\family sans +Book +\family default + och +\family sans +Report +\family default +, och +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Referenser +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + för andra. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +Referenser liknar hänvisningar. + Litteraturförteckningen läggs normalt i slutet av dokumentet och består + av en lista med litteratur som hänvisas till inom dokumentet. + Som vanligt förenklar LyX och LaTeX ditt arbete genom att automatiskt numrera + referenserna även om du tar bort eller lägger till litteratur i listan. +\layout Standard + +Gå till slutet av dokumentet och slå över till miljön +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +. + Nu kommer varje stycke du matar in att bli en referens. + Skriv in +\family typewriter +Nybörjarkursen för LyX, av Amir Karger och dokumentationsgruppen för LyX +\family default + som din första referens. + Notera att LyX automatiskt sätter ett nummer i en ruta först på raden. + Klicka på rutan så får du upp dialogen +\family sans +Referens +\family default +. + Du använder det första fältet, +\family sans +Nyckel +\family default +, för att ange vad du refererar till inom LyX-dokumentet. + Skönsvärdet är ett nummer; ändra detta till +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +lyxkurs +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + så blir det kanske lättare att komma ihåg vilket det var senare. + +\layout Standard + +Välj nu något ställe i ditt dokument där du vill ha en referens till litteratur + inlagd. + Detta görs med +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Citatreferens +\family default +. + LyX ritar en grå ruta med tre frågetecken inom hakparenteser. + Klicka på denna ruta och dialogen +\family sans +Citat +\family default + dyker fram. + Det första fältet i dialogen heter +\family sans +Nyckel +\family default + och här väljer du vilken litteratur du hänvisar till +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Det är därför det är en god vana att ge nycklarna unika och logiska namn, + snarare än att behålla de nummer som används som skönsvärde. +\end_inset + +. + Välj nyckeln +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +lyxkurs +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + från listan (inte mycket annat att välja på just nu). + Kör LaTeX så ser du citatreferensen inom hakparenteser i texten, och den + hänvisar alltså till litteraturförteckningen i slutet av dokumentet. +\layout Standard + +Hur används de andra fälten då? +\family sans +Kommentar +\family default + i +\family sans +Citat +\family default +-dialogen används för att lägga in en kommentar (som vilken sida eller kapitel + i den angivna boken man avser) att hamna inom hakparenteserna. + Om du vill att referenserna skall använda något annat än tråkiga nummer + i utskriften (exempelvis +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +[KB54] +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + för att hänvisa till en bok av Kalle Blomkvist 1954) kan du ändra det med + +\family sans +Märke +\family default + i dialogen +\family sans +Citat +\family default +. + Som vanligt kan du läsa om detaljerna i +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default +Rätta till litteraturförteckningen och citatreferenserna i filen +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default +. +\layout Section + +Innehållsförteckning +\layout Standard + +Du kanske vill lägga in en innehållsförteckning i början av dokumentet. + I LyX är detta väldigt enkelt. + Tryck bara +\family sans +Retur +\family default + efter titeln och före första avsnittets titel +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Försök inte klicka på eller ändra avsnittsnumret; det går inte. +\end_inset + + och välj +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Förteckningar->Innehållsförteckning +\family default +. + Ordet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Innehåll +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + läggs ut i en grå ruta i fönstret. +\layout Standard + +Detta kanske inte ser mycket ut för världen, men titta nu på +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-filen. + Som du ser har du nu en innehållsförteckning som listar avsnitt och underavsnit +t med deras nummer och sidnummer. + Som vanligt i LyX sköter den sig själv om du tar bort eller lägger till + avsnitt eller underavsnitt och du ser skillnaden i +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-filen när LaTeX körts om. +\layout Standard + +Innehållsförteckningen visas inte i arbetsfönstret i LyX (för du kan ändå + inte redigera den). + Du kan dock visa innehållsförteckningen i ett separat fönster genom att + klicka på den gråa rutan märkt +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Innehåll +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + eller genom att välja +\family sans +Redigera->Innehållsförteckning +\family default +. + Du kan använda +\family sans +Innehåll +\family default +-fönstret för att hoppa omkring i dokumentet. + Om du klicka på ett (under)avsnitt i listan flyttas markören i arbetsfönstret + till det stället i dokumentet där avsnittet börjar. + Du kan också använda piltangenterna i +\family sans +Innehåll +\family default +-fönstret. + Det kan vara bekvämt att lämna detta fönster uppe under redigeringsarbetet. +\layout Standard + +För att ta bort innehållsförteckingen ur dokumentet raderar du bara den + gråa +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Innehåll +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +-rutan som andra tecken. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default +Rätta till innehållsförteckningen i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\layout Chapter + +Matematikredigering +\layout Standard + +LaTeX används mycket inom forskarvärlden eftersom utskriften som genereras + ger utmärkt resultat för matematisk skrift. + Många av dessa forskare är dock en smula frustrerade, för att skriva matematik + i LaTeX liknar programmering mer än att skriva. + Lyckligtvis har LyX WYSIWYM-stöd för matematik. + Om du är van vid LaTeX finner du att du kan skriva in LaTeX som du gör + i en texteditor men symbolerna visas på WYSIWYM-vis på skärmen. + Om du å andra sida inte kan ett jota om LaTeX finns +\family sans +Matematikpanelen +\family default + och +\family sans +Matematik +\family default +-menyn där så att du snabbt och enkelt kan skapa tjusig matematisk skrift +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Det ligger förstås utanför ramen för LyX att kontrollera att den matematik + du uttrycker är +\emph on +korrekt! +\end_inset + +. +\layout Section + +Matematikläge +\layout Standard + +Skriv följande någonstans i dokumentet: +\layout LyX-Code + +Jag gillar det Einstein sa, E=mc^2, för det är så enkelt. +\layout Standard + +Det där ser ju inget vidare ut, inte ens i +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-filen; det finns ingen luft mellan bokstäverna och likhetstecknet, och + nog skulle du vilja ha siffran +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + i mindre kägel och upphöjd. + Denna usla typografi fick vi för att vi inte talade om för lyx att vi ville + ha ett matematiskt uttryck, så den typsatte det glatt som vanlig tråkig + text. +\layout Standard + +Matematik skriver man in med LyX i matematikläge. + För att komma i matematikläge klickar du på knappen i verktygspanelen märkt + med +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ +\end_inset + + i blå text. + Lyx öppnar en liten blå fyrkant med en lila ram runt. + Den blåa fyrkanten är inmatningspunkten, vilken antyder att LyX vill ha + något inmatat där, och den lila ramen indikerar att du är i matematikläge + nu. + LyX har satt markören i den blåa fyrkanten, så skriv bara +\family typewriter +E=mc^2 +\family default + igen. + Uttrycket visas i blått och den blåa fyrkanten försvinner så snart inmatningspu +nkten inte längre är tom. + Tryck +\family sans +Esc +\family default + för att komma ur matematikläget (Obs: att klicka på +\family sans +Matematik +\family default +-knappen igen hjälper inte). + Den lila ramen försvinner, och markören står nu till höger om uttrycket. + Om du skriver in något nu blir det vanlig brödtext igen. +\layout Standard + +Kör så LaTeX och titta på +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-filen. + Notera att det matematiska uttrycket nu är snyggt typsatt med lite luft + på ömse sidor om likhetstecknet och tvåan ligger där den skall vara. + Bokstäver i matematikläge antas vara variabler och visas i kursiv stil. + Siffror är bara siffror. +\layout Standard + +Matematikläget är som sagt WYSIWYM. + I LaTeX skriver du ett matematiskt uttryck i en textfil med kommandon som + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sqrt +\family default +; detta kan bli frustrerande eftersom du inte kan se hur uttrycket ser ut + förrän du kört LaTeX på filen, och kanske måste ödsla tid på att leta efter + missade klammerparenteser eller andra småfel. + LyX försöker å andra sidan inte typsätta uttrycken perfekt (WYSIWYG) -- + detta skulle ta för mycket datorkraft för att vara praktiskt användbart + -- utan ger dig en hyfsad bild av hur uttrycket kommer att se ut i färdigt + skick. + LaTeX sköter om den slutgiltiga typsättningen. + I regel behöver du inte ändra på den typstorlek eller kägel som LaTeX sätter. + På så sätt (ursäkta om jag låter tjatig) kan du ägna din uppmärksamhet + på +\emph on +innehållet +\emph default + i de matematiska uttrycken snarare än arbetet med att typsätta dem. +\layout Section + +Markörförflyttningar i matematikläge +\layout Standard + +Nu skall vi ändra uttrycket +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + till +\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + +. + Använd piltangenterna för att flytta markören in i uttrycket. + När du stegar in i uttrycket kommer den lila ramen till baka för att markera + för dig att du nu redigerar i matematikläge. + Du kan nu använda +\family sans +Vänster +\family default + och +\family sans +Höger +\family default + för att flytta markören till efter likhetstecknet, och bara knappa in +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +1+ +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Återigen kan du använda piltangenterna för att lämna uttrycket, och den + lila ramen försvinner igen. + Du kan också använda musen och klicka någonstans i uttrycket för att flytta + markören dit och gå in i matematikläge. +\layout Standard + +Förutom de särskilda knapparna som beskrivs nedan fungerar matematikläge + som redigering av vanlig text. + Använd +\family sans +Delete +\family default + (eller +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +) för att ta bort saker. + Markera text med piltangenterna eller med musen. + +\family sans +Redigera->Ångra +\family default + fungerar i matematikläge, och så även klippning och klistring. + En sak bör du dock tänka på: om du står strax +\emph on +utanför +\emph default + ett matematiskt uttryck och trycker +\family sans +Delete +\family default +(eller +\family sans +Backspace +\family default +), kommer hela uttrycket att raderas. + Naturligtvis kan du använda +\family sans +Ångra +\family default + för att få tillbaka det om du gör så av misstag. +\layout Standard + +Men om du vill ändra +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + till +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$ +\end_inset + +? Återigen kan du använda musen för att sätta markören på rätt ställe, men + du kan också använda piltangenterna. + Om markören står strax efter +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + men före +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +, kommer +\family sans +Upp +\family default + att flytta markören till positionen för exponenten strax före tvåan. + Lägg till +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +.5 