From 6a07084315dd4b398b67f781b342ce1341a53b1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?utf8?q?Uwe=20St=C3=B6hr?= Date: Fri, 10 Dec 2010 20:50:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Indonesian UserGuide.lyx: new translation from Waluyo git-svn-id: svn://svn.lyx.org/lyx/lyx-devel/trunk@36820 a592a061-630c-0410-9148-cb99ea01b6c8 --- development/scons/scons_manifest.py | 1 + lib/doc/Makefile.am | 3 +- lib/doc/id/UserGuide.lyx | 44527 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 44530 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 lib/doc/id/UserGuide.lyx diff --git a/development/scons/scons_manifest.py b/development/scons/scons_manifest.py index a577f4bac2..847c3bc2f4 100644 --- a/development/scons/scons_manifest.py +++ b/development/scons/scons_manifest.py @@ -2374,6 +2374,7 @@ lib_doc_hu_files = Split(''' lib_doc_id_files = Split(''' Intro.lyx Tutorial.lyx + UserGuide.lyx ''') diff --git a/lib/doc/Makefile.am b/lib/doc/Makefile.am index 3c61e796b3..305d1bcd89 100644 --- a/lib/doc/Makefile.am +++ b/lib/doc/Makefile.am @@ -183,7 +183,8 @@ dist_hudoc_DATA = \ iddocdir = $(docdir)/id dist_iddoc_DATA = \ id/Intro.lyx \ - id/Tutorial.lyx + id/Tutorial.lyx \ + id/UserGuide.lyx idclipartdocdir = $(iddocdir)/clipart dist_idclipartdoc_DATA = \ diff --git a/lib/doc/id/UserGuide.lyx b/lib/doc/id/UserGuide.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9b6d2c1b98 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/id/UserGuide.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,44527 @@ +#LyX 2.0.0beta1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 407 +\begin_document +\begin_header +\textclass scrbook +\begin_preamble +% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!! +% +% This preamble is designed to ensure that the User's Guide prints +% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, +% parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you +% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact +% the documentation team +% email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org + +\usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle +\ifpdf % if pdflatex is used + + % set fonts for nicer pdf view + \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{} + +\fi % end if pdflatex is used + +% for correct jump positions whe clicking on a link to a float +\usepackage[figure]{hypcap} + +% the pages of the TOC is numbered roman +% and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added +\let\myTOC\tableofcontents +\renewcommand\tableofcontents{% + \frontmatter + \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{} + \myTOC + \mainmatter } + +% redefine the \LyX macro for PDF bookmarks +\def\LyX{\texorpdfstring{% + L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@} + {LyX}} + +% define a short command for \textvisiblespace +\newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace} + +% macro for italic page numbers in the index +\newcommand{\IndexDef}[1]{\textit{#1}} + +% workaround for a makeindex bug, +% see sec. "Index Entry Order" +% only uncomment this when you are using makindex +%\let\OrgIndex\index +%\renewcommand*{\index}[1]{\OrgIndex{#1}} + +% the following added in Bahasa Indonesia Version +\addtokomafont{chapterentry}{\centering} +\addtokomafont{chapter}{\centering} +\end_preamble +\options intoc,bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,captions=tableheading,chapterprefix,numbers=noenddot +\use_default_options false +\maintain_unincluded_children false +\language bahasa +\inputencoding auto +\fontencoding global +\font_roman default +\font_sans default +\font_typewriter default +\font_default_family default +\use_xetex false +\font_sc false +\font_osf false +\font_sf_scale 100 +\font_tt_scale 100 + +\graphics default +\default_output_format default +\output_sync 0 +\bibtex_command default +\index_command default +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing single +\use_hyperref true +\pdf_title "Petunjuk Penggunaan LyX" +\pdf_author "Tim LyX" +\pdf_subject "LyX" +\pdf_keywords "LyX" +\pdf_bookmarks true +\pdf_bookmarksnumbered true +\pdf_bookmarksopen false +\pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1 +\pdf_breaklinks false +\pdf_pdfborder false +\pdf_colorlinks true +\pdf_backref false +\pdf_pdfusetitle false +\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false" +\papersize default +\use_geometry false +\use_amsmath 1 +\use_esint 1 +\use_mhchem 1 +\use_mathdots 1 +\cite_engine basic +\use_bibtopic false +\use_indices false +\paperorientation portrait +\suppress_date false +\use_refstyle 0 +\notefontcolor #0000ff +\branch Question +\selected 1 +\filename_suffix 0 +\color #00ff00 +\end_branch +\branch Answer +\selected 0 +\filename_suffix 0 +\color #aa55ff +\end_branch +\index Index +\shortcut idx +\color #008000 +\end_index +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\paragraph_indentation default +\quotes_language english +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle default +\tracking_changes false +\output_changes false +\html_math_output 0 +\html_be_strict true +\end_header + +\begin_body + +\begin_layout Title +Petunjuk Penggunaan LyX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Author +oleh Tim LyX +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\noindent +Petunjuk dalam Bahasa Indonesia ini disunting oleh +\noun on +Waluyo Adi Siswanto +\noun default +. + Apabila anda mempunyai komentar atau menemukan kesalahan yang perlu dikoreksi, + silakan kirim komentar ke mailing list LyX, +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org" +type "mailto:" + +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Versi 2.0.x +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Versi PDF terkini dapat diperoleh disini: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#UserGuide +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset CommandInset toc +LatexCommand tableofcontents + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Pendahuluan +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Apakah LyX? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX adalah suatu sistem pengaturan dokumen yang digunakan untuk menyiapkan + manuskrip makalah, buku, surat bisnis, proposal, juga dapat digunakan untuk + menulis puisi. + LyX tidak seperti +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pengolah kata +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + lainnya. + LyX menggunakan paradigma bahasa perubahan sebagai inti dari gaya penyuntingan, + yaitu apabila anda menulis judul bab, maka anda hanya perlu menandainya + sebagai +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bab +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, tidak perlu menyatakan +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Huruf Tebal, ukuran 17 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt, rata kiri, jarak ke baris berikutnya 5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +mm +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX yang akan mengatur semuanya itu. + Anda hanya perlu memikirkan tentang isi dan konsep, bukan bagaimana pengaturan + penulisannya. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Filosopi ini dijelaskan pada buku panduan +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Pengantar +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Apabila belum membacanya, sangat disarankan anda membacanya terlebih dahulu + sebelum melanjutkan mempelajari buku panduan ini. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Dalam buku panduan +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Pengantar +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, selain menjelaskan tentang filosofi LyX, juga menjelaskan tentang format + penulisan yang digunakan di semua buku panduan. + Oleh karena itu anda perlu meluangkan waktu untuk membacanya terlebih dahulu. + Buku panduan lain yang disarankan dipelajari sebelum membaca buku panduan + ini adalah buku panduan +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Bagaimana Tampilan LyX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Seperti umumnya aplikasi program lain, LyX mempunyai kotak menu utama di + bagian atas jendela kerja. + Dibagian bawahnya ada kotak bantuan yang berisi satu kotak pilihan serta + berbagai tombol bantuan. + Selain itu, ada gulungan vertikal dan area kerja utama untuk menyunting + dokumen. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Ada satu hal yang perlu anda ketahui, anda tidak akan menemukan gulungan + horisontal. + Hal ini bukanlah karena kutu program atau fitur yang terlupakan, tetapi + merupakan kesengajaan. + Teks yang ditulis dalam area kerja LyX akan selalu diteruskan di baris + bawahnya apabila melewati batas jendela kerja. + Oleh karena itu, LyX tidak memerlukan gulungan horisontal, cukup menggunakan + gulungan vertikal. + Mungkin ada tiga alasan mengapa anda masih memerlukan gulungan horisontal. + Yang pertama adalah apabila anda mempunyai gambar yang berukuran besar. + Untuk mengatasi hal ini, yang anda perlu lakukan adalah mengatur skala + gambar di LyX agar bisa ditampilan seluruhnya di area kerja LyX. + Alasan yang kedua dan ketiga adalah berkaitan dengan tabel dan persamaan + yang melebihi area kerja. + Untuk tabel, anda bisa menggunakan tombol panah untuk menggeser kursor + dalam tabel pada arah horisontal. + Namun demikian, hal ini belum dapat dilakukan untuk persamaan yang panjang + dan melebihi area kerja. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Penjelasan ringkas tentang semua menu LyX serta tombol bantuan yang ada, + silahkan membaca di Lampiran +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:The-User-Interface" + +\end_inset + +. + Hampir semua menu dapat dipahami dengan sendirinya dari nama menu. + Namun demikian anda dapat memperoleh penjelasan lanjut pada sub-bab dalam + Lampiran +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:The-User-Interface" + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +BANTUAN +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Bantuan yang disediakan adalah dalam bentuk buku panduan LyX. + Anda dapat membaca +\emph on +semua +\emph default + buku panduan dalam LyX. + Caranya sangat mudah, dari menu +\family sans +Bantuan +\family default +, kemudian pilihlah buku panduan yang ingin anda baca. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Pengaturan LyX Dasar +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Ada beberapa fitur LyX dapat diatur dari dalam LyX, tanpa melakukan perubahan + atau menyunting secara langsung pada berkas konfigurasinya. + LyX mampu memeriksa sistem anda untuk melihat perangkat lunak, class dokumen + LaTeX, serta paket LaTeX yang tersedia. + Dengan kemampuan ini, LyX menggunakannya untuk menentukan pengaturan bawaan + yang ada dalam +\family sans +Preferensi +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Preferensi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + Walaupun pengaturan konfigurasi bawaan sudah dilakukan ketika proses instalasi + LyX, anda masih mempunyai keleluasaan untuk menambah program tambahan secara + lokal, misalnya LaTeX class, yang sebelumnya belum dikenal oleh LyX. + Untuk memaksa LyX untuk memeriksa ulang sistem anda, maka anda perlu menggunaka +n +\family sans +AlatBantuan\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Konfigurasi Ulang +\family default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Konfigurasi Ulang LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + Setelah proses konfigurasi ulang, anda harus menjalankan ulang LyX untuk + memastikan semua perubahan diterapkan dalam LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Pengaturan LaTeX +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:LaTeX-Setup" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Anda dapat menyunting dokumen dalam LyX tanpa instalasi LaTeX, namun demikian + anda tidak akan bisa melihat atau mebuat PDF atau mencetak dokumen tanpa + LaTeX. + Apabila dokumen anda menggunakan DocBook, maka anda akan dapat menghasilkan + PDF atau yang setara, selain itu semua dokumen dalam DocBook akan mempunyai + keluaran sebagai plain text atau XHTML. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Beberapa class dokumen menggunakan kombinasi class LaTeX atau DocBook atau + paket LaTeX. + Anda dapat menggunakan class dokumen tersebut walaupun anda tidak memiliki + berkas yang seharusnya sudah dipasang. + Tentu saja anda tidak dapat melihat hasil keluaran tanpa semua berkas terpasang + di sistem anda. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Semua paket LaTeX yang sudah dideteksi ada dalam sistem anda dapat dilihat + melalui menu +\family sans +Bantuan\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Konfigurasi +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\family default +. + Apabila ada paket-paket yang belum terpasang, anda perlu melakukan instalasi + paket kemudian konfigurasi ulang (menu +\family sans +AlatBantuan\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Konfigurasi +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Ulang +\family default +). +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The two braces in the TeX Code box prevent that the term +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from being printed with sub- and superscript letters. + More about TeX Code is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:TeX-Code" + +\end_inset + +, the printout of proper names like LaTeX is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Konfigurasi Ulang LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Informasi tentang bagaimana melakukan instalasi tambahan paket LaTeX, silahkan + lihat sub-bab 5.1 dari buku panduan +\emph on +Perubahan dan Pengaturan +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Bagaimana Menggunakan LyX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Dasar Penggunaan Berkas +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Penggunaan Berkas +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Semua penggunaan berkas dapat dimulai dari menu +\family sans +Berkas +\family default + serta ada di kotak bantuan dalam bentuk ikon tombol bantuan. + Beberapa menu yang berkaitan dengan berkas adalah: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Baru +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-new.png + scale 55 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Baru +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +dari +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Templet +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Buka +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +berkas +\family default + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/file-open.png + scale 55 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Tutup +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Simpan +\family default + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-write.png + scale 55 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Simpan +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +ke +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Nama +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Lain +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Kembalikan +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Berkas +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Kontrol +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Versi +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Impor +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Ekspor +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Cetak +\family default + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_print.png + scale 55 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Keluar +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Secara umum, hampir semua operasi berkas mirip dengan yang ada di pengolah + kata. + Hanya saja di LyX ada sedikit perbedaan. + Apabila membuka berkas baru dari The +\family sans +Berkas\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Baru +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +dari +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +Templet, +\family default +bukan hanya menuntun anda untuk memberi nama berkas tetapi juga memilih + templet yang akan anda gunakan. + Dengan memilih templet secara otomatis akan mengatur fitur utama tataletak + dokumen, sedangkan fitur lainnya dapat anda atur sendiri. + Templet mungkin menggunakan kelas dokumen tertentu (lihat subbab +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Document-Classes" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Kembalikan +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +berkas +\family default + serta +\family sans +Kontrol +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Versi +\family default + sangat berguna apabila anda bersama teman-teman anda menyunting berkas + dokumen yang sama +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Apabila anda akan melakukan hal ini, anda perlu mempelajari fitur Kontrol + Versi yang ditulis di buku panduan +\emph on +Fitur Tambahan +\emph default +\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + +\family sans +Kembalikan +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +berkas +\family default + akan memuat ulang dokumen dari cakra. + Anda dapat menggunakan operasi +\family sans +Kembalikan +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +berkas +\family default + untuk mengabaikan perubahan yang sudah anda lakukan dan mengembalikan ke + berkas terakhir yang anda simpan. + Dengan operasi berkas +\family sans +Kontrol +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Versi, +\family default +anda dapat mendaftarkan catatan perubahan pada dokumen sehingga orang lain + akan dapat mengenali perubahan yang telah anda lakukan. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Dasar Fitur Penyuntingan +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Penyuntingan +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations + on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or page of text, and can + delete whole words as well as individual characters. + The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to + access them. + We'll start with cut and paste. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you might expect, the +\family sans +Edit +\family default + menu and the standard toolbar has the cut and paste commands, along with + various other editing features. + Some of these are special and covered in later sections. + The basic ones are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Cut +\family default + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/cut.png + scale 55 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Copy +\family default + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/copy.png + scale 55 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Paste +\family default + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/paste.png + scale 55 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Paste +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Recent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Paste +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Special +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Replace +\family default + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png + scale 55 + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The first three are self-explanatory. + One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected, + it's automatically placed in the clipboard. + That is, the +\family sans +Delete +\family default + and +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + keys also function as the +\family sans +Cut +\family default + command. + Also, if you've selected text, be careful: If you hit a key, LyX will completel +y delete the selected text and replace it with what you just typed. + You'll have to do an +\family sans +Undo +\family default + to get back the lost text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paste +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +You can also copy text between LyX and other programs by cut, copy and paste. + The submenu of +\family sans +Paste +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Recent +\family default + shows you a list with the last strings you have pasted. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paste +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Special\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Text, Join +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Lines +\family default + will insert the text in the clipboard so that the whole text is inserted + as +\emph on +one +\emph default + paragraph. + A new paragraph is started when there is a blank line in the file. + Without +\family sans +Join +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Lines +\family default +, the text is inserted as Paragraphs, where the line breaks of the text + will start a new paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Replace +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Find +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +The +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Replace +\family default + item opens the +\family sans +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Replace +\family default + dialog. + Once you have found a word or expression, LyX selects it. + Hitting the +\family sans +Replace +\family default + button replaces the selected text with the contents of the +\family sans +Replace +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +with +\family default + field. + You can click the +\family sans +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Next +\family default + button to skip the current word. + Hit +\family sans +Replace +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +All +\family default + to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically. + The +\family sans +Case +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +sensitive +\family default + option can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search + word. + If the toggle is set, searching for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Test +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will not match the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +test +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The +\family sans +Match whole words only +\family default + option can be used to force LyX to only find complete words, i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g., searching for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +star +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will not match +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +starlet +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Things like notes, floats, etc., the so called insets can be dissolved. + This means that the inset is deleted and its content is left as normal + text. + Dissolving an inset is done by setting the cursor to the beginning of an + inset and pressing +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + or by setting the cursor to the end and pressing +\family sans +Delete +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Undo and Redo +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Redo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Undo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Undo-and-Redo" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it. + LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer. + Select +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Undo +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/undo.png + scale 55 + +\end_inset + + to undo some mistake. + If you accidentally undo too much, use +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Redo +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/redo.png + scale 55 + +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +undo the undo. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +steps to minimize memory overhead. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as it + was last saved, the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +changed +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + status of the document is unfortunately not reset. + This is a consequence of the 100 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +step undo limit, above. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Undo +\family default + and +\family sans +Redo +\family default + work on almost everything in LyX. + But they won't undo or redo text character by character, but by blocks + of text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Mouse Operations +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Mouse Operations +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These are the most basic mouse operations. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Motion +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Click the +\emph on +left mouse button +\emph default + once anywhere in the edit window. + The cursor moves to the text under the mouse. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Selecting Text +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Hold down the +\emph on +left mouse button +\emph default + and drag the mouse. + LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions. + Use +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Copy +\family default + to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer (and the clipboard). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paste +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Insets (Footnotes, Notes, Floats, etc.) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +Right-click on them to set their properties. + Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Tables +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard + +\emph on +Single click +\emph default + the right mouse button to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate + the table. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Section +Navigating +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Navigating" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Navigating +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX offers you two ways to navigate in documents: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The menu +\family sans +Navigate +\family default + lists all sections of the document as submenu entries that you can click + to jump to the corresponding document part. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Outline +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-toggle_toc.png + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The outline window shows you the content of the document's table of contents + (TOC) that is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Table-of-Contents" + +\end_inset + +. + You can click there on entries to jump to the corresponding document part. + In the pull-down box at the top of the outline window, you can choose between + different lists of document objects, like the list of footnotes. + Some of them, the list of tables, figures, and algorithms can also be added + to the document, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:List-of-Figures" + +\end_inset + +. + The +\family sans +Sort +\family default + option sorts the current list, and the +\family sans +Keep +\family default + option keeps it in the current view state. + Keeping means that when you have e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +the subsections of section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2 and 4 shown and click on section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +3, the subsections of section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2 and 4 will still be shown. + Without the +\family sans +Keep +\family default + option they will be hidden to highlight the clicked section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +3. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the buttons +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/down.png + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace{} +\length -3mm +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/up.png + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace{} +\length -3mm +\end_inset + + at the bottom of the outline window you can change the position of sections + in your document. + So you can for example move section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.5 before section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.4. + LyX will then automatically renumber the sections to the new order. + With the buttons +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/promote.png + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/demote.png + +\end_inset + + or the corresponding key bindings +\family sans +Tab +\family default + and +\family sans +Shift-Tab +\family default + you can change the sectioning level of sections. + So you can for example make section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.5 to chapter +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +3 or to subsection +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.4.1. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/bookmark-goto_0.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something. + This is for example useful when you have a large document and navigated + or scrolled to another document part to look for something, and want to + go back to your last editing position. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Input / Word Completion +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Input-Completion" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Input completion +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Word completion|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Input completion +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX provides completion of words by scanning all documents that are currently + opened. + Every word that appears in these documents is added to a database that + is used to propose completions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By default LyX shows a small triangle behind the cursor as indicator that + there are completions available. + You can then press the +\family sans +Tab +\family default + key to use this completion. + When several completions are possible, a popup is opened showing them. + You can select a completion in the popup using the mouse or the arrow keys, + and accept the chosen completion be pressing +\family sans +Return +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the preferences dialog, which is opened with the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences +\family default +, the cursor completion indicator can be turned off in the section +\family sans +Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Input Completion +\family default + by deselecting the option +\family sans +Cursor indicator +\family default +. + With the option +\family sans +Automatic inline completion +\family default + the proposed completion is shown directly behind the cursor position. + To accept this proposal, use the +\family sans +Tab +\family default + key. + With the option +\family sans +Automatic popup +\family default + the completions are always shown in a popup. + LyX offers some more completion settings for experts that are described + in sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Input-Completion-Appendix" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Basic Key Bindings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Key Bindings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bindings|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Key Bindings +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Shortcuts|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Key Bindings +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA and Emacs. + LyX's default is CUA. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some keys, like +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Up +\family default +, +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Down +\family default +, +\family sans +Left +\family default +, +\family sans +Right +\family default +, +\family sans +Up +\family default +, and +\family sans +Down +\family default +, do exactly what you expect them to do. + Other keys don't: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Tab +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "Tab" +description "Tabulator key" + +\end_inset + + +\family default + There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX. + If you don't understand this, go read sections +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Par-indent-intro" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments" + +\end_inset + +, especially section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Lists" + +\end_inset + +, right now. + Yes, right now. + If you're still confused, look in the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Esc +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "Esc" +description "Escape key" + +\end_inset + + +\family default + This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cancel key. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + It's used, generically, to cancel operations. + Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Home +\family default + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\family sans +End +\family default + These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line, + unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning + or end of the file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are three modifier keys: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Control +\family default + (Denoted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Ctrl +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "Ctrl" +description "Control key" + +\end_inset + + in the documentation files) This has a couple of different uses, depending + on which keys it's used in combination with: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +With +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + or +\family sans +Delete +\family default +, it deletes an entire word instead of a single character. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +With +\family sans +Left +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\family default +, it moves by words instead of characters. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +With +\family sans +Home +\family default + and +\family sans +End +\family default +, it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Shift +\family default + (Denoted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Shift +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "Shift" +description "Shift key" + +\end_inset + + in the documentation files) Use this with any of the motion keys to select + the text between the old and new cursor positions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Alt +\family default + (Denoted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Alt +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "Alt" +description "Alt or Meta key" + +\end_inset + + in the documentation files) This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless + your keyboard has a distinct Meta key. + If you have both keys, you will need to try out which one actually performs + the +\family sans +Alt+ +\family default + function. + This key does many different things, but it also activates the +\emph on +menu accelerator keys +\emph default +. + If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a + menu or menu item, it selects that menu item. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +For example, the sequence +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Alt +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +e +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +s +\family default + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\family sans +c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + brings up the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Text Style +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + menu. + Typing +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Alt +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +f +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + opens the +\family sans +File +\family default + menu. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\emph on +Shortcuts +\emph default + manual lists all other things bound to the +\family sans +Alt +\family default + key. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +You'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as you use LyX, + because most actions will prompt a small message in the status bar at the + bottom of LyX's main window which describe the name of the action, you've + just triggered, and any existing keybindings for that action. + The LyX menus also list the defined keybindings. + The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in + this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it. + However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Alt+P Shift-A +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means +\family sans +Alt+P +\family default + followed by a capital +\family sans +A +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can list or change the keybindings in the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences +\family default + under +\family sans +Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Shortcuts +\family default + as explained in sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Editing-Shortcuts" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +LyX Basics +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LyX ! Basics +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Document Types +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Types +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Introduction +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you + need to decide what type of document you want to edit. + Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings, + numbering schemes, and so on. + Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments, + and format the title of your document differently. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A +\emph on +document class +\emph default + describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents. + By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties, + making it easier to create the type of document you want. + If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default. + So it is up to you to change the class of your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and + how to adjust their properties. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Document Classes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Classes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Document-Classes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can select a class using the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document Class +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog. + Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options + you may need. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Overview +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are four standard document classes in LyX. + They are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Article for basic articles +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Report for basic reports +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Book for writing a book +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Letter for US-style letters +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have + installed the corresponding LaTeX class files, though most LaTeX distributions + will include many of these. + Here are some of the classes. + The full list with detailed explanations can be found in chapter +\emph on +Special Document Classes +\emph default + in the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +ACS For submissions to the journals published by the American Chemistry + Society +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +AGU For submissions to the journals published by the American Geophysical + Union +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American + Mathematical Society (AMS). + There are three article layouts available. + The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that + prepends the section number to the number of the result. + All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced + together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence. + The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sequential numbering +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers + them throughout the article in a single sequence. + Each type of result gets its own sequence. + There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Beamer Layout for presentations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Broadway Layout for writing plays. + It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed + with LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Chess Layout to write about chess games +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Curriculum +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +vitae classes to create curriculum vitae +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Elsarticle Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Foils Used to make transparencies +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry. + It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed + with LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical + and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +KOMA-Script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features + like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc. + (Is used by this document.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Memoir another replacement for the standard classes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Powerdot Layout for presentations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +REVTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical + Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society + of America (OSA). + This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Slides Used to make transparencies +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +SPIE +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society + for Optical Engineering (SPIE) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes + here. + You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in Chapter + 6 of the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. + Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all + of the document classes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Availability +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +New users are sometimes puzzled by the fact that many of the document classes + listed under +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document Class +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +are marked as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Unavailable +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Or they are surprised that, when they open e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +the +\family sans +iop-article +\family default + template, they receive a warning saying that the document requires files + that are not installed to produce output. + So it seems that something is wrong. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +But nothing is wrong. + LyX includes many more document classes than you will ever need to use, + and some of them, like +\family sans +IOP +\family default +, are highly specialized.LyX tries to support as many different types of + documents as possible, and it includes almost one hundred different layout + files, with a growing number. + No LaTeX distribution will install by default all files that might be needed + by some document class. + There are just too many of them. + That is why some of the document classes are unavailable. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If there is a document class you would like to use that is marked as `Unavailabl +e', you need to install the appropriate package files. + The easiest way to find out which files you need to install is to use that + document class for a new file. + LyX will display a dialog that will list the missing files. + See section +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Installing new LaTeX files +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual for information on how to install them. +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Although LyX provides support for many different sorts of documents, it + does not include support for every document class people might want to + use. + For example, many universities provide LaTeX class files to be used for + dissertations submitted to those universities. + The LyX team cannot write layout files to support every one of these. + There are too many. + Fortunately, users can write their own layout files, and many users have + done so. + Chapter +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +5 of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual contains information on how to create layout files. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Modules +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Modules" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Modules +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Modules load additional features that are not by default available in the + chosen document class. + For example you might want to write Braille (embossed printing) in a document. + This is not available in any document class, so you have to load the correspond +ing module in the +\family sans +Modules +\family default + section of the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog. + Highlighting a module in the dialog will bring up a description of the + module. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some modules require LaTeX packages that are not always installed by default. + LyX will warn you if you do not have the needed package. + You can still use the module while editing your file, but you will not + be able to export to PDF or print your document, since LyX will not be + able to compile the LaTeX file without the missing package. + If you want to be able to produce output, then you need to install the + missing package and then reconfigure LyX by selecting +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigure +\family default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reconfiguration of LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + See section +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Installing new LaTeX files +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual for more information on installing needed packages. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Some modules require other modules, and some pairs of modules are incompatible. + LyX will advise you about these things. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Properties +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Each class has a default set of options. + Here's a quick table describing them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Page style +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Sides +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Columns +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Max. + sectioning level +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +article +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Plain +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Section +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +report +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Plain +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Chapter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +book +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Headings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Two +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Chapter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +letter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Plain +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +none +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You're probably also wondering what +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Max. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +sectioning level +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means. + There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings. + Different document classes allow different types of section headings. + Only two use the +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the +\family sans +Section +\family default + heading. + Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section + headings. + In addition to +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + and +\family sans +Section +\family default + headings, there are also +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + headings, +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default + headings, and so on. + We'll describe these headings fully in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Headings" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Document Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Document-Layout" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Layout +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The most important properties of documents classes are set in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +. + There in the +\family sans +Options +\family default + field under +\family sans +Documents +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Class +\family default +, you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separated + list. + This is only necessary if LyX doesn't support special options you want + to use for your document. + To learn more about your favorite LaTeX-class and its options, you have + to read its manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The drop box +\family sans +Headings style +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog under +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default + controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page. + You can choose between the following five options: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Default +\family default + Use default page style of current class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Empty +\family default + No page numbers or headings. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Plain +\family default + Page numbers only. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Headings +\family default + Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number. + Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on + the maximum sectioning level of the class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Fancy +\family default + This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you + have the +\series bold +fancyhdr +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + package installed. + At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting. + To use the full power of this package, you have to add code to your document + preamble. + Check the documentation for the +\series bold +fancyhdr +\series default + package for more details, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "fancyhdr" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Separation +\family default + of paragraphs is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Par-indent-intro" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paper Size and Orientation +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Paper size +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation," + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You'll find the following options in the menu +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default + of the dialog of the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + menu: +\family sans + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Paper +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Format +\family default + What size paper to print on. + The choices are +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Default +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +A3, A4, +\family default + +\family sans +A5 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +B3, B4, B5 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +US letter +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +US legal +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +US executive +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Custom +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Orientation +\family default + Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as +\family sans +Landscape +\family default + or as +\family sans +Portrait +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Two-sided +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +document +\family default + Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper. + That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Margins +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Margins" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Margins +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Margins +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Paper margins are set in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you use a KOMA-Script document class, you can use the default settings. + Because KOMA-Script calculates then the printspace automatically by taking + the paper format and the font size into account. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Important Note +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you change a document class, LyX has to convert +\emph on +everything +\emph default + into the new class. + That includes the paragraph environments. + Some paragraph environments are standard, in so far as all of the document + classes have them; but some classes have special paragraph environments. + If this is the case, and you change the document class, LyX will mark the + paragraphs whose styles it no longer understands as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +unknown +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The name of the style is retained, in case you should want to go back to + the old class. + But these paragraphs will be output with no special formatting, so you + will either need to create a new style yourself or else to convert these + paragraphs manually to a style present in your new document class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Paragraph Indentation and Separation +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Indentation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Introduction +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Par-indent-intro" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to + say a word or two about paragraph indentation. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs. + Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph. + Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs. + If you choose indentation for paragraphs the +\emph on +first +\emph default + paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list, + etc., is +\emph on +not +\emph default + indented. + Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented. + Note that the indentation behavior is different when you use another document + language than English. + LaTeX takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the used language. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings + and text — in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are pre-coded + into LyX. + As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what. + LyX takes care of that. + In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a + range. + That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure + figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom + of a page, and so on. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them. + LyX gives you the ability to globally change +\emph on +all +\emph default + of these pre-coded spacings. + We'll explain more later. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paragraph Separation +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Separation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To separate paragraphs, select +\family sans +Indent +\family default + or +\family sans +Skip +\family default + in the submenu +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default + of the dialog +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively. + The size of the skips can be defined in the dialog, for the indentation + you have to add this line to your document preamble: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +parindent}{Length} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where length is a value in one of the units listed in Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Units" + +\end_inset + +. + The default length is 30 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fine-Tuning +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph. + Open the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\family default + dialog and toggle the +\family sans +Indent +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Paragraph +\family default + option to change the state of the current paragraph (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\indent-toggle" +\end_inset + +). + If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this + button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling + this). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph + if you need to do some fine-tuning. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Line Spacing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Line spacing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\noun on + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +\noun default + dialog you can set the line spacing in the submenu +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +You need to have the LaTeX-package +\series bold +setspace +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! setspace +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed to use this feature. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Paragraph Environments +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Paragraph-Environments" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Environments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph environments|( +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Overview +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Paragraph environments correspond to the +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +begin{ +\emph on +environment +\emph default +} ... + +\backslash +end{ +\emph on +environment +\emph default +} +\series default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +command sequence in LaTeX files. + If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally + alien to you, we urge you to read the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + The +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + also contains many more examples than this section does. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A paragraph environment is simply a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +container +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties. + This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering + scheme, labels, and so on. + Additionally, you can +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +nest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment + to inherit some of the properties of another. + The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy + tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the + days of typewriters. + There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular + document type. + We'll only be covering the most common ones here. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png + scale 70 + clip + +\end_inset + + at the left end of the toolbar. + LyX will change the environment of the +\emph on +entire +\emph default + paragraph in which the cursor sits. + You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if + you select them before choosing the new environment. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that hitting +\family sans +Return +\family default + will +\emph on +typically +\emph default + create a new paragraph using the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + paragraph environment. + We say +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +typically +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + because if you are in one of these environments: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Quote +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Quotation +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Verse +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Itemize +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Enumerate +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Description +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +List +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit +\family sans +Return +\family default +, rather than resetting it to +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however. + Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment + and the nesting depth (for more on nesting see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + +). + At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting + +\family sans +Return +\family default + to reset the paragraph environment and depth. + If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth, + use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + instead. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Standard +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The default paragraph environment is +\family sans +Standard +\family default + for most classes. + It creates a plain paragraph. + If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses. + In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in + this manual) are in the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can nest a paragraph using the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything + in a +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Document Title +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Title +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the + author(s) and a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +footnote +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for thanks or contact information. + For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate + page along with today's date. + For other types of documents, the title +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + goes at the top of the first page of the document. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph + environments +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans +Author +\family default +, and +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Here's how you use them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Put the title of your document in the +\family sans +Title +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Put the author name in the +\family sans +Author +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date, + or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in + the +\family sans +Date +\family default + environment. + Note that using this environment is optional. + If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date. + If you don't want any date, add the line +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +date{} +\series default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +to the preamble of your document (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can use footnotes to insert +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +thanks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or contact information. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Headings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Section headings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Headings" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings. + LyX takes care of the numbering for you. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Numbered Headings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Section headings ! Numbered +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are 7 numbered types of section headings. + They are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Part +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Chapter +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Section +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Paragraph +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Subparagraph +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods. + The numbers describe where in the document you are. + Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with Latin letters. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text. + For example, suppose you're writing a book. + You group the book into chapters. + LyX does similar grouping: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Part +\family default + is divided in either +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +s or +\family sans +Section +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +s are divided into +\family sans +Section +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Section +\family default +s are divided into +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +s are divided into +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +s are divided into +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +s are divided into +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Not all document types use the +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + heading as the maximum sectioning level. + In that case the +\family sans +Section +\family default + is the top-level heading. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +So, if you use the +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default + environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number, + along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter + that it's in. + For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the + label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.5 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Unnumbered Headings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Section headings ! Unnumbered +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are 5 types of unnumbered section headings. + They are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Part* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Chapter* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Section* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Subsection* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Subsubsection* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +* +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + after each name means that these headings are not numbered. + They work the same as their numbered counterparts but won't appear in the + table of contents, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:toc" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Changing the Numbering +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear + in the Table of Contents. + Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document + class. + Certain classes start with +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + and go down to the +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default + level. + Others start at +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels. + Most don't number +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default + or +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. + This is something you can change. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Open the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog. +\family sans + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default + Under +\family sans +Numbering +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +TOC +\family default + you'll see two counters. + The one named +\family sans +Numbering +\family default + controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section + heading. + The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table + of contents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Short Titles of Headings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Section headings ! Short titles +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Argument +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Short Titles +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Short-Titles" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long. + This can cause trouble when there is limited horizontal space. + For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section + title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LaTeX allows you to specify a short title for section headings. + This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents, + avoiding the problem mentioned. + To specify a short title, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Short +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Title +\family default +. + This will insert a box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +opt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (stands for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +optional +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) which you can use to enter the short title text. + This also works for captions inside floats. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The title of this section is a good example of using this feature. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Special Information +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The following information applies to all section headings: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You cannot do any nesting with these environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You can only use inline math in these environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Quotes and Poetry line spacing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations. + They are +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +, and +\family sans +Verse +\family default +. + Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins. + These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in. + They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below + the text they contain. + They also allow nesting, so you can put a +\family sans +Verse +\family default + in a +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +, as well as in some other paragraph environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do + +\emph on +not +\emph default + reset to +\family sans +Standard +\family default + when you start a new paragraph. + So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit +\family sans +Return +\family default + without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you. + Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have + to change back to the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment yourself. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Quote +\family default + and +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Quote" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Quotation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's + time for the differences. + +\family sans +Quote +\family default + and +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + are identical except for one difference: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line. + +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + +\emph on +always +\emph default + indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's an example of the +\family sans +Quote +\family default + environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +This is in the +\family sans +Quote +\family default + environment. + I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it + wraps. + See – no indentation! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +Here's the second paragraph of this quote. + Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and + the other paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's another example, this time in the +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +This is in the +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + environment. + If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation. + If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting + the first line, then +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it +\emph on +if +\emph default + you were quoting other text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +Here's a new paragraph. + I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time. + If I did that, though, you'd get bored. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As the examples show, +\family sans +Quote +\family default + is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs. + They should put quotes in the +\family sans +Quote +\family default + environment. + Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + paragraph environment for quoted text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Verse +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Verse +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Poetry +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Verse" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Verse +\family default + is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on. + Here's an example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse +This is in Verse +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Which I did not rehearse! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse +It could be much worse. + This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps + around. + It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are + indented a bit more than the first. + Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore. + So sue me. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse +To break a line +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +And make things look fine +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you can see, +\family sans +Verse +\family default + does not indent both margins. + Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph. + To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the +\family typewriter +break-line +\family default + function +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Lists +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Lists" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds + of lists. + In the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + and +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively. + In the +\family sans +Description +\family default + and +\family sans +List +\family default + environments, LyX lets you provide your own label. + We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing + some general features of all four of them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +General Features +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments + in several ways. + First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item. + Hitting +\family sans +Return +\family default + does +\emph on +not +\emph default + reset the environment to +\family sans +Standard +\family default + but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item. + The nesting depth is hereby kept. + If you want to keep the paragraph environment but reset the current nesting + depth, you can use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + to break paragraphs. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can nest lists of any type inside one another. + In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how it + is nested. + If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest + you read all of section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Itemize +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Itemize" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + paragraph environment. + It has the following properties: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +The items can have any length. + LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item. + The offset is always relative to whatever environment the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list may be in. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +If you nest an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment inside another +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment, the label changes to a new symbol. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +LyX always shows the same symbol on screen. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +See section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + + for a full explanation of nesting. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +Of course, that explanation was also an example of an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list. + The +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We said that different levels use different symbols as their label. + Here's an example of all four possible symbols. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The label for the first level +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + is a large black dot, or bullet. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +The label for the second level is a dash. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +The label for the third is an asterisk. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +The label for the fourth is a centered dot. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Back out to the third level. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Back to the second level. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Back to the outermost level. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These are the default labels for an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list. + You can customize these labels in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog in the submenu +\family sans +Bullets +\family default +. +\family sans + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth. + We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Enumerate +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Enumerate" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines. + It has these properties: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Each item has a numeral as its label. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +The label type depends on the nesting depth. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Each new +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment resets the counter to one. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Like the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment, the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Offsets the items relative to the left margin. + Items can have any length. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Allows up to a four-fold nesting. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +Unlike the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment, +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + shows the different labels for each item in LyX. + Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +The first level of an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + uses Arabic numerals followed by a period. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth + increases. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back to the third level +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back to the second level. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back to the outermost level. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment. + It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual). + As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version, + not in LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is more to nesting +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environments than we've stated here. + You should read section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + + to learn more about nesting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Description +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Description +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Unlike the previous two environments, the +\family sans +Description +\family default + list has no fixed label. + Instead, LyX uses the first +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +word +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the first line as the label. + Here's an example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Example: This is an example of the +\family sans +Description +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the + rest of the line. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the first +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +word +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + it is meant that the first hit of the +\family sans +Space +\family default + key ends the label if you are at the beginning of the first line of an + item. + If you need to use more than one word in the label use a +\family sans +Protected Blank +\family default +. + (Use either +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "space-insert protected" +\end_inset + + or the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default +, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Protected-Space" + +\end_inset + + for more info.) Here is an example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Second +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Example: This one shows how to use a +\family sans +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Blank +\family default + in the label of a +\family sans +Description +\family default + list item. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Usage: You should use the +\family sans +Description +\family default + environment for things like definitions and theorems. + Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text + that describes it. + It's not a good idea to use a +\family sans +Description +\family default + environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe. + You're better off using +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + or +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + and nesting several +\family sans +Standard +\family default + paragraphs into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Nesting: You can nest +\family sans +Description +\family default + environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and + so on. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting + them from the first line. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +The LyX +\family sans +List +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! LyX list +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +List +\family default + environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + When you are using a KOMA-Script document class, like in this document, + the +\family sans +List +\family default + environment is named +\family sans +Labeling +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Like the +\family sans +Description +\family default + environment the +\family sans +List +\family default + environment has user-defined labels for each list item. + There are the following properties of this list environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +item +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +labels LyX uses the first +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +word +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of each line as the item label. + The first +\family sans +Space +\family default + after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label. + If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected + blank as described above. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and + the body of the item text. + The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default + label width plus a little extra space. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +label +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +width LyX uses the width of the label, or the default width, whatever is + larger. + If the label width is larger, the label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +extends +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + into the first line. + In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left + margin of the rest of the item text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +width You can set the default label width to ensure that the text of all + items in a +\family sans +List +\family default + environment have the same left margin. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +To change the default width, select all items in the list. + Now open the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\family default + dialog. + The text in the box +\family sans +Longest +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +label +\family default + determines the default label width. + You can use the text of your largest label here, but you can also use the + letter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + multiple times instead. + The M is the widest character and is a standard unit of widths in LaTeX. + By using +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as the unit of width you don't need to keep changing the contents of +\family sans +Longest +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +label +\family default + every time you alter a label in a +\family sans +List +\family default + environment. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The predefined default width is the length of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +00.00.0000 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (equal to 6 M). + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Setting the cursor into a list item to change only its label width will + only change the width inside LyX but not in the output. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You should use the +\family sans +List +\family default + environment the same way like the +\family sans +Description +\family default + list: When you need one word to stand out from the text that describes + it. + The +\family sans +List +\family default + environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall + layout. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can nest +\family sans +List +\family default + environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and + so on. + They work just like the other list paragraph environments. + Read section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + + to learn about nesting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is yet another feature of the +\family sans +List +\family default + environment: As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item + labels by default. + You can use additional +\family sans +HFills +\family default + to change how LyX justifies the item label. + +\family sans +Hfills +\family default + are documented in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + +. + Here are some examples: +\begin_inset Newpage pagebreak +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +Left The default for +\family sans +List +\family default + item labels. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Right One +\family sans +HFill +\family default + at the beginning of the label right justifies it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Center +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + One +\family sans +HFill +\family default + at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Letters +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Letters +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default +: An Overview +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph + environments called +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default +. + To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments + in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document. + In contrast, you can use the +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + paragraph environments anywhere with no problem. + You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest + anything in them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Of course, you're not limited to using +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + for letters only. + +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default +, in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in + some European academic papers. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Usage +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Address-Usage" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Address +\family default + environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used + for the opening and signature in some countries. + Similarly, the +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which + is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries. + Here's an example of each: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Right Address +Right Address +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Who I am +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Where I am +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +When is it? What is today? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +That was +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default +. + Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to + fit the largest block of text on a single line. + Here's an example of the +\family sans +Address +\family default + environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Address +Who are you +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Where do I send this +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Your post office and country +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you can see, both +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph. + If you hit +\family sans +Return +\family default + in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets + the environment to +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + This makes sense, since +\family sans +Return +\family default + is the +\family typewriter +break-paragraph +\family default + function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs. + Thus, you have to use +\family typewriter +break-line +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + or +\family sans +Formatting +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break +\family default + from the +\family sans +Insert +\family default + menu) to start a new line in an +\family sans +Address +\family default + or +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Academic Writing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography + or list of references. + LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Abstract +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Abstracts +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment is used for the abstract of an article. + Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should + only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title. + Also, don't bother trying to nest +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + in anything else or vice versa. + It won't work. + The +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment is only useful in the article and report document classes. + The book document classes ignores the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + completely, and it's utterly silly to use +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + in a letter document class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment does several things for you. + First, it puts the centered label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Abstract +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + above the text. + The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical + space. + Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect. + Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and + the subsequent text. + Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen. + The appearance in the output depends on the used article or report class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Starting a new paragraph by hitting +\family sans +Return +\family default + does not reset the paragraph environment. + The new paragraph will still be in the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment. + So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you + finish entering the abstract of your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/Abstract.pdf + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:Paragraph-in-the" + +\end_inset + +Paragraph in the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We'd love to give you directly an example of the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment, but since this document is in the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +book +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + class, we can't do this. + We inserted it therefore as figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Paragraph-in-the" + +\end_inset + +. + If you've never heard of an +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +abstract +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + before, you can safely ignore this environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bibliography +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Biblio_environment" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment is used to list references. + Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should + only use it at the end of the document. + Nesting +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + in anything else or vice versa won't work. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you first open a +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment, LyX adds a large vertical space, followed by the heading +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bibliography +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +References, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + depending on the document class. + The heading is in a large boldface font. + Each paragraph of the +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment is a bibliography entry. + Thus, hitting +\family sans +Return +\family default + does not reset the paragraph environment. + Each new paragraph is still in the +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is another, usually better way to include references in your document + by using a BibTeX database. + For more information on that, and for a detailed description of LyX's bibliogra +phy handling, have a look at in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LyX +\family sans +-Code +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! LyX code +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:LyX-Code" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + environment is another LyX extension. + It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font. + It also treats the +\family sans +Space +\family default + key as a fixed whitespace; +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +In the +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + environment, the +\family sans +Space +\family default + key is treated as a +\family sans +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Blank +\family default + instead of an end-of-word marker. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX. + If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + (the +\family typewriter +break-line +\family default + function). + +\family sans +Return +\family default + breaks paragraphs. + Note, however, that +\family sans +Return +\family default + does not reset the paragraph environment. + So, when you finish using the +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself. + Also, you can nest the +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + environment inside of others. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are a few quirks with this environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You can't use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + at the beginning of a new paragraph (i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +you can't follow +\family sans +Return +\family default + with a +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You can't follow a +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + with a +\family sans +Space +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Use a +\family sans +Return +\family default + to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a +\family sans +Space +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Or: use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "space-insert protected" +\end_inset + + instead. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line. + You must put at least one +\family sans +Space +\family default + in any line you want blank. + Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing +\family sans +" +\family default + since that will insert +\emph on +real +\emph default + quotes. + You get the typewriter double quotes with +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "self-insert \"" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's an example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +#include +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +int main(void) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +{ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code + printf("Hello World! +\backslash +n"); +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code + return 0; +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is just the standard +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Hello world! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + program. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts, + rc-files, and so on. + Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text + as if you used a typewriter. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph environments|) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Nesting Environments +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nesting ! Environments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Introduction +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific + properties. + This allows you to create blocks that inherit some of the properties of + another block. + For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also + has two subpoints. + In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner + list +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +attached +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to item #2: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +one +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +two +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +sublist – item #1 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +sublist – item #2 +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +three +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You put a list inside a list by nesting one list inside the other. + Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select +\family sans +Increase +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Depth +\family default + or +\family sans +Decrease +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Depth +\family default + from the +\family sans +Edit +\family default + menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar + will tell you how far you are nested). + Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/depth-increment.png + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/depth-decrement.png + +\end_inset + + or the convenient key bindings +\family sans +Tab +\family default + and +\family sans +Shift-Tab +\family default + or +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + + to change the nesting level. + The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing + you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current + paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can. + If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth. + Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the + depth of every paragraph nested inside of it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Nesting isn't limited to lists. + In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're + about to find out. + This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +What You Can and Can't Nest +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell + you a little bit more about how nesting works. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The question if nesting a paragraph environment is possible, is a bit more + complicated than a simple yes or no. + There are three types of paragraph environments: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Completely unnestable +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Fully nestable, you can nest them inside things and you can also nest other + things inside them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest + anything into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph + environments have them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Unnestable Can't nest them. + Can't nest into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Bibliography +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Abstract +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Title +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Author +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Date +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Fully +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Nestable You can nest them. + You can nest other things into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Verse +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Quote +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Quotation +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Itemize +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Enumerate +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Description +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +List +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside other things. + You can't nest anything into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Standard +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Part +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Chapter +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Section +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Paragraph +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subparagraph +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Part* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Chapter* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Section* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsection* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsubsection* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Address +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Although it is possible to nest numbered section headings like +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +, +\family sans +Section +\family default +, etc. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +lists, it is highly recommended not to do this because the aim is to create + well structured documents following typesetting guidelines whereas nested + section headings violate this. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nesting ! Tables etc. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are + affected by nesting anyhow. + They are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +equations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +tables +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +figures +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +( +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Figures and tables in +\family sans +Floats +\family default + are not affected by this. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Have a look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Floats" + +\end_inset + + for more information about +\family sans +Floats +\family default +.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph. + If a figure, table, or an equation is inline, it goes wherever the paragraph + it is in goes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +paragraph +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of its own, it behaves just like a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +nestable-inside +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + paragraph environment. + You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything + into it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's an example with a table: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Item One +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (a) and it's nested. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +a +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +c +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +d +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (b). + The table is actually nested inside (a). +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back out again. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Item One +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (a) and it's nested. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +a +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +c +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +d +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (b). + The table is +\emph on +not +\emph default + nested inside (a). + In fact, it's not nested at all. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back out again. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first + item of a new list! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going + deep enough. + LyX then turns anything after the table into a new sublist. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Item One +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (a) and it's nested. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +a +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +c +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +d +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (b). + The table is actually nested inside Item One, but +\emph on +not +\emph default + inside (a). +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back out again. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a + new list +\emph on +inside +\emph default + item 1. + The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation. + So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right + depth! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Usage and General Features +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting. + In other words, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +level #6 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is the innermost possible depth. + Here's an example to illustrate what we mean: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +level #1 – outermost +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +level #2 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +level #3 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +level #4 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +level #5 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +level #6 +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see + both of them in the example. + Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold + nesting with the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + and +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environments. + For example, if we tried to nest another +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + list inside item +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +A. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, we would get errors. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Some Examples +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nesting ! Examples +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration. + We have several examples of nested environments. + In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce + them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#1-a This is the outermost level. + It's a +\family sans +List +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#2-a This is level #2. + We created it by using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + followed by +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#3-a This is level #3. + This time, we just hit +\family sans +Return +\family default +, then used +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + twice in a row. + We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level, + by hitting +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + followed by +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +This is actually a +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment, nested inside of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +#3-a +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + So, it's at level #4. + We did this by hitting +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +, then +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +, then changing the paragraph environment to +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph — it also works + for the +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +, and +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environments! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's another +\family sans +Standard +\family default + paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#4-a This is level #4. + We hit +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + and changed the paragraph environment back to +\family sans +List +\family default +. + Remember — we can't nest anything inside a +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment, which is why we're still at level #4. + However, we +\emph on +can +\emph default + keep nesting things inside +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +#3-a +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{} +and this is level #6. + By now, you should know how we made these two. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#5-b Back to level #5. + Just hit +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + followed by a +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#4-b After another +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + followed by a +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + +, we're back at level #4. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#3-b Back to level #3. + By now it should be obvious how we did this. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#2-b Back to level #2. + +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1. + After this sentence, we'll hit +\family sans +Return +\family default + and change the paragraph environment back to +\family sans +Standard +\family default + to end the list. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We could have also used the +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +, or even the +\family sans +Verse +\family default + environment in place of the +\family sans +List +\family default + environment. + The example would have worked exactly the same. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Example 2: Inheritance +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +level. + Now we'll hit +\family sans +Return +\family default +, then +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +, after which, we'll change to the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment, at level #2. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Notice how the nested +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + not only inherits its margins from its parent environment ( +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +), but also inherits its font and spacing! +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +We ended this example by hitting +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to +\family sans +Standard +\family default + and reset the nesting depth by using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + + once. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + and +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + Environments +\begin_inset Argument +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is level #1, in an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + paragraph environment. + We're actually going to nest a bunch of these. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is level #2. + We used +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + followed by +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +. + Now, what happens if we nest an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its + label be? An asterisk? +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +No! It's a bullet. + This is the +\emph on +first +\emph default + +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment, even though it's at level #3. + So, its label is a bullet. + (We got here by using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +, then +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +, then changing the environment to +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +.) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Here's level #4, produced using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +, then +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +. + We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +to get to level #5. + This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. + Notice the type of numbering, it is +\emph on +lowercase Roman +\emph default +, because we are in the +\emph on +thirdfold +\emph default + +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment (i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. + it is an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + inside an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + inside an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +What happens if we +\emph on +don't +\emph default + change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What + type of numbering does LyX use? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Let's use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + + to decrease the depth after the next +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is level #4. + Look what type of label LyX is using! +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is level #3. + Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman + numeral as the label.Why? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is +\emph on +still +\emph default + a thirdfold +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment. + Notice, however, that LyX +\emph on +did +\emph default + reset the counter for the label. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Another +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + + sequence, and we're back to level #2. + This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back + into the twofold-nested +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +The same thing happens if we do another +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + +sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Lastly, we reset the environment to +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labeling + LyX uses for the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + and +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environments. + The number of other +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environments surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for + an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + item. + The same rule applies for the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment, as well. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Example 4: Going Bonkers +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +We're going to go totally nuts now. + We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the + same detail with how we did it. + (level #1: +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +( +\family sans +Return, +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, Standard +\family default +: level #2) We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the + example in parentheses someplace. + For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth. + The environment name is the name of the current environment. + Either before or after this, we'll put in the level. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +( +\family sans +Return, Enumerate +\family default +: level #1) This is the next item in the list. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Verse +Now we'll add verse. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +It will get much worse. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +( +\family sans +Return, +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, Verse +\family default +: level #2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse +Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Bippitey boppitey boo! +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse +Here comes a table: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +one-fish +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +two-fish +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +red-fish +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +blue-fish +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Verse +( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, Table, +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + 3 times, +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, Verse, +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +( +\family sans +Return, Enumerate +\family default +: level #1) This is another item. + Note that selecting a +\family sans +Table +\family default + resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth + 3 times to put the table inside the +\family sans +Verse +\family default + environment. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +We're now ending the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + list and changing to +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +. + We're still at level #1. + We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments. + The next set of paragraphs is a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +quoted letter. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + We'll nest both the +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + environments inside of this one, then use another nested +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + for the letter body. + We'll use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + to preserve the depth. + Remember that you need to use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + to create multiple lines inside the +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + environments. + Here it goes: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Right Address +1234 Nowhere Rd. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Moosegroin, MT 00100 +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +9-6-96 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Address +Dear Mr. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Fizlewitz: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control. + Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating + a backlog in our orders for methane. + We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order + as soon as possible. + In the meantime, we thank you for your patience. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +We do, however, now have a special on beef. + If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form + with your order, along with payment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +We thank you again for your patience. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Address +Sincerely, +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Bill Hick +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Quotation +That ends that example! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with + just a few keystrokes. + We could have easily nested an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list inside of a +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + or +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, or put a +\family sans +Quote +\family default + inside of an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list. + You have a huge variety of options at your disposal. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Spacing, pagination and line breaks +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +What is a space? While you might be used to pressing the space key anytime + you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers + you more spaces: Spaces of different width and spaces which can or cannot + be broken at the end of a line. + The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are + useful. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Protected Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Protected-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spaces ! Protected +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the + line at that point. + This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +Further documentation is given in section +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + A protected space is set with +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Protected +\bar under + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\bar default +Space +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "space-insert protected" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Horizontal Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing ! Horizontal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All horizontal spaces can be inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Horizontal Space +\family default +. + The length units are listed in Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Inter-word Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Inter-word-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spaces ! Inter-word +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some languages (e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +English) have the typographical convention to add extra space after an end-of-se +ntence punctuation mark, and LyX honors those conventions (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Abbreviations" + +\end_inset + +). + Sometimes, you want a normal space nevertheless. + In this case, insert an inter-word space (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "space-insert normal" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Thin Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Thin-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spaces ! Thin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +thin space +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +protected +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of + thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance + inside abbreviations: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +D. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +E. + Knuth has developed our beloved typesetting program. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +or between values and units. + Compare for example this: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +10 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +kg (thin space) +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +10 kg (normal space +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert thin spaces also with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Thin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "space-insert thin" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +More Spaces +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:More-Spaces" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can furthermore insert the following space types: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Negative +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +thin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +space A line with a +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \negthinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + Negative thin space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Enspace +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(0.5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) A line with a +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \enskip{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + Enspace (0.5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Quad +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) A line with a +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \quad{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + Quad +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +QQuad +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) A line with a +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \qquad{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + QQuad +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Custom +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +space A line with +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace{} +\length 2cm +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + 2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +cm space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:Width-of-the" + +\end_inset + + lists the different space sizes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "tab:Width-of-the" + +\end_inset + +Width of the different horizontal spaces. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Space +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Normal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1/3 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Protected +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1/3 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Thin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1/6 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Negative thin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +-1/6 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Enspace (0.5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +0.5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Quad (1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +QQuad (2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Horizontal Fills +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing ! Fills +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Horizontal fills (HFills) are a special LyX feature for adding extra space + in a uniform fashion. + An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals + the remaining space between the left and right margins. + If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space + equally between themselves. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here a few examples what you can do with them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent +This is on the left side +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +This is on the right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent +Left +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Middle +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent +Left +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +1/3 Left +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +That was an example in the +\family sans +Quote +\family default + environment. + Here +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + +is one in a standard paragraph. + It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it +\emph on +is +\emph default + sitting in-between the two arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +HFills can be made visible when you choose one of the +\family sans +Fill +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Pattern +\family default + in the space dialog: The following patterns are available: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Dots: +\begin_inset space \dotfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Rule: +\begin_inset space \hrulefill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Left arrow: +\begin_inset space \leftarrowfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Right arrow: +\begin_inset space \rightarrowfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Up brace: +\begin_inset space \downbracefill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Down brace: +\begin_inset space \upbracefill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and +\emph on +not +\emph default + in the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it. + This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line. + If you need space in this case anyway, set the +\family sans +Protect +\family default + option in the space dialog. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Phantom Space +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing ! Phantom +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase. + E. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +you want to create the following multiple choice question: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +What is correct English?: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Mr. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Edge would have been jumps the gun. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Mr. + Edge +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +has to be jumped +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Mr. + Edge +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +jumps +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +So that the choices appear exactly after the phrase +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Mr. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Edge +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + To get this, you can use the phantom insets available via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Phantom +\family default +. + In our case insert a horizontal phantom at the beginning of the last two + lines and insert +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Mr. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Edge +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + into the phantom inset (note the space after +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Edge +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + A phantom insets prints only the space of its content (like a placeholder). + That is why it is named +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +phantom +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The normal phantom ouputs the width and heigth of the content as space, + while the horizontal and vertical variant only outputs the corresponding + dimension. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Vertical Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Vertical-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing ! Vertical +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Vertical +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + dialog. + There you find the following sizes: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +SmallSkip +\family default +, +\family sans +MedSkip +\family default + and +\family sans +BigSkip +\family default + are LaTeX sizes which depend on the font size of the document. + +\family sans +DefSkip +\family default + is the skip adjusted in the dialog +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + for the paragraph separation. + If you use indentation to separate paragraphs +\family sans +DefSkip +\family default + is equal to +\family sans +MedSkip +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +VFill +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing ! Fills +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page. + An example: You have only two short paragraphs on one page with a vfill + between them. + Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second + one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal. + +\family sans +VFill +\family default +s work like +\family sans +HFill +\family default +s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +HFill +\family default +s are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + If there are several +\family sans +VFill +\family default +s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves. + You can therefore use +\family sans +VFill +\family default +s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Custom +\family default + are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + +\series medium +When the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of + a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option +\family sans +Protect +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paragraph Alignment +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change the paragraph alignment with the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph Settings +\family default + dialog. + There are five possibilities: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Justified +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\align block" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Left +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\align left" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Right +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\align right" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Center +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\align center" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Default +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\align default" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word + spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between + the left and right margins. + The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align right +This paragraph is right aligned, +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +this one is centered, +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align left +this one is left aligned. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Forced Page Breaks +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Page breaks ! Forced +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you don't like the way LaTeX does the pagebreaks in your document, you + can force a page break where you want one. + Normally this will not be necessary, because LaTeX is good at page breaking. + Only if you use a lot of +\family sans +Floats +\family default +, LaTeX's page breaking algorithm can fail. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We recommend not to use forced pagebreaks until the text is finished and + until you have checked in the preview to see if you +\emph on +really +\emph default + have to change the page breaking. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are two types of pagebreaks: One that ends the page without any special + action. + This can be inserted above or below a paragraph via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page +\family default +. + The second type, that is inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break +\family default +, ends a page but stretches the content of the page, so that it fills out + the complete page. + This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a page break produces a page + on which only the last few lines are absent. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You might try to use a page break to ensure that a figure or table appears + at the top of a page. + This is, of course, the wrong way to do it. + LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables + appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without + having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table. + See chapter +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Floats-and-Notes" + +\end_inset + + to learn more about +\family sans +Floats +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Clear Page Breaks +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Page breaks ! Clear +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Rather than forced pagebreaks where the content behind the break is placed + directly on the next page, you can also clear pages while breaking them. + That means that the current paragraph is terminated and everything, including + unprocessed floats, from the earlier part of the document are placed behind + it, if necessary by adding pages. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert a clear page break with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Clear +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page +\family default +. + When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Clear +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Double +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page +\family default + to insert a clear page break that assures that the next page is a right-hand + page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Forced Line Breaks +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Line breaks +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Similar to page breaks there are two types of line breaks: One that simply + breaks the line. + You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ragged +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break +\family default + or with +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + +. + Another type that is inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Justified +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break +\family default + breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the whole space between + the page margins. + This is necessary to avoid +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fringes +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in justified paragraphs due to whitespace introduced by line breaks. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You shouldn't use forced line breaks to correct LaTeX's line breaking, as + LaTeX is very good at line breaking. + There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively + set a line break, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +in a poem or for an address (see sections +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Quote" + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Verse" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Address-Usage" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Horizontal Lines +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Horizontal-Lines" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Horizontal lines +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\begin_inset CommandInset line +LatexCommand rule +offset "0.5ex" +width "100line%" +height "1pt" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the dialog +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Horizontal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\family default + you can insert horizontal lines. + The line offset is the vertical distance between the line and the baseline + of the current text line or the paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\begin_inset CommandInset line +LatexCommand rule +offset "0.5ex" +width "100line%" +height "1pt" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Characters and Symbols +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can directly enter all characters that are available on your keyboard. + You can also use special keyboard maps to be able to enter e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +characters needed for French with an English keyboard. + See section +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Keyboard-mapping" + +\end_inset + + for information on how this is done. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For the case where you need a character that is not on your keyboard, you + can use the +\family sans +Symbols +\family default + dialog via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Symbols +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Maybe not all symbols inserted with the symbols dialog can be displayed + when you are using a special screen font in LyX's preferences. + But the inserted symbols will in every case be displayed in the output. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Fonts and Text Styles +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Fonts-and-Text" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Font Types +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Font ! Types +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are two types of fonts: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Vector +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +fonts +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Fonts ! Vector- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + are fonts, built from outlines of the single glyphs (i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. + characters) in the font. + This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are + well suited for scaling to any requested size. + This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the + curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph. + This means that outline fonts will look pretty good in all sizes. + Only at very small sizes where each pixel has to be very carefully computed + to provide a good image, it might be hard to provide a good rendering. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +That could mean that one only needs to define one font size and scale them. + But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes. + That improves the appearance because you need more details at large font + sizes than at small ones. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The font types +\family typewriter +TrueType +\family default +, +\family typewriter +OpenType +\family default +, and +\family typewriter +Type +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1 +\family default + are vector fonts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Bitmap +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +fonts +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Fonts ! Bitmap- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start, so they + will look good at all the sizes they are meant for. + However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each + pixel is enlarged into several pixels. + It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in a + picture manipulation program. + In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in + several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels + or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful. + The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary + to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable + fonts. + The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exist as fixed versions have + to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Bitmap fonts are named +\family typewriter +Type +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +3 +\family default + in PostScript- and PDF-documents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they + are designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes. + So one needs fewer font size definitions for scalable fonts. + That's the reason why nearly all text rendering and typesetting programs + use scalable fonts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To test which fonts are used in a PDF-document, you can have a look into + its document properties. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards + specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font. + For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current + font to emphasize text, you use an +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +emphasized style +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + instead. + This concept fits in perfectly with LyX. + In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting + details. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Document Font and Font size +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Document-Font" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Font ! Size +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can set the document fonts in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog. + There you can specify which font should be used for the three different + font shapes roman (serif), +\family sans +sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif +\family default +, and +\family typewriter +typewriter +\family default + and its scalings. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The possible options for the font include +\family sans +default +\family default + and a list of fonts available on your system. + +\family sans +default +\family default + uses the standard TeX fonts, known as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Computer Modern +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ( +\family typewriter +cm +\family default +) or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +European Computer Modern +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ( +\family typewriter +ec +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As +\family typewriter +cm +\family default + and +\family typewriter +ec +\family default + are bitmap fonts, they often looks pixelated in PDF output, especially + when you read the PDF in a zoomed size. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This problem doesn't appear if you read PDFs in +\family typewriter +Adobe +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Reader +\family default + version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font + renderer. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + To get rid of pixelated fonts, you have to use a vector font. + There are three ways to use one: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +One way is to use the +\family typewriter +AE +\family default + fonts. + +\family typewriter +AE +\family default + is a virtual font. + Virtual means that it +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +steals +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + outline +\family typewriter +cm +\family default +-glyphs from other fonts. + This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French + guillemets ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +« +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +» +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Loading the LaTeX-package +\series bold +aeguill +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! aeguill +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + with the document preamble line +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[ec]{aeguill} +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series default +will fix the guillemet problem. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + and that accented characters are not +\emph on +one +\emph default + glyph, they are build of +\emph on +two +\emph default + characters, the accent and the letter. + Therefore you can't search in documents using the +\family typewriter +AE +\family default + fonts for words with accented characters. + If you search for example for the French word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +rève +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in a PDF, you won't get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches for + the glyph +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + è +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and not for the glyph +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + e + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + ̀ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Another possibility is to use three different outline fonts +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Other fonts, like +\family typewriter +Latin Modern +\family default + or +\family typewriter +Computer Modern +\family default +, consist of these three main font types +\family sans +sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif +\family default +, +\family sans +typewriter +\family default +, and +\family sans +serif +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\family typewriter +Times Roman +\family default + as roman font, +\family sans + +\family typewriter +Helvetica +\family default + scaled to 92 or 95 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +% as sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif font, and +\family typewriter +courier +\family default + as typewriter font. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The differences between roman, +\family sans +sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif +\family default +, and +\family typewriter +typewriter +\family default + fonts are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The font +\family typewriter +Times Roman +\family default + was originally designed for newspapers. + That means its glyphs are smaller than the ones from other fonts to fit + into the small newspaper columns. + Therefore +\family typewriter +Times Roman +\family default + is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The best solution is to use the +\family typewriter +Latin Modern +\family default + ( +\family typewriter +lm +\family default +) fonts. + These fonts were developed for the LaTeX community to replace +\family typewriter +cm +\family default + as the default font. + In most cases they look the same as +\family typewriter +cm +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +One difference is improved kerning for the +\family typewriter +lm +\family default + fonts. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, but +\family typewriter +lm +\family default + covers a vast number of characters over the other two families +\family typewriter +cm +\family default + and +\family typewriter +ec +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +For the font size there are four possible values: +\family sans +default, 10 +\family default +, +\family sans +11 +\family default +, and +\family sans +12 +\family default +. + The size of +\family sans +default +\family default + depends on your LaTeX-system, normally it is equal to the font size 10. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The font sizes are the +\emph on +base size +\emph default +. + That means that LyX scales all other possible font sizes (such as those + used in footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value. + You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog if needed. + The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The field +\family sans +CJK +\family default + allows users of the languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) to specify + a font to display the script characters. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The font will be the argument for the commands of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +CJK +\series default +. + So this has no effect for the document language +\family sans +Japanese +\family default + that doesn't use +\series bold +CJK +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + When you choose a new font or font size, LyX does +\emph on +not +\emph default + change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output; + this is part of the WYSIWYM concept. + LyX's screen fonts can be adjusted in the +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences +\family default + dialog, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Screen-Fonts" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Using Different Character Styles +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Character Styles +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Text Style +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for + certain paragraph environments. + LyX supports two character styles, +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + and +\family sans +Noun +\family default +. + You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the + toolbar. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To activate the +\family sans +Noun +\family default + style, do one of the following: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +click on the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/font-noun.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +use the key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-noun" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These commands are all toggles. + That is, if +\family sans +Noun +\family default + style is already active, they deactivate it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +One typically uses the +\family sans +Noun +\family default + style for proper names. + For example: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich +\noun default + is the original author of LyX. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A more widely used character style is the +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + style. + You can activate (or deactivate — it's also a toggle) the +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + style by: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +clicking on the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/font-emph.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +using the keybindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-emph" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally the +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or LaTeX-packag +es use a different font. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We've been using the +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + style all over the place in this document. + Here's one more example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation + +\emph on +Don't overuse character styles! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It's also a warning in addition to an example. + One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation. + Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid + the common tendency to overuse character style. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can always reset to the default font using the key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-default" +\end_inset + + or the dialog +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fine-Tuning with the +\family sans +Text Style +\family default + dialog +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Text Style +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are always occasions when you will need to do some fine-tuning, so + LyX gives you a way to create a custom character style. + For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet + requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations. + Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts + from ordinary dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a + warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles! +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Documents that overuse different fonts and sizes are not well readable and + tend to look as if someone has knocked huge holes in them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use custom character styles, open the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog. + There are several boxes on this dialog, each corresponding to a different + font property which you can choose. + You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select +\family sans +No +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +change +\family default +, which keeps the current state of that property. + The item +\family sans +Reset +\family default + will reset the property to whatever is the default. + You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph + environments in a snap. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The font properties, and their options (in addition to +\family sans +No +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +change +\family default + and +\family sans +Reset +\family default +) are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Family +\family default + The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +overall look +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the font. + The possible options are: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Roman +\family default + This is the Roman font family. + Normally a serif font. + It's also the default family. + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-roman" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Serif +\family default + +\family sans +This is the Sans Serif font family. + +\family default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-sans" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Typewriter +\family default + +\family typewriter +This is the Typewriter font family. + +\family default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-typewriter" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Series +\family default + This corresponds to the print weight. + Options are: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Medium +\family default + This is the Medium font series. + It's also the default series. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Bold +\family default + +\series bold +This is the Bold font series. + +\series default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-bold" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Shape +\family default + As the name implies. + Options are: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Upright +\family default + This is the Upright font shape. + It's also the default shape. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Italic +\family default + +\shape italic +This +\shape default + +\family sans +\shape italic +i +\family default +s the Italic font shape +\shape default +\emph on +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Slanted +\family default + +\shape slanted +This is the Slanted font shape +\shape default + (although it might not be visible in LyX, this is different from italic). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Small +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Caps +\family default + +\shape smallcaps +This is the Small caps font shape +\shape default +\noun on +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Size +\family default + Alters the size of the font. + You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio +nal to the document font size. + Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of + what you want to do. + The options are: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Tiny +\family default + +\size tiny +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Tiny +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size tiny" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Smallest +\family default + +\size scriptsize +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Smallest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size +\size default +. + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-size scriptsize" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Smaller +\family default + +\size footnotesize +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Smaller +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size footnotesize" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Small +\family default + +\size small +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Small +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size small" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Normal +\family default + This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Normal +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + It's also the default size. + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size normal" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Large +\family default + +\size large +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Large +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size large" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Larger +\family default + +\size larger +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Larger +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size larger" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Largest +\family default + +\size largest +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Largest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-size largest" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Huge +\family default + +\size huge +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Huge +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size huge" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Huger +\family default + +\size giant +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Huger +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size giant" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +We'll warn you +\emph on +yet again +\emph default +: don't go crazy with this feature. + You should almost never need to change the font size. + LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments + — use that instead. + This is here for fine-tuning only! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Misc +\family default + Here you can change a few other things at the character level. + Options are: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Emph +\family default + +\emph on +This is text with emphasize on +\emph default +. + This might seem like the same as +\shape italic +Italic +\shape default +, but it is actually a bit different. + Emphasized is a +\emph on +logical +\emph default + attribute. + That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized + text. + Normally this font is equal to italic. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Underbar +\family default + +\bar under +This is text with Underbar on. + +\bar default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-underline" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +) +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\family default +Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a hangover from the typewriter days, + when you couldn't change fonts. + We no longer need to emphasize text by underscoring characters. + It's only included in LyX because some people +\emph on +may +\emph default + need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Noun +\family default + +\noun on +This is text with Noun on. + +\noun default + Like +\family sans +Emph +\family default +, this is a logical attribute. + Normally it's equivalent to +\family sans +Small +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Caps +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Color +\family default + You can adjust the color of the text with this control. + Notice that not all DVI-viewers are able to display colors. + Besides +\family sans +No +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +color +\family default +, which is the default +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +color +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and means normally black, you can choose between +\family sans +Black +\family default +, +\family sans +White +\family default +, +\family sans +Red +\family default +, +\family sans +Green +\family default +, +\family sans +Blue +\family default +, +\family sans +Cyan +\family default +, +\family sans +Magenta +\family default + and +\family sans +Yellow +\family default + text. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Color ! Text +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Language +\family default + This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from + the language of the document. + Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change + (only within LyX). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +So you have a huge number of combinations to choose from. + Once you've chosen a new character style via the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog, the settings are saved. + You can activate them using the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/textstyle-apply.png + +\end_inset + +. + The button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style even + when the dialog isn't visible. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To completely reset the character style to the default, use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-default" +\end_inset + +. + If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed + (suppose you just set the shape to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +slanted +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and the series to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bold +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), set the +\family sans +Toggle +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +all +\family default + switch and press +\family sans +Apply +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You should also know something about the differences between the three main + font types +\family sans +serif +\family default +, +\family sans +sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif +\family default +, and +\family sans +typewriter +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Typewriter +\family default + is a so called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +monospaced +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font, that means every character has the same width, the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +i +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is as wide as the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Here is an example +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +no +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +typewriter text +\family default + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For more on phantoms see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:More-Spaces" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +no typewriter text +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Serif +\family default + fonts use characters with serifs. + These are the small +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +appendices +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at the ends of the strokes that form the character. + The following example will show the difference: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +text with serifs +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\family sans +text without serifs +\family default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Serifs facilitate quick and easy reading. + These fonts are therefore used as default (named +\family sans +roman +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Sans serif +\family default + don't use serifs. + This font type is therefore often used for headings and short texts. + We use it in this document to highlight menu names. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We conclude with the same warning once again: Don't overuse the fonts. + They are, more often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Printing and Previewing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Overview +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now that we have covered some of the basic features of document preparation + using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece. + Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what + goes on behind-the-scenes. + We cover this information in much greater detail in the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual as well. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX uses the program LaTeX as its backend. + LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent + confusion, we'll only refer to LaTeX. + LyX is what you use to do your actual writing. + Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output. + This happens in two stages: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX, + generating a file with the extension, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + file to produce printable output. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Output file formats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +ASCII +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats ! ASCII +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.txt +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +American Standard Code for Information Interchange +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (ASCII). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to ASCII by the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +ASCII +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +LaTeX +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats ! LaTeX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and contains all commands that are necessary for the LaTeX program to process + your document. + If you know LaTeX, you can use it to find out LaTeX-Errors or to process + it manually with console commands. + The LaTeX-file is automatically created in LyX's temporary directory whenever + you view or export your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document as LaTeX-file using the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +DVI +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats ! DVI +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It is called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +device-independent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine + to another without needing to do any sort of conversion. + DVIs are used for quick previews and as pre-stage for other output formats, + like PostScript. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +DVI files do not contain images, they only link them. + So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs. + Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the image in the background to make + it visible when you scroll the DVI, this can slow down your computer when + you view the DVI. + So we recommend to use PDF for files with many images. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to DVI by the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +PostScript +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats ! PostScript +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + PostScript was developed by the company +\family typewriter +Adobe +\family default + as a printer language. + The file contains therefore commands that the printer uses to print the + file. + PostScript can be seen as a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +programming language +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +When you are interested to learn more about this, have a look at the LaTeX-packa +ge +\series bold +pstricks +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! pstricks +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Due to this ability, the files are often bigger than PDFs. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +PostScript can only contain images in the format +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Encapsulated PostScript +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (EPS, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.eps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + As LyX allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has + to convert them in the background to EPS. + If you have e.g 50 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +images in your document, LyX has to do 50 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +conversions whenever you view or export your document. + This will slow down your workflow with LyX drastically. + So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as + EPS to avoid this problem. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to PostScript using the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PostScript +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +PDF +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats ! PDF +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +PDF +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.pdf +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Document Format +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PDF) developed by +\family typewriter +Adobe +\family default + was derived from PostScript. + It is more compressed and it uses fewer commands than PostScript. + As the name +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +portable +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + implies, it can be processed at any computer system and the printed output + looks exactly the same. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Joint Photographic Experts Group +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (JPG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpeg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Network Graphics +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PNG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.png +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + You can although use any other image format, because LyX converts them + in the background to one of these formats. + But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion + will slow down your workflow. + So we recommend to use images in one of the three mentioned formats. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to PDF via the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export +\family default + in three different ways: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF This uses the program +\family typewriter +ps2pdf +\family default + that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file. + The PostScript-version is produced by the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step. + So this export variant consist of three conversions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(dvipdfm) This uses the program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\family default + that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to + PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) This uses the program +\family typewriter +pdftex +\family default + that converts your file directly to PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We recommend to use +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default + because +\family typewriter +pdftex +\family default + supports all the features of actual PDF-versions, is quick, stable, and + works without problems. + The program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\family default + is no longer under development and therefore a bit outdated. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +XHTML +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +FileFormats ! XHTML +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +HTML +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.xhtml +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It is a file suitable for viewing in web browsers. + It does not itself contain images and the like but only links them, and + when LyX produces XHTML, it also generates corresponding images in formats + suitable for the purpose. + Math is output as MathML, which renders nicely in browsers that support + it, but not all do. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +XHTML output remains +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +under development +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and not all LyX features are supported yet. + See the chapter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX and the World Wide Web +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, in the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual, for more information. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document as an XHTML file using the menu item +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LyXHTML +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Previewing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Preview +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks + in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu +\family sans +View +\family default + and choose a file type. + A viewing program will pop up showing the output. + For +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\family default + you can use the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-view_dvi.png + +\end_inset + + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "buffer-view dvi" +\end_inset + +), for +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default + the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-view_pdf2.png + +\end_inset + +, and for +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Postscript +\family default + the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-view_ps.png + +\end_inset + + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "buffer-view ps" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same + viewer window using the menu +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in LyX's temporary + directory. + To have a real output, export your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Printing the File from within LyX +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Printing-the-File" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Instead of exporting your file and then printing it, you can also print + it directly from within LyX. + To print a file, select the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Print +\family default + or click on the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_print.png + +\end_inset + +. + LyX will internally call LaTeX to produce a DVI. + This file is then processed by the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + to PostScript-file, which is finally printed using the program +\family typewriter +Ghostscript +\family default +. + Due to these steps in the background, this method is not the fastest. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can choose to print only even-numbered or odd-numbered pages — this + is useful for printing on two sides: You can re-insert the pages after + printing one set to print on the other side. + Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down. + By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack + of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can set the parameters in the +\family sans +Print +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Destination +\family default + box as follows: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Printer +\family default + This is the name of the printer to print to. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Note that this printer name is for the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + That means +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + has to be configured for this printer name. + The default printer can be set in LyX's preferences dialog, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Printer" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The printer should understand PostScript. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +File +\family default + The name of a file to print to. + The output will be a PostScript file. + It will be written in LyX's working directory unless you specify the full + path. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +A few Words about Typography +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Typography +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Hyphens +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Hyphens +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In LyX, the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + character comes in four lengths: the +\emph on +hyphen +\emph default +, the +\emph on +en dash +\emph default +, the +\emph on +em dash +\emph default +, and the minus sign: +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +name +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +output +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +inserted with +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +hyphen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in text +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +en dash +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +– +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +em dash +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +— +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +minus sign +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $-$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in math mode +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can alternatively generate the en and em dash by inserting the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + character multiple times in a row. + They will automatically be converted to the appropriate length dash in + the final output, but not in LyX. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + gives a en dash, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + a em dash. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in + math mode and has a length of its own. + Here are some examples of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + in use: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +line- and page-breaks +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +( +\emph on +hyphen +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +From A–Z +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +( +\emph on +en dash +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Oh — there's a dash. +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +( +\emph on +em dash +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +( +\emph on +minus sign +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Hyphenation +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Hyphenation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Hyphenation" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Words aren't hyphenated within LyX but automatically in the output. + Hyphenation is done by the LaTeX-package +\series bold +babel +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! babel +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + following the rules of the document language +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For German readers: That's one of the main differences between the languages + +\family sans +German +\family default + and +\family sans +German +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(new +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +spelling) +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LaTeX hyphenates almost perfectly, it only has problems with text in the + +\family sans +typewriter +\family default + font and with unusual constructs, like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +h3knix/m0n0wall +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points manually. + This is done with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Hyphenation +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Point +\family default +. + These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX. + If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will ignore them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs from being hyphenated. + Imagine that you are describing keybindings/shortcuts in your document + in the form +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +A-b c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LaTeX would then see the hyphen +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as a hyphenation possibility. + Hyphenating at this point would look ugly. + To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, you can put it into a makebox + as described in section +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Prevent Hyphenation +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the +\emph on +EmbeddedObjects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Punctuation Marks +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Punctuation marks +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Abbreviations and End of Sentence +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Abbreviations" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX + automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations. + LaTeX then adds the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +appropriate amount of space +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and + the next word. + Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation does + not work in all cases. + If a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +. +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's + at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here are some examples of +\emph on +correct +\emph default + abbreviations and the end of a sentence: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +M. + Butterfly +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Don't worry. + Be happy. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +And here's an example of the algorithm going wrong: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. + this is too much space! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +This is I. + It's okay. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To fix this problem, use one of the following: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Use an +\family sans +Inter-word +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + after lowercase abbreviations (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Inter-word-Space" + +\end_inset + +). +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spaces ! inter-word +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Use a +\family sans +Thin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Thin-Space" + +\end_inset + +). +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spaces ! thin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Use an +\family sans +End +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +sentence +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +period +\family default + found under the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Character +\family default + menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing. + This function is also bound to +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "specialchar-insert end-of-sentence" +\end_inset + + for easy access. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +this is too much space! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +This is I\SpecialChar \@. + It's okay. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences. + If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because LaTeX + will take care of this. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors: + Check out the +\family sans +Check +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +TeX +\family default + feature described in section +\emph on +Checking TeX +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Quotes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Typography ! Quotes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Quotes | see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Typography +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX usually sets quotes correctly. + Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text, + and use a closing quote at the end. + For example, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +open close +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The keyboard character, +\family sans +" +\family default +, generates this automatically. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change the behavior of the +\family sans +" +\family default + key using the submenu +\family sans +Language +\family default + of the dialog +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also select quotes for different languages in the box +\family sans +Type +\family default + option. + There are six choices: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like this +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +double +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + +single +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + or 'this +\begin_inset Quotes ers +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes gls +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes grs +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes pls +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes prs +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes fls +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes frs +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes als +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes ars +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These settings affect what character the +\family sans +" +\family default + key produces. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Ligatures +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Typography ! Ligatures +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Ligatures | see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Typography +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Ligatures" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and + print them as single characters. + These groups are known as +\emph on +ligatures +\emph default +. + Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too + in the output. + Here are the standard ligatures: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +ff +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +fi +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +fl +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +ffi +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +ffl +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word. + While a ligature may be okay in the word, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +graffiti, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + it looks really weird in compound words, such as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cufflink +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or the German +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Dorffest. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + To break a ligature, use +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ligature +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break. + +\family default + This changes +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cufflinks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} +links +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Dorffest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} +fest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LyX's Proper Names +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LyX ! Proper names +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You will certainly have noticed that the word “LaTeX” always appears with + characters in different sizes and heights. + LaTeX is the name of the program used by LyX and is therefore recognized + as a proper name when you type it in LyX as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The braces in TeX Code are here to avoid that the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +command +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + appear as proper name in the output, see the last paragraph of this section. + To create proper names omit the TeX Code. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Note the order of the upper-and lowercase letters! LyX recognizes the following + proper names: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LyX The name of the game, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +L +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +yX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +TeX The program used by LaTeX, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +T +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LaTeX The program used by LyX, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LaTeX2e The actual version of LaTeX, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX2e +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You might wonder why the LaTeX-version is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It's an old tradition in the TeX-world to give programs geek version numbers. + For example the version number of TeX converges to the number +\begin_inset Formula $\pi$ +\end_inset + +: The actual version is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX-3.141592 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, the previous one was +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX-3.14159 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you don't want to use proper names, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +in section headings, you can insert two empty braces in TeX Code in the + word. + This will look in LyX like: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/LaTeX.png + scale 80 + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +For more about TeX Code, look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:TeX-Code" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Units +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Typography ! Units +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal + space between two words. + As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is + smaller. + To get such a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +half space +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for units use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Thin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "space-insert thin" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's an example to show the differences: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +24 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +kW +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + +h +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +space between number and unit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +24 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +kW +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + +h +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +half space between number and unit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Widows and Orphans +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Typography ! Widows and orphans +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page + happened to end. + There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text. + You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading + for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line + of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line + of a paragraph at the top of a new page. + These bits of text became known as +\emph on +widows +\emph default + and +\emph on +orphans +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading. + That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments. + But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line + of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules + built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there + to specifically prevent widows and orphans. + This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page, + or how you can tweak that behavior. + Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexguide" + +\end_inset + +] may have more information. + You will almost never need to worry about this, however. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Notes, Graphics, Tables, and Floats +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cha:Floats-and-Notes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. + There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Notes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Notes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Notes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX offers you a few types of notes to add to your document: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LyX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note This note type is for internal notes that won't appear in the output. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it appears as LaTeX-comm +ent, when you export the document to LaTeX via the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaTeX (pdflatex) / (plain) +\family default +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Comment +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is text in a note box that only appears as comment in LaTeX-files. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Greyed +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Out This note will appear in the output as grey text. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is text +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is an example footnote within a greyed out note. + In this document the greyed out note color is redefined to blue. + How this can be done is explained in the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + of a comment that appears in the output as grey text. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +As you can see in the example, the first line of greyed out notes is a bit + indented and greyed out notes can have footnotes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Notes are inserted with the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/note-insert.png + scale 85 + scaleBeforeRotation + +\end_inset + + or the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note +\family default +. + Right-click on the appearing note box to select the note type. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Footnotes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Footnotes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Footnotes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the + menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Footnote +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/footnote-insert.png + +\end_inset + +, +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +you'll see +\family default +\series default +\bar default + the following box: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/footnoteQt4.png + scale 80 + +\end_inset + + +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + This box is LyX's representation of your footnote. + If you +\family default +\series default +\bar default + left-click on +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +foot +\family roman + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default +\series default +\bar default + +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +label, the box will +\family default +\series default +\bar default + be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it. + Clicking on the box label again, will close +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +the +\family default +\series default +\bar default + box +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +. + If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply mark it and click + on the footnote +\family default +\series default +\bar default + toolbar +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +button +\family default +\series default +\bar default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's an example footnote: +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +To close a footnote, click on the footnote box label. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text + position where the footnote box is placed. + The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page. + The footnote number is calculated by LyX, the numbers are consecutive, + no matter in which chapter the footnote is in. + LyX doesn't support other numbering schemes yet, but you can get another + scheme using special LaTeX-commands. + T +\family roman +h +\family default +ey are described in the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Marginal Notes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Marginal notes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Marginal-Notes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX. + When you insert a margin note via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Marginal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/marginalnote-insert.png + +\end_inset + +, you'll see +\family roman +\series medium +a +\family default +\series default + grey +\family roman +\series medium +box with a +\family default +\series default + red +\family roman +\series medium +label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + appearing within your text. + This box is LyX's representation of your margin +\family default +\series default +al +\family roman +\series medium +note. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +At the side is an example marginal note. +\family roman +\series medium + +\begin_inset Marginal +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is a marginal note. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents. + In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin – left on even + pages, right on odd pages. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Graphics and Images +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Images +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Graphics +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Graphics" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position + you want and click on the toolbar icon +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png + +\end_inset + + or select +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphics +\family default + from the menu. + Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters. + The +\family sans +Graphics +\family default + tab allows you to choose your image file. + The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling + factor. + The scaling units are explained in Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the tab +\family sans +Clipping +\family default + it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width + of the image in the output. + The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button + +\family sans +Get +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +from +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +file +\family default +. + The option +\family sans +Clip +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +bounding +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +box +\family default + will only print the image region within the given coordinates. + Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore + the tab +\family sans +Clipping +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the +\family sans +LaTeX and LyX options +\family default + tab LaTeX experts can specify additional LaTeX options. + You can also specify here the appearance of the image inside LyX. + The option +\family sans +Draft +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +mode +\family default + has the effect that the image doesn't appear in the output, only a frame + with the image size is printed. + The option +\family sans +Don't +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +unzip +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +on +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +export +\family default + is explained in the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual in section +\emph on +Graphics Dialog +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The graphics dialog can be called at any time by clicking on an image. + The image will appear in the output exactly at the position where it is + in the text. + This is an example image within a separate, horizontally centered paragraph: + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/mobius.eps + scale 70 + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you need image captions and want to reference images, you have to put + the image into a float, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Figure-Floats" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Image Formats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Images ! Formats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Image-Formats" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert images in any known file format. + But as we explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + +, every output document format allows only a few image formats. + LyX uses therefore the program +\family typewriter +ImageMagick +\family default + in the background to convert the images to the right format. + To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background, + you can use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Bitmap +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form. + They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixelated in large zooms. + Well-known bitmap image formats are +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Graphics Interchange Format +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (GIF, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.gif +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +GIF|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Network Graphics +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PNG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.png +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +PNG|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Joint Photographic Experts Group +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (JPG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpeg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +JPG|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Scalable +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size without + data loss. + The scaling ability is necessary if you want to create presentations, because + presentations are always scaled by the beamer. + Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Scalable image formats can be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Scalable Vector Graphics +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (SVG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.svg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +SVG|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Encapsulated PostScript +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (EPS, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.eps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +EPS|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Document Format +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PDF, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.pdf +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +PDF +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + We say it can be, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF + or EPS and the result won't be scalable. + In this cases only a header with the image properties is added to the original + image +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally one cannot convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only vice + versa. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Grouping of Image Settings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Images ! Settings grouping +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Each image can define a new group of image settings or join an existing + group. + Images within such a group share their settings, so adjusting one image + of the group automatically also adjusts all other images of the group in + the same way. + So you can for example change the size for a bunch of images without the + need to manually change each of them. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A new group can be set by entering a name in the +\family sans +Group +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Name +\family default + field in the Graphics dialog. + Joining an existing group can be done using the context menu of the image + by checking the name of the desired group. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Tables +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Tables +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Tables" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert a table using either the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/tabular-insert.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + or the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\family default +. + A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns. + The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated + from the rest of the table. + This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row + have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above + them. + Here's an example table: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\size normal +\noun off +\color none + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The Table dialog +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which + brings up the table dialog. + Here you can adjust the settings of the cell and row/column respectively + where the cursor is placed currently. + Most of the dialog options also work on selections. + This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is + done on all of your selection. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Additionally to the table dialog, the +\family sans +table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +toolbar +\family default + helps you in setting table properties. + It appears when the cursor is inside a table. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the tab +\family sans +Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\family default + of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row. + If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the + current cell respectively. + The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width + is given. + A given width will allow the cell to have line breaks and multiple paragraphs + of text, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Table-Cells" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can mark multiple cells of one row/column as a multicolumn/row cell + using the check box +\family sans +Multicolumn +\family default + or +\family sans +Multirow +\family default +. + This will merge the cells to +\emph on +one +\emph default + cell, spread over more than one column/row. + Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width, + and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell. + Here's an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one + in the last row without the upper border: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +abc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +def ghi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +jkl +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +4 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Adept users can declare special LaTeX-arguments for the table. + They are necessary for special table formatting, like for multirow cells, + explained in the tables section of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. + You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table 90 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +degrees counterclockwise. + These rotations are not visible in LyX but in the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Most DVI-viewers are +\emph on +not +\emph default + able to display rotations. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Borders +\family default + tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column. + The button +\family sans +Default +\family default + adds lines for all cell borders. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Longtables +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Tables ! Longtables +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Longtables +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option +\family sans +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +long +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +table +\family default + in the tab +\family sans +Longtable +\family default + of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages. + Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Header +\family default +: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable; + except for the first page, if +\family sans +First +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +header +\family default + is defined. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +First +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +header +\family default +: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Footer +\family default +: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable; + except for the last page, if +\family sans +Last +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +footer +\family default + is defined. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Last +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +footer +\family default +: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Caption: The first row is reset as a single column. + You can now insert there the table caption via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caption +\family default +. + More about longtable captions can be found in the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also specify a row where the table is split. + If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware + of the fact that only the first one is used in the given table row. + The others will then be defined as +\emph on +empty +\emph default +. + In this context, first means first in this order: +\family sans +Footer, Last +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +footer, +\family default + +\family sans +Header, +\family default + +\family sans +First +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +header. + +\family default + See the following longtable to see how it works: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Example Phone List (ignore the names) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +NAME +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +TEL. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Example Phone List +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +NAME +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +TEL. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +continue ... +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Annovi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Silvia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Bertoli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Stefano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Bozzi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Walter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cachia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cachia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cinquemani +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Giusi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Colin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bernard +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Concli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Gianfranco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Dal Bosco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Carolina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Dalpiaz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Annamaria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Feliciello +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Domenico +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Focarelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Galletti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Oreste +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Gasparini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Franca +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Rizzardi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Lassini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Giancarlo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Luciano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Valeriano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Meneguzzo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Mezzadra +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Pirpamer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Erich +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Pochiesa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111, 222 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Radina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Claudio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Stuffer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Oskar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Tacchelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Ugo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Tezzele +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Margit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Unterkalmsteiner +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Frieda +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Vieider +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Hilde +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Vigna +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Jürgen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Weber +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Winkler +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Franz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Annovi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Silvia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Bertoli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Stefano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Bozzi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Walter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cachia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cachia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cinquemani +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Giusi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Colin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bernard +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Concli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Gianfranco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Dal Bosco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Carolina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Dalpiaz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Annamaria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Feliciello +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Domenico +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Focarelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Galletti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Oreste +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Gasparini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Franca +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Rizzardi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Lassini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Giancarlo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Luciano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Valeriano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Meneguzzo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Mezzadra +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Pirpamer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Erich +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Pochiesa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555, 222 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Radina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Claudio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Stuffer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Oskar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Tacchelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Ugo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Tezzele +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Margit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Unterkalmsteiner +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Frieda +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Vieider +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Hilde +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Vigna +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Jürgen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +999 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Weber +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Winkler +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Franz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +End +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Table Cells +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Tables ! Cells +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Table-Cells" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A table cell can contain text, inline equations, a figure, or another table. + All these kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell. + Font sizes and shapes can also be altered. + But you can't put a special environment in a cell (like +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, etc.), nor set spacing options etc. + for the cell's paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width + for the column in the table dialog. + Your text is then automatically split into multiple lines and the cell + is enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given width. + An example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +4 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +This is a multi-line entry in a table. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +5 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +6 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +This is longer now. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +7 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +8 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +This is a multi-line entry in a table. + This is longer now. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +9 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well. + You can cut and paste even more than one row. +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Note, that you cannot paste into a multicell selection because it would + not be clear what to do when pasting a single word in a selected 2×3. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Selection with the mouse or with +\family sans +Shift +\family default + plus the arrow keys works as usual. + You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting + the selection from outside the table. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Floats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Floats" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't + have a fixed location. + It can +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +float +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best. + +\family sans +Footnotes +\family default + and +\family sans +Margin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Notes +\family default + are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are + too many notes on the page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Floats make it possible to get a high quality layout. + Images and tables can be spread evenly over the pages to avoid whitespace + and pages without text. + As the floating often destroys the context between the text and the image/table +, every float can be referenced in the text. + Floats are therefore numbered. + Referencing is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To insert a float, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Floats +\family default +. + A box with a caption that has e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +the label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +#: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (# is the actual number) will be inserted into your document. + The label will automatically be translated to the document language in + the output. + After the label you can insert the caption text. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Captions +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate + paragraph within the float. + To keep your LyX-document readable, you can open and close the float box + by left-clicking on the box label. + A closed float box looks like this: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/floatQt4.png + scale 80 + +\end_inset + + – a gray button with a red label. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is recommended to insert floats as a separate paragraph to avoid possible + LaTeX-errors that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Float Types +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Figure Floats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Figure floats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Figure-Floats" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Figure +\family default + inserts a float with the label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +#: +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Set the cursor above this label (or before it and press enter) and insert + the image as described above to get the caption printed below the image. + This is what we did for Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Platypus" + +\end_inset + +. + If you want the caption to be above the image, set the cursor at the end + of the caption, press enter and insert the image. + This was done in Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Escher" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/platypus.eps + width 50col% + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:Platypus" + +\end_inset + +A severely distorted platypus in a float. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:Escher" + +\end_inset + +M.C. + Escher on acid. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/escher-lsd.eps + scale 80 + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This figure float also shows how to set a label and create a cross-reference + to it. + As described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +, you can simply insert a label in the caption using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\family default + and refer to it using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross-Reference +\family default +. + It is important to use references to figure floats, rather than using vague + references like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +the figure above +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, because, as LaTeX will reposition the floats in the final document, it + might not be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +above +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at all. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally only one image is inserted in a figure float, but sometimes you + might want to use two images with separate subcaptions. + This can be done by inserting image floats into existing image floats. + Note that only the main caption of the float is added to the List of Figures. + Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side. + You can also set the images one below the other. + Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "fig:Undefinable" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "fig:Platypus" + +\end_inset + + are the subfigures. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "fig:Undefinable" + +\end_inset + +Undefinable +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/escher-lsd.eps + width 45col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "fig:Platypus" + +\end_inset + +Platypus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/platypus.eps + lyxscale 60 + width 45col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + +Two distorted images. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the caption is added to the +\family sans +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Figures +\family default + as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:List-of-Figures" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Table Floats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Table floats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table floats can be inserted using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\family default +. + They have the same properties as figure floats except for the different + label. + Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Table-float" + +\end_inset + + is an example of a table float. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:Table-float" + +\end_inset + +A table float. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Joe +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Mary +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Ted +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} +a & b\\ +c & d +\end{array}\right]$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Algorithm Floats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Algorithm floats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This float type is inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Algorithm +\family default +. + It is used for program codes and descriptions of algorithms. + A possible environment for algorithms is the +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +, described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LyX-Code" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + that the float label is not automatically translated into the document + language. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + You have to do this manually by adding the following line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +floatname{algorithm}{your +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +name} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +to the document preamble (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +). + +\series bold +your +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +name +\series default + is the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +algorithm +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in your language. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Wrap Floats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Text Wrap Floats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Wrap figure +lines 0 +placement l +overhang 0in +width "40col%" +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/mobius.eps + width 40col% + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:Wrapped-figure" + +\end_inset + +This is a wrapped figure. +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +This float type is used if you want to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +wrap +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + text around a figure so that it only occupies some fraction of the column + width. + It can be inserted using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Wrap +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Float +\family default + if the LaTeX-package +\series bold +wrapfig +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! wrapfig +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is installed. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Installing a LaTeX-package is explained it in the +\emph on +LaTeX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Configuration +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The width and placement of the float is adjusted by right-clicking on the + float box. + Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Wrapped-figure" + +\end_inset + + is for example a figure wrap float with a width of 40 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +col%. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Available units are explained in Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Some space was added under the caption to separate it better from the surroundi +ng text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Wrap floats might be fragile! E. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +having a figure too close to the bottom of the page can mess things up so + that the float doesn't appear in the output or that it is placed over some + other text. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + In general: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Wrap floats should not be placed in paragraphs that run over a page break. + That means that wrap floats should preferably be inserted in the exact + place when the document is nearly ready and you are able to estimate where + page breaks will appear. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Wrap floats should either be placed in their own paragraph before the paragraph + where they should wrap into, or within a paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Wrap floats in consecutive paragraphs may cause trouble, so make sure that + there is a text paragraph between them as separator. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Wrap floats are not allowed in section headings or tables. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Rotated Floats +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Rotated-Floats" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Rotating +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Especially for wide tables you might have floats rotated. + To rotate a whole float including the caption, right-click on the float-box + and use the option +\family sans +Rotate +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +sideways +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Rotated floats are always placed on their own pages (or columns, when you + have a multicolumn document). + You can let them span several columns using the float settings option +\family sans +Span +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +columns +\family default +. + Floats are rotated so that you can read them from the outside margin. + Forcing the rotation direction is explained in the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Referencing rotated floats is the same like for normal floats; the caption + format is also the same: Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Rotated-table" + +\end_inset + + is an example of a rotated table float. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Not all DVI-viewers are able to display rotated floats. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways true +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:Rotated-table" + +\end_inset + + Rotated table +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +test +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +c +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +d +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Float Placement +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Float-Placement" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Placement +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Right-clicking on a float-box opens a dialog where you can alter the placement + options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The option +\family sans +Span +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +columns +\family default + is only useful for two-column documents: If you select it, the float will + span both columns on the page instead of being confined to just one. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The option +\family sans +Rotate +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +sideways +\family default + is used to rotate floats, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Rotated-Floats" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can use one ore more of the following options in the float dialog to + set the placement for a particular float when you uncheck the option +\family sans +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +placement +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Here +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +if +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +possible: try to place the float at the position where it is inserted +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Top +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +page: try to place the float at the top of the current page +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Bottom +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +page: try to place the float at the bottom of the current page +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +floats: try to place the float at an own page +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The order of the above option is +\emph on +always +\emph default + used by LaTeX. + That means, if you use the default placement, LaTeX will first try out + +\family sans +Here +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +if +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +possible +\family default +, then +\family sans +Top +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +page +\family default +, and then the others. + If you don't use the default, LaTeX will try only the checked options but + in the same order. + If none of the 4 placements are possible the procedure is internally repeated + but it is tried to put the float on the following page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By default, each option has its own rules: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Top +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +page +\family default + only floats occupying less than 70 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +% of the page can be placed at the top of a page +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Bottom +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +page +\family default +: only floats occupying less than 30 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +% of the page can be placed at the bottom of a page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +floats +\family default +: only if more than 50 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +% of the page are occupied by floats, several floats can be set together + on a page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you don't like these rules, you can ignore them by using the additional + option +\family sans +Ignore +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +rules +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you might need, under all circumstances, a float to be placed + exactly at the position where it is inserted. + For this case you can use the option +\family sans +Here +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +definitely +\family default +. + Use this option very rarely and only if the document is nearly ready to + be printed. + Because the float is then no longer able to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +float +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + when you change your document, this will often destroy the page layout. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are no placement options for text wrap floats, because they are always + surrounded by the text of a certain paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For more details about float placements, have a look at LaTeX books like + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Minipages +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Minipages +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Minipages" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LaTeX provides a mechanism to produce essentially a page within a page, + called minipage. + Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +apply. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Minipages in LyX have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Box +\family default +. + Right-clicking on the box allows you to alter the width of the minipage + and its alignment within the page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Box Frameless +position "t" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "t" +use_parbox 0 +use_makebox 0 +width "30col%" +special "none" +height "1pt" +height_special "totalheight" +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\shape italic +This is a minipage. + The text is set in an italic style. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\shape italic +Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs + another formatting. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use +\family sans +Horizontal Fills +\family default + as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Box Frameless +position "t" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "t" +use_parbox 0 +use_makebox 0 +width "1.5in" +special "none" +height "1pt" +height_special "totalheight" +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text. + This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Box Frameless +position "t" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "t" +use_parbox 0 +use_makebox 0 +width "1.5in" +special "none" +height "1pt" +height_special "totalheight" +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text. + This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you right-click on a minipage box, you can change the box from a minipage + to other box types. + All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter +\emph on +Boxes +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Mathematical Formulas +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Formulas | see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Math +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. + There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Basic Math Editing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Basics +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-mode.png + +\end_inset + +. + That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its + corners. + That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate + what level of nesting within the formula you are at. + You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default + menu. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done + with the +\family sans +math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +toolbar +\family default +, that appears when the cursor is in a formula. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are two main types of formulas: Inline formulas appear within a text + line, like this one: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a line with an inline formula +\begin_inset Formula $A=B$ +\end_inset + + in it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Displayed formulas appear outside the text like if they were in an own paragraph +, like this one: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +A=B\] + +\end_inset + +You can only number and reference displayed formulas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX supports also many LaTeX math commands. + E. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +typing +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +alpha +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +. + So typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Navigating in Formulas +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Navigating +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is + achieved with the arrow keys. + LyX uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted. + The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula. + Pressing +\family sans +Space +\family default + will leave a formula construct (a square root +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ +\end_inset + +, or parentheses +\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$ +\end_inset + +, or a matrix +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} +1 & 2\\ +3 & 4 +\end{array}\right]$ +\end_inset + +). + Pressing +\family sans +Escape +\family default + will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula. + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the + cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Space +\family default +, printed in this document as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This command will appear in the output as official character denoting the + space character (visible space). +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between + characters, but it does exit a nested structure. + For this reason, you have to be careful about using +\family sans +Space +\family default +. + For example, if you want +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$ +\end_inset + +, type +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2x+1 +\series default + and not +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2x +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++1 +\series default +, since in the latter case only the +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Formula $2x$ +\end_inset + + +\family default + will be under the square root sign: +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled + in, such as: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +\lambda_{1}\\ + & \ddots\\ + & & \lambda_{n} +\end{array}\right)\] + +\end_inset + +If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing + in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Selecting Text +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can select text within a formula in two different ways. + Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press +\family sans +Shift +\family default + and a cursor movement key to select text. + It will be highlighted as with regular text selection. + Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way. + That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula, + but not in a normal text region in LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Exponents and Subscripts +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Exponents +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Subscripts +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts, but the much easier + way is to use a command. + To get +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ +\end_inset + +, type in a formula +\series bold +x^2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +. + The final +\family sans +Space +\family default + puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression. + If you type +\series bold +x^2y +\series default +, you will get +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$ +\end_inset + +, to get +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$ +\end_inset + +, type +\series bold +x^2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +y +\series default +. + If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the + hat +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, you have to use an extra +\family sans +Space +\family default + to separate the hat and the character. + E. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +if you want +\begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$ +\end_inset + +, type +\series bold +x^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +a +\series default +. + Subscripts are similar: To get +\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$ +\end_inset + +, type +\series bold +a_1 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fractions +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Fractions +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Create a fraction with either the command +\series bold + +\backslash +frac +\series default + or using the icon +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/frac.png + scale 60 + +\end_inset + + in the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default +. + You will be presented with an empty fraction. + The cursor is above the fraction line. + To move it to the bottom, simply press +\family sans +Down +\family default +. + To move back up, press +\family sans +Up +\family default +. + Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc} +2 & 3\\ +4 & 5 +\end{array}\right)}\right]\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Roots +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Roots +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Roots can be created using the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/sqrt.png + +\end_inset + + or the commands +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\series default + or +\series bold + +\backslash +root +\series default +. + With the command +\series bold + +\backslash +root +\series default + you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\series default + produces always a square root. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Operators with Limits +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Sums +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Integrals +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Operators-with-Limits" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sum ( +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + +) and integral ( +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + +) operators are very often decorated with limits. + These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter + a super- or subscript, directly after the symbol. + The sum operator will automatically place its +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +limits +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and on the side in inline + formulas. + Such as +\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$ +\end_inset + +, versus +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e\] + +\end_inset + +Integral signs, however, will place the limits on the side in both formula + types. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in + display mode. + The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly + behind the operator and hitting +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-limits" +\end_inset + + or using the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Limits +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Type +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Certain other mathematical expressions have this +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +moving limits +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + feature as addition, such as +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Limits +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\] + +\end_inset + +which will place the +\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$ +\end_inset + + underneath the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lim +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in display mode. + In inline formulas it looks like this: +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro +\series bold + +\backslash +lim +\series default +. + Have a look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Functions" + +\end_inset + + for an explanation of function macros. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Math Symbols +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Most math symbols can be found in the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + under one of several categories; including +\family sans +Greek +\family default +, +\family sans +Operators +\family default + , +\family sans +Relations +\family default +, +\family sans +Arrows +\family default +. + There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical + Society (AMS). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you know the LaTeX-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use, + you don't have to use the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default +, but can type the command directly into the formula. + LyX will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Altering Spacing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Spaces +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You may want to create spaces that differ from the standard spacing that + LaTeX provides. + To do this, type +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "space-insert protected" +\end_inset + + or to use the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/space.png + +\end_inset + +. + This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen. + For example, the sequence +\series bold +a Ctrl+Space b +\series default +: +\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ +\end_inset + + appears in LyX as +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/SpaceMarker.png + +\end_inset + +. + You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind + the space marker and hit space again several times. + With every space hit the size will be changed. + Some markers for the space size appear red in LyX, because they are negative + spaces. + Here are two examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +a Ctrl+Space b +\series default + and 3× +\family sans +Space +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +a Ctrl+Space b +\series default + and 5× +\family sans +Space +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Functions +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Functions +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Functions" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + contains under the button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/functions.png + +\end_inset + + a number of function macros, such as +\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ +\end_inset + +, +\emph on +etc +\emph default +. + (you can also insert them in a formula by typing +\series bold + +\backslash +sin +\series default + etc.). + Standard mathematical practice is that functions are printed upright to + avoid confusions, because +\begin_inset Formula $sin$ +\end_inset + + does normally mean +\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function: + +\begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$ +\end_inset + + is different from +\begin_inset Formula $asinx$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For some mathematical objects, like the limes, the macro changes where subscript +s are placed, as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Operators-with-Limits" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Accents +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Accents +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text + mode. + This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use. + You can also use LaTeX commands to e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +enter +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ +\end_inset + + even if your keyboard doesn't have hat-accents enabled. + Our example is entered by typing +\series bold + +\backslash +hat +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +a +\series default + in a formula. + Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Accent-names-and" + +\end_inset + + shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:Accent-names-and" + +\end_inset + +Accent names and the corresponding commands. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Name +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +E +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +xample +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +circumflex +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +hat +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +grave +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +grave +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +acute +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +acute +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +umlaut +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +ddot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +tilde +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +tilde +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +dot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +dot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +breve +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +breve +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +caron +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +check +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +macron +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +bar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +vector +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +vec +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the +\family sans +Frame +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +decorations +\family default + symbol set button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/hat.png + +\end_inset + + in the math panel ; this will apply to any selection you have made within + a formula too. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Brackets and Delimiters +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Brackets +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Delimiters +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are several brackets available through LyX. + For most purposes, using just the keys +\family typewriter +[]{}()|<> +\family default + should suffice. + But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction, + or if you have several layers of brackets, it is better to use the math + toolbar delimiter icon +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/delim.png + +\end_inset + +. + For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard + matrix such as: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left[\begin{array}{cc} +1 & 2\\ +3 & 4 +\end{array}\right]\] + +\end_inset + +and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses as in: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The parentheses, and other brackets from that menu will automatically re-size + to accommodate the size of what is inside. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the + left side and right side. + If you use the option +\family sans +Keep +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +matched +\family default +, the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side. + The selection will be shown below the button field. + If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button. + It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you want to place brackets around math structures, like a square root, + you can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go + inside the brackets. + Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on +\family sans +Insert +\family default +. + The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Arrays and Multi-line Equations +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Arrays +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Matrices +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Multi-line Equations +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Matrices are entered in LyX using the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + matrix button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/matrix.png + +\end_inset + +. + It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns. + Here is an example: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +1 & 2 & 3\\ +4 & 5 & 6\\ +7 & 8 & 9 +\end{array}\right)\] + +\end_inset + +The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters" + +\end_inset + +. + When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries + will be left-, right-, or center-justified. + This alignment is set in the box +\family sans +Horizontal +\family default + with the letters +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +l +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +r +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX proposes a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for every column as default. + For example, the sequence +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +lcr +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be + centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter + corresponds to the relevant column. + The result will look like this: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{array}{lcr} +this & this\, column & this\, column\\ +column & has & has\, right\\ +has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment +\end{array}.\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + while the cursor is in the matrix. + Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default + or the math toolbar. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases. + It can be created with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cases +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Environment +\family default + or the command +\series bold + +\backslash +cases +\series default +. + Here is an example: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\begin{cases} +-1 & x<0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +1 & x>0 +\end{cases}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +Multi-line formulas are created when you press +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + within a formula. + In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each + column. + When you press +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + etc.) will be inserted automatically in the first column, the relation sign + is in the second column, and the rest in the third column. + A new row is created by every further hit of +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + +. + Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas. + Here is an example: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\ +a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared} +\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + + To change the column assignment of the formula parts, place the cursor + where you want to start the shift and hit +\family sans +Ctrl-Tab. + +\family default + It shifts everything in the column which is right beside the current cursor + position to the next column. + Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs, structures + within this column will be printed in a smaller size: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B}\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The multi-line formula type described here is called +\family typewriter +\series medium +eqnarray +\family default +\series default +. + There are other multi-line types being more suitable for certain situations, + for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula ( +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "eq:asquared" + +\end_inset + +). + The other types are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:AMS-Formula-Types" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Formula Numbering and Referencing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Formula numbering +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Referencing formulas +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Toggle +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Numbering +\family default + or the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-number-toggle" +\end_inset + +. + The formula number appears in LyX as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +# +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + within parentheses. + The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +# +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + denotes that the number will be calculated automatically when the output + is generated. + The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on + the document class. + In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number, + separated by a dot: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +1+1=2\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +Using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-number-toggle" +\end_inset + + in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering. + You can only number displayed formulas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Toggle +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Numbering +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\family default + or the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-number-line-toggle" +\end_inset + + will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +1 & = & 3-2\\ +2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\ +4 & \leq & 7 +\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +To number all lines use the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-number-toggle" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label. + A label is inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\family default + when the cursor is in the formula. + This opens a dialog to enter the label. + It is recommended to use the proposed +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +eq: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the label + type when you have many labels in your document. + We inserted in the following example the label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +eq:tanhExp +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the second line: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +\tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\ + & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp} +\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +Every labeled line is automatically numbered. + Therefore the label is shown in LyX at the place of the formula number + placeholder +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +# +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + You can reference a labeled formula using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Reference +\family default +. + A dialog appears to choose a label you want refer to. + The reference appears in LyX as a grey cross reference box and in the output + as the formula number: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a cross-reference to equation ( +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "eq:tanhExp" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The properties of LyX's cross-reference box are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. + To delete a label, set the cursor in the labeled formula, use the menu + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\family default + and delete the label in the appearing dialog. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is a unintuitive and will be fixed in the next version of LyX. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +User defined math macros +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Macros +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX allows you to define macros for formulas which is very useful when you + have equations of the same form in a document several times. + Math macros are explained in section +\emph on +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Macros +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Fine-Tuning +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Typefaces +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Typefaces +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman. + To set a font in a formula, use the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/font.png + +\end_inset + +, or enter its command, listed in table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Typefaces-and-the" + +\end_inset + +, directly. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:Typefaces-and-the" + +\end_inset + +Typefaces and the corresponding commands. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\shape up +\size normal +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathrm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathbf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\shape up +\size normal +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathtt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathbb +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathfrak +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\shape up +\size normal +\emph on +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathcal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathsf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + You can only print capital letters in the typefaces +\family sans +Blackboard +\family default + and +\family sans +Calligraphic +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula. + Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface. + Pressing +\family sans +Space +\family default + within the box will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a protected + space when you need a space in the box. + Here an example where +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +N +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\family sans +Blackboard +\family default + denotes the set of numbers: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\: x\in\mathbb{N}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion. + You can e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +put a character in +\family sans +Fraktur +\family default + in a box for +\family sans +Typewriter +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +So it is better not to use this feature. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters: +\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +You can only print them emboldened using the command +\series bold + +\backslash +boldsymbol +\series default +, which works like the other typeface commands: +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +boldsymbol +\series default + works for all symbols, letters, and numbers. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Math Text +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Text +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but + not for text. + For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using + the entry +\family sans +Normal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +mode +\family default + of the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/font.png + +\end_inset + + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-default" +\end_inset + +). + Math text appears in LyX in black instead of blue. + You can use spaces and accents in math text like in normal text. + Here is an example: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +f(x)=\begin{cases} +x & \textrm{if I say so}\\ +-x & \textrm{unter Umständen} +\end{cases}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Font Sizes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Font sizes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are + automatically chosen in most situations. + These are called +\family sans +textstyle +\family default +, +\family sans +displaystyle +\family default +, +\family sans +scriptstyle +\family default +, and +\family sans +scriptscriptstyle +\family default +. + For most characters, +\family sans +textstyle +\family default + and +\family sans +displaystyle +\family default + are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts, + and certain other structures, are set larger in +\family sans +displaystyle +\family default +. + Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various + situations, all text will be set in the styles that LaTeX thinks are appropriat +e. + These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/style.png + +\end_inset + +. + A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure. + For example, you can set +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + +, which is normally in +\family sans +textstyle +\family default +, larger in +\family sans +displaystyle +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + The four styles are used in the following example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that means, if the whole math + inset is set in a particular size with the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default +, all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size. + Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts + will be adjusted to correspond. + As an example here is a formula in the font size +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +largest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family roman +\size largest +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Theorem Modules +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As of LyX 1.6, support for theorem-like environments has been moved out of + the document classes and into layout modules. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Layout Modules +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + As a result, theorem-like environments can now easily be used with classes + other than the AMS classes. + See section +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Modules" + +\end_inset + + for more on layout modules. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +AMS-LaTeX +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +AMS math +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! AMS +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society + (AMS) that are in common use. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Enabling AMS-Support +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Selecting the checkbox +\family sans +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +AMS +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +package +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default + will include the AMS-packages in the document, and make the facilities + available. + AMS is needed for many math-constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in + formulas, ensure that you have enabled AMS. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +AMS-Formula Types +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:AMS-Formula-Types" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Multi-line Equations +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types. + LyX allows you to choose between +\family typewriter +align +\family default +, +\family typewriter +alignat +\family default +, +\family typewriter +flalign +\family default +, +\family typewriter +gather +\family default +, and +\family typewriter +multline +\family default +. + We refer to the AMS-documentation for an explanation of these formula types. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +More Tools +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Cross-References +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Cross references +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +One of LyX's strengths are cross-references. + You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in + the document. + To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it. + The label is used as anchor and name for the reference. + We want for example to refer to the second item of the following list: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +First item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "enu:Second-item" + +\end_inset + +Second item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Third item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +First we insert a label into the second item with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\family default + or by pressing the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/label-insert.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. + A grey label box like this: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/labelQt4.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text. + LyX offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case + the text +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +enu: Second-item +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The prefix +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +enu: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + stands for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +enumerate +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +if you insert a label into a section heading, the prefix will be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +sec: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross-Reference +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. + A grey cross-reference box like this: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/referenceQt4.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + is inserted and the cross-reference window appears showing all the labels + in the document. + We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +enu:Second-item +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear + in the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Alternatively to +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross-Reference +\family default +, you can right-click on a label and use in the appearing context menu +\family sans +Copy as Reference +\family default +. + The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied + to the actual cursor position via the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paste +\family default + (shortcut Ctrl+V). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is our cross-reference: Item +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "enu:Second-item" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is recommended to use a protected space +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Protected-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + between the cross-reference name and its number to avoid ugly line breaks + between them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are six varieties of cross-references: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +: prints the number, this is the default: +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +(): prints the number within two parentheses, this is the style + normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference name + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Equation +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is omitted: +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:tanhExp" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +: prints the page number: Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand pageref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +on +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +: prints the text "on page" and the page number: +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand vpageref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +on +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +: prints the number, the text "on page", and the page number: +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand vref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Formatted +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + This feature is only available when you have the LaTeX-package +\series bold +prettyref +\series default + or +\series bold +refstyle +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! prettyref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! refstyle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Textual +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +reference: prints the caption or name of the reference: +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand nameref +reference "cap:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans + +\family default + will not print the page number if the label is on the previous, the same, + or the next page. + You will e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +see the text +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +on this page +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + instead. + The style +\family sans + on page +\family default + will not print anything about the page if the label is on the same page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The number and current page of the referenced document part in the output + is automatically calculated by LaTeX. + The varieties are adjusted in the field +\family sans +Format +\family default + of the cross-reference window, that appear when you click on the cross-referenc +e. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can only use the style +\family sans + +\family default + to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style +\family sans + +\family default + is always possible. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading; + for floats put the label in the caption; for footnotes put the label in + it. + Referencing formulas is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Right-clicking on a cross-reference opens a context menu. + The entry +\family sans +Go +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Label +\family default + sets the cursor before the referenced label. + This entry will be renamed in the context menu of the label to +\family sans +Go +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Back +\family default + so that you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference. + You can also go back with the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/bookmark-goto_0.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change labels at any time. + References to the changed label will automatically be updated so that you + do not need to take care about this. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If a cross-reference refers to a non-existent label, you will see two question + marks in the output instead of the reference. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +References are described in detail in sec. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Referencing Floats +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Table of Contents and other Listings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Table of contents +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Outline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:toc" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Table of Contents +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Table-of-Contents" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Contents +\family default +. + Is is displayed in LyX as a gray box. + If you click on it, the +\family sans +Outline +\family default + window appears, showing you the TOC entries as outline to move and rearrange + sections in your documents. + So this operation is an alternative to the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Outline +\family default + that is described in sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Navigating" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The TOC in the document output lists every numbered section automatically. + If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Short-Titles" + +\end_inset + +, it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading. + Section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + + describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are + listed in the TOC. + Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +List of Figures, Tables, and Algorithms +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:List-of-Figures" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents. + You can insert them via the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +TOC +\family default + submenus. + The list entries are the float captions and the float number. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +URLs and Hyperlinks +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +URLs +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Hyperlinks +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +URLs +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:URLs" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Links to web pages or email addresses can be inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +URL +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is an example URL: LyX's homepage: +\begin_inset Flex URL +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.lyx.org +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You cannot change the style of the link text, the URL text will always be + in the style +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default +. + To be able to format the URL text, use hyperlinks as explained in the next + subsection. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + URLs must not end with a backslash, otherwise you get LaTeX errors. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Hyperlinks +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Hyperlinks" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Hyperlinks can be inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Hyperlink +\family default + or with the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/href-insert.png + +\end_inset + +. + The appearing dialog has two fields: +\family sans +Target +\family default + and +\family sans +Name +\family default +. + The name is the printed text for the hyperlink. + The hyperlink type can be a weblink like this: +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "LyX's homepage" +target "http://www.lyx.org" + +\end_inset + +, an Email address like this: +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "lyx-docs mailing list" +target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's documentation" +type "mailto:" + +\end_inset + +, or a link to a file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can start applications via a hyperlink when you insert a weblink, but + add the prefix +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +run: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to the link target. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Hyperlinks will automatically be hyphenated if necessary in the PDF output, + and become clickable in the DVI and PDF-output. + To set the format of the link text, highlight the hyperlink inset and use + the text style dialog. + This is for example a hyperlink with bold sans serif text: +\family sans +\series bold + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "LyX's homepage" +target "http://www.lyx.org" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The link text color can be changed, when the option +\family sans +Color links +\family default + is set in the PDF Properties dialog (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PDF Properties +\family default +). + The link text is for example set in this document to blue by adding the + option +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +urlcolor=blue +\series default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +to the field +\family sans +Additional options +\family default + in the PDF Properties dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Appendices +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Appendix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Appendices" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Appendices are created with the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Start +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Here +\family default +. + This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end + as the appendix region. + The region is marked with a red borderline. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Every chapter (or section) within the appendix region is treated as an appendix, + numbered with a capital Latin letter. + The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot + and the subsection number. + All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections, + here two examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Credits" + +\end_inset + +; Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Export" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Bibliography +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bibliography +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a LyX-document. + You can include a bibliography database, +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Known under the name +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +BibTeX-database +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + which is explained in the next subsection, or you can insert the bibliography + manually, using the paragraph environment +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +, which was described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Biblio_environment" + +\end_inset + +. + If you want anything other than numerical citations that are used in this + document, like author-year citations, then you must +\emph on + +\emph default +use a bibliography database. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The Bibliography Environment +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Within the +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled + with a number. + If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a +\family sans +Key +\family default + and a +\family sans +Label +\family default +. + The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography + entry. + For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about LaTeX + and we used +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +latexcompanion +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, a short form of its title, as key. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can refer to the key of a bibliography entry using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Citation +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png + +\end_inset + +. + A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear + in which you can select one or more keys in the available key list. + The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key. + When you click on the box, the citation window appears and you can change + the reference. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Citation references appear in the output as the number of the bibliography + entry with surrounding brackets. + If you set a +\family sans +Label +\family default + for the entry, the label will appear instead of the number. + Here are two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Credits +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Have a look at the +\family sans +LaTeX Companion Second Edition +\family default +: +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The LyX-Team members are listed in the Credits: +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "lyxcredit" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Bibliography databases (BibTeX) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bibliography ! Databases +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bibliography ! BibTeX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Bibliography-databases" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same bibliography in different + documents. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +They are also useful simply for keeping a database of articles and notes + concerning them. + Most of the database programs mentioned below allow you to store annotations + and reviews along with bibliographical information. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + It also makes it very easy to have a uniform layout for all bibliography + entries. + You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of + your working field in a database. + This database can be used for different documents, and only the entries + cited in a particular document will appear in the bibliography list for + that document. + This relieves you of the need to keep track of which articles and books + you have cited. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The database is a text file with the file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +.bib +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, containing the bibliography in a special format. + The format is explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "BibTeX-2" + +\end_inset + + and in LaTeX books ( +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport" + +\end_inset + +). + The file can be created using any text editor, but normally one uses a + special program to create and edit the entries in the database. + A list of such programs is maintained on the LyX Wiki at +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use a database, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List +\family default +/ +\family sans +TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +BibT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Bibliography +\family default +. + A grey box will be inserted and a window appears. + In this window you can load one or more databases and a style file. + The option +\family sans +Add bibliography to TOC +\family default + adds a table of contents entry for the bibliography. + In the +\family sans +Content +\family default + drop box you can select whether to include > all the entries in the database + in the document or just the cited references. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The style file is a text file with the file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +.bst +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + that controls how the bibliography entries will appear. + Your LaTeX distribution should provide several of these, and many publishers + provide their own style files, so that you don't have to take care of the + layout. + It is of course possible to write your own style file, but this is something + for experts. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For information how this is done, have a look at +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "http://www.ctan.org/get/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxhak.pdf" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserting a citation reference works as described in the previous section. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To generate the bibliography from a database, LyX uses the program BibTeX. + This program can be controlled with options that you can add in LyX's preferenc +es dialog under +\family sans +Outputs\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\family default + in the +\family sans +BibT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +command +\family default + field. + Before adding options, it is strongly recommended to read the manual of + +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "BibTeX" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you select the option +\family sans +Sectioned bibliography +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog, it is possible to have multiple and sectioned bibliographies. + This and other options are explained in detail in section +\emph on +Customizing Bibliographies +\emph default + +\emph on +with BibTeX +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We use two bibliographies in this document to show the difference between + the two methods of creating them. + As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists + only the database entries that are referenced in the document. + We used the style file +\family sans +alphadin.bst +\family default + to get the complicated German reference key scheme in the bibliography. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Bibliography layout +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bibliography ! Layout +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the citation reference dialog you can set a special citation format. + For this feature you need to enable the option +\family sans +Natbib +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog under +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +. + Setting a citation style for a reference will overwrite the default. + For the global citation format use the BibTeX style files as explained + in the previous section. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also set text, that should appear before or after a citation reference, + in the citation reference window. + Here an example where we set the text +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Chapter +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +3 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to appear after the reference: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Have a look at +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +after "Chapter 3" +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Index +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index generation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Index" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An index entry is created if you use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Index +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Entry +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/index-insert.png + +\end_inset + +. + A box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Index +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is inserted containing the text that appears in the index. + The word where the cursor is in or the currently highlighted text is proposed + by LyX as the index entry. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We give a short overview of the index commands in the next subsections. + For a detailed description of LaTeX's index mechanism, have a look at one + of the LaTeX books +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The index list is inserted in the document with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Index +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +List +\family default +. + A light blue box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Index +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will show the place where the index is printed in the output. + The index list box is not clickable like other LyX-boxes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Grouping Index Entries +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Grouping +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Index entries are often grouped to offer the reader a fast search in the + index. + We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated + lists under the entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lists +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + First we create the entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lists +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Lists" + +\end_inset + +. + In the text field for the itemized list index entry in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Itemize" + +\end_inset + +, we insert the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Lists ! Itemize +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Lists ! Enumerate +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +for the enumerated list in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Enumerate" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The exclamation mark +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + marks the grouping levels. + You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more. + An index entry for the higher levels is not required. + If we don't have an index entry for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lists +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, it will be printed anyway, but without a page number. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Page Ranges +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Page ranges +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed + section. + But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry. + E.g if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create an index entry + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments" + +\end_inset + + with the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Paragraph environments|( +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and another entry at the end of section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LyX-Code" + +\end_inset + + with the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Paragraph environments|) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The commands +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +|( +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +|) +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + respectively start and end the index range. + You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document. + They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of + the pages of the indexed document parts. + An example is the index entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Document ! Settings +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cross referencing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Cross referencing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is also possible to refer to another index entry. + We referred for example in the index entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +GIF +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Image-Formats" + +\end_inset + +) to the index entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the same section using the entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +GIF|see{Image formats} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where the braces have to be inserted as TeX Code. + The text within the braces is the referenced entry. + The reference will appear in the output without a page number. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Index Entry Order +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Entry order +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can use accented characters in the index entry, but the entries might + then not follow the rules for the index order. + The index entries are sorted alphabetically, but LaTeX +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The index generating is done in the background by an extra program, see + section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Index-Program" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + doesn't know how to sort accents in different languages. + We have created as an example the three dummy index entries +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maison +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maïs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maître +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! maïs +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! maître +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! maïs@maison +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison, but we want the + order maïs, maison, maître. + To achieve this, we use the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +previous entry@current entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In our case we want to have +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maison +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + after +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maïs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and write therefore for the index entry of maison: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +maïs@maison +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The previous entry needn't to be a real existing entry, you can also use + another word to tell LaTeX the entry order, see the next subsection for + an example. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In some cases the index entry order is not correct when you are using the + program +\family sans +makeindex +\family default +to generate the index (see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Index-Program" + +\end_inset + +). + +\family sans +makeindex +\family default + would for example print the index entry for the LaTeX-package aeguill in + sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Document-Font" + +\end_inset + + after the index entries of the other LaTeX-packages although all these + index commands start with +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +LaTeX-packages ! +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +. + The reason is that the index entry for aeguill is in a footnote. + To fix this +\family sans +makeindex +\family default + bug, add these commands to the preamble of your document: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +let +\backslash +OrgIndex +\backslash +index +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand*{ +\backslash +index}[1]{ +\backslash +OrgIndex{#1}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Index Entry Layout +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Entry layout +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change the appearance of index entries via the text style dialog. +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! +\shape italic +This is an italic dummy entry +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + You can also format the page number using the character +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +| +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + followed by a LaTeX-command without a backslash. + We can write for example +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +italic page number:|textit +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +to get the page number in italic. +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! italic page number:|textit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Normally all LaTeX-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special + case +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +|command +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means +\series bold + +\backslash +command{page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +number} +\series default +. + Have a look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + + to learn more about the LaTeX-syntax. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Formatting single index entries only works when you use the program +\family sans +makeindex +\family default +to generate the index, see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Index-Program" + +\end_inset + +. + If you use +\family sans +xindy +\family default +, however, this won't work for anything other than bold or italic text. + This is because xindy requires you to define semantic elements before + they can be used, see +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +after "p. 678 ff." +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + + for details. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In general, we encourage you to not format page numbers directly as shown + above. + Instead of this, you should define a macro in the preamble and use that. + Consider why you want some page numbers to be bold. + Maybe you want all page references italic that refer to a definition of + the indexed term, so that users can easily find definitions. + If so, put the following in the preamble +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +IndexDef}[1]{ +\backslash +textit{#1}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and write +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +my entry|IndexDef +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +in the index entry. +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! my entry|IndexDef +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The advantage is that, if you change your mind later or if your publisher + insists that definitions must not be italic but bold, you just need to + change the macro in the preamble, not every single index entry. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also change the layout for the whole index. + E. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get a bold font + for all index entries. + For more advanced tasks you have to set up a so-called +\emph on +Index Style File +\emph default +, see the +\family sans +makeindex +\family default + or +\family sans +xindy +\family default + documentation for details, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "makeindex,xindy" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Index Program +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Program +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Index-Program" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If the index entry program +\family sans +xindy +\family default + is installed, LyX uses it for index generation; otherwise the program +\family sans +makeindex +\family default +, that is part of every LaTeX distribution, is used. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Makeindex +\family default + is very old, no longer under development and has many pitfalls, notably + that it was developed with only the English language in mind. + So it fails to sort anything other than a monolingual English text correctly. + We have shown above how to fix this sorting. + However, if you are writing in another than the English language, consider + to use +\family sans +xindy +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Both programs can be controlled by options that can be set in LyX's preferences + dialog, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-settings" + +\end_inset + +. + The available options are listed and explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "makeindex,xindy" + +\end_inset + +. + In this dialog, you can also specify an alternative program to generate + the index. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you need specific options or an alternative index program only for a + given document, you can define the program and\SpecialChar \slash{} +or the options in +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{} +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Indexes +\family default +. + This is especially useful if you need to pass language-specific options + to the index program or if you need a specific layout style. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Multiple Indexes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In many fields, it is common to have more than one index. + For instance, you might need to set up a separate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Index of Names +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + next to the standard index. + LaTeX does not provide this possibility out of the box, but there are many + packages that add this feature. + LyX uses the +\series bold +splitidx +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! splitidx +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + package to generate multiple indexes. + The package is included in all recent LaTeX distributions. + If yours does not ship it, consult the TeX Catalogue, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + +. + Note that the package does not only consist of a LaTeX style, but it also + includes specific preprocessor programs that need to be installed as well. + Please consult the package's manual for details. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To set up LyX for the use of multiple indexes, go to +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{} +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Indexes +\family default + and select +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Use multiple Indexes +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Note that the list of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Available Indexes +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + below already contains the standard index. + To add further indexes, add the name of the index (in the form that should + also appear as a heading) to the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +New +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + input field and press the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Add +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + button. + The new index should now appear in the list as well. + If you like, you can attribute an alternative label color to the new index + by selecting the index in the list and hitting the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Alter Color\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + button. + The label color may help you to differentiate index entries of different + indexes in the LyX work area. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Once the document changes have been applied, you can find the new index + list in +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +TOC +\family default + and the +\family sans +Insert +\family default + menu has a separate index entry for each of the defined indexes. + The workflow is basically the same as for the default index, but there + are some additional features: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +If you want to change the attribution of a specific index entry, right-clicking + on the entry will open a dialog where you can do that. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +By right-clicking on an index, you can change its type. + Furthermore, you can specify an index list to be a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Subindex +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If you do that, the heading of that list will be decreased by one level. + E. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g., if you use a book class, where the standard index heading is defined + as a chapter, subindexes will be defined as sections and can thus be nested + to the non-subindexes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Nomenclature / Glossary +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Glossary|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Nomenclature +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Nomenclature" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you need to compile a list of symbols that are mentioned in your + document with a brief explanation of them – a so called nomenclature or + glossary. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To be able to create nomenclatures, you need the LaTeX package +\series bold +nomencl +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! nomencl +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed. + You find it in the TeX Catalogue, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + + or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A nomenclature entry is created if you place the cursor after a symbol entry + and then use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family default +N +\family sans +omenclature +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Entry +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/nomencl-insert.png + +\end_inset + +. + A gray box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Nom +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is inserted and a window pops up asking for the nomenclature entry. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A nomenclature entry consists of two main entries. + The first is the symbol that you want to refer to. + The second is the description of the symbol. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + You have to enter valid LaTeX-code for all fields of the nomenclature dialog. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Nomenclature Definition and Layout +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature ! Layout +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you have symbols in formulas, you have to define them in the +\family sans +Symbol +\family default + field as LaTeX-formulas. + For example to get +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, insert this: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +$ +\backslash +sigma$ +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series default +The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +$ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + character starts/ends the formula. + The LaTeX-command for the Greek letter is the name of the letter beginning + with a backslash +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\backslash + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + For capital Greek letters, start the command also with a capital letter, + like +\series bold + +\backslash +Sigma +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +(A short introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + +.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You cannot use the +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog to format the description text but have to use LaTeX-commands. + For example the description of the nomenclature entry for the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in this document is: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +dummy entry for the character +\backslash +textsf{sigma} +\series default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The command +\series bold + +\backslash +textsf +\series default + sets the fonts to +\family sans +sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif +\family default +. + To get +\series bold +bold +\series default + font use the command +\series bold + +\backslash +textbf +\series default +, for +\family typewriter +typewriter +\family default + use +\series bold + +\backslash +texttt +\series default +, for +\emph on +emphasized +\emph default + use +\series bold + +\backslash +emph +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Sort Order of Nomenclature Entries +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature ! Sort order +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The nomenclature entries are sorted alphabetically by the LaTeX-code of + the symbol definition. + This leads to undesired results when you for example have symbols in formulas. + Suppose you have nomenclature entries for the symbols +\emph on +a +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "a" +description "dummy entry for the character \"a\"" + +\end_inset + + +\emph default + and +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +prefix "sigma" +symbol "$\\sigma$" +description "dummy entry for the character \\textsf{sigma}" + +\end_inset + +. + They will be sorted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +$ +\backslash +sigma$ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + – the +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + + will be sorted before the +\emph on +a +\emph default + since the character +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +$ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is considered in sorting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To control the sort order, you can edit the +\family sans +Sort +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +as +\family default + field of the nomenclature dialog. + Then the nomenclature entry will be sorted by this entry and not the symbol + definition. + For the example given, you can insert +\family typewriter +sigma +\family default + in this field for the +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + +, then +\emph on +a +\emph default + will be located before +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For subgrouping and tips for using sort entries see the +\series bold +nomencl +\series default + documentation, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "nomencl" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Nomenclature Options +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature ! Options +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\series bold +nomencl +\series default + package offers some options to adjust the appearance of the nomenclature. + Here are some of its options, for more have a look at its documentation: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +refeq Appends the phrase +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, see equation ( +\emph on +eq +\emph default +) +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to every nomenclature entry, where +\family sans +\emph on +eq +\family default +\emph default + is the number of the last equation in front of the nomenclature entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +refpage Appends the phrase +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, page ( +\emph on +page +\emph default +) +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to every nomenclature entry, where +\family sans +\emph on +page +\family default +\emph default + is the number of the page on which the nomenclature entry appeared +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +intoc Inserts the nomenclature in the Table of Contents +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are furthermore the options +\series bold +croatian +\series default +, +\series bold +danish +\series default +, +\series bold +english +\series default +, +\series bold +french +\series default +, +\series bold +german +\series default +, +\series bold +italian +\series default +, +\series bold +polish +\series default +, +\series bold +portuguese +\series default +, +\series bold +russian +\series default +, +\series bold +spanish +\series default +, and +\series bold +ukrainian +\series default + to print the reference texts and the nomenclature title in the corresponding + language. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use one or more of the options, add them to the comma-separated document + class options list in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog. + In this document the option +\series bold +intoc +\series default + is used. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also use the first two options above only for certain nomenclature + entries when you add one of the following commands as last entry to the + +\family sans +Description +\family default + field in the nomenclature dialog: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +nomrefeq Like the +\series bold +refeq +\series default + option +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +nomrefpage Like the +\series bold +refpage +\series default + option +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +nomrefeqpage Short notation of +\series bold + +\backslash +nomrefeq +\backslash +nomrefpage +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +nomnorefeq, +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +nomnorefpage, +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +nomnorefeqpage Turns off the corresponding options +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Printing the Nomenclature +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature ! Printing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To print the nomenclature, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lists +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nomenclature +\family default +. + A light blue box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Nomenclature +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will show the place where the nomenclature is printed in the output. + Like the index list box, the nomenclature list box is not clickable. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the printed output the title of the nomenclature appears as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Nomenclature +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If you are not happy with the name, you can change it by redefining the + command +\series bold + +\backslash +nomname +\series default + in the preamble. + For example, in order to change the name to +\emph on +List of Symbols +\emph default +, add the following line to the preamble: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family roman +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +nomname}{List of Symbols} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you are unhappy with the amount of space for symbols, you can alter it + by adding the following line to the preamble: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family roman +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +nomlabelwidth}{width} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family roman +where the width is a value with one of the units listed in Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. + The default value is 1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +cm. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Nomenclature Program +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature ! Program +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Nomenclature-Program" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX uses the program +\family sans +makeindex +\family default +, that is part of every LaTeX distribution, to generate the nomenclature. + LyX's preferences dialog allows you to specify another program or to control + +\family sans +makeindex +\family default + by adding options, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-settings" + +\end_inset + +. + The available options are listed and explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "nomencl,makeindex" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Branches +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Branches +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Branches +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Branches" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes it is useful to hide some document parts in the output. + For example a teacher who is setting an exam obviously doesn't want the + pupils to see the answers, but having questions and answers in the same + document will make the life of the markers of that exam much easier. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For these cases LyX allows you to put text into branches. + The text will then only appear in the output when its branch is activated. + To create a branch, go in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog to +\family sans +Branches +\family default +. + The name of the branch, its activation state and the background color of + the branches inside LyX can be specified in this dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Text that should be in a branch is set into branch inset boxes. + These boxes are inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Branch +\family default + where you can choose a branch. + You can later change the branch of the boxes by right-clicking on them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is an example, where only the question text appears, the answer branch + is deactivated and does therefore not appear in the output: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Branch Question +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Question: Who was the first physics Nobel prize winner? +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Branch Answer +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use conditional output inside places where you cannot insert branch insets, + like inside equations, you can code special LaTeX definitions for each + branch. + For example you can define for the question branch +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For an introduction to the LaTeX-syntax, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +question}[1]{#1} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +answer}[1]{} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and for the answer branch +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +question}[1]{} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +answer}[1]{#1} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Branch Question +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +question}[1]{#1} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +answer}[1]{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Branch Answer +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +question}[1]{} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +answer}[1]{#1} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now it is possible to use the commands +\series bold + +\backslash +question{\SpecialChar \ldots{} +} +\series default + and +\series bold + +\backslash +answer{\SpecialChar \ldots{} +} +\series default + to obtain conditional output. + Here is an example formula where only the +\series bold + +\backslash +question +\series default + part appears: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +x^{2}-2x-2\Rightarrow\question{x_{1}}\answer{x_{2}}=1\question{+\sqrt{3}}\answer{-\sqrt{3}}.\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inside math, the same effect can be achieved using math macros, see the + +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +PDF Properties +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:PDF-Properties" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +PDF properties +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Document Settings +\family default + dialog allows you in the +\family sans +PDF Properties +\family default + to set up special options for the PDF output of your document. + All options there are provided by the LaTeX-package +\series bold +hyperref +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! hyperref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Using +\series bold +hyperref +\series default + will link all cross-references in the DVI- and PDF-output. + This means that the reader of your document will be able to click on a + table of contents entry or on a reference and he is shown the referenced + document part. + You can specify in the dialog tab +\family sans +Hyperlinks +\family default + how the links will look like and if links for bibliographical backreferences + are created. + The backreferences will appear in the bibliography behind the different + entries, showing the number of the section, slide, or page where the entry + is referenced. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the dialog tab +\family sans +Bookmarks +\family default + you can set if PDF-bookmarks should be created for every section of your + document to make it easier for readers to navigate through the document. + You can decide if the bookmarks should be numbered like your document sections + or not. + With the open bookmarks level you can specify what sectioning level should + be displayed in the bookmarks when opening the PDF. + For example level +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2 will display all sections and subsections, while level +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1 will only display the sections. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The header information in the dialog tab +\family sans +General +\family default + are saved together with the PDF as file properties. + Many programs are able to extract this information to e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +automatically recognize who the author is and what the PDF is about. + This is very useful to sort, classify, or use PDFs for bibliography issues. + When the option +\family sans +Automatic fill header +\family default + is set, LyX tries to extract the header information from your document + title and author settings. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Load in fullscreen mode +\family default + will open the PDF in fullscreen mode, which is useful for presentations. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +PDF properties are also used in this document. + When you look in its document settings, you can see that some additional + +\series bold +hyperref +\series default + options are used. + For an explanation of them we refer you to the hyperref manual +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "hyperref" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +TeX Code and the LaTeX Syntax +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:TeX-Code" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +TeX Code Boxes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +TeX Code +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As LyX uses LaTeX in the background, it supports many LaTeX commands and + constructs, but not all. + LaTeX contains of hundreds of packages which provide different commands. + All the time packages are being updated and new ones added. + This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything as there + is for every problem a LaTeX-package. + But LyX can of course not be up to date and support all packages and their + commands. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +But don't worry, you can use any LaTeX-command directly in LyX inside the + TeX Code box. + A TeX Code box is created by the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +TeX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Code +\family default + or by the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/ert-insert.png + +\end_inset + +. + The box can be opened by left-clicking and closed by right-clicking on + it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert complete or incomplete commands as TeX Code. + Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard LyX text. + For example, if you want to draw a frame around a word and are therefore + using the LaTeX-command +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default +, you can write the command part +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox{ +\series default + in a TeX Code box before the word and the closing brace +\series bold +} +\series default + in a second TeX Code box behind the word. + The word between the two TeX Code boxes is then the argument as it is in + the following example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/ERT.png + scale 89 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +gives +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a line with a +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +fbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +framed +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + word. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + At the end of LaTeX-commands without parameters, you have to insert a space + to let LaTeX know that the command is finished. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Short Introduction to the LaTeX Syntax +\begin_inset Argument +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The LaTeX Syntax +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX Syntax +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something + about the LaTeX-commands that LyX uses in the background. + Because LaTeX is based on commands, you can +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +program +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + your text. + This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at + any time if you know the right commands. + E. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline is the + end of the day. + Your boss just has complimented you for your good work but wants to have + all caption labels bold. + But you have over hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels + in your manual. + Of course it's impossible to change all caption labels manually in one + day. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now LaTeX comes into play. + As mentioned above, for every problem there exists a LaTeX-package. + First you have to find out which and therefore look in the LaTeX package + database, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Catalogue" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As result you know that the package +\series bold +caption +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! caption +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is what you need. + To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +) with the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[options]{package name} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All LaTeX commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within + two braces, and the options are set within two brackets. + Note that not all commands have an argument and options. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In your case the package name is +\series bold +caption +\series default +. + After a look in the documentation of the package, you know that the option + +\series bold +labelfont=bf +\series default + will change the font of all caption labels to bold. + So you add the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +to the preamble and the problem is solved. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For more commands provided by the +\series bold +caption +\series default + package, have a look at its documentation, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "caption" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well known problems + like your case. + For example if you use a +\family sans +KOMA-Script +\family default + class, you don't need the package +\series bold +caption +\series default +, you can instead write +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setkomafont{captionlabel}{ +\backslash +bfseries} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +in the preamble and the problem is solved. + So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the + documentation of the document class you want to use. + ( +\series bold + +\backslash +setkomafont +\series default + is an example of a command with more than one argument.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Commands in the preamble affect the whole document, while commands in the + text affect only the text after the command or only the text used as command + argument. + To insert a LaTeX-command in text, use the TeX Code box as described in + the previous section. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you want to learn more about LaTeX and its syntax, have a look at the + LaTeX-books +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion,latexguide" + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Previewing Snippets of your Document +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Instant preview +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Preview +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the + fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having + to break your train of thought with +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you would for example like to see in LyX your math formulas typeset by + LaTeX, install the LaTeX-package +\series bold +preview-latex +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! preview-latex +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + as explained below, and turn on +\family sans +Instant +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +preview +\family default + in the +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences +\family default +dialog under Look +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Display. + The +\family sans +Preview +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Size +\family default + is the multiplication factor for the size. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish + editing an inset. + Previews of an already loaded document are +\emph on +not +\emph default + generated just by selecting the +\family sans +Instant +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +preview +\family default + check box, you have to reopen the documents to activate the previews. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX will generate previews of math insets. + It will also generate previews of included insets if you select the +\family sans +Show +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +preview +\family default + check box in the insert dialog. + This is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure, for + example. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To get previews working, you need the LaTeX package +\series bold +preview-latex +\series default + (on some systems named simply +\series bold +preview +\series default +) installed. + If it is not already installed, you will find it in the TeX Catalogue, + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + + or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. + You obtain prettier results if you install the program +\family typewriter +pnmcrop +\family default + from the +\family typewriter +netpbm +\family default + package; for LyX on Windows this program is automatically installed together + with LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can furthermore preview the LaTeX source of the whole document or parts + of it. + Use the menu +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +View +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Source +\family default + and a window will be shown where you can see the LaTeX-source code. + The window shows the source of the whole paragraph where the cursor is + currently in. + You can also select document parts in LyX's main window, then only this + selection (when it is more than one paragraph) is shown as source code. + To view the whole document as source, enable the corresponding option in + the source view window. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Spell Checking +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Spellchecking" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spell checking +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX itself has no built-in spell checker. + Rather it uses one of the external programs +\family typewriter +aspell +\family default +, +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, +\family typewriter +hspell +\family default +, or +\family typewriter +pspell +\family default + as backend. + This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these + programs. + +\family typewriter +aspell +\family default + can be seen as the successor to +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, and contrary to +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default +, it supports multiple languages in parallel, so it is recommended to use + aspell. + +\family typewriter +hspell +\family default + is a Hebrew spell-checker. + The used spell checker and its settings are specified in LyX's preferences + under +\family sans +Language Settings +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For LyX on Windows, the selection box for the spell checking program is + greyed out in the preferences dialog because only +\family typewriter +aspell +\family default + can be used. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans + Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spellchecker +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_spellchecker.png + +\end_inset + + starts the spell checking beginning from the current cursor position. + A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, + allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line. + Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the text + scrolled so that it is visible. + In the +\family sans +spell checker +\family default + dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any + could be found. + Clicking on one of the corrections will copy to the +\family sans +Replace +\family default + field, double-click invokes directly the replacement. + Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By default, the dictionary file used is determined by the document language + that is set in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog. + If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, spell checking + will bring an error message. + In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by + specifying a different +\family sans +Alternative language +\family default + in preferences dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +After a spell check you will be informed about the number of checked words. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Limitations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is not possible to change the spelling of a particular word globally, + rather than having to change the spelling separately for each occurrence + of the word. + But you can use the +\family sans +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Replace +\family default + dialog for that. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX cannot correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages. + This does work with +\family typewriter +pspell +\family default +, assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Further Settings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Spellchecker +\family default + section in the preferences dialog has some additional options: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Escape +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +characters Allows you to add non-standard characters that the spell checker + should consider, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +German umlauts although you are spell checking an English document. + This should not normally be needed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Personal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +dictionary to use a different file as your personal dictionary instead of + the spell checker's default choice +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Accept +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +compound +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +words Prevent the spell checker from complaining about compounded words + like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +passthrough +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +input +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +encoding Uses the document encoding that is set in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog under +\family sans +Language +\family default + also for the spellchecker. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The encodings are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:The-Document-Settings" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Only enable this if you use +\family typewriter +ispell +\family default + and can't spell check words with international letters in them. + There have been reports that this does not work with all dictionaries, + so this is disabled by default. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Thesaurus +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Thesaurus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Thesaurus" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX provides a multilingual thesaurus. + It uses the same thesaurus framework as OpenOffice and Firefox (namely + the +\emph on +MyThes +\emph default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "http://lingucomponent.openoffice.org/thesaurus.html" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + thesaurus library, which is included in LyX). + Therefore, LyX can directly access OpenOffice thesaurus dictionaries, which + are available for many languages. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This section describes how new dictionaries are installed and set up for + the use with LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Setting up the thesaurus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\emph on +MyThes/ +\emph default +OpenOffice thesauri consist of two files per language: A file with the suffix + +\emph on +*.dat +\emph default + containing the data and an index file with the suffix +\emph on +*.idx +\emph default +. + The standardized file names include the language code for the given language + (e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. + en_EN for English). + For instance, the English files are named: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +th_en_EN_v2.idx +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +th_en_EN_v2.dat +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you have OpenOffice and its thesaurus installed, these files should be + already on your system. + If not, you can get dictionaries from the site +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://extensions.services.openoffice.org +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + Note that, as of OpenOffice 3.0, these files are usually packed in extension + archives ( +\emph on +*.oxt +\emph default +) that contain other files such as spellchecker dictionaries besides the + thesauri. + These archives are simple zip files, so you can unpack them as you would + unpack a zip archive. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Put the +\emph on +*.idx +\emph default + and +\emph on +*.dat +\emph default + files of all languages you want to use into one directory (do not use subfolder +s), and specify the path to this directory in +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paths +\family default +. + Now the thesaurus should be ready to use. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Using the thesaurus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To start the thesaurus, use the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Thesaurus +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/thesaurus-entry.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + while the cursor is at the word you want to look up or while a word is + selected. + A dialog pops up showing you probably related words that you can use as + replacement. + The proposals are grouped into categories. + Note that the thesaurus does not only show synonyms, but also hyperonyms + and hyponyms (such as +\emph on +plant +\emph default + for +\emph on +tree +\emph default +), compounds (such as +\emph on +tree diagram +\emph default +) and antonyms (such as +\emph on +women +\emph default + for +\emph on +men +\emph default +), which are marked as such. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The language is automatically chosen from the language at the cursor, but + you can also switch it in the dialog, as you can enter new words to look + up directly there. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the thesaurus cannot handle phrases (only compounds that are in + the dictionary, such as the above +\emph on +tree diagram +\emph default +), and you have to use the so called lemma form, i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. + the form that is used in the dictionaries (for many languages: first person + singular indicative active for nouns, infinitive for verbs). + For example looking up the word forms +\emph on +reports +\emph default + or +\emph on +reporting +\emph default + yields no results, while results are shown for the word form +\emph on +report +\emph default +. + Your best bet is to highlight only the relevant parts of such word (e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. + +\emph on +report +\emph default + in +\emph on +report +\emph default +s), then you get proposals without adjusting the query in the dialog, and + also the replacement will probably be correct (as only the highlighted + part will be replaced, thus the ending remains). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +License of the Thesaurus library +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\emph on +MyThes +\emph default + library, which is used by LyX for the thesaurus, was created by +\noun on +Kevin B. + Hendricks +\noun default + as a standalone program. + Version 1.1 of the library is included in LyX. + The library was released under the +\emph on +Berkeley Database License +\emph default +, which is compatible with LyX's license, the GPL. + In order to meet the requirements of the Berkeley Database License, the + MyThes license file is included in the LyX sources in the folder +\family sans +~src/support/mythes/license.readme +\family default +. + In LyX Windows installations it is additionally available in the file +\family sans +MyThes-License.txt +\family default + that is in the same folder as the file lyx.exe. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Change Tracking +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Change Tracking +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Change Tracking +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Change-Tracking" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you work on a document collaboratively it is extremely useful to be + able to see changes that others have made highlighted in the document. + You can then decide if you want to accept a change or not. + This can be achieved by turning on change tracking in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Track +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Changes made in the document will then be highlighted by strokes and colors: + +\bar under +\color blue +underlined text +\bar default +\color inherit + is an addition, +\strikeout on +\color blue +canceled text +\strikeout default +\color inherit + is a deletion. + The color depends on the author that made the change. + You can change the color in LyX's preferences dialog under +\family sans +Look +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +feel +\family default +, +\family sans +Colors +\family default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Color ! Change tracking +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The author and the date of the change are shown in LyX's status bar when + the cursor is in changed text. + The same information is shown when you use the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/changes-merge.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When change tracking is activated, you will see the review toolbar in LyX: +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! Review +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/ChangesToolbar.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The review toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following + buttons: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/changes-track.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Track +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/changes-output.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Show +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +in +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/change-next.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Jumps to the next change +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/change-accept.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Accept +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Change +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/change-reject.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reject +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Change +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/changes-merge.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Merge +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/all-changes-accept.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Accept +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +All +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/all-changes-reject.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reject +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +All +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/note-insert.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LyX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/note-next.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Next +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The review toolbar helps you to accept, reject, or merge changes – highlight + the change and press one of the desired toolbar buttons. + When you merge changes, a window pops up showing you information about + the next change after the current cursor position. + So you don't need to highlight a certain change. + Within the merge window you can decide to accept or reject changes and + step to the next change. + This way you can jump through all the changes in the document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The toolbar has two buttons to handle notes because notes are often important + to describe a change. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To show made changes in the output you need the LaTeX package +\series bold +dvipost +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! dvipost +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed. + You will find it in the TeX Catalogue, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + + or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +International Support +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +International support +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want. + For some non-western languages there are special Wiki-pages that explain + how to set up LyX to use them: +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Arabic,Armenian,Farsi,Hebrew" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Besides languages, LyX also supports phonetic symbols, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Special-Character" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Language Options +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Language ! Options +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Language +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog lets you set +\family roman +the language and character encoding for your language. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Choose your language in the +\family sans +Language +\family default + section of this dialog. + The default is +\family sans +English +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Under +\family sans +Encoding +\family default + you can choose the character encoding map you want to use for LaTeX export. + The option +\family sans +Language Default +\family default + is the preferred choice and works well in most cases. + For details about the different encoding options see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:The-Document-Settings" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Keyboard mapping configuration +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Keyboard-mapping" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you have for example a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a language + other than English, you can use an alternate keymap. + For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian, + you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap. + The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings, + see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Keyboard-Map" + +\end_inset + +. + You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select + which one you want to use. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely + different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance). + You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S. + keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German. + In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing + one to support the characters you want. + This and many other customizations are explained in the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Character Tables +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:The-latin1-character" + +\end_inset + + shows the +\family typewriter +Latin1 +\family default + character set. + You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly + from the keyboard. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are a few things you need to know about this table. + Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters + from the +\family typewriter +Latin1 +\family default + character set: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Even if you have selected +\family sans +latin1 +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog, users who have only the +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default +-fonts for LaTeX [or who have the +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default +-fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0, + DE, FE, AB, and BB – the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the + french quotes won't show up. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:The-latin1-character" + +\end_inset + +The +\family typewriter +latin1 +\family default + character set +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +00 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +10 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +20 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +30 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +40 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +50 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +60 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +70 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +80 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +90 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +A0 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +B0 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +C0 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +D0 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +E0 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +F0 +\end_layout + +\end_inset 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+\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none ++ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +; +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +K +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +[ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +k +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +« +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +» +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Ë +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Û +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ë +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +û +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +0C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +, +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +< +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +L +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\backslash + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +l +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +| +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +¬ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +¼ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Ì +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Ü +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ì +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ü +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +0D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none += +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +M +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +] +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +m +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +– +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +½ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Í +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Ý +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +í +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ý +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +0E +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +> +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +N +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +^ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +n +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +~ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +® +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +¾ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Î +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Þ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +î +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +þ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +0F +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +/ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +? +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +O +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +o +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +¯ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +¿ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Ï +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ß +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ï +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +ÿ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display + directly. + It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but + also the characters from +\family typewriter +ISO8859–2 +\family default + through +\family typewriter +4 +\family default +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +From +\family typewriter +ISO8859–1 +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +diaeresis +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +circumflex +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +grave +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +acute +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +~ Ã Ñ Õ ã ñ õ +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +tilde +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +¸Çç +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +cedilla +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +¯ +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +macron +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +From +\family typewriter +ISO8859–2 +\family default + through +\family typewriter +4 +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +ĤĴĥĵĈĜŜĉĝŝ +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +circumflex +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +ŚŹśźŔĹĆŃŕĺćń +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +acute +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Ĩı̃Ũũ +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +tilde +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +ŞşŢţŖĻĢŗļģŅĶņķ +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +cedilla +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +ĒēĀĪŌŪāı̄ōū +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +macron +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +ŐŰőű +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Hungarian umlaut +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts. + In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters. + Also make sure you're using the +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default + font-encoding. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +\start_of_appendix +The User Interface +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cha:The-User-Interface" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This appendix lists all the available menus and describes their functionality. + It is designed as a quick reference if you are searching for a special + topic inside the user's guide. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The File Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! File +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Under the +\family sans +File +\family default + menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations. + At the end of the menu the four last opened documents are listed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +New +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Creates a new document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +New from Template +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu entry prompts you for a template to use. + Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for + the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Open +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens a document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Open Recent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The submenu shows a list of the recently opened files. + Click there on a file to open it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Close +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Closes the current document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Close All +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Closes all opened documents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Save +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Saves the actual document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Save As +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Saves the actual document under a new name to create a copy. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Save All +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Saves all opened documents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Revert to saved +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Reloads the actual document from disk. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Version Control +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is used when more people are working on the same document. + It is described in the section +\emph on +Version Control in LyX +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Import +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can import there files from older LyX-versions, HTML-files, LaTeX-files, + NoWeb-files, plain text files, and comma separated, table like, text files + (CSV) as a new LyX-document. + The files will be imported as new LyX-document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When using the menu entry +\family sans +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Text +\family default +, line breaks in the text will start a new paragraph; when using the menu + entry +\family sans +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Text, Join +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Lines +\family default +, consecutive lines of text will be imported to one big paragraph. + A new paragraph will begin when there is a blank line in the file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Export +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Export" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to various file formats. + The resulting files are placed in the directory of your LyX-file. + The menu entries are not the same on all installations. + They depend on the programs found by LyX while its configuration. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is a list of all available entries; some of them are explained in detail + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +CJK +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +LyX +\family default +format of the special LyX 1.4.x versions for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean + (CJK) +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + Since LyX 1.5.0 CJK support is fully integrated to LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +DVI +\family default + DVI-format +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +HTML HTML-format (the HTML-converter is a third-party product and may not + work in all cases) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +HTML +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(MS +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Word) HTML-format specialized so that the result can be imported to +\family sans +MS Word +\family default +; as a consequence of this formulas will be embedded as bitmap fonts and + not in the format +\family sans +MathML +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default + text file with the LaTeX source, additionally all images used in the document + will be converted to a format that is readable by the +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\family default + program (GIF, JPG, PDF, PNG) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(plain) +\family default + text file with the LaTeX source code, additionally all images used in the + document will be converted to the EPS-format, only this format is readable + by the +\family typewriter +latex +\family default + program +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LyX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1.y.x LyX-document in a format readable by the LyX versions 1.y.x ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +y +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is replaced by the version number) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LyXHTML HTML-format, using LyX's internal XHTML engine +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +OpenDocument OpenDocument-formatted text file, to be opened with +\family sans +OpenOffice +\family default +, +\family sans +KOffice +\family default +, +\family sans +Abiword +\family default +, etc. + (The OpenDocument-converter is a third-party product and may not work in + all cases) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(dvipdfm) +\family default + PDF-format using the program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default + PDF-format using the program +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ps2pdf) +\family default + PDF-format using the program +\family typewriter +ps2pdf +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default + text format +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ps2ascii) +\family default + text format, the document will first be converted to Postscript format + and then exported as text using the program +\family sans +ps2ascii +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Postscript +\family default + PostScript format using the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Custom +\family default + custom format +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\family default + produces internally a DVI-file which is then converted to a PDF-file. + It is a bit out of date and therefore the output could look different from + what you want. + +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\family default + produces PDF-files directly and supports the latest PDF-file formats. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If one of the menu entries +\family sans +DVI +\family default +, +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default + or +\family sans +Postscript +\family default + is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation. + After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reconfiguration of LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +Custom +\family default + allows you to export your file by using special command line options for + the export program. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Print +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With this menu entry you can print your document to a file in PostScript + format or send it to a printer. + The printer will also use the document in PostScript format. + The conversion to PostScript is done in the background by LyX using the + program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + For more information have a look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Printing-the-File" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fax +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu entry will only appear when you have a fax program installed (on + Windows you additionally need to register its program path to LyX's PATH + prefix, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Paths" + +\end_inset + +). + With this menu entry you can send your document to a fax program like +\family typewriter +hylapex +\family default + or +\family typewriter +kdeprintfax +\family default +. + The default format of the sent file is PostScript. + The format can be changed in LyX's preferences as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Converters" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +New and Close Window +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens or closes a new instance of LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Exit +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Prompts you to save all unsaved documents and then exits. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Edit Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Edit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Undo and Redo +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Undo-and-Redo" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Recent, Paste Special +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Select All +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Selects the whole document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Find & Replace +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Move Paragraph Up/Down +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This shifts the paragraph where the cursor is currently in one paragraph + up or down. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Text Style +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paragraph Settings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Enables you to set the paragraph alignment, line spacing and label width. + These settings only affect the paragraph in which the cursor is currently. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also prevent the first line of the paragraph being indented if you + have chosen to separate paragraphs with indents in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog under +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Table Settings and Math +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These two menus are only fully active when the cursor is inside a table + or a formula. + Here you can change the properties of tables and formulas. + The properties of tables are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Tables" + +\end_inset + +, the properties of formulas in chapter +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Increase / Decrease List Depth +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These menu entries are only active when the cursor is in an environment + that can be nested. + They increase/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The View Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! View +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +View +\family default + menu contains a list of available formats in which you can view the actual + document with an external program. + The menu entries for the viewing formats are not the same on all installations + — it depends on the LaTeX programs that are found while LyX was configured. + All possible formats are formats listed in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Export" + +\end_inset + +. + You should at least see the menu entries +\family sans +DVI +\family default + and +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default +. + If one of the two is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation. + After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reconfiguration of LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Invoking a menu will start a viewer program. + The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:File-Formats" + +\end_inset + +. + The default viewers are set by LyX when it is first configured. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +At the bottom of the +\family sans +View +\family default + menu the opened documents are listed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Open/Close all Insets +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens/closes all insets in your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Unfold/Fold Math Macros +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Unfolds/folds the current math macro. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Math macros are described in the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +View Source +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens a window showing the source code of the actual document, as described + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Update +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu entry allows you to update the view with your latest changes without + opening a new view window. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Split View +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This will split LyX's main window vertically or horizontally. + This allows you to view documents the same time to compare them, or to + view the same document, but at different positions. + You can even split the main window several times to view for example 3 + or more documents at the same time. + To return to an unsplit view, use the menu +\family sans +Close Current View +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Close Current View +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Closes a split view. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fullscreen +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Using this menu entry or pressing F11 removes the menu bar and all toolbars + so that you will see nothing but your text. + It furthermore displays LyX's main window fullscreen. + To return from fullscreen to the normal view, press F11, or right-click + and turn off the fullscreen mode in the context menu. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Toolbars +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Toolbars" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In this menu entry you can set the appearance of the different toolbars. + All toolbars and the +\family sans +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Buffer +\family default + can be turned on and off. + The +\emph on +on +\emph default + state is denoted in the menu with a checkmark. + The +\family sans +Review +\family default +, +\family sans +Table +\family default +, +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panels +\family default +, and +\family sans +Math +\family default + toolbars can be additionally set to the state +\emph on +automatic +\emph default + that is denoted in the menu with the suffix +\family sans +(auto) +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the +\emph on +on +\emph default + state the toolbar is permanently shown, in the +\emph on +automatic +\emph default + state the toolbar is only shown when the cursor is in a certain environment + or when a certain feature is enabled. + That means that the review toolbar will only be shown when change tracking + is activated, the math and table toolbars are only shown when the cursor + is inside a formula or table, respectively. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX's toolbars and their buttons are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Toolbars" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Insert Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Insert +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Math +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts math constructs that are explained in chapter +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" + +\end_inset + + and the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Special Character +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Special-Character" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can insert the following characters: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Symbols Inserts any character that can be output by your LaTeX system. + Therefore the number of character categories in this dialog and the available + characters depend on the LaTeX-packages you have installed. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Not all characters will be visible in the +\family sans +Symbols +\family default + dialog because none of the screen fonts that you can set in the preferences + dialog (see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Screen-Fonts" + +\end_inset + +) can display every character. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ellipsis Inserts an ellipsis: \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +End +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Sentence Inserts an end of sentence dot as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Abbreviations" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ordinary +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Quote Inserts this quote: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, no matter what quote type you selected in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog under +\family sans +Language +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Single +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Quote Inserts this quote: +\begin_inset Quotes els +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Hyphen Inserts a hyphen that is protected from line breaks: \SpecialChar \nobreakdash- + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Breakable +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Slash Inserts a slash where also a line break can occur: \SpecialChar \slash{} + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Menu +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Separator Inserts the menu separator sign: \SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Phonetic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Symbols +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Phonetic symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Language ! Phonetic symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Creates a formula with a so called tipa inset. + Here you can insert commands to create IPA phonetic symbols. + For this feature you must have the LaTeX-package +\series bold +tipa +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! tipa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +For more information about this feature we refer to the documentation of + +\series bold +tipa, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "tipa" + +\end_inset + + +\series default + and this Wiki-page: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Formatting +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can insert the following format constructs: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Superscript Inserts a superscript: test +\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{a,b}}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Subscript Inserts a subscript: test +\begin_inset Formula $_{\text{3x}}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space Inserts a protected space that is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Protected-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Inter-word +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space Inserts an inter-word space that is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Inter-word-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Thin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space Inserts a thin space that is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Thin-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Horizontal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space Inserts horizontal space, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + + for a description. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Horizontal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line Inserts a horizontal line, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Lines" + +\end_inset + + for a description. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Vertical +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space Inserts vertical space, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Vertical-Space" + +\end_inset + + for a description. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Hyphenation +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Point Inserts a hyphenation point, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Hyphenation" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ligature +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break Inserts a ligature break, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Ligatures" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ragged +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break Inserts a forced line break, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Justified +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break Inserts a forced line break that furthermore stretches the broken + text line to the page border, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +New +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page Inserts a forced page break, described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break Inserts a forced page break that furthermore stretches the broken + text page to the page border, described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Clear +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page Inserts a clear page break, described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Clear +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Double +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page Inserts a clear doublepage break, described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +List / TOC +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Various lists can be inserted with this menu entry. + The table of contents, the algorithm, figures, and tables list are described + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:toc" + +\end_inset + +. + The index list is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Index" + +\end_inset + +, the nomenclature in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nomenclature" + +\end_inset + +, and the BibTeX bibliography in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Bibliography-databases" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Float +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To insert floats, described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Floats" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Note +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To insert notes, described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Notes" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Branch +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts branch insets as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Branches" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Custom Insets +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts document class-specific insets. + Such insets only exist when they are defined in the layout file for a certain + document class. + An example is the document class +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +article (Elsevier) +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + with three custom insets. + The section +\emph on +Flex insets and InsetLayout +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual explains how custom insets are defined. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +File +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +External Material +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu entry allows you to insert or include the contents of other LyX + files in your document. + How you can do this is explained in detail in the chapter +\emph on +External Stuff +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Box +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Boxes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a minipage box that is described section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Minipages" + +\end_inset + +. + All box types supported by LyX are explained in detail in the chapter +\emph on +Boxes +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Citation +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a citation as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cross-Reference +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a cross-reference as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Label +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a label as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Caption +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Captions +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Longtables ! Caption +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a caption in a float or longtable. + Floats are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Floats" + +\end_inset + +, captions in longtables are described in the section +\emph on +Longtable Captions +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Index Entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts an index entry as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Index" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Nomenclature Entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a nomenclature entry as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nomenclature" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Table +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a table. + Tables are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Tables" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Graphics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a graphic. + Graphics are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Graphics" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +URL +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts an URL as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:URLs" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Hyperlinks +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a hyperlink as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Hyperlinks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Footnote +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a footnote, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Footnotes" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Marginal Note +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a marginal note, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Marginal-Notes" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Short Title +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a short title, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Short-Titles" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +TeX Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a TeX Code box, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes" + +\end_inset + + for a description. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Program Listing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Program listings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a program listings box. + Program listings are explained in the chapter +\emph on +Program Code Listings +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Date +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts the actual date. + The format depends on the date format of the language that is used for + LyX's menus. + LyX offers various ways to insert a date which are explained and also compared + in the section +\emph on +External Material +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Navigate Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Navigate +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu lists the existing chapters, sections, figures, tables, etc. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of the current document. + This allows you to navigate easily through you document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Bookmarks +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With this menu entry you are able to define your own bookmarks. + This is useful when you are working on a large document and often have + to jump e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +between section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.5 and 6.3. + To create bookmarks for this example, go to section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.5 and use the menu +\family sans +Save +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Bookmark +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1 +\family default +. + Then go to section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +6.3 and use +\family sans +Save +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Bookmark +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\family default +2. + Now you can jump easily between these sections by using the menu or by + the key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "bookmark-goto 1" +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "bookmark-goto 2" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also use bookmarks to jump between several opened documents. + The saved bookmarks are valid till the document is closed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Next Note, Change, Cross-reference +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Jump to the next note, change, or cross-reference following the current + cursor position. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Go to Label +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Only active when the cursor is in front of a cross-reference. + Sets the cursor before the referenced label, the same as if you right-click + on a cross-reference box. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Document Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Document +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Change Tracking +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Change Tracking is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Change-Tracking" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX Log +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +After running LaTeX by viewing or exporting a document, this menu will be + enabled. + It shows the logfile of the used LaTeX-program. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can see how LaTeX works in the background. + +\emph on +Experts +\emph default + will find in it reasons for LaTeX-errors. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Outline +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens the TOC/Outline window as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Navigating" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Table-of-Contents" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Start Appendix Here +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu will start the appendix of the document at the current cursor + position as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Appendices" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Compressed +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un/compresses the current document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Settings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The document settings are described in appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:The-Document-Settings" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Tools Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Tools +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Spellchecker +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Spell checking is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Spellchecking" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Thesaurus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The thesaurus is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Thesaurus" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Statistics +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Word count +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Character count +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Counts the number of words and characters in the actual document or the + highlighted document part. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +TeX Information +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +TeX Information +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Shows you a list of the classes and styles installed in your LaTeX-system. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Reconfigure +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LyX ! Reconfigure|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Reconfiguration of LyX +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reconfiguration of LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu entry reconfigures LyX; that is, LyX looks for LaTeX-packages + and needed programs it needs; see also section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Preferences +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The preferences dialog is described in detail in appendix +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Help Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Help +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu opens the documentation files of LyX in the language of LyX's + menus. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +LaTeX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Configuration +\family default + shows a LyX-document with information about the LaTeX-packages and classes + found by LyX (see also section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:LaTeX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Toolbars +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Toolbars" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +How to show or hide toolbars is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Toolbars" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is also possible to define custom toolbars. + This is described in the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Standard Toolbar +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! Standard +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/StandardToolbar.png + width 100col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The standard toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following + buttons: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +LTleft}{0pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is necessary to left align the following longtables. + See the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual for more information. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png + clip + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +pull-down box for the paragraph environments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace -10mm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align left +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-new.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/file-open.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Open +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-write.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_print.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Print +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_spellchecker.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spellchecker +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/undo.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Undo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/redo.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Redo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/cut.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cut +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/copy.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Copy +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/paste.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paste +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Find +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +Replace +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/bookmark-goto_0.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Bookmarks\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Navigate Back +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/font-emph.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Emphasize text, function of the Edit +\family sans +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/font-noun.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Set text to noun style, function of the Edit +\family sans +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/textstyle-apply.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Formats text using the current settings in the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-mode.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Inline +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Formula +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphics +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/tabular-insert.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-toggle_toc.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toggle outline window on/off, +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Outline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/toolbar-toggle_math.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toggle math toolbar on/off +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/toolbar-toggle_table.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toggle table toolbar on/off +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Extra Toolbar +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! Extra +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/ExtraToolbar.png + width 100col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The extra toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following + buttons: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/layout.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Default +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/layout_Enumerate.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Numbered list +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/layout_Itemize.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Itemized list +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/layout_List.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +List +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/layout_Description.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Description list +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/depth-increment.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Increase +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Depth +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/depth-decrement.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Decrease +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Depth +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/float-insert_figure.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Figure +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/float-insert_table.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/label-insert.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross-Reference +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Citation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/index-insert.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Index +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Entry +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/nomencl-insert.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nomenclature +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Entry +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/footnote-insert.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Footnote +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/marginalnote-insert.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Marginal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/note-insert.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LyX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/box-insert.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Box +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/url-insert.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +URL +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/ert-insert.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +T +\family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +eX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_include.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Child +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Document +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_character.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/layout-paragraph.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/thesaurus-entry.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Thesaurus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +View / Update Toolbar +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! View / Update +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../doc/clipart/ViewToolbar.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The view / update toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the + following buttons: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-view_dvi.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-update_dvi.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-view_pdf2.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PDF +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-update_pdf2.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PDF +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-view_ps.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Postscript +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/buffer-update_ps.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Postscript +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Other Toolbars +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The change tracking toolbar is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Change-Tracking" + +\end_inset + +, the table toolbar +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! Table +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + in the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual, the math macro toolbar +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! Macro +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + in the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +The Document Settings +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cha:The-Document-Settings" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The document settings dialog contains submenus to set properties for the + whole document and is called with the menu +\family sans + Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +. + You can save your document settings as default with th +\family sans +e Save as Document Defaults +\family default + button in the dialog. + This will create a template name +\family typewriter +d +\family default + +\family typewriter +default.lyx +\family default + which is automatically loaded by LyX when you create a new document without + using a template. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The different submenus of the dialog are explained in the following. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Document Class +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you set the document class, class options, a graphics driver, and a + master document. + Document classes are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Document-Classes" + +\end_inset + +. + Some classes use some class options by default. + If this is the case, they are listed in the field +\family sans +Predefined +\family default + and you can decide to use them or not. + If you don't exactly know what the default class options are for, it is + recommended not to touch them. + The graphics driver is used for LaTeX's graphics, color and page layout + packages. + When using +\family sans +Default +\family default +, the default driver for the LaTeX-packages is used. + It is recommended that you use the default unless you know what you are + doing. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +When you want one of the following drivers +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +dvi2ps, dvialw, dvilaser, dvitops, psprint, pubps, ln +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +you first have to activate them in your LaTeX distribution, see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +2 in +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "http://tug.ctan.org/get/macros/latex/required/graphics/grfguide.pdf" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Specifying a master document is necessary when the current document is a + child or subdocument. + This master document will be used by LyX when the child document is opened + without its master. + This way child documents are always compilable. + More about master and child documents is explained in the section +\emph on +Child Documents +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Modules +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Modules are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Modules" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Fonts +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The document font settings are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Fonts-and-Text" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Text Layout +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can specify if paragraphs should be separated by indentations or vertical + skips. + The line spacing and the number of text columns can here also be specified. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that LyX won't show two columns or the set up line spacing on screen. + That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept. + However, it will be as you specified it in the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The listings settings are explained in the corresponding section in the + +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Page Layout +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A description of this menu is given in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation," + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Document-Layout" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Page Margins +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can adjust the paper margins, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Margins" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Language +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Language ! Encoding +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The document language and quote styles are set here. + The encoding specifies how the document content is exported to LaTeX (the + LyX file is always encoded in utf8). + All characters that cannot be encoded using the specified encoding will + be exported as LaTeX-commands (this can fail if a LaTeX-command is not + known for a particular character). +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The known commands are defined in a text file. + You can add commands for unknown symbols to that file yourself, see the + +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual for details. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you use the option +\family sans +Language Default +\family default +, LyX determines the encoding of a text part from the language of this text. + If the document contains text in more than one language you may get more + than one encoding in the LaTeX file. + If you do not use this option then the complete document will always use + exactly one encoding. + Checking this option is the preferred setting unless you use +\family sans +XeTeX +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +XeTeX is a TeX typesetting engine, an alternative for LaTeX. + It natively supports Unicode while its input file is assumed to be in UTF-8 + encoding. + More about using LyX with XeTeX can be found in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "XeTeX" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + (see below). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX also supports Unicode output, which is particularly useful if you need + lots of special symbols or non-alphabetic scripts, respectively. + If you want to use this (and your LaTeX installation supports Unicode, + for that matter), choose one of the four utf8 variants from the list below. + Unfortunately the Unicode support of standard LaTeX is quite incomplete, + so it is not uncommon that a file with lots of Unicode symbols works fine + with +\family sans +Language Default +\family default + (when LyX uses its list of known LaTeX-commands), but does not work with + a fixed utf8 encoding (when the list of known LaTeX-commands is not used, + because all Unicode symbols can be encoded in utf8). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is a list with the important encodings: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Language +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(no +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +inputenc) Same as +\family sans +Language Default +\family default +, but the LaTeX-package +\series bold +inputenc +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! inputenc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is not used. + When using this, you probably need to load some additional packages manually + in the preamble and specify the used encoding for text parts in foreign + languages in TeX code. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +ASCII the ASCII encoding, covers only plain English (7-bit ASCII). + LyX converts all other characters into LaTeX commands, which may result + in a big file when lots of LaTeX-commands are needed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Arabic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1256) MS Windows code page for Arabic and Farsi +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Arabic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-6) for Arabic and Farsi +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Armenian +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ArmSCII8) for Armenian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Baltic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1257) MS Windows code page for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, the same + as the ISO-8859-13 encoding +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Baltic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-13) for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, a superset of the ISO-8859-4 + encoding +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Baltic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-4) (latin 4) for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, a subset of the + ISO-8859-13 encoding +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Central +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1250) MS Windows code page for ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-2 (latin2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Central +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-2) (latin 2) covers Albanian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, + Romanian, Slovak, and Slovenian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Chinese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(simplified) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(EUC-CN) for simplified Chinese, used especially on UNIX OSes, since 2001 + this encoding is officially replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030 + is not available for LaTeX you should try to use the encoding Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Chinese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(simplified) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(GBK) for simplified Chinese, is the same as the Windows code page CP 936 + except for the Euro currency sign, since 2001 this encoding is officially + replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030 is not available for LaTeX + you should try to use the encoding Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Chinese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(traditional) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(EUC-TW) for traditional Chinese +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cyrillic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1251) MS Windows code page for Cyrillic +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cyrillic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-5) covers Belorussian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Ukrainian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cyrillic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(KOI8-R) standard Cyrillic especially for Russian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cyrillic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(KOI8-U) Cyrillic for Ukrainian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cyrillic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pt +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +154) Cyrillic for Kazakh +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Greek +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-7) for Greek +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Hebrew +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1255) MS Windows code page for Hebrew, a superset of the ISO-8859-8 encoding +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Hebrew +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-8) for Hebrew +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +CJK +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! CJK +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, when using this, set the document language to +\family sans +Japanese (CJK) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +CJK +\series default +, when using this, set the document language to +\family sans +Japanese (CJK) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(non-CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +japanese +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! japanese +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, when using this, set the document language to +\family sans +Japanese +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(non-CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +japanese +\series default +, when using this, set the document language to +\family sans +Japanese +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(non-CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(SJIS) SJIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +japanese +\series default +, when using this, set the document language to +\family sans +Japanese +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Korean +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(EUC-KR) for Korean +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Southern +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-3) (latin 3) covers Esperanto, Galician, Maltese, and Turkish +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +South-Eastern +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-16) (latin 10) covers Albanian, Croatian, Finnish, French, German, + Hungarian, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Slovenian, is designed + to cover many languages and characters with diacritics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Thai +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(TIS +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +620-0) for Thai +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Turkish +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-9) (latin 5) for Turkish, is like the ISO-8859-1 encoding where the + Icelandic letters are replaced by Turkish ones +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8) Unicode utf8 with the LaTeX-package +\series bold +CJK +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! CJK +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + (for the languages Chinese, Japanese and Korean) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(XeTeX) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8) Unicode utf8 to be used with +\family sans +XeTeX +\family default +, which uses Unicode directly, without the help of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +inputenc +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +More about using LyX with XeTeX can be found in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "XeTeX" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ucs-extended) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8x) Unicode utf8 based on the LaTeX package +\series bold +ucs +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! ucs +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + (comprehensive, including Latin, Greek, Cyrillic and CJK scripts). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8) Unicode utf8 based on the LaTeX-package +\series bold +inputenc +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! inputenc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + Currently only a limited range of characters (mainly for Latin scripts) + is supported. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Western +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1252) MS Windows code page for ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-1 (latin1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Western +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-1) (latin 1) covers the languages Albanian, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, + English, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Icelandic, Irish, + Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish; better use the ISO-8859-1 +5 encoding instead +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Western +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-15) (latin 9) like the ISO-8859-1 encoding, but with the Euro currency + sign, the œ-ligature and some characters used for French and Finnish +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Numbering & TOC +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can adjust here the numbering depth of section headings and the section + depth in the table of contents as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Bibliography +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can specify here a citation style using the LaTeX packages +\series bold +natbib +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! natbib +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + or +\series bold +jurabib +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! jurabib +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, you can enable subdivided bibliographies using the LaTeX package +\series bold +bibtopic +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! bibtopic +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + and you can customize how the bibliography of the given document is being + generated. + For a further description see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Indexes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here, you can customize how the index of your document is being generated + and you can define additional indexes. + Please refer to section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Index" + +\end_inset + + for details. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +PDF Properties +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The PDF properties are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:PDF-Properties" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Math Options +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These options will force LyX to use the LaTeX-packages +\series bold +amsmath +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! amsmath +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + and +\series bold +esint +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! esint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + or to use them automatically when they are needed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +amsmath +\series default + is needed for many constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in formulas, + ensure that you have enabled AMS. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +esint +\series default + is used for special integral characters. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Float Placement +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The float placement options are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Float-Placement" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Bullets +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can adjust the characters for the itemize levels. + The itemize environment is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Itemize" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Branches +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Branches are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Branches" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX Preamble +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In this text field are entered commands to load special LaTeX-packages or + to define LaTeX-commands. + The preamble is a thing for LaTeX-experts. + You should not enter commands here until you exactly know what you are + doing. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +The +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + Dialog +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cha:The-Preferences-dialog" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Preferences +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The preferences dialog is called with the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences +\family default +. + It has the following submenus. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Look and Feel +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +User Interface +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +User Interface File +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Customization ! of toolbars +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Customization ! of menus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + You have to restart LyX before the change of the user interface file take + effect. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The appearance of the menus and toolbars can be changed by choosing a user + interface (ui) file. + An ui-file is a text file where the toolbars and menus are listed. + The toolbar buttons and menu entries are specified in the files +\shape italic +stdtoolbars.inc +\shape default + and +\shape italic +stdmenus.inc +\shape default +, respectively. + Both files are loaded by the +\emph on +default.ui +\emph default + file. + To create your own menu and toolbar layout, start with a copy of these + files and edit the entries. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The syntax of the .inc-files is straightforward: The +\family sans +Menubar +\family default +, +\family sans +Menu +\family default + and +\family sans +Toolbar +\family default + entries must be ended with an explicit +\family sans +End +\family default +. + They may contain +\family sans +Submenus +\family default +, +\family sans +Items +\family default +, +\family sans +OptItems +\family default +, +\family sans +Separators +\family default +, +\family sans +Icons, +\family default + and in the case of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +file +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + menus a +\family sans +Lastfiles +\family default + entry. + The syntax for the entries is: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Item +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +menu +\series default +or +\series bold + button name +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX-function +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* +\end_inset + +All LyX-functions are listed in the menu +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LyX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Functions +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An example: Assuming you use the menu +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Bookmarks +\family default + quite often and therefore want six available bookmarks, you can add the + line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Item +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Save Bookmark 6 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bookmark-save 6 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* +\end_inset + +to the navigate menu section in the .inc-file to have the sixth bookmark. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Automatic help +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Enable tool tips in main work area +\family default + enables tool tips showing the content of closed insets like index entries + or footnotes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Session +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the option +\family sans +Allow saving +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +restoring of window layout and geometries +\family default + LyX's main window will be opened with the size and layout that was used + in the last LyX session. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Restore cursor positions +\family default + sets the cursor to the position in the file where it has been the last + time. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Load opened files from last session +\family default + opens all files that were opened in the last LyX session. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Documents +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Backup documents" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Backup ! Documents +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When the option +\family sans +Backup documents +\family default + is set, you can specify the time between backup saves. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Maximum last files +\family default + is the number of last opened files that LyX should display in the menu + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Open +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Recent +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When the option +\family sans +Open documents in tabs +\family default + is not used, then every file will be opened in its own new instance of + LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Screen Fonts +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Font ! Screen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Screen-Fonts" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These fonts are used to display your documents on the screen. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + This section only deals with the fonts +\emph on +inside +\emph default + the LyX window. + The fonts that appear on the output are independent from these fonts, and + set in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Fonts +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By default, LyX uses +\family typewriter +Times +\family default + as roman (serif) font, +\family typewriter +Arial +\family default + or +\family typewriter +Helvetica +\family default + (depends on the system) as +\family sans +sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif +\family default + font, and +\family typewriter +Courier +\family default + as +\family typewriter +typewriter +\family default + font. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change the font size with the +\family sans +Zoom +\family default + setting. + You can also change the font zoom outside the preferences dialog for the + current LyX session by pressing Ctrl and scrolling the mouse wheel. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Screen DPI +\family default + is the screen resolution in dpi (dots per inch). + The Font Sizes are calculated as letter height in units of points. + 72 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +points have the size of 1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +inch, see Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The default +\family sans +Font Sizes +\family default + are the same as if a document font size of 10 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt would be used. + The sizes are explained in detail in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Document-Font" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the option +\family sans +Use Pixmap Cache to speed up font rendering +\family default + enabled, LyX needs to redraw the screen less often. + This results in better performance, especially on slow systems. + On the other hand, the characters might look more fuzzy on screen. + So whether you enable this or not depends on whether you prefer speed over + aesthetics. + Note that the Pixmap Cache is only available and useful under Mac +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +OS and Windows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Colors +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Color ! LyX screen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Color +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can here change all the colors used by LyX. + Choose an item in the list and use the +\family sans +Alter +\family default + button. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Display +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Display +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can specify if graphics inside LyX are displayed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Instant Preview +\family default + enables previewing snippets of your document. + This feature is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Mark +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +end +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +paragraphs +\family default + displays a pilcrow (¶) at the end of every paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Editing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Editing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Control +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Editing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Cursor follows scrollbar +\family default + sets the cursor to the top of the currently displayed document part when + scrolling. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Sort environments alphabetically +\family default + sorts the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Group environments by their category +\family default + groups the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The math macro editing option determines the editing style, see the section + +\emph on +Math Macros +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Fullscreen +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can specify what is hidden in the fullscreen mode. + The option +\family sans +Limit text width +\family default + specifies the width of the text in fullscreen mode. + This way you can display the text smaller than the screen, the text appears + then centered. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Shortcuts +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Key Bindings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Shortcuts +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Bind File +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Bindings are used to bind a LyX-function to a key. + Several binding files are available: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +cua.bind typical set of PC keyboard shortcuts +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +(x)emacs.bind set of bindings like they are used in the editor programs +\family sans +Emacs +\family default + ( +\family sans +XEmacs +\family default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +mac.bind set of bindings for +\family sans +Mac +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +OS +\family default + systems. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are also bind-files designed for special document classes, like +\shape italic +broadway.bind +\shape default +, and bind files for special languages. + The name of language bind-files begin with a language code, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for Portuguese. + If you use LyX in a certain language, LyX will try to use the appropriate + bind-file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some bind-files, like +\emph on +math.bind +\emph default +, have only a small scope. + When looking at the end of the file +\shape italic +cua.bind +\shape default +, you can see that they are included to keep the overview in the bind-file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Editing Shortcuts +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Editing-Shortcuts" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Key Bindings ! Editing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To add new or modify existing keybindings to your own taste you can use + the table in the dialog that lists all LyX-functions and the bound shortcuts. + To find functions easily, they are grouped by categories and the dialog + provides the field +\family sans +Show key-bindings containing +\family default +. + In this field you can insert a keyword for a function you want to edit. + Insert there for example as keyword +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +paste +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and you get the 4 different existing shortcuts for the 3 different functions + that contain +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +paste +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in their name. + As you can see, one function can have more than one shortcut. + All LyX-functions are also listed in the file +\emph on +LyX Functions +\emph default + that you will find in the +\family sans +Help +\family default + menu. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To add e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +the shortcut +\family sans +Alt+Q +\family default + for the function +\family sans +textstyle-apply +\family default +, select the function and press the +\family sans +Modify +\family default + button. + A dialog pops up where you can add the shortcut by using it. + So press Alt+Q to define the shortcut. + Modifying an existing shortcut is done the same way. + You can also bind multiple functions to one shortcut by modifying an existing + binding and adding the different function names as a semicolon separated + list. + LyX will then use the first function that is enabled in the current document + part. + The binding for the function +\family sans +command-alter +\family default + is an example of this. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Alternatively you can also edit shortcuts by modifying bind-files with a + text editor. + The syntax of the entries is: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +bind +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +key combination +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX-function +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Keyboard / Mouse +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Keyboard-Map" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Keyboard Map +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Keyboard Map +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally keyboard settings have to be done in a menu of your operating system. + For the case that this is not possible, LyX provides keyboard maps. + If you have e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +a Czech keyboard but want to write with it like with a Romanian one, you + can use the keyboard map file named +\emph on +romanian.kmap +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Keyboard maps are only provided as makeshift and don't work on all systems. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Besides this, you can specify here the +\family sans +Wheel scrolling speed +\family default +. + The standard value is 1.0, higher values speed up the scrolling, lower ones + slow it down. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Input Completion +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Input-Completion-Appendix" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Input completion +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Input completion is described in sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Input-Completion" + +\end_inset + +. + The completion options for math do the same as the corresponding options + for text. + With the general options you can define the delay time for the inline and + popup completion and choose if long completions should be abbreviated or + not. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Paths +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Paths" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paths +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Paths +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Working +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +directory This is LyX's working directory. + It is the default when you +\family sans +Open +\family default +, +\family sans +Save +\family default + or +\family sans +Save +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +as +\family default + files. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Document +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +templates This directory will be opened when you use the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +from +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Template +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Example +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +files This directory will be opened when you use the button +\family sans +Examples +\family default + in the +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Open +\family default + dialog. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + The +\family sans +Examples +\family default + button does not exist when using LyX on MacOS and Windows systems. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Backup +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +directory +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Backup ! Directory +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Backup copies will be saved to this directory. + When no directory is given but backups are enabled as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Backup documents" + +\end_inset + +, the +\family sans +Working directory +\family default + will be used to save the backups. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The backup files have the ending +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +.lyx~ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ly +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +XServer-Pipe Here you can enter the name of a Unix-pipe. + This pipe is used to send data from external programs to LyX. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + This feature doesn't work on Windows systems. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Temporary +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +directory Temporary files will be saved in this directory. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PATH +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +prefix This field contains a list of paths to external programs. + When LyX needs to use an external program, it looks in this list where + to find it on the system. + The path list is automatically set up on Windows and Mac systems when LyX + is configured, so that you normally don't have to modify it. + On Unix +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +Linux systems, the path list will need to be set only if there are external + programs you wish to use that are not in your normal system path ($PATH). + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Identity +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can insert your name and email address. + The identity will be used when you have enabled change tracking as described + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Change-Tracking" + +\end_inset + +, to mark changes you make as yours. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Language Settings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Language ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Language +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Language +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +User +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Interface +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +language Here you can select the language of LyX's menus. + Unfortunately this doesn't work on Mac and Windows. + It works on Linux for the languages into LyX's menus and dialogs are translated. + You find the actual translation status here: +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "http://www.lyx.org/I18n" +target "http://www.lyx.org/I18n" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +language is the language used in new documents +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Language +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +package is a LaTeX-command to load a LaTeX-package that handles language + issues. + The default is the LaTeX-command +\family sans + +\backslash +usepackage{babel} +\family default + that loads the package +\series bold +babel +\series default +. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For an introduction to the LaTeX-Syntax, have a look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:TeX-Code" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +babel +\series default + automatically translates in the background the text labels of documents + to the document language. + A text label is, for instance, the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Table +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at the beginning of every table caption. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +start When a special LaTeX-package is needed to write in a certain document + language, you can here specify the command to start the package. + An example is the start command +\family sans + +\backslash +begin{arabtext} +\family default + that is needed to write Arabic using the package +\series bold +ArabTeX +\series default +, see +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Arabic" + +\end_inset + +. + The default is the +\series bold +babel +\series default + command +\family sans + +\backslash +selectlanguage{$$lang} +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +end Counterpart to +\family sans +Command start +\family default +. + Some packages, like the default, don't have an end command since the start + command toggles the package on and off. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +babel Whether +\series bold +babel +\series default + is used or not. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Global When this option is set, the languages used in the document will + be added as options to the document class options, so that they can be + used by all LaTeX-packages. + Otherwise they will only be used as options for the +\series bold +babel +\series default + package. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Auto +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +begin When this option is set, the documents starts with the chosen document + language. + When this option is not set, the +\family sans +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +start +\family default + is explicitly set to the beginning of the document in the LaTeX-output. + This assures that the correct language is used when you use another +\family sans +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +start +\family default + than the default. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Auto +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +end Counterpart to +\family sans +Auto +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +begin +\family default +. + When it is not set, the +\family sans +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +end +\family default + is set to the end of the document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Mark +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +foreign +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +languages Text marked formatted in a language different from the document + language will be underlined blue. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Enable +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +RTL +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +support Enables the use of languages, written from right to left (RTL), + like Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cursor +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +movement When writing RTL, you can define if the left and right arrow keys + move the cursor visually to the left or right, respectively, or logically. + Logical means that the cursor is moved to the left when pressing the right + arrow key and the cursor is inside text in an RTL language. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Spellchecker +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The spellchecker settings are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Spellchecking" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Outputs +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Printer +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Printer" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Printer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Printer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +printer Here you can specify the name of your default printer. + The name will be used when the +\family sans +Printer command +\family default + is executed. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + You can leave this field empty on Windows systems because it has no effect. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Adapt +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +printer This option works only for the +\family sans +Printer command +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +dvips +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It activates a configuration file for dvips. + This is an option only for dvips experts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Printer +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +command is the command LyX +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +LaTeX uses for printing. + The default is on most systems +\family sans +dvips +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Printer +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options Here you can specify printer options. + A list of printer options with explanations can be found in the documentation + of the program that provides the +\family sans +Printer command +\family default + you are using. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Date Format +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Date Format +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Date format +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The date format can be one or a mixture of the formats listed here: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?date +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +For example the format +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +%d/%m/%y +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +prints the date as day/month/year. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Plain Text +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +length sets the maximum number of characters printed in one line when using + the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default +. + Setting the line line length to 0 means all text is printed in one endless + line. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +roff +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +command defines an additional command used to produce better ASCII tables + with the +\family typewriter +groff/troff/nroff +\family default + UNIX-commands (refer to their manuals for more information about them). + Setting this as empty tells LyX to use the internal formatter. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:LaTeX-settings" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! LaTeX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Te +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +encoding This is the default encoding of the document font. + +\family sans +T1 +\family default + is the default and covers western languages and symbols. + +\family sans +T2A +\family default +, +\family sans +T2B +\family default +, +\family sans +T2C +\family default +, +\family sans +LCY +\family default +, and +\family sans +X2 +\family default + are for Cyrillic. + Combinations of the encodings are possible, like +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family sans +T1, T2B +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The font encoding is normally automatically loaded by the language packages + LyX sets up in the background. + So there is no need to change the default encoding. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +paper +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +size This is the paper size that is used for new documents. + The +\family sans +Default +\family default + value depends on your LaTeX-system setup. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also specify here commands with parameters for the listed applications. + But before you change something, it is strongly recommended to read the + manuals of the applications. + Currently the following commands can be set: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +CheckTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +command Command for the program +\family sans +CheckTeX +\family default + that is described in the section +\emph on +Checking TeX +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +BibTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +command Command for the program +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default + that generates the bibliography, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Bibliography-databases" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Index +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +command Command for the program that generates the index, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Index-Program" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Nomenclature +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +command Command for the program that generates the nomenclature, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Nomenclature-Program" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +DVI +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +viewer +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +paper +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +size +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +options They only have an effect when the program +\family sans +xdvi +\family default + is used as DVI-viewer. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are additionally the following options: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Windows-style +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +paths +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +in +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +files Uses paths in the notation of Windows, that means that +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\backslash + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is used instead of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to separate folders. + This option is enabled by default when you use LyX on Windows. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paths +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Paths +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Reset +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +class +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +options +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +when +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +document +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +classes +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +changes Removes all manually set document class options in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog when changing the document class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Handling +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File handling +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Converters +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Converters" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Converters +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you find the list of defined converter commands to convert material + from one format to another. + You can modify them or create new ones. + To modify a converter, select it, change the entry of the field +\family sans +Converter +\family default + and/or +\family sans +Extra +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +flag +\family default +, and press the +\family sans +Modify +\family default + button. + To create a new converter, select an existing one, select a different format + in the +\family sans +From +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +format +\family default + drop-down list, modify the +\family sans +Converter +\family default + field, and press the +\family sans +Add +\family default + button. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When the +\family sans +Converter File Cache +\family default + is enabled, conversions will be cached as long as specified in the field + +\family sans +Maximum Age (in days +\family default +). + This means that images don't need to be converted again when you reopen + a document; the converted images from the cache will be used instead. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +More about converters, like the variables and flags that can be used in + the converter definition, is described in the section +\emph on +Converters +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +File Formats +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:File-Formats" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Copiers +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you find the list of defined file formats that LyX can handle. + You can modify the viewer and editor program that should be used for certain + formats. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +More about formats, like the options that can be used in the format definition, + is described in the section +\emph on +Formats +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Since all conversions from one format to another take place in LyX's temporary + directory, it is sometimes necessary to modify a file before copying it + to the temporary directory in order that the conversion may be performed. + This is done by specifying a +\family sans +Copier +\family default +. + More about this is described in the section +\emph on +Copiers +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Units available in LyX +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Units +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cha:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To understand the units described in this documentation, +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "cap:Units" + +\end_inset + + explains all units available in LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +placement h +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cap:Units" + +\end_inset + +Units +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +unit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +name/description +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +millimeter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +cm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +centimeter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +in +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +inch +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +pt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +point (72.27 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt = 1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +in) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +pc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +pica (1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pc = 12 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +sp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +scaled point (65536 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +sp = 1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +bp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +big point (72 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +bp = 1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +in) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +dd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +didot (72 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +dd +\begin_inset Formula $\approx$ +\end_inset + + 37.6 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +mm) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +cc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +cicero (1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +cc = 12 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +dd) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Scale% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of original image width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +text% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of text width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +col% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of column width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +page% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of paper width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +line% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of line width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +theight% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of text height +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +pheight% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of paper height +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +ex +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +height of letter +\emph on +x +\emph default + in current font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +width of letter +\emph on +M +\emph default + in current font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mu +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +math unit (1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +mu = 1/18 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Credits +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "cha:Credits" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people + (and we would encourage people to contribute!). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Alejandro Aguilar Sierra +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Amir Karger +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +David Johnson +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Hartmut Haase +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Ignacio García +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Ivan Schreter +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +John Raithel +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +John Weiss +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Lars Gullik Bjønnes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Matthias Zenker +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Rich Fields +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Pascal André +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Paul Evans +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Paul Russel +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Robin Socha +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Uwe Stöhr +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The LyX Team: +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "lyxcredit" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + +The bibliography on the following page was created with the +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +label "Credits" +key "lyxcredit" + +\end_inset + +The LyX Team: +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Credits" +target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS" + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + +Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens: +\emph on +The LaTeX Companion Second Edition. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, 2004 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "latexguide" + +\end_inset + +Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. + Daly: +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX Fourth Edition. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, 2003 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "latexbook" + +\end_inset + +Leslie Lamport: +\emph on +LaTeX: A Document Preparation System. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "texbook" + +\end_inset + +Donald E. + Knuth. + +\emph on +The TeXbook. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, 1984 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + +The TeX Catalogue: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/bytopic.html +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "LaTeXFAQ" + +\end_inset + +The LaTeX FAQ: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "BibTeX" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/get/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the program +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.ctan.org/get/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "BibTeX-2" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf" + +\end_inset + + how to use the program +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "makeindex" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://tug.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex/doc/manpages.dvi" + +\end_inset + + of the program +\family sans +makeindex +\family default +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://tug.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex/doc/manpages.dvi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "xindy" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html" + +\end_inset + + of the program +\family sans +xindy +\family default +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "caption" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +caption +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! caption +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "fancyhdr" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +fancyhdr +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "hyperref" + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/hyperref.pdf" + +\end_inset + + +\series default + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +hyperref +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! hyperref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/hyperref.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "nomencl" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +nomencl +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! nomencl +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "tipa" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +tipa +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! tipa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "wrapfig" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wrapfig/wrapfig.sty" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +wrapfig +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! wrapfig +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wrapfig/wrapfig.sty +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "XeTeX" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XeTeX" + +\end_inset + + how to use LyX with XeTeX: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XeTeX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Arabic" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Arabic: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Armenian" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Armenian: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Farsi" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Farsi: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Hebrew" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Hebrew: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Japanese" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Japanese: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Latvian" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Latvian" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Latvian: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Latvian +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Lithuanian" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Lithuanian" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Lithuanian: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Lithuanian +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Mongolian" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Mongolian" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Mongolian: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Mongolian +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Vietnamese" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Vietnamese" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Vietnamese: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Vietnamese +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "NewInLyX20" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/NewInLyX20" + +\end_inset + + about new features in +\family sans +LyX 2.0 +\family default +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/NewInLyX20 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +let +\backslash +mybibname +\backslash +bibname +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +bibname}{ +\backslash +mybibname +\backslash +; 2} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The command +\series bold + +\backslash +bibname +\series default + is the name of the bibliography in the current document language. + It is redefined here with the number 2 at the end to state that the following + bibliography is the second one: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex +LatexCommand bibtex +bibfiles "biblio/LyXDocs" +options "biblio/alphadin" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The above bibliography is created from a BibTeX-database. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset CommandInset nomencl_print +LatexCommand printnomenclature +set_width "none" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset index_print +LatexCommand printindex +type "idx" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_body +\end_document -- 2.39.2