#LyX 1.4.0cvs created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
-\lyxformat 243
+\lyxformat 245
\begin_document
\begin_header
\textclass book
\paragraph_separation indent
\defskip medskip
\quotes_language english
-\quotes_times 2
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 2
\paperpagestyle default
\begin_body
\begin_layout Title
-
Introduction to LyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Author
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by the LyX Team
\begin_inset Foot
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\begin_layout Standard
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Principal maintainer of this file is
\noun on
John Weiss
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
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The Philosophy of LyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
-
-
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quote
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-
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_layout Quote
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\hfill
--- Jeff MacNelly in
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
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What is LyX?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX is a document preparation system.
It excels at letting you create complex technical and scientific articles
with mathematics, cross-references, bibliographies, indices, etc.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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LyX is a program that provides a modern approach to writing documents with
a computer by using a markup language paradigm, an approach that breaks
with the obsolete tradition of the
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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Part of the initial challenge of using LyX comes from the change in thinking
that you, the user, must make.
At one time, all we had for creating documents were typewriters, so we
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
In other words, we've all been trained to worry about the little details
of which character goes where.
Consequently, almost all word processors have this mentality.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
This is where LyX differs from an ordinary word processor.
You don't concern yourself with what character goes where.
You tell LyX
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\begin_layout Standard
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To be fair, most recent versions of the most popular office suites now have
some sort of style sheets which follow a similar markup method.
However, our experience is that they are still rarely used in practice.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Suppose you are writing a report.
To begin your report, you want a section called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
In LyX, you go to the pull-down on the far left of the button bar and select
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Yes, that's all.
If you cut and paste the section, it will automatically be renumbered ---
everywhere.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Now let's look at the problem of consistency.
Five days later, you reopen your report and start Section\InsetSpace ~
4.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Here's another example.
Suppose you're making a list.
In other word processors, a list is just a bunch of tab stops and newlines.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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So, the basic idea behind LyX is: specify
\emph on
what
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
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Differences between LyX and Other Word
\newline
Processors
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\begin_layout Standard
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LyX and Other Word Processors
\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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No, we're not trying to start (or win) a word processor holy war here.
But we do think it's important to describe LyX's features.
And one of LyX's main features, WYSIWYM, is a fundamentally different concept
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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Here's a list of things you won't find in LyX:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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The document ruler
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Tab stops
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Extra whitespace (i.e.
hitting
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Tab stops, along with a ruler showing you the position of things on the
page, are useless in LyX.
The program worries about where things go on the page, not you.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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Here are some things that exist in LyX, but aren't used as you might think:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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Indenting controls
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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Page breaks
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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Line spacing (i.e.
single spaced, double spaced, etc.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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Whitespace, horizontal and vertical
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Fonts and font sizes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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Typefaces (bold, italic, underline, etc.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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Although they exist in LyX, you generally don't need them.
LyX will take care of these things for you, depending on what you're doing.
Different parts of the document are automatically set in a different typeface
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\begin_layout Standard
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There are ways to adjust all of these (only some of which require knowledge
of LaTeX), either for a whole document or for a specific location in a
document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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Lastly, there are a few areas where we believe LyX (and LaTeX) surpasses
many word processors:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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Hyphenation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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Lists of any type
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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Mathematics
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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Tables
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
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Cross-referencing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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Granted, many modern word processors can handle mathematical symbols, tables,
and hyphenation, and many have moved towards style definitions and the
WYSIWYM concept.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
What the heck
\emph on
is
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LaTeX is a document preparation system designed by Leslie Lamport in 1985.
\begin_inset Foot
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\begin_layout Standard
-
The source for the info in this section is
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If it weren't for one other feature, all TeX would be is a typesetting engine.
However, TeX also allows you to define macros.
This is where the action begins.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Most people who use TeX are actually using a macro package which Knuth created
to hide a lot of the typesetting details.
This is what most people think of when they think of TeX\SpecialChar \@.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Now, in parallel with the development and growth of LaTeX, other folks were
creating their own custom macro packages for TeX, ones to make slides or
articles for math journals and so on.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
There are two ways to extend LaTeX: classes and styles.
A
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Here's a summary:
\end_layout
\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
TeX: Typesetting language with macro capability.
\end_layout
\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
LaTeX: Macro package built upon TeX\SpecialChar \@.
\end_layout
\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
classes: Descriptions of a type of document, using LaTeX\SpecialChar \@.
\end_layout
\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
styles: Alters the default behavior of LaTeX in some way.
\end_layout
\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
LyX: Visual, WYSIWYM word-processor that uses LaTeX in all its glory to
do its printing.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
The idea of this section was to try and explain
\emph on
why
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Oh --- one last thing.
LaTeX is pronounced like TeX is.
It rhymes with
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\begin_layout Standard
-
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
-
Navigating the Documentation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
To make it easier to answer your questions and describe all of the features
of LyX, the documentation has been split up into several different files.
Each one has its own purpose, as described below.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Although LyX is now well past the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Also, please do us a favor---if anything in these manuals confuses you,
is unclear, or wrong, don't hesitate to let us know! You can reach the
current document maintainers by mailing to
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
The Format of the Manuals
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Some of you may have printed out the manual(s).
Others may be reading it online, within LyX as a file.
For those reading online, there are some differences from the printed version.
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\begin_layout Standard
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Hi!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
To close me, click on the grey box on the top left of this box, the one
with the word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
In the printed manuals, all cross-references appear as the actual numbers
for a chapter, section, subsection, and so on.
Online, however, all cross-references appear as a grey box like the following:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Now that we've cleared up some of the differences between the printed and
online versions of this file, we can start looking at the format of this
document.
\begin_layout Itemize
-
\emph on
Emphasized Style
\emph default
\begin_layout Itemize
-
\family typewriter
Typewriter
\family default
\begin_layout Itemize
-
\family sans
Sans Serif
\family default
\begin_layout Itemize
-
\noun on
Noun Style
\noun default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
For menu accelerator keys and other more obscure keybindings, you'll probably
get referred to the
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
-
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
-
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
-
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
-
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
-
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
-
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_layout Itemize
-
\family sans
-
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_layout Itemize
-
\family sans
Return
\family default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
You'll also see something like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
The Manuals
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
The following list describes the contents of each of the files in the documentat
ion:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
-
\emph on
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
This file.
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
-
\emph on
Tutorial
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
If you are new to LyX, and have never used LaTeX before, you should start
here.
If you think LaTeX is the stuff they make condoms out of, then you definitely
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If you
\emph on
have
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If, at any time, you find yourself feeling a bit clueless with respect to
LyX, try perusing the
\emph on
before diving into any of the other manuals.
It's a good springboard.
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
-
\emph on
User's\InsetSpace ~
Guide
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
The primary documentation.
We'll cover
\emph on
\emph default
.
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
-
\emph on
Extended\InsetSpace ~
Features
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
Extension of the
\emph on
User's Guide
e editing features, and includes some of the (rather bizarre, but nifty)
tricks of the LaTeX masters.
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
-
\emph on
Customization
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
A description of advanced LyX features, including how to customize the overall
behavior of LyX\SpecialChar \@.
This includes such things as keybindings, internationalization,
\emph default
.
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
-
\emph on
LaTeX\InsetSpace ~
configuration
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX investigates your system upon installation.
This file contains info on what LyX learned about your installation.
Check it to see if you're missing something you might like to have.
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
These files will reference one another as necessary.
For example, the
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
We'll state again an important point:
\end_layout
-
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
-
\begin_layout Standard
-
Otherwise, you could needlessly frustrate yourself.
LyX does all that you need a word processor to do, but using a different
approach.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Contrib}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Contributing to LyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX is mostly written in C++ (the LaTeX importer is written in Perl).
It is a large project, and as a result it is not free from bugs, or the
need for improvements in the source code.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Reporting a bug
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
While using LyX, you may find behaviour which you consider a bug.
Crashes, though rare, can happen.
User interface problems are considered major bugs by the LyX team: especially
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX has a bug tracking system, which you can find at
\family typewriter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
A good (useful) bug report will at a minimum include the version of LyX
you are having the problem with.
Accurate, detailed descriptions are preferred - the more time developers
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If you can make LyX crash, please take the time to produce a backtrace with
a non-stripped lyx executable.
The one built in the source directory is per default not stripped, while
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\begin_layout Standard
-
if you want to be thorough, use the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Contributing fixes and new features
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If you have made changes to LyX's source that you think should become part
of LyX, send your changes as a diff file (in unified format) to the development
list referenced above, along with a change log, and a description of what
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Contributing to the Documentation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX's documentation is extensive; however LyX is under constant development,
and each new release adds new features.
