From: Uwe Stöhr Date: Sat, 18 Jul 2009 21:51:29 +0000 (+0000) Subject: - Math.lyx: describe the new support for chemical equations X-Git-Tag: 2.0.0~5964 X-Git-Url: https://git.lyx.org/gitweb/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=cdea2bc27ac6c1298cf7908fd8843f29bb22e977;p=features.git - Math.lyx: describe the new support for chemical equations git-svn-id: svn://svn.lyx.org/lyx/lyx-devel/trunk@30680 a592a061-630c-0410-9148-cb99ea01b6c8 --- diff --git a/lib/doc/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/Math.lyx index 0cf474e503..070122d981 100644 --- a/lib/doc/Math.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/Math.lyx @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -#LyX 1.6.3svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +#LyX 1.6.4svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 345 \begin_document \begin_header @@ -3510,7 +3510,7 @@ isotopes status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -More about chemical symbols is written in +Typesetting isotopes and chemical symbols is described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" @@ -31012,6 +31012,1205 @@ target "Formula-numbering.lyx" . \end_layout +\begin_layout Section +Chemical Symbols and Equations +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Chemical characters ! Symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Chemical equations +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Symbols ! chemical +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An example text from chemistry: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +The +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ +\end_inset + +-ion reacts with two +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ +\end_inset + +-ions to sodium sulfate +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ +\end_inset + +. + The chemical equation for this is: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This chemical equation can directly be created as formula. + To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and + changed by the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-roman" +\end_inset + + to the upright font style. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +font styles +\series bold + +\series default +see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Font-Styles" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command + +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! C ! +\backslash +ce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + that is available when the LaTeX-package +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages ! mhchem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is installed. + After inserting +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + to a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted + in an intuitive way. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + is only used as spacer. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +H2CO3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{H2CO3}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +SO4^2- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{SO4^{2-}}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +(NH4)2S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{(NH4)2S}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +KCr(SO4)2.12H2O +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A-B +\backslash +dbond +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C +\backslash +tbond +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +^227 +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +_90 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +Th+ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +CO2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +<=> +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2CO +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +CO2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +->[ +\backslash +alpha][ +\backslash +beta] +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2CO} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Inserting a formula to a +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + box will lead to LaTeX errors. + In this case TeX code has to be used like for +\series bold + +\backslash +ce{$ +\backslash +mu +\backslash +hyphen$Cl} +\series default +: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +ce{$ +\backslash +mu +\backslash +hyphen$Cl} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Using +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + the command for equation +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:chem-reaction" + +\end_inset + + is +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2Na+ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +SO4^2- +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +-> +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Na2SO4 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Besides +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + the +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + package provides the command +\series bold + +\backslash +cf +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! C ! +\backslash +cf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + that has to be used for special cases. + For more information about +\series bold + +\backslash +cf +\series default + and more examples have a look at the documentation of +\series bold +mhchem +\series default +, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "mhchem" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Diagrams +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX supports two types of commutative diagrams: +\series bold +amscd +\series default + and +\series bold +xymatrix +\series default + that are explained in the following. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Amscd Diagrams +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagrams ! amscd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines + or arrows: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ +@AAA@.@VVV\\ +F@<<>> +\series default + a right arrow, and +\series bold +@= +\series default + a long equal sign +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold +@AAA +\series default + creates an up arrow, +\series bold +@VVV +\series default + an down arrow, and +\series bold +@| +\series default + a vertical equal sign +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold +@. + +\series default + is a placeholder for non-existent relations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All arrows can be labeled as follows: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Is text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed + above the arrow. + When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under + the arrow. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A + or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow. + When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right + beside the arrow. + If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a TeX-brace. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As example a diagram with all possible relations: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ +@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ +D@<k>>F@=C\end{CD}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The command for this is: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +hphantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +@AmAA@.@VV +\backslash +{V +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\series bold +V@| Ctrl+Return +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +hphantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +D@<k>>F@=C +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Xymatrix Diagrams +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagrams ! xymatrix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To be able to use xymatrices, the LaTeX-package +\series bold +xypic +\series default + must be installed. + A xymatrix is created by inserting the command +\series bold + +\backslash +xymatrix +\series default + in a formula. + Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices, + see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Matrices" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In contrary to amscd diagrams, xymatrices supports diagonal and curved arrows, + and much more. + All possibilities to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained + in detail in the +\emph on +XY-pic manual +\emph default + that you find in the menu +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Specific +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Manuals\SpecialChar \menuseparator +XY-pic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Manual +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \begin_layout Section User-defined Commands \begin_inset Index @@ -32546,332 +33745,47 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -Spitting Out To The Right -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-append-greedy-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Append Argument -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Eating From The Right -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Append Optional Argument -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Eating From The Right +Spitting Out To The Right \end_layout \end_inset - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Diagrams -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX supports two types of commutative diagrams: -\series bold -amscd -\series default - and -\series bold -xymatrix -\series default - that are explained in the following. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Amscd Diagrams -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagrams ! amscd -\end_layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-macro-append-greedy-param.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines - or arrows: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ -@AAA@.@VVV\\ -F@<< + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! C ! -\backslash -CD -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\series default - is inserted to a formula. - A blue box appears with two dashed lines where further commands can be - inserted. - With -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - - a new line is created. - Horizontal relations are inserted in odd, vertical in even formula lines. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To create the relations there are the following commands: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\series bold -@<<< -\series default - creates a left arrow, -\series bold -@>>> -\series default - a right arrow, and -\series bold -@= -\series default - a long equal sign -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\series bold -@AAA -\series default - creates an up arrow, -\series bold -@VVV -\series default - an down arrow, and -\series bold -@| -\series default - a vertical equal sign -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\series bold -@. - -\series default - is a placeholder for non-existent relations -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -All arrows can be labeled as follows: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Is text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed - above the arrow. - When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under - the arrow. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A - or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow. - When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right - beside the arrow. - If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a TeX-brace. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As example a diagram with all possible relations: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ -@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ -D@<k>>F@=C\end{CD}\] +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The command for this is: +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Append Argument \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\series bold - -\backslash -CD \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -32879,65 +33793,66 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +hphantom{ \end_layout \end_inset -A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return -\begin_inset Newline newline +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ +} \end_layout \end_inset - -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce +Eating From The Right \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -} \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -@AmAA@.@VV -\backslash -{V -\series default +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset - -\series bold -V@| Ctrl+Return +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Append Optional Argument \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset @@ -32954,21 +33869,13 @@ hphantom{ \end_inset - -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -32980,70 +33887,17 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -D@<k>>F@=C -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Xymatrix Diagrams -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagrams ! xymatrix +Eating From The Right \end_layout \end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To be able to use xymatrices, the LaTeX-package -\series bold -xypic -\series default - must be installed. - A xymatrix is created by inserting the command -\series bold - -\backslash -xymatrix -\series default - in a formula. - Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices, - see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Matrices" + + + \end_inset -. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -In contrary to amscd diagrams, xymatrices supports diagonal and curved arrows, - and much more. - All possibilities to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained - in detail in the -\emph on -XY-pic manual -\emph default - that you find in the menu -\family sans -Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Specific -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Manuals\SpecialChar \menuseparator -XY-pic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Manual -\family default -. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -33163,107 +34017,6 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Chemical Symbols and Equations -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Chemical characters ! Symbols -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Chemical equations -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Symbols ! chemical -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -An example text from chemistry: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -The -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ -\end_inset - --ion reacts with two -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ -\end_inset - --ions to sodium sulfate -\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ -\end_inset - -. - The chemical equation for this is: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This chemical equation can directly be created as formula. - To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and - changed by the shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-roman" -\end_inset - - to the upright font style. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -font styles -\series bold - -\series default -see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Font-Styles" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -36467,6 +37220,38 @@ Packages ! hyperref \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "mhchem" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages ! mhchem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography diff --git a/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx index ab9894afcb..37946a839a 100644 --- a/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -#LyX 1.6.3svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +#LyX 1.6.4svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 345 \begin_document \begin_header @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ Verfasser: Uwe Stöhr \family sans -Version 2.0.x +Version 1.6.x \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -3486,14 +3486,14 @@ B. status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Weiteres zu chemischen Symbolen steht in +Wie Isotope und chemische Reaktionen erstellt werden, ist in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Chemische-Symbole-und" \end_inset -. + beschrieben. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -14844,306 +14844,7 @@ Mathe-Optionen \begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Befehl -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Ergebnis -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -int -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Befehle ! I ! -\backslash -int -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\int$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -oint -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -ointctrclockwise -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -ointclockwise -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -sqint -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -fint -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\begin_inset Formula $\fint$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -landupint -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\begin_inset Formula $\landupint$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -landdownint -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -bigcap -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -bigcup -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -15210,6 +14911,227 @@ sum \begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +int +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Befehle ! I ! +\backslash +int +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +oint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ointctrclockwise +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ointclockwise +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +sqint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +bigcap +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +bigcup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Befehl +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Ergebnis +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash prod \begin_inset Index @@ -31032,6 +30954,1254 @@ target "Formelnummerierung.lyx" . \end_layout +\begin_layout Section +Chemische Symbole und Reaktionsgleichungen +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Chemische-Symbole-und" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +chemische Zeichen ! Symbole +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reaktionsgleichungen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Symbole ! chemische +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Ein Beispieltext aus der Chemie: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +Das +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ +\end_inset + +-Ion verbindet sich mit zwei +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ +\end_inset + +-Ionen zu Natriumsulfat +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ +\end_inset + +. + Die Reaktionsgleichung dazu lautet: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chemische-Reaktion}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Diese Reaktionsgleichung kann direkt als Formel erstellt werden. + Damit die Symbole nicht kursiv erscheinen, markiert man sämtliche Zeichen + in der Formel und wandelt diese mit der Tastenkombination +\family sans +Alt+Z +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +R +\family default + in den aufrechten Schriftstil um. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Schriftstile siehe +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Schriftstile" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Eine komfortablerer Weg chemische Formeln zu setzen, ist es den Befehl +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Befehle ! C ! +\backslash +ce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + zu benutzen. + Dieser ist verfügbar, wenn das LaTeX-Paket +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Pakete ! mhchem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installiert ist. + Nachdem +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + in eine Formel eingefügt wurde, erscheint eine neue blaue Box in die chemische + Formeln in intuitiver Weise eingegeben werden können. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Befehl +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Ergebnis +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + dient nur als Abstandhalter. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +H2CO3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{H2CO3}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +SO4^2- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{SO4^{2-}}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +(NH4)2S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{(NH4)2S}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +KCr(SO4)2.12H2O +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A-B +\backslash +dbond +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C +\backslash +tbond +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +^227 +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +_90 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +Th+ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +CO2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +<=> +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2CO +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +CO2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +->[ +\backslash +alpha][ +\backslash +beta] +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2CO} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Achtung: +\series default + Wenn eine Formel in eine +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default +-Box eingefügt wird, führt dies zu LaTeX-Fehlern. + In diesem Fall muss daher TeX-Code verwendet werden, wie z. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +B. + für +\series bold + +\backslash +ce{$ +\backslash +mu +\backslash +hyphen$Cl} +\series default +: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +ce{$ +\backslash +mu +\backslash +hyphen$Cl} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Wird +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + benutzt, lautet der Befehl für Gleichung +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:chemische-Reaktion" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +2Na+ +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold ++ +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +SO4^2- +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +-> +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Na2SO4 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Außer +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + bietet das Paket +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + noch den Befehl +\series bold + +\backslash +cf +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Befehle ! C ! +\backslash +cf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + für spezielle Fälle. + Mehr über +\series bold + +\backslash +cf +\series default + und weitere Beispiele sind in der Dokumentation von +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + zu finden, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "mhchem" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Diagramme +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX unterstützt zwei Typen kommutativer Diagramme: +\series bold +amscd +\series default + und +\series bold +xymatrix +\series default +, die im Folgenden erläutert sind. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +amscd Diagramme +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagramme ! amscd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Diagramme dieses Typs stellen Beziehungen mittels horizontaler und vertikaler + Linien oder Pfeilen dar: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ +@AAA@.@VVV\\ +F@<<>> +\series default + einen Rechtspfeil und +\series bold +@= +\series default + ein langes Gleichheitszeichen +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold +@AAA +\series default + erstellt einen Pfeil nach oben, +\series bold +@VVV +\series default + einen Pfeil nach unten und +\series bold +@| +\series default + ein senkrechtes Gleichheitszeichen +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold +@. + +\series default + dient als Platzhalter für nicht vorhandene Beziehungen +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Alle Pfeile sind wie folgt beschriftbar: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Wird bei horizontalen Pfeilen zwischen dem ersten und zweiten < bzw. + > Text eingegeben, erscheint er über dem Pfeil. + Wird der Text zwischen dem zweiten und dritten < bzw. + > eingegeben, erscheint er unter dem Pfeil. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Wird bei vertikalen Pfeilen Text zwischen erstem und zweitem A bzw. + V eingegeben, erscheint er links neben dem Pfeil. + Bei Eingabe zwischen zweitem und drittem A bzw. + V erscheint er rechts daneben. + Enthält der Text ein A oder V, müssen diese Buchstaben in eine TeX-Klammer + gesetzt werden. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Als Beispiel ein Diagramm mit allen möglichen Beziehungen: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ +@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ +D@<k>>F@=C\end{CD}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Der Befehl dazu lautet: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Strg+Enter +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +hphantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +@AmAA@.@VV +\backslash +{V +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\series bold +V@| Strg+Enter +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +hphantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +D@<k>>F@=C +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +xymatrix Diagramme +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagramme ! xymatrix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Um Xymatrizen nutzen zu können, muss das LaTeX-Paket +\series bold +xypic +\series default + installiert sein. + Eine Xymatrix wird erstellt, indem der Befehl +\series bold + +\backslash +xymatrix +\series default + in eine Formel eingegeben wird. + Dann können Sie neue Matrixspalten und -zeilen wie bei normalen Matrizen + hinzufügen, siehe +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Matrizen" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Im Gegensatz zu amscd Diagrammen, unterstützen Xymatrixen diagonale und + gekrümmte Pfeile und vieles mehr. + Alle Möglichkeiten kommutative Diagramme und Dekorationen zu erzeugen, + sind im Detail im +\emph on +XY-pic-Handbuch +\emph default + erklärt, dass im Menü +\family sans +Hilfe\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spezielle +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Handbücher\SpecialChar \menuseparator +XY-pic-Handbuch +\family default + zu finden ist. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \begin_layout Section Benutzerdefinierte Befehle \begin_inset CommandInset label @@ -32661,377 +33831,6 @@ hinzufügen \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Diagramme -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX unterstützt zwei Typen kommutativer Diagramme: -\series bold -amscd -\series default - und -\series bold -xymatrix -\series default -, die im Folgenden erläutert sind. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -amscd Diagramme -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagramme ! amscd -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Diagramme dieses Typs stellen Beziehungen mittels horizontaler und vertikaler - Linien oder Pfeilen dar: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ -@AAA@.@VVV\\ -F@<<>> -\series default - einen Rechtspfeil und -\series bold -@= -\series default - ein langes Gleichheitszeichen -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\series bold -@AAA -\series default - erstellt einen Pfeil nach oben, -\series bold -@VVV -\series default - einen Pfeil nach unten und -\series bold -@| -\series default - ein senkrechtes Gleichheitszeichen -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\series bold -@. - -\series default - dient als Platzhalter für nicht vorhandene Beziehungen -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Alle Pfeile sind wie folgt beschriftbar: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Wird bei horizontalen Pfeilen zwischen dem ersten und zweiten < bzw. - > Text eingegeben, erscheint er über dem Pfeil. - Wird der Text zwischen dem zweiten und dritten < bzw. - > eingegeben, erscheint er unter dem Pfeil. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Wird bei vertikalen Pfeilen Text zwischen erstem und zweitem A bzw. - V eingegeben, erscheint er links neben dem Pfeil. - Bei Eingabe zwischen zweitem und drittem A bzw. - V erscheint er rechts daneben. - Enthält der Text ein A oder V, müssen diese Buchstaben in eine TeX-Klammer - gesetzt werden. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Als Beispiel ein Diagramm mit allen möglichen Beziehungen: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ -@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ -D@<k>>F@=C\end{CD}\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Der Befehl dazu lautet: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -leer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Strg+Enter -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -leer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -@AmAA@.