From: Uwe Stöhr Date: Sat, 1 Mar 2008 14:50:42 +0000 (+0000) Subject: - new Spanish translation of the math manual X-Git-Tag: 1.6.10~5967 X-Git-Url: https://git.lyx.org/gitweb/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=0ab7a8dce3ac45ed6557447774d94fc4517c5387;p=features.git - new Spanish translation of the math manual - Math.lyx: bug 2461 is now fixed git-svn-id: svn://svn.lyx.org/lyx/lyx-devel/trunk@23369 a592a061-630c-0410-9148-cb99ea01b6c8 --- diff --git a/development/scons/scons_manifest.py b/development/scons/scons_manifest.py index 5314186d11..fc169f00d8 100644 --- a/development/scons/scons_manifest.py +++ b/development/scons/scons_manifest.py @@ -2147,7 +2147,9 @@ lib_doc_es_files = Split(''' EmbeddedObjects.lyx Extended.lyx FAQ.lyx + Formula-numbering.lyx Intro.lyx + Math.lyx Tutorial.lyx UserGuide.lyx ''') diff --git a/lib/doc/Makefile.am b/lib/doc/Makefile.am index e0312f5a3b..e03b5d45ef 100644 --- a/lib/doc/Makefile.am +++ b/lib/doc/Makefile.am @@ -89,7 +89,9 @@ dist_esdoc_DATA = \ es/EmbeddedObjects.lyx \ es/Extended.lyx \ es/FAQ.lyx \ + es/Formula-numbering.lyx \ es/Intro.lyx \ + es/Math.lyx \ es/Tutorial.lyx \ es/UserGuide.lyx diff --git a/lib/doc/Makefile.depend b/lib/doc/Makefile.depend index 1a2028857d..f501459cbc 100644 --- a/lib/doc/Makefile.depend +++ b/lib/doc/Makefile.depend @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ de/TOC.lyx: $(srcdir)/de/Customization.lyx $(srcdir)/de/EmbeddedObjects.lyx $(sr TOC.lyx: $(srcdir)/Customization.lyx $(srcdir)/EmbeddedObjects.lyx $(srcdir)/Extended.lyx $(srcdir)/FAQ.lyx $(srcdir)/Intro.lyx $(srcdir)/Math.lyx $(srcdir)/Tutorial.lyx $(srcdir)/UserGuide.lyx PYTHONPATH=$(top_builddir)/lib/lyx2lyx python -tt $(srcdir)/doc_toc.py en . -es/TOC.lyx: $(srcdir)/Customization.lyx $(srcdir)/Math.lyx $(srcdir)/es/EmbeddedObjects.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Extended.lyx $(srcdir)/es/FAQ.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Intro.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Tutorial.lyx $(srcdir)/es/UserGuide.lyx +es/TOC.lyx: $(srcdir)/Customization.lyx $(srcdir)/es/EmbeddedObjects.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Extended.lyx $(srcdir)/es/FAQ.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Intro.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Math.lyx $(srcdir)/es/Tutorial.lyx $(srcdir)/es/UserGuide.lyx PYTHONPATH=$(top_builddir)/lib/lyx2lyx python -tt $(srcdir)/doc_toc.py es . eu/TOC.lyx: $(srcdir)/EmbeddedObjects.lyx $(srcdir)/Math.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/Customization.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/Extended.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/FAQ.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/Intro.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/Tutorial.lyx $(srcdir)/eu/UserGuide.lyx diff --git a/lib/doc/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/Math.lyx index e6c5363689..3cd0df29e0 100644 --- a/lib/doc/Math.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/Math.lyx @@ -11435,40 +11435,6 @@ When the command framebox \series default is inserted, a box appears containing three blue boxes. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -Due to a bug in LyX the cursor has to be placed left beside blue the boxes - to fill them, see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2461}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX-bug #2461 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional arguments. The third box is for formula parts like for diff --git a/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx index dae8a87c65..98770d95e4 100644 --- a/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/de/Math.lyx @@ -11468,40 +11468,6 @@ Wenn man den Befehl framebox \series default eingibt, erscheint eine Box mit drei Eingabefeldern. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -Aufgrund eines Fehlers in LyX muss der Cursor links neben die Eingabefelder - gesetzt werden um sie zu füllen, siehe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2461}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX-Fehler #2461 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - Die ersten beiden sind von eckigen Klammern umgeben und stehen für die beiden optionalen Argumente. In das dritte Feld wird wie bei diff --git a/lib/doc/es/Formula-numbering.lyx b/lib/doc/es/Formula-numbering.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fb6ee97d51 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/es/Formula-numbering.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,374 @@ +#LyX 1.5.5svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 276 +\begin_document +\begin_header +\textclass scrartcl +\begin_preamble +\usepackage{ifpdf} + +\ifpdf + +\usepackage[colorlinks=true, + pdftitle=Formelnummerierung, pdfpagemode=none, + pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfstartview=XYZ, + pdfauthor={Uwe Stöhr}, + pdfsubject={LaTeX/LyX numbering example}, + pdfkeywords={LaTeX, numbering, LyX}]{hyperref} + +\else % if DVI + +\usepackage[colorlinks=true, hypertex]{hyperref} + +\fi + +% define Roman counter +\newcounter{rom} +\renewcommand{\therom}{\roman{rom}} + +% remember the original counter +\newcommand{\c@org@eq}{} +\let\c@org@eq\c@equation +\newcommand{\org@theeq}{} +\let\org@theeq\theequation + +% \setrom activates the Roman counter +\newcommand{\setrom}{ + \let\c@equation\c@rom + \let\theequation\therom} + +% \setarab activates the original Arabic counter +\newcommand{\setarab}{ + \let\c@equation\c@org@eq + \let\theequation\org@theeq} +\end_preamble +\options fleqn +\language spanish +\inputencoding auto +\font_roman default +\font_sans default +\font_typewriter default +\font_default_family default +\font_sc false +\font_osf false +\font_sf_scale 100 +\font_tt_scale 100 +\graphics default +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing single +\papersize default +\use_geometry false +\use_amsmath 2 +\use_esint 0 +\cite_engine basic +\use_bibtopic false +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 4 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation skip +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language english +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle empty +\tracking_changes false +\output_changes false +\author "" +\author "" +\end_header + +\begin_body + +\begin_layout Standard +Este documento muestra el uso de dos categorías diferentes de ecuaciones. + Una está numerada en arábigos, la otra en romanos. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A=B\label{eq:B}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A=C\label{eq:C}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setrom +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A=D\label{eq:D}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A=E\label{eq:E}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setarab +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A=F\label{eq:F}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A=G\label{eq:G}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setrom +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A=H\label{eq:H}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A=I\label{eq:I}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Referencias cruzadas: +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:B" + +\end_inset + + , +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:C" + +\end_inset + + , +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:F" + +\end_inset + + , +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:G" + +\end_inset + + , +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:D" + +\end_inset + + , +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:E" + +\end_inset + + , +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:H" + +\end_inset + + , +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:I" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\lyxline + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +Para escribir este ejemplo, primero hay que definir un contador para las + fórmulas numeradas en romanos. + Para ello se inserta lo siguiente en el preámbulo LaTeX: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcounter{rom} +\newline + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +therom}{ +\backslash +roman{rom}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\newpage +Para guardar el valor del contador arábigo +\series bold +equation +\series default +, se añade al preámbulo lo siguiente +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +c@org@eq}{} +\newline + +\backslash +let +\backslash +c@org@eq +\backslash +c@equation +\newline + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +org@theeq}{} +\newline + +\backslash +let +\backslash +org@theeq +\backslash +theequation +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para poder alternar en el documento entre ambos esquemas de numeración, + se definen los siguientes comandos en el preámbulo: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +setrom}{ +\backslash +let +\backslash +c@equation +\backslash +c@rom +\backslash +let +\backslash +theequation +\backslash +therom} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +para la numeración romana y +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +setarab}{ +\backslash +let +\backslash +c@equation +\backslash +c@org@eq +\backslash +let +\backslash +theequation +\backslash +org@theeq} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +para la numeración arábiga. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Cada fórmula será numerada en arábigos por defecto. + Para cambiar a numeración en romanos, se inserta el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +setrom +\series default + en modo TeX. + Con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +setarab +\series default + la numeración retorna a números arábigos. +\end_layout + +\end_body +\end_document diff --git a/lib/doc/es/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/es/Math.lyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..739c797b96 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/doc/es/Math.lyx @@ -0,0 +1,34107 @@ +#LyX 1.5.5svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 276 +\begin_document +\begin_header +\textclass scrartcl +\begin_preamble +% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!! +% +% This preamble is designed to ensure that the file prints +% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, +% parts of this document may not print out as expected. If you +% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact +% the documentation team +% email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org + + +% if pdflatex is used +\usepackage{ifpdf} +\ifpdf + +% set fonts for nicer pdf view +\IfFileExists{lmodern.sty} + {\usepackage{lmodern}}{} + +% link all cross references and URLs +% in pdf output + \usepackage[colorlinks=true, bookmarks, bookmarksnumbered, + bookmarksopen, bookmarksopenlevel=1, + linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, + pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, + pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels, + pdfauthor={LyX Team}, pdftex, + pdftitle={LyX's Math Manual}, + pdfsubject={LyX-documentation about math}, + pdfkeywords={LyX, Mathed}]{hyperref} + +\else % if dvi or ps is produced + + % link all cross references and URLs in DVI output + \usepackage[ps2pdf, colorlinks=true, + linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue]{hyperref} + +\fi % end if pdflatex is used + +% Folgendes Problem lösen: +% Besteht die Kapitelnummer aus zu vielen Ziffern, wird die +% Kapitelüberschrift im Inhaltsverzeichnis direkt an oder über +% die Kapitelnummer geschrieben. +% Als Lösung wird mehr Platz zwischen Nummer und +% Überschrift eingefügt. +\renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.8em}} +\renewcommand{\l@subsubsection}{\@dottedtocline{3}{4.3em}{3.6em}} + +% To be able to enter the character ° and · directly in LyX, +% see sec. 22.11 +\DeclareInputText{176}{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi} +\DeclareInputText{183}{\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi} + +% increase link area for cross-references and autoname them, +% see sec. 22.18.1 +\AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\ref}[1]{\mbox{\autoref{#1}}}} +%\renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace} +\renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace} +\renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace} +\newlength{\abc} +\settowidth{\abc}{\space} +\renewcommand{\equationautorefname}{\hspace{-\abc}} + +% don't load packages twice +% see first footnote in sec. 9.3 +\@ifundefined{textcolor}{\usepackage{color}}{} + +% the pages of the TOC are numbered roman +% and a PDF-bookmark for the TOC is added +\pagenumbering{Roman} +\let\myTOC\tableofcontents +\renewcommand{\tableofcontents}{% + \vspace{1cm} + \pdfbookmark[1]{Índice}{} + \myTOC + \cleardoublepage + \pagenumbering{arabic}} + +% insert additional vertical space of 1.5 mm between footnotes, +% see sec. 22.16 +\let\myFoot\footnote +\renewcommand{\footnote}[1]{\myFoot{#1\vspace{1.5mm}}} + +% provides caption formatting +\setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries} + +% used in Kap. 22.4 +\usepackage{braket} + +% used in Kap. 22.6 +\usepackage[samesize]{cancel} + +% enables calculation of values, +\usepackage{calc} + +% for multiple table row and column cells +\usepackage{multirow} +\usepackage{multicol} + +% needed for diagrams +\usepackage{amscd} + +% needed in sec. 19.4 +\usepackage{remreset} + +% center multirows (e.g. in sec. 13.3) +\renewcommand{\multirowsetup}{\centering} + +% define a color, used in sec.9.3 +\definecolor{verdeoscuro}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5} + +% declare operators (see sec. 10.4 and sec. 15.2) +\DeclareMathOperator*{\Lozenge}{\blacklozenge} +\DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn} +% declare operator example in Spanish (see sec.15.2) +\DeclareMathOperator{\mcd}{mcd} + +\newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace} + +% example definitions for sec. 20.1 +\newcommand{\gr}{\Longrightarrow} +\newcommand{\us}[1]{\underline{#1}} +\newcommand{\fb}[3]{\framebox#1#2{$#3$}} +\newcommand{\cb}[3][white]{\fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} +\newcommand{\fracS}[3][]{\genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}} + +% example macro from sec. 19.4 +%\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{|#1|}} + +% macro from sec. 10.2 +\def\clap#1{\hbox to 0pt{\hss #1\hss}} +\def\mathclap {\mathpalette \mathclapinternal} +\def\mathclapinternal #1#2{\clap{$\mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}} + +% redefine the greyed out note +\renewenvironment{lyxgreyedout} + {\textcolor{blue}\bgroup}{\egroup} + +% check for package eurosym +% used for the Euro symbol +\newboolean{eurosym} +\IfFileExists{eurosym.sty} + {\usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym} + \setboolean{eurosym}{true}} + {\setboolean{eurosym}{false}} + +% needed in sec. 22.4 +% check for package braket +\newboolean{braket} +\IfFileExists{braket.sty} + {\usepackage{braket} + \setboolean{braket}{true}} + {\setboolean{braket}{false}} + +% needed in sec. 22.10 +% check for package upgreek +\newboolean{upgreek} +\IfFileExists{upgreek.sty} + {\usepackage{upgreek} + \setboolean{upgreek}{true}} + {\setboolean{upgreek}{false}} +\end_preamble +\options bibtotoc,idxtotoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,tablecaptionabove +\language spanish +\inputencoding auto +\font_roman default +\font_sans default +\font_typewriter default +\font_default_family default +\font_sc false +\font_osf false +\font_sf_scale 100 +\font_tt_scale 100 +\graphics default +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing single +\papersize a4paper +\use_geometry false +\use_amsmath 2 +\use_esint 1 +\cite_engine basic +\use_bibtopic false +\paperorientation portrait +\secnumdepth 4 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation skip +\defskip medskip +\quotes_language french +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle plain +\bullet 1 0 6 -1 +\bullet 2 2 35 -1 +\bullet 3 2 7 -1 +\tracking_changes false +\output_changes false +\author "" +\author "" +\end_header + +\begin_body + +\begin_layout Title +Manual detallado de +\newline +Matemáticas en LyX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Author +por el Equipo LyX +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Si tienes comentarios o correcciones de errores envíalos, por favor, a la + lista de correo de documentación de LyX +\family typewriter +: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{mailto:lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's Math manual}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +autor: Uwe Stöhr +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\newline +Versión 1.5.5 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand tableofcontents + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Para exportar este documento a PDF, PS, o DVI deben estar instalados los + paquetes LaTeX +\series bold +eurosym +\series default +, +\series bold +multirow +\series default + y +\series bold +was +\series default +. + Si no están instalados también puedes exportar el documento pero las secciones + en que se requieren dichos paquetes no aparecerán en la salida. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Introducción +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Introducción" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Este documento explica las características matemáticas de LyX y además es + una colección de comandos LaTeX para caracteres y estructuras matemáticas. + Las explicaciones están diseñadas para el uso de comandos. + Por consiguiente es preciso que hayas leido la sección +\emph on +Ecuaciones matemáticas +\emph default + de la +\emph on +Guía del usuario +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La mayoría de caracteres y muchas estructuras explicadas en este manual + también son accesibles mediante el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación +\family default + o la barra de herramientas +\family sans + Ecuaciones +\family default +. + Pero todo aquel que tenga que escribir muchas fórmulas observará que es + mucho más rápido usar comandos que la barra de herramientas. + Por tanto este manual está enfocado al uso de comandos, aunque también + se mencionan los botones correspondientes de las barras de herramientas + cuando están disponibles. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si no se especifica lo contrario los comandos sólo están disponibles dentro + de las fórmulas. + Para poder usar todos los comandos explicados en este documento, debe usarse + la opción +\family sans +Usar el paquete de ecuaciones AMS +\family default + en la configuración del documento (menú +\family sans +Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configuración\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuaciones +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +La opción +\family sans +Usar el paquete de ecuaciones AMS automáticamente +\family default + sólo usa +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +AmS +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + si las estructuras matemáticas son soportadas por LyX. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Este documento no recoge todos los comandos de ecuaciones +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +AmS +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +En el archivo +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.ps}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +amsguide.ps +\family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, que forma parte de todas las distribuciones estándar de LaTeX, hay una + lista con todos los comandos de ecuaciones +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +AmS +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + por razones de claridad. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Instrucciones generales +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Instrucciones-generales" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para crear una ecuación en línea +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! en línea" + +\end_inset + +, insertada en una línea de texto, teclea +\family sans +Ctrl-m +\family default + o pulsa el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-mode.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de herramientas. +\newline +Para crear una ecuación en estilo presentación +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! en presentación" + +\end_inset + +, que se verá más grande y en su propio párrafo, teclea +\family sans + Ctrl-M +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para cambiar una ecuación en estilo presentación a estilo en línea, pon + el cursor dentro de la ecuación y teclea +\family sans +Ctrl-M +\family default + o usa el menú +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cambiar tipo de ecuación +\family default +. + De igual forma se puede cambiar una ecuación en línea a estilo presentación. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para mostrar partes de una ecuación en línea en el tamaño del estilo presentació +n, añade el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +displaystyle +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash displaystyle" + +\end_inset + + a la ecuación. + Entonces aparece un nuevo recuadro azul en el que se inserta la parte deseada + de la ecuación. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En las tablas sólo se permiten ecuaciones en línea. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las barras +\family sans +Ecuaciones +\family default + y +\family sans +Panel de ecuaciones +\family default +se pueden visualizar mediante el menú +\family sans +Ver\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Barras de herramientas +\family default +. + Si ahí pulsas en +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Ecuaciones +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + y/o en +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Panel de ecuaciones +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, una y/u otra se mostrarán de forma permanente en la parte inferior; este + estado se visualiza en el menú de las barras de herramientas con una marca. + Si en este estado pulsas de nuevo sobre +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Ecuaciones +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + y/o +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Panel de ecuaciones +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en el menú, las barras sólo se visualizarán cuando el cursor esté dentro + de una ecuación; este estado se indica añadiendo a las entradas del menú + la palabra +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +(auto) +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El modo TeX +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "T@\\TeX ! modo" + +\end_inset + + se invoca pulsando el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/ert-insert.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +de la barra de herramientas o con el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Código T +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +e +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\family default +, (atajo +\family sans +Ctrl-l +\family default +). +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +En LyX hay tres +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +nombres propios +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + que se ven en la salida con letras sobre o bajo la alineación normal: TeX, + LaTeX y LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para evitar que estas palabras sean reconocidas como tales nombres propios, + se pone una de las letras entre llaves TeX. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para cambiar el preámbulo LaTeX +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! preámbulo" + +\end_inset + +, usa el menú +\family sans +Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configuración\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preámbulo La +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +T +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para editar posteriormente matrices, diferenciaciones de casos y ecuaciones + multilínea, se pueden usar los menús +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación +\family default + y +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Filas y columnas +\family default + o la barra de herramientas +\family sans +Tabla +\family default +. + Cuando las líneas y columnas se intercambian mediante el menú, la columna + o línea en la que está se cambia con la columna de la derecha o con la + línea de abajo, respectivamente. + Si el cursor está en la última columna o fila, el cambio se hace con la + columna de la izquierda o la línea de arriba. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para escribir texto en fórmulas se usa +\emph on +texto de ecuaciones +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Texto ! en ecuaciones" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Para ecuaciones multilínea se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +intertext +\series default +, véase\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Texto-en-multilínea" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + Este modo se invoca con el atajo +\family sans +Alt-m\InsetSpace ~ +m +\family default + o insertando el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +text +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash text" + +\end_inset + +. + El texto se ve en negro en LyX y por tanto puede distinguirse de otras + partes de la ecuación que se ven en azul. + En la salida, el texto en una ecuación se imprime en letra redonda, a diferenci +a de otras partes de la fórmula. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection* +Esquema de comandos +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La mayoría de los comandos LaTeX para estructuras matemáticas tienen el + siguiente esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +nombre_del_comando[argumento opcional]{argumento requerido} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un comando empieza siempre por una contrabarra, +\series bold + +\backslash + +\series default +. + Para omitir argumentos opcionales, quita también los corchetes asociados. + En este documento, las llaves que encierran los argumentos requeridos se + denominan llaves TeX +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "T@\\TeX ! llaves" + +\end_inset + +. + Si en una ecuación añades una llave de apertura al nombre de un comando, + LyX crea automáticamente una llave TeX. + En todos los demás casos las llaves TeX se crean en las ecuaciones con + el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +{ +\series default +. + Las llaves TeX se ven en rojo en LyX, a diferencia de las llaves normales, + que se muestran en azul. + En modo TeX no hace falta comando para poner llaves TeX. + Las llaves TeX no aparecen en la salida. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En el caso de comandos sin argumentos, como los comandos para símbolos que + se introducen en modo TeX, +\emph on +siempre +\emph default + debe teclearse un espacio tras el comando para finalizarlo. + Este espacio no aparece en la salida. + Si ese espacio debiera mostrarse en la salida, el espacio debe ir seguido + de un espacio protegido en texto normal. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un espacio protegido se inserta con +\family sans +Ctrl-espacio +\family default +. +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection* +Explicación de la sintaxis +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +El símbolo +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Este carácter, espacio visible, se puede componer con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +textvisiblespace +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textvisiblespace" + +\end_inset + + insertado en código TeX. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\InsetSpace ~ +indica un espacio que se debe introducir. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Una flecha como +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + indica el uso de la correspondiente tecla de flecha. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection* +Unidades empleadas +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Float table +placement H +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "tab:Unidades-empleadas" + +\end_inset + +Unidades empleadas +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Unidad +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Nombre / Descripción +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +mm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Milímetro +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +cm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Centímetro +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +in +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Pulgada (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +in = 2,54\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +cm) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +pt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Punto (72.27\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +in) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +pc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Pica (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +sp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Punto escalado (65536\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +sp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +bp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Punto grande (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +bp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +in) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +dd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Didot (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +dd +\begin_inset Formula $\approx$ +\end_inset + + 0.376\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +cc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Cicero (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +cc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +dd) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +ex +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Altura de la letra +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +x +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en la fuente actual +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Anchura de la letra +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +M +\emph default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en la fuente actual +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +mu +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Unidad matemática (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mu = +\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{1}{18}$ +\end_inset + +\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +em) +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +textfrac +\series default + se explica en la sec.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fracciones-auto-definidas" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Funciones básicas +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Exponentes +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Exponentes" + +\end_inset + + e índices +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "In@Índices" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Superíndices|see{Exponentes}" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Subíndices|see{Índices}" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los índices se componen con un guión bajo +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +_ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + o con el botón de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-subscript.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +, los exponentes con un circunflejo +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + o con el botón de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math-superscript.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + sólo se usa como espaciador. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +B_V +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $B_{V}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +B^V +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{V}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +B^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Como en algunos idiomas la tecla circunflejo funciona como acento, en ese + caso acentuará las vocales y no funcionará como exponente +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Dependiendo de la configuración del teclado esto puede suceder también con + otros caracteres además de las vocales. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + Para conseguir exponentes en estos casos debes pulsar +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + tras el circunflejo, como en el último ejemplo. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fracciones +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Fracciones" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Fracciones" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las fracciones se generan con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +frac +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash frac" + +\end_inset + + o con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/frac.xpm + scale 50 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de herramientas. + El tamaño de fuente se ajusta automáticamente, dependiendo de si la fracción + está en línea o en estilo presentación. + Con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/frac-square.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +de la barra de herramientas matemáticas puedes seleccionar distintos tipos + de fracciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +dfrac +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dfrac" + +\end_inset + + se puede crear en cualquier caso una fracción que tenga el tamaño del estilo + presentación. + Con +\series bold + +\backslash +tfrac +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash tfrac" + +\end_inset + + la fracción tiene siempre el tamaño del estilo en línea. + Un ejemplo: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Una línea con la fracción +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + + creada con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +frac +\series default +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Una línea con la fracción +\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + + creada con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +dfrac +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +frac +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\frac{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dfrac +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\dfrac{A}{B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dfrac +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +e^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +frac +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8mm}{}\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para fracciones anidadas se puede usar el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +cfrac +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash cfrac" + +\end_inset + +. + Un ejemplo: +\begin_inset VSpace -3mm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\textrm{creada con \textbf{\textbackslash frac} } & & \textrm{creada con }\mathbf{\textbackslash\textbf{cfrac}}\\ +\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}\end{align*} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando para el ejemplo de arriba es: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +cfrac{A +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{B+ +\backslash +cfrac{C+ +\backslash +cfrac{E +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{F +\begin_inset Formula $\to\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{D +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +cfrac +\series default + compone la fracción siempre en el tamaño del estilo presentación, también + cuando es parte de otra fracción. + +\series bold + +\backslash +cfrac +\series default + tiene el siguiente esquema de comando: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +cfrac[posición del numerador]{numerador}{denominador} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La posición del numerador puede ser +\emph on +l +\emph default +, +\emph on +c +\emph default + o +\emph on +r +\emph default + . + +\emph on +l +\emph default + o +\emph on +r +\emph default + alinean el numerador a la izquierda o a la derecha, respectivamente, de + la raya de fracción. + Si se pone +\emph on +c +\emph default + o no se especifica posición, el numerador aparece centrado. + Estas fracciones muestran las distintas alineaciones: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}$ +\end_inset + + ; +\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac{A}{B+C}$ +\end_inset + + ; +\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Muchas veces es adecuado combinar +\series bold + +\backslash +cfrac +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +frac +\series default +: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para componer fracciones en línea con raya de fracción inclinada puedes + usar el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +nicefrac +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash nicefrac" + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{5}{31}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fracciones-personalizadas" + +\end_inset + + se explica cómo componer fracciones personalizadas en las que la raya de + fracción se puede cambiar. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Raíces +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Raíces" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las raíces cuadradas se componen con +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash sqrt" + +\end_inset + + o con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/sqrt.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones; todas las demás raíces con el + comando +\series bold + +\backslash +root +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash root" + +\end_inset + + o con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/root.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sqrt +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A-B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt{A-B}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +root +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +3 +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +A-B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt[3]{A-B}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Una raíz cuadrada se compone también con +\series bold + +\backslash +root +\series default + dejando vacío el campo del índice. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con ciertos índices la distancia a la raíz es demasiado pequeña, como en + la raíz: +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\beta]{B}$ +\end_inset + + +\newline +La +\begin_inset Formula $\beta$ +\end_inset + + toca la raíz. + Para evitar esto se usan los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +leftroot +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash leftroot" + +\end_inset + + y +\series bold + +\backslash +uproot +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash uproot" + +\end_inset + + con el esquema siguiente: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +leftroot{distancia} +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +uproot{distancia} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Distancia es el número de Puntos Grandes ( +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Big Points +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, unidad bp; +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\, bp=1\, pulgada}$ +\end_inset + +) que debería moverse el índice a la izquierda o arriba, respectivamente. + Los comandos se escriben en el índice. + Así, el comando: +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +root +\backslash +leftroot{-1 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +uproot{2 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +beta +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +B +\newline + +\series default +genera una fórmula correctamente tipografiada: +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{2}\beta]{B}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Coeficientes de un binomio +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Binomios" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los coeficientes de un binomio se insertan con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +binom +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash binom" + +\end_inset + + o con el submenú del botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/frac-square.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +binom +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\binom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dbinom{A +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Como en las fracciones, además de +\series bold + +\backslash +binom +\series default + hay los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +dbinom +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom" + +\end_inset + + +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +tbinom +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash tbinom" + +\end_inset + +, con el esquema siguiente: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +dbinom{numerador}{denominador} +\series default + y +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +tbinom{numerador}{denominador} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Diferenciaciones de casos +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Casos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cases +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +B>0 +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash cases" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases} +A & B>0\end{cases}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cases +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Ctrl-Enter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases} +A & \textrm{para }x>0\\ +B & \textrm{para }x=0\end{cases}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Después de insertar +\series bold + +\backslash +cases +\series default + o usar el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/cases.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones puedes añadir líneas nuevas con el atajo +\family sans +Ctrl-Enter +\family default + o con el botón +\family sans + +\family default + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de tablas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +cases +\series default + también está disponible en el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Entorno casos +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Negaciones +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Negaciones" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +not +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash not" + +\end_inset + + todo carácter se puede mostrar cancelado. + Los caracteres son casi tachados con una barra inclinada. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +not= +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\not=$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +not +\backslash +le +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\not\le$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +not +\backslash +parallel +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\not\parallel$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El último ejemplo muestra que no todas las negaciones tienen buen aspecto. + Por tanto para algunas negaciones hay comandos especiales (véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Símbolos-matemáticos" + +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Relaciones" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Espaciadores fantasma +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Espaciadores-fantasma" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Espaciadores fantasma" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Química ! isótopos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Isótopos|see{Química}" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En la presentación de isótopos +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Más sobre símbolos químicos en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Símbolos-y-ecuaciones-químicas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e., surge el problema siguiente: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Índices generados con sub- y superíndices: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\textrm{F}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Índices correctos: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\textrm{F}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Por defecto, el índice más corto se coloca sobre o bajo el primer carácter + del índice más largo. + Para evitarlo está el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +phantom +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! P ! \\textbackslash phantom" + +\end_inset + + o el botón \InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/phantom.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + del submenú de espaciado de ecuaciones +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/space.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, que genera uno o más caracteres fantasma. + Al insertar +\series bold + +\backslash +phantom +\series default + aparece un pequeño marco azul con dos flechas rojas superpuestas +\begin_inset Formula $\phantom{}$ +\end_inset + +. + Las flechas indican que se utilizarán como espaciador la anchura y altura + totales del contenido del marco. + Los caracteres fantasmas son espaciadores adecuados al tamaño de los caracteres. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +^19 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +_ +\backslash +phantom +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +9 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +F +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\textrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +^235 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +_ +\backslash +phantom +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +23 +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +9 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +F +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\textrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Lambda^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +phantom +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +ii +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +t +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +_MMt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Además hay los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +vphantom +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! V ! \\textbackslash vphantom" + +\end_inset + + (botón \InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/vphantom.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +) y +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hphantom" + +\end_inset + + (botón \InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/hphantom.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +). + +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom +\series default + genera espacio en el marco sólo para la altura máxima de los caracteres, + no para su anchura. + +\series bold + +\backslash +vphantom +\series default + genera espacio sólo para la anchura del contenido del marco. + Por esto los marcos de estos comandos sólo tienen una flecha roja. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Por ejemplo, +\series bold + +\backslash +vphantom +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +a +\backslash +int +\series default + genera espacio de la altura del signo de la integral +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +int +\series default + genera un signo de integral, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Operadores-grandes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, porque este es el carácter más largo. + Hay un ejemplo de aplicación en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Delimitadores-multilínea" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Barras +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Barras" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! sub- o superrayada" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +overline +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A+B +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overline" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{A+B}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +underline +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A+B +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underline" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +overline +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +underline +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A+B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{\underline{A+B}}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En el último ejemplo es indiferente poner primero +\series bold + +\backslash +overline +\series default + o +\series bold + +\backslash +underline +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para poner doble subrayado, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e. + en resultados, se usa +\series bold + +\backslash +underline +\series default + dos veces. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Es posible colocar hasta 6 líneas sobre o bajo los caracteres. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Puntos +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Puntos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Hay distintos tipos de puntos disponibles. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +En la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones, en el panel del botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/ldots.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Para continuación en enumeraciones se usan puntos bajos, ( +\series bold + +\backslash +ldots +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash ldots" + +\end_inset + +), mientras que para operaciones se usan puntos centrados a la misma altura + que los operadores, ( +\series bold + +\backslash +cdots +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash cdots" + +\end_inset + +). + Si se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +dots +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dots" + +\end_inset + +, LaTeX decide el tipo a usar en función del carácter siguiente. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A_1 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\backslash +dots +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +,A_n +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\dots,A_{n}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A_1 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ +\backslash +dots +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++A_n +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\dots+A_{n}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A_1 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\backslash +ldots +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +,A_n +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\ldots,A_{n}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A_1 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ +\backslash +cdots +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++A_n +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\cdots+A_{n}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +vdots +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\vdots$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ddots +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ddots$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Matriz\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +3×3 con los distintos puntos +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} +A_{11} & \cdots & A_{1m}\\ +\vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ +A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}\end{array}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los puntos suspensivos disponibles en el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Carácter especial +\family default + son +\series bold + +\backslash +ldots +\series default +. +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Hay puntos específicos para matrices que se extienden por varias columnas. + Se generan con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +hdotsfor +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hdotsfor" + +\end_inset + +, que tiene el siguiente esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +hdotsfor[distancia]{número de columnas} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Número de columnas especifica cuántas columnas deben abarcarse. + Distancia es un factor para la separación entre los puntos. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En la siguiente matriz se ha insertado el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +hdotsfor[2]{4} +\series default + en el primer recuadro de la segunda línea para obtener puntos separados + una distancia equivalente a dos veces la del comando +\series bold + +\backslash +dots +\series default +. +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left(\begin{array}{cccc} +A & B & C & D\\ +\hdotsfor[2]{4}\\ +q & w & e & r\end{array}\right)\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Ten en cuenta que los campos abarcados de la matriz deben estar vacíos, + de lo contrario se producen errores de LaTeX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Además, con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +dotfill +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dotfill" + +\end_inset + + puedes completar con puntos una línea. + El efecto de este tipo de comandos es como el de +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default +, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Espacio-variable" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Por ejemplo el comando +\series bold +A +\backslash +dotfill +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +B +\series default + genera +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\dotfill B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un comando análogo a +\series bold + +\backslash +dotfill +\series default + para rellenar con una línea es +\series bold + +\backslash +hrulefill +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hrulefill" + +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\hrulefill B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para usar estos comandos en el texto, deben insertarse en modo TeX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Matrices +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Matrices" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Matrices" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Se pueden insertar matrices con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones o con el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Matriz +\family default +. + Se te pedirá el número de filas y columnas y la alineación. + La alineación vertical sólo es relevante para matrices en línea: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Esta primera matriz tiene alineación superior +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[t]{cccc} +A & D & G & J\\ +B & E & H & K\\ +D & F & I & L\end{array}$ +\end_inset + + , la segunda alineación central +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc} +A & D & G & J\\ +B & E & H & K\\ +D & F & I & L\end{array}$ +\end_inset + + , y la tercera alineación inferior +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc} +A & D & G & J\\ +B & E & H & K\\ +D & F & I & L\end{array}$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La alineación horizontal especifica cómo deben alinearse las entradas de + la columna. + Se determina mediante una letra para cada columna. + +\emph on +l +\emph default + indica alineación a la izquierda, +\emph on +c +\emph default + alineación centrada y +\emph on +r +\emph default + alineación a la derecha. + Por ejemplo, para componer una matriz\InsetSpace ~ +4×4 con la primera columna alineada + a la izquierda, la segunda y la tercera centradas y la última a la derecha, + se anota +\series bold +lccr +\series default + en la alineación horizontal. + Normalmente todas las columnas de una matriz están centradas, por tanto + el valor por defecto es +\series bold +c +\series default + para todas ellas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Alineación horizontal: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +lll +\series default + : +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll} +10000 & D & G\\ +B & 10000 & H\\ +C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +\end_inset + + , +\series bold +ccc +\series default +: +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} +10000 & D & G\\ +B & 10000 & H\\ +C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +\end_inset + + +\series bold +, +\series default + +\series bold +rrr +\series default +: +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr} +10000 & D & G\\ +B & 10000 & H\\ +C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para añadir o borrar filas y columnas posteriormente, se pueden usar los + botones +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +, etc. + de la barra de ecuaciones o el menú +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Filas y columnas +\family default +. + También se pueden añadir filas nuevas con +\family sans +Ctrl-Enter +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Se pueden poner paréntesis alrededor de una matriz con los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +left +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash left" + +\end_inset + + y +\series bold + +\backslash +right +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash right" + +\end_inset + + (atajo +\family sans +Alt-m\InsetSpace ~ +paréntesis +\family default +), véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de" + +\end_inset + +, o usando los comandos siguientes: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bmatrix +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2 +\series bold +× +\series default +2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +matrix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} +0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ +\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Bmatrix +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2×2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +matrix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} +0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ +\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +pmatrix +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2 +\series bold +× +\series default +2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +matrix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} +0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ +\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +vmatrix +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2 +\series bold +× +\series default +2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +matrix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} +0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ +\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Vmatrix +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2 +\series bold +× +\series default +2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +matrix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} +0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ +\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +matrix +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2 +\series bold +× +\series default +2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +matrix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc} +0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ +\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Cuando se inserta p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e.\InsetSpace ~ + +\series bold + +\backslash +vmatrix +\series default +, aparece un recuadro azul entre dos líneas verticales donde se inserta + la matriz. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Como todas las ecuaciones multilínea son matrices, la longitud +\series bold + +\backslash +arraycolsep +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arraycolsep" + +\end_inset + +, que se describe en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Separación-de-columnas" + +\end_inset + +, también se puede usar para cambiar la separación de las columnas en una + matriz. + Para cambiar la separación de las filas, se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +arraystretch +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arraystretch" + +\end_inset + + de la siguiente manera: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +arraystretch}{factor de separación} +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash renewcommand" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand +\series default + asigna el factor de separación al comando predefinido +\series bold + +\backslash +arraystretch +\series default +. + Por ejemplo, para doblar la separación de las filas, pones factor 2. + Además, este se usa para todas las matrices siguientes. + Para volver a la separación original, asigna factor 1 a +\series bold + +\backslash +arraystretch +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para poner matrices en línea se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +smallmatrix +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash smallmatrix" + +\end_inset + +. + Al insertarlo aparece un recuadro azul con dos líneas de trazos en el que + se inserta la matriz. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Esto es una matriz +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{smallmatrix}A & B\\ +C & D\end{smallmatrix}\right)$ +\end_inset + + en línea. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Delimitadores +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Delimitadores" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Delimitadores verticales +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Delimitadores ! verticales" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +( +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $($ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\{$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +[ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $[$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +langle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\langle$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lceil +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\lceil$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lfloor +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\lfloor$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +/ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $/$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +| +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $|$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $)$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +] +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $]$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +rangle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\rangle$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +rceil +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\rceil$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +rfloor +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\rfloor$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\backslash$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +| +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\|$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Nota +\series default +: En modo TeX hay que usar el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +textbackslash +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textbackslash" + +\end_inset + + para la barra invertida, porque si no el comando +\series bold + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\series default + genera un salto de línea. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El tamaño de los caracteres listados arriba se puede ajustar con los comandos + descritos en las dos subsecciones siguientes. + Cuando se emplean esos comandos se pueden usar directamente los caracteres + <\InsetSpace ~ + y > en vez de los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +langle +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +rangle +\series default +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Tamaño manual de los delimitadores +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Tamaño-manual-de" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Delimitadores ! tamaño manual" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El tamaño de los delimitadores se puede determinar manualmente con los comandos + LaTeX +\series bold + +\backslash +big +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash big" + +\end_inset + +, +\series bold + +\backslash +Big +\series default +, +\series bold + +\backslash +bigg +\series default +, y +\series bold + +\backslash +Bigg +\series default +. + +\series bold + +\backslash +big +\series default + indica el tamaño menor y +\series bold + +\backslash +Bigg +\series default + el mayor. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Estos comandos se usan para resaltar niveles de delimitación: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +todos los delimitadores de igual tamaño: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}{\normalcolor \raisebox{-4mm}{}}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +así tiene mejor aspecto: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Big((A+B)(A-B)\Big)^{C}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para la segunda expresión se ha empleado el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +Big((A+B)(A-B) +\backslash +Big)^ +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +C +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +He aquí una visión conjunta de todos los tamaños y delimitadores: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center + +\backslash +Bigg( +\backslash +exp +\backslash +bigg< +\backslash +Big[ +\backslash +big{ +\backslash +ln(3x) +\backslash +big}^2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +sen(x) +\backslash +Big]^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +bigg> +\backslash +Bigg)^0,5 +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\Bigg(\exp\bigg<\Big[\big\{\ln(3x)\big\}^{2}\sen(x)\Big]^{A}\bigg>\Bigg)^{0,5}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Además de los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +big +\series default + hay la variante +\series bold + +\backslash +bigm +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash bigm" + +\end_inset + +, que añade un poco más de espacio entre el delimitador y su contenido, + y la variante +\series bold + +\backslash +bigl +\series default +- +\series bold + +\backslash +bigr +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash bigl - \\textbackslash bigr" + +\end_inset + +, que no añade espacio adicional. + La +\emph on +l +\emph default + al final del comando +\series bold + +\backslash +bigl +\series default +es para el delimitador izquierdo, la +\emph on +r +\emph default + es para el delimitador derecho. + Un delimitador izquierdo o derecho puede ser cada uno un delimitador de + apertura o de cierre. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En el siguiente cuadro hay una comparación de las variantes: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Bigm( +\backslash +bigm( +\backslash +ln(3x) +\backslash +bigm)^2 +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default + +\backslash +Bigm) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Big( +\backslash +big( +\backslash +ln(3x) +\backslash +big)^2 +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default + +\backslash +Big) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Bigl( +\backslash +bigl( +\backslash +ln(3x) +\backslash +bigr)^2 +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default + +\backslash +Bigr) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)\raisebox{-3.2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigl) +\backslash +ln(3x) +\backslash +bigr( +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr(\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Tamaño automático de los delimitadores +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Tamaño-automático-de" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Delimitadores ! tamaño automático" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Se pueden insertar delimitadores de tamaño variable con los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +left +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash left" + +\end_inset + + y +\series bold + +\backslash +right +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash right" + +\end_inset + + o con el botón de la barra de ecuaciones +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. + El delimitador deseado se debe insertar directamente detrás de +\series bold + +\backslash +left +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +right +\series default +. + El tamaño se calculará automáticamente después para la salida. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +delimitador normal: El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +ln( +\backslash +frac +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +A +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +C +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +) +\series default + genera +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\ln(\frac{A}{C})\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +delimitador multilínea: El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +ln +\backslash +left( +\backslash +frac +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +A +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +C +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +right) +\series default + genera +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En lugar de +\series bold + +\backslash +left +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +right +\series default + se puede usar el atajo +\family sans +Alt-m\InsetSpace ~ +delimitador +\family default +. + Esto tiene la ventaja de que puedes ver inmediatamente en LyX el tamaño + real del delimitador y además se genera el correspondiente delimitador + de cierre. +\newline +El comando para el último ejemplo sería +\series bold + +\backslash +ln Alt-m +\series default + +\series bold +( +\backslash +frac +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +C +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para omitir uno de los dos delimitadores se inserta un punto. + Por ejemplo, el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +left. +\backslash +frac +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +A +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +B +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +right} +\series default + da lugar a: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} \] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX convertirá los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +left +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +right +\series default + a su tamaño adecuado cuando el documento sea recargado y el delimitador + omitido aparecerá como línea de trazos. + +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Como todas las distribuciones habituales de LaTeX incluyen eTeX, una extensión + de LaTeX, el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +middle +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash middle" + +\end_inset + + está también disponible para todos los delimitadores y límites. + Con este comando la altura del siguiente carácter se adapta a la de los + delimitadores circundantes, lo que es necesario, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e., para vectores físicos: + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left\langle \phi\;\middle|\; J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle \] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para vectores físicos hay un paquete LaTeX especial que se describe en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Vectores-físicos" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Delimitadores horizontales +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Delimitadores ! horizontales" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +raisebox{2.3mm}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +overbrace +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A+B +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +3 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overbrace" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{A+B}^{3}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +raisebox{-2.2mm}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +underbrace +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A+B +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +_5 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underbrace" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{A+B}_{5}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +overbrace +\backslash +underbrace +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A+B_w +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +_7 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{\underbrace{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En el último ejemplo no importa en qué orden se introducen los comandos + +\series bold + +\backslash +overbrace +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +underbrace +\series default +. +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si un delimitador debe estar superpuesto a otro, hay que usar ecuaciones + multilínea, como se describe en\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Ecuaciones-multilínea" + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\ + & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + +En la primera fila se insertan la ecuación y la primera llave. + Aquí es importante insertar el comando de espacio +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Los comandos para espacios se explican en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Espacios-predefinidos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +: +\series default + antes de la primera +\series bold + +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $d$ +\end_inset + +, porque la llave que termina detrás de +\begin_inset Formula $q$ +\end_inset + + impide que el siguiente +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + esté rodeado de espacio. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Debido a que la llave no es considerada como carácter, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Operadores-binarios" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + En la segunda fila se inserta la segunda llave: como debe comenzar antes + de +\begin_inset Formula $b$ +\end_inset + + se inserta antes el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom{gggg+ +\backslash +:} +\series default +. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Más sobre +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom +\series default + en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Espaciadores-fantasma" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Ese espacio es necesario porque el signo +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + va seguido de un espacio en la ecuación. + La llave se coloca bajo el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom{bbqq+dddd} +\series default +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Resulta más complicado cuando una llave debe solapar a otra como en el siguiente + ejemplo: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{-6pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} + & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\ +A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{3pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +La primera fila de la ecuación es igual que la segunda fila del ejemplo + anterior, con la diferencia de que la llave está encima. + La segunda fila contiene la ecuación junto con la segunda llave. + Para evitar que haya demasiado espacio entre la llave superior en la primera + fila y la ecuación hay que reducirlo. + Esto no es fácil de hacer debido a un fallo de LyX +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #1505 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + Una solución es cambiar la separación global de filas en la ecuación, +\series bold + +\backslash +jot +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! J ! \\textbackslash jot" + +\end_inset + +, en -6\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt insertando antes de la ecuación el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{-6pt} +\series default + en modo TeX. + Después de la ecuación se vuelve al valor normal 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt de +\series bold + +\backslash +jot +\series default + usando el mismo comando. + Más información sobre separación de filas en ecuaciones en\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Separación-de-líneas" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Flechas +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Flechas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las flechas se pueden insertar con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/leftarrow.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones o mediante los comandos listados en las subsecciones + siguientes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Flechas horizontales +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Flechas ! horizontales" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +gets +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Leftarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Leftarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +longleftarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\longleftarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Longleftarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +leftharpoonup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoonup$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +leftharpoondown +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoondown$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +hookleftarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\hookleftarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +to +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Rightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +longrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\longrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Longrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Longrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +rightharpoonup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoonup$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +rightharpoondown +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoondown$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +hookrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\hookrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +leftrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\leftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Leftrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +longleftrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\longleftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Longleftrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +rightleftharpoons +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\rightleftharpoons$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hspace{25pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mapsto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mapsto$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +longmapsto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\longmapsto$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +leadsto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\leadsto$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dasharrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\dasharrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las flechas que se utilizan como acentos, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e. + en vectores, se describen en\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Acentos" + +\end_inset + +. + +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Además hay las flechas etiquetadas +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Flechas ! etiquetadas" + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +xleftarrow +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! X ! \\textbackslash xleftarrow" + +\end_inset + + y +\series bold + +\backslash +xrightarrow +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! X ! \\textbackslash xrightarrow\\vspace{4mm}" + +\end_inset + +. + Cuando se inserta uno de estos comandos en una ecuación aparece una flecha + con dos marcos azules donde se puede insertar la etiqueta. + La longitud de la flecha se adapta a la anchura de la etiqueta. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +F(a) +\backslash +xleftarrow +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +x=a +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +x>0 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +F(x) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +F(x) +\backslash +xrightarrow +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +x=a +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +x>0 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +F(a) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Flechas verticales y diagonales +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Flechas ! diagonales" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Flechas ! verticales" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +uparrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Uparrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +updownarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Updownarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Downarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +downarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +nearrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +searrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +swarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +nwarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las flechas verticales también se pueden usar como delimitadores junto con + los comandos descritos en\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Tamaño-manual-de" + +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Acentos +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Acentos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Acentos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los acentos se pueden insertar con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/hat.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + o mediante los comandos listados en las siguientes subsecciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Acentos para un carácter +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +texorpdfstring{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Para acentos en texto, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Acentos-en-texto" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +}{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores + PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Más sobre +\backslash +texorpdfstring en la sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-títulos" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Acentos-para-un" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Acentos ! para un carácter" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dot +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dot{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ddot +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dddot +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dddot{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ddddot{A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddddot{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +vec +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Vectores" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\vec{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bar +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\bar{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mathring +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\mathring{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +tilde +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tilde{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +hat +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\hat{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +check +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\check{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +acute +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\acute{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +grave +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\grave{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +breve +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\breve{A}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para poner diéresis +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Diéresis" + +\end_inset + + en una ecuación se insertan comillas antes de la vocal. + Estos dos caracteres son considerados por LaTeX como +\emph on +un solo +\emph default + carácter si la parte de la ecuación con la diéresis se marca con idioma + alemán. +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +O algún otro idioma que use acentos, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e. + catalán. + Sin embargo, en español no funciona por algún conflicto con el estilo +\series bold +spanish +\series default + de +\series bold +babel +\series default +. + Dicho estilo suministra la orden +\series bold + +\backslash +dotlessi +\series default + para generar una +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +i +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + sin punto en modo matemático, que se puede usar como alternativa al comando + +\series bold + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +i +\series default +, p.e., el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +ddot +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +dotlessi +\series default + genera +\series bold + +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{\dotlessi}$ +\end_inset + +. + Véase la documentación del estilo, +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "spanish" + +\end_inset + +. + También se puede usar +\series bold + +\backslash +imath +\series default + en vez de +\series bold + +\backslash +dotlessi +\series default +. + ( +\emph on +N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +del t. +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + A diferencia de +\series bold + +\backslash +ddot +\series default +, con este método se generan diéresis +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +reales +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +, como se demuestra en el siguiente ejemplo: +\begin_inset VSpace -2mm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +\lang english + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +i +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{\dotlessi}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ddot +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +i +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{i}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Otra ventaja con +\series bold + +\backslash +ddot +\series default + es que la diéresis puede convertirse directamente a texto matemático, porque + los comandos para acentos de arriba +\emph on +no están permitidos en texto matemático +\emph default +. + Para convertir un carácter acentuado a texto matemático, se debe convertir + sólo el carácter bajo el acento. + Esto también se aplica para otras conversiones, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e.\InsetSpace ~ +cursiva o negrita. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En texto matemático, la diéresis y otros acentos pueden insertarse directamente. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Acentos para operadores +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Acentos ! en operadores" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +overset +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overset" + +\end_inset + + y +\series bold + +\backslash +underset +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underset" + +\end_inset + + se pueden colocar caracteres sobre o bajo un operador, respectivamente. + Con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +sideset +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash sideset" + +\end_inset + + se pueden poner caracteres delante y detrás de un operador. + El esquema del comando es: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +sideset{carácter +\series default + +\series bold +anterior}{carácter posterior} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +sideset +\series default + siempre debe estar delante del operador que debe acentuarse. + Se puede acentuar con varios caracteres e incluso con otros operadores + y símbolos. + Para colocar caracteres sólo detrás, por ejemplo, con +\series bold + +\backslash +sideset +\series default +, no debe escribirse nada en el primer par de llaves, pero sin quitarlas. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Por ejemplo, el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +sideset{ +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\series default +' +\series bold + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +sum_k=1 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +^ +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +n +\series default + genera: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +overset +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +maltese +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ +\end_inset + + +\series bold +a +\series default + genera: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\overset{a}{\maltese}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Como se ve en el último ejemplo, con +\series bold + +\backslash +overset +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +underset +\series default + también se pueden acentuar símbolos y caracteres; con +\series bold + +\backslash +sideset +\series default + esto no es posible. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Acentos para varios caracteres +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Acentos-para-varios" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Acentos ! en varios caracteres" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +overleftarrow +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +underleftarrow +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +overleftrightarrow +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +underleftrightarrow +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +overrightarrow +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +underrightarrow +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +widetilde +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widetilde{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +widehat +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widehat{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con estos comandos se pueden acentuar tantos caracteres como quieras. + Pero los acentos +\series bold + +\backslash +widetilde +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +widehat +\series default + sólo pueden abarcar tres caracteres en la salida, como se muestra en este + ejemplo: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\widetilde{A+B=C-D}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +overset +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overset" + +\end_inset + + y +\series bold + +\backslash +underset +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underset" + +\end_inset + +, descritos en la subsección anterior, también se pueden acentuar varios + caracteres. + El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +underset +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +*** +\series default + da: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\underset{***}{A=B}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Espacios +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Espacio" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Espacio ! horizontal" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Espacio predefinido +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Espacio-predefinido" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Espacio ! horizontal ! predefinido" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A veces es necesario insertar espacio horizontal en una ecuación. + Esto se hace insertando un espacio protegido (atajo +\family sans +Ctrl-Espacio +\family default +). + Aparece un +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + azul, y pulsando +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + sucesivas veces se pueden seleccionar hasta ocho diferentes tamaños de + espacio. + También se pueden insertar espacios mediante el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/space.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones o con comandos especiales. + Independientemente del comando insertado, se puede seleccionar de nuevo + el tamaño pulsando acto seguido +\family sans +Espacio. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset VSpace -5mm +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +, +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +; +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +quad +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +qquad +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +! +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Número de pulsaciones de +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + tras insertar el espacio protegido +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +4 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +5 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\, B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\: B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\; B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\! B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El último tamaño parece no generar espacio. + A diferencia de los otros se muestra en rojo en LyX, porque es un espacio + negativo. + Hay otros dos espacios negativos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +negmedspace +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +negthickspace +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Número de pulsaciones de +\family sans +Espacio +\family default + tras insertar el espacio protegido +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +6 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +7 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\negmedspace B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\negthickspace B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los espacios negativos pueden dar lugar a caracteres solapados con otros. + Así, se pueden usar para forzar ligaduras, lo que es apropiado, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e., para + operadores de suma: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sum +\backslash +sum +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +f_kl +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sum +\backslash +negmedspace +\backslash +sum +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +f_kl +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Relaciones como por ejemplo el signo igual siempre están rodeadas por espacios. + Para suprimirlos, el signo igual se coloca entre llaves TeX. + El siguiente ejemplo lo ilustra: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +ecuación normal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A=B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + +ecuación sin espacio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A{=}B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando para la segunda ecuación es: +\series bold +A +\backslash +{= +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +B +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para las unidades físicas hacen falta espacios, porque el espacio entre + el valor y su unidad es el espacio más pequeño y no el normal. + Para unidades en el texto el espacio más pequeño se inserta con el menú + +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formato\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Espacio\InsetSpace ~ +delgado +\family default + (atajo +\family sans +Ctrl-Mayúscula-Espacio +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un ejemplo para visualizar la diferencia: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +24 kW +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + +h +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +espacio entre valor y unidad +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +24\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +kW +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + +h +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +espacio delgado entre valor y unidad +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Espacio variable +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +texorpdfstring{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Para espacio vertical en ecuaciones véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Separación-de-líneas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +}{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores + PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Más sobre +\backslash +texorpdfstring en la sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-títulos" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Espacio-variable" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Espacio ! horizontal ! variable" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En LyX se puede insertar espacio con una longitud definida con el comando +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace{longitud} +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hspace" + +\end_inset + +. + Para la longitud están permitidas todas las unidades de la +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:Unidades-empleadas" + +\end_inset + +, excepto la unidad +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +mu +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + La longitud también puede ser negativa. + Para insertar en una ecuación tanto espacio como esté disponible se usa + el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hfill" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset VSpace -1mm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A=B +\backslash +hspace{3cm +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +A +\backslash +not=C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A=B\hspace{3cm}A\not=C$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A +\backslash +hspace{-1mm +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +A +\backslash +not=A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{-1mm}A\not=A$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A=A +\backslash +hfill +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +B=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A=A\hfill B=B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En el último ejemplo el espacio disponible viene dado por la entrada más + larga de columna en la tabla. + En una ecuación en línea el espacio depende de la longitud de la línea + en la que se inserta +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default +. + Así, cuando la línea ocupa toda la anchura no se creará espacio. + +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default + sólo tiene efecto en ecuaciones presentadas cuando se usa el estilo +\series bold +Sangrado +\series default +. + (Los estilos de ecuaciones se explican en\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default + también se pueden insertar en modo TeX para texto: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En esta línea hay un espacio +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hspace{2cm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +de 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +cm. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En esta línea hay un +\hfill +espacio máximo. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En el último ejemplo +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default + se ha insertado con el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formato\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Relleno\InsetSpace ~ +horizontal +\family default +, que no es posible en ecuaciones. + Esto tiene la ventaja de que se puede ver directamente en LyX que es un + espacio flexible. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si los comandos están al principio de una línea de texto pero no al principio + de un párrafo, serán ignorados por LaTeX. + Para evitar esto se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace* +\series default + en vez de +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace +\series default +. + Para conseguir lo mismo con +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default + hay que insertar un salto de línea y un espacio fantasma +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Espaciadores-fantasma" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + vacío, con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +vphantom{} +\series default + en modo TeX antes de +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Espacio adicional en ecuaciones en línea +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Espacio ! adicional en línea" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El espacio que rodea a una ecuación en línea se puede ajustar con la longitud + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathsurround +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathsurround" + +\end_inset + + +\series default +. + El valor de una longitud se establece con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash setlength" + +\end_inset + + según el siguiente esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength{nombre de la longitud}{valor} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para poner a +\series bold + +\backslash +mathsurround +\series default + un valor de 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm, se inserta el comando +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +mathsurround}{5mm} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +en modo TeX. + Se establecerá un espacio de 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm alrededor de todas las ecuaciones en línea: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +mathsurround}{5mm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En esta línea hay una ecuación +\begin_inset Formula $A=B$ +\end_inset + + rodeada por espacios de 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm. +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +mathsurround}{0mm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para volver al espacio predeterminado, +\series bold + +\backslash +mathsurround +\series default + se restablece al valor 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Cuadros y marcos +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Marcos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Marcos | see {Cuadros}" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los cuadros para texto se describen en el capítulo +\emph on +Cuadros +\emph default + del manual +\emph on +Objetos incrustados +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cuadros con marco +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Cuadros-con-marco" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Cuadros ! con marco" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Es posible enmarcar ecuaciones o partes de ellas con los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash fbox" + +\end_inset + + y +\series bold + +\backslash +boxed +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash boxed" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Cuando uno de estos comandos se inserta en una ecuación, aparece un recuadro + azul en un marco donde se introduce parte de una ecuación. + Para +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default + hay que generar una ecuación adicional con +\family sans +Ctrl-m +\family default + dentro del recuadro +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Debido a un fallo de LyX, +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #1435 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, no es posible crear una nueva ecuación con +\family sans +Ctrl-m +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, porque si no el contenido del recuadro sería considerado texto matemático. + Si se usa +\series bold + +\backslash +boxed +\series default + la nueva ecuación se genera automáticamente dentro del marco. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default + no es adecuado para enmarcar ecuaciones en modo presentación, porque la + ecuación tendría siempre el tamaño del texto. + Por otra parte, +\series bold + +\backslash +fboxed +\series default + no es adecuada para enmarcar ecuaciones en línea porque la ecuación tendría + siempre el tamaño de una ecuación en modo presentación. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash framebox" + +\end_inset + + es una extensión de +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default +, que permite especificar además la anchura del marco yla alineación. + +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default + se usa con el siguiente esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox[anchura del marco][posición]{contenido del cuadro} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La posición puede ser +\emph on +l +\emph default + o +\emph on +r +\emph default +, +\emph on +l +\emph default + alinea la ecuación a la izquierda del cuadro, +\emph on +r +\emph default + la alinea a la derecha. + Si no se da posición la ecuación será centrada. +\newline +Si no se pone anchura tampoco + puede darse posición. + En este caso la anchura del marco se ajusta al contenido del cuadro, como + con +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Cuando se inserta el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default + aparece un recuadro con tres marcos azules. + Los dos primeros marcos están encerrados entre corchetes e indican los + dos argumentos opcionales. + El tercer marco es para partes de la ecuación, como para +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +La tabla se ha puesto en una minipágina para que aparezca la nota al pie. + De lo contrario el texto de la nota no se mostraría. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Box Frameless +position "t" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "t" +use_parbox 0 +width "100col%" +special "none" +height "1in" +height_special "totalheight" +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Debido a un fallo de LyX, +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #1435 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, no es posible crear una nueva ecuación con +\family sans +Ctrl-m +\family default +. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +fbox +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Ctrl-m +\family default + +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula \raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{$\int A=B$}\raisebox{-4mm}{} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +boxed +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8.5mm}{}\boxed{\int A=B}\raisebox{-6.