You may find some documentation needs improvement.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Reporting Errors in the Manuals
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If you find a problem with the documentation, send a message to the mailing
list
\family typewriter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Joining the Documentation Team.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
The LyX Documentation Project, like anything else in the LyX project, can
always use assistance! If you're interested in contributing to the Documentatio
n Project, you need to do the following assignment
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
-
Get the latest LyX source code.
Untar it.
\begin_inset Foot
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\begin_layout Standard
-
The more adventurous can grab the latest documentation anonymously from
the LyX CVS repository - it is contained in the
\family typewriter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
-
Next, read the
\emph on
User's Guide
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
The point of this exercise is to give you ideas.
The
\emph on
You should be able to glean some insights into how we want the manuals
to read and to look.
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
-
Contact the team at:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
\family typewriter
lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
to discuss your intended changes, and get some feedback on them.
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
The changes you wish to make may range from improving clarity of the text,
to doing major re-structuring of the documentation.
Any and all improvements are gladly received.
#LyX 1.4.0cvs created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
-\lyxformat 243
+\lyxformat 245
\begin_document
\begin_header
\textclass book
\paragraph_separation indent
\defskip medskip
\quotes_language english
-\quotes_times 2
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 2
\paperpagestyle headings
\begin_body
\begin_layout Title
-
The LyX Tutorial
\end_layout
\begin_layout Author
-
by the LyX Team
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
Principal maintainer of this file is
\noun on
Amir Karger
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
-
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Welcome to LyX!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or don't
know it very well.
Now, don't panic - you won't need to learn LaTeX to use LyX.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
put two spaces after a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
So, bear with us and read on.
Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
What the Tutorial
\emph on
is
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of
something.
The
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what
this
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Getting the Most out of the Tutorial
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
To get the most out of this document, you should read through the document,
typing all the silly little things we're telling you to type and trying
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If you are familiar with LaTeX, you'll probably be able to read the
\emph on
Tutorial
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\begin_layout Standard
-
or, more optimistically,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
What You
\emph on
Won't
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
What, you want the
\emph on
User's Guide
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Seriously, though, we're here to get you up and running so that all you
need is the
\emph on
at the end of every section.
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Detailed explanations of LaTeX.
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
Unnecessary.
If you're really curious about learning some of the neat tricks you can
do with LaTeX, you can always go get a LaTeX book.
No need to reinvent the wheel, after all\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
So, brave soul, it's time to move onwards.
Time for your first document \SpecialChar \ldots{}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
-
Getting Started with LyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Your First LyX Document
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Because there's lots of information that we won't be giving you, the
\emph on
first
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\begin_layout Standard
-
They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
LyX.
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
In this
\emph on
Tutorial
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Finally, we've written a file to let you practice your LyX skills on.
It's called
\family typewriter
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
The hints are located in yellow
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
The example files can be found in the
\family typewriter
examples/
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
By the way, the
\family typewriter
examples/
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Typing, Viewing, and Printing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Open a new file with
\family sans
\bar under
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Type a sentence like:
\family typewriter
This is my first LyX document!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Save your document with
\family sans
\bar under
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Run LaTeX to create a
\family typewriter
dvi
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
You can save time by leaving
\family typewriter
xdvi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Print by using
\family sans
\bar under
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Congratulations! You've written and printed your first LyX document.
All of the rest is just details, which is covered in the rest of the
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Simple Operations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX can of course do most of the things you're used to doing with a word
processor.
It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
-
Undo LyX has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything
you've done since your current editing session started, by selecting
\family sans
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-
Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
Undo also doesn't work for
\emph on
; for instance, changes to the document layout.
Each of these is really a LyX bug.
\end_layout
+
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
-
Cut/Paste/Copy Use
\family sans
\bar under
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
-
Find/Replace Use
\family sans
\bar under
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
Close the window when you're done.
Or leave it open if you find it more convenient.
Most dialog boxes in LyX --- including the
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
-
Character\InsetSpace ~
Formatting You can
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
-
Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow
you to do some of the more popular functions, such as
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Of course, you haven't yet written enough to make most of these functions
useful.
As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Many commercial word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
After all, LyX might not typeset
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Environments
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Environments are a major part of the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
The
\family sans
Environment
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Sections and Subsections
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Type the word
\family typewriter
Introduction
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
You don't have to
\emph on
select
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
This is an introduction to my first LyX document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Hit
\family sans
Return
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
It gets better.