@VV -\backslash -{V -\series default - -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - - -\series bold -V@| Strg+Enter -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -leer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -D@<k>>F@=C -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -xymatrix Diagramme -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagramme ! xymatrix -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Um Xymatrizen nutzen zu können, muss das LaTeX-Paket -\series bold -xypic -\series default - installiert sein. - Eine Xymatrix wird erstellt, indem der Befehl -\series bold - -\backslash -xymatrix -\series default - in eine Formel eingegeben wird. - Dann können Sie neue Matrixspalten und -zeilen wie bei normalen Matrizen - hinzufügen, siehe -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Matrizen" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Im Gegensatz zu amscd Diagrammen, unterstützen Xymatrixen diagonale und - gekrümmte Pfeile und vieles mehr. - Alle Möglichkeiten kommutative Diagramme und Dekorationen zu erzeugen, - sind im Detail im -\emph on -XY-pic-Handbuch -\emph default - erklärt, dass im Menü -\family sans -Hilfe\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Spezielle -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Handbücher\SpecialChar \menuseparator -XY-pic-Handbuch -\family default - zu finden ist. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Section @@ -33152,105 +33951,6 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Chemische Symbole und Reaktionsgleichungen -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Chemische-Symbole-und" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -chemische Zeichen ! Symbole -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Reaktionsgleichungen -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Symbole ! chemische -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Ein Beispieltext aus der Chemie: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -Das -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ -\end_inset - --Ion verbindet sich mit zwei -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ -\end_inset - --Ionen zu Natriumsulfat -\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ -\end_inset - -. - Die Reaktionsgleichung dazu lautet: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Diese Reaktionsgleichung kann direkt als Formel erstellt werden. - Damit die Symbole nicht kursiv erscheinen, markiert man sämtliche Zeichen - in der Formel und wandelt diese mit der Tastenkombination -\family sans -Alt+Z -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -R -\family default - in den aufrechten Schriftstil um. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Schriftstile siehe -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Schriftstile" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -36476,6 +37176,38 @@ Pakete ! hyperref \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "mhchem" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Dokumentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf" + +\end_inset + + des LaTeX-Pakets +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Pakete ! mhchem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography diff --git a/lib/doc/es/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/es/Math.lyx index 32523fb015..f7618c7adb 100644 --- a/lib/doc/es/Math.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/es/Math.lyx @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -#LyX 1.6.3svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +#LyX 1.6.4svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 345 \begin_document \begin_header @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ autor: Uwe Stöhr, traducción: Ignacio Garcia \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Versión 2.0.x +Versión 1.6.x \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -14965,7 +14965,7 @@ Ecuaciones \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -14996,14 +14996,14 @@ Resultado \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -int +sum \begin_inset Index status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Comandos ! I ! +Comandos ! S ! \backslash -int +sum \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15017,7 +15017,7 @@ int \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ \end_inset @@ -15033,57 +15033,19 @@ int \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -oint -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +int +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - +Comandos ! I ! \backslash -ointctrclockwise -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$ -\end_inset - - +int \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -ointclockwise \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15092,7 +15054,7 @@ ointclockwise \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$ +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ \end_inset @@ -15108,7 +15070,7 @@ ointclockwise \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -sqint +oint \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15117,7 +15079,7 @@ sqint \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$ +\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ \end_inset @@ -15133,7 +15095,7 @@ sqint \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -fint +ointctrclockwise \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15142,8 +15104,7 @@ fint \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\begin_inset Formula $\fint$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$ \end_inset @@ -15159,7 +15120,7 @@ fint \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -landupint +ointclockwise \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15168,8 +15129,7 @@ landupint \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\begin_inset Formula $\landupint$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$ \end_inset @@ -15185,7 +15145,7 @@ landupint \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -landdownint +sqint \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15194,8 +15154,7 @@ landdownint \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$ +\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$ \end_inset @@ -15264,7 +15223,7 @@ bigcup \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -15294,43 +15253,6 @@ Resultado \begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -sum -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Comandos ! S ! -\backslash -sum -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - \backslash prod \begin_inset Index @@ -31504,55 +31426,29 @@ target "Formula-numbering.lyx" \end_layout \begin_layout Section -Comandos definidos por el usuario -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Comandos de usuario -\end_layout +Símbolos y ecuaciones químicas +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Símbolos-y-ecuaciones-químicas" \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout +\begin_inset Index status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Nota: -\series default - Los nombres de los comandos definidos por el usuario y macros solo pueden - contener letras latinas. +Química ! símbolos \end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -El comando -\backslash -newcommand -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:El-comando-newcommand" - -\end_inset - - \begin_inset Index status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Comandos de usuario ! -\backslash -newcommand +Química ! caracteres \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31562,126 +31458,81 @@ newcommand status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Comandos ! N ! -\backslash -newcommand -\end_layout - -\end_inset +Ecuación ! química|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +{ \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Muchos comandos LaTeX son demasiado largos para usarlos con frecuencia. - Pero es posible definir nuevos comandos más cortos con el comando -\series bold +\end_inset -\backslash -newcommand -\series default -. - -\end_layout +Química +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\begin_layout Standard -El esquema del comando -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -newcommand -\series default - es: +} \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\end_inset -\series bold -\backslash -newcommand{nombre nuevo de comando}[número de argumentos] -\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_layout + \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -phantom{ +Química ! iones \end_layout \end_inset -\backslash -newcommand +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Iones|see \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -} +{ \end_layout \end_inset -[valor opcional]{definición de comando} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout +Química +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\series bold -Nota: -\series default - Asegúrate de que el nombre del nuevo comando no está definido ya en el - documento o en paquetes LaTeX que uses. - Si p. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e. - defines el comando -\series bold - -\backslash -le -\series default - para -\series bold - -\backslash -Leftarrow, -\series default - se producirán errores porque -\series bold +} +\end_layout -\backslash -le -\series default - ya existe como comando para -\begin_inset Quotes fld \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula $\le$ -\end_inset - +\end_layout -\begin_inset Quotes frd \end_inset -. -\series bold - +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Química ! reacción \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31690,219 +31541,121 @@ le \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -El número de argumentos es un entero en el rango 0-9 y especifica cuántos - argumentos debería tener el nuevo comando. - Con el valor opcional se puede predefinir un valor para un argumento opcional. - Cuando se hace esto, el -\emph on -primer -\emph default - argumento del nuevo comando es automáticamente opcional. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Veamos unos ejemplos: +Un ejemplo de texto de química: \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -Para definir el comando -\series bold - -\backslash -gr -\series default - para -\series bold - -\backslash -Longrightarrow -\series default -, la línea de preámbulo LaTeX es: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\begin_layout Quote +El ión +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ \end_inset - -\begin_inset Newline newline + reacciona con dos iones +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ \end_inset - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -gr}{ -\backslash -Longrightarrow} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Para definir el comando -\series bold - -\backslash -us -\series default - para -\series bold - -\backslash -underline -\series default -, el argumento (que sería subrayado) debe tenerse en cuenta. - Para esto la línea de preámbulo es: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip + para dar sulfato de sodio +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{(Na_{2}SO_{4})}$ \end_inset +. + La ecuación química es: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:química-reacción}\end{equation} -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -us}[1]{ -\backslash -underline{#1}} -\series default - -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - +\end_layout -\begin_inset Newline newline +\begin_layout Standard +Esta ecuación química puede componerse directamente en modo ecuación. + Para evitar que los símbolos se impriman en cursiva, se selecciona todo + y con el atajo +\family sans +Alt+C +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -El carácter -\series bold -# -\series default - actúa como colocador del argumento, el -\series bold -1 -\series default - indica que es el colocador para el primer argumento. -\end_layout +R +\family default + se cambia en redonda. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed -\begin_layout Itemize -Para -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout +véase estilos de fuentes en +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes" -\backslash -framebox -\series default - se puede p. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -e. - definir el comando -\series bold +. +\end_layout -\backslash -fb -\series default -: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\lang english +A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command +\lang spanish + \series bold \backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -fb}[3]{ -\backslash -framebox#1#2{$#3$}} +ce \series default -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Los dos signos dólar generan la ecuación extra necesaria para -\series bold +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Comandos ! C ! \backslash -framebox -\series default -, véase -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Cuadros-con-marco" - -\end_inset - -. +ce \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -Para crear un nuevo comando para -\series bold - -\backslash -fcolorbox -\series default - donde no es necesario especificar el color para el cuadro, el argumento - para el color se define opcional: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - + +\lang english +that is available when the LaTeX-package +\lang spanish + \series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -cb}[3][white]{ -\backslash -fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} +mhchem \series default -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paquetes ! mhchem +\end_layout -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Si el color no es especificado al usar + +\lang english +is installed. + After inserting \series bold \backslash -cb +ce \series default -, se elige el color -\series bold -white -\series default - predefinido. + to a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted + in an intuitive way. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Un ensayo con los nuevos comandos definidos: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -31947,9 +31700,9 @@ raisebox \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -A + \backslash -gr +ce \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -31962,7 +31715,7 @@ spce \end_inset -B +H2CO3 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31971,7 +31724,7 @@ B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{H2CO3}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -31987,7 +31740,20 @@ B \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -us{ABcd +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +SO4^2- \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31996,7 +31762,7 @@ us{ABcd \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{SO4^{2-}}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -32012,21 +31778,45 @@ us{ABcd \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -fb{[2cm] -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -{ -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +(NH4)2S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{(NH4)2S}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -{ -\backslash -int +ce \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -32039,7 +31829,7 @@ spce \end_inset -A=B +KCr(SO4)2.12H2O \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32048,7 +31838,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -32064,15 +31854,37 @@ A=B \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -cb{red -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + \end_inset +A-B +\backslash +dbond +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -{ +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C \backslash -int +tbond \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -32085,7 +31897,7 @@ spce \end_inset -A=B +D \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32094,7 +31906,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -32110,17 +31922,7 @@ A=B \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -cb[green] -\backslash -{red -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - - -\backslash -{ -\backslash -int +ce \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -32133,7 +31935,15 @@ spce \end_inset -A=B +^227 +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +_90 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +Th+ \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32142,7 +31952,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -32151,96 +31961,104 @@ A=B \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +spce \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Macros de ecuaciones -\begin_inset Index +\end_inset + +CO2 +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Comandos de usuario ! Macros de ecuaciones + + +\backslash +spce \end_layout \end_inset - -\begin_inset Index ++ +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Macros + + +\backslash +spce \end_layout \end_inset +C +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\end_layout +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_layout Standard -Los comandos definidos por el usuario son especialmente convenientes para - expresiones complejas. - Por ejemplo, si estás trabajando en un documento con ecuaciones cuadráticas, - el mismo tipo de solución se repite varias veces. - La forma general de una ecuación de segundo grado es: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q\] + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout \end_inset -La forma general de la solución es: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}\] +<=> +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +spce \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Para definir un comando para la ecuación de la solución, en donde solo hay - que especificar los tres parámetros -\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Formula $p$ \end_inset -, y -\begin_inset Formula $q$ -\end_inset +2CO +\end_layout -, y el índice de -\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - puede darse opcionalmente, la línea de preámbulo LaTeX es -\begin_inset Newline newline +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset -\series bold +\end_layout -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -qG}[4][1, -\backslash -,2]{#2_{#1}=- -\backslash -frac{#3}{2} -\backslash -pm -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +ce \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -32248,521 +32066,573 @@ status collapsed \backslash -hphantom{ +spce \end_layout \end_inset - -\backslash -newcommand +CO2 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -} + +\backslash +spce \end_layout \end_inset ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -sqrt{ -\backslash -frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} +spce \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Para generar la solución se inserta el comando -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset +C +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\series bold \backslash -qG{ -\backslash -lambda -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset +spce +\end_layout +\end_inset +->[ \backslash -{p -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset +alpha][ +\backslash +beta] +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -{q -\series default - en una ecuación -\series bold -. +spce \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -La definición del nuevo comando no es intuitiva porque hay que conocer los - esquemas de todos los comandos LaTeX usados, p. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -e., que una fracción se inserta en LaTeX como -\series bold - -\backslash -frac{numerador}{denominador} -\series default -. - Además, uno puede olvidar fácilmente una llave en la definición y no puede - ver en LyX lo que el nuevo comando está haciendo. - Para evitar estos problemas, LyX ofrece la posibilidad de usar macros de - ecuación en vez del comando -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand -\series default -. +2CO} \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Una macro de ecuación se crea con el menú -\family sans -Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\family default - o con el botón -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png - scale 85 - \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - de la barra de herramientas. - Aparecen entonces la barra de herramientes de macros de ecuación y un recuadro - como el siguiente donde se define la macro: -\begin_inset Newline newline +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../clipart/macrobox.png + + + \end_inset -\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} -\end_inset - +\end_layout -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +\lang english +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open -\begin_inset FormulaMacro -\newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold +\lang english +Note: +\series default + Inserting a formula to a +\series bold \backslash -newmacroname es el nombre por omisión y debería cambiarse por alguno sensato. - En el primer marco azul se inserta la ecuación buscada. - Con el comando +ce +\series default + box will lead to LaTeX errors. + In this case TeX code has to be used like for +\lang spanish + \series bold \backslash -#númerodeargumento +ce{$ +\backslash +mu +\backslash +hyphen$Cl} \series default -, , o con el botón -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-add-param.png - scale 85 +: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +ce{$ +\backslash +mu +\backslash +hyphen$Cl} +\end_layout - de la barra de herramientas de macros se inserta un colocador de argumento, - p. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -e -\begin_inset space \space{} + +\end_layout + \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\lang english +Using \series bold \backslash -#1 +ce \series default -. - Los colocadores de argumento se muestran en rojo. - Se pueden poner 9 argumentos como máximo. - Con el botón -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png - scale 85 + the command for equation +\lang spanish +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset - se crean argumentos opcionales. - El primer argumento no opcional puede transformarse en opcional con el - botón -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-make-optional.png - scale 85 + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:química-reacción" \end_inset -. - En el segundo marco azul puede definirse el aspecto de la macro en LyX. - Normalmente quieres verlo tal como está definido, así que el recuadro se - deja vacío. - Pero si has creado una macro que necesita mucho espacio en la pantalla, - en dicho recuadro puedes insertar, por ejemplo + +\lang english +is +\lang spanish + \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset \series bold -qG: -\backslash -#1 -\series default - -\series bold -, -\series default -\series bold - \backslash -#2 -\series default - -\series bold -, -\series default - -\series bold +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -#3, -\backslash -#4 -\begin_inset Newline newline +spce +\end_layout + \end_inset +2Na+ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\series default -Para la macro solo los argumentos con el nombre delante de ellos se mostrarán - en LyX, lo que conlleva una visualización mejor. - La ecuación aparece en la salida tal como se ha definido en el primer recuadro. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset -Además, el aspecto de las macros en las ecuaciones puede cambiarse para - macros individuales situando el cursor en la macro y usando el menú -\family sans -Ver\SpecialChar \menuseparator -(Des)plegar macro de ecuación. +\backslash +spce \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Para usar una macro, se inserta el nombre de la misma como comando en una - ecuación, en nuestro caso -\series bold +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -qG -\series default -. - Nuestra macro se muestra en LyX así: -\begin_inset Newline newline +spce +\end_layout + \end_inset +SO4^2- +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../clipart/macrouse.png +\backslash +spce +\end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} -\end_inset +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset -Aquí tenemos nuestro ejemplo de macro con los argumentos -\begin_inset Formula $x$ -\end_inset +\backslash +spce +\end_layout -, -\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$ \end_inset -, y -\begin_inset Formula $B$ -\end_inset +-> +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -: -\end_layout +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\qG x{\ln(x)}B\] -\end_inset +\backslash +spce +\end_layout +\end_inset +Na2SO4 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Una macro de ecuación se transforma internamente en un comando + +\lang english +Besides \series bold \backslash -newcommand +ce \series default - cuando se exporta el documento. - El comando creado + the \series bold - -\backslash -newcommand +mhchem \series default - no se coloca en el preámbulo LaTeX, por tanto las macros solo se pueden - usar en ecuaciones que estén en recuadros de definición de macros en el - documento. + package provides the command +\lang spanish -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Las macros de ecuación también pueden crearse directamente a partir de un - comando \series bold - + \backslash -newcommand +cf \series default -. - Por ejemplo, escribiendo el comando -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -larrow}[2]{ +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Comandos ! C ! \backslash -xleftarrow[#2]{#1}} -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +cf +\end_layout +\end_inset -\series default -como texto normal en LyX, seleccionándolo completamente y usando a continuación - el atajo -\family sans -Ctrl+M -\family default -, el comando se transformará en una macro de ecuación. - Al emplear este método debes tener cuidado en escribir correctamente el - comando + +\lang english +that has to be used for special cases. + For more information about \series bold \backslash -newcommand +cf \series default -, de lo contrario la macro defectuosa lleva a obtener errores LaTeX. + and more examples have a look at the documentation of +\lang spanish -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Las macros de ecuación todavía tienen el problema de que fórmulas adicionales - en definiciones de macros se manejan incorrectamente. - Por eso el ejemplo \series bold - -\backslash -fb +mhchem \series default - de -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:El-comando-newcommand" +, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "mhchem" \end_inset - no puede crearse como macro. +. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Cuando el cursor está en un recuadro de definición de macro, verás en LyX - la barra de herramientas de macros: +\begin_layout Section +Diagramas \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip +Lyx soporta dos tipos de diagramas conmutativos: +\series bold +amscd +\series default + y +\series bold +xymatrix +\series default +, que se explican a continuación. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Diagramas amscd +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagramas ! amscd +\end_layout + \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../clipart/MacroToolbar.png +Los diagramas de este tipo visualizan relaciones mediante líneas o flechas + verticales y horizontales: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{CD}A@)))B@)))C\\ +@AAA@.@VVV\\ +F@(((E@(((D\end{CD}\] \end_inset +Para obtener el diagrama se inserta en la ecuación el comando +\series bold +\backslash +CD \begin_inset Index status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Macros ! Barra de herramientas +Comandos ! C ! +\backslash +CD \end_layout \end_inset +\series default +. + Surge un marco azul entre dos líneas de trazos en el que se insertan a + continuación comandos. + Con +\family sans +Ctrl+Retorno +\family default + se inicia una nueva línea. + En las líneas impares se insertan relaciones horizontales, en las pares + verticales. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip +Para componer las relaciones hay los siguientes comandos: +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "fn:sinónimos" + \end_inset +Los comandos con +\family sans +' +\series bold +> +\series default +' +\family default + o +\family sans +' +\series bold +< +\series default +' +\family default + pueden generar errores con el estilo +\series bold +spanish +\series default + de +\series bold +babel +\series default +. + Para evitarlo se pueden sustituir por sus sinónimos +\family sans +' +\series bold +) +\series default +' +\family default + y +\family sans +' +\series bold +( +\series default +' +\family default + respectivamente. + Véase +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "spanish" + +\end_inset -\end_layout +. + ( +\emph on +N. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset -\begin_layout Standard -La barra de herramientas de macros contiene los siguientes botones: +del t. +\emph default +) \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-remove-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center +\begin_layout Itemize -\end_inset +\series bold +@<<< +\series default + genera una flecha hacia la izquierda, +\series bold +@>>> +\series default + una hacia la derecha, y +\series bold +@= +\series default + un signo igual largo +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\series bold +@AAA +\series default + genera una flecha hacia arriba, +\series bold +@VVV +\series default + una hacia abajo, y +\series bold +@| +\series default + un signo igual vertical \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold +@. -\family sans -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Quitar último argumento +\series default + genera una ubicación vacía para relaciones inexistentes \end_layout -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Standard +Todas las flechas pueden etiquetarse como sigue: +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-add-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center +\begin_layout Itemize +Si se inserta texto entre el primero y el segundo +\series bold +< +\series default + o +\series bold +> +\series default +, respectivamente, se muestra sobre la flecha. + Si se inserta entre el segundo y el tercero, bajo la flecha. +\end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Itemize +Para flechas verticales, si se inserta texto entre la primera y la segunda + +\series bold +A +\series default + o +\series bold +V +\series default +, respectivamente, se muestra al lado izquierdo de la flecha. + Si se inserta entre la segunda y la tercera, al lado derecho. + Si el texto contiene A o V, estas letras deben ponerse entre llaves TeX. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Como ejemplo un diagrama con todas las relaciones posibles: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{CD}A@)j))B@))k)C@=F\\ +@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ +D@((j\,(E@)k))F@=C\end{CD}\] -\end_layout +\end_inset +El comando para este diagrama es: +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\family sans -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Añadir argumento -\end_layout +\series bold -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-make-optional.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - -\end_inset +\backslash +spce \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\family sans -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Hacer opcional el primer +A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Retorno \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset @@ -32779,53 +32649,43 @@ hphantom{ \end_inset -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +\backslash +CD \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -} + +\backslash +spce \end_layout \end_inset -argumento no opcional -\end_layout -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-make-nonoptional.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center -\end_inset +} +\end_layout +\end_inset -\end_layout +@AmAA@.@VV +\backslash +{V +\series default +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\family sans -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Hacer no opcional el primer +\series bold +V@| Ctrl+Retorno \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset @@ -32842,243 +32702,194 @@ hphantom{ \end_inset -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +\backslash +CD \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset -argumento opcional +\backslash +spce \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-remove-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center -\end_inset +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +} \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\family sans -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Quitar argumento opcional +D@<k>>F@=C \end_layout -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Subsection +Diagramas xymatrix +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center +Diagramas ! xymatrix +\end_layout \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Para usar matrices xy debe estar instalado el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +xypic +\series default +. + Una matriz xy se crea insertando el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +xymatrix +\series default + en una ecuación. + Después podrás añadir nuevas columnas y filas como en matrices normales, + véase +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\family sans -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Insertar argumento opcional -\end_layout +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Matrices" \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-remove-greedy-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center +. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +A diferencia de los diagramas amscd, las matrices xy soportan flechas diagonales + y curvadas, y mucho más. + Todas las posibilidades para generar diagramas conmutativos y decoraciones + se explican en el +\emph on +Manual de XY-pic +\emph default + que se encuentra en el menú +\family sans +Ayuda\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Manuales +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset - +específicos +\family default +. \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Section +Comandos definidos por el usuario +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Comandos de usuario +\end_layout -\family sans -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Quitar último argumento -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ +\series bold +Nota: +\series default + Los nombres de los comandos definidos por el usuario y macros solo pueden + contener letras latinas. \end_layout \end_inset -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -yendo hacia la derecha -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-append-greedy-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - -\end_inset - \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_layout Subsection +El comando +\backslash +newcommand +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:El-comando-newcommand" -\family sans -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Añadir argumento comiendo -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - - +Comandos de usuario ! \backslash -hphantom{ +newcommand \end_layout \end_inset -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - -} +Comandos ! N ! +\backslash +newcommand \end_layout \end_inset -desde la derecha -\end_layout -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center +\begin_layout Standard +Muchos comandos LaTeX son demasiado largos para usarlos con frecuencia. + Pero es posible definir nuevos comandos más cortos con el comando +\series bold -\end_inset +\backslash +newcommand +\series default +. + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +El esquema del comando +\series bold +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + es: \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Standard -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold -\family sans -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Añadir argumento opcional +\backslash +newcommand{nombre nuevo de comando}[número de argumentos] \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset @@ -33090,15 +32901,14 @@ status collapsed \backslash -hphantom{ +phantom{ \end_layout \end_inset -Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +\backslash +newcommand \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33109,299 +32919,1144 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -comiendo desde la derecha +[valor opcional]{definición de comando} \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Nota: +\series default + Asegúrate de que el nombre del nuevo comando no está definido ya en el + documento o en paquetes LaTeX que uses. + Si p. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. + defines el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +le +\series default + para +\series bold + +\backslash +Leftarrow, +\series default + se producirán errores porque +\series bold + +\backslash +le +\series default + ya existe como comando para +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\le$ \end_inset - - - + +\begin_inset Quotes frd \end_inset +. +\series bold + \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -\align center -\begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Diagramas +\begin_layout Standard +El número de argumentos es un entero en el rango 0-9 y especifica cuántos + argumentos debería tener el nuevo comando. + Con el valor opcional se puede predefinir un valor para un argumento opcional. + Cuando se hace esto, el +\emph on +primer +\emph default + argumento del nuevo comando es automáticamente opcional. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Lyx soporta dos tipos de diagramas conmutativos: +Veamos unos ejemplos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Para definir el comando \series bold -amscd + +\backslash +gr \series default - y + para \series bold -xymatrix -\series default -, que se explican a continuación. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Diagramas amscd -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\backslash +Longrightarrow +\series default +, la línea de preámbulo LaTeX es: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagramas ! amscd -\end_layout +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Los diagramas de este tipo visualizan relaciones mediante líneas o flechas - verticales y horizontales: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\begin{CD}A@)))B@)))C\\ -@AAA@.@VVV\\ -F@(((E@(((D\end{CD}\] +\series bold -\end_inset +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +gr}{ +\backslash +Longrightarrow} +\end_layout -Para obtener el diagrama se inserta en la ecuación el comando +\begin_layout Itemize +Para definir el comando \series bold \backslash -CD -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +us +\series default + para +\series bold -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Comandos ! C ! \backslash -CD -\end_layout +underline +\series default +, el argumento (que sería subrayado) debe tenerse en cuenta. + Para esto la línea de preámbulo es: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +us}[1]{ +\backslash +underline{#1}} \series default -. - Surge un marco azul entre dos líneas de trazos en el que se insertan a - continuación comandos. - Con -\family sans -Ctrl+Retorno -\family default - se inicia una nueva línea. - En las líneas impares se insertan relaciones horizontales, en las pares - verticales. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Para componer las relaciones hay los siguientes comandos: -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "fn:sinónimos" +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Los comandos con -\family sans -' +El carácter \series bold -> +# \series default -' -\family default - o -\family sans -' + actúa como colocador del argumento, el \series bold -< +1 \series default -' -\family default - pueden generar errores con el estilo + indica que es el colocador para el primer argumento. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Para \series bold -spanish + +\backslash +framebox \series default - de + se puede p. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. + definir el comando \series bold -babel + +\backslash +fb \series default -. - Para evitarlo se pueden sustituir por sus sinónimos -\family sans -' +: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + \series bold -) + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +fb}[3]{ +\backslash +framebox#1#2{$#3$}} \series default -' -\family default - y -\family sans -' + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Los dos signos dólar generan la ecuación extra necesaria para \series bold -( + +\backslash +framebox \series default -' -\family default - respectivamente. - Véase -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "spanish" +, véase +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Cuadros-con-marco" \end_inset . - ( -\emph on -N. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -del t. -\emph default -) \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +Para crear un nuevo comando para +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox +\series default + donde no es necesario especificar el color para el cuadro, el argumento + para el color se define opcional: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -\end_layout +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset -\begin_layout Itemize \series bold -@<<< + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +cb}[3][white]{ +\backslash +fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} \series default - genera una flecha hacia la izquierda, + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Si el color no es especificado al usar \series bold -@>>> + +\backslash +cb \series default - una hacia la derecha, y +, se elige el color \series bold -@= +white \series default - un signo igual largo + predefinido. \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_layout Standard +Un ensayo con los nuevos comandos definidos: +\end_layout -\series bold -@AAA -\series default - genera una flecha hacia arriba, -\series bold -@VVV -\series default - una hacia abajo, y -\series bold -@| -\series default - un signo igual vertical +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Comando \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold -@. +\backslash +raisebox \series default - genera una ubicación vacía para relaciones inexistentes + se usa sólo como espaciador \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Todas las flechas pueden etiquetarse como sigue: -\end_layout +\end_inset + -\begin_layout Itemize -Si se inserta texto entre el primero y el segundo -\series bold -< -\series default - o -\series bold -> -\series default -, respectivamente, se muestra sobre la flecha. - Si se inserta entre el segundo y el tercero, bajo la flecha. \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -Para flechas verticales, si se inserta texto entre la primera y la segunda - -\series bold +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout A -\series default - o -\series bold -V -\series default -, respectivamente, se muestra al lado izquierdo de la flecha. - Si se inserta entre la segunda y la tercera, al lado derecho. - Si el texto contiene A o V, estas letras deben ponerse entre llaves TeX. +\backslash +gr +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +us{ABcd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +fb{[2cm] +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +cb{red +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +cb[green] +\backslash +{red +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Macros de ecuaciones +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Comandos de usuario ! Macros de ecuaciones +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Macros +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los comandos definidos por el usuario son especialmente convenientes para + expresiones complejas. + Por ejemplo, si estás trabajando en un documento con ecuaciones cuadráticas, + el mismo tipo de solución se repite varias veces. + La forma general de una ecuación de segundo grado es: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q\] + +\end_inset + +La forma general de la solución es: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para definir un comando para la ecuación de la solución, en donde solo hay + que especificar los tres parámetros +\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $p$ +\end_inset + +, y +\begin_inset Formula $q$ +\end_inset + +, y el índice de +\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ +\end_inset + + puede darse opcionalmente, la línea de preámbulo LaTeX es +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +qG}[4][1, +\backslash +,2]{#2_{#1}=- +\backslash +frac{#3}{2} +\backslash +pm +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +hphantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +newcommand +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +sqrt{ +\backslash +frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para generar la solución se inserta el comando +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +qG{ +\backslash +lambda +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{p +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{q +\series default + en una ecuación +\series bold +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La definición del nuevo comando no es intuitiva porque hay que conocer los + esquemas de todos los comandos LaTeX usados, p. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e., que una fracción se inserta en LaTeX como +\series bold + +\backslash +frac{numerador}{denominador} +\series default +. + Además, uno puede olvidar fácilmente una llave en la definición y no puede + ver en LyX lo que el nuevo comando está haciendo. + Para evitar estos problemas, LyX ofrece la posibilidad de usar macros de + ecuación en vez del comando +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Una macro de ecuación se crea con el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\family default + o con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de herramientas. + Aparecen entonces la barra de herramientes de macros de ecuación y un recuadro + como el siguiente donde se define la macro: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../clipart/macrobox.png + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} +\end_inset + + +\backslash +newmacroname es el nombre por omisión y debería cambiarse por alguno sensato. + En el primer marco azul se inserta la ecuación buscada. + Con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +#númerodeargumento +\series default +, , o con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-add-param.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de herramientas de macros se inserta un colocador de argumento, + p. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +#1 +\series default +. + Los colocadores de argumento se muestran en rojo. + Se pueden poner 9 argumentos como máximo. + Con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + se crean argumentos opcionales. + El primer argumento no opcional puede transformarse en opcional con el + botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-make-optional.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. + En el segundo marco azul puede definirse el aspecto de la macro en LyX. + Normalmente quieres verlo tal como está definido, así que el recuadro se + deja vacío. + Pero si has creado una macro que necesita mucho espacio en la pantalla, + en dicho recuadro puedes insertar, por ejemplo +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +qG: +\backslash +#1 +\series default + +\series bold +, +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +#2 +\series default + +\series bold +, +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +#3, +\backslash +#4 +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series default +Para la macro solo los argumentos con el nombre delante de ellos se mostrarán + en LyX, lo que conlleva una visualización mejor. + La ecuación aparece en la salida tal como se ha definido en el primer recuadro. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Además, el aspecto de las macros en las ecuaciones puede cambiarse para + macros individuales situando el cursor en la macro y usando el menú +\family sans +Ver\SpecialChar \menuseparator +(Des)plegar macro de ecuación. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para usar una macro, se inserta el nombre de la misma como comando en una + ecuación, en nuestro caso +\series bold + +\backslash +qG +\series default +. + Nuestra macro se muestra en LyX así: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../clipart/macrouse.png + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Aquí tenemos nuestro ejemplo de macro con los argumentos +\begin_inset Formula $x$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$ +\end_inset + +, y +\begin_inset Formula $B$ +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\qG x{\ln(x)}B\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Una macro de ecuación se transforma internamente en un comando +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + cuando se exporta el documento. + El comando creado +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + no se coloca en el preámbulo LaTeX, por tanto las macros solo se pueden + usar en ecuaciones que estén en recuadros de definición de macros en el + documento. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las macros de ecuación también pueden crearse directamente a partir de un + comando +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default +. + Por ejemplo, escribiendo el comando +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +larrow}[2]{ +\backslash +xleftarrow[#2]{#1}} +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series default +como texto normal en LyX, seleccionándolo completamente y usando a continuación + el atajo +\family sans +Ctrl+M +\family default +, el comando se transformará en una macro de ecuación. + Al emplear este método debes tener cuidado en escribir correctamente el + comando +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default +, de lo contrario la macro defectuosa lleva a obtener errores LaTeX. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las macros de ecuación todavía tienen el problema de que fórmulas adicionales + en definiciones de macros se manejan incorrectamente. + Por eso el ejemplo +\series bold + +\backslash +fb +\series default + de +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:El-comando-newcommand" + +\end_inset + + no puede crearse como macro. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Cuando el cursor está en un recuadro de definición de macro, verás en LyX + la barra de herramientas de macros: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../clipart/MacroToolbar.png + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Macros ! Barra de herramientas +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La barra de herramientas de macros contiene los siguientes botones: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Como ejemplo un diagrama con todas las relaciones posibles: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\begin{CD}A@)j))B@))k)C@=F\\ -@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ -D@((j\,(E@)k))F@=C\end{CD}\] +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-remove-param.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center \end_inset -El comando para este diagrama es: -\begin_inset Newline newline + +\end_layout + \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\series bold +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Quitar último argumento +\end_layout -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-add-param.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Retorno -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Añadir argumento +\end_layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-make-optional.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset -\backslash -hphantom{ \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Hacer opcional el primer +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset -\backslash -CD \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33409,11 +34064,14 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +hphantom{ \end_layout \end_inset +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33425,36 +34083,43 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -@AmAA@.@VV -\backslash -{V -\series default +argumento no opcional +\end_layout -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-make-nonoptional.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center -\series bold -V@| Ctrl+Retorno -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Hacer no opcional el primer +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\backslash -CD \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33462,11 +34127,14 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +hphantom{ \end_layout \end_inset +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33478,197 +34146,186 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -D@<k>>F@=C +argumento opcional \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Diagramas xymatrix -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagramas ! xymatrix -\end_layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-remove-optional-param.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Para usar matrices xy debe estar instalado el paquete LaTeX -\series bold -xypic -\series default -. - Una matriz xy se crea insertando el comando -\series bold - -\backslash -xymatrix -\series default - en una ecuación. - Después podrás añadir nuevas columnas y filas como en matrices normales, - véase -\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Matrices" +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Quitar argumento opcional +\end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -. -\end_layout +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center -\begin_layout Standard -A diferencia de los diagramas amscd, las matrices xy soportan flechas diagonales - y curvadas, y mucho más. - Todas las posibilidades para generar diagramas conmutativos y decoraciones - se explican en el -\emph on -Manual de XY-pic -\emph default - que se encuentra en el menú -\family sans -Ayuda\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Manuales -\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -específicos -\family default -. + \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Indicaciones -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insertar argumento opcional \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Otras sugerencias útiles para matemáticas en -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "Voss" +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-remove-greedy-param.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center \end_inset -. + \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -}{} -\end_layout - +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Quitar último argumento +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset Note Note +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores - PDF. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Más sobre \backslash -texorpdfstring hay en la sección -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-encabezados" - -\end_inset - -. +hphantom{ \end_layout \end_inset +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Indicaciones + +} \end_layout \end_inset - +yendo hacia la derecha \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Símbolos y ecuaciones químicas -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Símbolos-y-ecuaciones-químicas" - \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Química ! símbolos -\end_layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-append-greedy-param.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Química ! caracteres \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Añadir argumento comiendo +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Ecuación ! química|see \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -{ + +\backslash +hphantom{ \end_layout \end_inset -Química +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33679,38 +34336,59 @@ status collapsed \end_inset - +desde la derecha \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Química ! iones \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Añadir argumento opcional +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Iones|see \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -{ + +\backslash +hphantom{ \end_layout \end_inset -Química +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Definición de macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33721,71 +34399,88 @@ status collapsed \end_inset - +comiendo desde la derecha \end_layout \end_inset + + + +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Química ! reacción \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Un ejemplo de texto de química: +\begin_layout Section +Indicaciones +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +texorpdfstring{ \end_layout -\begin_layout Quote -El ión -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ \end_inset - reacciona con dos iones -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ -\end_inset - para dar sulfato de sodio -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{(Na_{2}SO_{4})}$ +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Otras sugerencias útiles para matemáticas en +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Voss" + \end_inset . - La ecuación química es: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\] +\end_layout \end_inset +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +}{} \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Esta ecuación química puede componerse directamente en modo ecuación. - Para evitar que los símbolos se impriman en cursiva, se selecciona todo - y con el atajo -\family sans -Alt+C -\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -R -\family default - se cambia en redonda. -\begin_inset Foot + +\begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -véase estilos de fuentes en + +\backslash +texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores + PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Más sobre +\backslash +texorpdfstring hay en la sección \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes" +reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-encabezados" \end_inset @@ -33795,6 +34490,16 @@ reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes" \end_inset +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Indicaciones +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -37036,6 +37741,38 @@ Paquetes ! hyperref \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "mhchem" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentación" +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf" + +\end_inset + + del paquete LaTeX +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paquetes ! mhchem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography diff --git a/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx index 50870bc105..fc48b26c06 100644 --- a/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -#LyX 1.6.3svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +#LyX 