X-Git-Url: https://git.lyx.org/gitweb/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=lib%2Fdoc%2FUserGuide.lyx;h=31691bf381e27e35c249608f8e1d48d5c777774d;hb=5e2c1d12ae71f0c7b320329689d496fa9a81401e;hp=d40871a2d33b1147d500e3c8c9e33e18090dcd9c;hpb=d0146ccfa4b486db8f75fa13f3b134b65845befe;p=lyx.git diff --git a/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx b/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx index d40871a2d3..31691bf381 100644 --- a/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx @@ -1,201 +1,215 @@ -#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ -\lyxformat 221 -\textclass book +#LyX 1.4.2svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 245 +\begin_document +\begin_header +\textclass scrbook \begin_preamble -\usepackage[english]{babel} -% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!! +% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!! % % I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact -% the documentation team intead of messing around in here. --jpw 4/97 - -%% Widens the vertical table spacing -%% -\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25} -\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.45em} - - -%% Provides certain commands which are missing. -%% -\DeclareRobustCommand{\textyen}{% -{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{msa}\selectfont\char85}% -} -\DeclareRobustCommand{\textcurrency}{% -{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char27}% -} -\DeclareRobustCommand{\textcent}{% -{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char103}% -} -\DeclareRobustCommand{\textbrokenbar}{% -{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char124}% -} - - -%% For some odd reason, this character isn't defined in T1-encoding. -%% -\DeclareInputText{"0AD}{\textendash} - - -%% Accented characters missing in non-T1 encodings. -%% -\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\quotedblbase}{% -\raisebox{-1ex}{\textquotedblright} -\hspace{-0.7em} -} -\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\quotesinglbase}{% -\raisebox{-1ex}{\textquoteright} -\hspace{-0.7em} -} -\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotleft}{% -\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \ll\!\!\!}} -} -\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotright}{% -\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \gg}} -} -\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guilsinglleft}{% -\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle <\!\!\!}} -} -\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guilsinglright}{% -\raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle >}} -} -\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\DH}{% -D\hspace{-0.7em}\rule[0.8ex]{0.30em}{0.08ex}\hspace{0.40em} -} -\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\dh}{% -\ensuremath{\mathrm{\partial}} -\hspace{-0.65em}\rule[1.35ex]{0.3em}{0.08ex}\hspace{0.35em} -} -\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\TH}{% -\textsc{I\hspace{-0.325em}p} -} -\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\th}{% -p\hspace{-0.55em}l -} +% the documentation team +% email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org + +% provides missing characters, +% see note in chapter 'Character Tables' +\usepackage{textcomp} + +\usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle +\ifpdf % if pdflatex is used + + % set fonts for nicer pdf view + \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{% + \usepackage[scaled=0.92]{helvet} + \usepackage{mathptmx} + \usepackage{courier} } + % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman + % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added + \pagenumbering{roman} + \let\myTOC\tableofcontents + \renewcommand\tableofcontents{% + \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{} + \myTOC + \clearpage + \pagenumbering{arabic} } + % link all cross references and URLs in pdf output + \usepackage[colorlinks=true, bookmarks, bookmarksnumbered, + linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, + pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, + pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels, + pdfauthor={LyX Team}, pdftex, + pdftitle={The LyX User's Guide},pdfsubject={LyX}, + pdfkeywords={LyX}]{hyperref} + +\else % if dvi or ps is produced + + % link all cross references and URLs in dvi output + \usepackage[ps2pdf]{hyperref} + + % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman + \pagenumbering{roman} + \let\myTOC\tableofcontents + \renewcommand\tableofcontents{% + \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{} + \myTOC + \clearpage + \pagenumbering{arabic} } + +\fi \end_preamble +\options bibtotoc,BCOR7mm \language english \inputencoding latin1 \fontscheme default \graphics default -\paperfontsize default -\spacing single -\papersize Default -\paperpackage a4 -\use_geometry 0 +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing single +\papersize default +\use_geometry false \use_amsmath 0 -\use_natbib 0 -\use_numerical_citations 0 +\cite_engine basic +\use_bibtopic false \paperorientation portrait \secnumdepth 3 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation indent \defskip medskip \quotes_language english -\quotes_times 2 \papercolumns 1 \papersides 2 -\paperpagestyle headings +\paperpagestyle default +\tracking_changes false +\output_changes true +\end_header -\layout Title +\begin_body +\begin_layout Title The LyX User's Guide -\layout Author +\end_layout +\begin_layout Author by the LyX Team \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard -\noindent -Principal maintainer of this file is -\noun on -Mike Ressler -\noun default -. - If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX - Documentation mailing list, . -\end_inset +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta +tion mailing list: +\family typewriter +lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +To export this document as pdf, ps or dvi, the LaTeX-package +\series bold +hyperref +\series default + has to be installed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This package should be part of all popular LaTeX-distributions. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Introduction -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section What is LyX? -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX is a document preparation system. It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business letters and proposals, and even poetry. It is unlike most other \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset word processors \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core editing style. That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Section \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , not \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Bold, 17 pt type, left justified, 5 mm space below \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts, not the mechanics. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the -\emph on +\emph on \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Introduction \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default . If you haven't read it yet, you need to. Yes, we mean now. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph on +\emph on Introduction -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly, the format of all of the manuals. @@ -204,56 +218,60 @@ Introduction of this one. \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph on +\emph on Introduction -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset describes that, too. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Getting Started -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Invoking LyX -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX by simply typing -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lyx -\family default +\family default at the command line. You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file names. We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've already done that in the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter man -\family default +\family default page for LyX. Check there for more info. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are one or two things we'd like to comment on: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout -If you include more than one file name on the command line, LyX will load - them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously. +\begin_layout Standard +Please note that if you include more than one file name on the command line, + LyX will load them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously. More on that in a bit. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection How LyX Looks -\layout Subsubsection - -The Main Window -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of its window. Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons. @@ -262,34 +280,36 @@ Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line of text. This is the -\emph on +\emph on minibuffer -\emph default +\emph default (a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs), which really means \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset command buffer \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . Type -\family sans +\family sans M-x -\family default +\family default when you need to type a command in the minibuffer. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar. This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional. When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the next line. Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for only a vertical scrollbar. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@. This, however, is due @@ -300,45 +320,51 @@ There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. the LyX window. You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but this doesn't work for equations yet. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection HELP! -\layout Standard +\end_layout -First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough or idiot-proof as - in many commercial applications. +\begin_layout Standard +First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough as that in many + commercial applications. Patience. We're working on it. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals. You can read -\emph on +\emph on all -\emph default +\emph default of the manuals from inside LyX. Just select the manual you want read from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under H -\bar default +\bar default elp -\family default +\family default menu. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals. They're not idiot-proof, not in the least. Here's what one of our authors, -\noun on +\noun on John Weiss -\noun default +\noun default , once said about manuals: -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation I hate manuals. -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals. They are aggravating. I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating. @@ -346,140 +372,155 @@ Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals. how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, ad nauseum. Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI, then they should sit down and learn -\emph on +\emph on before -\emph default +\emph default they start up a major piece of software. -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is stupid. Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless and intimidated, not stupid. Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a manual for a piece of computer software can't give. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic. As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well, as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch. - jw -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section The LyX Interface -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Basic File Operations -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Under the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile -\family default +\family default menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor in addition to some more advanced operations: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under N -\bar default +\bar default ew -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -New\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +New\InsetSpace ~ from -\bar under -\SpecialChar ~ +\bar under +\InsetSpace ~ T -\bar default +\bar default emplate -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under O -\bar default +\bar default pen -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under C -\bar default +\bar default lose -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ave -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Save\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Save\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under A -\bar default +\bar default s -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under R -\bar default +\bar default evert -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under P -\bar default +\bar default rint -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans E -\bar under +\bar under x -\bar default +\bar default it -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with a few minor differences. The -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator -New\SpecialChar ~ +New\InsetSpace ~ from -\bar under -\SpecialChar ~ +\bar under +\InsetSpace ~ T -\bar default +\bar default emplate -\family default +\family default command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts you for a template to use. Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for @@ -489,807 +530,863 @@ emplate \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes} -\end_inset +\end_inset ] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note: There is no \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset default file \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset or document named \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Untitled \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset scratch. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank space is just that --- a big, blank space. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under R -\bar default +\bar default evert -\family default +\family default command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same time \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature in LyX also. Read -\emph on +\emph on Extended Features -\emph default +\emph default \SpecialChar \@. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset . It will simply reload the document from disk. You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document and want to restore it to the last save. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The second matter of note concerns the commands -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under C -\bar default +\bar default lose -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator E -\bar under +\bar under x -\bar default +\bar default it -\family default +\family default . They both feature a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset nag box \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset to save us all from our own stupidity. That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll be informed that there are unsaved files. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Basic Editing Features -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and can delete whole words as well as individual characters. The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to access them. We'll start with cut and paste. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As you might expect, the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit -\family default +\family default menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features. Some of these are special and covered in later sections. The basic ones are: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Cut -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Copy -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Paste -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default -ind\SpecialChar ~ -&\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +ind\InsetSpace ~ +&\InsetSpace ~ Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The first three are self-explanatory. One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected, it's automatically placed in the clipboard. That is, the -\family sans +\family sans Delete -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Backspace -\family default +\family default keys also functions as the -\family sans +\family sans Cut -\family default +\family default command. Also, if you've selected text, be careful. If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace it with what you just typed. You'll have to do an -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default ndo -\family default +\family default to get back the lost text. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under F -\bar default -ind\SpecialChar ~ -&\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +ind\InsetSpace ~ +&\InsetSpace ~ Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{} -\family default +\family default item opens the -\family sans -Find\SpecialChar ~ -&\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Find\InsetSpace ~ +&\InsetSpace ~ Replace -\family default +\family default dialog. The text you want to find goes in the -\family sans +\family sans Fi -\bar under +\bar under n -\bar default +\bar default d -\family default +\family default box. Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it. Hitting the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under R -\bar default +\bar default eplace -\family default +\family default button replaces the selected text with the contents of the -\family sans -Replace\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Replace\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under w -\bar default +\bar default ith -\family default +\family default box. You can click to search again to skip the current word. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Hit -\family sans +\family sans Replace -\bar under +\bar under A -\bar default +\bar default ll -\family default +\family default to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans Ca -\bar under +\bar under s -\bar default -e\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +e\InsetSpace ~ sensitive -\family default +\family default toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search word. If the toggle is set, searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Match -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset will not match the word \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter match -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under M -\bar default -atch\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +atch\InsetSpace ~ Word -\family default +\family default toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words. - I.e. - searching for + I.e., searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter match -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset will not match \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter matches -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter matchbox -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , etc. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Undo and Redo -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it. LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer. Select -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default ndo -\family default +\family default to undo some mistake. If you accidently undo too much, use -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under R -\bar default +\bar default edo -\family default +\family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset undo the undo. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimise memory overhead. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as it was last saved, the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset changed \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset status of the document is unfortunately not reset. This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default ndo -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under R -\bar default +\bar default edo -\family default +\family default work on almost everything in LyX. They have some quirks, too. They won't -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default ndo -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under R -\bar default +\bar default edo -\family default +\family default text character by character, but by blocks of text. That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default ndo -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under R -\bar default +\bar default edo -\family default +\family default to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll hopefully appreciate how it works. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Basic Mouse Bindings -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here. Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you can do with the mouse. Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Motion -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Click the -\emph on +\emph on left mouse button -\emph default +\emph default once anywhere in the edit window. The cursor moves to the text under the mouse. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Selecting Text -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Hold down the -\emph on +\emph on left mouse button -\emph default +\emph default and drag the mouse. LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions. Use -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Copy -\family default +\family default to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Paste -\family default +\family default . -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on Single click -\emph default +\emph default the -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default left mouse button to open or close any of these. Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Tables -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on Single click -\emph default +\emph default the right mouse button -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate the table. -\end_deeper -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Subsection Basic Key Bindings -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: key bindings} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: key bindings} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings. Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA and Emacs. I guarantee you will cuss when you press Control-d to delete a character, and it starts up a DVI previewer instead (or vice versa). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some keys, like -\family sans -Page\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Page\InsetSpace ~ Up -\family default +\family default , -\family sans -Page\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Page\InsetSpace ~ Down -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Left -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Right -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Up -\family default +\family default , and -\family sans +\family sans Down -\family default +\family default , do exactly what you expect them to do. Other keys don't: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family sans +\family sans Tab -\family default +\family default There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX. If you don't understand this, go read Sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro} -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments} -\end_inset +\end_inset -, especially Section\SpecialChar ~ +, especially Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists} -\end_inset +\end_inset , right now. Yes, right now. If you're still confused, look in the -\emph on +\emph on Tutorial -\emph default +\emph default . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family sans +\family sans Esc -\family default +\family default This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset cancel key. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset It's used, generically, to cancel operations. Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family sans +\family sans Home -\family default -\SpecialChar ~ -and\SpecialChar ~ +\family default +\InsetSpace ~ +and\InsetSpace ~ -\family sans +\family sans End -\family default +\family default These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line, unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning or end of the file. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family sans +\family sans Backspace -\family default -\SpecialChar ~ -and\SpecialChar ~ +\family default +\InsetSpace ~ +and\InsetSpace ~ -\family sans +\family sans Delete -\family default +\family default -\emph on +\emph on If -\emph default +\emph default you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System, -\family sans +\family sans Backspace -\family default +\family default works as expected and -\family sans +\family sans Delete -\family default +\family default deletes the character under the cursor [if no text is selected]. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean by that, go read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys} -\end_inset +\end_inset immediately. You'll save yourself a lot of headaches. -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Then there are the modifier keys: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family sans +\family sans Control- -\family default +\family default This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used in combination with: -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize With -\family sans +\family sans Backspace -\family default +\family default or -\family sans +\family sans Delete -\family default +\family default , it deletes an entire word instead of a single character. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize With -\family sans +\family sans Left -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Right -\family default +\family default , it moves by words instead of characters. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize With -\family sans +\family sans Home -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans End -\family default +\family default , it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family sans +\family sans Shift- -\family default +\family default Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old and new cursor positions. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family sans +\family sans Meta- -\family default +\family default This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless your keyboard has a distinct Meta key. Unfortunately, X sometimes has their functionality swapped, so if you have both keys, you will need to do a little trial and error to find out which one actually performs the -\family sans +\family sans Meta- -\family default +\family default function. This key does many different things, but it also activates the -\emph on +\emph on menu accelerator keys -\emph default +\emph default . If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a menu or menu item, it selects that menu item. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard For example, the sequence \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans -M-e\SpecialChar ~ -a -\family default +\family sans +M-e\InsetSpace ~ +s +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + brings up the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset +Text Style \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset - pastes text. + menu. Typing \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans +\family sans M-f -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset opens the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile -\family default +\family default menu. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are also other things bound to the -\family sans +\family sans Meta- -\family default +\family default key, but you'll have to check in the -\emph on +\emph on Reference -\emph default +\emph default -\emph on +\emph on manual -\emph default +\emph default for more info. -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered, @@ -1297,752 +1394,829 @@ Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it. However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so -\family sans +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset M-p S-A -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset means -\family sans +\family sans Meta-p -\family default +\family default followed by a capital -\family sans +\family sans A -\family default +\family default . \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans +\family sans S-C-S -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset means -\family sans +\family sans Shift-Control-s -\family default +\family default . -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Using LyX with Other Programs -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Importing ASCII files -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can import text from an ASCII file using the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under A -\bar default -scii\SpecialChar ~ -text\SpecialChar ~ -as\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +scii\InsetSpace ~ +text\InsetSpace ~ +as\InsetSpace ~ lines -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under A -\bar default -scii\SpecialChar ~ -text\SpecialChar ~ -as\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +scii\InsetSpace ~ +text\InsetSpace ~ +as\InsetSpace ~ paragraphs -\family default +\family default options. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under A -\bar default -scii\SpecialChar ~ -text\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +scii\InsetSpace ~ +text\InsetSpace ~ as_lines -\family default +\family default puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph. This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it. However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the paragraphs if you use this form of import. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under A -\bar default -scii\SpecialChar ~ -text\SpecialChar ~ -as\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +scii\InsetSpace ~ +text\InsetSpace ~ +as\InsetSpace ~ paragraphs -\family default +\family default preserves paragraphs in text files. Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph on one line. You used -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default to break up the paragraph into separate lines. Using the -\family sans -as\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +as\InsetSpace ~ paragraphs -\family default +\family default , LyX won't mangle such paragraphs. Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph. Remember: you must make sure there is a -\emph on +\emph on completely blank -\emph default +\emph default line between each and every paragraph in your text file. If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans Cut -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Copy -\family default +\family default , and -\family sans +\family sans Paste -\family default +\family default operations will transfer text to and from LyX. You can copy text from LyX to another window in this way: Select the text that you want to copy, then go to the destination window and paste the text with the middle mouse button. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Pasting text into LyX also works much the same way as in X. Select the text with the mouse in another X window. Go to the Lyx window and paste the text with the middle mouse button. -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter LyX Setup and Supporting Applications -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Introduction -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you can safely skip this chapter. It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files distributed with it. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you're installing LyX on your system, -\emph on +\emph on you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then -\family sans -\emph default -\bar under +\family sans +\emph default +\bar under H -\bar default +\bar default elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under L -\bar default -aTeX\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +aTeX\InsetSpace ~ Configuration -\family default -\emph on +\family default +\emph on . -\emph default +\emph default Do that first. This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary [Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{} ]. It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Basic LyX Setup -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are two ways to run LyX. The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system. - Of course, you need root privileges to do that. + Of course, you need root (administrator) privileges to do that. The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset install \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset LyX somewhere in your own account. LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories are put in the correct places. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX, without resorting to configuration files. First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document classes and LaTeX packages are available. It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several -\family typewriter +\family typewriter preferences -\family sans +\family sans -\family default +\family default variables. Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally and which are not seen by LyX. To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under T -\bar default +\bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under R -\bar default +\bar default econfigure -\family default +\family default . You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account. As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information about what has been found under -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under H -\bar default +\bar default elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under L -\bar default -aTeX\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +aTeX\InsetSpace ~ Configuration -\family default +\family default . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the document-level setting that you can change via the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog. To do this, open a scrap document, set all these options according to your taste and save them with the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under S -\bar default -ave\SpecialChar ~ -as\SpecialChar ~ -Document\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +ave\InsetSpace ~ +as\InsetSpace ~ +Document\InsetSpace ~ Defaults -\family default +\family default button in the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument -\family default +\family default dialog. This will create a template named -\family typewriter +\family typewriter default.lyx -\family default +\family default which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template such that the settings are automatically set-up as you defined them. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX. Upon startup, LyX reads a global options file called -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lyxrc.defaults -\family default +\family default . It will then attempt to read a file called -\family typewriter -~/.lyx/preferences -\family default - beneath your home directory. - The -\family sans -\bar under +\family typewriter +preferences +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family typewriter +preferences +\family default + file is found in different directories on different systems. + This directory is called LyX's +\emph on +user directory +\emph default +. + +\emph on + +\emph default +To find out where it is, use +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator +About Ly +\bar under +X +\family default +\bar default +. + (You may set up an alternative user directory from the command line, using + the switch +\family typewriter +-userdir +\family default +.) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +\bar under T -\bar default -ools -\bar under -\SpecialChar \menuseparator +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under P -\bar default +\bar default references -\family default +\family default dialog can be used to change these options; the document -\emph on +\emph on Customization -\emph default +\emph default contains more information about the preferences dialog and these configuration files. -\layout Section +\end_layout -Setting Up the X Keyboard -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Section +Setting Up the X Keyboard [obsolescent] +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys} -\end_inset +\end_layout -To use LyX properly, you -\emph on +\begin_layout Standard +To use LyX properly, X +\emph on must -\emph default - set X up correctly. +\emph default + be set up correctly. This is especially vital if you're using the international support features of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings. - Unfortunately, almost nobody bothers to do this, especially those who've - installed Linux on a PC\SpecialChar \@. - Administrators of large systems can be guilty of - this, too, so don't assume that you're safe if you're using a large system. - Any user can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard. -\layout Subsection - - -\family typewriter -xmodmap -\family default - and -\family typewriter -xkeycaps -\layout Standard - + On modern distributions, this likely has been taken care of, but if not, + you must do this yourself. + Administrators of large systems often neglect this, so don't assume that + you're safe if you're using a large system. + Also ordinary users can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +xmodmap and xkeycaps +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard First of all read the man pages for these two programs. They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping correctly. If you don't have them, install them. -\layout Subsubsection - +\end_layout -\family typewriter +\begin_layout Subsubsection xmodmap -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This document contains no information on how to use -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xmodmap -\family default +\family default . There is a sample -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .Xmodmap -\family default +\family default file in -\emph on +\emph on Customization -\emph default +\emph default . To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command -\family typewriter -xmodmap\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +xmodmap\InsetSpace ~ .Xmodmap -\family default - somewhere in your startup scripts [for example, -\family typewriter +\family default + somewhere in your startup scripts [e.g. + +\family typewriter .cshrc -\family default +\family default , -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .profile -\family default +\family default , -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .login -\family default -, or -\family typewriter +\family default + or +\family typewriter .xinitrc -\family default - are all possibilities]. -\layout Subsubsection - +\family default + are possible]. +\end_layout -\family typewriter +\begin_layout Subsubsection xkeycaps -\layout Standard +\end_layout -This program is a dream come true! It brings up a graphical version of your - keyboard, allows you to make modifications, and then spits those modifications - out to the standard output in a form readable by -\family typewriter +\begin_layout Standard +This program brings up a graphical version of your keyboard, allows you + to make modifications, and then spits those modifications out to the standard + output in a form readable by +\family typewriter xmodmap -\family default +\family default . It is very useful when you're trying to design a new -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .Xmodmap -\family default +\family default file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Modifiers and Mode_switch -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [ -\family sans +\family sans S- -\family default +\family default ], Control [ -\family sans +\family sans C- -\family default +\family default ], and Meta [ -\family sans +\family sans M- -\family default +\family default ]. Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a -\family sans +\family sans Compose -\family default +\family default key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your keyboard. This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like -\family sans +\family sans Shift -\family default +\family default or -\family sans +\family sans Control -\family default +\family default ) or as a prefix key. Here are some examples of what you can do with a -\family sans +\family sans Compose -\family default +\family default key: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Compose+e+' -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ -\end_inset +\end_inset é -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Compose+O+R -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ -\end_inset +\end_inset ® -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Compose+1+2 -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ -\end_inset +\end_inset ½ -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Compose+<+< -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ -\end_inset +\end_inset « -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters only from time to time. It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will be used if you setup your locale correctly. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Helpful Hints and Tips -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard First, open up two xterminals. Use one to edit a new -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .Xmodmap -\family default +\family default file and run -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xkeycaps -\family default +\family default from the other. Using -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xkeycaps -\family default +\family default , remap your keyboard the way you want it. There's a button in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xkeycaps -\family default +\family default to output the new keymap. Once you hit it, -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xkeycaps -\family default +\family default will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from. Just copy and paste all of that into your -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .Xmodmap -\family default +\family default file, and you're done. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard You could also save yourself some typing by executing -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xkeycaps > .Xmodmap -\family default +\family default . This will create a usable map file. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented. Try executing the command -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xmodmap -v -pm -\family default +\family default . This will show you all of the currently active modifiers. Also try -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xmodmap -v -pke | more -\family default +\family default to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names. It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .Xmodmap -\family default +\family default file. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There's one thing you'll need to check. Make sure that your -\family sans +\family sans Delete -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans BackSpace -\family default +\family default keys are -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs. Some programs bind -\family sans +\family sans Delete -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans BackSpace -\family default +\family default to the same operation. Emacs is one. Other programs, however, use -\family sans +\family sans Delete -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans BackSpace -\family default +\family default for different operations. LyX is one of these programs, and if you have -\family sans +\family sans Delete -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans BackSpace -\family default +\family default labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section LaTeX -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .tex -\family default +\family default files, you'll need LaTeX. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In case you were wondering, LaTeX is a markup language front end for TeX, a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters, \begin_inset Formula $\tau\epsilon\chi$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , which rhymes with \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset blech. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset That's how you pronounce \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset TeX \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset LaTeX. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset [If you're American, just pronounce the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset X \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset as a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset k \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset and you've got it.] -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset device-independent \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset format, or Dvi, for short. The Dvi file can then be sent to printers. @@ -2050,328 +2224,349 @@ device-independent macros. LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need is a TeX package. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that on some old systems you may find that only LaTeX 2.09 is installed (as opposed to the more current LaTeX2e). LyX cannot be used with LaTeX 2.09. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution. For other systems, you might need to install LaTeX yourself.You can obtain a LaTeX distribution (and anything and everything related to TeX and LaTeX) from a Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) mirror. - A complete list of mirrors may be found at + A complete list of mirrors may be found at +\newline + \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan} -\end_inset +\end_inset -. -\layout Section +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Dvips and Ghostscript -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection What You Need -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents. Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next section]. You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't have them already: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostscript -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostview -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript® \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard PostScript® is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and is the main page description language in the UN*X world. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset format. If you don't know what a DVI file is, you've probably also never worked with LaTeX and should read the -\emph on +\emph on Tutorial -\emph default +\emph default document before proceeding further. -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default - converts DVI files into PostScript®, which is the format most printers - use nowadays. +\family default + converts DVI files into PostScript, which is the format most printers use + nowadays. For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter - the PostScript® through -\family typewriter + the PostScript through +\family typewriter ghostscript -\family default +\family default , which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers. The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically every time you print. For now, we'll concentrate on -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Dvips -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home, you should configure -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default . -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default will either \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset print \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's configured. If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it will simply turn -\family typewriter +\family typewriter foo.dvi -\family default +\family default into -\family typewriter +\family typewriter foo.ps -\family default +\family default . Most systems have -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default set up to send output to the default printer. For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you are not a mood to configure -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section. Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could expect from your printer. At least, it will print. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular on Linux), you should run the program -\family typewriter +\family typewriter texconfig -\family default +\family default . To make the name of a new printer recognized by -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default you should then select menu entry -\family sans +\family sans Dvips -\family default +\family default , then add. Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the function -\family sans +\family sans Rehash -\family default +\family default . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default how to automagically convert a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .dvi -\family default +\family default file into a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .ps -\family default +\family default file adapted to printer -\family typewriter +\family typewriter foo -\family default +\family default , you need to have a config-file, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter config.foo -\family default +\family default , \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset lying around somewhere. Typically, the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter config.* -\family default +\family default files for -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default will be in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter /usr/lib/texmf/dvips -\family default +\family default in most TeX distributions. Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the main TeX directory for a subdirectory called \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default . \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset It'll be there somewhere. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Typically, there will be at least one config-file: -\family typewriter +\family typewriter config.ps -\family default +\family default . This file is the default configuration file, which is -\emph on +\emph on always -\emph default +\emph default read by dvips \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of a file named -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ps -\family default +\family default . -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset . Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula r printer. Then create a file -\family typewriter +\family typewriter config.foo -\family default +\family default containing only the relevant lines. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file. There may exist a line that looks like, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter o | lpr -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset [without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{} ]. Change it to \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter o | lpr -Pfoo -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , so that the output is sent by default to printer -\family typewriter +\family typewriter foo -\family default +\family default . However, you should probably investigate the entries \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter M -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter D -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the printer. @@ -2380,145 +2575,157 @@ D best possible result on your printer. Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different printers, -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take valuable space. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you should tell LyX to make use of this configuration. To do this, you should launch the -\family sans +\family sans Preferences -\family default +\family default dialog ( -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under T -\bar default +\bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under P -\bar default +\bar default references -\family default -) and set the entries -\family sans -Adapt\SpecialChar ~ +\family default +), select the +\family sans +Printer +\family default + tab, and set the entries +\family sans +Adapt\InsetSpace ~ output -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Spool\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Spool\InsetSpace ~ command -\family default +\family default . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can use as many configuration files as you like, one for each of your printers. The default printer for LyX can be specified from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under P -\bar default +\bar default references -\family default +\family default dialog or with the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter PRINTER -\family default +\family default environment variable. You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in a later section. - Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript® printer + Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript printer or file from LyX. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If your printer doesn't understand PostScript®, you'll need to use -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostscript -\family default +\family default as a filter for your print spooler. That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals. We also have a section that covers a little bit of this. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some people don't seem to like using the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default plus -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostscript -\family default +\family default combination. As alternative, you can use a program that converts the DVI file directly into your printer language. You can specify this program in the -\family sans +\family sans Preferences -\family default +\family default dialog, too. There is a major disadvantage to this method. - You can't include any PostScript® files, such as graphics, in your documents, + You can't include any PostScript files, such as graphics, in your documents, since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript®. For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostscript -\family default +\family default for printing. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Xdvi -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostview -\family default +\family default are viewers. The former handles -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .dvi -\family default +\family default files, while the later interfaces with -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostscript -\family default - to allow you to view PostScript® files. -\layout Standard +\family default + to allow you to view PostScript files. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A quick note on both of these programs. Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard That means the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .dvi -\family default +\family default or -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .ps -\family default +\family default file, not the files used to make these. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset changes. You can also force an update. @@ -2526,314 +2733,358 @@ That means the it. Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same features. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The LyX team recommends using -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default for fine tuning documents. Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before you can view the changes. Here's an example: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Use -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Make changes to the document using LyX. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate To view those changes, just choose -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under V -\bar default +\bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default VI -\family default +\family default . When LaTeX's all done, click on the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default window, and voilà! -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default will update itself. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Now, this doesn't mean -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostview -\family default +\family default is useless. -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostview -\family default +\family default is better suited to those occasions where you -\emph on +\emph on must -\emph default - view the PostScript® version of the document. +\emph default + view the PostScript version of the document. For repeated changes that aren't PostScript® dependent, you're better off previewing with -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default . There is an alternative to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostview -\family default +\family default which sports a much better interface: -\family typewriter +\family typewriter gv -\family default +\family default . - LyX will automatically use it instead of ghostscript if it is available. -\layout Section + LyX will automatically use it instead of +\family typewriter +ghostview +\family default + if it is available. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section The Printer -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size normal +\size normal Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here. Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the printers set up for your system. All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use, and configure you -\size default +\size default r setup -\size normal +\size normal as described in the last section. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size normal -Those of you using Linux, however, will have a bit more work to do. - Many people now receive a Linux distribution, such as Red Hat or Slackware, - on CD-ROM -\size default -\SpecialChar \@. - -\size normal +\size normal +Those of you using Linux, however, may have a bit more work to do. + Many people now install Linux from an ISO image of one of the popular distribut +ions. They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never realize that they need to set up their printer. -\size default -If you find that you need to do this by hand, we've written a little something - to help you out with that; check out the +\size default +The more desktop friendly distributions may do this for you automatically. + However, if you find that you need to do this by hand, we've written a + little something to help you out with that; check out the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph on +\emph on A Printer Tutorial -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset chapter in the -\emph on +\emph on Customization -\emph default +\emph default manual for help. -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter LyX Basics -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Document Types -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Introduction -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you need to decide what -\emph on +\emph on type -\emph default +\emph default of document you want to edit. Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings, numbering schemes, and so on. Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments, and format the title of your document differently. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A -\emph on +\emph on document class -\emph default +\emph default describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents. By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties, making it easier to create the type of document you want. If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default. So, it behooves you to change the class of your document. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and how to fine-tune some of their properties. -\layout Subsection - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes} -\end_inset +\end_inset The Various Document Classes -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Overview -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are five standard document classes in LyX. They are: -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Article for basic articles -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Report for basic reports -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Book for writing a book -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Letter for US-style letters -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Slides is used to make transparencies -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have a LaTeX setup that supports them: -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic s -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American Mathematical Society]. There are three amsart layouts available. The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems, -\emph on +\emph on etc. -\emph default +\emph default , that prepends the section number to the number of the result. All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence. The \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset sequential numbering \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers them throughout the article in a single sequence. Each type of result gets its own sequence. There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether. -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS. Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and that you would need to number results. -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than -\family sans +\family sans slides -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Linuxdoc Used with the SGML-tools package (formerly known as LinuxDoc). It allows LyX to produce SGML output. SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML\SpecialChar \@. The SGML-tools package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by -\family typewriter +\family typewriter man -\family default +\family default pages. -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Paper for use with the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter paper -\family default +\family default LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions] -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society of America (OSA). This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes here. You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the -\emph on +\emph on Extended Editing -\emph default +\emph default manual. Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all of the document classes. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Selecting a Class -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can select a class using the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument -\bar under +\bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog. Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options you may need. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Properties -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Each class has a default set of options. Here's a quick table describing them: -\layout Standard -\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset -\begin_inset Tabular + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -2845,1250 +3096,1341 @@ Each class has a default set of options. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Pagestyle -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Sides -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Columns -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Max. sectioning level -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none article -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Plain -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Section -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none report -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Plain -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Chapter -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none book -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Headings -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Two -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Chapter -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none letter -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Plain -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none none -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none linuxdoc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Plain -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Section -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none aapaper -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Plain -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Two -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Two -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Section -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none amsart -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Headings -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Section -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none dinbrief -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Plain -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none none -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none paper -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Headings -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none One -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Section -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There is no default value of -\family sans +\family sans E -\bar under +\bar under x -\bar default -tra\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +tra\InsetSpace ~ Options -\family default +\family default for any of these classes. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You're probably also wondering what \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Max. sectioning level \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset means. There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings. Different document classes allow different types of section headings. Only two use the -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default heading. Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section headings. In addition to -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default headings, there are also -\family sans +\family sans Subsection -\family default +\family default headings, -\family sans +\family sans Subsubsection -\family default +\family default headings, and so on. We'll describe these headings fully in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Fine-tuning the Defaults -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Okay, we know we never told you what most of these \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset default options \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset set by the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under C -\bar default +\bar default lass -\family default +\family default button do. That's what this section is for. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under P -\bar default +\bar default agestyle -\family default +\family default This is another list, containing five options. It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page: \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard LaTeX does this part. -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout -\family sans +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM + +\family sans Default -\family default +\family default Use default pagestyle of current class. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Empty -\family default +\family default No page numbers or headings. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Plain -\family default +\family default Page numbers only. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Headings -\family default +\family default Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number. Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on which is the maximum sectioning level. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Fancy -\family default +\family default This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you have the -\family sans +\family sans fancyhdr -\family default +\family default package installed. At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting. - To use the full power of this package, you have to resolve to magic codes + To use the full power of this package, you have to resort to magic codes in your preamble. Check the documentation for the -\family sans +\family sans fancyhdr -\family default +\family default package for more details. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Sides -\family default +\family default No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sides of a sheet of paper! However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere d pages. This way, if you -\emph on +\emph on do -\emph default +\emph default have a printer that duplexes \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard i.e. prints on both sides of a sheet of paper -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset , your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page and the left margin will have extra room for a binding. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard There are two radio buttons here: -\family sans +\family sans One -\family default +\family default for single-sided documents, -\family sans +\family sans Two -\family default +\family default for double-sided documents. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Columns -\family default +\family default Yes, this does control how many columns each page has. You can choose, using the toggle buttons, -\family sans +\family sans One -\family default +\family default or -\family sans +\family sans Two -\family default +\family default for the number of columns. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen. That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept. However, there -\emph on +\emph on will -\emph default +\emph default be two columns in the generated output. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans E -\bar under +\bar under x -\bar default -tra\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +tra\InsetSpace ~ Options -\family default +\family default The LaTeX command -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash documentclass -\family default +\family default takes several options. LyX sets some of these automatically for you. This text box allows you to enter in others. Just type in a comma-separated list of options. See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you can use. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Separation -\family default +\family default This has its own section. See sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro} -\end_inset +\end_inset for a description of what this does. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are several other options to set in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Document\InsetSpace ~ Settings -\family default +\family default dialog. All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only affect certain features. We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the features they affect. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so we'll describe them here. You'll find them in the -\family sans +\family sans Paper -\family default +\family default dialog under the -\family sans +\family sans Layout -\family default +\family default menu: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Orientation -\family default +\family default Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under L -\bar default +\bar default andscape -\family default +\family default or as -\family sans +\family sans Po -\bar under +\bar under r -\bar default +\bar default trait -\family default +\family default . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Papersi -\bar under +\bar under z -\bar default +\bar default e -\family default +\family default What size paper to print on. The choices are -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Default -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans A3, A4, -\family default +\family default -\family sans +\family sans A5 -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans B3, B4, B5 -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans US Letter -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans US legal -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans US executive -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Custom -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Some of these settings require you to have the -\family sans +\family sans geometry -\family default +\family default package installed. This package will also allow you to set the margins in the -\family sans +\family sans Paper -\family default +\family default dialog. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Important Note: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert -\emph on +\emph on everything -\emph default +\emph default into the new class. That includes the paragraph environments. Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have @@ -4096,70 +4438,70 @@ everything Some classes have special paragraph environments, however. If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing paragraph environments to -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph. Just click on them and you'll get a message dialog that tells you about the conversion and why it failed. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Paragraph Indentation and Separation -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Introduction -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to say a word or two about paragraph indentation. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs. Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph. Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs. - LyX uses the same convention you find among typographer. + LyX uses the same convention you find among typographers. The -\emph on +\emph on first -\emph default +\emph default paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list, etc., is -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default indented. Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented. Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented paragraphs, you'll have to live with it. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs. LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX -\emph on +\emph on will -\emph default +\emph default print it that way. You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command in the preamble. - [ -\emph on -Editor's Note: I'll insert this info when I get the time. - - jw -\emph default -] -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are pre-coded into LyX. @@ -4171,180 +4513,198 @@ The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom of a page, and so on. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them. LyX gives you the ability to globally change -\emph on +\emph on all -\emph default +\emph default of these pre-coded spacings. We'll explain more later. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Global Indentation Method -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default ndent -\family default +\family default or -\family sans +\family sans S -\bar under +\bar under k -\bar default +\bar default ip -\family default +\family default to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Fine-Tuning -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph. Open the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under P -\bar default -aragraph\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings -\family default +\family default dialog and toggle the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under N -\bar default +\bar default o Indent -\family default +\family default button to change the state of the current paragraph. If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first. If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this button will be completely ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling this). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph if you need to do some fine-tuning. Typically, you'll select -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default ndent -\family default +\family default or -\family sans +\family sans S -\bar under +\bar under k -\bar default +\bar default ip -\family default +\family default for the entire document and edit away. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Changing Line Spacing -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog you can choose your line spacing provided you have the -\family sans +\family sans setspace -\family default +\family default package installed. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Paragraph Environments \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Overview -\layout Standard +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The paragraph environments correspond to the various +\end_layout -The paragraph environments correspond to the various -\family typewriter +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash +\family typewriter + +\backslash begin{ -\family default -\emph on +\family default +\emph on environment -\family typewriter -\emph default +\family typewriter +\emph default } ... -\backslash +\backslash end{ -\family default -\emph on +\family default +\emph on environment -\family typewriter -\emph default +\family typewriter +\emph default } -\family default - command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file. +\family default + +\newline +command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file. If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally alien to you, we urge you to read the -\emph on +\emph on Tutorial -\emph default +\emph default . The -\emph on +\emph on Tutorial -\emph default +\emph default also contains many more examples than this section does. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A paragraph environment is simply a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset container \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties. This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering scheme, labels, and so on. Additionally, you can \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset nest \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment to inherit some of the properties of another. @@ -4354,575 +4714,651 @@ nest There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular document type. We'll only be covering the most common ones here. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left end of the toolbar. LyX will change the environment of the -\emph on +\emph on entire -\emph default +\emph default paragraph in which the cursor sits. You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if you select them before choosing the new environment. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that hitting -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default will -\emph on +\emph on typically -\emph default +\emph default create a new paragraph using the -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default paragraph environment. We say \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset typically \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset because this isn't always the case. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard If you are in one of these environments: \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash vspace{-2ex} -\backslash +\backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\layout Standard - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard } -\backslash +\backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Itemize +\end_layout -\family sans +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans Verse -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\layout Standard - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard } -\backslash +\backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Description -\layout Standard - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard } -\backslash +\backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Itemize +\end_layout -\family sans -List -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +List +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard } -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default , rather than resetting it to -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default . LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} -\end_inset +\end_inset ]. At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default to reset the paragraph environment and depth. If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth, use -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default instead. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Standard -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The default paragraph environment is -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default for most classes. It creates a plain paragraph. If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses. In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in this manual] are in the -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can nest a paragraph using the -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything in a -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Document Titles -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the author[s] and a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset footnote \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for thanks or contact information. For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate page along with today's date. For other types of documents, the title \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset page \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset goes at the top of the first page of the document. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph environments -\family sans +\family sans Title -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Author -\family default +\family default , and -\family sans +\family sans Date -\family default +\family default . Here's how you use them: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Put the title of your document in the -\family sans +\family sans Title -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Put the author name in the -\family sans +\family sans Author -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date, or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in the -\family sans +\family sans Date -\family default +\family default environment. Note that using this environment is optional. If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Be sure to do this at the top of the document. You can use footnotes to insert \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset thanks \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset or contact information. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Headings -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings} -\end_inset +\end_layout - There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings. +\begin_layout Standard +There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings. LyX takes care of the numbering for you. All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter 9. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Numbered Headings -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are 6 numbered types of section headings. -\begin_inset Note -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status open +\begin_layout Standard Why no mention of Part ? -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset They are: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Section -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Subsection -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Subsubsection -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Paragraph -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Subparagraph -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods. The numbers describe where in the document you are. These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text. For example, suppose you're writing a book. You group the book into chapters. LyX does similar grouping: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Either -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default or -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default is the maximum sectioning level. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default s are divided into -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default s -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default s are divided into -\family sans +\family sans Subsection -\family default +\family default s -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Subsection -\family default +\family default s are divided into -\family sans +\family sans Subsubsection -\family default +\family default s -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Subsubsection -\family default +\family default s are divided into -\family sans +\family sans Paragraph -\family default +\family default s -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Paragraph -\family default +\family default s are divided into -\family sans +\family sans Subparagraph -\family default +\family default s -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on Note: -\emph default +\emph default not all document types use the -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default heading as the maximum sectioning level. In that case, the -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default is the top-level heading. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard So, if you use the -\family sans +\family sans Subsubsection -\family default +\family default environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number, along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter that it's in. For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the label \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset 2.5 \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Unnumbered Headings -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings. They are: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Section* -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Subsection* -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Subsubsection* -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset * \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset after each name means that these headings are not numbered. They work the same as their numbered counterparts. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Changing the Numbering \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:section-depth} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear in the Table of Contents. Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document class. Certain classes start with -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default and go down to the -\family sans +\family sans Subparagraph -\family default +\family default level. Others start at -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default . Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels. Most don't number -\family sans +\family sans Paragraph -\family default +\family default or -\family sans +\family sans Subparagraph -\family default +\family default . This is something you can change. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Open the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog. You should see a counter labelled -\family sans -Section\SpecialChar ~ -number\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Section\InsetSpace ~ +number\InsetSpace ~ depth -\family default +\family default under the -\family sans +\family sans Extra -\family default +\family default tab. This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section heading. Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so here's a table of values and what they do: -\layout Standard -\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -4931,744 +5367,802 @@ Extra \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Sec. Num. Depth -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none LyX numbers these -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none value: -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none section headings: -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none -2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none no numbering of any kind -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none -1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\family sans add -\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none Parts -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none -0 and 0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none add Chapters -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none add Sections -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none add Subsections -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 3 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\family sans add -\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none Subsubsections -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 4 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\family sans add -\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none Paragraphs -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 5 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none +\family sans add -\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none Subparagraphs -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The increasing numbers are cumulative: a setting of \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset 0 \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset will number parts and chapters, while \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset will number parts, chapters, sections, and subsections. Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use part or chapter headings ( -\emph on +\emph on e.g. -\emph default +\emph default the default article class), then the numbering begins at the -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default heading, and \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset 0 \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset also corresponds to \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset no numbering. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There's another counter in the dialog, called -\family sans -Table\SpecialChar ~ -of\SpecialChar ~ -contents\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Table\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +contents\InsetSpace ~ depth -\family default +\family default . It works the same way as -\family sans -Section\SpecialChar ~ -numbering\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Section\InsetSpace ~ +numbering\InsetSpace ~ depth -\family default +\family default , only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the Table of Contents. This is a great control to have. Suppose you wanted to number -\emph on +\emph on all -\emph default +\emph default sectioning heading, but you only wanted -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default s, -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default s, and -\family sans +\family sans Subsection -\family default +\family default s in the Table of Contents. You'd just set -\family sans -Section\SpecialChar ~ -numbering\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Section\InsetSpace ~ +numbering\InsetSpace ~ depth -\family default +\family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset 5 \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset and -\family sans -Table of contents\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Table of contents\InsetSpace ~ depth -\family default +\family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset and voilà! You're all set. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Special Information -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The following information applies to -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Subsection -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Subsubsection -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Paragraph -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Subparagraph -\family default +\family default as well as -\family sans +\family sans Section* -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Subsection* -\family default +\family default , and -\family sans +\family sans Subsubsection* -\family default +\family default : -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout -You can use inlined math in these environments. -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize +You can only use inlined math in these environments. +\end_layout -You cannot do any nesting with these environments. -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize +You cannot nest other environments into these environments. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're using them everywhere in the manuals. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Creating an Appendix -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To create an appendix, simply start by adding a new chapter or section heading. Move the cursor back to the beginning of the heading and select -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Start\SpecialChar ~ -\bar under +\newline +Start\InsetSpace ~ + +\bar under A -\bar default -ppendix\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +ppendix\InsetSpace ~ Here -\family default +\family default . A red/brown box will be drawn around the remainder of the file to indicate there is something special about it, and the numerical chapter or section label(s) will be changed to a letter. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Quotes and Poetry -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations. They are -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default , and -\family sans +\family sans Verse -\family default +\family default . Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins. These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in. They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below the text they contain. They also allow nesting, so you can put a -\family sans +\family sans Verse -\family default +\family default in a -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default , as well as in some other paragraph environments. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default reset to -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default when you start a new paragraph. So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you. Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have to change back to the -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default environment yourself. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\layout Standard - +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's time for the differences. -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default are identical except for one difference: -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line. -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default -\emph on +\emph on always -\emph default +\emph default indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Here's an example of the -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default environment: -\layout Quote +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quote This is in the -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default environment. I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it wraps. See - no indentation! -\layout Quote +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quote Here's the second paragraph of this quote. Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and the other paragraph. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard That ends that example. Here's another example, this time in the -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default environment: -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation This is in the -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default environment. If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation. If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting the first line, then -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it -\emph on +\emph on if -\emph default +\emph default you were quoting other text. -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation Here's a new paragraph. I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time. If I did that, though, you'd get bored. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard That was our other example. As the example notes, -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs. They should put quotes in the -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default environment. Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default paragraph environment for quoted text. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\family sans +\family sans Verse -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse} +\end_inset -\family sans -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse} +\end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +\family sans Verse -\family default +\family default is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on. Here's an example: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse This is in Verse -\newline +\newline Which I did not rehearse! -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse It could be much worse. This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps around. @@ -5676,96 +6170,103 @@ It could be much worse. indented a bit more than the first. Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore. So sue me. -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse To break a line -\newline +\newline And make things look fine -\newline +\newline Use -\family sans +\family sans C-Return -\family default +\family default . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As you can see, -\family sans +\family sans Verse -\family default +\family default does not indent both margins. Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph. To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter break-line -\family default +\family default function, -\family sans +\family sans C-Return -\family default +\family default . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Lists -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds of lists. In the -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively. In the -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environments, LyX lets you provide your own label. We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing some general features of all four of them. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection General Features -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments in several ways. First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item. Hitting -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default does -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default reset the environment to -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item. The nesting depth is typically reset, however. If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment, you should use -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default to break paragraphs. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can nest lists of any type inside one another. In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its nested. @@ -5773,1079 +6274,1182 @@ You can nest lists of any type inside one another. you read all of section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\layout Standard - +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default paragraph environment. It has the following properties: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label. -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line. -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize The items can be any length. LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item. The offset is always relative to whatever environment the -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default list may be in. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize If you nest an -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environment inside another -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environment, the label changes to a new symbol. -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} -\end_inset +\end_inset for a full explanation of nesting. -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Of course, that explanation was also an example of an -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default list. The -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard We said that different levels use different symbols as their label. Here's an example of all four possible symbols. Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize The label for the first level -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default is a large black dot, or bullet. -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize The label for the second level is a dash. -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize The label for the third is an asterisk. -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize The label for the fourth is a centered dot. -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Back out to the third level. -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Back to the second level. -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Back to the outermost level. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard These are the default labels for an -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default list. - You can customize these labels in -\family sans -\bar under + You can customize these labels in the +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + + +\backslash +linebreak +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog in the -\family sans +\family sans Bullets -\family default +\family default tab. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth. We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Be sure to read it! -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\layout Standard - +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate} -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines. It has these properties: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Each item has a numeral as its label. -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Each new -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environment resets the counter to one. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Like the -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environment, the -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environment: -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Offsets the items relative to the left margin. Items can be any length. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Allows up to a four-fold nesting. -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Unlike the -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environment, -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default -\emph on +\emph on does -\emph default +\emph default show the different labels for each item. Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default : -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate The first level of an -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default uses Arabic numerals followed by a period. -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses. -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period. -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth increases. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Back to the third level -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Back to the second level. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Back to the outermost level. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environment. It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the -\emph on +\emph on Extended Features -\emph default +\emph default manual), however. As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version, not on the LyX screen. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There is more to nesting -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environments than we've stated here. You -\emph on +\emph on really -\emph default +\emph default should read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} -\end_inset +\end_inset to learn more about nesting. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\family sans +\family sans Description -\layout Standard - +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard Unlike the previous two environments, the -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default list has no fixed label. Instead, LyX uses the first \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset word \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset of the first line as the label. Here's an example: -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Example: This is an example of the -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the rest of the line. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset uses the first 'word'. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset The -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default key does not add a whitespace character, but separates words from one another. Inside of a -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default environment, the -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line of an item. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard However, what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label of a -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default environment? Simple: use a -\family sans +\family sans Protected Blank -\family default +\family default . [Use either -\family sans +\family sans C-Space -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -pecial\SpecialChar ~ -Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Protected\SpecialChar ~ - -\bar under -B -\bar default -lank -\family default +\family sans +Special\InsetSpace ~ +F +\bar under +o +\bar default +rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +P +\bar under +r +\bar default +otected\InsetSpace ~ +Space +\family default from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert -\family default +\family default menu. See sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace} -\end_inset +\end_inset for more info.] Here's an example: -\layout Description +\end_layout -Second\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Description +Second\InsetSpace ~ Example: This one shows how to use a -\family sans -Protected\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Protected\InsetSpace ~ Blank -\family default +\family default in the label of a -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default list item. -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Usage: You should use the -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default environment for things like definitions and theorems. Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text that describes it. It's not a good idea to use a -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe. You're better off using -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default or -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default and nesting several -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default paragraphs into them. -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Nesting: You can, of course, nest -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting them from the first line. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection The LyX -\family sans +\family sans List -\layout Standard - +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Now, if you jumped here without reading sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize} -\end_inset +\end_inset - \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist} -\end_inset +\end_inset , you've goofed. The -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment does -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default create numbered lists. That's what -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default does, and it's documented in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Like the -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default environment the -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment has user-defined labels for each list item. There are some key differences between this list environment and the other three: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout -item\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +item\InsetSpace ~ labels LyX uses the first \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset word \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset of each line as the item label. The first -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label. If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected blank as described above. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and the body of the item text. The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default label width plus a little extra space. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout -label\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +label\InsetSpace ~ width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width of the label, or the default width, whichever is larger. If the actual width is larger, then the label \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset extends \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset into the first line. In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left margin of the rest of the item text. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout -default\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +default\InsetSpace ~ width You can very easily set this default width. It's quite painless, actually. So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment have the same left margin. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM uses You should use the -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment the same way you'd use as -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes it. The -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall layout. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM nesting You can nest -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on. They work just like the other list paragraph environments. Read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} -\end_inset +\end_inset to learn about nesting. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment! -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to change. You can also simply move the cursor into a -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default item if you want to change only its label width. Now open the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under P -\bar default -aragraph\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings -\family default +\family default dialog and find the -\family sans -Label\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Label\InsetSpace ~ width -\family default +\family default text box. The text in the -\family sans -Label\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Label\InsetSpace ~ width -\family default +\family default box determines the default label width. If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label here, but you don't need to. We recommend using the letter \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset multiple times. It's the widest character and is a standard unit of width in LaTeX. The default label width in the example -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default is 6 \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset s wide. Using \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset as your unit of width in the -\family sans -Label\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Label\InsetSpace ~ Width -\family default +\family default box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents of -\family sans -Label\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Label\InsetSpace ~ Width -\family default +\family default every time you alter a label in a -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There's yet another feature of the -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment we need to tell you about. As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default. You can use additional -\family sans +\family sans HFills -\family default +\family default to change how LyX justifies the item label. We'll document -\family sans +\family sans HFills -\family default +\family default later in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Here are some examples: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM Left The default for -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default item labels. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM -\hfill +\hfill Right One -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default at the beginning of the label right justifies it. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM -\hfill +\hfill Center -\hfill +\hfill One -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Don't worry if you have no idea what -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default s are yet. Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists. Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} -\end_inset +\end_inset if you want to use any of these list environments? -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Letters -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\family sans +\family sans Address -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default : An Overview -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph environments called -\family sans +\family sans Address -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default . To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document. In contrast, you can use the -\family sans +\family sans Address -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default paragraph environments anywhere with no problem. You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest anything in them. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Of course, you're not limited to using -\family sans +\family sans Address -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default for letters only. -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default , in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in some European academic papers. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Usage -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans Address -\family default +\family default environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used for the opening and signature in some countries. Similarly, the -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries. Here's an example of each: -\layout Right Address +\end_layout +\begin_layout Right Address Right Address -\newline +\newline WhoAmI -\newline +\newline WhereAmI -\newline +\newline When is it? What is today? -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard That was -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default . Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to fit the largest block of text on a single line. Here's an example of the -\family sans +\family sans Address -\family default +\family default environment: -\layout Address +\end_layout +\begin_layout Address WhoAreYou -\newline +\newline Where do I send this -\newline +\newline Your post office and country -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As you can see, both -\family sans +\family sans Address -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph. Speaking of which, if you hit -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets the environment to -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default . This makes sense, however, since -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default is the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter break-paragraph -\family default +\family default function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs. Thus, you'd use -\family typewriter +\family typewriter break-line -\family default +\family default [ -\family sans +\family sans C-Return -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -pecial\SpecialChar ~ -Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +\family sans +Special\InsetSpace ~ +F +\bar under +o +\bar default +rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under L -\bar default +\bar default inebreak -\family default +\family default from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert -\family default +\family default menu] to start a new line in an -\family sans +\family sans Address -\family default +\family default or -\family sans - Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans + Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Academic Writing -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography or list of references. LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\family sans +\family sans Abstract -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans Abstract -\family default +\family default environment is used for the abstract of an article. Technically, you -\emph on +\emph on could -\emph default +\emph default use this environment anywhere, but you really -\emph on +\emph on should -\emph default +\emph default only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title. - Also, don't bother trying to nest -\family sans -Abstract -\family default - in anything else or vice versa. - It won't work. The -\family sans +\family sans Abstract -\family default +\family default environment is only useful in the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset article \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset report \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset document classes [as well as \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset amsart, \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset which is just a specialized version of \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset article \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset ]. The \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset book \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset document class ignores the -\family sans +\family sans Abstract -\family default +\family default completely, and it's utterly silly to use -\family sans +\family sans Abstract -\family default +\family default in the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset letter \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset document class. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans Abstract -\family default +\family default environment does several things for you. First, it puts the centered label \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Abstract \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset above the text. The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical @@ -6856,150 +7460,158 @@ Abstract Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen. If your document is in the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset report \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed version of the file. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Starting a new paragraph by hitting -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default does -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default reset the paragraph environment. The new paragraph will still be in the -\family sans +\family sans Abstract -\family default +\family default environment. So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you finish entering the abstract of your document. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard We'd love to give you an example of the -\family sans +\family sans Abstract -\family default +\family default environment, but we can't, since this document is in the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset book \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset class. If you've never heard of an \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset abstract \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset before, you can safely ignore this environment. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\family sans +\family sans Bibliography -\layout Standard - +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography} -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans Bibliography -\family default +\family default environment is used to list references. Technically, you -\emph on +\emph on could -\emph default +\emph default use this environment anywhere, but you really -\emph on +\emph on should -\emph default +\emph default only use it at the end of the document. Also, don't bother trying to nest -\family sans +\family sans Bibliography -\family default +\family default in anything else or vice versa. It won't work. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard When you first open a -\family sans +\family sans Bibliography -\family default +\family default environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Bibliography \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset References, \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset depending on the document class. The heading is in a large boldface font. Each paragraph of the -\family sans +\family sans Bibliography -\family default +\family default environment is a bibliography entry. Thus, hitting -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default does -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default reset the paragraph environment. Each new paragraph is still in the -\family sans +\family sans Bibliography -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard At the -\emph on +\emph on beginning -\emph default +\emph default of the -\emph on +\emph on first line -\emph default +\emph default of each paragraph, you will see a gray button showing a number. If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a -\family sans +\family sans key -\family default +\family default and a -\family sans +\family sans label -\family default +\family default . The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography entry. @@ -7007,475 +7619,499 @@ label LaTeX. We could choose the key \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset latexguide \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for that entry. You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans key -\family default +\family default field isn't useless. You can refer to your bibliography entries using the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under C -\bar default -itation\SpecialChar ~ -Reference -\family default +\bar default +itation +\family default command. Just choose the key inside in the available keys list, then add a reference by clicking on the left arrow, which will add it to the selected keys list. Multiple references can be placed by selecting more than one key. An example of the -\family sans +\family sans Bibliography -\family default +\family default appears at the end of this document. \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset See \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapter 3]{latexcompanion} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it. In the second one, we used the -\family sans +\family sans T -\bar under +\bar under e -\bar default -xt\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +xt\InsetSpace ~ after -\family default +\family default field of the citation dialog to add the text \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Chapter 3 \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . The texts \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset latexguide \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset latexcompanion \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label of the bibliography entry. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The more advanced LaTeX bibliography package BibTeX is also supported by LyX. For a description of how to use it, please refer to the -\emph on +\emph on Extended LyX Features -\emph default +\emph default document. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Special Purpose -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don't fit any category, as they are very specialized for a particular purpose. We'll point out the highlights and uses of each. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\family sans +\family sans Caption -\layout Standard - +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:captionlayout} -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans Caption -\family default +\family default environment is the default paragraph environment for -\family sans -Figure\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Figure\InsetSpace ~ Floats -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Table\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Table\InsetSpace ~ Floats -\family default +\family default . On the LyX screen, you'll see either the label \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Figure #: \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Table #: \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , depending on which type of -\family sans +\family sans Float -\family default +\family default it's in. The actual reference number is substituted in this label in the printed output. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can't really nest things into a -\family sans +\family sans Caption -\family default - environment or vice versa. +\family default + environment. Additionally, hitting -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default resets the paragraph environment to -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default , so a -\family sans +\family sans Caption -\family default +\family default can only be a single paragraph. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You cannot use a -\family sans +\family sans Caption -\family default +\family default environment outside of a -\family sans -Figure\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Figure\InsetSpace ~ Float -\family default +\family default or a -\family sans -Table\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Table\InsetSpace ~ Float -\family default +\family default . See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables} -\end_inset +\end_inset for more information on -\family sans -Figure\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Figure\InsetSpace ~ Floats -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Table\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Table\InsetSpace ~ Floats -\family default +\family default . -\layout Subsubsection - +\end_layout -\family sans -LyX-Code -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Subsubsection +LyX +\family sans +-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans LyX-Code -\family default +\family default environment is another LyX extension. It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font. It also treats the -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default key as a fixed whitespace; \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard In the -\family sans +\family sans LyX-Code -\family default +\family default environment, the -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default key is treated as a -\family sans -Protected\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Protected\InsetSpace ~ Blank -\family default +\family default instead of an end-of-word marker. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX. If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use -\family sans +\family sans C-Return -\family default +\family default [the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter break-line -\family default +\family default function]. -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default breaks paragraphs. Note, however, that -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default does -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default reset the paragraph environment. So, when you finish using the -\family sans +\family sans LyX-Code -\family default +\family default environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself. Also, you -\emph on +\emph on can -\emph default +\emph default nest the -\family sans +\family sans LyX-Code -\family default +\family default environment inside of others. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are a few quirks with this environment: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize You cannot use -\family sans +\family sans C-Return -\family default +\family default at the beginning of a new paragraph [i.e. you can't follow -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default with a -\family sans +\family sans C-Return -\family default +\family default ]. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize You can't follow a -\family sans +\family sans C-Return -\family default +\family default with a -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default . -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Use a -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Or: use -\family sans +\family sans C-Space -\family default +\family default instead. -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line. You must put at least one -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default in any line you want blank. Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing -\family sans +\family sans " -\family default +\family default since that will insert -\emph on +\emph on real -\emph default +\emph default quotes. You get the typewriter double quotes with -\family sans +\family sans C-" -\family default +\family default (or -\family sans +\family sans C-q -\family default +\family default if you use Emacs-like key bindings). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Here's an example: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code #include -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code int main(void) -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code { -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code printf("Hello World -\backslash +\backslash n"); -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code return 0; -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This is just the standard \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Hello world! \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset program. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans +\family sans LyX-Code -\family default +\family default has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts, rc-files, and so on. Use it only in those very, very special cases where you need to generate text as if you used a typewriter. -\layout Subsubsection - -Comment -\layout Standard - -The comment paragraph environment can be used to write comments about your - document that will not appear in the final output. - In order to make this clear, LyX will present the comment environment in - a different color than the rest of the text. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Nesting Environments \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nest} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection The Big Deal -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Throughout the previous sections, we've been nagging you to \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -go read Section\SpecialChar ~ +go read Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} -\end_inset +\end_inset . \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset So, you're probably wondering what the big deal is. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset word\SpecialChar \- processor-as-overglorified-typewriter \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset concept. With a typewriter, text is merely ink on a page. @@ -7485,125 +8121,136 @@ processor-as-overglorified-typewriter and specific properties. However, what if you wanted one \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset block \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset to inherit some of the properties of another \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset block \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset ? -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Here's a more specific example: outlines. You have three main points in your outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints. In other words, you have a list -\emph on +\emph on inside -\emph default +\emph default of another list, with the inner list \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset attached \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset to item #2: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate one -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate two -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate sublist - item #1 -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate sublist - item #2 -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate three -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard How do you put a list inside of a list? By now, the answer should be obvious: you nest one list inside the other. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard How to nest an environment is quite simple. Select -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default -ncrease\SpecialChar ~ -List\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +ncrease\InsetSpace ~ +Environment\InsetSpace ~ Depth -\family default - or -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ecrease\SpecialChar ~ -List\SpecialChar ~ +\family default + or +\family sans +\bar under + D +\bar default +ecrease\InsetSpace ~ +Environment\InsetSpace ~ Depth -\family default +\family default from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit -\family default +\family default menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar will tell you how far you are nested). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can also use the convenient key bindings -\family sans +\family sans S-M-Left -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans S-M-Right \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right -\family default +\family default are alternatives, if you prefer those bindings -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\family default +\family default to change the nesting level. The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current paragraph. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can. If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth. Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the @@ -7612,44 +8259,49 @@ Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can. That depends specifically on what your text looks like. Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see what happens. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Nesting isn't just limited to lists. In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're about to find out. This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection What You Can and Can't Nest -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell you a little bit more about how nesting works. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no, can you or can't you. There's also the question of how. Can you nest this environment into anything else? Can you nest another environment into it? A \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset yes \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset to one of these doesn't guarantee a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset yes \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset to the other. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes to nesting. First, an environment may be completely unnestable. @@ -7659,36 +8311,36 @@ The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes There is one last type of environment. You can nest them into other environments, but that's it. You can't nest anything into them. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph environments have them: \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard For some odd reason, LyX allows you to fully nest both -\family sans +\family sans Bibliography -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Abstract -\family default +\family default . Also, LyX allows you to nest -\family sans +\family sans Title -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Author -\family default +\family default , and -\family sans +\family sans Date -\family default +\family default into other environments. We urge you not to. LaTeX may barf if you try it. @@ -7696,269 +8348,313 @@ Date We don't know for certain. However, it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these environments, so why would you ever want to? -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Unnestable Can't nest them. Can't nest into them. -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Part -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Bibliography +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Chapter -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Title +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Section -\family default - -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Author +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Subsection -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Date +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Fully\InsetSpace ~ +Nestable You can nest them. + You can nest other things into them. +\end_layout -\family sans -Subsubsection -\layout Itemize +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +Abstract +\end_layout -\family sans -Paragraph -\family default - -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +Verse +\end_layout -\family sans -Subparagraph -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize -Part* -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Quote +\end_layout -Chapter* -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +Quotation +\end_layout -\family sans -Section* -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +Itemize +\end_layout -\family sans -Subsection* -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +Enumerate +\end_layout -\family sans -Subsubsection* -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +Description +\end_layout -\family sans -Bibliography -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +List +\end_layout -\family sans -Abstract -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +LyX-Code +\end_layout -\family sans -Title -\layout Itemize +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things. + You can't nest anything into them. +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Author -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Part +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Date -\end_deeper -\layout Description +\family sans +Chapter +\end_layout -Fully\SpecialChar ~ -Nestable You can nest them. - You can nest other things into them. -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Section +\family default + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Verse -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Quote -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Quotation -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Itemize -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Subparagraph +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Enumerate -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Part* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Description -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Chapter* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -List -\layout Itemize +\family sans +Section* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -LyX-Code -\end_deeper -\layout Description +\family sans +Subsection* +\end_layout -Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things. - You can't nest anything into them. -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\begin_layout Itemize +\family sans +Subsubsection* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans Address -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout -The -\family sans +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans Caption -\family default - environment doesn't really fit anywhere, since it's only used inside of - -\family sans -Table\SpecialChar ~ -Floats -\family default - and -\family sans -Figure\SpecialChar ~ -Floats -\family default -. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Subsection Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc. -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are affected by nesting anyhow. They are: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize equations -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize tables -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize figures -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard [Note: if you put a figure or a table in a -\family sans +\family sans Float -\family default +\family default , this is no longer true. See below or look in sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables} -\end_inset +\end_inset for more info.] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph. Well, you can't inline a table, but you can inline math and figures. If a figure or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph it's in goes. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset paragraph \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset of its own, it behaves just like a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset nestable-inside \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset paragraph environment. You can nest it into any environment, but you [obviously] can't nest anything into it. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Here's an example with a table: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Item One -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate This is (a) and it's nested. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard -\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset -\begin_inset Tabular + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -7967,103 +8663,127 @@ This is (a) and it's nested. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none a -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none b -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none d -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate This is (b). The table is actually nested inside (a). -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Back out again. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Item One -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate This is (a) and it's nested. -\end_deeper -\layout Standard -\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -8072,111 +8792,136 @@ This is (a) and it's nested. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none a -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none b -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none d -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate This is (b). The table is -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default nested inside (a). In fact, it's not nested at all. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Back out again. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first item of a new list! -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There's another trap you can fall into: nesting the table, but not going deep enough. LyX turns anything after the table into a new [sub]list. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Item One -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate This is (a) and it's nested. -\layout Standard -\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset -\begin_inset Tabular + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -8185,871 +8930,958 @@ This is (a) and it's nested. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none a -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none b -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none d -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate This is (b). The table is actually nested inside Item One, but -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default inside (a). -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Back out again. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a new list -\emph on +\emph on inside -\emph default +\emph default item 1. The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation. So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right depth! -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Then there are the so-called -\family sans +\family sans Floats -\family default +\family default . A -\family sans +\family sans Float -\family default +\family default is a block of text associated with some sort of label, but which doesn't have a fixed location. It can \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset float \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best. -\family sans +\family sans Footnotes -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Margin\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Margin\InsetSpace ~ Notes -\family default +\family default are floats, as are -\family sans -Table\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Table\InsetSpace ~ Floats -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Figure\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Figure\InsetSpace ~ Floats -\family default +\family default . When you're editing a document in LyX, a closed -\family sans +\family sans Float -\family default +\family default looks like a gray button with a red label and goes wherever the paragraph it's in goes. However, because a -\family sans +\family sans Float -\family default +\family default has no fixed location in the final text, nesting has no effect on its actual location after you feed your document to LaTeX. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Usage and General Features -\layout Subsubsection - -Nesting limits -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting. In other words, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset level #6 \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset is the innermost possible depth. Here's an example to display what we mean: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate level #1 - outermost -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate level #2 -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate level #3 -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate level #4 -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize level #5 -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize level #6 -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\layout Standard - +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Once again, LyX has a maximum of 6 levels, regardless of which specific paragraph environments you're using at a given level. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard Unfortunately, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation. If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go to produce output for your document. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset That means that you can perform a six-fold nesting of a -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default list, or a -\family sans +\family sans Verse -\family default +\family default environment, and so on. You can also mix environments, as we shall see later. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see both of them in the example. Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold nesting with the -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environments. For example, if we tried to nest another -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default list inside of item \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset A. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , we'd get errors. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard Once again, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation. If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go to produce output for your document. -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection Some Examples -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration. We have several examples of nested environments. In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce them. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Example #1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #1-a This is the outermost level. It's a -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment. -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #2-a This is level #2. We created it by using -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default followed by -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right -\family default +\family default . -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #3-a This is level #3. This time, we just hit -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default , then used -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right -\family default +\family default twice in a row. We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level, by hitting -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default followed by -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right -\family default +\family default . -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard This is actually a -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default environment, nested inside of \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset #3-a \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . So, it's at level #4. We did this by hitting -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default , then -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right -\family default +\family default , then changing the paragraph environment to -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default . Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works for the -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default , and -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environments! -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Here's another -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #4-a This is level #4. We hit -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default and changed the paragraph environment back to -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default . Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default environment, which is why we're still at level #4. However, we -\emph on +\emph on can -\emph default +\emph default keep nesting things inside of \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset #3-a \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{} -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{} and this is level #6. By now, you should know how we made these two. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #5-b Back to level #5. Just hit -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default followed by a -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left -\family default +\family default . -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #4-b After another -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default followed by a -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left -\family default +\family default , we're back at level #4. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #3-b Back to level #3. By now it should be obvious how we did this. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #2-b Back to level #2. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM #1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1. After this sentence, we'll hit -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default and change the paragraph environment back to -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default to end the list. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There you have it! Oh --- we could have also used the -\family sans +\family sans Description -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default , or even the -\family sans +\family sans Verse -\family default +\family default environment in place of the -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment. The example would have worked exactly the same. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Example #2: Inheritance -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code level. Now we'll hit -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default , then -\family sans +\family sans M-p Right -\family default +\family default , after which, we'll change to the -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environment. -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate This is the -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environment, at level #2. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Notice how the nested -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default not only inherits its margins from its parent environment [ -\family sans +\family sans LyX-Code -\family default +\family default ], but also inherits its font and spacing! -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard We ended this example by hitting -\family sans +\family sans Return -\family default +\family default . After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default and resetting the nesting depth by using -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left -\family default +\family default once. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default - Environments. -\layout Enumerate +\family default + Environments +\begin_inset OptArg +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate This is level #1, in an -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default paragraph environment. We're actually going to nest a bunch of these. -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate This is level #2. We used -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default followed by -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right -\family default +\family default . Now, what happens if we nest an -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its label be? An asterisk? -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize No! It's a bullet. This is the -\emph on +\emph on first -\emph default +\emph default -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environment, even though it's at level #3. So, its label is a bullet. [Note: we got here by using -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default , then -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right -\family default +\family default , then changing the environment to -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default .] -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Here's level #4, produced using -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default , then -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right -\family default +\family default . We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{} -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate \SpecialChar \ldots{} to get to level #5. This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default . Notice the type of numbering! It's -\emph on +\emph on lowercase Roman -\emph default +\emph default , because we're the -\emph on +\emph on thirdfold -\emph default +\emph default -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environment [i.e. we're an -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default inside an -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default inside an -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default ]. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate What happens if we -\emph on +\emph on don't -\emph default +\emph default change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What type of numbering does LyX use? -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Let's use -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left -\family default +\family default to decrease the depth after the next -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default . -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate This is level #4. Look what type of label LyX is using! -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate This is level #3. Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman numeral as the label. Why?! -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is -\emph on +\emph on still -\emph default +\emph default a thirdfold -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environment. Notice, however, that LyX -\emph on +\emph on did -\emph default +\emph default reset the counter for the label. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Another -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left -\family default +\family default sequence, and we're back to level #2. This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back into the twofold-nested -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environment. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate The same thing happens if we do another -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default -\family sans -M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left -\family default +\family default sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Lastly, we reset the environment to -\family sans +\family sans Standard -\family default +\family default . As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labelling LyX uses for the -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environments. The number of -\emph on +\emph on other -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default environments -\emph default +\emph default surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default item. The same rule applies for the -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default environment, as well. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Example #4: Going Bonkers -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate We're going to go totally nuts now. We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the same detail with how we did it. [level #1: -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default ] -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [ -\family sans -Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Return, M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right, Standard -\family default +\family default : level #2] We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the example in brackets someplace. For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth. The environment name is, obviously, the name of the current environment. Either before or after this, we'll put in the level. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate [ -\family sans +\family sans Return, Enumerate -\family default +\family default : level #1] This is the next item in the list. -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Verse Now we'll add verse. -\newline +\newline It will get much worse. -\newline +\newline [ -\family sans -Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Return, M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right, Verse -\family default +\family default : level #2] -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo. -\newline +\newline Bippitey boppitey boo! -\newline +\newline [ -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default ] -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse Here comes a table for you: -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard -\added_space_top 0.3cm \align center +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + -\begin_inset Tabular +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -9058,181 +9890,191 @@ Here comes a table for you: \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none one-fish -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none two-fish -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none red-fish -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none blue-fish -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_deeper -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Verse [ -\family sans -M-Return, Table, M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-Return, Table, M-p\InsetSpace ~ Right -\family default +\family default 3 times, -\family sans -M-Return, Verse, M-p\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-Return, Verse, M-p\InsetSpace ~ Left -\family default +\family default ] -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate [ -\family sans +\family sans Return, Enumerate -\family default +\family default : level #1] This is another item. Note that selecting a -\family sans +\family sans Table -\family default +\family default resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth 3 times to put the table inside the -\family sans +\family sans Verse -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation We're now ending the -\family sans +\family sans Enumerate -\family default +\family default list and changing to -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default . We're still at level #1. We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments. The next set of paragraphs is a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset quoted letter. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset We'll nest both the -\family sans +\family sans Address -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default environments inside of this one, then use another nested -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default for the letter body. We'll use -\family sans +\family sans M-Return -\family default +\family default to preserve the depth. Remember that you need to use -\family sans +\family sans C-Return -\family default +\family default to create multiple lines inside the -\family sans +\family sans Address -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -Right\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Right\InsetSpace ~ Address -\family default +\family default environments. Here it goes: -\begin_deeper -\layout Right Address +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Right Address 1234 Nowhere Rd. -\newline +\newline Moosegroin, MT 00100 -\newline +\newline 9-6-96 -\layout Address +\end_layout -Dear Mr.\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Address +Dear Mr.\InsetSpace ~ Fizlewitz: -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control. Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating @@ -9240,215 +10082,351 @@ We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order as soon as possible. In the meantime, we thank you for your patience. -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation We do, however, now have a special on beef. If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form with your order, along with payment. -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation We thank you again for your patience. -\layout Address +\end_layout +\begin_layout Address Sincerely, -\newline +\newline Bill Hick -\end_deeper -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Quotation That ends that example! -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with just a few keystrokes. We could have easily nested an -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default list inside of a -\family sans +\family sans Quotation -\family default +\family default or -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default , or put a -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default inside of an -\family sans +\family sans Itemize -\family default +\family default list. You have a huge variety of options at your disposal. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Fonts and Text Styles -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Overview -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font. For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current font to emphasize text, you use an \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset emphasized style \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset instead. This concept fits in perfectly with LyX. In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting details. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Right now, LyX allows you to specify a global default font, and has two character styles, -\family sans +\family sans Emphasized -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Noun -\family default +\family default . The -\family sans +\family sans Emphasized -\family default +\family default style corresponds to an italics font. The -\family sans +\family sans Noun -\family default +\family default style corresponds to a font in smallcaps, which some languages and writing styles use to typeset proper names. - The LyX Team actually hopes to someday have a full set of character styles, - and to also allow the user to customize which font changes correspond to - what styles. - At the moment, though, you'll have to be satisfied with what we've done - already. -\layout Subsection - + The LyX Team has at last (as of LyX version\InsetSpace ~ +1.4) introduced true character + styles, but currently these must be defined explicitly in the document + layout file. + There's currently no GUI support to define new, or tweak existing, character + styles to allow you, the user, to customize which font changes correspond + to what styles. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection Global Options -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can set the default font from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog. - There are two options of interest here, -\family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -onts -\family default + The +\family sans +Fonts +\family default + tabfolder/pane offers you a variety of possibilities to set up and adjust + your document fonts. + The most important ones are those in the +\family sans +Font Families +\family default and -\family sans -Font\SpecialChar ~ - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ize -\family default -. +\family sans +Font Sizes +\family default + group. The possible options under -\family sans -\bar under -F -\bar default -onts -\family default +\family sans +Font Families +\family default include \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans -default -\family default +\family sans +Default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset - and a list of fonts available on your system. + and a list of fonts available on your system, each for the +\family sans +\bar under +R +\bar default +oman +\family default +, +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +ans Serif +\family default + and +\family sans +T +\bar under +y +\bar default +pewriter +\family default + (a.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +k.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +a. + Monospaced) family of fonts. The option \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans -default -\family default +\family sans +Default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset - uses the standard TeX fonts, known as + uses the fonts that are specified by the document class you are using. + Often, these are the standard TeX fonts, known as \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset computer modern \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset (cm) or \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset European modern \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset (ec). - Most systems will typically have some version of a Times and Helvetica - font, with other variants. - You'll have to examine this for yourself. -\layout Standard + Depending on the document class, however, it might as well be another font. + Most fonts in the list should be installed on your system. + For others, you might have to get and install the fonts first (LyX indicates + if a font is not installed). + Please have a look at +\family sans +\bar under +H +\bar default +elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +L +\bar default +aTeX Configuration +\family default +about where to get the fonts. + Installing a new font for LaTeX is, unfortunately, not as easy as installing + a new font to common operation systems. + However, most font packages include a step-by-step instruction. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In most cases, the default family of a document class is roman (a.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +k.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +a. + serif), so the roman font (e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +g. + Times) will be used all over, unless you select +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Sans Serif +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + od +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Typewriter +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text St +\bar under +y +\bar default +le +\family default +for specific selections of the text (see below section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Text-Style-Dialog} + +\end_inset + +). + +\family sans + +\family default +The +\family sans +Default\InsetSpace ~ +Family +\family default + option lets you change this. + So if you want your document (including footnotes etc.), say, all over in + Helvetica, chose +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Helvetica +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as +\family sans +Sans Serif +\family default + Font and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Sans Serif +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as +\family sans +Default\InsetSpace ~ +Family +\family default +. +\end_layout -As for the -\family sans -Font\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Standard +In the +\family sans +Font\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default -ize -\family default - option, there are three possible values: -\family sans -10 -\family default +\bar default +izes +\family default + group, you can usually select from four possible +\family sans +Base\InsetSpace ~ +Size +\family default + values: +\family sans +default, 10 +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans 11 -\family default +\family default , and -\family sans +\family sans 12 -\family default -. +\family default + (some document classes provide more, some less choices). Remember, this is the -\emph on +\emph on base -\emph default +\emph default font size. LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes (such as those used in footnotes, superscripts, and subscripts) by this value. @@ -9456,191 +10434,306 @@ base need to. It's also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size, as this typically renders your document unreadable. -\layout Standard +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some Sans Serif and Typewriter Fonts provide the possibility to be scaled. + This might be useful, if a Sans Serif or Typewriter Font has a different + height than the Roman Font. + Please be careful with this option, it can be easily misused. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the +\family sans +Advanced Options +\family default + group box, you'll finally find possibilities for using so-called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +expert settings +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -Note that once you choose a new value for -\family sans -\bar under +, given that they are provided by a certain font. + +\family sans +Use true S +\bar under +m +\bar default +all Caps +\family default + indicates that lots of fonts do not use real, but +\emph on +faked +\emph default + Small Caps. + True Small Caps are specifically designed characters, whereas faked Small + Caps are just scaled Capital letters. + The former looks way better, so if a font offers you the choice, you should + check this option. + +\family sans +Use +\bar under +O +\bar default +ld Style Figures +\family default + finally lets you select so called Old Style Figures (a.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +k.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +a. + Medieval Figures, i.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e. + figures with ascending or descending form) instead of the standard Lining + Figures. + Old Style Figures are often preferred due to better legibility in the text, + but it's certainly also a matter of taste. + Just try it out, if it is provided for your font of choice. + Note that math figures are +\emph on +not +\emph default + affected by this choice. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Please note that even if LyX tries its best in guessing what fonts are installed + and which options are provided by a given font, it might fail if the fonts + are not set up correctly. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note further that once you choose a new value for +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default onts -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -Font\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Font\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ize -\family default +\family default , LyX does -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default change the screen. You'll only see a difference once you generate the final output. This is part of the WYSIWYM concept. - Besides, you have certainly noticed that "Roman" text on the LyX screen - corresponds to the default font. -\layout Subsection + The only visible change is caused by a change of the default font family. + However, you certainly noticed that, for instance, the roman font on screen + is just a representation of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Roman +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (as set up in the +\family sans +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + dialog), not of the actual roman document font. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Using Different Character Styles -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for certain paragraph environments. We also mentioned two other character styles, -\family sans +\family sans Emphasized -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Noun -\family default +\family default . You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the toolbar. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To activate the -\family sans +\family sans Noun -\family default +\family default style, do one of the following: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize click on the toolbar button with the person-shaped icon -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize use the keybinding -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ c -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard These commands are all toggles. That is, if -\family sans +\family sans Noun -\family default +\family default style is already active, they deactivate it. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard One typically uses the -\family sans +\family sans Noun -\family default +\family default style for proper names. For example: \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\noun on +\noun on Matthias Ettrich -\noun default +\noun default is the original author of LyX. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A more widely used character style is the -\family sans +\family sans Emphasized -\family default +\family default style. You can activate [or deactivate - it's also a toggle] the -\family sans +\family sans Emphasized -\family default +\family default style by: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize clicking on the toolbar button with the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset ! \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset character on it -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize using the keybindings -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ e -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard At the moment, the -\family sans +\family sans Emphasized -\family default +\family default style is equivalent to an italicized font. We have plans to make that association more user-configurable in the future. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard We've been using the -\family sans +\family sans Emphasized -\family default +\family default style all over the place in this document. Here's one more example: -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation -\emph on +\emph on Don't overuse character styles! -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It's also a warning in addition to an example. One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation. Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid the common tendency to overuse character style. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Oh --- one last note: You can always reset to the default font using the keybinding -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ Space -\family default +\family default . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Fine-Tuning with the -\family sans +\family sans Character Layout -\family default +\family default dialog -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Text-Style-Dialog} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX gives you a way to create custom character style. For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard Note from -\noun on +\noun on John Weiss -\noun default +\noun default : There is, in fact, such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation, since manuals need a certain amount of consistency. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts from ordinary dialogue. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles. Many modern word processors have a vast array of fonts available to them, @@ -9648,2199 +10741,2349 @@ Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a Unfortunately, there is a tendency to overuse that power. The phrase, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly, \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset comes to mind. And, as the old saying implies, documents that overuse different fonts - and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in it. -\layout Standard + and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in them. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Enough complaining. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To use custom fonts, open the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text\SpecialChar ~ +Text\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default tyle -\family default +\family default dialog. There are seven buttons on this dialog, each corresponding to a different font property which you can choose. You can choose an option for one of these seven properties, or select -\family sans -No\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +No\InsetSpace ~ change -\family default +\family default , which keeps the current state of that property. The item -\family sans +\family sans Reset -\family default +\family default will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph environment. You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph environments in a snap. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The seven font properties, and their options [in addition to -\family sans -No\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +No\InsetSpace ~ change -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Reset -\family default +\family default ] are: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default amily -\family default +\family default The \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset overall look \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset of the font. The possible options are: -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Roman -\family default +\family default This is the Roman font family. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard It's also the default family. [keybinding = -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ r -\family default +\family default ] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans -Sans\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Sans\InsetSpace ~ Serif -\family default +\family default -\family sans +\family sans This is the Sans Serif font family. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ s -\family default +\family default ] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Typewriter -\family default +\family default -\family typewriter +\family typewriter This is the Typewriter font family. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ p -\family default +\family default ] -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default eries -\family default +\family default This corresponds to the print weight. Options are: -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Medium -\family default +\family default This is the Medium font series. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard It's also the default series. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Bold -\family default +\family default -\series bold +\series bold This is the Bold font series. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard You can toggle this series on or off with the keybinding -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ b -\family default +\family default . -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM -\family sans +\family sans S -\bar under +\bar under h -\bar default +\bar default ape -\family default +\family default As the name implies. Options are: -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Upright -\family default +\family default This is the Upright font shape. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard It's also the default shape. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Italic -\family default +\family default -\shape italic +\shape italic This -\family sans +\family sans i -\family default +\family default s the Italic font shape -\shape default -\emph on +\shape default +\emph on . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Slanted -\family default +\family default -\shape slanted +\shape slanted This is the Slanted font shape -\family sans +\family sans -\family default -\shape default +\family default +\shape default (although it might not be visible on screen, this is different from italic). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans -Small\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Small\InsetSpace ~ Caps -\family default +\family default -\shape smallcaps +\shape smallcaps This is the Small caps font shape -\shape default -\noun on +\shape default +\noun on . -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Si -\bar under +\bar under z -\bar default +\bar default e -\family default +\family default Alters the size of the font. You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio nal to the default font size. Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of what you want to do. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard The options [and their keybindings] are: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Tiny -\family default +\family default -\size tiny +\size tiny This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Tiny \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font size. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ t -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ 1 -\family default +\family default ] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Smallest -\family default -\size scriptsize +\family default +\size scriptsize This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Smallest \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font size -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default 2] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Smaller -\family default -\size footnotesize +\family default +\size footnotesize This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Smaller \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font size -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ S -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default 3] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Small -\family default +\family default -\size small +\size small This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Small \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font size. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ s -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default 4] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Normal -\family default +\family default This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Normal \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font size. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard It's also the default size. [keybinding = -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ n -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default 5] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Large -\family default +\family default -\size large +\size large This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Large \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font size. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ l -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default 6] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Larger -\family default +\family default -\size larger +\size larger This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Larger \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font size. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ S-L -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default 7] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Largest -\family default +\family default -\size largest +\size largest This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Largest \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font size. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default 8] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Huge -\family default +\family default -\size huge +\size huge This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Huge \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font size. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ h -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default 9] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Huger -\family default +\family default -\size giant +\size giant This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Huger \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font size. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ H -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -M-s\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-s\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default 0] -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard We'll warn you -\emph on +\emph on yet again -\emph default +\emph default : don't go crazy with this feature. You should almost never need to change the font size. LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments - use that instead. This is here for fine-tuning -\emph on +\emph on only! -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under M -\bar default +\bar default isc -\family default +\family default Here you can change a few other things at the character level. Options are: -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Emph -\family default +\family default -\emph on +\emph on This is text with emphasize on -\emph default +\emph default . -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard This might seem like the same as -\shape italic +\shape italic Italic -\shape default +\shape default , but it is actually a bit different. If you use emphasize on italicized text, it will make it upright. In future versions of LyX, we hope to let you customize the exact behavior of this -\emph on +\emph on logical -\emph default +\emph default property. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Underbar -\family default +\family default -\bar under +\bar under This is text with Underbar on. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard [keybinding = -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ u -\family default +\family default ] -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMM +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMM -\family sans +\family sans Noun -\family default +\family default -\noun on +\noun on This is text with Noun on. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Like -\family sans +\family sans Emph -\family default +\family default , this is a logical attribute. For the moment, it is equivalent to -\family sans -Small\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Small\InsetSpace ~ Caps -\family default +\family default , but that is bound to change some day. -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days, when you couldn't change fonts. We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with an underscore character. It's only included in LyX because it's also in LaTeX, and because some people -\emph on +\emph on may -\emph default +\emph default need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions (and in fact we use it in these manuals to indicate keyboard shortcuts for menu items). -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family sans +\family sans Color -\family default +\family default You can adjust the color of the text with this control. Of course, you need to have a color printer to exploit this, but you also need to have the -\family sans +\family sans color -\family default +\family default LaTeX package installed. Notice that -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default is not able to display these colors. Besides -\family sans -No\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +No\InsetSpace ~ color -\family default +\family default , which -\family sans +\family sans -\family default +\family default is the standard \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset color \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , you can choose between -\family sans +\family sans Black -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans White -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Red -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Green -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Blue -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Cyan -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans Magenta -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Yellow -\family default +\family default text. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family sans +\family sans Language -\family default +\family default This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from the language of the document. Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You have a huge number of combinations to choose from. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Once you've chosen a new character style via the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text\SpecialChar ~ +Text\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default tyle -\family default +\family default dialog, you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Font \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , or select -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under A -\bar default +\bar default pply -\family default +\family default . The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style even when the dialog isn't visible. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As we stated earlier, to completely reset the character style to the default, use -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ Space -\family default +\family default . If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed (suppose you just sent the shape to \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset slanted \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset and the series to \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset bold \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset ), set the -\family sans +\family sans Toggle on all these -\family default +\family default switch and press -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under A -\bar default +\bar default pply -\family default +\family default . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard We conclude with the same warning we've been spewing: Don't overuse the fonts. They are, more often than not, a kludge and a horrible substitute for good writing. Your writing should speak for itself --- and will. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Printing and Previewing -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Overview -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece. Before we tell you that, however, we want to give you a quickie explanation of what goes on behind-the-scenes. We cover this information in much greater detail in the -\emph on +\emph on Extended Features -\emph default +\emph default manual as well. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX uses a program called \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset LaTeX \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset as its backend. (Actually, LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent confusion, we'll just refer to the whole magilla as \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset LaTeX. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset ) Think of it this way: LyX is what you use to do your actual writing. Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output. This happens in a couple of stages: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX, generating a file with the extension, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .tex -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .tex -\family default +\family default file to produce printable output. It doesn't know anything about your printer, however. Instead, LaTeX produces what's known as a -\emph on +\emph on device-independent -\emph default +\emph default file, or DVI for short. The actual output is in a file with the extension, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .dvi -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . DVI files are completely portable; you can move them from one machine to another without needing to do any sort of conversion. -\begin_deeper -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Description NOTE: The DVI file only contains what was in the LaTeX file itself. - If you have included PostScript® pictures in your document, there will - only be a link to these files. + If you have included PostScript pictures in your document, there will only + be a link to these files. So don't forget these files if you move your -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .dvi -\family default +\family default file to another computer. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Consider the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .dvi -\family default +\family default file to be the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset final output. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset Once you have it, you can view it, print it, or convert it to other formats. -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate You can view -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .dvi -\family default +\family default files using a program called -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default . -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Some printers and Unix systems understand DVI, and can print your -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .dvi -\family default +\family default file directly. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout -Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript® format. +\begin_layout Enumerate +Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript format. LyX automatically converts the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .dvi -\family default - file to a PostScript® file for you when you go to print out your document. - LyX will also let you preview a PostScript® version of your document using +\family default + file to a PostScript file for you when you go to print out your document. + LyX will also let you preview a PostScript version of your document using the program -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostview -\family default +\family default . -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard One advantage of using PostScript® is that the converter program [called -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default -] takes any PostScript® graphics you may have included in your document - and puts it into the resulting PostScript® version of your document. +\family default +] takes any PostScript graphics you may have included in your document and + puts it into the resulting PostScript version of your document. It also includes any special fonts you may have used. - That makes the PostScript® version much, much more portable than the DVI + That makes the PostScript version much, much more portable than the DVI version. -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard LyX does all of these steps automagically for you. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As you have seen, a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a preview of your document. So, don't worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word processors. The printed result is worth the wait. Quality always has its price. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout -Quick Viewing with -\family typewriter -xdvi -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Subsection +Quick Viewing with xdvi +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, select -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under V -\bar default +\bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default VI -\family default +\family default . Then wait a while. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard When all of the behind-the-scenes action is done, LyX calls the program -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default . You can now look at the results. [If you want more info on the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default program, see the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter man -\family default +\family default -pages.] -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Helpful-Tip: Keep the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default window open, maybe moving it to another desktop. Then, after you make changes to your document, just use -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under V -\bar default +\bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default VI -\family default +\family default . Now click on the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default window. The -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default program will automatically reread the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .dvi -\family default +\family default file and give you an updated view. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout -Viewing the PostScript® Version with -\family typewriter -ghostview -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Subsection +Viewing the PostScript Version with ghostview +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In general, using -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default to view your document is the easiest and fastest way. - There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript® version. + There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript version. One reason is fonts. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard Note from -\noun on +\noun on John Weiss -\noun default +\noun default : Another reason is paranoia. - I always like to look at the PostScript® file before I print it, just so + I always like to look at the PostScript file before I print it, just so I see exactly what went to the printer\SpecialChar \ldots{} -\end_inset +\end_layout - You can use PostScript® fonts in a LaTeX document, but -\family typewriter +\end_inset + + You can use PostScript fonts in a LaTeX document, but +\family typewriter xdvi -\family default +\family default won't show this. You'll need to use -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostview -\family default - or some other PostScript® file viewer to see the actual results. -\layout Standard +\family default + or some other PostScript file viewer to see the actual results. +\end_layout -To view the PostScript® version of your document, select -\family sans +\begin_layout Standard +To view the PostScript version of your document, select +\family sans Pos -\bar under +\bar under t -\bar default +\bar default Script -\family default +\family default from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under V -\bar default +\bar default iew -\family default +\family default menu. When all of the magic behind-the-scenes is done, LyX calls the program -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostview -\family default +\family default . You can now look at the results. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You've guessed what the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator Pos -\bar under +\bar under t -\bar default +\bar default script -\family default +\family default command from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under V -\bar default +\bar default iew -\family default +\family default menu does, haven't you? Remember to click once in the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostview -\family default +\family default window after this command to update the view. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Printing the File -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To print a file, select -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under P -\bar default +\bar default rint -\family default +\family default from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile -\family default +\family default menu, or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it. This opens the -\family sans +\family sans Print -\family default +\family default dialog. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can choose to only print even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this is useful for printing on two sides: you can re-insert the pages after printing one set of pages, to print on the other side. Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down. By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can set the parameters in the -\family sans +\family sans Destination -\family default +\family default box as follows : -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMM -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under P -\bar default +\bar default rinter -\family default +\family default This is the name of the printer to print to. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard Note that this printer name isn't for the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lpr -\family default +\family default command but for -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default . That means -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default has to be configured for this printer name. See the section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:dvipsconfig} -\end_inset +\end_inset or the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default documentation for details. The default printer can also be set in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lyxrc -\family default +\family default . -\end_inset +\end_layout - The printer should understand PostScript® files. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMM +\end_inset + + The printer should understand PostScript files. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMM -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default ile -\family default +\family default The name of a file to print to. The output will be in Post\SpecialChar \- -Script® format. +Script format. The file will generally be written in the current directory, unless you specify the full path. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that printing may need little time, since LaTeX, -\family typewriter +\family typewriter dvips -\family default +\family default and, if you don't have a PostScript printer, -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ghostscript -\family default +\family default have to process your document. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section A Few Words about Typography -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Hyphens and Hyphenation -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In LyX, the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter - -\family default +\family default -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset character comes in three lengths, often called the -\emph on +\emph on hyphen -\emph default +\emph default , the -\emph on +\emph on en dash -\emph default +\emph default , and the -\emph on +\emph on em dash -\emph default +\emph default : -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate hyphen -\hfill +\hfill - -\hfill +\hfill made with \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter - -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate en dash -\hfill +\hfill -- -\hfill +\hfill made with \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter - \begin_inset ERT -status Inlined +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset - -\family default +\family default -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate em dash -\hfill +\hfill --- -\hfill +\hfill made with \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter - \begin_inset ERT -status Inlined +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset - \begin_inset ERT -status Inlined +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset - -\family default +\family default -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate minus sign -\hfill +\hfill \begin_inset Formula $-$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\hfill +\hfill a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter - -\family default +\family default -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset in math mode -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You generate these by using the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter - -\family default +\family default -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset character multiple times in a row. LyX automatically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final output. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in math mode and has a length of its own. Here are some examples of the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter - -\family default +\family default -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset in use: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate line- and page-breaks -\hfill +\hfill ( -\emph on +\emph on hyphen -\emph default +\emph default ) -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate From A--Z -\hfill +\hfill ( -\emph on +\emph on en dash -\emph default +\emph default ) -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Oh --- there's a dash. -\hfill +\hfill ( -\emph on +\emph on em dash -\emph default +\emph default ) -\layout Enumerate - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\hfill +\hfill ( -\emph on +\emph on minus sign -\emph default +\emph default ) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference, though there is one in the printed version. -\layout Standard +\end_layout -One last note about hyphenation --- LyX automatically breaks up words and +\begin_layout Standard +One more note about hyphenation --- LyX automatically breaks up words and inserts hyphens in English text. - (Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words - in -\emph on + The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words in + +\emph on some -\emph default - other languages.) The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final - output. -\layout Standard +\emph default + other languages. + To know whether (PDF)LaTeX hyphenates for +\emph on +your +\emph default + language, look at any log file produced by a LaTeX run: it will say +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote + +\family typewriter +Babel and hyphenation patterns for american, french, german, ngerman, + nohyphenation, loaded. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This tells you that, e.g., if you write in Finnish, you're out of luck. + Study (for the teTeX distribution of LaTeX) the utilities +\family typewriter +texconfig +\family default + and +\family typewriter +fmtutil +\family default + in order to switch hyphenation on for your language by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +uncommenting +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + the relevant line in a file typically named +\family typewriter +language.dat +\family default +. + Sorry for the inconvenience. +\end_layout -If, for some reason, LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation +\begin_layout Standard +If, for whatever reason, LaTeX +\emph on +still +\emph default + can't break a word correctly (e.g., a compound word), you can set hyphenation points manually. This is done with the menu item -\family sans -Hyphenation\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Hyphenation\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under P -\bar default +\bar default oint -\family default +\family default under -\family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -pecial\SpecialChar ~ -Character -\family default +\family sans +Special\InsetSpace ~ +F +\bar under +o +\bar default +rmatting +\family default in the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert -\family default +\family default menu. Note that these extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX. If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will totally ignore them. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Punctuation Marks -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Abbreviations and End of Sentence -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations. LaTeX then adds the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset appropriate amount of space \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset : sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next word. Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation and what's the end of a sentence is really quite brain-dead. If a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter . -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Here are some examples of -\emph on +\emph on correct -\emph default +\emph default abbreviations and the end of a sentence: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize M. Butterfly -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Don't worry. Be happy. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \SpecialChar \ldots{} and here's an example of the algorithm going wrong: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize e. g. this is too much space! -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize This is I. It's okay. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To fix this problem, use one of the following: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate +Use an +\family sans +Inter-word\InsetSpace ~ +Space +\family default + after lowercase abbreviations (see section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:normblank-lbreak-horline} + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate Use a -\family sans -Protected\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Thin\InsetSpace ~ +Space +\family default + between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under -B -\bar default -lank -\family default - after lowercase abbreviations (see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:thinblank-lbreak-horline} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Use an -\family sans -End\SpecialChar ~ -of\SpecialChar ~ -sentence\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +End\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ +sentence\InsetSpace ~ period -\family default +\family default found under the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default -pecial\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +pecial\InsetSpace ~ Character -\family default +\family default menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing. This function is also bound to -\family sans +\family sans C-period -\family default +\family default for easy access. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout -e.\SpecialChar ~ -g.\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Itemize +e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +g.\InsetSpace \space{} this is too much space! -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize This is I\SpecialChar \@. It's okay. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences. If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry about all of this. For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors: check out the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under T -\bar default +\bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator C -\bar under +\bar under h -\bar default -eck\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +eck\InsetSpace ~ TeX -\family default +\family default feature described in -\emph on +\emph on Extended Editing -\emph default +\emph default . -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Quotes -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX usually sets quotes correctly. Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text, and use a closing quote at the end. For example, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset open close \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . The keyboard character, -\family sans +\family sans " -\family default +\family default , generates this automatically. -\layout Standard - -You can change the behavior of the -\family sans -" -\family default - key using the -\family sans -Quotes -\family default - dialog. - Choose -\family sans -\bar under -Q -\bar default -uotes -\family default - in the -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings -\family default - dialog. - Selecting the -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ouble -\family default - button makes the -\family sans -" -\family default - key produce the sequence: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - +\series bold +New in version 1.4: +\series default +To get single quotation marks, you have to press +\family sans +C-" +\family default . - The -\family sans -\bar under -S -\bar default -ingle -\family default - button, in contrast, makes the -\family sans -" -\family default - key produce: + This produces quotation marks like this: \begin_inset Quotes els -\end_inset +\end_inset '. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can also select quotes for different languages via the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under T -\bar default +\bar default ype -\family default +\family default option. There are six choices: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM - +\end_layout -\family sans +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default Use quotes like this \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset double \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes els -\end_inset +\end_inset single \begin_inset Quotes ers -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\end_layout -\family sans +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset or 'this \begin_inset Quotes ers -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM - +\end_layout -\family sans +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes gld -\end_inset +\end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes grd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes gld -\end_inset +\end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes grd -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes gls -\end_inset +\end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes grs -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\end_layout -\family sans +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes pld -\end_inset +\end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes prd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes pld -\end_inset +\end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes prd -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes pls -\end_inset +\end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes prs -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM - +\end_layout -\family sans +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes fld -\end_inset +\end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes frd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes fld -\end_inset +\end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes frd -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes fls -\end_inset +\end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes frs -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\end_layout -\family sans +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMM +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes ald -\end_inset +\end_inset Text \begin_inset Quotes ard -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default Use quotes like \begin_inset Quotes ald -\end_inset +\end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes ard -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes als -\end_inset +\end_inset this \begin_inset Quotes ars -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Again, this affects what character the -\family sans +\family sans " -\family default +\family default key produces. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard On the other hand, if you want to produce a bona-fide quote character, type -\family sans -C-" -\family default +\family sans +M-" +\family default . This produces: -\family typewriter +\family typewriter " -\family default +\family default . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Ligatures -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and print them as single characters. These groups are known as -\emph on +\emph on ligatures -\emph default +\emph default . Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your LyX documents will contain them, too. Here are the possible ligatures: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize ff -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize fi -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize fl -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize ffi -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize ffl -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Once in a while, though, you don't want a ligature in a word. While a ligature may be okay in the word, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset graffiti, \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset it looks really weird in compound words, such as \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset cufflink \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset or the German \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Dorffest. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset To break a ligature, use -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -pecial\SpecialChar ~ -Character -\family default +Special\InsetSpace ~ +F +\bar under +o +\bar default +rmatting +\family default \SpecialChar \menuseparator -\family sans -Ligature\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Ligature\InsetSpace ~ Break. -\family default +\family default This changes \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset cufflinks \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset to \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} links \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Dorffest \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset to \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} fest \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Widows and Orphans -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page happened to end. There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text. @@ -11849,16 +13092,17 @@ In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line of a paragraph at the top of a new page. These dangly-bits of text became known as -\emph on +\emph on widows -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on orphans -\emph default +\emph default . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading. That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments. But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line @@ -11866,147 +13110,154 @@ Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading. built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there to specifically prevent widows and orphans. This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page, or how you can tweak that behavior. - Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\SpecialChar ~ + Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion} -\end_inset +\end_inset - or\SpecialChar ~ + or\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} -\end_inset +\end_inset ] may have more information. You will almost never need to worry about this, however. -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes \begin_inset OptArg -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard Tables, Figures, and Notes -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Footnotes -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Unlike other typesetting programs, LyX uses \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset foldable \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset boxes instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen or somewhere else in your text. When you insert a footnote with -\family sans -\series medium -\bar under +\family sans +\series medium +\bar under I -\bar no +\bar no nsert -\series default -\bar under +\series default +\bar default \SpecialChar \menuseparator -\series medium +\series medium +\bar under F -\bar no +\bar no ootnote, -\family roman +\family roman you'll first see a -\family default -\series default -\bar default +\family default +\series default +\bar default grey -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no box with a -\family default -\series default -\bar default +\family default +\series default +\bar default red -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no label \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset foot \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset appearing within your text. This box is LyX's representation of your footnote. You can enter your text into this box. If you click the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans +\family sans foot -\family roman +\family roman \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\series default -\bar default +\family default +\series default +\bar default -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no label, the box will \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset fold \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\family default -\series default -\bar default +\family default +\series default +\bar default Clicking on the button again will -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset unfold \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset the footnote. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard To close this footnote, click on the red box at the top left. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset You will not see any numbers within LyX. You don't need to worry about those, anyhow, because LyX does the numbering @@ -12015,57 +13266,59 @@ To close this footnote, click on the red box at the top left. If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote, simply mark it and click on the footnote button (a picture of text with an arrow pointing to stuff in the bottom margin). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard What LyX cannot do, yet, is take care of special needs like setting the footnote numbering back to 1 after each section in the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter article -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family roman +\family roman document class or changing the counter -\family default +\family default -\family roman +\family roman style. You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like th -\family default +\family default os -\family roman +\family roman e -\family default +\family default described in the -\emph on +\emph on Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars -\emph default +\emph default section of \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph on +\emph on Extended -\emph default +\emph default -\emph on +\emph on Features -\emph default +\emph default . \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word processors. It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats. @@ -12073,476 +13326,1101 @@ NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word tables. You may not need this too often, but if you do occasionally need it, it's a neat feature. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Margin Notes -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX. When you insert a margin note via -\family sans -\series medium -\bar under +\family sans +\series medium +\bar under I -\bar no +\bar no nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under M -\bar no +\bar no argin -\series default -\bar default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\bar default +\InsetSpace ~ N -\series medium -\bar no +\series medium +\bar no ote -\family default -\series default -\bar default +\family default +\series default +\bar default or the toolbar button (which contains a picture of text in a margin with an arrow pointing to it), you'll see -\family roman -\series medium +\family roman +\series medium a -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default grey -\family roman -\series medium +\family roman +\series medium box with a -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default red -\family roman -\series medium +\family roman +\series medium label \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset margin \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset appearing within your text. \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard This is a margin note. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset This box is LyX's representation of your margin note. You can enter your text into this box. If you click the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset margin \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\family roman -\series medium +\family roman +\series medium label, the box will \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset fold \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . You can access it at a later time by clicking on the -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default label again -\family roman -\series medium +\family roman +\series medium , thereby \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset unfolding \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset the margin note. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As a default, LyX uses 1.9 cm (0.75 inches) as the margin width to allow room for margin notes. This might not be what you're looking for, but as with footnotes, LyX cannot yet do everything LaTeX has to offer. You might want to consult your LaTeX handbook for additional commands. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Figures and Imported Graphics -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import graphics from other utilities into the document. In LyX, these are referred to as ``figures'' whether they are actually figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image. - Encapsulated PostScript® figures are handled very well by LyX, which uses - -\family typewriter -ghostview -\family default - to generate an on-screen image for the LyX window, and the -\family typewriter - -\backslash -includegraphics -\family default - LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that figures referred to here are do not have captions and sit wherever in the document you place them. - If you need one of these features, see sec.\SpecialChar ~ + If you need one of these features, see sec.\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} -\end_inset +\end_inset below. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To place a figure in your document, click on the second right-most icon on the toolbar, or select -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under G -\bar default -raphics -\family default +\bar default +raphics... + +\family default from the menu. -\layout Standard +\end_layout -A graphics inset will be added to your document and a dialog will appear - for you to choose the file to load. +\begin_layout Standard +A dialog will appear for you to choose the file to load. You can also change any settings you need to in this dialog. -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\align center \begin_inset Graphics filename mobius.eps display color + scale 70 rotateOrigin center -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This dialog has numerous parameters, though most should be self-explanatory. The -\family sans +\family sans File -\family default +\family default tab allows you to choose your image file (note that a wide variety of image formats are supported automatically). - You can set the -\family sans -Subfigure -\family default - option for use in figure floats (see Section\SpecialChar ~ + The figure can be transformed by setting a rotation angle, using a bounding + box, and scaling. + Table\InsetSpace ~ -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:Units-for-image} -\end_inset +\end_inset -). - The figure can be transformed by setting a rotation angle, using a bounding - box, and scaling. + describes all available units. It is possible to set a bounding box automatically for some image formats (see the -\family sans -Bounding\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Bounding\InsetSpace ~ Box -\family default +\family default tab). Note that it is possible to control the display of the figure in LyX and the display in the final document separately, which can be very useful for large figures. LaTeX wizards can specify additional LaTeX options in the -\family sans +\family sans Extras -\family default +\family default tab. -\layout Subsection - -Figure Floats -\layout Subsubsection + You can also set the +\family sans +Subfigure +\family default + option here, for use in figure floats (see Section\InsetSpace ~ -Using Figure Floats -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats} +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +How it works +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX has the ability to handle literally any graphics format in the known + universe so long as a conversion path from this graphics format to the + target output format can be created. + If that sounds a little obtuse, consider how LyX handles Encapsulated PostScrip +t® figures. + LaTeX provides native support for this format, so LyX needs do nothing + other than use the +\family typewriter + +\backslash +includegraphics +\family default + LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document. +\end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +placement t +wide false +sideways false +status collapsed -The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they - might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward. - To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find - it preferable to use -\family sans -Figure\SpecialChar ~ -Floats -\family default -, which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it - deems necessary for a good fit. - In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to - place a caption on them, using the -\family sans -Caption -\family default - environment explained in Section\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Caption +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:Units-for-image} -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:captionlayout} +\end_inset -\end_inset +Units for setting the image size +\end_layout -. -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset -To place a -\family sans -Figure\SpecialChar ~ -Float -\family default - simply select -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Flo -\bar under -a -\bar default -t\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Figure -\family default -from the menu bar. - You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described - above to insert the actual figure. -\begin_inset Float figure -placement htbp -wide false -collapsed false -\layout Caption +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher} +\begin_layout Standard +unit +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -M.C. - Escher on acid. -\layout Standard -\align center +\begin_layout Standard +name/description +\end_layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename escher-lsd.eps - display color - rotateOrigin center +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +mm +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +millimetre +\end_layout - -\begin_inset Float figure -placement htbp -wide false -collapsed false +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -\align center +\begin_layout Standard +cm +\end_layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename platypus.eps - display color - rotateOrigin center +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +centimetre +\end_layout +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\layout Caption +\begin_layout Standard +in +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat} +\begin_layout Standard +inch +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -A severely distorted platypus in a float. -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +pt +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +point (72.27 pt = 1 in) +\end_layout -It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the - caption. - If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then you must press - return when the cursor is at the very start of the caption, and insert - the figure in the new paragraph created above the caption; or you can delete - the caption and recreate it by selecting the -\family sans -Caption -\family default -environment after the figure has been inserted. - This is what we did for figure -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat} +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +pc +\end_layout -. - If the cursor is in a paragraph after the caption when you insert the -\family sans -Figure -\family default - then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +pica (1 pc = 12 pt) +\end_layout -. - It is preferred to use one -\family sans -Figure -\family default - per -\family sans -Float -\family default -. - This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure. -\layout Standard +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Right-clicking on a float opens a dialog where you can alter the placement - options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float (see -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn} +\begin_layout Standard +sp +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -). - -\family sans -Span\SpecialChar ~ -columns -\family default - is only useful for two-column documents: if you select it, the float will - span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just - one. -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +scaled point (65536 sp = 1 pt) +\end_layout -This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference - to it; as you would expect from reading section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref} +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +bp +\end_layout - you can simply insert a -\family sans -\bar under -L -\bar default -abel -\family default - in the caption and refer to it using a -\family sans -\bar under -C -\bar default -ross\SpecialChar ~ -Reference -\family default - as normal. - It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than - using vague references to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -the above figure, -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +big point (72 bp = 1 in) +\end_layout - as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it - might not be -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -above -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +dd +\end_layout - at all. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +didot (72 dd +\begin_inset Formula $\approx$ +\end_inset + + 37.6 +\begin_inset Formula $\,$ +\end_inset + +mm) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +cc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +cicero (1cc = 12 dd) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +Scale% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of original image width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +text% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of text width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +col% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of column width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +page% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of paper width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +line% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of line width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +theight% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of text height +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +pheight% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +% of paper height +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +ex +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +height of letter +\emph on +x +\emph default + in current font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +width of letter +\emph on +M +\emph default + in current font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +mu +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +math unit (1 mu = 1/18 em) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To view the figure on the LyX screen, however, some additional work is required + because neither the XForms nor the Qt GUI libraries can load PostScript® + figures themselves. + The XForms library can load figures in the following, widely used graphics + formats: +\family typewriter +bmp +\family default +, +\family typewriter +gif +\family default +, +\family typewriter +jpeg +\family default +, +\family typewriter +pbm +\family default +, +\family typewriter +pgm +\family default +, +\family typewriter +ppm +\family default +, +\family typewriter +tif +\family default + and +\family typewriter +xbm +\family default + whilst the Qt library can also handle +\family typewriter +mng +\family default +, +\family typewriter +png +\family default + and +\family typewriter +xpm +\family default + format figures. + Thus, LyX must initiate a conversion from Encapsulated PostScript® to a + loadable graphics format. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It does this using the powerful, configurable converters mechanism exposed + in the +\family sans +Converters +\family default + section of the +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit +\family default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family sans +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + dialog. + If LyX cannot create a conversion path (which might have many steps) from + Encapsulated PostScript® to one of the loadable formats listed above, then + it defaults to the use of ImageMagick's +\family typewriter +convert +\family default + utility. + If, after all that, LyX +\emph on +still +\emph default + cannot load the figure, then it'll tell you so with a message +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Error converting to loadable format +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in place of an on-screen view of your figure. + If you're presented with such a message, then you'll need to augment the + list of known converters. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This strategy is used both to generate on-screen views of your image and + when generating the final document. + In the latter case, the LaTeX compiler must be supplied with graphics files + in PostScript® format. + Similarly the PDFLaTeX compiler requires files in +\family typewriter + pdf +\family default +, +\family typewriter +png +\family default + or +\family typewriter +jpeg +\family default + format. + LyX will handle the necessary conversions behind the scenes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Figure Floats +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Using Figure Floats +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they + might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward. + To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find + it preferable to use +\family sans +Figure\InsetSpace ~ +Floats +\family default +, which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it + deems necessary for a good fit. + In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to + place a caption on them, using the +\family sans +Caption +\family default + environment explained in Section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:captionlayout} + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To place a +\family sans +Figure\InsetSpace ~ +Float +\family default + simply select +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Flo +\bar under +a +\bar default +t\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Figure +\family default +from the menu bar. + You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described + above to insert the actual figure. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +placement htbp +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Caption +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher} + +\end_inset + +M.C. + Escher on acid. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename escher-lsd.eps + display color + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +placement htbp +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename platypus.eps + display color + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Caption +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat} + +\end_inset + +A severely distorted platypus in a float. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the + caption. + If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then you must press + return when the cursor is at the very start of the caption, and insert + the figure in the new paragraph created above the caption; or you can delete + the caption and recreate it by selecting the +\family sans +Caption +\family default +environment after the figure has been inserted. + This is what we did for figure +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat} + +\end_inset + +. + If the cursor is in a paragraph after the caption when you insert the +\family sans +Figure +\family default + then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher} + +\end_inset + +. + It is preferred to use one +\family sans +Figure +\family default + per +\family sans +Float +\family default +. + This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Right-clicking on a float opens a dialog where you can alter the placement + options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float (see +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn} + +\end_inset + +). + +\family sans +Span\InsetSpace ~ +columns +\family default + is only useful for two-column documents: if you select it, the float will + span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just + one. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference + to it; as you would expect from reading section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref} + +\end_inset + + you can simply insert a +\family sans +\bar under +L +\bar default +abel +\family default + in the caption and refer to it using a +\family sans +\bar under +C +\bar default +ross\InsetSpace ~ +Reference +\family default + as normal. + It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than + using vague references to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +the above figure, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it + might not be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +above +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at all. If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the text which refers to it, the figures will be placed on a separate page by themselves. Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that the caption is used in a -\family sans -List\SpecialChar ~ -of\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +List\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default igures -\family default - (as described in Section\SpecialChar ~ +\family default + (as described in Section\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListsOf} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) automatically, should you choose to include one in your document. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Float Placement -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Now, the whole idea behind -\family sans -Figure\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Figure\InsetSpace ~ Floats -\family default +\family default [as well as -\family sans -Table\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Table\InsetSpace ~ Floats -\family default +\family default , which we introduce later] is to allow LyX to place a figure [or table] on a page in a consistent, sensible fashion. The rules LaTeX uses are rather arcane; refer to the LaTeX documentation @@ -12551,445 +14429,478 @@ Floats float. By default, each float uses the document's default placement rules. You can change these, if you wish, in the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog. The -\family sans -Float\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Float\InsetSpace ~ placement -\family default +\family default box takes a LaTeX-style placement specification. You can place any combination of four letters in the -\family sans -Float\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Float\InsetSpace ~ placement -\family default +\family default box, in any order: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans h -\family default +\family default for -\emph on +\emph on here -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans t -\family default +\family default for -\emph on +\emph on top -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans b -\family default +\family default for -\emph on +\emph on bottom -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans +\family sans p -\family default +\family default for -\emph on +\emph on page -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The letters correspond to the following behaviour: -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Here: LyX tries to put the -\family sans +\family sans Float -\family default +\family default at the same point in the text where you put it. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard If there isn't enough room, LyX tries one of the other three location types. -\end_deeper -\layout Description +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description Top: LyX tries to put the -\family sans +\family sans Float -\family default +\family default at the top of the current page. If the figure won't fit on the current page, it goes to the next page. -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Bottom: LyX tries to put the -\family sans +\family sans Float -\family default +\family default at the bottom of the current page. If there isn't room, it goes to the next page. -\layout Description +\end_layout +\begin_layout Description Page: LyX tries to put the -\family sans +\family sans Float -\family default +\family default (or a number of -\family sans +\family sans Float -\family default +\family default s) on a page of its own. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There is some subtlety to how this all works. The order specifies what location LyX should try first. If that one fails, it tries the next one, and so on, though \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans +\family sans h -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset will always take precedence if it appears in the list. The default placement list is \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans +\family sans tbp -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset : try the top of a text page first, then the bottom of a text page, then on a page by itself. If you want LyX to try \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset really hard \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset to place the figure where you command it, precede the list with an exclamation point; for example \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans +\family sans !htbp -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . Here are some example entries and what they do: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans hbp -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Try putting the figure/table at its actual position in the text. If that doesn't work, put it on the bottom of the page. If that fails, put it on a separate page. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans !hbp -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Try really hard to put the figure/table at its actual position in the text. Then the bottom of the page, then on a separate page. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans tp -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Put the figure/table at the top of each page. If it's too long, put it on a separate page. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans p -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Always put figures and tables on their own page. -\end_deeper -\layout Subsection - +\end_layout -\family typewriter -XFig -\family default - and LyX -\layout Standard +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Subsection +XFig and LyX +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard One obvious question is \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset how would I create the figures? \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset Fortunately, the answer is included in most Linux and/or LaTeX distributions. -\family typewriter +\family typewriter XFig -\family default +\family default is a powerful though slightly awkward drawing tool. If you want to include figures that you have created with -\family typewriter +\family typewriter XFig -\family default +\family default there are several ways. We recommend the following: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout -Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript®. +\begin_layout Enumerate +Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript. This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous sections. The great advantage of this way is, that you have the full power of PostScript® available. That means Bezier curves, colors, all line thicknesses and many more. If you have inserted text into your fig-document this will be printed with - PostScript® fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@. + PostScript fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@. The figure can be manipulated like any other EPS figure, as described above. -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout -The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript® - text except by hand. +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript text + except by hand. If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure, the next way is recommended. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate Export the figure as LaTeX. This is just as easy to include into LyX, with the advantage that you may use all LaTeX commands within the text inside XFig. Therefore you have to set the -\emph on +\emph on special flag -\emph default +\emph default for text in XFig. This is automatic if you invoke XFig with -\family typewriter -xfig\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +xfig\InsetSpace ~ -specialtext -\family default +\family default . If this is done and you have also chosen a LaTeX font you may simply write \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset $H_2$ \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter XFig\SpecialChar \@. -\family default +\family default If you export this figure as LaTeX and include it in LyX with -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Chil -\bar under +\bar under d -\bar default -\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +\InsetSpace ~ Document -\family default +\family default (see description in -\emph on +\emph on Extended Features -\emph default +\emph default ) this text will appear as \begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of LaTeX isn't as strong as PostScript®\SpecialChar \@. You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and, more annoyingly, not all slopes. This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout -Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript® combined. +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript combined. Then -\family typewriter +\family typewriter XFig -\family default +\family default [ -\family typewriter +\family typewriter transfig -\family default +\family default , really] will generate two files: -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout -the PostScript® part -\family typewriter +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +the PostScript part +\family typewriter foo.pstex -\family default +\family default , that contains all painting. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate the LaTeX part -\family typewriter +\family typewriter foo.pstex_t -\family default -, that contains all text and a link to the PostScript® part. -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\family default +, that contains all text and a link to the PostScript part. +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard Then you just have to include the LaTeX part as described above. - This will automatically include the PostScript® part, too. + This will automatically include the PostScript part, too. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard If you get an error like \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset unknown graphics extension pstex \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset you have to declare these graphic extensions. I think this is a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter transfig -\family default +\family default bug that occurs with LaTeX2e. Simply add a line like -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash @namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard in the file -\family typewriter +\family typewriter /usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def -\family default +\family default . Then add -\family typewriter +\family typewriter pstex -\family default +\family default to the extension: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash def -\backslash +\backslash Gin@extensions{eps, ps, pstex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This should fix the whole thing. Alternatively you may export the postscript part as -\family typewriter +\family typewriter foo.eps -\family default +\family default and change the LaTeX part -\family typewriter +\family typewriter foo.pstex_t -\family default +\family default manually. But this is annoying. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset This way you have the full PostScript® and LaTeX power combined except for the possibility to scale the figure after creating. - So if you want scalable pictures, the PostScript® format is your only choice. + So if you want scalable pictures, the PostScript format is your only choice. Another little advantage of letting LaTeX typeset the font is that the same font will appear in your figures as in your text, which looks a little nicer. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Tables -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX has powerful table support, but LaTeX can do many more things with tables than LyX is currently capable of, so you might want to look at a good LaTeX book if the features described here should turn out to be inadequate. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can insert a table using either the table toolbar button or -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under T -\bar default +\bar default able -\family default +\family default . A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns. The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell, a @@ -12998,10 +14909,11 @@ able Additionally, the topmost row also has a line at the bottom, which causes this row to appear separated from the rest of the table. Here's an example: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -13012,207 +14924,235 @@ able \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 12 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 45 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 98 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none A -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none B -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none multi -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none C -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection The Table dialog -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which brings up a settings dialog. Among these options are: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Adding/removing border lines from a row or column. If you remove the top line from one of the rows, you'll get a dotted line in LyX, but no line will appear in the printout. @@ -13221,129 +15161,154 @@ Adding/removing border lines from a row or column. row in the example above. You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and the left line of the column to the right. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Text alignment in a column -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Appending rows and columns -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Deleting rows, columns, or the entire table -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Multicolumn -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Setting a fixed width for a column -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Longtable options - this is useful if your table is higher than the paper. Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the next one, instead of running of the end of the page. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways, by 90 degrees -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can also use the menu to perform these operations. Try -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\family default -\bar under +\family default +\bar under T -\family sans -\bar default +\family sans +\bar default able -\family default +\family default + or +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Rows& +\bar under +C +\bar default +ols +\family default when the cursor is inside a table. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Most of these options also work on selections. This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is done on all of your selection. Note that there is a difference between selecting the -\emph on +\emph on contents -\emph default +\emph default of the cell, and the cell itself. If you can see a red border inside a cell, then a selection will select the contents. If you press -\family sans +\family sans Escape -\family default +\family default or click outside of the box, then the selection will select cells (whether you use the mouse or the normal cursor-movement keys). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard When you append a row, it is added -\emph on +\emph on below -\emph default +\emph default the row containing the cursor. Similarly, columns are appended to the -\emph on +\emph on right -\emph default +\emph default of the cursor. This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without a lot of cutting and pasting. Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The multicolumn option merges two or more adjacent cells on a given row. For example, in the above table, row \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset B \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset has had multicolumn applied to the columns labelled \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset 45 \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset 98. \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset To use it, you must first select the cells, then choose -\family sans +\family sans Multicolumn -\family default +\family default from the menu. This will not work vertically - see the Table Examples document for how to do this. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can also use -\family sans +\family sans Multicolumn -\family default +\family default if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell's top and bottom border lines and text alignment. Here an example of this special handling of a cell: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -13353,358 +15318,379 @@ Multicolumn \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none x -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none y -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none point a & b -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 103 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 9 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none point b & a -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 599 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 340 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none point abc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 1009 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 52 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series bold -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series bold +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none point abcd -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 96 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 11 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center, whereas the left column is aligned to the left, and the other columns are aligned to the right. Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed. -\begin_inset Note -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status open +\begin_layout Standard I can make nothing of this explanation. An improvement would be nice :) - jbl -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard If you want your column to have a fixed width, then you can insert a width in the -\family sans +\family sans Width -\family default -\emph on +\family default +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default input-field of the -\family sans +\family sans Table -\family default +\family default dialog. This will then allow the cell to have multiple paragraphs of text. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout, you can select the -\family sans -Rotate\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Rotate\InsetSpace ~ 90° -\family default +\family default button, and the table will appear sideways (this means landscape in a portrait document style). You might also like to rotate single table cells to give them more horizontal space. The example below demonstrates why it is useful to rotate single cells. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on Note: -\emph default +\emph default This -\family sans -Rotate\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Rotate\InsetSpace ~ 90° -\family default +\family default option will -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default display on screen, and works -\emph on +\emph on only -\emph default - for PostScript® output. +\emph default + for PostScript output. So, if you want to preview them, use -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under V -\bar default +\bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator Pos -\bar under +\bar under t -\bar default +\bar default script -\family default +\family default , as -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under V -\bar default +\bar default iew -\bar under +\bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator D -\bar default +\bar default VI -\family default +\family default will not show the table properly. -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -13723,1062 +15709,1155 @@ VI \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Flag 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Flag 2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Flag 3 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Flag 4 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Flag 5 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Flag 6 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Flag 7 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Flag 8 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Flag 9 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Flag 10 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Total -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none -Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +Desc.\InsetSpace ~ 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 7 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none -Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +Desc.\InsetSpace ~ 2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 9 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none -Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +Desc.\InsetSpace ~ 3 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 8 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none -Desc.\SpecialChar ~ +Desc.\InsetSpace ~ 4 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none * -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 6 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Total -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 30 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection What can be placed inside a table cell? -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Many objects can be placed inside a table cell. Any single line of text, an equation (not a displayed or multilined equation, though), or a figure can be in a cell; in fact, all three kinds of objects @@ -14786,29 +16865,32 @@ Many objects can be placed inside a table cell. Font sizes and shapes can be altered, and the table will adjust to display them properly. However, you can't put a special environment in a cell (like -\family sans +\family sans Section* -\family default +\family default , etc.), nor set spacing options etc. for the cell's paragraph. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Cut & Paste in Tables -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well. You can cut and paste even more than one row. Selection with the mouse or with -\family sans +\family sans Shift -\family default +\family default plus the arrow keys works as usual. The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first, using the mouse to select and paste. -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -14818,170 +16900,180 @@ Shift \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 3 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 4 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 5 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 6 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 7 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 8 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 9 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -14991,193 +17083,214 @@ Shift \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 3 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 4 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 5 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 6 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 7 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that you can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting the selection from outside the table. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Multiple lines in cells -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is possible to have multi-line entries in tables, but not in a completely WYSIWYM manner. Define a fixed length for the column in the -\family sans +\family sans Table -\family default +\family default dialog. After this, your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed length. An example: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -15187,421 +17300,445 @@ Table \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 3 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 4 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none This is a multiline entry in a table. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 5 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 6 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none This is longer now. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 7 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 8 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none This is a multiline entry in a table. This is longer now. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 9 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Text within a cell will not normally wrap to fit the page, so if a line of text in a table is too long, the table will extend beyond the right margin of the page. Similarly, tables will not split themselves at the bottom of a page, and so might extend below the bottom margin. You have these options to resolve this problem: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Split it into two tables. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Select the -\family sans +\family sans Longtable -\family default +\family default button in the -\family sans +\family sans Table -\family default +\family default dialog. This automatically splits the table over more pages, if it is too tall. After doing this, the list of -\family sans +\family sans Longtable -\family default +\family default buttons activate themselves and you may now define: -\begin_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans -First\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +First\InsetSpace ~ header -\family default +\family default : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options defined are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Header -\family default +\family default : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options defined are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable; except for the first page, if -\family sans -First\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +First\InsetSpace ~ header -\family default +\family default is defined. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans +\family sans Footer -\family default +\family default : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options defined are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable; except for the last page, if -\family sans -Last\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Last\InsetSpace ~ footer -\family default +\family default is defined. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\family sans -Last\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Last\InsetSpace ~ footer -\family default +\family default : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options defined are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware of the fact that only the first flag is used in the given table rows. The others will then be defined as -\emph on +\emph on empty -\emph default +\emph default . In this context, first means first in this order: -\family sans -Footer, Last\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Footer, Last\InsetSpace ~ footer, -\family default +\family default -\family sans +\family sans Header, -\family default +\family default -\family sans -First\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +First\InsetSpace ~ header. -\family default -\emph on +\family default +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default See the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter TableExamples.lyx -\family default +\family default example file to see how this works. -\emph on +\emph on -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The check box in the long table options can be used to specify specific rows to break the page on as well. -\end_deeper -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate A table can also be placed in a float, as described below, which will allow TeX to place it as well as it can within the page. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Table Floats -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Outside of a float, the table will be positioned exactly where it is placed in the document. Using a -\family sans -\shape up +\family sans +\shape up Tabl -\bar under +\bar under e -\bar default -\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +\InsetSpace ~ Float -\family default -\shape default +\family default +\shape default from the -\family sans -\shape up -\bar under +\family sans +\shape up +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Flo -\shape default -\bar under +\shape default +\bar under a -\shape up -\bar default +\shape up +\bar default t -\family default -\shape default +\family default +\shape default menu will enable LaTeX to place the table where it fits best, rather than exactly where you insert it. Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} -\end_inset +\end_inset , and is described in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Captions also work the same way as with figure floats, as described in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Table \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float} -\end_inset +\end_inset is an example of a table float. \begin_inset Float table placement htbp wide false -collapsed true - -\layout Caption - +sideways false +status collapsed +\begin_layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float} -\end_inset +\end_inset A table float. -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -15611,364 +17748,386 @@ A table float. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 3 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Joe -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Mary -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Ted -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$ -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c & d\end{array}\right]$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$ -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Table of Contents and other Listings -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard One of the really nice features of LaTeX is the ease with which it lets you create various \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset Lists, \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset such as a Table of Contents. All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference at the place where you want the list to appear. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection The Table of Contents -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In order to get a Table of Contents, you need to do four things: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Use a document class that includes support (all but -\family typewriter +\family typewriter letter -\family default +\family default ). -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Set paragraph environments appropriately: -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans (Sub...) Section -\family default +\family default , -\family sans +\family sans (Sub...), Paragraph -\family default +\family default . Note that styles with a -\family sans +\family sans * -\family default +\family default , like -\family sans +\family sans Section* -\family default +\family default , will -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default appear in the Table of Contents. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Make sure you set the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under S -\bar default -ection\SpecialChar ~ -number\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +ection\InsetSpace ~ +number\InsetSpace ~ depth -\family default +\family default and -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under T -\bar default -able\SpecialChar ~ -of\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +able\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ contents -\family default +\family default . -\family sans -\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\InsetSpace ~ depth -\family default +\family default in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Document\InsetSpace ~ Layout -\family default +\family default dialog to the appropriate value as described in \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:section-depth} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Insert the ToC command at some place in the document. You'll find it under -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -List\SpecialChar ~ -/\SpecialChar ~ +List\InsetSpace ~ +/\InsetSpace ~ T -\bar under +\bar under O -\bar default +\bar default C\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under T -\bar default -able\SpecialChar ~ -of\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +able\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ Contents -\family default +\family default . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can also bring up a dialog for navigating through your document with -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under T -\bar default -able\SpecialChar ~ -of\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +able\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ Contents -\family default +\family default . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents. You can insert them from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -List\SpecialChar ~ -/\SpecialChar ~ +List\InsetSpace ~ +/\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under T -\bar default +\bar default OC -\family default +\family default submenu. If you want figures, tables, or algorithms to appear in the list, you must place them inside a float of the relevant type and add a caption. -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Mathematical Formulae -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Basic Math Editing -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon with \begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset on it. That will open a little blue square, with purple markers around it, on @@ -15976,213 +18135,212 @@ To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon with That blue square is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate what level of nesting within the formula you are at. You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert -\bar under +\bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator M -\bar default +\bar default ath -\family default +\family default menu; or you can use a keyboard macro, -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ m -\family default +\family default , -\family sans -M-m\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-m\InsetSpace ~ m -\family default +\family default , or -\family sans +\family sans C-m -\family default +\family default (CUA binding only). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you simply need to type a single Greek letter, such as \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , there is a special shortcut. Just type -\family sans -M-m\SpecialChar ~ -g\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-m\InsetSpace ~ +g\InsetSpace ~ a -\family default +\family default to get \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , -\family sans - M-m\SpecialChar ~ -g\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans + M-m\InsetSpace ~ +g\InsetSpace ~ b -\family default +\family default to get \begin_inset Formula $\beta$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , etc. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Editing the parameters of a formula may be done from the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under M -\bar default +\bar default ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar ~ +Math\InsetSpace ~ Pane -\bar under +\bar under l -\family default -\bar default - dialog, or via -\family sans -\bar under -E -\bar default -dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -M -\bar default -ath -\family default -. +\family default +\bar default + dialog, by +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default +, or by clicking the right mouse button on the formula. The math panel is very useful, so you may want to open it and leave it somewhere on the screen. If you're not already in a formula, selecting anything from the math panel will insert a formula for you. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Navigating a Formula -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The best control over cursor position within an existing formula is achieved with the arrow keys. Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted. The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula. Pressing -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default will leave a fraction or other formula construct (a square root \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , or parentheses \begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , or a matrix \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\end{array}\right]$ -\end_inset +\end_inset ). Pressing -\family sans +\family sans Escape -\family default +\family default will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula. -\family sans +\family sans Tab -\family default +\family default can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default seems to do nothing in Mathed, since it does not in fact add a space between characters, but it does exit a nested structure. For this reason, you have to be careful about using -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default . For example, if you want \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , type -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash sqrt -\family sans -\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default then -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default , then -\family sans -\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\InsetSpace ~ -\family typewriter +\family typewriter 2x+1 -\family default +\family default , not -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash sqrt -\family sans -\SpecialChar ~ -Space\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\InsetSpace ~ +Space\InsetSpace ~ -\family typewriter +\family typewriter 2x -\family sans -\SpecialChar ~ -Space\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\InsetSpace ~ +Space\InsetSpace ~ -\family typewriter +\family typewriter + -\family sans -\SpecialChar ~ -Space\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\InsetSpace ~ +Space\InsetSpace ~ -\family typewriter +\family typewriter 1 -\family default +\family default , since in the latter case only the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter \begin_inset Formula $2x$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default will be under the square root sign, \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$ -\end_inset +\end_inset . For those who learned to space out expressions in this way, it takes a little unlearning. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled in, such as: \begin_inset Formula \[ @@ -16191,150 +18349,156 @@ You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled & \ddots\\ & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right).\] -\end_inset +\end_inset If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Selecting Text -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can select text within a formula in two different ways. Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press -\family sans +\family sans Shift -\family default +\family default and a cursor movement key to select text. It will be highlighted as with regular text selection. Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way. That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula (not in a plain text region in LyX, though). -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Exponents and Subscripts -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can use the math panel to add superscripts or subscripts, but the much easier way is to use the standard TeX method. To get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , type (in Mathed) -\family typewriter +\family typewriter x^2 -\family default +\family default then -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default . The final -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression, instead of in the superscript. If you type -\family typewriter +\family typewriter x^2y -\family default +\family default , you will get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , to get \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , type -\family typewriter +\family typewriter x^2 -\family sans +\family sans -\family default +\family default then -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default then -\family sans -\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\InsetSpace ~ -\family typewriter +\family typewriter y -\family default +\family default . Subscripts are similar, to get \begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , type (in Mathed) -\family typewriter +\family typewriter a_1 -\family sans -\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default then -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default . Note that by default, the superscript or subscript is only for the single symbol to the left, which changes the spacing and alignment; you should read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping} -\end_inset +\end_inset if you need to alter this. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Fractions -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Create a fraction with either -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash frac -\family sans +\family sans -\family default +\family default (in Mathed) or using the fraction icon in the -\family sans -Math\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel -\family default +\family default dialog or the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under M -\bar default +\bar default ath -\family default +\family default menu item -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under F -\bar default +\bar default raction -\family default +\family default . You will be presented with an empty fraction, with two Mathed insertion squares top and bottom. The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction. To move to the bottom, simply press -\family sans +\family sans Down -\family default +\family default . To move back up, press -\family sans +\family sans Up -\family default +\family default . Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows: \begin_inset Formula \[ @@ -16342,229 +18506,238 @@ Up 2 & 3\\ 4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\] -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Sums and Integrals -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Sum ( \begin_inset Formula $\sum$ -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and integral ( \begin_inset Formula $\int$ -\end_inset +\end_inset ) signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset limits \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter a superscript or subscript, directly after the symbol. Sum will automatically place its \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset limits \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset over and under the symbol in display style, but will move them to the side when inlined, such as \begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , versus -\begin_inset Note -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status open +\begin_layout Standard We haven't yet explained what display vs. inline means... -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Formula \[ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right).\] -\end_inset +\end_inset Integral signs, however, will not by default move the limits to directly over and under the integral sign in display style, as in \begin_inset Formula $\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x)$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , versus \begin_inset Formula \[ \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi.\] -\end_inset +\end_inset Both symbols will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode. In display mode, the placement of the limits (directly above and below, or offset to the right from the sign) can be changed by placing the cursor in front of the sign and hitting -\family sans +\family sans M-m l -\family default +\family default . Exactly what change occurs depends on the sign. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Certain other mathematical expressions have this \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset moving limits \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset feature as addition, such as \begin_inset Formula \[ \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\] -\end_inset +\end_inset which will place the \begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$ -\end_inset +\end_inset underneath the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset lim \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset in display mode, but not in inlined mode, \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$ -\end_inset +\end_inset . Note that the \begin_inset Formula $\lim$ -\end_inset +\end_inset was entered as a function - you get it in LyX by typing -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash lim -\family default +\family default in math-mode, or choosing from the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset functions \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset menu in the math panel; see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-functions} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout -The Math Panel -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Subsection +The Math Panel +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans -Math\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under P -\bar default +\bar default anel -\family default +\family default dialog (accessible via -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under M -\bar default +\bar default ath -\family default +\family default ) has a more extensive list of symbols and structures. As stated earlier, you can keep the math panel open when writing mathematics. The use of the panel should be fairly obvious; we'll describe some of the details in later sections. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that right-clicking on a formula opens the panel as well. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Other Math Symbols -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Most math symbols can be found in the math panel under one of several categories ; including -\family sans +\family sans Greek -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , -\family sans +\family sans operators -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , -\family sans +\family sans relations -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , -\family sans +\family sans arrows -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , -\family sans -large\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +large\InsetSpace ~ operators -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , and the dreaded -\family sans +\family sans miscellaneous -\family default +\family default . There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical Society (AMS). @@ -16573,190 +18746,198 @@ miscellaneous symbols whose LaTeX name you do not know. Note that the AMS symbols will not be displayed as symbols in LyX unless you install the right fonts as described in the relevant manual. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is possible to get an nth root symbol. In the minibuffer, type -\family typewriter +\family typewriter math-insert root -\family default +\family default . This generates a root symbol with an extra box above the root sign. Use -\family sans +\family sans Up -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Down -\family default +\family default to move between the two boxes. You can also use the key binding -\family sans +\family sans M-m-r -\family default +\family default . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Altering spacing -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You may want to create blank spaces that differs from the standard spacing that LaTeX provides. We don't recommend this as a matter of course, since the whole idea of WYSIWYM is that you don't think about the typesetting, but the content. However, there are situations where you will want to add spaces. The first thing to do is to type -\family sans +\family sans C-Space -\family default +\family default . This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen within LyX: \begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ -\end_inset +\end_inset . The next trick is to change that space to different sizes. -\emph on +\emph on Before -\emph default +\emph default you move the cursor, after typing -\family sans +\family sans C-Space -\family default +\family default , if you hit -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default again, you will change the size of the space, through a number of variable sizes. The last ones in the list are red, and are a negative space. For example: \begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , or \begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ -\end_inset +\end_inset . You can also insert these spaces via the math panel. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Math functions -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions} -\end_inset +\end_layout - The math panel contains a number of +\begin_layout Standard +The math panel contains a number of \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset functions \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , such as \begin_inset Formula $\sin$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\lim$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , -\emph on +\emph on etc -\emph default +\emph default . (you can type them in a formula by typing -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash sin -\family default +\family default etc). Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names, like \begin_inset Formula $\sin$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , should not be italicized. Entering just the letters \begin_inset Formula $sin$ -\end_inset +\end_inset within Mathed will give italics, of course, so these special macros are available. They do more to the final output than just change the typeface, however. For example, the expression \begin_inset Formula $\sin t$ -\end_inset +\end_inset will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t. For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects, like \begin_inset Formula $\lim$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, depending on whether the math-inset is inlined or displayed: \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$ -\end_inset +\end_inset versus \begin_inset Formula \[ \lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L.\] -\end_inset +\end_inset These two expressions were typed the same way, but using the macro -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash lim -\family default +\family default alters the appearance (actually, it is the inlined version that is altered, to improve linespacing). -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Accents -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text mode. This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use. You can also use TeX macro equivalents, as macros. That is, you can enter \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled. This is entered by typing \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash hat a -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset in Mathed. These are the equivalences between the text names and the macro names for the various accents: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -16766,793 +18947,828 @@ hat a \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none text -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none math -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none example -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none circumflex -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none hat -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none grave -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none grave -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none acute -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none acute -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none umlaut -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ddot -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none tilde -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none tilde -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none dot -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none dot -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none breve -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none breve -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none caron -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none check -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none macron -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none bar -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none --- -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none vec -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Finally, you can choose one of these accents by selecting an item from the -\family sans +\family sans Decorations -\family default +\family default symbol set in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have made within a formula too. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection The math editor for LaTeX users -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Editing mathematical expressions in LyX can be done in one of two ways. You can use the native LyX support for rendering the formulae in a WYSIWYM fashion. LaTeX users might like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like -\family typewriter +\family typewriter $ -\backslash +\backslash alpha$ -\family default +\family default (this gets, in ordinary TeX, an \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset +\end_inset in the final document), believing that it is faster than chasing around menus for a symbol. Here's a testimonial of one of those old LaTeX users, -\noun on +\noun on David Johnson: -\layout Quotation +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quotation I was finally convinced that the math editor was the way to go when I found that, with a few modifications, I could use it the same way I was accustomed to writing TeX. As an example, I created this \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset +\end_inset by typing the following keys: First type -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ m -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\family default +\family default to enter -\family typewriter +\family typewriter math-mode -\family default +\family default , then type -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash alpha -\family sans +\family sans -\family default +\family default , then -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans Esc -\family default +\family default . As soon as I typed that -\family sans +\family sans Space -\family default +\family default the \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset +\end_inset was right there on the screen. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans -M-c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-c\InsetSpace ~ m -\family default +\family default sequence inserts a formula (you may also use -\family sans +\family sans C-m -\family default +\family default or -\family sans -M-m\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +M-m\InsetSpace ~ m -\family default +\family default ), the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash alpha -\family default +\family default is of course the standard TeX command for a Greek alpha letter, and the -\family sans +\family sans Esc -\family default +\family default leaves the formula. Some of the advantages of this approach are: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TeX was correct -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize You have the real mathematical expression on the screen, correctly displayed, to make sure your mathematics is correct (correctly written, at least) -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize All the new LaTeX fuss with special environments and such are taken care of by LyX, not you -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize You won't have to chase through the code trying to find that missing -\family sans +\family sans $ -\family default +\family default or extra -\family sans +\family sans { -\family default +\family default any more -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize If you don't remember the LaTeX name of a particular symbol, like \begin_inset Formula $\wp$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , you can find it in the dialogs -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Brackets and decorations -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are several brackets available through LyX. For most purposes, using just the keys -\family typewriter +\family typewriter [{]}()| -\backslash +\backslash <> -\family default +\family default should suffice, but the effect, especially if you want to surround a large structure, such as a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers of brackets, is better using the math panel's -\family sans +\family sans Delimiter -\family default +\family default dialog [see sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-panel} -\end_inset +\end_inset ]. For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard @@ -17562,127 +19778,135 @@ Delimiter 1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\end{array}\right],\] -\end_inset +\end_inset and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination such as: \begin_inset Formula \[ \frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\] -\end_inset +\end_inset or: \begin_inset Formula \[ f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right).\] -\end_inset +\end_inset The parentheses, and other brackets, from that menu will automatically re-size to accommodate the size of what is inside (This is done in straight LaTeX by -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash left( blah -\backslash +\backslash right) -\family default +\family default ). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use. Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button, the right side with the right button, and place them in the document by clicking on the button. If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button. It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will print. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you decide after the fact to place parentheses (or other math structure, like a square root, or other decoration) around some math structure, you can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside the parentheses (that is done by holding the -\family sans +\family sans Shift -\family default +\family default key down and moving the cursor with the arrow keys, or selecting with the mouse). Then, choose the appropriate brackets for left and right, and click on -\family sans +\family sans Apply -\family default +\family default . The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you're trying to enter a LaTeX -\family typewriter +\family typewriter { -\family default +\family default for grouping, you should read \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Grouping -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Grouping} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Grouping} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You may need to group a set of symbols. In LaTeX, for example, the typesetting of -\family typewriter +\family typewriter {x^y}^z -\family default +\family default is different from -\family typewriter +\family typewriter x^{y^z} -\family default +\family default : -\layout Standard - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \[ -{x^{y}}^{z}\mathrm{differs\, from}x^{{y^{z}}}\] +{x^{y}}^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{{y^{z}}}\] -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard However, trying to type the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter } -\family default +\family default in LyX gives an actual closing brace in the output. To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash { -\family default +\family default then type space. Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping. The example directly above shows how this works. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Arrays and Multi-line Equations -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Arrays, such as matrices, are easily entered in LyX. In the -\family sans -Math\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Math\InsetSpace ~ Panel -\family default +\family default there is a matrix button, which will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns. Here is an example: @@ -17692,28 +19916,28 @@ there is a matrix button, which will open a dialog for you to choose the 4 & 5 & 6\\ 7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right).\] -\end_inset +\end_inset The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as usual. Remember that you can add this after the fact, by highlighting the matrix inside Mathed (Position the mouse on one side of the matrix, hold the -\family sans +\family sans Shift -\family default +\family default key down, and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the matrix). You can, when you construct the matrix, decide whether the columns (or some of them) will be left-, right-, or center-justified. The specification is -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ccc -\family default +\family default by default. Each letter corresponds to the relevant column. For example, -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lcr -\family default +\family default means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be centered, and the third column will be right-justified.. It will look like this: @@ -17723,156 +19947,183 @@ this & this\, column & this\, column\\ column & has & has\, right\\ has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment\end{array}.\] -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting -\family sans +\family sans C-Enter -\family default +\family default while in the matrix, and you can add columns, or delete either, via the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under M -\bar default +\bar default ath -\family default - menu. -\layout Standard +\family default + and +\family sans +\bar under +E +\bar default +dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Rows& +\bar under +C +\bar default +ols +\family default + menus. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are numerous other arrays used in LaTeX math-mode, particularly with the AMS-LaTeX packages included, such as -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash cases -\family default +\family default and commutative diagrams. - Not all of these are supported in LyX. - However, it is possible to build these structures from a matrix. -\layout Standard + Not all of these are supported in LyX but some are, see +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Mat +\bar under +h +\family default +\bar default +. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Multi-line equations are very easy to construct in LyX. A formula will automatically switch to an -\family typewriter -\series medium +\family typewriter +\series medium eqnarray -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default format (LaTeX's multi-line displayed equation format) if you hit -\family sans -\series medium +\family sans +\series medium C-E -\series default +\series default nter -\family default +\family default . The best way to do this, if you decide you want a multi-line displayed equation, is to insert a new line (with -\family sans -\series medium +\family sans +\series medium C-Enter -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default ) immediately. Each line then has three regions, left, center, and right, which you can move through using either the arrow keys, the mouse, or the -\family sans -\series medium +\family sans +\series medium Tab -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default key. Here is an example: \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} 3 & = & 1+2\\ 4+5 & = & 9.\end{eqnarray*} -\end_inset +\end_inset You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi-line formula by hitting -\family sans -\series medium +\family sans +\series medium C-Enter -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula. However, LyX will -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default try to decide where to break the formula up into three parts, but places everything in the left side of the line. To change the alignment points of the equation, place the cursor where you want to start the middle part of the line, and hit -\family sans +\family sans C-Tab. -\family default +\family default It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region of the equation (which, by the way, is not typeset by LaTeX in display-math size, so you should not put large expressions like fractions there). Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin, and hit -\family sans +\family sans C-Tab -\family default +\family default again. The \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset extra \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset insertion points in the line will disappear. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Equation Numbering and Labels -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Equation numbering is very easy in LyX. All it takes to change a displayed equation like: \begin_inset Formula \[ 1+2=3\] -\end_inset +\end_inset into the numbered equation : \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} 1+2=3\label{mathed:first-eqn}\end{equation} -\end_inset +\end_inset is to go to the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert -\family default +\family default menu, and select the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under L -\bar default +\bar default abel... -\family default +\family default option. This opens a dialog in which you must enter some string as the label. There is no need to call it by a specific number, since LaTeX will take @@ -17882,59 +20133,60 @@ abel... The labels are used internally for cross-referencing. You can turn on numbering without a specific label with the menu option -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under M -\bar default +\bar default ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Toggle\SpecialChar ~ +Toggle\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under N -\bar default +\bar default umbering -\family default +\family default while the cursor is in the equation, such as: -\layout Standard - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} 1+1=2.\end{equation} -\end_inset +\end_inset You can toggle it on or off with this menu item. You can reference a labelled (not just numbered) equation, (cf. ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:first-eqn} -\end_inset +\end_inset )) by using the -\family sans +\family sans Cross-Reference -\family default +\family default dialog, which you open using -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under C -\bar default +\bar default ross-Reference... -\family default -\SpecialChar ~ +\family default +\InsetSpace ~ . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all lines are numbered separately. Once you attach a label to make the equation numbered, all subsequent lines @@ -17943,7 +20195,7 @@ For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all like ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:third-eqn} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) below. \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} @@ -17951,28 +20203,28 @@ For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all 2 & = & 4-2\label{mathed:third-eqn}\\ 4 & \leq & 7.\end{eqnarray} -\end_inset +\end_inset You can turn off numbering of a specific line with -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under M -\bar default +\bar default ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Toggle\SpecialChar ~ +Toggle\InsetSpace ~ -\bar under +\bar under n -\bar default -umbering\SpecialChar ~ -of\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +umbering\InsetSpace ~ +of\InsetSpace ~ line -\family default +\family default while the cursor is on that line of a multi-line numbered equation. This also toggles. For example : @@ -17982,35 +20234,37 @@ line 1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\ 16 & \equiv & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn}\end{eqnarray} -\end_inset +\end_inset Note that the first equation in this set ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fourth-eqn} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) is labelled, the next is numbered but unlabelled, the third is unnumbered, and the last ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fifth-eqn} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) is again labelled. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section User defined macros in math mode -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LyX allows the user to define macros for use in math mode. A macro definition box appears on screen as purple box with the name of the macro in blue (math color). It contains two cells initially marked empty by blue rectangles that can be edited as if it were ordinary math. Just try it: -\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\begin_inset FormulaMacro \newcommand{\macro}{a+b} -\end_inset +\end_inset The contents of the first cell will be used when the macro definition is written during export as LaTeX. @@ -18019,210 +20273,237 @@ LyX allows the user to define macros for use in math mode. In the common case where both export and drawing use the same representation, the second cell can be left empty and LyX will use the contents of the first cell will be used for export and drawing automatically. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Now, to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TeX mode, in this case -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash macro -\family default +\family default , and it will be automatically expanded: \begin_inset Formula $c=\macro$ -\end_inset +\end_inset . As you can verify, the cursor can't go inside the macro, the whole macro is like a single character, and the TeX generated code of this expression is -\family typewriter +\family typewriter c = -\backslash +\backslash macro. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros, those that have -\emph on +\emph on arguments -\emph default +\emph default . In a macro definition box an argument looks like a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter # -\family default +\family default followed by the argument number: -\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\begin_inset FormulaMacro \newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Once expanded, this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate that you can insert there whatever you want: -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash macrowarg = \begin_inset Formula $\macrowarg{}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default . Example: \begin_inset Formula $b=\macrowarg{x-2}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout -When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command -\family typewriter +\begin_layout Standard +When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command +\newline -\backslash +\family typewriter + +\backslash newcommand{ -\backslash +\backslash macrowarg}[1]{2+ -\backslash -sqrt{#1}}. -\layout Subsection - -Directions on using macros -\layout Subsubsection +\backslash +sqrt{#1}} +\end_layout -How to create them -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Subsection +How to create macros +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer: -\layout Standard +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Macro names mustn't contain numbers! +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\family typewriter +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter math-macro [number of arguments] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For example, -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash macro -\family default +\family default was created with \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter math-macro macro -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset , and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash macrowarg -\family default +\family default was created with \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter math-macro macrowarg 1 -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To insert an argument mark (only inside a macro definition box) simply type -\family typewriter - # -\family default - or use -\layout Standard +\newline - -\family typewriter +\family typewriter +# +\family default + or use +\family typewriter math-macro-arg -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The argument mark in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash macrowarg -\family default +\family default was introduced with \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter math-macro-arg 1 -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can use no more than 9 arguments, numbered from 1 to 9. An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box, but of course can be edited only once. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout -How to navigate -\layout Description +\begin_layout Subsection +How to navigate in macros +\end_layout -With\SpecialChar ~ -the\SpecialChar ~ -arrow\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Description +With\InsetSpace ~ +the\InsetSpace ~ +arrow\InsetSpace ~ keys: Opening a macro from the left side will put the cursor in the first argument, to move to the second argument use the TAB key. Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the right side of the macro. -\layout Description +\end_layout -With\SpecialChar ~ -the\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Description +With\InsetSpace ~ +the\InsetSpace ~ mouse: As usual, click on the desired argument box. Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Currently it is only possible to define command macros, but not environment macros. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Fine-Tuning -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Typefaces -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can use various typefaces in a formula. The standard font for text is italic, \begin_inset Formula $text$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , but for numbers the standard is Roman. To set a font in a formula, choose it from the math panel, or by entering the LaTeX command for it directly, as follows: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular - +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + @@ -18230,233 +20511,271 @@ You can use various typefaces in a formula. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Font -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard LaTeX Command -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\shape up -\size normal -\bar no -\noun off +\shape up +\size normal +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash mathrm -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\family typewriter -\family typewriter - -\backslash +\backslash mathbf -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash mathit -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\shape up -\size normal -\bar no -\noun off +\shape up +\size normal +\bar no +\noun off \color none - \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\family typewriter -\family typewriter - -\backslash +\backslash mathtt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}$ +\end_inset -\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter + +\backslash +mathbb +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$ +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\family typewriter -\family typewriter +\backslash +mathfrak +\end_layout -\backslash -mathbb -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\shape up +\size normal +\emph on +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$ +\end_inset -\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$ -\end_inset +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\family typewriter -\family typewriter +\backslash +mathcal +\end_layout -\backslash -mathfrak -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$ +\end_inset -\shape up -\size normal -\emph on -\bar no -\noun off -\color none - -\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$ -\end_inset - +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\backslash -\family typewriter +\family typewriter +mathsf +\end_layout -\backslash -mathcal -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LaTeX's math mode does not support all characters in all fonts, and only letters will be supported with these font styles; some only support capital letters. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text. If there is text to the right of the entry point, the font reverts to that style after one character. @@ -18467,91 +20786,96 @@ For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text. The font styles are nestable, as LaTeX does. This can be a little confusing, as selecting a different font on a selection will -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default change the selection, but insert a new nested level with the new typeface. -\layout Standard +\end_layout -It is possible (in AMS LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special +\begin_layout Standard +It is possible (in AMS-LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special symbols. However, LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM manner\SpecialChar \@. It will print correctly, though. To get emboldened symbols, for example a bold \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , enter -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash boldsymbol{ -\backslash +\backslash alpha} -\family default +\family default in Mathed. The closing brace appears (in red) automatically when you type the opening brace. This works for all symbols, as well as numbers. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A number of other options are available as well, via -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Mat -\bar under +\bar under h -\bar default +\bar default \SpecialChar \menuseparator -Font\SpecialChar ~ +Font\InsetSpace ~ Change -\family default +\family default . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Math Text Mode -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Typefaces are useful for entering variable names in some given font, but certainly not for anything else, and in particular not text. For typing longer pieces of text, use math text mode, which is obtained by typing -\family sans +\family sans M-m m -\family default +\family default while already in math mode. (The same command will get out of math text mode, too.) Math text mode appears on the screen in black instead of blue. You cannot enter punctuation or font changes in your text \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard Moreover, math text mode outputs its contents inside a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash textrm{} -\family default +\family default , whereas and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash mbox -\family default - (or AMS LaTeX's -\backslash +\family default + (or AMS-LaTeX's +\backslash -\family typewriter +\family typewriter text -\family default +\family default ) might have been a better choice -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset , but it works for simple text. Here's an example: @@ -18560,266 +20884,284 @@ f(x)=\begin{array}{cc} x & \textrm{if I say so}\\ -x & \textrm{otherwise}\end{array}\] -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Font Sizes -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are four (relative) font sizes (or \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset styles \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset ) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations. These are called -\emph on +\emph on textstyle -\emph default +\emph default , -\emph on +\emph on displaystyle -\emph default +\emph default , -\emph on +\emph on scriptstyle -\emph default +\emph default , and -\emph on +\emph on scriptscriptstyle -\emph default +\emph default . For most characters, -\emph on +\emph on textstyle -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on displaystyle -\emph default +\emph default are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts, and certain other effects, are set larger or placed differently in -\emph on +\emph on displaystyle -\emph default +\emph default . Except for some operators, which re-size themselves to accommodate various situations, all text will be set in these various sizes as LaTeX thinks is appropriate. These choices can be over-ridden by using the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter math-size -\family default +\family default function in the minibuffer. For example, you can set \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset normally ( -\emph on +\emph on textstyle -\emph default +\emph default ), or you can make it larger, which also changes the line-spacing, by entering -\family typewriter +\family typewriter math-size displaystyle -\family default +\family default in the minibuffer while the cursor is in the main line of the math-inset, \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset . Careful, though, if the cursor is on the denominator of that fraction, only the numerator will be enlarged, e.g. \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset ! This reflects a LaTeX \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset unintended feature \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard That is, a bug. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset , not a LyX one. These font-size changes are not as apparent in LyX as they are in the output. Here are some text in the various styles: \begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , \begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset , \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that is, if the whole math inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size, all these sizes will be adjusted. Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts will be adjusted to correspond. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\size largest +\family roman +\size largest Here is a paragraph in \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset largest \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset font, with symbols: \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This applies to math fonts in titles, etc. as well. -\layout Section +\end_layout -AMS LaTeX -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Section +AMS-LaTeX +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The American Mathematical Society (AMS) provide a LaTeX packages that are in common use. LyX includes some support for these packages. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout -Enabling AMS Support -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Subsection +Enabling AMS-Support +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog there is a checkbox, -\family sans -Use\SpecialChar ~ -AMS\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Use\InsetSpace ~ +AMS\InsetSpace ~ Math -\family default +\family default . - If selected, this will include the AMS package in the document, and make + If selected, this will include the AMS-package in the document, and make the facilities available. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout -AMS Symbols -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Subsection +AMS-Symbols +\end_layout -The AMS LaTeX packages add support for some mathematical symbols that are +\begin_layout Standard +The AMS-LaTeX packages add support for some mathematical symbols that are not accessible from plain LaTeX (or LyX), but are fairly common in mathematical typesetting, such as the old-German Fraktur font and the stylized \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset blackboard bold \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers, or the integers. - Once activated, all AMS LaTeX symbols and environments are available. + Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available. You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble, since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its own. - The AMS layouts include these packages automatically. -\layout Subsection + The AMS-layouts include these packages automatically. +\end_layout -AMS Formula Types -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Subsection +AMS-Formula Types +\end_layout -AMS provide a selection of different formula types. +\begin_layout Standard +AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types. LyX allows you to choose between -\family typewriter +\family typewriter align -\family default +\family default , -\family typewriter +\family typewriter alignat -\family default +\family default , -\family typewriter +\family typewriter flalign -\family default +\family default , -\family typewriter +\family typewriter gather -\family default +\family default , and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter multline -\family default +\family default . - Refer to the AMS documentation for the differences between these formula + Refer to the AMS-documenta\SpecialChar \- +tion for the differences between these formula types. -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter More Tools -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Cross-References -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref} -\end_inset +\end_layout - Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in +\begin_layout Standard +Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in it, right before the beginning of this sentence. This is a -\family sans +\family sans Label -\family default +\family default . Properly speaking, it is one half of a cross-reference. The other half is the -\family sans +\family sans Reference -\family default +\family default proper, and it looks like this: \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Again, those of you reading the manual online will see a gray box with @@ -18829,7 +21171,7 @@ Reference There are also other varieties of cross-reference: for example, \begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:crossref} -\end_inset +\end_inset . This is the page number containing the location of the label. @@ -18837,223 +21179,241 @@ Reference your document. You don't need to remember which section number was what anymore --- LyX will do that for you! All you need to do is use a -\family sans +\family sans Label -\family default +\family default to mark a section, figure, table, formula, etc., and then refer to it via a -\family sans +\family sans Reference -\family default +\family default . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To insert a label, use -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert -\bar under +\bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator L -\bar default +\bar default abel -\family default +\family default . A box will appear where you can enter your label. You can change the name of the label at a later time by simply clicking on the gray box and reopening the label dialog. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To insert a reference, select -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert -\bar under +\bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator C -\bar default -ross\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +ross\InsetSpace ~ Reference -\family default +\family default . The -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Insert\InsetSpace ~ Cross-Reference -\family default +\family default dialog appears with a list of labels. Selecting a list item, then clicking -\family sans +\family sans OK -\family default +\family default inserts a reference into the text; changing the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under R -\bar default +\bar default eference type -\family default +\family default allows you to insert a page number or other reference variant instead. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that if you cut & paste text from another document that contains a -\family sans +\family sans Label -\family default +\family default or -\family sans +\family sans Reference -\family default +\family default , or if you delete a label in your text, LaTeX will complain: -\layout Quote +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quote -\family typewriter -LaTeX Warning: Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z. -\newline -LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references. -\layout Standard +\family typewriter +LaTeX Warning: +\family default + +\family typewriter +Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z +\newline +LaTeX Warning: +\family default + +\family typewriter +There were undefined references +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You'll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are a few more comments we need to make about the -\family sans +\family sans Labels -\family default +\family default . They always print the number of the section heading closest to them. So --- if you want to put a label on a -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default , but a -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default heading immediately follows it, you need to put the -\family sans +\family sans Label -\family default +\family default -\emph on +\emph on into -\emph default +\emph default the -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default environment. It doesn't matter where, and it will look weird on the LyX screen. However, you need to do this if you want to label the -\family sans +\family sans Chapter -\family default +\family default separately from the -\family sans +\family sans Section -\family default +\family default . The same goes for all other section headings. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Also, a -\family sans +\family sans Label -\family default +\family default -\emph on +\emph on only -\emph default +\emph default makes sense in -\emph on +\emph on numbered -\emph default +\emph default section headings and table and figure floats. Bare figures and tables aren't numbered, so, like unnumbered section headings, you can't really use a -\family sans +\family sans Label -\family default +\family default on it. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard Well, you -\emph on +\emph on can -\emph default +\emph default , but only if you use the -\family sans -Page\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Page\InsetSpace ~ number -\family default +\family default reference. The regular -\family sans +\family sans Reference -\family default +\family default --- the one that refers to a section/table/figure number --- won't work, because there's no numbered thingy to refer to! You could also use bare -\family sans +\family sans Label -\family default +\family default s as page markers, then refer back to them using the -\family sans -Page\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Page\InsetSpace ~ number -\family default +\family default reference. Once again, the regular -\family sans +\family sans Reference -\family default +\family default won't work very well. It will refer to something, but that something will typically be the number of the previous numbered section heading. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats} -\end_inset +\end_inset , \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:table float} -\end_inset +\end_inset , and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-label} -\end_inset +\end_inset for details on using a -\family sans +\family sans Label -\family default +\family default with figures, tables, and equations, respectively. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is often desirable to include long \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset verbatim \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.; these things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset @@ -19061,549 +21421,841 @@ verbatim Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split, resulting in an overfull or underfull line depending on the circumstances. You can use -\family sans +\family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default RL -\family default +\family default within LyX to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully (if necessary) along automatically determined boundaries. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard At the point in the document where you want to enter the URL (or other address-l ike entity) simply select -\family sans +\family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default RL -\family default +\family default ; a dialog will appear where you can enter the full URL (in the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under U -\bar default +\bar default rl: -\family default +\family default field). In its simplest usage, that's all you need to do. Click on the following gray box to see how LyX's homepage would be entered: \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Foot +status open + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Important note +\series default +: When you use the following characters: "%", "#", "^", you have to write + them with a backslash before, e.g. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\backslash +# +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset . -\layout Standard + URLs mustn't end with a backslash! +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard If you would like to associate some definite phrase with the URL, enter it into the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under N -\bar default +\bar default ame -\family default +\family default field of the dialog; it will be typeset as plain text immediately before the URL. For example, I might say that you can find all things related to LaTeX at +\newline + \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[CTAN]{http://ctan.tug.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset . On the printed page, the last sentence ends as \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset all things related to LaTeX at CTAN -\family typewriter +\family typewriter http://ctan.tug.org -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard [ -\emph on +\emph on Author's Note: somebody needs to document the -\family sans -\emph default -\bar under +\family sans +\emph default +\bar under H -\bar default +\bar default TML Type -\family default -\emph on +\family default +\emph on button -\emph default +\emph default ] -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Specifying Short Titles with Optional Arguments \begin_inset OptArg -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard Short Titles -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long. This can cause over-runs when there is limited horizontal space. For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section title, a long title will over-run past the edges, and look awful. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard LaTeX allows you to specify an optional argument to the section commands that specifies a shorter version of the title \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard For those who don't know LaTeX, commands look like this: -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\backslash +\backslash command[optionalargument]{the content} -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset . This shorter version is used in the header and in the actual Table of Contents, avoiding the problem mentioned. LyX allows you to specify this optional argument by selecting -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Short\SpecialChar ~ +Short\InsetSpace ~ Title -\family default +\family default . This will insert a box (labelled \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset opt \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset + +, which stands for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +optional +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) which you can use to enter the short title text. + This also works for captions inside floats. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The title of this section is a good example of using this feature. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Branches +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you wish to be able to output to paper multiple versions of the + same document. + The most extreme version of this is, when you want to prepare a single + document in two or more different languages, but as a single document file, + with corresponding pieces of text adjacent in the file and on-screen. + This can be achieved with +\emph on +branches +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +First, you have to +\emph on +define +\emph default +the branches available within a particular document. + This is done in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Branches +\family default + tab. + You can also associate a background colour with each branch, e.g., red for + the English language, blue for the German language branch. + Then, you create a branch inset from the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Branch +\family default + menu item. + The inset will contain the text that you want to be output when this branch + is activated. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\emph on +Activation +\emph default +or +\emph on +deactivation +\emph default + of a branch is done from the document settings menu. + All insets belonging to deactivated branches will be automatically closed, + those belonging to activated branches automatically opened. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Other possible applications of the Branches paradigm include a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +teacher's version +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of a textbook containing the answers to questions, etc. +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Once this doc is updated to 1.4, include branch examples here! +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Previewing snippets of your document +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the + fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having + to break your train of thought with +\family sans +\bar under +V +\bar default +iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +D +\bar default +VI +\family default +. + If you'd like to see your math formulae typeset by LaTeX then install the + necessary software (see below) and select the +\family sans +Instant +\bar under +p +\bar default +review +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +On +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + pulldown item in the +\family sans + +\bar under +T +\bar default +ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -, which stands for +\bar under +P +\bar default +references +\family default + dialog. + (It can be found in the +\family sans +Look\InsetSpace ~ +and\InsetSpace ~ +feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphics +\family default + pane in the Qt frontend and the +\family sans +Look\InsetSpace ~ +&\InsetSpace ~ +Feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Misc +\family default + tab in the XForms frontend.) Previews are generated when you load a document + into LyX and when you finish editing an inset. + Previews of an already loaded document are +\emph on +not +\emph default + generated just by selecting the +\family sans +Instant +\bar under +p +\bar default +review +\family default + check box. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX will generate previews of math insets. + It will also generate previews of include insets or \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -optional +child documents \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) which you can use to enter the short title text. - This also works for captions inside floats. -\layout Standard - -The title of this section is a good example of using this feature. -\layout Section +\end_inset + if you select the +\family sans +\bar under +S +\bar default +how\InsetSpace ~ +preview +\family default + check box in the inset's dialog. + This latter is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure, + for example. + Coming in version 1.4 are previews of the external inset also. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To get previews working, you'll need some additional software. + First, you'll need the preview.sty LaTeX package. + Find it on your local CTAN mirror at +\newline + +\family typewriter +CTAN/support/preview-latex/ +\family default +. + Thereafter, you'll need the usual tools: +\family typewriter +latex +\family default +, +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + and +\family typewriter +gs +\family default +.Finally, you'll obtain prettier results if you install +\family typewriter +pnmcrop +\family default +from the +\family typewriter +netpbm +\family default + package. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Spacing, pagination and line breaks -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Extra Horizontal Space -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default s are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion. An -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining space between the left and right margins. If there is more than one -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note: if an -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default is at the beginning of a line, and it's -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it. This prevents -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default s from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family roman +\family roman s -\family default +\family default can be inserted with -\family sans +\family sans -\bar under +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special\InsetSpace ~ +F +\bar under +o +\bar default +rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under -S -\bar default -pecial\SpecialChar ~ -Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under +\bar under H -\bar default -orizontal\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +orizontal\InsetSpace ~ Fill -\family default +\family default . Here a few examples what you can do with them: -\layout Quote -\noindent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent This is on the left side -\hfill +\hfill This is on the right -\layout Quote -\noindent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent Left -\hfill +\hfill Middle -\hfill +\hfill Right -\layout Quote -\noindent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent Left -\hfill +\hfill 1/3 Left -\hfill +\hfill -\hfill +\hfill Right -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard That was an example in the -\family sans +\family sans Quote -\family default +\family default environment. Here: -\hfill +\hfill :is one in a standard paragraph. It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it -\emph on +\emph on is -\emph default +\emph default sitting in-between the two \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset : \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Remember that we said that an -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default always fills the remaining space between the margins? There may be more than one set of margins on a line. Here's an example with the -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM +\end_layout +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM one -\hfill +\hfill two :three -\hfill +\hfill four -\hfill +\hfill five -\hfill +\hfill six -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset : \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset marks the beginning of the item. (There is actually a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset hidden \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default inside of the label of the -\family sans +\family sans List -\family default +\family default environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.) -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default s work similarly in other \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset multi-margin \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset situations, like two-column mode. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Extra Vertical Space -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under P -\bar default -aragraph\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings -\family default +\family default to open the -\family sans -Paragraph\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Paragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings -\family default +\family default dialog. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard We will not provide an example of a -\family sans +\family sans VFill -\family default +\family default , as it would waste paper. They work the same as any other type of filler, including -\family sans +\family sans HFill -\family default +\family default s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space. If there are several -\family sans +\family sans VFill -\family default +\family default s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves. You can therefore use -\family sans +\family sans VFill -\family default +\family default s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page, or 1/4, and so on. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that for paragraphs at the top/bottom of a page, the extra space is only added if you have also checked the option -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under P -\bar default -aragraph\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default pacing\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under K -\bar default -eep\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +eep\InsetSpace ~ space -\family default +\family default . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Changing Paragraph Alignment -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can also change the paragraph alignment with the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under P -\bar default -aragraph\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings -\family default +\family default dialog. There are four possibilities: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under J -\bar default +\bar default ustified -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under L -\bar default +\bar default eft -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under R -\bar default +\bar default ight -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under C -\bar default +\bar default enter -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between the left and right margins. The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this: -\layout Standard -\align right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align right This paragraph is right aligned, -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center this one is centered, -\layout Standard -\align left +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align left this one is left aligned. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In some paragraph environments, the default is something other than justified alignment. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Forcing Page Breaks -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you can force a pagebreak where you want one. In general, this will -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default be necessary because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking, as was already mentioned in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:widows} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard So in general there is no need to use the option described below, and we recommend not using it until the text is -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default finished, and until you have checked in the preview to see if you -\emph on +\emph on really -\emph default +\emph default have to change the pagebreaking.You can force a pagebreak above or below a paragraph in the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under P -\bar default -aragraph\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +aragraph\InsetSpace ~ Settings -\family default +\family default dialog by selecting the checkboxes to add a pagebreak above or below the paragraph. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears at the top of a page. This is, of course, the wrong way to do it. @@ -19613,116 +22265,574 @@ You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures} -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables} -\end_inset +\end_inset + + and read about +\family sans +Floats +\family default + to learn more. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Blanks/Spaces +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A blank is a blank? Not in good typography. + While you might be used to press the space key anytime you want to separate + two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers you more spaces: Spaces + of different width and spaces which can or cannot be broken at the end + of a line. + The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are + useful. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Inter-word Space +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:normblank-lbreak-horline} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some languages (e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +g.\InsetSpace \space{} +English) have the typographical convention to add extra + space after an end-of-sentence punctuation mark, and LyX honors those conventio +ns (see section\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:abbrev} + +\end_inset + +). + Sometimes, you want a normal space nevertheless. + In this case, insert one with +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special\InsetSpace ~ +F +\bar under +o +\bar default +rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Inter- +\bar under +w +\bar default +ord\InsetSpace ~ +Space +\family default +or with +\family sans +C-M-Space. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Protected Space +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline} + +\end_inset + +The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the + line at that point. + This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +A good documentation should weight no more than 1 +\newline +kg. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +kg +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + A protected space is set with +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special\InsetSpace ~ +F +\bar under +o +\bar default +rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Protected +\bar under +\InsetSpace ~ +S +\bar default +pace +\family default +or with +\family sans +C-Space. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Thin Space +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:thinblank-lbreak-horline} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +thin space +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +protected +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of + thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance + inside abbreviations: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +D.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +E. + Knuth has developped our beloved typesetting program, i.\InsetSpace \thinspace{} +e.\InsetSpace \space{} +TeX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert a thin space with +\family sans +\bar under +I +\bar default +nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special\InsetSpace ~ +F +\bar under +o +\bar default +rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +T +\bar default +hin\InsetSpace ~ +Space +\family default +or with +\family sans +C-S-Space. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +More Spaces +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Apart from the ones described, there are still some more spaces. + Although LyX supports them natively, they can only be reached via the +\emph on +minibuffer +\emph default +. + To get them, just type +\family typewriter +space-insert +\family default + into the minibuffer, where +\family typewriter + +\family default + is one of the following: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +protected? +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +normal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +1/3\InsetSpace ~ +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +no +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +protected +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +1/3\InsetSpace ~ +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +yes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +thin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +1/6\InsetSpace ~ +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +yes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +enspace +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0.5\InsetSpace ~ +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +yes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +enskip +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0.5\InsetSpace ~ +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +no +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +quad +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +1\InsetSpace ~ +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +no +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +qquad +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - and read about -\family sans -Floats -\family default - to learn more. -\layout Subsection +\begin_layout Standard +2\InsetSpace ~ +em +\end_layout -Protected blanks -\layout Standard +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Standard +no +\end_layout -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline} +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard -The protected blank: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the - line at that point. - This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in: -\layout Quote +\family typewriter +negthinspace +\end_layout -A good documentation should weight no more than 1 -\newline -kg. - -\layout Standard +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected blank between -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +-1/6\InsetSpace ~ +em +\end_layout -1 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +yes +\end_layout -kg -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset + + + -. - A protected blank is set with -\family sans -\bar under -I -\bar default -nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +\end_inset -\bar under -S -\bar default -pecial\SpecialChar ~ -Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Protected -\bar under -\SpecialChar ~ -B -\bar default -lank -\family default -or with -\family sans -C-Space. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection Line breaking -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can force line breaks within a paragraph by selecting -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under I -\bar default +\bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special\InsetSpace ~ +F +\bar under +o +\bar default +rmatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under -S -\bar default -pecial\SpecialChar ~ -Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under +\bar under L -\bar default +\bar default inebreak -\family default +\family default or with -\family sans +\family sans C-Return. -\family default +\family default You should, however, not use this to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX is -\emph on +\emph on very -\emph default +\emph default good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{} (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pagebreak} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively @@ -19730,59 +22840,62 @@ good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{} in a poem or for an Address (see sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote} -\end_inset +\end_inset , \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:verse} -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:adress_usage} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Spellchecking -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking} -\end_inset +\end_layout -LyX itself has no built-in spell checker. +\begin_layout Standard +LyX itself has no built-in spellchecker. Rather it uses the external -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ispell -\family default +\family default program as a backend or the newer and generally better -\family typewriter +\family typewriter aspell -\family default +\family default . This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these programs. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The spellchecker can be started with the menu entry -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under T -\bar default +\bar default ools -\bar under +\bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator -\shape up +\shape up S -\bar default +\bar default pellchecker -\family default -\shape default +\family default +\shape default . Checking will start just after the current cursor position. A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, @@ -19790,315 +22903,338 @@ pellchecker Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the view in your text buffer is updated to make the word visible. In the -\family sans +\family sans Spellchecker -\family default +\family default dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any could be found. Clicking on one of the corrections will copy the near miss into the replace input field (double-click to invoke replace). -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Spellchecker Options -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The following options can be set in the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under T -\bar default +\bar default ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under P -\bar default +\bar default references -\family default +\family default dialog. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Dictionary -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of the text you're checking, which is set in the -\family sans -\shape up +\family sans +\shape up -\shape default -\bar under +\shape default +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog. If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, the spellchecker will not work. In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by specifying a different \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset alternative language \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you're using -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ispell -\family default +\family default , you may need to make a link from say -\family typewriter +\family typewriter deutsch.(aff|hash) -\family default +\family default to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter german.(aff|hash) -\family default +\family default or whatever applies for your language. This is because these -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ispell -\family default +\family default files normally have the native language name ( \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset deutsch \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset ) whereas -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ispell -\family default +\family default , when started from LyX, searches for the English version of the name used with the LaTeX babel package ( \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset german \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You may also have problems the font encoding is not correct for that dictionary. If you use a language with -\family typewriter +\family typewriter latin1 -\family default +\family default encoding and set the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default ncoding -\family default +\family default option in the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog to -\family sans +\family sans latin1 -\family default +\family default (or other than -\family sans +\family sans default -\family default +\family default ), you must have this option in your language dictionary as well. If your dictionary doesn't support the -\family sans +\family sans Encoding -\family default +\family default you chose, you'll have an error like this on stderr: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1' -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn't start the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ispell -\family default +\family default process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are four solutions to this problem. The easiest is to try the -\family sans -Use\SpecialChar ~ -Input\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +Use\InsetSpace ~ +Input\InsetSpace ~ Encoding -\family default +\family default option. If that does not help, you can set -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default ncoding -\family default +\family default to -\family sans +\family sans default -\family default +\family default when calling the spellchecker (which is probably annoying). The third is to add the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter latin1 -\family default +\family default option to your dictionary -\family typewriter -\emph on +\family typewriter +\emph on < -\family default +\family default language -\family typewriter +\family typewriter > -\emph default +\emph default .aff -\family default +\family default file and recompile the dictionary (which probably isn't easy if you installed the whole stuff with some distribution and don't have the language directory of the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ispell -\family default +\family default sources). Read the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ispell -\family default +\family default documentation for this task! The fourth is to send a message to your package-ma intainer, or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question and ask him to solve your problem. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Personal dictionary -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you want to use a different file from the spellchecker's default choice as your personal dictionary, you can set this in the dialog. Specifying a filename which does not already exist will result in an error message on stderr which you can ignore ( -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ispell -\family default - will create the file at the end of your spell checking). -\layout Subsubsection +\family default + will create the file when you finish checking your spelling). +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Further Options -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under S -\bar default -pellchecker\SpecialChar ~ +\bar default +pellchecker\InsetSpace ~ Options -\family default - dialog has some additional options which are fairly self-explanatory: -\layout Itemize +\family default + dialog has some additional options which are self-explanatory: +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under A -\bar default +\bar default ccept compound words -\family default +\family default -\newline -Prevent the spellchecker from complaining about compounded words like -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\newline +Prevent the spellchecker from complaining about compounded words like +\newline + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset passthrough \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under E -\bar default +\bar default scape characters -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what the spellchecker considers words, e.g. German umlauts. This should not normally be needed. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Limitations -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling of a particular word, rather than having to change the spelling separately for each occurrence of the word. Per-document word lists would also be useful. Neither of these features are present as of this writing. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Unless you're using the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter pspell -\family default +\family default spellchecker, LyX cannot correctly spellcheck documents containing multiple languages. This, does, however, work with -\family typewriter +\family typewriter pspell -\family default +\family default , assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section International Support -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want. LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language on a U.S.-style keyboard, with a standard U.S. - paper size and the spell checker set to U.S. + paper size and the spellchecker set to U.S. English. You can change any or all of these settings as desired, and you can make the changes apply to the current session only, or use them as your new default configuration. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using (for example, a German keyboard for writing in German), and you have correctly configured your X environment, all you need to do for LyX is tell it your language, @@ -20106,11 +23242,12 @@ If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using (for example, Refer to \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:langlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset for more information. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If, however, you have a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different language than English, you can use an alternate keymap. For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian, @@ -20118,12 +23255,13 @@ If, however, you have a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different Refer to \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:optkey} -\end_inset +\end_inset for details. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance). You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S. @@ -20131,142 +23269,302 @@ Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing one to support the characters you want. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The details of how to customize LyX to your own language are -\emph on +\emph on way -\emph default +\emph default beyond the scope of this manual. You can not only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names of the menus buttons, etc., to reflect your language. If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX to your native tongue, please see the -\emph on +\emph on Customization -\emph default +\emph default manual for details. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Language Options -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog lets you set -\family roman +\family roman the language and character encoding for your language. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t -\family roman +\family roman he -\family sans +\family sans Language -\family roman +\family roman -\family default +\family default combo -\family roman +\family roman box -\family default +\family default of the -\family sans -\bar under +\family sans +\bar under D -\bar default +\bar default ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\bar under +\bar under S -\bar default +\bar default ettings -\family default +\family default dialog. The default is U.S. English. Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice. The language name appears in the window. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support. If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions for it. -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The -\family sans +\family sans Enco -\bar under +\bar under d -\bar default +\bar default ing -\family default +\family default box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use. The default is the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Latin1 -\family default +\family default encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western European languages. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Keyboard mapping configuration -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey} -\end_inset +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings. This allows you to choose the keymap of your choice for your U.S.-style keyboard. You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select which one you want to use. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Character Tables -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab} -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table\InsetSpace ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:The-latin1-character} + +\end_inset -Here is a table with all the characters in the -\family typewriter + shows the +\family typewriter Latin1 -\family default +\family default character set. - You should be able to enter all these characters directly from the keyboard - without using too many modifier keys (if your keyboard is set up correctly, - that is). -\layout Standard -\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center + You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly + from the keyboard. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are a few things you need to know about this table. + This manual is set up --- by hand, mind you --- to print all of these character +s. + That ain't the default. + Nowhere near, in fact. + Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters + from the +\family typewriter +Latin1 +\family default + character set: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the + generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar and the short dash are + just plain missing in the default encodings. + We don't know where they are or why this is the case. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Even if you've selected +\family sans +latin1 +\family default + in the +\family sans +\bar under +D +\bar default +ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\bar under +S +\bar default +ettings +\family default + dialog, users who have only the +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default +-fonts for LaTeX [or who have the +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default +-fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0, + DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the + french quotes won't show up. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Users of +\family typewriter +T1 +\family default +-fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they + include the either the package +\family typewriter +umlaute.sty +\family default + or +\family typewriter +german.sty +\family default + in their documents. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself. + The automatic quote feature described in Section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes} + +\end_inset + +, will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and + packages. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +The characters of the following table, which are inserted as commands, could + not be inserted directly with the keyboard, because the standard encoding + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +T1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + doesn't know them. + To let LaTeX understand the commands, the package +\series bold +textcomp +\series default + needs to be loaded in the peamble with the line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{textcomp} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The package +\series bold +textcomp +\series default + is available on every LaTeX system. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + -\begin_inset Tabular +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Caption +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:The-latin1-character} + +\end_inset + +The +\family typewriter +latin1 +\family default + character set +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -20290,4261 +23588,4624 @@ Latin1 \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 00 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 10 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 20 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 30 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 40 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 50 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 60 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 70 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 80 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 90 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none A0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none B0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - 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-\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ½ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Í -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Ý -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none í -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ý -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 0E -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none . -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none > -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none N -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ^ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none n -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ~ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ® -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ¾ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Î -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Þ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none î -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none þ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size tiny +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 0F -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ? -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none O -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none o -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ¯ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ¿ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Ï -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ß -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ï -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none ÿ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - -There are a few things you need to know about this table. - This manual is set up --- by hand, mind you --- to print all of these character -s. - That ain't the default. - Nowhere near, in fact. - Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters - from the -\family typewriter -Latin1 -\family default - character set: -\layout Itemize - -The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the - generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar, and the short dash -- - are just plain missing in the default encodings. - We don't know where they are or why this is the case. -\layout Itemize - -Even if you've selected -\family sans -latin1 -\family default - in the -\family sans -\bar under -D -\bar default -ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\bar under -S -\bar default -ettings -\family default - dialog, users who have only the -\family typewriter -OT1 -\family default --fonts for LaTeX [or who have the -\family typewriter -T1 -\family default --fonts but aren't using them] will still be missing a few characters: D0, - F0, DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and - the french quotes -- won't show up. -\layout Itemize - -Users of -\family typewriter -OT1 -\family default --fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they - include the either the package -\family typewriter -umlaute.sty -\family default - or -\family typewriter -german.sty -\family default - in their documents. -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +\end_inset -This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself. - The automatic quote feature described in Section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes} -\end_inset +\end_layout -, will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and - packages. -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display directly. It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but also the characters from -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ISO8859--2 -\family default +\family default through -\family typewriter +\family typewriter 4 -\family default +\family default . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize From -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ISO8859--1 -\family default +\family default : -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard ¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ -\hfill +\hfill diaeresis -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard ^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û -\hfill +\hfill circumflex -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard ` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù -\hfill +\hfill grave -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard ´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý -\hfill +\hfill acute -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard ~ Ã Ñ Õ ã ñ õ -\hfill +\hfill tilde -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard ¸Çç -\hfill +\hfill cedilla -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard ¯ -\hfill +\hfill macron \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard The dead macron in usually not needed, as you will use a non--dead key for this instead. For example, S-M-minus, or if -\family typewriter -\shape up +\family typewriter +\shape up .Xmodmap -\family default -\shape default +\family default +\shape default is correct, S-M-macron. -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize From -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ISO8859--2 -\family default +\family default through -\family typewriter +\family typewriter 4 -\family default +\family default : -\begin_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard \i \^{H} \i \^{J} \i \^{h} @@ -24556,10 +28217,11 @@ ISO8859--2 \i \^{g} \i \^{s} -\hfill +\hfill circumflex -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \i \'{S} \i \'{Z} \i \'{s} @@ -24573,19 +28235,21 @@ circumflex \i \'{c} \i \'{n} -\hfill +\hfill acute -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \i \~{I} \i \~{\i} \i \~{U} \i \~{u} -\hfill +\hfill tilde -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \i \c{S} \i \c{s} \i \c{T} @@ -24601,20 +28265,22 @@ tilde \i \c{n} \i \c{k} -\hfill +\hfill cedilla \begin_inset Foot -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard These characters might not look very nice on screen, but they will be just fine when run through LaTeX and printed. -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \i \={E} \i \={e} \i \={A} @@ -24626,357 +28292,446 @@ These characters might not look very nice on screen, but they will be just \i \={o} \i \={u} -\hfill +\hfill macron -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \i \H{O} \i \H{U} \i \H{o} \i \H{u} -\hfill +\hfill hungarian umlaut -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts. In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters . Also make sure you're using the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter T1 -\family default +\family default font-encoding and have the package -\family typewriter +\family typewriter umlaute.sty -\family default +\family default with the definition file -\family typewriter +\family typewriter iso.def -\family default +\family default installed. -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Credits -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people (and we would encourage people to contribute !). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard First, we need to give due credit to those who came before us. They gave us the base upon which the new manuals are built, and some continue to provide information: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Matthias Ettrich -\noun default +\noun default wrote the original documentation, from which this manual is built, as well as the introduction to this manual [or the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset LyX Manifesto, \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset as some of us call it]. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Lars Gullik Bjønnes -\noun default +\noun default wrote several minidocs, including some of the information about international support in LyX. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Ivan Schreter -\noun default +\noun default also wrote a minidoc about international support, specifically about internatio nal keyboard maps and customization. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Pascal André -\noun default +\noun default originally documented the LinuxDoc SGML interface. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Alejandro Aguilar Sierra -\noun default +\noun default originally documented math mode and provided the entries for the math functions in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Reference.lyx -\layout Itemize +\end_layout -Special thanks to the LyX Team\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Itemize +Special thanks to the LyX Team\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit} -\end_inset +\end_inset for help and answers to questions. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Next, it's time to give credit to the \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset LyX Documentation Team, \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset all of the people who helped rewrite the old documentation into the form it had after LyX version 0.10: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on David Johnson -\noun default +\noun default : -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Contributor to the FAQ and the old \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter HowDoI-.lyx -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset [now defunct]. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize General editing assistance. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Documentation of: -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize math mode -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize tables -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize spellchecking -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Rich Fields -\noun default +\noun default : -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Primary contributor to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Reference.lyx -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Documentation of the basic LyX interface in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter UserGuide.lyx -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Paul Evans -\noun default +\noun default : -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Former maintainer of the FAQ and the old \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter HowDoI-.lyx -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset [now defunct]. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Documentation of LinuxDoc in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter UserGuide.lyx -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Paul Russel: -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Documentation of figures and imported graphics in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter UserGuide.lyx -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on John Raithel -\noun default +\noun default : -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Documentation of internationalization features in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter UserGuide.lyx -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Robin Socha: -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Documentation of: -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize footnotes -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize margin notes -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize table of contents -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize cross-references -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Amir Karger -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Primary contributor to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Tutorial.lyx -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on Matthias Zenker: -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Documentation of -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize manual fine-tuning -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize using LaTeX from within LyX -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on John Weiss -\noun default +\noun default : -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize General organization and format of the documents. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Documentation of : -\begin_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize LyX setup -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize paragraph environments, document layout, nesting, typography notes, fonts -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Also responsible for Introduction in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Tutorial.lyx -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Editor of the documents. [from 6/96-fall 1997] -\end_deeper -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard After fall of 1997, the LyX Team as a whole took over maintenance of the documentation. -\layout Bibliography +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography + \bibitem {lyxcredit} +The LyX Team: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -The LyX source tree. - File: CREDITS. -\layout Bibliography -\bibitem {latexbook} +\begin_layout Standard -Leslie Lamport. - -\emph on + +\backslash +href{http://www.lyx.org/about/credits.php}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\emph on +CREDITS +\emph default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography + +\bibitem {latexbook} +Leslie Lamport: +\emph on LaTeX: A Document Preparation System. -\emph default +\emph default Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994 -\layout Bibliography -\bibitem {latexcompanion} +\end_layout +\begin_layout Bibliography + +\bibitem {latexcompanion} Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin: -\emph on +\emph on The LaTeX Companion. -\emph default +\emph default Addison-Wesley, 1994 -\layout Bibliography +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography + \bibitem {latexguide} +Kopka and Daly: +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX2e +\end_layout -A Guide to LaTeX2e, Kopka and Daly. - -\layout Bibliography -\bibitem {texbook} +\begin_layout Bibliography +\bibitem {texbook} Donald E. Knuth. -\emph on +\emph on The TeXbook -\the_end +\end_layout + +\end_body +\end_document