Go to the end of Section\InsetSpace ~
1 again (after
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Hit
\family sans
Return
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
Sections and subsections are described below.
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
Section Description
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
Sections are bigger than subsections.
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
Subsection description
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
Subsections are smaller than sections.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Click on the second line and select
\family sans
Subsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Further levels of sectioning include
\family sans
Subsubsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
There are environments for this as well.
If you change one of your section headings to the
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Lists and sublists
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists.
The various list environments free you from hitting
\family sans
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
Yes, we're overemphasizing this point throughout the
\emph on
Tutorial
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
A slide presentation might use the
\family sans
Itemize
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
An outline would use the
\family sans
Enumerate
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
A document describing several software packages could use the
\family sans
Description
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
The
\family sans
List
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Let's write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors.
Somewhere in your document, type:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
\family typewriter
Lyx is better than other word processors because:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
and hit
\family sans
Return
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
Typesetting is done for you.
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
Math is WYSIWYG
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
Lists are very easy to create!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type
\family sans
Return
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
You've got a beautiful itemized list.
You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out.
But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX won't let you select the first bullet unless you also select the paragraph
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
nts,
\family sans
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter
\family sans
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
An obvious example would be writing outlines.
Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Other Environments: Verses, Quotations, and More
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
text:
\family sans
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
-
Writing Documents
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX.
It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the
powerful method of writing with environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Text classes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses}
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX document class
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Your document is probably being written in the
\family sans
Article
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
That's usually the default text class
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Here's a very quick reference to some of the text classes.
See the
\emph on
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
+\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
Name
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
Notes
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
article
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
one-sided, no chapters
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
article (AMS)
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
layout & environments for American Math Society
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
report
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
longer than article, two-sided
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
book
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
report + front and back matter
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
slides
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
transparencies (also including FoilTeX)
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
letter
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Standard
-
lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Templates: Writing a Letter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
One of the most popular text classes is
\family sans
Letter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Open a new file with
\family sans
\bar under
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
When you look at the
\family sans
Environment
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
A template is just a regular LyX file.
This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
as a new template.
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
One warning, if you're writing from a template.
If you erase all of the text in an environment --- for example, if you
erase the whole
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
possible.
In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Document Titles
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title --- which may contain the actual title,
the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper --- to be a separate
part of the document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Go back to your
\family typewriter
newfile.lyx
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
You should not be using the letter any more, since the
\family sans
Letter
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Labels and Cross-References
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
-
Your first label
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Let's mark our second section, whose title is
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
By the way, you could have put the label right anywhere within the section
as well; section references will refer to the last section or subsection
whose heading comes before the label.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
So far you haven't done anything --- the
\family typewriter
dvi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
-
Your first cross-references
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Place the cursor somewhere in Section\InsetSpace ~
2 of your document.
Type
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
If you want to know more about this document, then see
\newline
-Section , which can be found on page .
+Section , which can
+ be found on page .
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Now --- with the cursor after the word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX puts the references in a box right where the cursor was.
In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with either
the page or section number (depending on what you selected in the
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Conveniently, a cross-reference acts a hyperlink when you're editing a document
in LyX; clicking on it will pop up the
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
-
More fun with labels
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
We told you that LyX worries about numbering cross-references; now you can
test that.
Add a new section before Section\InsetSpace ~
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
in the document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If you want to make sure that the cross-referencing gets the pages right
even for larger documents,
\family sans
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
aren't allowed in the article class.
If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Footnotes and Margin Notes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Footnotes can be added using the
\family sans
Insert\InsetSpace ~
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
The button shows an arrow pointing to red text, which is just below some
black text.
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
LyX is a typesetting word processor.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Now click on the button labelled
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
You may wonder why the footnote button is a word instead of a number.
The answer is that LyX worries about the footnote numbering for you in
the printed text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
You might accidentally open the footnote if you're trying to select the
marker itself with the mouse.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Margin notes can be added using the toolbar button (the button shows an
arrow pointing to red text next to (i.e., in the margin of) black text, and
should be next to the
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
the on-screen boxes say
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
margin notes are not numbered
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
note.
Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like.
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Bibliographies
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Go to the end of the document and switch to the
\family sans
Bibliography
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
Do so with
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
How are the other fields used? The
\family sans
Text\InsetSpace ~
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise:
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Table of Contents
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
LyX makes this very easy to do.
Just hit
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
This may not appear to be very useful.
However, if you look at your
\family typewriter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document,
because you can't edit it anyway.
However, you can display the table of contents in a separate window by
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
button just like any other text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
-
Using Math
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
editors.
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX can't check if the math you're writing is actually
\emph on
correct
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Math Mode
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Somewhere in your LyX document, type:
\end_layout
\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it's so simple.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Now, that equation doesn't look very good, even in the
\family typewriter
dvi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Instead, we create a formula that will get typeset properly.
In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button with
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Run LaTeX and look at the
\family typewriter
dvi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Navigating an Equation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Now let's change
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
editing regular text.
Use
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
What if you want to change
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Exponents and Indices
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
An exponent can be entered from the
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy --- start one by typing the
underscore key,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
The
\family sans
Math Panel
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
The
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Right-clicking on a formula will open the
\family sans
Math Panel
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Greek and symbols
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
The
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Square roots, accents, and delimiters
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
To type a square root, just click on the button with a square root sign
on it.
The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Accenting a character (
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
are a bit more complicated.
Hit the
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If you're lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
using the
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
existing text.
Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Fractions
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Fractions are very simple in Mathed.
Just click on the
\family sans
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
TeX mode: Limits, log, sin and others
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Click on
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Other commands you need to type in TeX mode using the
\family sans
Functions
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Matrices
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices}
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
-
\family sans
Tab
\family default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
If you suddenly need more rows or columns, use
\family sans
\bar under
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
See the
\emph on
User's Guide
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Display mode
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
expressions.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Click on the
\family sans
Display
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
The default font is larger for a few symbols, like
\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
written under rather than next to the symbols
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Text is centered
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
ns are very similar.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
One final note about the way displayed formulae are typeset: be careful
about whether you're putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then don't
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
Exercise
\series default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
After you've done it the hard way, why don't you give
\family sans
\bar under
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
More Math Stuff
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Mathed can do plenty more.
By now, you're familiar with the basics, so we'll just refer to the
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Labeling and numbering expressions
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Multi-line equations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Change typefaces, e.g., to write bold-face text in an expression.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
(Don't worry about this until your final draft!)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Write macros.
These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Do lots of other things we didn't have time to mention in this
\emph on
Tutorial
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
-
Miscellaneous
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Other Major LyX Features
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
We haven't gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we aren't
planning on it.
As usual, see the
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
LyX has WYSIWYM support for tables.
Use the
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
LyX also supports including pictures in a number of formats (including JPEG
and other bitmap formats, PostScript® and raw LaTeX) within documents.
(You guessed it:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Version control is supported, using RCS (
\family typewriter
man rcsintro
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
LyX is heavily configurable.
Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can
be configured in a number of ways.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
The LyX menus feature keybindings.
This means that you can do
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
LyX can read in LaTeX documents.
See Section\InsetSpace ~
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
Spellchecking and thesaurus facilities are available.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
The text box near the bottom of the LyX window is called the minibuffer
(after a similar feature in
\family typewriter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
LyX for LaTeX Users
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
new LyX users will most likely be interested in.
In the interests of keeping the
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
TeX Mode
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Anything that you enter in TeX mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and
will be displayed in red on the screen.
You can use TeX commands in LyX by choosing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
In a math formula, TeX mode is handled a bit differently.
Enter TeX mode by typing a backslash.
The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
As a special case, if you type a brace in TeX mode, then the beginning
\emph on
and
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX can't do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do (yet?).
Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but aren't
WYSIWYM.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Importing LaTeX Documents---
\family typewriter
reLyX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx}
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
When LyX is installed, a separate executable called
\family typewriter
reLyX
\begin_layout Standard
-
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
\begin_layout Standard
-
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file.
For example, a co-worker or co-author who doesn't have LyX might want to
read it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
LaTeX Preamble
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
Document Class
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
The
\family sans
\bar under
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
Other Preamble Matter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-
BibTeX
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic
al references to be used in multiple documents.
Select
status collapsed
\begin_layout Standard
-
Like in regular LaTeX, multiple bibliographies should be separated by commas,
with no whitespace.
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
After you've done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies you're
including with
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-
Errors!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
Sometimes when you LaTeX a document, there will be errors, things that LyX
or LaTeX can't understand.
When this happens, LyX will create an error box (a box with the word
projects / features.git / commitdiff