1.6.4svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 345 \begin_document \begin_header @@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ traducteur: Siegfried Meunier-Guttin-Cluzel \family sans -Version 2.0.x +Version 1.6.x \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -14754,7 +14754,7 @@ Options du mode math. \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -14785,14 +14785,14 @@ Résultat \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -int +sum \begin_inset Index status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commandes ! I ! +Commandes ! S ! \backslash -int +sum \end_layout \end_inset @@ -14806,7 +14806,7 @@ int \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ \end_inset @@ -14822,57 +14822,19 @@ int \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -oint -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +int +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - +Commandes ! I ! \backslash -ointctrclockwise -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$ -\end_inset - - +int \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -ointclockwise \end_layout \end_inset @@ -14881,7 +14843,7 @@ ointclockwise \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$ +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ \end_inset @@ -14897,7 +14859,7 @@ ointclockwise \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -sqint +oint \end_layout \end_inset @@ -14906,7 +14868,7 @@ sqint \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$ +\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ \end_inset @@ -14922,7 +14884,7 @@ sqint \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -fint +ointctrclockwise \end_layout \end_inset @@ -14931,8 +14893,7 @@ fint \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\begin_inset Formula $\fint$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$ \end_inset @@ -14948,7 +14909,7 @@ fint \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -landupint +ointclockwise \end_layout \end_inset @@ -14957,8 +14918,7 @@ landupint \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\begin_inset Formula $\landupint$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$ \end_inset @@ -14974,7 +14934,7 @@ landupint \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -landdownint +sqint \end_layout \end_inset @@ -14983,8 +14943,7 @@ landdownint \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$ +\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$ \end_inset @@ -15053,7 +15012,7 @@ bigcup \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -15083,43 +15042,6 @@ Résultat \begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -sum -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commandes ! S ! -\backslash -sum -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - \backslash prod \begin_inset Index @@ -30949,51 +30871,10 @@ target "Formula-numbering.lyx" \end_layout \begin_layout Section -Commandes personnalisées -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Commandes-personnalisées" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commandes personnalisées -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Les noms des commandes personnalisées ne peuvent contenir que des lettres - latines. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -La commande -\backslash -newcommand +Symboles et équations chimiques \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:La-commande-newcommand" +name "sub:Symboles-chimiques" \end_inset @@ -31002,9 +30883,7 @@ name "sub:La-commande-newcommand" status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commandes personnalisées ! -\backslash -newcommand +Equations@Équations chimiques \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31014,9 +30893,7 @@ newcommand status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commandes ! N ! -\backslash -newcommand +Symboles ! chimiques \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31025,119 +30902,57 @@ newcommand \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -De nombreuses commandes LaTeX sont trop longues pour être utilisées fréquemment. - Mais on peut définir de nouvelles commandes plus courtes avec la commande - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commandes ! N ! -\backslash -newcommand +Un exemple de texte de chimie: \end_layout +\begin_layout Quote +L'ion +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ \end_inset - . -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -La syntaxe de -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand -\series default - est: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{nom de la nouvelle commande}[nombre d'arguments][valeur optionnelle] -\begin_inset Newline newline +réagit avec deux ions +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ \end_inset - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -phantom{ -\end_layout - + pour donner du sulfate de sodium +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ \end_inset +. + La réaction chimique peut être mise sous la forme: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:réaction-chimique}\end{equation} -\backslash -newcommand -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -} \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Cette équation chimique peut être créée directement sous la forme d'une + formule. + Pour éviter que les symboles apparaissent en italiques, sélectionnez tout + et mettez-le dans la police droite avec le raccourci +\family sans +Alt+C +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -{définition de la commande} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open +R +\family default + . +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Style de polices, voir +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Styles-de-polices" -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Vérifiez que le nom de la nouvelle commande n'est pas déjà utilisé par - votre document ou par un des paquetages LaTeX que vous utilisez. - Si par exemple, vous tentez de définir la commande -\series bold - -\backslash -le -\series default - pour -\series bold - -\backslash -Leftarrow -\series default -, vous aurez un message d'erreur puisque -\series bold - -\backslash -le -\series default - est déjà définie comme étant la commande pour le symbole -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\le$ \end_inset -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31146,214 +30961,63 @@ le \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Le nombre d'arguments est un entier entre 0 et 9 et il précise le nombre - d'argument que la commande doit avoir. - Avec la valeur optionnelle, on peut prédéfinir une valeur pour un argument - optionnel. - Quand on utilise cette valeur, le -\emph on -premier -\emph default -argument de la nouvelle commande est automatiquement l'argument optionnel. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Voici quelques exemples: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -Pour définir la commande -\series bold - -\backslash -gr -\series default - pour -\series bold - -\backslash -Longrightarrow -\series default -, la ligne à insérer dans le préambule LaTeX est: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -gr}{ -\backslash -Longrightarrow} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Pour définir la commande -\series bold +\lang english +A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command +\lang french -\backslash -us -\series default - pour \series bold \backslash -underline +ce \series default -, l'argument (qui doit être souligné) doit être pris en compte. - Pour cela, la ligne à insérer dans le préambule est: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -\series bold +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commandes ! C ! \backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -us}[1]{ -\backslash -underline{#1}} -\series default - -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Le caractère -\series bold -# -\series default - agit comme un argument formel, le -\series bold -1 -\series default - derrière lui indique qu'il représente le premier argument. +ce \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -Pour remplacer la commande -\series bold - -\backslash -framebox -\series default - on peut par exemple définir, la commande -\series bold - -\backslash -fb -\series default -: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -fb}[3]{ -\backslash -framebox#1#2{$#3$}} -\series default - -\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Les deux dollars créent une formule supplémentaire pour la commande + +\lang english +that is available when the LaTeX-package +\lang french + \series bold - -\backslash -framebox +mhchem \series default -, voir -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Boîtes-avec-cadre" -\end_inset +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed -. +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paquetages ! mhchem \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -Pour créer une nouvelle commande pour remplacer -\series bold - -\backslash -fcolorbox -\series default - où la couleur de la boîte n'aurait pas besoin d'être précisée, l'argument - pour la couleur est défini comme optionnel: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -cb}[3][white]{ -\backslash -fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} -\series default - -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Quand la couleur n'est pas définie lors d'une utilisation de + +\lang english +is installed. + After inserting \series bold \backslash -cb -\series default -, la couleur prédéfinie -\series bold -white +ce \series default - est utilisée par défaut. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Un test des nouvelles commandes: + to a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted + in an intuitive way. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -31380,7 +31044,1486 @@ status collapsed \series bold \backslash -raisebox est seulement utilisée pour faire de la place +raisebox +\series default + est seulement utilisée pour faire de la place +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +H2CO3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{H2CO3}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +SO4^2- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{SO4^{2-}}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +(NH4)2S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{(NH4)2S}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +KCr(SO4)2.12H2O +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A-B +\backslash +dbond +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C +\backslash +tbond +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +^227 +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +_90 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +Th+ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +CO2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +<=> +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2CO +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +CO2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +->[ +\backslash +alpha][ +\backslash +beta] +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2CO} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\lang english +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +\lang english +Note: +\series default + Inserting a formula to a +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + box will lead to LaTeX errors. + In this case TeX code has to be used like for +\lang french + +\series bold + +\backslash +ce{$ +\backslash +mu +\backslash +hyphen$Cl} +\series default +: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +ce{$ +\backslash +mu +\backslash +hyphen$Cl} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\lang english +Using +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + the command for equation +\lang french + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:réaction-chimique" + +\end_inset + + +\lang english +is +\lang french + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2Na+ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +SO4^2- +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +-> +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Na2SO4 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\lang english +Besides +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + the +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + package provides the command +\lang french + +\series bold + +\backslash +cf +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commandes ! C ! +\backslash +cf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\lang english +that has to be used for special cases. + For more information about +\series bold + +\backslash +cf +\series default + and more examples have a look at the documentation of +\lang french + +\series bold +mhchem +\series default +, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "mhchem" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Diagrammes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX gère deux types de diagrammes commutatifs; amscd +\series bold + et xymatrix +\series default + qui sont décrits dans ce qui suit. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Les diagrammes amscd +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagrammes ! amscd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Des diagrammes de ce type visualisent les relations par des lignes verticales + ou horizontales ou encore des flèches: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ +@AAA@.@VVV\\ +F@<<>> +\series default + une flèche droite, et +\series bold +@= +\series default + un long signe égal +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold +@AAA +\series default + crée une flèche vers le haut, +\series bold +@VVV +\series default + une flèche vers le bas, et +\series bold +@| +\series default + un signe égal vertical +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold +@. + +\series default + sert de remplissage pour une relation inexistante +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Toutes les flèches peuvent être étiquetées de la façon suivante: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Si le texte est inséré entre les deux premiers < ou >, il est placé au dessus + de la flèche. + Quand il est placé entre le deuxième et le troisième, il apparaît sou la + flèche. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Quand le texte destiné à une flèche verticale est inséré entre le premier + et le second A ou V, il est placé sur le côté gauche de la flèche. + Si il est inséré entre le deuxième et le troisième, il apparaît à droite + de la flèche. + Si le texte contient un A ou un V, ces lettres doivent être placées entre + des accolades TeX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Comme exemple, un diagramme avec toutes les relations possibles: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ +@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ +D@<k>>F@=C\end{CD}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La commande pour l'obtenir: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Entrée +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +hphantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +@AmAA@.