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + efter +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Om du nu trycker +\family sans +Ned +\family default + så flyttas markören till grundnivån. + Du kan trycka +\family sans +Ned +\family default + var som helst i exponenten för att flyttas ned till grundnivån och får + då markören +\emph on +efter +\emph default + exponenten (så att du kan mata in +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + ++1 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Du kan också använda +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + för att förflytta dig inom uttrycken. + Om du står inne i en matematikstruktur (ett index, en exponent, ett bråk, + kvadratrot, matris osv. + vilka beskrivs nedan) och trycker +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + så flyttas markören ett steg närmare grundnivån, men är kvar i matematikläge. + Detta innebär att att du kan skriva +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{1+x}-2$ +\end_inset + + utan att använda vare sig musen eller piltangenterna, vilket du kanske + finner mer lättjobbat i längden. + Var försiktig så att du inte skriver in +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + mellan ettan och plustecknet, för då åker du ur exponenten. + Trycker du +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + på grundnivån (mellan +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + och +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +c +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + till exempel) händer ingenting +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default +och +\family sans +Tab +\family default + används +\emph on +inte +\emph default + för att sätta tomrum i matematiska uttryck. + Tomrum är en sak för typsättningen, och följaktligen något som LyX (LaTeX) + tar hand om (se avsnitt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:whitespace} + +\end_inset + +). + Om du inte blir nöjd med hur tomrummet typsätts finns det metoder att finjuster +a det. + Det står mer om det i +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + -- men ett gott råd är att att inte bekymra sig om sådant förrän du är + klar med innehållet i dokumentet. +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Notera att om du går ur ett matematiskt uttryck med +\family sans +Esc +\family default +, blir det inget mellanslag efter uttrycket. + Detta är nog bra om du har tänkt dig en punkt eller ett kommatecken efter, + men om du vill skriva ett ord efter formeln måste du trycka +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + själv efter att du gått ur matematikläget. + För bekvämlighets skull finns möjligheten att trycka +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + i +\emph on +slutet +\emph default + av uttrycket för att både gå ur matematikläge och +\emph on +dessutom +\emph default + få ett mellanslag efter det. +\layout Section + +Exponenter och index +\layout Standard + +En exponent kan läggas in med +\family sans +Matematik +\family default +-menyn, men det är mycket enklare att bara skriva in en cirkumflex, +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + LyX sätter då en inmatningspunkt (den där blåa rutan du vet) som är upphöjd + över förra nivån, så att allt du matar in blir upphöjd och något mindre + text. + Allt du skriver in tills dess du trycker +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + (eller +\family sans +Esc +\family default + för att helt gå ur matematikläget) hamnar i exponenten. +\layout Standard + +Att mata in nedsänkt liten text (ett index) är lika enkelt -- du börjar + med att trycka understrykningstecknet, +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Du kan sätta index och exponenter på både exponenter och index som till + exempel: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default + Gör om ekvation 1 i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + i matematikläge. +\layout Section + + +\family sans +Matematikpanelen +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Matematikpanelen +\family default +är ett bekvämt verktyg för att lägga in ovanliga symboler och/eller många + krångligare matematikfunktioner. + Många av dessa är åtkomliga från tangentbordet eller +\family sans +Matematik +\family default +-menyn. + Nu skall vi dock ägna oss åt +\family sans +Matematikpanelen +\family default +, bara så att du får en uppfattning om vad som finns där. + Snabbvalen via tangentbordet kan du studera senare, i de andra manualerna. + Öppna nu +\family sans +Matematikpanelen +\family default + låt den ligga uppe för resten av detta avsnitt. +\layout Subsection + +Grekiska tecken och andra symboler +\layout Standard + +Om du klickar på knappen märkt +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\kappa$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +, får du upp en mindre panel från vilken du kan välja grekiska tecken. + Notera att det finns ett par varianter av epsilon, pi, phi, theta och sigma. + När du håller på med vanlig text och väljer något från matematikpanelen + går du automatiskt över i matematikläge. +\layout Standard + +Fyra andra knappar ned till vänster i panelen låter dig välja från ett antal + andra symboler som används i matematik: olika pilar, relationer, operatorer + och summatecken och integraler. + Kom ihåg att du kan använda upphöjd och nedsänkt text som vi gått igenom + tidigare för att sätta övre och undre värden för bestämda integraler och + på summor. +\layout Subsection + +Kvadratrötter, vektorer och skiljetecken +\layout Standard + +För att mata in en kvadratrot klickar du bara på knappen märkt med ett kvadratro +tstecken. + Ett dylikt läggs ut och markören sätts i en inmatningspunkt under kvadratrotste +cknet. + Här kan du mata in variabler, tal, andra kvadratrötter, bråk eller vad + du vill. + LyX kommer att ändra form och storlek på kvadratrotstecknet efter hand + så att innehållet får plats. +\layout Standard + +Vektormarkering på tecken ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$ +\end_inset + +) eller uttryck ( +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$ +\end_inset + +) görs på samma sätt. + Tryck på +\family sans +Dekoration +\family default +-knappen, vilken är märkt med en blå fyrkant med ett svart tildetecken\SpecialChar ~ +(~) + ovanpå, för att öppna +\family sans +Dekoration +\family default +-panelen. + Välj en dekoration, och LyX lägger ut den med tillhörande inmatningspunkt. + Mata in vad du vill ha under/över tecknet, och tryck +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + eller +\family sans +Esc +\family default + för att lämna matematikläget. +\layout Standard + +Skiljetecken som parenteser, hakar och klamrar fungerar på liknande sätt, + men är något mer komplicerat. + Tryck på +\family sans +Skiljetecken +\family default +-knappen (blå fyrkant inom hakparenteser), för att få upp +\family sans +Skiljetecken +\family default +-panelen. + Klicka på det tecken du vill ha till vänster med +\emph on +vänster +\emph default + +\emph on +musknapp +\emph default + och på det högra tecknet med +\emph on +höger +\emph default + +\emph on +knapp +\emph default +. + (Du kan också använda tryckknapparna märkta +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Vänster +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + och +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Höger +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + i dialogen och sedan välja skiljetecknen med vänsterklick). + Den aktuella kombinationen av skiljetecken visas i en ruta uppe till vänster. + Skönsvärdet är ett par vanliga parenteser, men med denna dialog kan du + välja ett par klamrar, en klammer och en parentes eller rent av inget alls + (längs ned till vänster) för att få något i stil med +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + (det +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +tomma +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + skiljetecknet visas som en streckad linje i LyX, men kommer inte med i + utskriften). +\layout Standard + +När du väl valt skiljetecken klickar du på +\family sans +OK +\family default + (eller på +\family sans +Använd +\family default + om du vill ha kvar dialogen på skärmen). + Om du är lat kan du använda tangentbordets knappar för parenteser m.m i + matematikläge snarare än att använda +\family sans +Skiljetecken +\family default +-panelen. + Dessa kommer dock att då vara i samma storlek som vanlig matematiktext + och ser inte så bra ut om du har ett uttryck som täcker en större yta (bråk, + matriser\SpecialChar \ldots{} +). + Med +\family sans +Skiljetecken +\family default +-dialogen får du parenteser och annat som ges rätt storlek för innehållet. +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vad är det då för vits med (-tangenten m.fl. + i matematikläge? +\layout Standard + +Används dessa "mindre" parenteser till annat i typsättningen, +\layout Standard + +eller kunde man då inte lika gärna ha "(" bundet till samma +\layout Standard + +funktion som M-m ( i math.bind? +\layout Standard + +(Öv. + anm.) +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Du kan också sätta skiljetecken eller kvadratrotstecken eller dekorationer + på redan inlagd text. + Markera den delen av formeln som du vill ha inom parenteser, under kvadratrot + etc, och klicka på den önskade funktionen i matematikpanelen. + Pröva till exempel att ändra Newtons andra lag från skalär-- till vektorform + ( +\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$ +\end_inset + + till +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$ +\end_inset + +). + När du väl lärt dig lägga in matriser, är det så här du lägger parenteser + eller hakar runt dem i efterhand. +\layout Subsection + +Bråk +\layout Standard + +Bråk är enklare i matematikläge. + Klicka bara på +\family sans +Bråk +\family default +-knappen i +\family sans +Matematikpanelen +\family default +, vilken är märkt med tvenne blåa fyrkanter i täljare och nämnare. + LyX lägger ut två inmatningspunkter i bråket. + Som väntat kan du använda piltangenterna för att flytta dig omkring i bråkuttry +cket. + Klicka på täljaren och mata in +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Tryck +\family sans +Ned +\family default + och mata in +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Du har lagt ut ett bråkuttryck! Naturligtvis kan du mata in vad som helst + i de två fyrkanterna: variabler med exponenter, kvadratrötter, andra bråk + eller vad som helst. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default +Sätt ekvation 2 i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + i matematikläge. +\layout Subsection + +TeX-läge: Gränsvärden, log, sin och annat +\layout Standard + +Eftersom bokstäver i matematikläge betraktas som variabler, så tror LyX + att du avser en sådan om du matar in +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + i matematikläge. + Detta kommer då att typsättas i kursiv stil, när du egentligen ville ha + funktionsnamnet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + i antikva. + Dessutom sätter då inte LyX ett mellanrum mellan +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + och ett eventuellt +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + efteråt (att trycka +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + kastar bara ut dig ur matematikläget). + Så hur får man då +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + snarare än +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $sinx$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +? +\layout Standard + +Klicka på +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + i listan +\family sans +Funktioner +\family default + i +\family sans +Matematikpanelen +\family default +. + Ordet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + läggs ut i röd antikva, även känt som TeX-läge. + Hela ordet betraktas som en enda symbol, så om du trycker +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + efter det tas hela ordet bort på en gång. + Skriv nu +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +x +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +, vilket då läggs ut i blå kursiv som vanligt med variabler i matematikläge. + I +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-filen typsätts uttrycket korrekt. + Pröva! +\layout Standard + +Andra kommandon du behöver mata in i TeX-läge med listan under +\family sans +Funktioner +\family default + innefattar andra trigonometriska funktioner ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cos +\family default +) och deras inverser ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash +arccos +\family default +), hyperboliska funktioner ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash +cosh +\family default +), logaritmer ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash +log +\family default +och +\family typewriter + +\backslash +ln +\family default +), gränsvärden ( +\family typewriter + +\backslash +lim +\family default +) och en hel del andra. + Dessa funktioner tar exponenter och index, viktigt för uttryck som +\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + eller +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default + Sätt ekvation 3 i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + i matematikläge. +\layout Subsection + +Matriser +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +Klicka på +\family sans +matris +\family default +-knappen i +\family sans +Matematikpanelen +\family default +. + Matrisdialogen har två skjutreglage med vilka du väljer hur många rader + och kolonner du vill ha i din matris. + Välj 2 rader och 3 kolonner och tryck +\family sans +OK +\family default + eller +\family sans +Använd +\family default +). + LyX lägger ut 6 inmatningspunkter i en +\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$ +\end_inset + +-matris. + Som vanligt kan du lägga in vilka matematiska uttryck du vill (rötter, + andra matriser osv.) i varje inmatningspunkt. + Du kan också lämna positioner tomma om du vill. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + kan användas för att förflytta sig vågrätt mellan matrisens kolonner. + Du kan också använda piltangenterna för förflyttningar: tryck +\family sans +Höger +\family default + i slutet av en inmatningspunkt flyttar dig till nästa fyrkant, +\family sans +Ned +\family default + till nästa rad osv. +\layout Standard + +Se vidare +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + för hur man justerar varje kolonn vågrätt, och hur man justerar hela matrisen + lodrätt. + Märk väl att om du vill ha en tabell med text i, bör du snarare använda + de tjusiga tabellerna du kan skapa på annat sätt i LyX, snarare än att + köra med matriser i matematikläge. +\layout Subsection + +Uttryck på egen rad +\layout Standard + +De uttryck vi hittills har skrivit har befunnit sig på samma rad som den + löpande texten. + Detta duger gott för korta enkla uttryck, men om du vill lägga ut större + uttryck, eller om du vill att de skall ligga skiljt från brödtexten, skall + du lägga ut det +\family sans +på\SpecialChar ~ +egen\SpecialChar ~ +rad +\family default +. + Det är dessutom bara uttryck +\family sans +på egen rad +\family default + som kan förses med etiketter eller numreras (se +\emph on +handboken, +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +display mode +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +), och ekvationer som spänner över flera rader (se avsnitt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +) +\emph on + måste +\emph default + läggas ut +\family sans +på\SpecialChar ~ +egen\SpecialChar ~ +rad +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Klicka på knappen för formler +\family sans +på\SpecialChar ~ +egen\SpecialChar ~ +rad +\family default + i +\family sans +Matematikpanelen +\family default +, vilken är märkt med ett par rader text över och under en centrerad blå + fyrkant. + LyX öppnar en inmatningspunkt, men den ligger ensam på en rad och är centrerad + på den raden. + Mata så in ett ett uttryck och kör LaTeX för att se hur det ser ut. + Knappen +\family sans +på\SpecialChar ~ +egen\SpecialChar ~ +rad +\family default + är faktiskt en växlande knapp; pröva att ändra några av dina uttryck till + egen rad och tillbaka. +\layout Standard + + +\family sans +På\SpecialChar ~ +egen\SpecialChar ~ +rad +\family default + har några egenheter som skiljer det från enkelt matematikläge: +\layout Itemize + +Typstorleken är mindre för vissa symboler, t.ex. + +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + och +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +Nedsänkt och upphöjd text för gränsvärden och summor (men inte integraler) + skrivs under/över snarare än bredvid symbolerna +\layout Itemize + +Raden är centrerad +\layout Standard + +Förutom detta är uttryck i löpande text och på egen rad ganska lika. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default + Sätt ekvationerna i +\family typewriter +example_raw.lyx +\family default + på egna rader och se hur de blir typsatta. +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Övning: +\series default + Med de verktyg du har lärt dig i detta avsnitt skall du kunna skriva uttryck + som: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} +\log_{8}x & x>0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +Flerradiga ekvationer +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:multiline} + +\end_inset + +Pröva att skriva in följande ekvationer och betrakta resultatet i +\family typewriter +dvi +\family default +-filen. + DU behöver två ekvationer på egna rader. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x=y+y+y+y+y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +=5y\] + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Det där ser ju för uschelt ut! Om du skriver två eller flera ekvationer + i följd, ser de mycket bättre ut om deras likhetstecken står i samma kolumn; + särskilt om den andra ekvationen saknar vänsterled. + LyX låter dig skriva ekvationer med en smula kontroll över upplägget. +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\ + & = & 5y\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Det där ser mycket bättre ut! Likhetstecknen står i rad, och det är lite + mindre luft mellan ekvationerna. +\layout Standard + +För att starta en flerradig ekvation börjar du med ett matematiskt uttryck + +\family sans +på\SpecialChar ~ +egen\SpecialChar ~ +rad +\family default + och trycker +\family sans +C-Retur +\family default +. + LyX lägger ut två rader, där varje rad har tre inmatningspunkter. + Som med matriser kan du använda musen, piltangenterna eller +\family sans +Tab +\family default + för att förflytta dig mellan dem. + Försök återskapa den flerradiga ekvationen ovan. + Observera att det går för sig att lämna en eller flera inmatningspunkter + tomma i flerradiga ekvationer. + Detta är användbart för att dela upp riktigt långa ekvationer, som: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +x & = & a+b+c+d\\ + & & +\, e+f+g\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +LyX kommer att lägga de andra fälten (mitten) över varandra, så vanligen + sätter man likhetstecknen eller andra relationsoperatorer i det fältet; + du kan förstås sätta vad du vill där. + Men använd inte en flerradig ekvation för att skapa en vektor; använd matriser + för detta (se avsnitt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:matrices} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Standard + +Om du vill ha ännu fler rader använder du +\family sans +C-Retur +\family default + för att få en ny rad med tre tomma inmatningsfält. + Om du inte står i slutet på den rad du är på, kommer det som är efter markören + att flyttas till den nya raden. + Om du trycker +\family sans +C-Retur +\family default + när du redan skrivit in en (enradig) ekvation, hamnar hela den ekvationen + i första fältet. + Sätt markören före likhetstecknet och tryck +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default + för att flytta det till andra fältet. + Flytta så markören förbi likhetstecknet och tryck +\family sans +C-Tab +\family default + igen för att flytta högerledet till det tredje fältet. + Pröva nu att ändra din ekvation +\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$ +\end_inset + + till: +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +E & = & mc^{2}\\ + & = & mc\times c\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Om du lagt ut för många rader ställer du markören i slutet på en rad och + tryck +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + för att ta bort den efterföljande raden. + Detta tar bort radbrytningen och slår ihop den följande raden (alla tre + fälten) med den nuvarande. + Om den efterföljande raden är tom raderas den helt enkelt. + Varning: om du använder +\family sans +M-e\SpecialChar ~ +k +\family default + när du inte står i slutet på en rad kan konstiga saker hända. +\layout Section + +Mera matematik +\layout Standard + +Matematikläget kan mer än så här. + Nu är du bekant med de grundläggande sakerna, så vi hänvisar bara till + +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default +för vidare tips om hur man: +\layout Itemize + +Märker upp och numrerar ekvationer +\layout Itemize + +Ändrar typsnitt, dvs. + använder fetstil i ett uttryck. + Vi bara noterar här att om man klickar på +\family sans +Matematik +\family default +-knappen i verktygspanelen när man redan är i matematikläge skriver man + i antikva tills man matar in ett (icke skyddat) blanktecken eller klickar + på +\family sans +Matematik +\family default +-knappen igen. +\layout Itemize + +Finjusterar typstorlek och mellanrum inom ett uttryck. + (Meckla inte med detta förrän du har ett färdigt utkast!) +\layout Itemize + +Skriver makron i matematikläge. + Detta är ett mycket kraftfullt verktyg; du definierar dem i början på dokumente +t och kan sedan använda dem i hela dokumentet. + Om du ändrar ett makro ändrar du alla dess instantieringar i hela filen. + Makron kan även ta argument. +\layout Itemize + +Gör åtskilligt annat som vi inte behandlat i +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen +\emph default +. +\layout Chapter + +Smått och gott +\layout Section + +Andra viktiga finesser i LyX +\layout Standard + +Vi har förstås inte gått igenom alla kommandon i LyX här, och det är inte + meningen. + Som sagt tidigare är det +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + man först letar i efter mer information. + Den exakta funktionen hos varje menykommando beskrivs i +\emph on +Referensmanualen +\emph default +. + Vi bara nämner några andra saker du kan göra med LyX här\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\layout Itemize + +LyX kan hantera tabeller. + Använd +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Tabell +\family default + för att få en tabell. + Klicka på tabellen med +\emph on +höger knapp +\emph default + för att få upp +\family sans +Tabellstil +\family default +-dialogen med vilken du kan göra klurigare redigering av dina tabeller. +\layout Itemize + +LyX stöder också bilder i PostScript® (eller rå LaTeX) i dokumenten. + (Just precis: +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Figur\SpecialChar \@. + Klicka +\family default +sedan på figuren för att välja själva filen som skall användas, rotera, + skala om den osv.) Tabeller och figurer kan ha undertexter, och LyX skapar + automatiskt listor över tabeller och figurer inom dokumentet. +\layout Itemize + +Versionskontroll stöds med hjälp av RCS ( +\family typewriter +man rcs +\family default + för mer information om det paketet) +\layout Itemize + +LyX kan konfigureras på alla de sätt. + Allt från hur LyX-fönstret ser ut på skärmen till hur utskriften ser ut + kan ställas in på ett otal sätt. + För att se mer om detta, se +\family sans +Hjälp->Anpassning +\family default +. +\layout Itemize + +LyX utvecklas av en grupp programmerare från fem kontinenter. + Därav har LyX stöd för åtskilliga språk (Nederländska, Tyska, Grekiska, + Tjeckiska, Turkiska\SpecialChar \ldots{} +). + Det pågår ständigt arbete med detta. +\layout Itemize + +LyX kan importera LaTeX-dokument. + Se avsnitt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +Kontrollera din stavning med +\family sans +Redigera->Stavningskontroll\SpecialChar \@. + +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Observera att stavningskontroll sker bara från markörens position till slutet + av dokumentet. +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers} + +\end_inset + +LyX för LaTeXperter +\layout Standard + +Om du inget kan om LaTeX behöver du inte läsa följande avsnitt. + De är förstås möjligt att du vill +\emph on +lära +\emph default +dig mer om LaTeX, och därefter läsa detta avsnitt. + Men det finns många som är mer eller mindre förtrogna med LaTeX redan när + de börjar använda LyX. + Om du är en av dessa kanske du funderar på om LyX verkligen klarar av allt + som LaTeX klarar. + Kort sagt kan LyX göra i stort sett allt som LaTeX kan göra på ett eller + annat sätt, och förenklar absolut de flesta momenten när man skriver ett + LaTeX-dokument. + För närvarande kan det finnas några knepigheter med att konvertera redan + befintliga dokument skrivna i LaTeX och på en del andra punkter, men arbete + pågår med att få bort dessa i kommande versioner av LyX. +\layout Standard + +Eftersom detta bara är en nybörjarkurs behandlar vi bara saker som nya användare + av LyX kan antas vara intresserade av, och för att hålla denna +\emph on +Nybörjarkurs +\emph default + kort ger vi bara minsta nödvändiga information här. + +\emph on +Handboken +\emph default + behandlar skillnader mellan LyX och LaTeX mer utförligt, och hur man kan + trolla med LaTeX i LyX. +\layout Subsection + +TeX-läge +\layout Standard + +Allt du matar in i TeX-läge skickas rakt över till LaTeX, och visas i röd + text på skärmen. + Du går in i TeX-läge med +\family sans +Stil->TeX-stil +\family default + eller genom att klicka på TeX-knappen i verktygspanelen. +\layout Standard + +I matematikläge fungerar TeX-läge lite annorlunda. + Där går du in i TeX-läge genom att skriva ett bakåtsnedstreck. + Bakåtsnedstrecket självt visas inte, men all text därefter markeras med + rött. + Du lämnar TeX-läge genom att trycka +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default + eller någon annat icke-alfabetiskt tecken som ett nummer, understrykningstecken +, cirkumflex, klammer eller parentes. +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Gör det det? Någon av konstruktörerna av matematikläget +\layout Standard + +borde testa och bekräfta detta +\end_inset + + När du lämnar TeX-läge kommer LyX att konvertera detta till WYSIWYM om + den känner till kommandot. + Så om du skriver +\family typewriter + +\backslash +gamma +\family default + i matematikläge och avslutar med +\family sans +Mellanslag +\family default +, kommer LyX att konvertera det röda +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +gamma +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + till +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Detta fungerar för nästan alla enklare matematikmakron (även om matematiska + funktioner som +\family typewriter + +\backslash +sin +\family default + kvarstår i rött, eftersom det redan är i WYSIWYM). + Detta kan gå fortare än att använda +\family sans +Matematikpanelen +\family default +och troligen enklare för vana användare av LaTeX. +\layout Standard + +LyX kan inte göra +\emph on +allt +\emph default + som LaTeX kan (än?). + Några avancerade saker stöds inte alls, medan andra fungerar men är inte + WYSIWYG, TeX-läget låter dig få samma frihet som i LaTeX, och samtidigt + dra fördel av bekvämligheterna i LyX som WYSIWYG matematik, tabeller och + redigering. + LyX kan aldrig stödja vartenda paket för LaTeX. + Men genom att lägga in +\family typewriter + +\backslash +usepackage{någotpaket} +\family default + i LaTeX-preamblen +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Vad VAD skall man översätta "preamble" till?? +\layout Standard + +Hjälp!! +\end_inset + + kan du använda vilket paket du vill -- du får bara inte WYSIWYG-stöd för + funktionerna i paketet. +\layout Subsection + +Att konvertera LaTeX-dokument till LyX +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx} + +\end_inset + +Du kan importera en LaTeX-fil till LyX med +\family sans +Fil->Importera->LaTeX +\family default +. + Detta anropar ett Perl-program som heter +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + -- vilket skapar en fil +\family typewriter +filnamn.lyx +\family default + av +\family typewriter +filnamn.tex +\family default + -- och öppnar filen. + Om konverteringen misslyckas kan du anropa +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + direkt från skalet +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + installeras i samma katalog som +\family typewriter +lyx +\family default + (t.ex. + +\family typewriter +/usr/local/bin/reLyX +\family default +). + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + kräver Perl (version 5.002 eller senare). +\end_inset + +, och pröva med andra flaggor. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + klarar det mesta av kommandona i LaTeX, men inte allt. + De delar den inte förstår läggs in iTeX-läge i LyX-dokumentet, så efter + att du importerat en LaTeX-fil kan du titta efter rödmarkerad TeX-kod +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Kallat ERT bland utvecklarna ( +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Evil Red Text +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + -- +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Ondskefull Röd Text +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +), efter ett muntert gräl en gång på utvecklarnas epostlista. + I nästa större version av LyX är ERT eliminerat så tillvida att ohanterlig + LaTeX göms bakom en liten knapp i arbetsfönstret. + Arbete pågår också med att göra reLyX allt smartare samtidigt som allt + mer knepigheter i LaTeX får WYSIWYM-stöd i LyX. + Tiden är med oss. +\end_inset + + och snygga till det för hand. +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + har sin egen manualsida +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +skriv +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +man reLyx +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter + +\family default +i +\noun on +unix +\noun default +-skalet +\end_inset + +, som du skall läsa om du vill veta vilka begränsningar +\family typewriter +reLyX +\family default + har, vilka buggar det finns i den aktuella versionen (och hur man kommer + runt dem), samt vilka parametrar som finns och hur man använder dem. +\layout Subsection + +Att konvertera LyX-dokument till LaTeX +\layout Standard + +Du kanske vill exportera ett dokument som LaTeX. + Kanske har du en kollega eller medförfattare som dväljs i ett LyX-löst + mörker, vilken kanske vill läsa det du skrivit. + Detta fixas lätt i LyX med +\family sans +Fil->Exportera->som\SpecialChar ~ +LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. + +\family default + Detta skapar en +\family typewriter +flerp.tex +\family default + från din +\family typewriter +flerp.lyx +\family default + som du redigerar. + LyX skapar förstås tillfälliga LaTeX-filer innan LaTeX körs, men dessa + är knappt läsbara för människor, och ligger i tillfälligt skapade kataloger. +\layout Subsection + +LaTeX Preamble +\layout Subsubsection + +Dokumentklass +\layout Standard + +Dialogen för +\family sans +Stil->Dokument +\family default + sköter det mesta av inställningarna du har i kommandot +\backslash + +\family typewriter +documentclass +\family default +. + Där gör du ändringar rörande dokumentklass, typsnitt för brödtext m.m. + Om du vill ha några extra parametrar som inte stöds direkt i dialogen kan + du lägga in det i fältet +\family sans +Extra\SpecialChar ~ +val: +\family default + +\layout Standard + +Dialogen +\family sans +Stil->Papper +\family default + tar hand om inställningar rörande pappret. +\layout Subsubsection + +Annat i preamblen +\layout Standard + +Om du har särskilda kommandon som du vill ha här, så går det för sig att + använda dem i LyX med. + Välj +\family sans +Stil->LaTeX\SpecialChar ~ +preamble +\family default + och mata in dem i dialogrutan. + Allt du matar in skickas rakt över till LaTeX. +\layout Subsection + +BibTeX +\layout Standard + +LyX har visst men inte fullt stöd för BibTeX, vilket används för att bygga + databaser med litteraturförteckningar att hänvisa till i flera olika dokument. + Välj +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Förteckningar->BibTeX-referenser +\family default + för att använda dig av +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +-filer. + Klicka på rutan för +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +BibTeX-genererade referenser +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + som placeras i arbetsfönstret och en dialog visas. + I fältet +\family sans +Databas: +\family default + matar du in vad du skulle ha skrivit inom klamrarna i +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliography{} +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Som i LaTeX skall flera databasnamn skiljas åt med kommatecken, och utan + mellanslag. +\end_inset + +. + I fältet +\family sans +Stil: +\family default + matar du in vad du skulle ha skrivit inomklamrarna i kommandot +\family typewriter + +\backslash +bibliographystyle{} +\family default +. +\layout Standard + +Efter detta kan du hänvisa till all litteratur i databasen (databaserna) + i de refereringar du lägger in med +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Citatreferens +\family default + (se avsnitt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies} + +\end_inset + +). + LyX kör BibTeX åt dig vid behov. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + +Bugg: Om du byter BibTeX-stil, så ser inte LyX det. + (Inte i skrivandes stund iaf). + Om du stänger och återöppnar dokumentet kommer du runt det. +\end_inset + + Att vi säger +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +visst men inte fullt stöd +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + beror på att LyX kan inte skapa +\family typewriter +bib +\family default +-filer, och du får inte en lista över giltiga referenser från databasen + i listan i dialogen för +\family sans +Citatreferenser +\family default +. +\layout Subsection + +Övrigt +\layout Standard + +Ett skyddat blanktecken läggs in med +\family sans +C-Mellanslag +\family default +. + Detta tecken visas på skärmen som ett litet skärt +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +u +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Det finns gott om sådana här i +\emph on +Nybörjarkursen\SpecialChar \@. + +\emph default + Se menyn +\family sans +Lägg\SpecialChar ~ +in->Specialtecken +\family default + för detta och andra specialtecken; ellips, radbrytning, avstavningspunkt + m.fl. +\layout Section + +Fel! +\layout Standard + +Ibland när du kör LaTeX på ett dokument blir det felmeddelanden, saker som + LyX eller LaTeX inte förstår. + När detta händer lägger LyX ut en +\emph on +felruta +\emph default + (en ruta med ordet +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Fel +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +) där felet upptäcktes. + Du kan klicka på denna för att se vad det var för ett fel. + Om det var något fel som LyX hittade, är det ett +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +LyX-fel +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. + Dessa bör vara tämligen sällsynta. + Om LaTeX fick problem (detta rör vanligtvis saker inskrivna i TeX-läge) + så visas det felmeddelande som LaTeX gav vid körningen. +\the_end -- 2.39.2