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A+ +\backslash +fbox +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}A+\fbox{B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +framebox +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +20mm +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Ctrl-m +\family default + +\backslash +frac +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm]{$\frac{A}{B}$}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El grosor del marco también se puede ajustar. + Para ello hay que insertar los siguientes comandos en modo TeX antes de + la fórmula: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +fboxrule +\series default + +\series bold + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +grosor +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +fboxsep +\series default + +\series bold + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +distancia +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +distancia +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + especifica la distancia mínima entre el marco y el primer carácter en el + cuadro. + Un ejemplo de esto es la siguiente ecuación enmarcada: +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fboxrule 2mm +\backslash +fboxsep 3mm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\boxed{A+B=C}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Delante de esta ecuación se han insertado los comandos +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +fboxrule +\series default + +\series bold +2mm +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +fboxsep +\series default + +\series bold +3mm +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +en modo TeX. + Los valores dados se usan para todos los cuadros siguientes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para volver al tamaño estándar del marco se inserta el comando +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +fboxrule +\series default + +\series bold +0.4pt +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +fboxsep +\series default + +\series bold +3pt +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fboxrule 0.4pt +\backslash +fboxsep 3pt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +en modo TeX antes de la ecuación siguiente. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cuadros sin marco +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Cuadros-sin-marco" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Cuadros ! sin marco" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para cuadros sin marco hay los siguientes comandos: +\series bold + +\backslash +mbox +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mbox" + +\end_inset + +, +\series bold + +\backslash +makebox +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash makebox" + +\end_inset + + y +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash raisebox" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se puede poner un cuadro subíndice o superíndice, pero a diferencia de + los normales, los caracteres en el cuadro mantienen su tamaño de fuente. + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa con el siguiente esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox{altura}{contenido del marco} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Cuando el cuadro tenga que contener una ecuación, hace falta una ecuación + extra, como con +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +H +\backslash +raisebox{2mm +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{al +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + lo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{2mm}{al}lo$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +H +\backslash +raisebox{-2mm +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{al +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +lo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{-2mm}{al}lo$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A= +\backslash +raisebox{-2mm +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\family sans +Ctrl-m +\family default + +\backslash +sqrt +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +$A= +\backslash +raisebox{-2mm}{$ +\backslash +sqrt{B}$}$ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La última ecuación sólo se puede componer, de momento, usando el modo TeX + porque LyX inserta un cuadro en lugar de la ecuación extra que hace falta. +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +véase +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #1435 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +mbox +\series default + es equivalente a +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +makebox +\series default + es equivalente a +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default +, con la diferencia de que no hay marco. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cuadros coloreados +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Cuadros-coloreados" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Cuadros ! coloreados" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para poder usar todos los comandos explicados en esta sección hay que cargar + en el preámbulo LaTeX el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +color +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +El paquete LaTeX +\series bold +color +\series default + forma parte de toda distribución LaTeX estándar. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! color" + +\end_inset + +, con la línea +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Cuando hay texto coloreado con un color predefinido en alguna parte del + documento, LyX carga automáticamente el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +color +\series default +. + Por tanto es posible que el paquete sea cargado dos veces, pero esto no + origina problemas. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Para evitar que el paquete sea cargado dos veces se ha insertado una macro + en el preámbulo LaTeX. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{color} +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para colorear cuadros se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +colorbox +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash colorbox" + +\end_inset + + con el siguiente esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +colorbox{color}{contenido del cuadro} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El contenido del cuadro puede ser otro cuadro, y también un +\backslash + +\series bold +colorbox +\series default + puede ser parte de otro cuadro (véanse los ejemplos 2º y 3º). + Si el cuadro debe contener una ecuación debe crearse una ecuación extra, + como con +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default +. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Esto también se aplica para el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox +\series default +. + Por eso ten en cuenta +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #1435 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Se puede elegir uno de los siguientes colores predefinidos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +black +\series default +, +\series bold +blue +\series default +, +\series bold +cyan +\series default +, +\series bold +green +\series default +, +\series bold +magenta +\series default +, +\series bold +red +\series default +, +\series bold +white +\series default +, y +\series bold +yellow +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +colorbox{yellow +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +colorbox{green +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +fbox +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +fbox +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +colorbox{green +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{\colorbox{green}{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +colorbox +\series default + sólo colorea el cuadro pero no los caracteres. + Para colorear todos los caracteres se selecciona toda la ecuación y se + elige un color en el diálogo +\family sans +Estilo\InsetSpace ~ +del\InsetSpace ~ +texto +\family default +. + El diálogo puede abrirse con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show_character.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de herramientas o con el menú +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Estilo\InsetSpace ~ +del\InsetSpace ~ +texto\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Personalizado +\family default +. + El número de la ecuación tendrá en ese caso el mismo color que la ecuación. + Si el número de la ecuación debe tener otro color que el de los caracteres + de la ecuación, el color debe cambiarse dentro de la ecuación. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un ejemplo: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\int A=B\label{eq:rojo}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +{\color{red}{\color{red}{\color{red}\int}A=B}}\label{eq:rojoverde}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:rojo" + +\end_inset + + está toda coloreada en rojo. +\newline +La ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:rojoverde" + +\end_inset + + se ha coloreado en primer lugar toda en verde para colorear el número de + la ecuación. + Posteriormente se han coloreado en rojo los caracteres. +\family sans + +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para colorear diferente el marco y el resto del cuadro se usa el comando + +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash fcolorbox" + +\end_inset + + con el siguiente esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox{color del marco}{color}{contenido del cuadro} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Así pues +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox +\series default + es una extensión del comando +\series bold + +\backslash +colorbox +\series default +. + La anchura del marco se establece, como para +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default +, con +\series bold + +\backslash +fboxrule +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +fboxsep +\series default +. + Un ejemplo: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fboxrule 1mm +\backslash +fboxsep 1mm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fboxrule 0.4pt +\backslash +fboxsep 3pt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Esta ecuación se ha compuesto con el comando +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox{cyan +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{magenta +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{A=B +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para usar colores distintos de los predefinidos deben ser definidos previamente. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Por ejemplo, se puede definir el color +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +verdeoscuro +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +definecolor{verdeoscuro}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5} +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash definecolor" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +cmyk +\series default + es el espacio de color referido a los colores +\series bold +cyan +\series default +, +\series bold +magenta +\series default +, +\series bold +yellow +\series default + y +\series bold +black +\series default +. + Los cuatro números separados por coma son el factor de cuota para los colores + correspondientes del espacio de color. + Los factores pueden estar en el rango 0-1. + En vez de +\series bold +cmyk +\series default + se puede usar el espacio de color +\series bold +rgb +\series default +, que se refiere a +\series bold +red +\series default +, +\series bold +green +\series default + y +\series bold +blue +\series default +, así pues en este caso hay tres factores de cuota para los correspondientes + colores. + Además hay el espacio de color +\series bold +gray +\series default + con un factor de cuota para el valor gris. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Como ejemplo he aquí un cuadro enmarcado con el nuevo color definido +\series bold +verdeoscuro +\series default + y los caracteres en color amarillo: +\color black + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\colorbox{verdeoscuro}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[3]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los colores personalizados también se pueden usar para texto con la ayuda + del comando +\series bold + +\backslash +textcolor +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Texto ! coloreado" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +textcolor{verdeoscuro}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Esta frase en +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +verdeoscuro +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +textcolor +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textcolor" + +\end_inset + + se usa con el esquema +\series bold + +\backslash +textcolor{color}{caracteres a colorear} +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cuadros de párrafo +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Cuadros-de-párrafo" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Cuadros ! para párrafos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un cuadro que puede contener varias líneas y párrafos, denominado cuadro + de párrafo (parbox), se puede generar con el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cuadro +\family default + o con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/box-insert.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de herramientas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El siguiente ejemplo muestra un cuadro de párrafo enmarcado en una línea: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +Esta línea contiene +\begin_inset Box Boxed +position "c" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "c" +use_parbox 1 +width "5cm" +special "none" +height "1in" +height_special "totalheight" +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Esto es un cuadro de párrafo. + Tiene exactamente 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +cm de largo y además puede contener ecuaciones: +\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\InsetSpace ~ + un cuadro de párrafo. +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +Ese cuadro se compone haciendo clic derecho sobre el rectángulo gris insertado. + Surge un diálogo con las propiedades del cuadro. + En este caso: +\emph on +Decoración +\emph default +: Marco rectangular, +\emph on +Cuadro interior +\emph default +: Parbox, +\emph on +Ancho +\emph default +: 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +cm, +\emph on +Alineación Vertical +\emph default + +\emph on +Cuadro +\emph default +: Medio. +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +En LaTeX, un cuadro de párrafo se hace con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +parbox +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! P ! \\textbackslash parbox" + +\end_inset + + con el esquema siguiente: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +parbox[posición]{anchura}{contenido} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Son posibles las posiciones +\emph on +b +\emph default + y +\emph on +t +\emph default +, +\emph on +b +\emph default + por +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +bottom +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + (abajo), que alinea la última línea del cuadro con el texto de alrededor. + Con +\emph on +t +\emph default +, por +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +top +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + (arriba), la alineación se hace con la primera línea. + Si no se da posición, el cuadro se centrará verticalmente, véase la sección + +\emph on +Cuadros +\emph default + del manual +\emph on +Objetos incrustados +\emph default + para ejemplos. +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +Para enmarcar ecuaciones completas, incluso el número de la ecuación, deben + ponerse en un cuadro de párrafo. + Para ello se inserta el comando +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox{ +\backslash +parbox{ +\backslash +linewidth-2 +\backslash +fboxsep-2 +\backslash +fboxrule}{ +\newline + +\series default +en modo TeX delante de la ecuación. + Aquí +\series bold + +\backslash +linewidth +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash linewidth" + +\end_inset + + +\series default + es la anchura de línea establecida para el documento. + Como el marco está por fuera del cuadro de párrafo, hay que restar de dicha + anchura dos veces la separación del marco y el grosor. + Como LyX no lo hace automáticamente debido a un fallo +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4483}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #4483 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, hay que usar modo TeX. + Para poder multiplicar y restar en los argumentos hay que cargar en el + preámbulo LaTeX el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +calc +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +calc +\series default + es parte de toda instalación LaTeX estándar. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! calc" + +\end_inset + +, con la línea +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{calc} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Detrás de la ecuación se cierran ambos cuadros con +\series bold +}} +\series default + en modo TeX. + Aquí hay un ejemplo: +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fboxsep 5mm +\backslash +fboxrule 5mm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fbox{ +\backslash +parbox{ +\backslash +linewidth-2 +\backslash +fboxsep-2 +\backslash +fboxrule}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fboxrule 0.4pt +\backslash +fboxsep 3pt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Como se ha usado el cuadro de párrafo como argumento de +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default +, en este caso no hay diferencia entre +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +boxed +\series default +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los cuadros de párrafo son muy útiles para comentar ecuaciones directamente. + Para hacerlo, se usa +\series bold + +\backslash +parbox +\series default + en combinación con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +tag +\series default +. + (Véase más sobre +\series bold + +\backslash +tag +\series default + en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Numeración-personalizada" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un ejemplo de ecuación comentada con +\series bold + +\backslash +parbox +\series default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +[5x-7b=3b +\backslash +tag*{ +\backslash +parbox{5cm}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Esto es una descripción. + Está claramente separada de la ecuación y es multilínea. +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +}} +\backslash +] +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Tales ecuaciones deben insertarse completamente en modo TeX porque LyX aún + no soporta el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +parbox +\series default + en ecuaciones. + La ecuación se compone con la siguiente secuencia de comandos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +[5x-7b=3b +\backslash +tag* +\backslash +{ +\backslash +parbox{5cm}{ +\series default + se inserta en modo TeX. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Si se usa el estilo de ecuación +\series bold +Sangrado +\series default +, +\series bold + +\backslash +tag* +\backslash + +\series default + se puede reemplazar por +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default +. + (Véanse los estilos de ecuación en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Después sigue la descripción en texto normal, y por último +\series bold +}} +\backslash +] +\series default + en modo TeX. + Aquí los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +[ +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +] +\series default + crean una ecuación presentada. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las ventajas de +\series bold + +\backslash +parbox +\series default + pueden verse en este ejemplo que se ha +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +comentado +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + usando el modo texto matemático: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +5x-7b=3b\textrm{ Esto es una descripción. No está separada de la ecuación...}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Operadores +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Operadores" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Operadores grandes +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Operadores-grandes" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Operadores ! grandes" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Sumatorios" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Integrales" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para poder usar todos los comandos de integrales listados aquí, debe estar + marcada la opción +\family sans +Usar paquete esint automáticamente +\family default + de +\family sans +Ecuaciones +\family default + en la configuración del documento. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sum +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash sum" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +int +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! I ! \\textbackslash int" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +intop +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\intop$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +oint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ointop +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ointop$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ointctrclockwise +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ointclockwise +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sqint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigcap +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigcup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +prod +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! P ! \\textbackslash prod" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\prod$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +coprod +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\coprod$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigodot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigodot$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigotimes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigotimes$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigoplus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigoplus$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigwedge +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigwedge$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigvee +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigvee$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigsqcup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigsqcup$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +biguplus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\biguplus$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Todos los operadores grandes se pueden insertar con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/intop.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Estos operadores son llamados grandes porque son mayores que los operadores + binarios de aspecto semejante. + Todos los operadores grandes pueden tener límites, como se describe en + la subsección siguiente. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los operadores +\series bold + +\backslash +intop +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +ointop +\series default + difieren de +\series bold + +\backslash +int +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +oint +\series default + en el estilo en que se presentan los límites, véase +\series bold + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection* +Sugerencias para las integrales +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La letra +\emph on +d +\emph default + en una integral es un operador, por consiguiente debe escribirse en redonda. + Esto se hace resaltando la +\emph on +d +\emph default + y usando el atajo de teclado +\family sans +Alt-c\InsetSpace ~ +r +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +véase estilos de letras en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Delante de la +\emph on +d +\emph default + se inserta un espacio delgado, como es habitual en los operadores. + Un ejemplo: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +incorrecto: +\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$ +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hphantom{in} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +correcto: +\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para integrales múltiples hay los siguientes comandos: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +iint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +oiint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\oiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sqiint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +iiint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +iiiint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dotsint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\dotsint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Límites de operadores +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Límites-de-operadores" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Operadores ! límites de" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los límites se crean mediante superíndices y subíndices: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +prod^ +\backslash +infty +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +_0 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +A(x) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En ecuaciones en línea los límites se colocan al lado derecho del operador. + En ecuaciones presentadas se colocan encima y debajo, excepto en las integrales. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para forzar que los límites se coloquen junto al operador, se pone el cursor + directamente detrás del operador y se elige +\series bold +Insertado +\series default + en el menú +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cambiar tipo de límites +\family default + (atajo +\family sans +Alt-m\InsetSpace ~ +l +\family default +). + Un ejemplo: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los límites por defecto son: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Así se ven si se cambia el tipo de límites a +\series bold +Insertado +\series default +: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En integrales, excepto +\series bold + +\backslash +intop +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +ointop +\series default +, los límites se colocan por defecto junto al operador. + Pero en integrales múltiples los límites se ponen con frecuencia bajo el + operador. + Por tanto, en el siguiente ejemplo se ha elegido el tipo +\series bold +Pantalla +\series default + para poner el límite debajo: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:IntVol}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +Para especificar condiciones en los límites se usan los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +subarray +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash subarray" + +\end_inset + + y +\series bold + +\backslash +substack +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash substack" + +\end_inset + +. + Por ejemplo, para componer la expresión +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c} +0 + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Operador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard ++ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $+$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $-$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +pm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\pm$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mp$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cdot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +times +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\times$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +div +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\div$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +raisebox{-1.2mm}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +* +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $*$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +star +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\star$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +circ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\circ$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +diamond +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\diamond$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bullet +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Operador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +nabla +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\nabla$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigtriangledown +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangledown$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigtriangleup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangleup$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Box +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Box$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cap +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\cap$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\cup$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dagger +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\dagger$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ddagger +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ddagger$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +wr +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\wr$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigcirc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigcirc$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +wedge +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\wedge$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +vee +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\vee$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Operador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +oplus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\oplus$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ominus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ominus$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +otimes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\otimes$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +oslash +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\oslash$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +odot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\odot$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +amalg +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\amalg$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +uplus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\uplus$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +setminus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\setminus$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sqcap +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\sqcap$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sqcup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\sqcup$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +triangleleft +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\triangleleft$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +triangleright +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\triangleright$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Todos los operadores binarios se pueden insertar también con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/pm.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para imprimir el operador Laplace se pueden usar +\series bold + +\backslash +Delta +\series default + o +\series bold + +\backslash +nabla +\series default +^ +\series bold +2 +\series default + ( +\begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$ +\end_inset + +) en vez de +\series bold + +\backslash +bigtriangleup +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El carácter +\family sans +Separador de menú +\family default + del menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Carácter especial +\family default + es el operador +\series bold + +\backslash +triangleright +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Operadores definidos por el usuario +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Operadores-de-usuario" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Operadores ! personalizados" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con ayuda del comando +\series bold + +\backslash +DeclareMathOperator +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom@\\textbackslash DeclareMathOperator" + +\end_inset + + se pueden definir operadores personalizados en el preámbulo LaTeX. + Su esquema es: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +DeclareMathOperator{comando nuevo}{presentación} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Presentación puede ser un carácter o símbolo que define el aspecto del operador + en la salida. + Para definir un operador grande hay que añadirle un * detrás. + Todos los operadores grandes personalizados pueden tener límites como se + describe en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Por ejemplo, la línea en el preámbulo LaTeX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +DeclareMathOperator*{ +\backslash +Lozenge}{ +\backslash +blacklozenge} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +define el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +Lozenge +\series default +, que inserta un operador grande que es el símbolo blacklozenge de la +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Símbolos-misceláneos" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}\] + +\end_inset + +El comando para esta expresión es: +\series bold + +\backslash +Lozenge^ +\backslash +infty +\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +_n=1 +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si los operadores personalizados no se van a usar varias veces en el documento, + se pueden también definir con los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +mathop +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathop" + +\end_inset + + y +\series bold + +\backslash +mathbin +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathbin" + +\end_inset + +, con el siguiente esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathop{presentación} +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +mathbin{presentación} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathop +\series default + define operadores grandes, +\series bold + +\backslash +mathbin +\series default + operadores binarios. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathop +\series default + se puede usar, p.e., para poner un límite a varios operadores: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando para la expresión anterior es: +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathop{ +\backslash +sum +\backslash +negmedspace +\backslash +sum +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +^N +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +_i,j=1 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Fuentes +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Fuentes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Estilos de fuentes +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Fuentes ! estilos de" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las letras latinas en las ecuaciones se pueden poner en uno de los siguientes + estilos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace -2mm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +atajo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mathbb +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +ABC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{ABC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Alt-c c +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mathbf +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +AbC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{AbC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Alt-c b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +boldsymbol +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +AbC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\boldsymbol{AbC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mathcal +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +ABC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{ABC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Alt-c e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mathfrak +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +AbC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +atajo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mathit +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +AbC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{AbC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mathrm +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +AbC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{AbC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Alt-c r +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mathsf +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +AbC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{AbC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Alt-c s +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mathtt +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +AbC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Alt-c p +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Nota +\series default +: Los estilos +\series bold + +\backslash +mathbb +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +mathcal +\series default + sólo se aplican a letras mayúsculas. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El estilo predeterminado es +\series bold + +\backslash +mathnormal +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los comandos de estilo funcionan también en estructuras matemáticas: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los caracteres en texto matemático no aparecen en un estilo de letra de + ecuaciones sino en el estilo +\series bold + +\backslash +textrm +\series default +. + Este estilo no se puede poner correctamente con el diálogo de estilo de + texto por un fallo de LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4091}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #4091 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En vez de comandos se puede usar el menú +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Estilo del texto +\family default + o el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/font.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Ecuaciones en negrita +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Ecuaciones-en-negrita" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! en negrita" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para poner en negrita una ecuación completa no se puede usar el comando + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathbf +\series default +, porque no funciona con minúsculas griegas. + Además, siempre imprime en redonda las letras latinas, como en la ecuación: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{ecuación con \textbackslash mathbf}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para presentar la ecuación correctamente se usa el comando +\series bold +boldsymbol +\series default +: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{ecuación con \textbackslash boldsymbol}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +También es posible poner la fórmula en un +\series bold +entorno boldmath +\series default +, que se inserta con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +boldmath +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash boldmath" + +\end_inset + + en modo TeX. + Para finalizar el entorno se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +unboldmath +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash unboldmath" + +\end_inset + + en modo TeX. +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +boldmath +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{ecuación en un entorno boldmath}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +unboldmath +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Tamaños de fuentes +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Fuentes ! tamaño" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para los caracteres en ecuaciones hay, como para caracteres en texto, los + siguientes comandos de tamaño: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +Huge +\series default +, +\series bold + +\backslash +huge +\series default +, +\series bold + +\backslash +LARGE +\series default +, +\series bold + +\backslash +Large +\series default +, +\series bold + +\backslash +large +\series default +, +\series bold + +\backslash +normalsize +\series default +, +\series bold + +\backslash +small +\series default +, +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +footnotesize +\series default +, +\series bold + +\backslash +scriptsize +\series default +, y +\series bold + +\backslash +tiny +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El tamaño dado por los comandos depende del tamaño base de la fuente en + el documento, dado por el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +normalsize +\series default +. + Los demás comandos producen tamaños menores o mayores que +\series bold + +\backslash +normalsize +\series default +. + No obstante, puede que el tamaño de fuente no exceda de cierto valor. + Si, por ejemplo, la fuente del documento es de 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt, el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +Huge +\series default + da el mismo tamaño que +\series bold + +\backslash +huge +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un comando de tamaño se inserta en modo TeX antes de la ecuación, y se aplica + a todas las ecuaciones y texto siguientes. + Para volver al tamaño anterior hay que insertar el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +normalsize +\series default + en modo TeX detraś de la ecuación. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Dentro de una fórmula el tamaño sólo se puede cambiar para símbolos o letras + en texto matemático. + Para hacerlo se inserta el comando en texto matemático. + Todos los caracteres siguientes, hasta el final del texto matemático o + hasta otro comando de tamaño, tendrán el tamaño seleccionado. + Dos ejemplos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace -2mm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +huge +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese\] + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +normalsize +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Antes de las ecuaciones se ha insertado el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +huge +\series default +. + Para la segunda ecuación el comando es: +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +maltese +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A Alt-m m +\backslash +Large +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +maltese +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +textit +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hspace*{1cm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Alt-m +\series default + +\series bold +m +\backslash +tiny +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +maltese +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +textit +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si un símbolo no se puede mostrar en distintos tamaños se usará siempre + el tamño por defecto. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Letras griegas +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Letras griegas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Todas las letras griegas se pueden insertar mediante el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/alpha.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Minúsculas +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Minúsculas" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Letras griegas ! minúsculas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +alpha +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +beta +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\beta$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +gamma +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +delta +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\delta$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +epsilon +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varepsilon +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +zeta +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\zeta$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +eta +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\eta$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +theta +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\theta$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +vartheta +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\vartheta$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +iota +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\iota$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +kappa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varkappa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varkappa$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lambda +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mu +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mu$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +nu +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\nu$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +xi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\xi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +o +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $o$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +pi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\pi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varpi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varpi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +rho +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\rho$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varrho +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varrho$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sigma +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varsigma +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varsigma$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +tau +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\tau$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +upsilon +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\upsilon$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +phi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\phi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varphi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varphi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +chi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\chi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +psi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\psi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +omega +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\omega$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Cómo escribir letras griegas en redonda se explica en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Griegas-en-redonda" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Mayúsculas +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Letras griegas ! mayúsculas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Gamma +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Delta +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Delta$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Theta +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Theta$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Lambda +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Lambda$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Xi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Xi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Pi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Pi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Sigma +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Upsilon +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Phi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Phi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Psi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Psi$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Omega +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las mayúsculas griegas se imprimen en redonda debido a un fallo de diseño + cuando se desarrolló TeX. + Para obtener mayúsculas en cursiva, inicia cada comando con +\series bold +var +\series default +. + Por ejemplo, el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +varGamma +\series default + genera: +\begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Letras en negrita +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Letras griegas ! en negrita" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las letras griegas no admiten diferentes estilos de fuente como las latinas. + Sólo se pueden poner en negrita con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +boldsymbol +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash boldsymbol" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Upsilon +\backslash +boldsymbol +\backslash +Upsilon +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +theta +\backslash +boldsymbol +\backslash +theta +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Símbolos +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +texorpdfstring{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Se puede encontrar una lista con todos los símbolos de la mayoría de paquetes + LaTeX en +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "Symbole" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +}{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores + PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Más sobre +\backslash +texorpdfstring en la sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-títulos" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Símbolos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Muchos de los símbolos listados en esta sección se pueden insertar además + mediante los botones +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/nabla.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/digamma.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Símbolos matemáticos +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Símbolos-matemáticos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Símbolos ! matemáticos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +neg +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\neg$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Im +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Im$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Re +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Re$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +aleph +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\aleph$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +partial +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\partial$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +infty +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\infty$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +wp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\wp$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +imath +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\imath$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +jmath +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\jmath$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +forall +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\forall$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +exists +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\exists$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +nexists +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\nexists$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +emptyset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\emptyset$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varnothing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varnothing$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dag +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\dag$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ddag +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ddag$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +complement +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +raisebox{-0.8mm}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\complement$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Bbbk +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Bbbk$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +prime +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\prime$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +backprime +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\backprime$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mho +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mho$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +triangle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\triangle$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +angle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\angle$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +measuredangle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\measuredangle$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sphericalangle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\sphericalangle$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +top +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\top$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bot$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Símbolos misceláneos +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Símbolos-misceláneos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Símbolos ! misceláneos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +flat +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\flat$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +natural +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\natural$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sharp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\sharp$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +surd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\surd$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +checkmark +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\checkmark$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +yen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\yen$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +pounds +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\pounds$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +$ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\$$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +§ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $§$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +hbar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\hbar$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +hslash +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\hslash$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +clubsuit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\clubsuit$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +spadesuit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\spadesuit$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bigstar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bigstar$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +blacklozenge +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\blacklozenge$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +blacktriangle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangle$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +blacktiangledown +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangledown$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bullet +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +diamondsuit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\diamondsuit$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Diamond +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Diamond$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +heartsuit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +P +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\P$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +copyright +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\copyright$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +circledR +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\circledR$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +maltese +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\maltese$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +diagup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\diagup$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +diagdown +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\diagdown$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Hay más símbolos en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Caracteres-especiales-misceláneos" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Algunos símbolos pueden presentarse en distintos tamaños, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +El símbolo del euro, € +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Símbolos ! euro" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "\\textcent@\\officialeuro" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para usar el símbolo del euro en ecuaciones debe estar instalado el paquete + Latex +\series bold +eurosym +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! eurosym" + +\end_inset + +, y cargado en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Actualmente también se puede insertar con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +euro +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! E ! \\textbackslash euro" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El símbolo del euro puede insertarse directamente con la tecla € en texto + matemático sin tener +\series bold +eurosym +\series default + instalado. + Si +\series bold +eurosym +\series default + está instalado, se puede insertar +\series bold + +\backslash +euro +\series default + en modo TeX. + El símbolo oficial de la moneda se puede insertar con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +officialeuro +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash officialeuro" + +\end_inset + +, que sólo está disponible en modo TeX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +ifeurosym +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +La tabla siguiente sólo se mostrará si está instalado el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +eurosym +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un vistazo a los diferentes símbolos del euro. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Símbolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +ecuación +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +euro +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\euro$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +texto matemático +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +€ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{€}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +modo TeX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +officialeuro +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +officialeuro +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +else +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Se mostrará lo siguiente si no está instalado el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +eurosym +\series default +: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para ver la salida completa de esta subsección debe estar instalado el paquete + LaTeX +\series bold +eurosym +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Relaciones +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Relaciones" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Relaciones" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comparaciones|see{Relaciones}" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Todas las relaciones se pueden insertar también con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/leq.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Relación +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +< +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $<$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +le +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\le$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ll +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ll$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +prec +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\prec$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +preceq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\preceq$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +subset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\subset$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +subseteq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\subseteq$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sqsubseteq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\sqsubseteq$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +in +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\in$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +vdash +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\vdash$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +smile +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\smile$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lhd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\lhd$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +unlhd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\unlhd$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +gtrless +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\gtrless$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +mid +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mid$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +nmid +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\nmid$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Relación +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard += +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $=$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +not= +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\not=$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +equiv +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\equiv$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sim +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\sim$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +simeq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\simeq$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +approx +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\approx$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cong +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\cong$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bowtie +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\bowtie$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +notin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\notin$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +perp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\perp$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +propto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\propto$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +asymp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\asymp$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +doteq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\doteq$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +circeq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\circeq$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +models +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\models$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +widehat= +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{=}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Relación +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +> +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $>$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ge +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ge$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +gg +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\gg$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +succ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\succ$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +succeq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\succeq$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +supset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\supset$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +supseteq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\supseteq$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sqsupseteq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\sqsupseteq$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ni +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\ni$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dashv +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\dashv$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +frown +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\frown$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +rhd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\rhd$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +unrhd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\unrhd$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lessgtr +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\lessgtr$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +parallel +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\parallel$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +nparallel +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\nparallel$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los caracteres +\series bold + +\backslash +lhd +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +rhd +\series default + son mayores que los operadores de aspecto similar +\series bold + +\backslash +triangleleft +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +triangleright +\series default +, respectivamente. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las relaciones, a diferencia de los símbolos, siempre se rodean de espacios. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Se pueden componer relaciones con etiquetas con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +stackrel +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash stackrel" + +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A(r) +\backslash +stackrel +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +r +\backslash +to +\backslash +infty +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +approx +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Funciones +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Funciones predefinidas +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Funciones-predefinidas" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Funciones ! predefinidas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En general las variables se escriben en +\emph on +cursiva +\emph default + en expresiones matemáticas, pero no los nombres de las funciones, porque + +\begin_inset Formula $sen$ +\end_inset + + podría confundirse con +\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot e\cdot n$ +\end_inset + +. + Por eso hay funciones predefinidas, que además se separan un poco del factor + precedente. + Se insertan como comandos con una contrabarra delante de su nombre. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Asen(x)+B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $Asen(x)+B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A +\backslash +sen(x)+B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\sen(x)+B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las funciones siguientes están predefinidas +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Se han añadido tres columnas con los comandos suministrados por el estilo + +\series bold +spanish +\series default + de +\series bold +babel +\series default +, adaptados a las convenciones hispanohablantes. + Además, en su caso, las funciones serán acentuadas automáticamente, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e. + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +lím +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +máx +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Véase la documentación de +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "spanish" + +\end_inset + +. + ( +\emph on +N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +del t. +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace -2mm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +español +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +español +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +español +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sinh +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +senh +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +arcsin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +arcsen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cos +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cosh +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +arccos +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +arccos +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +inf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +tan +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +tg +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +tanh +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +tgh +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +arctan +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +arctg +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lim +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $ $ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +cotg +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +coth +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +arg +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +liminf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +sec +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +min +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +deg +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +limsup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +csc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cosec +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +max +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +det +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Pr +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ln +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +exp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dim +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +hom +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lg +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +log +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ker +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +gcd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +También se pueden insertar con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/functions.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Funciones definidas por el usuario +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Funciones ! personalizadas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para usar una función no predefinida, como por ejemplo la función máximo + común divisor +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Se ha sustituido el ejemplo del original en inglés, +\backslash + +\series bold +sgn +\series default +, por la función máximo común divisor, +\series bold + +\backslash +mcd +\series default +, equivalente a la predefinida en inglés +\series bold + +\backslash +gcd +\series default +. + ( +\emph on +N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +del t. +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, mcd, hay dos posibilidades: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Define la función añadiendo al preámbulo LaTeX la línea +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Más sobre +\series bold + +\backslash +DeclareMathOperator +\series default + en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Operadores-de-usuario" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\begin_inset VSpace -3mm +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +DeclareMathOperator{ +\backslash +mcd}{mcd} +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom@\\textbackslash DeclareMathOperator" + +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\begin_inset VSpace -2mm +\end_inset + + +\newline +Ahora la función recién definida se puede obtener con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +mcd +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Escribe la ecuación de la forma habitual, marca el nombre de la ecuación, + en nuestro ejemplo las letras +\emph on +mcd +\emph default +, y cámbialo a texto matemático. + Entre el factor precedente y la función se inserta un espacio. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El resultado es el mismo con ambos métodos como con una función predefinida +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +En LyX, las funciones personalizadas se ven en rojo, las predefinidas en + negro. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A +\backslash +mcd(x)+B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\mcd(x)+B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A +\backslash +, +\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{mcd}}_{\textrm{Alt-m}\,\textrm{m}}$ +\end_inset + +(x)+B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\,\mbox{mcd}(x)+B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El primer método es preferible si la función se va a usar varias veces. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Límites +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Límites" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para límites, además de +\series bold + +\backslash +lim +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash lim" + +\end_inset + +, +\series bold + +\backslash +liminf +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +limsup +\series default + están definidas las siguientes funciones: +\series bold + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varliminf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varliminf$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varlimsup +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varlimsup$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varprojlim +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varprojlim$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +varinjlim +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\varinjlim$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El límite se crea insertando un subíndice. + Se imprime a la derecha junto a la función en una fórmula en línea: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hspace{1cm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lim +\backslash +limits_x +\backslash +to +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +x=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\hspace{1cm}\raisebox{5mm}{}\lim_{x\rightarrow A}x=B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En una ecuación presentada el límite se imprime debajo, como es habitual +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +El estilo +\series bold +spanish +\series default + de +\series bold +babel +\series default +hace que el límite se imprima como en la ecuación en línea. + Para evitarlo, se puede insertar el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +limits +\series default + justo detrás de +\series bold + +\backslash +lim +\series default +, o usar el menú +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cambiar tipo de límites\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Pantalla +\family default +, como se explica en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores" + +\end_inset + +. + Véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "spanish" + +\end_inset + +. + ( +\emph on +N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +del t. +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\lim\limits _{x\rightarrow A}=B\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Función módulo +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Funciones ! módulo" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La función módulo es especial, porque existe en cuatro variantes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En una ecuación presentada: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\underline{\textrm{Comando}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Resultado}}\\ +\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\mod b\\ +\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pmod b\\ +\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\bmod b\\ +\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pod b\end{align*} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En una ecuación en línea se pone menos espacio delante del nombre de la + función para todas las variantes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Caracteres especiales +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Caracteres especiales" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Caracteres especiales en texto matemático +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los siguientes comandos sólo se pueden usar en texto matemático o en modo + TeX: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +oe +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\oe}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +OE +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\OE}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ae +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\ae}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +AE +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\AE}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +aa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\aa}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +AA +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "\\@\\textrm{\\AA}" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\AA}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +i +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\i}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +o +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\o}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +O +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\O}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +l +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\l}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +L +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\L}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +! +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hspace{0mm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +` +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{!`}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +? +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hspace{0mm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +` +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{?`}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +j +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\j}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los caracteres +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Å}}$ +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Ø}}$ +\end_inset + + también se pueden insertar mediante el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/math/digamma.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los comandos +\series bold +! +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hspace{0mm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +` +\series default + y +\series bold +? +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hspace{0mm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +` +\series default + son una excepción porque se pueden insertar directamente a texto en LyX. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Acentos en texto +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Acentos-en-texto" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Acentos ! en texto" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con los siguientes comandos se pueden acentuar todas las letras. + Los comandos deben ponerse en modo TeX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash + +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +"e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +`e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +`e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +^e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +=e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +=e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +u +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +u e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +b +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +b e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +t +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +ee +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +t ee +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +H +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +H e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +'e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +'e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +~e +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Tilde" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +~e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +.e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +.e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +v +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +v e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +d +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +d e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +c +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +c e +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +t +\series default + también se pueden acentuar dos caracteres distintos. + El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +t +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +sz +\series default + genera +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +t sz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los acentos +\series bold +` +\series default + , +\series bold +' +\series default + y +\series bold +^ +\series default + se pueden insertar directamente con el teclado sobre vocales sin usar modo + TeX. + Lo mismo se aplica a la tilde +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Esto sólo se aplica a teclados en los que la tilde está definida como acento. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + con +\emph on +a +\emph default +, +\emph on +o +\emph default + y +\emph on +n. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +b +\series default + , +\series bold + +\backslash +c +\series default + , +\series bold + +\backslash +d +\series default + , +\series bold + +\backslash +H +\series default + , +\series bold + +\backslash +t +\series default + , +\series bold + +\backslash +u +\series default + , +\series bold + +\backslash +v +\series default +, y acentos insertados directamente con el teclado también están disponibles + en texto matemático. + Para otros acentos hay comandos especiales para usar en ecuaciones, véase + +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Acentos-para-un" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Además, con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +textcircled +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textcircled" + +\end_inset + + se pueden insertar en un círculo todos los números y letras, de forma parecida + al símbolo copyright. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +textcircled{w} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +textcircled{w} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Large +\backslash +textcircled{ +\backslash +normalsize +\backslash +protect +\backslash +raisebox{-1.5pt}{W}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +Large +\backslash +textcircled{ +\backslash +normalsize +\backslash +protect +\backslash +raisebox{-1.5pt}W} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Hay que tener cuidado que el carácter se ajuste al círculo. + Por eso +\series bold + +\backslash +Large +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default + especifica el tamaño del círculo. + Con ayuda de +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Cuadros-sin-marco" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default + se puede centrar el carácter. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Números minúsculos +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Números minúsculos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los núeros minúsculos se componen con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +oldstylenums +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash oldstylenums" + +\end_inset + +. + El comando se puede usar en ecuaciones y en modo TeX. + Su esquema es: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +oldstylenums{número} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +oldsylenums{0123456789} +\series default + genera: +\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Caracteres especiales misceláneos +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Caracteres-especiales-misceláneos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Caracteres especiales ! misceláneos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los siguientes caracteres sólo pueden insertarse en ecuaciones mediante + comandos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +_ +\begin_inset Formula $ $ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\_$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +circ +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "°" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $^{\circ}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El símbolo grado ° puede no obstante insertarse directamente si el preámbulo + LaTeX contiene la línea +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Más sobre este asunto en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Caracteres-de-texto" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +DeclareInputtext{176}{ +\backslash +ifmmode^ +\backslash +circ +\backslash +else +\backslash +textdegree +\backslash +f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} +i} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La tilde +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Tilde" + +\end_inset + + está diseñada como acento, así que sola se ve un poco fuera de sitio: ~ +\newline +Pero + a veces hace falta una tilde para direcciones web. + En ese caso, en una ecuación se usa el signo de relación +\series bold + +\backslash +sim +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Relaciones" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + Como en un cuadro URL (menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +URL +\family default +) no se puede escribir una ecuación, se inserta la URL como texto normal + en estilo ' +\family typewriter +typewriter +\family default +'. + Si la URL ha de ser un hiperenlace en la salida DVI o PDF, se usa el comando + +\series bold + +\backslash +href +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +href +\series default + sólo puede usarse junto con el paquete LaTeX +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! hyperref" + +\end_inset + +. + Más sobre +\series bold + +\backslash +href +\series default + en la sección +\emph on +URL +\emph default + del manual +\emph on +Objetos incrustados +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash href" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Ejemplo de una URL con una tilde: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +como texto: +\family typewriter +http://www.lyx.org/ +\begin_inset Formula $\sim$ +\end_inset + +mustermann +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +con +\series bold + +\backslash +href +\series default +: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://www.lyx.org/~mustermann}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +http://www.lyx.org/ +\begin_inset Formula $\sim$ +\end_inset + +mustermann +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Estilos de ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! estilos de" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Hay dos estilos diferentes de alineación: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Centrado es el estándar predefinido +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Sangrado para este estilo debe insertarse la opción +\series bold +fleqn +\series default + en el menú +\family sans +Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configuración +\family default + bajo +\family sans +Clase de documento +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Cuando se usa +\series bold +Sangrado +\series default +, éste se puede ajustar con la longitud +\series bold + +\backslash +mathindent +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathindent" + +\end_inset + +. + Para 15\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e., se inserta esta línea de comando en el preámbulo LaTeX: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +mathindent}{15mm} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si no se especifica longitud se usa el valor predeterminado de 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Y dos estilos diferentes de numeración: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Derecha es el estándar predefinido +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Izquierda para este estilo debe insertarse la opción +\series bold +fleqn +\series default + en el menú +\family sans +Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configuración +\family default + bajo +\family sans +Clase de documento +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +fleqn +\series default + y +\series bold +leqno +\series default + también se pueden usar juntos. + En ese caso se insertan ambas opciones, separadas por una coma. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los estilos escogidos se aplican a todas las ecuaciones en presentación + del documento. + Si un documento debe tener ecuaciones centradas y sangradas, se usa el + estilo +\series bold +Centrado +\series default + y las ecuaciones sangradas se ponen en un entorno flalign; véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Entorno-flalign" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Ecuaciones multilínea +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Ecuaciones-multilínea" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +General +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En LyX se generan nuevas líneas en una ecuación con +\family sans +\series bold +Ctrl-Intro +\family default +\series default +. + Esto crea un +\series bold +entorno align +\series default +, que se describe en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Entorno-align-estándar" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Hay otros entornos para fórmulas multilínea que se pueden introducir mediante + el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación +\family default +. + En las siguientes secciones se describen estos entornos. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En todos los entornos de ecuación multilínea la combinación +\family sans +Ctrl-Intro +\family default + genera una línea nueva. + Para añadir o quitar líneas se pueden usar los botones +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +de la barra de herramientas, respectivamente, o el menú +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Filas y columnas +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Separación de líneas +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Separación-de-líneas" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! separación de filas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A veces no hay suficiente espacio entre las líneas de una ecuación multilínea: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\ +4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + +En LaTeX un espacio adicional para una línea se especifica como argumento + opcional del comando de nueva línea. + Esto aún no es posible en LYX +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #1505 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, por lo que toda la ecuación debe insertarse en modo TeX. + Para añadir espacio en nuestro ejemplo se inserta el comando +\series bold + +\backslash + +\backslash +[3mm] +\series default + al final de la primera línea. + Así: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +begin{eqnarray*} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & + = & +\backslash +textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2} +\backslash + +\backslash +[3mm] +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +4x^{2} +\backslash +left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2} +\backslash +right)+4x_{0}x +\backslash +left(D-B^{2} +\backslash +right)+B^{2} +\backslash +left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2} +\backslash +right) & = & 0 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +end{eqnarray*} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para obtener separación en todas las líneas hay que cambiar la longitud + +\series bold + +\backslash +jot +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! J ! \\textbackslash jot" + +\end_inset + +. + La definición es: +\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{separación de línea}=\mathrm{6\, pt+\backslash jot}$ +\end_inset + +. + El valor predeterminado para +\series bold + +\backslash +jot +\series default + es 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt. + Para establecer una separación adicional de 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm como en el ejemplo anterior, + se inserta el comando +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{3mm+3pt} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +en modo TeX antes de la ecuación. + Es necesario cargar el paquete +\series bold +calc +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +calc +\series default + forma parte de toda instalación LaTeX estándar. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! calc" + +\end_inset + + en el preámbulo con la línea +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{calc} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Se obtiene: +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{3mm+3pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\ +4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{3pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Para volver a la distancia predeterminada, +\series bold + +\backslash +jot +\series default + se establece en 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Separación de columnas +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Separación-de-columnas" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea !separación de columnas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Una ecuación multilínea forma una matriz. + Una ecuación en un entorno eqnarray, por ejemplo, es una matriz con tres + columnas. + Cambiando la separación de columnas en este entorno se puede cambiar el + espacio junto al signo de realación. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La separación de columnas se especifica con la longitud +\series bold + +\backslash +arraycolsep +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arraycolsep" + +\end_inset + + según: +\newline +column separation = 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} + +\series bold + +\backslash +arraycolsep +\series default + +\newline +Así, el comando en modo TeX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +arraycolsep}{1cm} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +establece para todas las ecuaciones siguientes una separación de columnas + de 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +cm. + Para volver al valor predefinido, +\series bold + +\backslash +arraycolsep +\series default + se pone en 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Una ecuación con separación de 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +cm entre columnas: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +arraycolsep}{1cm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +A & = & B\\ +C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + +Una ecuación con la separación predefinida para matrices, 10\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +arraycolsep}{5pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +A & = & B\\ +C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Ecuaciones largas +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! larga" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Se pueden componer ecuaciones largas mediante estos métodos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Si un lado de la ecuación es mucho más corto que la anchura de línea, este + se elige para el lado izquierdo y el derecho se imprime en dos líneas: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\ + & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:kurzlang}\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +El signo menos al principio de la segunda línea normalmente no aparece como + operador porque es el primer carácter de la línea. + No se rodearía de espacio y podría no distinguirse de la raya de fracción. + Para evitarlo se ha insertado espacio dtrás del menos con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace{3pt} +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +véase más sobre +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace +\series default + en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Espacio-variable" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hspace" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Si ambos lados de la ecuación son demasiado largos se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +lefteqn +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash lefteqn" + +\end_inset + +. + Se inserta en la primer columna de la primera línea y hace que todas las + inserciones posteriores sobreescriban las columnas siguientes: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\ + & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\ + & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +Tras la inserción de +\series bold + +\backslash +lefteqn +\series default + el cursor está en un marco púrpura un poco a la izquierda del azul. + La ecuación se inserta en éste. +\newline +El contenido de las restantes líneas se inserta + en la segunda columna o en otra. + A mayor número de columna donde se inserte, mayor sangrado. +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +medskip +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Ten en cuenta lo siguiente si usas +\series bold + +\backslash +lefteqn +\series default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +La ecuación no usa la anchura total de la página. + Cuando se añade, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e., el término +\begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$ +\end_inset + + en la primera línea del ejemplo, debería estar fuera del margen. + Para aprovechar mejor la anchura, se puede insertar espacio negativo al + principio de la primera línea. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Debido a un fallo en LyX el cursor no se puede poner con el ratón en la + primera línea. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1429}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #1429 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Sólo se puede poner el cursor al principio de la línea y moverlo con las + teclas de flecha. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Se describen otros métodos para escribir fórmulas largas en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Entorno-multilínea" + +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Partes-de-una-multilínea" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Delimitadores multilínea +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Delimitadores-multilínea" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Delimitadores ! para varias líneas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para poner delimitadores que cubran varias líneas hay un problema: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ + & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + +El delimitador de cierre es más pequeño que el de apertura porque los delimitado +res con tamaño variable no abarcan líneas múltiples. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para obtener el tamaño adecuado, la primera línea se termina con +\series bold + +\backslash +right. +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash right" + +\end_inset + + y la segunda con +\series bold + +\backslash +left. +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Más sobre +\series bold + +\backslash +left. + +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +right. + +\series default + en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash left" + +\end_inset + + Después de +\series bold + +\backslash +left. + +\series default + se inserta el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +vphantom +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +prod +\series default +^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +infty +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +_R=1} +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! V ! \\textbackslash vphantom" + +\end_inset + +, porque el operador de multiplicación con sus límites es el símbolo mayor + en la primera línea y ese debería ser el tamaño para el delimitador en + la segunda línea. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El resultado es: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ + & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Entornos align +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los entornos align se pueden usar para todo tipo de ecuaciones multilínea. + Son especialmente apropiados para poner ecuaciones adosadas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los entornos align constan de columnas. + Las columnas impares se alinean a la derecha, las pares a la izquierda. + En un entorno align se puede numerar cada línea. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los entornos align se crean con el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación +\family default +. + Una ecuación existente se puede convertir a align con el menú +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cambiar tipo de ecuación +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para añadir o quitar columnas se pueden usar los botones +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + o +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +de la barra de ecuaciones o el menú +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Filas y columnas +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Entorno align estándar +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Entorno-align-estándar" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno align" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Este entorno align se crea pulsando +\family sans +Ctrl-Intro +\family default + en una ecuación o con el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Entorno AMS align +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un ejemplo para dos ecuaciones adosadas, que se componen con un entorno + align de cuatro columnas: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +A & =\sen(B) & C & =D\\ +C & \neq A & B & \neq D\end{align*} + +\end_inset + +Como se puede ver, las ecuaciones en este entorno se colocan como si hubiera + un +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Más sobre +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default + en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Espacio-variable" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + antes de la primera y detrás de cada columna par. + Si se pone en estilo +\series bold +Sangrado +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véase estilos de ecuación en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, la ecuación queda sin el +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default + ante la primera columna. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Entorno alignat +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno alignat" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El entorno alignat no tiene separación predefinida de columnas. + Se puede insertar manualmente con los espacios descritos en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Espacio" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El ejemplo anterior en el entorno alignat, con un espacio de 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +cm al comienzo + da la segunda ecuación: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{alignat*}{2} +A & =\sen(B)\hspace{1cm} & C & =D\\ +C & \neq A & B & \neq D\end{alignat*} + +\end_inset + +Como cada columna puede tener un espacio diferente, este entorno es especialment +e apropiado para poner tres o más ecuaciones adosadas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Entorno flalign +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Entorno-flalign" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno flalign" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En este entorno las dos primeras columnas están siempre tan a la izquierda + como sea posible y las dos últimas a la derecha. + Ejemplo: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign*} +A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\ +X & =\mbox{-}1 & Y & =\mbox{-}2 & Z & =4\end{flalign*} + +\end_inset + +En un entorno flalign con un número impar de columnas, en la última de las + cuales se inserta una llave TeX vacía, se pueden poner varias ecuaciones + alineadas a la izquierda, aunque se use el estilo +\series bold +Centrado +\series default +. + Un ejemplo de fórmula sangrada +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:IntVol" + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign} +\hspace{30pt}\iiint_{V}X\mbox{d}V & =U & {}\end{flalign} + +\end_inset + +Las dos primeras columnas contienen la fórmula. + Para sangrarla como con el estilo +\series bold +Sangrado +\series default +, se añade un espacio de 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt al comienzo de la primera columna. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Entorno eqnarray +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno eqnarray" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno eqnarray" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Al introducir este entorno aparecen tres marcos azules. + El contenido del primero se alinea a la derecha, el del último a la izquierda. + El contenido del marco central está centrado y algo más pequeño, porque + está diseñado para insertar sólo caracteres de relación. +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\ +AB & AB & AB\\ +A & = & A\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Entorno gather +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno gather" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Este entorno consta de una sola columna centrada. + Se puede numerar cada línea. +\begin_inset Formula \begin{gather} +A=1\\ +X=\mbox{-}1\end{gather} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Entorno multilínea +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Entorno-multilínea" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno multilínea" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El entorno multilínea, como gather, consta de una sola columna. + Pero la primera línea está alineada a la izquierda, la última a la derecha. + Las demás están centradas. + Por tanto este entorno es apropiado para ecuaciones largas. + Como ejemplo, la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:lefteqn" + +\end_inset + + en entorno multilínea: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline} +4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\ +-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\ +=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline} + +\end_inset + +En la salida sólo aparece numerada la última (primera) línea si la numeración + del documento es a la derecha (izquierda). +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véanse los estilos de numeración en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Este también es el caso si hay número de ecuación detrás de cada línea + en LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Es el +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=518}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #518 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +shoveright +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash shoveright" + +\end_inset + + +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +shoveleft +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash shoveleft" + +\end_inset + +, una línea centrada se puede alinear a la derecha o a la izquierda, respectivam +ente. + Los comandos se usan como sigue: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +shoveright{contenido de la línea} +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +shoveleft{contenido de la línea} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La longitud +\series bold + +\backslash +multlinegap +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash multlinegap" + +\end_inset + + especifica la distancia de la primera línea desde el margen izquierdo de + la página. + Esta longitud es 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt por defecto. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Como ejemplo la ecuación anterior con el comando +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +multlinegap}{2cm} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +insertado previamente en modo TeX: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +multlinegap}{2cm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline} +4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\ +\shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\ +=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +multlinegap}{0pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +La segunda línea se ha alineado a la izquierda con +\series bold + +\backslash +shoveleft +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Partes de una ecuación multilínea +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Partes-de-una-multilínea" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! partes de" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para mostrar sólo partes de una ecuación multilínea se +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none + +\backslash +left. +\backslash +right +\backslash +} +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color inherit + usa uno de los siguientes métodos: +\series bold +aligned +\series default +, +\series bold +alignedat +\series default +, +\series bold +gathered +\series default + o +\series bold +split +\series default +. + Se pueden elegir en el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación +\family default + o usando los comandos aquí descritos. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los tres primeros tienen las mismas propiedades que los correspondientes + entornos multilínea, pero es posible poner al lado más partes de la ecuación. + Un ejemplo: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\ +\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\end{aligned} +\right\} \mbox{Relaciones de incertidumbre}\] + +\end_inset + +Para componer esta expresión se inserta una ecuación en presentación y en + ella se introduce el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +aligned +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash aligned" + +\end_inset + +. + Aparece un marco púrpura alrededor del marco azul en el que ahora se pueden + añadir filas y columnas. + Fuera del entorno multilínea se pueden poner otras partes de la ecuación, + como la llave. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El entorno aligned también es apropiado para ecuaciones largas cuyas líneas + se alinean horizontalmente. + Usar aligned en una ecuación en presentación tiene la ventaja de que el + número de ecuación se centra verticalmente con las líneas. + Como ejemplo, la ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:kurzlang" + +\end_inset + + en entorno aligned: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\ + & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\end{aligned} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +Para usar los entornos +\series bold +alignedat +\series default +, +\series bold +gathered +\series default +, o +\series bold +split +\series default +, se insertan respectivamente los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +alignedat +\series default +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash alignedat" + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +gathered +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! G ! \\textbackslash gathered" + +\end_inset + +, o +\series bold + +\backslash +split +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash split" + +\end_inset + +. + El entorno split tiene las mismas propiedades que aligned pero sólo puede + tener dos columnas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Texto en ecuaciones multilínea +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Texto-en-multilínea" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Texto ! en ecuaciones" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! texto en" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En los entornos Align, multilínea y gather, se puede insertar texto que + se mostrará en una línea separada y que no afecta la alineación de columna. + Para esto se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +intertext +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! I ! \\textbackslash intertext" + +\end_inset + + con el siguiente esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +intertext{texto} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El texto no debería ocupar más de una línea porque no se puede partir con + guión. + Como LyX aún no soporta +\series bold + +\backslash +intertext +\series default + directamente, el texto se escribe como texto matemático. + +\series bold + +\backslash +intertext +\series default + debe por tanto estar al comienzo de una línea y en la salida se presenta + sobre esta línea. + Un ejemplo en el que se ha insertado texto al inicio de la segunda línea: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{align} +I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\ +\intertext{\text{el integrando es simétrico para $\phi=\pi$, por tanto}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\end{align} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Numeración de ecuaciones +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! numeración|see{Numeración de ecuaciones}" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Numeración de ecuaciones" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +General +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las ecuaciones numeradas se pueden generar con el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación +\family default + +\family sans +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\InsetSpace ~ +numerada +\family default + (atajo +\family sans +Ctrl-Alt\InsetSpace ~ +n +\family default +). + Ecuaciones existentes se pueden numerar con el menú +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Conmutar\InsetSpace ~ +numeración +\family default + (atajo +\family sans + Alt-m\InsetSpace ~ +n +\family default +). + En LyX se muestra detrás de la ecuación el signo almohadilla entre paréntesis. + En la salida se muestra el número real. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si se activa la numeración en ecuaciones multilínea se numerarán todas las + líneas. + No obstante, la numeración se puede controlar en cada línea con el menú + +\family sans +Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator +\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Conmutar\InsetSpace ~ +numeración\InsetSpace ~ +de\InsetSpace ~ +línea +\family default + (atajo +\family sans + Alt-m\InsetSpace ~ +N +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Todas las ecuaciones, excepto en línea, pueden numerarse con dos estilos + distintos, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Referencias cruzadas +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Referencias-cruzadas" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Referencias cruzadas ! a ecuaciones" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Todas las ecuaciones con etiqueta se pueden referenciar. + La etiqueta se añade con el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Etiqueta +\family default + o con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/label-insert.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + de la barra de herramientas. + El cursor debe estar dentro de una ecuación en presentación. + Surge un diálogo con el prefijo +\series bold +eq: +\series default +, detrás del cual se escribe el texto de la etiqueta. + El prefijo significa +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +equation +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + y hace más fácil encontrar etiquetas en documentos extensos porque así + se distingue p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e.\InsetSpace ~ +de las etiquetas de sección. + Para cambiar una etiqueta se usa de nuevo el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Etiqueta +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En LyX, el nombre de la etiqueta se muestra entre paréntesis detrás de la + ecuación. + Una ecuación con etiqueta se numera siempre. + La etiqueta se borra si se desactiva la numeración. + De momento, es la única forma de borrar una etiqueta. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véase +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2556}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +LyX-bug #2556 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las referencias cruzadas se insertan mediante el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Referencia cruzada +\family default + o con el botón +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.xpm + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. + Una referencia a una ecuación aparece en la salida con su número. + Si en el diálogo de referencia cruzada se elige el formato +\series bold +() +\series default +, la referencia se muestra en la salida entre paréntesis. + +\newline +En LyX, pulsando clic derecho sobre una referencia cruzada el cursor salta + a la ecuación de referencia. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +He aquí ejemplos de referencias cruzadas a ecuaciones de las subsecciones + siguientes: +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Observa los distintos tipos de referencias cruzadas. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las ecuaciones +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:tag" + +\end_inset + + y +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:c" + +\end_inset + + son equivalentes. + En ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "eq:Lat" + +\end_inset + +) se usan mayúsculas para la numeración, a diferencia de ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "eq:Rom" + +\end_inset + +). +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si el argumento de +\series bold + +\backslash +tag +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +tag +\series default + se describe en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Numeración-personalizada" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default + contiene un marco, como se describe en la +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Cuadros-de-párrafo" + +\end_inset + +, no se puede referenciar la ecuación. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Subnumeración +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! subnumeración" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con ayuda de los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +begin{subequations} +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +end{subequations} +\series default + en modo TeX se pueden subnumerar ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Ejemplo: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A=C-B\label{eq:a}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +addtocounter{equation}{-1} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +begin{subequations} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset VSpace -5mm +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +B=C-A\label{eq:b}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +C=A+B\label{eq:c}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +end{subequations} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para este ejemplo se ha hecho lo siguiente: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +se inserta la primera ecuación +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +después de ella se inserta +\series bold + +\newline + +\backslash +addtocounter{equation}{-1} +\backslash +begin{subequations} +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash addtocounter" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +se inserta la segunda ecuación +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +se inserta la tercera ecuación +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +se inserta +\series bold + +\backslash +end{subequations} +\series default + tras la tercera ecuación +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Toda ecuación entre los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +begin +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +end +\series default + se subnumera con a, b, c\SpecialChar \ldots{} + En ecuaciones multilínea se subnumerará cada línea. + Todas las ecuaciones subnumeradas son tratadas como +\emph on +una +\emph default + ecuación numerada. + Pero como cada ecuación numerada aumenta el contador +\series bold +equation +\series default + en uno, hay que disminuir el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +addtocounter +\series default +. + De lo contrario, las ecuaciones +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:a" + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:b" + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:c" + +\end_inset + + se numerarían +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:a" + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:d" + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:f" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Al insertar los comandos en modo TeX se crea un espacio entre las dos primeras + ecuaciones. + Para evitarlo se inserta ese espacio vertical de -5\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm detrás del comando + +\series bold + +\backslash +begin{subequations} +\series default +. + +\series bold + +\series default +Si se usa el estilo +\series bold +Sangrado +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +véase estilos de ecuación en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, entonces se inserta -7\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un ejemplo de ecuación multilínea en la que se ha eliminado la numeración + de la segunda línea: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +begin{subequations} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\label{eq:d}\\ + & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{²}\nonumber \\ + & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f}\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +end{subequations} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Numeración definida por el usuario +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Numeración-personalizada" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! personalizada" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! delimitadores personalizados" + +\end_inset + +Con la numeración estándar el número se coloca entre paréntesis. + Para reemplazar los paréntesis con barras verticales, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e., se añade al preámbulo + LaTeX la línea: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +def +\backslash +tagform@#1{ +\backslash +maketag@@@{|#1|}} +\series default + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Esta macro ya está declarada en el preámbulo LaTeX para pruebas. + Para activarlo, quita el % del principio. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para usar otros caracteres, se reemplazan las barras al lado de +\series bold +#1 +\series default + por ellos. + Para obtener sólo el número de ecuación se omiten las barras verticales. +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si quieres poner una expresión entre paréntesis en vez del número de ecuación + consecutivo, se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +tag +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash tag" + +\end_inset + + +\series default +: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A+B=C\tag{algo}\label{eq:tag}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +En este ejemplo se ha insertado el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +tag +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +algo +\series default + en la ecuación. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si se usa en su lugar el comando con asterisco +\series bold + +\backslash +tag* +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +algo +\series default + no se imprimen los paréntesis: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +A+B=C\tag*{algo}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para reiniciar la numeración en nuevas partes o secciones del documento + se usan los siguientes comandos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +@addtoreset{equation}{part} +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! \"@\" ! \\textbackslash \"@\"addtoreset" + +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +@addtoreset{equation}{section} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Pata poder usar estos comandos en modo TeX, el carácter +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +@ +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + debe +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +activarse +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + para LaTeX con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +makeatletter +\series default +. + El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +makeatother +\series default + deshace esto. + Así pues, la secuencia de comandos en modo TeX es: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +makeatletter +\newline + +\backslash +@addtoreset{equation}{section} +\newline + +\backslash +makeatother +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En el preámbulo LaTeX se pueden omitir +\series bold + +\backslash +makeatletter +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +makeatother +\series default + pues son automáticamente insertados por LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +@addtoreset +\series default +, +\series bold + +\series default +hay que cargar en el preámbulo LaTeX el archivo +\series bold +remreset.sty +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +remreset +\series default + es parte del paquete LaTeX +\series bold +carlisle +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! carlisle" + +\end_inset + +, incluido en las instalaciones estándar de LaTeX. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! remreset" + +\end_inset + + con la línea +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{remreset} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Entonces se puede usar el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +@removefromreset +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! \"@\" ! \\textbackslash \"@\"removefromreset" + +\end_inset + + con el mismo esquema que +\series bold + +\backslash +@addtoreset +\series default +. +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A veces las ecuaciones se podrían numerar de la siguiente manera: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +(número de sección.número de ecuación) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El número de ecuación empezaría con +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + en cada sección. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para este caso hay el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +numberwithin +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash numberwithin" + +\end_inset + +, que se usa con el esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +numberwithin{counter}{sectioning} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +counter +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + indica qué clase de numeración es afectada, +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +sectioning +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + indica qué número va delante del punto. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Así pues, en nuestro caso se ha usado la siguiente línea ERT o de preámbulo + LaTeX: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +numberwithin{equation}{section} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Este es el resultado:: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +numberwithin{equation}{section} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A+B=C\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para numerar p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e.\InsetSpace ~ +tablas de modo que +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +sectioning +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + es el número de la parte se usa +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +numberwithin{table}{part} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para volver a la numeración estándar o evitar esta clase numeración cuando + es definida por la clase de documento, se inserta el siguiente comando + como ERT o en el preámbulo LaTeX: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +arabic{equation}} +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arabic" + +\end_inset + + +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +arabic{equation}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\newline + +\series default +o +\series bold + +\newline + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +thetable}{ +\backslash +arabic{table}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +numberwithin +\series default + usa internamente el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +@addtoreset +\series default +, descrito arriba, que también necesita ser restaurado. +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +makeatletter +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +@removefromreset{equation}{section} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +makeatother +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Numeración con números romanos y letras +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Numeración-con-romanos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! con números romanos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! con letras" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las ecuaciones también se pueden numerar con números romanos y letras latinas. + Por ejemplo, para numerar con romanos en minúscula +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Como en español no se usan romanos en minúscula, el estilo +\series bold +spanish +\series default + del sistema +\series bold +babel +\series default + redefine +\series bold + +\backslash +roman +\series default + para que los dé en versalitas. + Véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "spanish" + +\end_inset + + ( +\emph on +N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +del t +\emph default +). +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, se inserta el comando +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +roman{equation}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +antes de la ecuación en modo TeX. + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash renewcommand" + +\end_inset + + redefine el comando predefinido +\series bold + +\backslash +theequation +\series default + como +\series bold + +\backslash +roman{equation} +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand +\series default + tiene el mismo esquema que el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default +, descrito en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Comandos-de-usuario" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + +\series bold +equation +\series default + es el contador de ecuaciones. + Si se usa el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +the +\series default + como prefijo de un contador, el valor del contador sale en números arábigos. + Si una ecuación es numerada, LaTeX pone internamente el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +theequation +\series default + detrás de la ecuación. + +\series bold + +\backslash +roman{equation} +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash roman" + +\end_inset + + pone el contador en romanos en minúscula. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Todas las ecuaciones siguientes a +\series bold + +\backslash +renew +\series default +c +\series bold +ommand +\series default + se numerarán en romanos. + Para cambiar a números romanos en mayúscula se inserta de nuevo el comando, + cambiando +\series bold + +\backslash +roman +\series default + por +\series bold + +\backslash +Roman +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash roman@\\textbackslash Roman" + +\end_inset + +. + Para +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +numerar +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + con minúsculas latinas hay el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +alph +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash alph" + +\end_inset + +, y para mayúsculas el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +Alph +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash alph@\\textbackslash Alph" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Nota: +\series default + Con letras latinas sólo se puede numerar hasta un máximo de 26 ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +roman{equation}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +A=\textrm{romanos en minúscula}\label{eq:rom}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +Roman{equation}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +B=\textrm{romanos en mayúscula}\label{eq:Rom}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +alph{equation}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +C=\textrm{latinas en minúscula}\label{eq:lat}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +Alph{equation}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +D=\textrm{latinas en mayúscula}\label{eq:Lat}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para volver a la numeración por defecto se inserta el comando: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +arabic{equation}} +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arabic" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +arabic{equation}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +E=\mbox{arábigos}\label{eq:arab}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Como ves, las ecuaciones se numeran consecutivamente independientemente + del estilo de numeración. + Cuando la numeración haya de empezar con +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + al cambiar el estilo, hay que definir nuevos contadores de ecuación. + Una descripción sobre esto se encuentra en el archivo +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{Formula-numbering.lyx}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Formula-numbering.lyx +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Comandos definidos por el usuario +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sec:Comandos-de-usuario" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos personalizados" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Muchos comandos LaTeX son demasiado largos para usarlos con frecuencia. + Pero es posible definir nuevos comandos más cortos con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash newcommand" + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El esquema del comando +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + es: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{nombre nuevo de comando}[número de argumentos] +\newline + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +phantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +newcommand +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +[valor opcional]{definición de comando} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Nota: +\series default + Asegúrate de que el nombre del nuevo comando no está definido ya en el + documento o en paquetes LaTeX que uses. + Si p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e. + defines el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +le +\series default + para +\series bold + +\backslash +Leftarrow, +\series default + se producirán errores porque +\series bold + +\backslash +le +\series default + ya existe como comando para +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\le$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + +\series bold + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Nota: +\series default + Los nombres de comandos personalizados sólo pueden tener letras latinas. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El número de argumentos es un entero en el rango 0-9 y especifica cuántos + argumentos debería tener el nuevo comando. + Con el valor opcional se puede predefinir un valor para un argumento opcional. + Cuando se hace esto, el +\emph on +primer +\emph default + argumento del nuevo comando es automáticamente opcional. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Veamos unos ejemplos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Para definir el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +gr +\series default + para +\series bold + +\backslash +Longrightarrow +\series default +, la línea de preámbulo LaTeX es: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +medskip +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\newline + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +gr}{ +\backslash +Longrightarrow} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Para definir el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +us +\series default + para +\series bold + +\backslash +underline +\series default +, el argumento (que sería subrayado) debe tenerse en cuenta. + Para esto la línea de preámbulo es: : +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +medskip +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\newline + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +us}[1]{ +\backslash +underline{#1}} +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +medskip +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\newline +El carácter +\series bold +# +\series default + actúa como colocador del argumento, el +\series bold +1 +\series default + indica que es el colocador para el primer argumento. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Para +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default + se puede p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e. + definir el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +fb +\series default +: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +medskip +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\newline + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +fb}[3]{ +\backslash +framebox#1#2{$#3$}} +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +medskip +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\newline +Los dos signos dólar generan la ecuación extra necesaria para +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default +, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Cuadros-con-marco" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Para crear un nuevo comando para +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox +\series default + donde no es necesario especificar el color para el cuadro, el argumento + para el color se define opcional: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +medskip +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\newline + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +cb}[3][white]{ +\backslash +fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +medskip +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\newline +Si el color no es especificado al usar +\series bold + +\backslash +cb +\series default +, se elige el color +\series bold +white +\series default + predefinido. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un ensayo con los nuevos comandos definidos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +A +\backslash +gr +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +us{ABcd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +fb{[2cm] +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cb{red +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cb[green] +\backslash +{red +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Diagramas +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Diagramas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para componer diagramas se necesita el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +amscd +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +amscd +\series default + forma parte de las instalaciones estándar de LaTeX. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! amscd" + +\end_inset + +. + Se carga en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{amscd} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los diagramas visualizan relaciones y su aspecto es como este: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{CD}A@)))B@)))C\\ +@AAA@.@VVV\\ +F@(((E@(((D\end{CD}\] + +\end_inset + +Para obtener el diagrama se inserta en la ecuación el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash CD" + +\end_inset + + +\series default +. + Surge un marco azul entre dos líneas de trazos en el que se insertan a + continuación comandos. + Con +\family sans +Ctrl-Intro +\family default + se inicia una nueva línea. + En las líneas impares de insertan relaciones horizontales, en las pares + verticales. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para componer las relaciones hay los siguientes comandos +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "fn:sinónimos" + +\end_inset + +Los comandos con +\series bold +> +\series default + o +\series bold +< +\series default + pueden generar errores con el estilo +\series bold +spanish +\series default + de +\series bold +babel +\series default +. + Para evitarlos se pueden sustituir por sus sinónimos +\series bold +) +\series default + o +\series bold +( +\series default + respectivamente. + Véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "spanish" + +\end_inset + +. + ( +\emph on +N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +del t. +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold +@<<< +\series default + genera una flecha hacia la izquierda, +\series bold +@>>> +\series default + una hacia la derecha, y +\series bold +@= +\series default + un signo igual largo +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold +@AAA +\series default + genera una flecha hacia arriba, +\series bold +@VVV +\series default + una hacia abajo, y +\series bold +@| +\series default + un signo igual vertical +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold +@. + +\series default + genera una ubicación vacía para relaciones inexistentes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Todas las flechas pueden etiquetarse como sigue: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Si se inserta texto entre la primera y segunda <\InsetSpace ~ + o >, respectivamente, se + muestra sobre la flecha. + Si se inserta entre la segunda y la tercera, bajo la flecha. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Para flechas verticales, si se inserta texto entre la primera y la segunda + A o V, respectivamente, se muestra al lado izquierdo de la flecha. + Si se inserta entre la segunda y la tercera, al lado derecho. + Si el texto contiene A o V, estas letras deben ponerse entre llaves TeX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Como ejemplo un diagrama con todas las relaciones posibles: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin{CD}A@)j))B@))k)C@=F\\ +@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ +D@((j\,(E@)k))F@=C\end{CD}\] + +\end_inset + +El comando para este diagrama es: +\newline + +\series bold + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl-Enter +\newline + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hphantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +@AmAA@.@VV +\backslash +{V +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\series bold +V@| Ctrl-Enter +\newline + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +hphantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +D@<k>>F@=C +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Indicaciones +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +texorpdfstring{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Otras sugerencias útiles para matemáticas en +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "Voss" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +}{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores + PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Más sobre +\backslash +texorpdfstring hay en la sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-Sección" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Indicaciones" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Símbolos y ecuaciones químicas +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Símbolos-y-ecuaciones-químicas" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Química ! símbolos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación química" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Química ! caracteres" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Iones|see{Química ! caracteres}" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un ejemplo de texto de química: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +El ión +\begin_inset Formula $ $ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ +\end_inset + + reacciona con dos iones +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ +\end_inset + + para dar sulfato de sodio +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{(Na_{2}SO_{4})}$ +\end_inset + +. + La ecuación química es: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Esta ecuación química puede crearse directamente como ecuación. + Para evitar que los símbolos se impriman en cursiva, se selecciona todo + y con el atajo +\family sans +Alt-c\InsetSpace ~ +r +\family default + se cambia en redonda. +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +véase estilos de fuentes en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Números negativos +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Números ! negativos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Los números negativos a veces se ven feos en las ecuaciones porque el signo + menos delante del número tiene la misma longitud que el operador signo + menos. + Si se escribe el número negativo en texto normal el signo menos aparece + correctamente. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Así pues, el problema desaparece si se convierte el signo menos a texto + matemático. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un ejemplo para visualizar el problema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +texto normal: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +x = -2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +ecuación: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $x=-2$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +solución: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $x=\mbox{-}2$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Coma como separador decimal +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Coma decimal" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En LaTeX, de acuerdo a la convención inglesa, en las ecuaciones se usa la + coma como separador de grupos numéricos en las ecuaciones. + Así, habrá un espacio añadido tras la coma en las ecuaciones. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para evitarlo, se selecciona la coma y se cambia a texto matemático (atajo + +\family sans +Alt-m\InsetSpace ~ +m +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para usar las comas en todas las fórmulas del documento como separador decimal, + se carga el archivo +\series bold +icomma.sty +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +icomma +\series default + forma parte del paquete LaTeX +\series bold +was +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! was" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! icomma" + +\end_inset + + en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{icomma} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Vectores físicos +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Vectores-físicos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Vectores físicos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El paquete LaTeX +\series bold +braket +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +braket +\series default + es parte de una instalación LaTeX estándar. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! braket" + +\end_inset + + suministra vectores predefinidos, se carga con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{braket} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +ifbraket +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +La tabla siguiente sólo se mostrará en la salida si el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +braket +\series default + está instalado. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Están definidos los siguientes comandos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Bra{ +\backslash +psi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Bra{\psi}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Ket{ +\backslash +psi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Ket{\psi}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Braket{ +\backslash +psi| +\backslash +phi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\Braket{\psi|\phi}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El comando +\series bold + +\backslash +Braket +\series default + asegura que todas las barras verticales tienen el tamaño de los delimitadores + circundantes: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}}\] + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +else +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Lo que sigue se verá en la salida si el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +braket +\series default + no está instalado: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Debes instalar el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +braket +\series default + para ver en la salida el resto de esta subsección. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El efecto de +\series bold + +\backslash +Braket +\series default + también se puede conseguir con el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +middle +\series default +, que se describe en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fracciones definidas por el usuario +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Fracciones-personalizadas" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Fracciones ! personalizadas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para definir comandos personalizados para fracciones, se usa el comando + +\series bold + +\backslash +genfrac +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! G ! \\textbackslash genfrac" + +\end_inset + + con el siguiente esquema: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +genfrac{delimitador izquierdo}{delimitador derecho}{grosor raya de +\newline + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +phantom{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +genfrac{ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +fracción}{estilo}{numerador}{denominador} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El estilo es un número en el rango 0-3. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Número +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Estilo (tamaño) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +ecuación en presentación +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +ecuación en línea +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +pequeño +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +muy pequeño +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si no se pone estilo el tamaño se ajusta al entorno como para el comando + +\series bold + +\backslash +frac +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si no se pone grosor de la raya de fracción se usará el valor predefinido + de 0.4\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +pt. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Por ejemplo, los comandos +\series bold + +\backslash +dfrac +\series default + y +\series bold + +\backslash +tbinom +\series default + de la +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fracciones" + +\end_inset + + se definen con los comandos: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +dfrac}[2]{ +\backslash +genfrac{}{}{}{0}{#1}{#2}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +y +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +tbinom}[2]{ +\backslash +genfrac{(}{)}{0pt}{1}{#1}{#2}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para definir una fracción en la que el grosor de la raya se pueda definir + como argumento opcional, se inserta la siguiente línea en el preámbulo + LaTeX: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +fracS}[3][]{ +\backslash +genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un ensayo: +\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\text{Comando} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\ +\text{Resultado} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}\end{align*} + +\end_inset + +Como se puede ver, la distancia del numerador y el denominador a la raya + de fracción se redondea a unas tres veces el grosor de la raya. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Ecuaciones canceladas +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Ecuaciones-canceladas" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! cancelada" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para cancelar ecuaciones o partes de ellas hay que cargar el paquete LaTeX + +\series bold +cancel +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +cancel +\series default + forma parte de las distribuciones estándar de LaTeX. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! cancel" + +\end_inset + + con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[samesize]{cancel} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Hay cuatro formas de cancelar ecuaciones: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Resultado +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cancel{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\cancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +bcancel{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +xcancel{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\xcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +cancelto{1 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}\hspace{3mm}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +cancelto +\series default + es especialmente apropiada para visualizar la simplificación de fracciones + en una ecuación: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Ecuaciones en encabezados de sección +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Ecuaciones-en-encabezados" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! en encabezados de sección" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si se quiere poner una ecuación en un encabezado de sección hay que tener + en cuenta lo siguiente: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Cuando se usa el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +hyperref +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! hyperref" + +\end_inset + +, los marcadores PDF se generan automáticamente para cada encabezado de + sección en el índice. + Si el encabezado contiene ecuaciones, se muestran incorrectamente en el + texto del marcador, porque se infringen las convenciones PDF. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Estos problemas se pueden solucionar insertando al final del encabezado + un título breve con el menú +\family sans +Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Título\InsetSpace ~ +breve +\family default +. + Los títulos breves se usan como alternativa para encabezados de sección + con más de una línea para mantener el buen aspecto del índice. + En éste sólo aparece el título breve y por tanto también en los marcadores. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si hay que poner ecuaciones en el índice y se usa +\series bold +hyperref +\series default +, se puede insertar el siguiente comando en modo TeX: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +texorpdfstring{parte}{alternativa} +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash texorpdfstring" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Parte se refiere a la parte del encabezado que no debería aparecer en el + marcador PDF. + Puede ser caracteres, ecuaciones, notas al pie, y también referencias cruzadas. + La alternativa se usa para el marcador en vez de la parte. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Aquí hay dos ejemplo de encabezados: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace -3mm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +boldmath +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Encabezado sin ecuación en el índice +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{-1}=\mathrm{i}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset OptArg +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Encabezado sin ecuación en el índice +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Encabezado con ecuación en el índice +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +texorpdfstring{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{-1}=\mathrm{i}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +}{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +unboldmath +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +En el primer encabezado se ha puesto un título breve, en el segundo un +\series bold + +\backslash +texorpdfstring +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para obtener el mismo formato que en los demás encabezados se han puesto + ambos en un +\series bold +entorno boldmath +\series default +. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-negrita" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Ecuaciones en texto multicolumna +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! en texto multicolumna" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las ecuaciones en texto multicolumna son con frecuencia demasiado anchas + para ajustarse a la columna y entonces es preciso abarcar la anchura total + de la página. + Esto se hace usando el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +multicol +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +multicol +\series default + forma parte de las distribuciones LaTeX estándar. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! multicol" + +\end_inset + +, que se carga en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{multicol} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Ten en cuenta que la opción +\family sans +Documento\InsetSpace ~ +con\InsetSpace ~ +dos\InsetSpace ~ +caras +\family default +, bajo +\family sans +Diseño\InsetSpace ~ +de\InsetSpace ~ +página +\family default +en el menú +\family sans +Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configuración +\family default + +\emph on +debe +\emph default + estar desmarcada. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Antes del texto multicolumna se inserta en modo TeX el comando +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +begin{multicols}{número de columnas} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +El número de columnas está en el rango 2-10. + Antes de la ecuación, se finaliza el texto multicolumna insertando en modo + TeX el comando +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +end{multicols} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Debido al comando se añade automáticamente algún espacio delante de la ecuación. + Para quitarlo se inserta un espacio vertical de -6\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm antes de la ecuación. + Si se usa el estilo +\series bold +Sangrado +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +véase estilos de ecuación en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, se inserta un espacio de -9\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +mm. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un ejemplo de texto multicolumna con una ecuación en modo presentación: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +begin{multicols}{2} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert. + the Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um the überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk +, Lösungsmittel) zu trennen. + Nachdem wir the Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns + nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals. + Im Experiment haben wir es with sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so that man + über alle Phasen integrieren muss. + Sei nun +\begin_inset Formula $S$ +\end_inset + + unser normiertes Ausgangssignal and +\begin_inset Formula $P$ +\end_inset + + the Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich the Beziehung +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +end{multicols} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset VSpace -6mm +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi\label{eq:fouriertrafo}\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +begin{multicols}{2} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +wobei +\begin_inset Formula $S_{0}$ +\end_inset + + das Signal ohne Gradient ist and the Normierungsbedingung +\begin_inset Formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\,\mathrm{d}\phi=1$ +\end_inset + + gilt. + Nun dürfen wir aber nicht the Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen. + Direkt nach the +\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$ +\end_inset + +\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +-rf-Puls beginnt sich the Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich + das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt. + Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit the so genannten + +\begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$ +\end_inset + +-Zeit. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +end{multicols} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Ecuaciones con descripción de variables +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Ecuación ! con descripción de variables" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Para describir variables en una ecuación, como en la fórmula +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:within" + +\end_inset + +, se inserta una matriz 2× +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + + con columnas alineadas a la izquierda para las +\emph on + +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + + +\emph default + variables usadas. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véase matrices en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Matrices" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Para poner la descripción en tamaño más pequeño se inserta, p.e, el comando + +\series bold + +\backslash +footnotesize +\series default + antes de la matriz. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véase tamaños de fuentes en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si se usa el estilo +\series bold +Sangrado +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véase estilos de ecuación en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, se inserta un +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +hfill +\series default + sólo funciona en ecuaciones en estilo +\series bold +Sangrado +\series default +, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Espacio-variable" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + delante y detrás de la matriz para que tenga la misma separación con la + ecuación y con el margen. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Si se usa el estilo +\series bold +Centrado +\series default + se emplea el método descrito en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Entorno-flalign" + +\end_inset + + para sangrar la ecuación. + La ecuación +\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:within" + +\end_inset + + consta de cinco columnas ya que las dos primeras contienen la fórmula, + la tercera la matriz y la última una llave TeX vacía. +\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign} +\hspace{30pt} & F_{A}=\rho\cdot V\cdot g & \footnotesize\begin{array}{ll} +\rho & \mbox{densidad}\\ +V & \mbox{volumen}\\ +g & \mbox{aceleración gravitatoria}\end{array} & & {}\label{eq:within}\end{flalign} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Letras griegas minúsculas en redonda +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Griegas-en-redonda" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Letras griegas ! en redonda" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La mayoría de las fuentes sólo suministran letras griegas minúsculas en + cursiva. + Pero para símbolos de partículas elementales como piones y neutrinos hacen + falta letras griegas en redonda. + El archivo +\series bold +upgreek.sty +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +upgreek +\series default + forma parte del paquete LaTeX +\series bold +was +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! was" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! upgreek" + +\end_inset + +, que se carga en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{upgreek} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +las suministra. + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +ifupgreek +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +La tabla siguiente sólo se podrá ver si está instalado el paquete LaTeX + +\series bold +upgreek +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Se imprimen con el comando de la letra correspondiente precedido de +\series bold +up +\series default +. + Por ejemplo, el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +uptau +\series default + genera: +\begin_inset Formula $\uptau$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Con estos comandos se pueden escribir reacciones entre partículas elementales: +\begin_inset Formula \[ +\uppi^{+}\rightarrow\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu}\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Las letras en redonda son más remarcadas y más grandes que las correspondientes + en cursiva. + Por tanto no deberían emplearse para unidades como +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +µm +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +else +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Lo siguiente se mostrará si el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +upgreek +\series default + no está instalado: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Debes instalar el paquete LaTeX +\series bold +upgreek +\series default + para ver en la salida el resto de esta subsección. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +fi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Caracteres de texto en ecuaciones +\begin_inset LatexCommand label +name "sub:Caracteres-de-texto" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Texto ! en ecuaciones" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +En algunos casos podrías querer insertar caracteres de texto directamente + en ecuaciones. + Por ejemplo, cuando se usa con frecuencia el punto centrado +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + + en expresiones como +\begin_inset Formula $v=5\cdot10^{5}\,\mathrm{Hz}$ +\end_inset + +, habría que insertar el comando +\series bold + +\backslash +cdot +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Operadores-binarios" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + continuamente, porque este carácter está definido en todas las codificaciones + como carácter de texto. + Pero la codificación se puede cambiar con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +Declare Inputtext{183}{ +\backslash +ifmmode +\backslash +cdot +\backslash +else +\backslash +textperiodcentered +\backslash +f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} +i} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La codificación de caracteres (menú +\family sans +Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Configuración\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Idioma +\family default +) especifica el carácter que se muestra al pulsar una tecla. + Si se pulsa la tecla para el carácter '·', se usa internamente el comando + +\series bold + +\backslash +textperiodcentered +\series default +. + Pero este comando no está disponible en ecuaciones así que obtendrías errores + de LaTeX. + Con la codificación cambiada se escoge automáticamente el comando correcto, + dependiendo de si el carácter se ha insertado en una ecuación o no. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +La codificación de diversos caracteres se guarda en archivos de definición. + Por ejemplo la codificación +\series bold +latin9 +\series default + se define en el archivo +\series bold +latin9.def +\series default + que está en el directorio de LaTeX. + La codificación sólo debería cambiarse en el preámbulo LaTeX y no en el + archivo de definición, de lo contrario, nuestros cdocumentos no podrían + ser editados en otros ordenadores. +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Además del punto centrado, en este documento se ha definido el signo grado + ° con la siguiente línea de preámbulo LaTeX, para que se puede insertar + directamente en una fórmula: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +DeclareInputtext{176}{ +\backslash +ifmmode^ +\backslash +circ +\backslash +else +\backslash +textdegree +\backslash +f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} +i} +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +\start_of_appendix +Notas sobre tipografía +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Tipografía, notas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Esta sección es un resumen de las normas tipográficas ISO más importantes. +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Este compendio se ha tomado parcialmente del diccionario semioficial alemán + +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Duden +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "Duden" + +\end_inset + +, que incluye algunas de las normas ISO. + +\newline +( +\emph on +N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +del t. +\emph default +: Para documentación en español sobre el tema, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand cite +key "Bezos" + +\end_inset + +.) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Las unidades físicas se escriben +\emph on +siempre +\emph default +en redonda +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +véase estilos de fuentes en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +km/h +\newline +Entre el valor y la unidad hay un espacio delgado, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Espacio-predefinido" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Los signos por ciento y por mil se escriben como las unidades físicas: +\newline +1,2\InsetSpace \thinspace{} + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +textperthousand +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \InsetSpace ~ +de alcohol en sangre. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +El signo grado sigue directamente al valor: 15°, excepto si acompaña a otra + unidad: 15\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +°C +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +En números con más de cuatro dígitos se inserta un espacio delgado para + separarlos en grupos de tres cifras: 18\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +473\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +588 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Para dimensiones como 120×90×40\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +cm se usa el aspa de multiplicar +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +× +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + +. + Se puede insertar con el comando LaTeX +\series bold + +\backslash +texttimes +\series default + o directamente con alguna combinación de teclas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Las funciones con nombres que constan de varias letras se escriben en redonda + para evitar confusiones, véase +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Funciones-predefinidas" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Los índices que constan de varias letras se escriben en redonda: +\begin_inset Formula $E_{\mbox{cin}}$ +\end_inset + + +\newline +Los componentes de una matriz se escriben en cursiva: +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{H}_{kl}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +El operador de diferenciación/integración 'd', el número de Euler 'e' y + el número imaginario 'i' deberían escribirse en redonda para evitar confundirlo +s con otras variables. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Sinónimos +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Sinónimos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Algunos caracteres y símbolos se pueden componer con varios comandos sinónimos + como los que se recogen en esta lista +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +véase también +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "fn:sinónimos" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +equivalente a +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + se usa sólo como espaciador +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ast +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +raisebox{-1.2mm}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +* +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +choose +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +binom +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +geq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ge +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lbrace +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lbracket +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +[ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +leftarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +gets +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +leq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +le +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +lor +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +vee +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +neq +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +not= +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +slash +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +/ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +vert +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +| +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Comando +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +equivalente a +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +backslash +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +dasharrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash 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+ + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ne +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +not= +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +owns +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +ni +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +square +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Box +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +Vert +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\backslash +| +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\hfill + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "TLC2" + +\end_inset + + +\shape smallcaps +Mittelbach, F. + ; Goossens, M. +\shape default +: +\shape italic +The LaTeX Companion +\shape default +. + Addison Wesley, 2004 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "Mathmode" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/math/voss/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Description +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + of LaTeX's math abilities +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "Voss" + +\end_inset + +LaTeX tips and tricks- +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://tug.org/TeXnik/}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "AMS" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Description +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + of +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +AmS +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +-LaTeX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "Symbole" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +List +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + of all symbols available with LaTeX-packages +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "hyperref" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ftp/doc/manual.pdf}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Documentation +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +hyperref +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! hyperref" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "Mathclap" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb22-4/tb72perlS.pdf}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Description +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + of the command +\series bold + +\backslash +mathclap +\series default +, descrito en +\begin_inset LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand index +name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathclap" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "Duden" + +\end_inset + + +\emph on +Duden Band 1 +\emph default +. + 22. + Auflage, Duden 2001 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "spanish" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://www.texytipografia.com/archive/spanish.pdf}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Documentación +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + del estilo +\series bold +spanish +\family sans +\series default + +\family default +incluido en el paquete +\series bold +babel +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem +key "Bezos" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +href{http://www.texytipografia.com/archive/ortomatem.pdf}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Documento +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + sobre ortotipografía y notaciones matemáticas en español +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +\series bold +\begin_inset LatexCommand printindex + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_body +\end_document diff --git a/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx index 16052b56a9..32ab253cab 100644 --- a/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/fr/Math.lyx @@ -11395,40 +11395,6 @@ Quand on insère la commande framebox \series default , une boîte apparaît contenant trois boîtes bleues. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -À cause d'un bug de LyX, le curseur doit être placé à gauche, à côté des - boîtes bleues pour pouvoir les remplir, voir -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - - -\backslash -href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2461}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -LyX-bug #2461 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - Les deux premières sont entourées de crochets pour signales des arguments optionnels. La troisième boîte est là pour contenir les portions de formules, comme