@VV +\backslash +{V +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\series bold +V@| Ctrl+Entrée +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +hphantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +D@<k>>F@=C +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Les diagrammes xymatrix +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagrammes ! xymatrix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Pour pouvoir utiliser des xymatrices, on doit installer le paquetage LaTeX + +\series bold +xypic +\series default +. + Une xymatrice est créée en insérant la commande +\series bold + +\backslash +xymatrix +\series default + dans une formule. + Ensuite vous pouvez ajouter de nouvelles lignes et de nouvelles colonnes + comme pour une matrice normale, voir +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Matrices" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Contrairement aux diagrammes amscd, les xymatrices acceptent les flèches + diagonales ou courbes et plus encore. + Toutes les possibilités pour créer des diagrammes commutatifs et leurs + décorations sont expliquées en détail dans ce +\emph on +manuel pour XY-pic +\emph default +que vous trouverez dans le menu +\family sans +Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Manuels +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +spécifiques\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Manuel +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +pour +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +XY-pic +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Commandes personnalisées +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Commandes-personnalisées" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commandes personnalisées +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Les noms des commandes personnalisées ne peuvent contenir que des lettres + latines. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +La commande +\backslash +newcommand +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:La-commande-newcommand" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commandes personnalisées ! +\backslash +newcommand +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commandes ! N ! +\backslash +newcommand +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +De nombreuses commandes LaTeX sont trop longues pour être utilisées fréquemment. + Mais on peut définir de nouvelles commandes plus courtes avec la commande + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commandes ! N ! +\backslash +newcommand +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + . +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La syntaxe de +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + est: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{nom de la nouvelle commande}[nombre d'arguments][valeur optionnelle] +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +phantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +newcommand +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +{définition de la commande} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Vérifiez que le nom de la nouvelle commande n'est pas déjà utilisé par + votre document ou par un des paquetages LaTeX que vous utilisez. + Si par exemple, vous tentez de définir la commande +\series bold + +\backslash +le +\series default + pour +\series bold + +\backslash +Leftarrow +\series default +, vous aurez un message d'erreur puisque +\series bold + +\backslash +le +\series default + est déjà définie comme étant la commande pour le symbole +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\le$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Le nombre d'arguments est un entier entre 0 et 9 et il précise le nombre + d'argument que la commande doit avoir. + Avec la valeur optionnelle, on peut prédéfinir une valeur pour un argument + optionnel. + Quand on utilise cette valeur, le +\emph on +premier +\emph default +argument de la nouvelle commande est automatiquement l'argument optionnel. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Voici quelques exemples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Pour définir la commande +\series bold + +\backslash +gr +\series default + pour +\series bold + +\backslash +Longrightarrow +\series default +, la ligne à insérer dans le préambule LaTeX est: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +gr}{ +\backslash +Longrightarrow} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Pour définir la commande +\series bold + +\backslash +us +\series default + pour +\series bold + +\backslash +underline +\series default +, l'argument (qui doit être souligné) doit être pris en compte. + Pour cela, la ligne à insérer dans le préambule est: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +us}[1]{ +\backslash +underline{#1}} +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Le caractère +\series bold +# +\series default + agit comme un argument formel, le +\series bold +1 +\series default + derrière lui indique qu'il représente le premier argument. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Pour remplacer la commande +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default + on peut par exemple définir, la commande +\series bold + +\backslash +fb +\series default +: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +fb}[3]{ +\backslash +framebox#1#2{$#3$}} +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Les deux dollars créent une formule supplémentaire pour la commande +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default +, voir +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Boîtes-avec-cadre" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Pour créer une nouvelle commande pour remplacer +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox +\series default + où la couleur de la boîte n'aurait pas besoin d'être précisée, l'argument + pour la couleur est défini comme optionnel: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +cb}[3][white]{ +\backslash +fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Quand la couleur n'est pas définie lors d'une utilisation de +\series bold + +\backslash +cb +\series default +, la couleur prédéfinie +\series bold +white +\series default + est utilisée par défaut. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un test des nouvelles commandes: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commande +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Résultat +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + est seulement utilisée pour faire de la place \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32693,349 +33836,53 @@ droite \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Définition -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -de -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ajouter -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -l'argument -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -optionnel -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -en -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Définition -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -de -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -intégrant -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -depuis -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -la -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -droite -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Diagrammes -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX gère deux types de diagrammes commutatifs; amscd -\series bold - et xymatrix -\series default - qui sont décrits dans ce qui suit. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Les diagrammes amscd -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagrammes ! amscd -\end_layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png + BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + rotateOrigin center \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Des diagrammes de ce type visualisent les relations par des lignes verticales - ou horizontales ou encore des flèches: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ -@AAA@.@VVV\\ -F@<< + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commandes ! C ! -\backslash -CD -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -\series default - dans une formule. - Une boîte bleue apparaît avec deux lignes en pointillé entre lesquelles - on peut insérer d'autres commandes. - On crée une nouvelle ligne avec \family sans -Ctrl+Entrée -\family default -. - Les relations horizontales sont insérées dans les lignes impaires et les - relations verticales dans les lignes paires. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Pour créer les relations, il y a les commandes suivantes: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\series bold -@<<< -\series default - crée une flèche gauche, -\series bold -@>>> -\series default - une flèche droite, et -\series bold -@= -\series default - un long signe égal -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\series bold -@AAA -\series default - crée une flèche vers le haut, -\series bold -@VVV -\series default - une flèche vers le bas, et -\series bold -@| -\series default - un signe égal vertical -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\series bold -@. - -\series default - sert de remplissage pour une relation inexistante -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Toutes les flèches peuvent être étiquetées de la façon suivante: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Si le texte est inséré entre les deux premiers < ou >, il est placé au dessus - de la flèche. - Quand il est placé entre le deuxième et le troisième, il apparaît sou la - flèche. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Quand le texte destiné à une flèche verticale est inséré entre le premier - et le second A ou V, il est placé sur le côté gauche de la flèche. - Si il est inséré entre le deuxième et le troisième, il apparaît à droite - de la flèche. - Si le texte contient un A ou un V, ces lettres doivent être placées entre - des accolades TeX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Comme exemple, un diagramme avec toutes les relations possibles: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ -@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ -D@<k>>F@=C\end{CD}\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -La commande pour l'obtenir: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Entrée -\begin_inset Newline newline +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Définition +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - +de +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset - -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ajouter +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - +l'argument +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -@AmAA@.@VV -\backslash -{V -\series default - -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +optionnel +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset - -\series bold -V@| Ctrl+Entrée +en \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset @@ -33052,21 +33899,17 @@ hphantom{ \end_inset +Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Définition +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +de +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset +macro\SpecialChar \menuseparator \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33078,75 +33921,29 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -D@<k>>F@=C -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Les diagrammes xymatrix -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagrammes ! xymatrix -\end_layout - +intégrant +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset +depuis +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Pour pouvoir utiliser des xymatrices, on doit installer le paquetage LaTeX - -\series bold -xypic -\series default -. - Une xymatrice est créée en insérant la commande -\series bold - -\backslash -xymatrix -\series default - dans une formule. - Ensuite vous pouvez ajouter de nouvelles lignes et de nouvelles colonnes - comme pour une matrice normale, voir -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Matrices" - +la +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -. +droite \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Contrairement aux diagrammes amscd, les xymatrices acceptent les flèches - diagonales ou courbes et plus encore. - Toutes les possibilités pour créer des diagrammes commutatifs et leurs - décorations sont expliquées en détail dans ce -\emph on -manuel pour XY-pic -\emph default -que vous trouverez dans le menu -\family sans -Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Manuels -\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset + + + -spécifiques\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Manuel -\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -pour -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset -XY-pic -\family default -. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -33267,96 +34064,6 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Symboles et équations chimiques -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Symboles-chimiques" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Equations@Équations chimiques -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Symboles ! chimiques -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Un exemple de texte de chimie: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -L'ion -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ -\end_inset - -réagit avec deux ions -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ -\end_inset - - pour donner du sulfate de sodium -\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ -\end_inset - -. - La réaction chimique peut être mise sous la forme: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Cette équation chimique peut être créée directement sous la forme d'une - formule. - Pour éviter que les symboles apparaissent en italiques, sélectionnez tout - et mettez-le dans la police droite avec le raccourci -\family sans -Alt+C -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -R -\family default - . -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Style de polices, voir -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Styles-de-polices" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -36534,6 +37241,38 @@ Paquetages ! hyperref \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "mhchem" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf" + +\end_inset + + paquetage LaTeX +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paquetages ! mhchem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography