X-Git-Url: https://git.lyx.org/gitweb/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=lib%2Fdoc%2FUserGuide.lyx;h=1dcc9874dab25180cc50726015ff05c78e324666;hb=978ecc33092206c9d3ffcead33af5442f3370a5b;hp=17897e9b9f11e9a677910a93c7d82551a8f7099f;hpb=a26b53885ebb8023f80aa8d3830946c537052305;p=lyx.git diff --git a/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx b/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx index 17897e9b9f..1dcc9874da 100644 --- a/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx @@ -1,49733 +1,46350 @@ -#LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ -\lyxformat 413 -\begin_document -\begin_header -\textclass scrbook -\begin_preamble -% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!! -% -% This preamble is designed to ensure that the User's Guide prints -% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, -% parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you -% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact -% the documentation team -% email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org - -\usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle -\ifpdf % if pdflatex is used - - % set fonts for nicer pdf view - \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{} - -\fi % end if pdflatex is used - -% for correct jump positions whe clicking on a link to a float -\usepackage[figure]{hypcap} - -% the pages of the TOC is numbered roman -% and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added -\let\myTOC\tableofcontents -\renewcommand\tableofcontents{% - \frontmatter - \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{} - \myTOC - \mainmatter } - -% define a short command for \textvisiblespace -\newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace} - -% macro for italic page numbers in the index -\newcommand{\IndexDef}[1]{\textit{#1}} - -% for customized page headers/footers -% only needed because they are only used in one section of the document -\usepackage{fancyhdr} -% change header rule width -\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{2pt} - -% workaround for a makeindex bug, -% see sec. "Index Entry Order" -% only uncomment this when you are using makindex -%\let\OrgIndex\index -%\renewcommand*{\index}[1]{\OrgIndex{#1}} -\end_preamble -\options refpage,intoc,bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,captions=tableheading -\use_default_options false -\begin_modules -customHeadersFooters -enumitem -\end_modules -\maintain_unincluded_children false -\language english -\language_package default -\inputencoding auto -\fontencoding global -\font_roman default -\font_sans default -\font_typewriter default -\font_default_family default -\use_non_tex_fonts false -\font_sc false -\font_osf false -\font_sf_scale 100 -\font_tt_scale 100 - -\graphics default -\default_output_format default -\output_sync 0 -\bibtex_command default -\index_command default -\paperfontsize 12 -\spacing single -\use_hyperref true -\pdf_title "The LyX User's Guide" -\pdf_author "LyX Team" -\pdf_subject "LyX" -\pdf_keywords "LyX" -\pdf_bookmarks true -\pdf_bookmarksnumbered true -\pdf_bookmarksopen false -\pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1 -\pdf_breaklinks false -\pdf_pdfborder false -\pdf_colorlinks true -\pdf_backref false -\pdf_pdfusetitle false -\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false" -\papersize default -\use_geometry false -\use_amsmath 1 -\use_esint 1 -\use_mhchem 1 -\use_mathdots 1 -\cite_engine basic -\use_bibtopic false -\use_indices false -\paperorientation portrait -\suppress_date false -\use_refstyle 0 -\notefontcolor #0000ff -\branch Question -\selected 1 -\filename_suffix 0 -\color #00ff00 -\end_branch -\branch Answer -\selected 0 -\filename_suffix 0 -\color #aa55ff -\end_branch -\index Index -\shortcut idx -\color #008000 -\end_index -\secnumdepth 3 -\tocdepth 2 -\paragraph_separation indent -\paragraph_indentation default -\quotes_language english -\papercolumns 1 -\papersides 2 -\paperpagestyle default -\tracking_changes true -\output_changes false -\html_math_output 0 -\html_css_as_file 0 -\html_be_strict true -\author 424524441 "rgheck" -\author 2090807402 "usti" -\end_header - -\begin_body - -\begin_layout Title -The LyX User's Guide -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Author -by the LyX Team -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\noindent -If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta -tion mailing list: -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org" -type "mailto:" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Version 2.0.x -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The latest PDF-version of this document can be found here: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold -http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#UserGuide -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset CommandInset toc -LatexCommand tableofcontents - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -Getting Started -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -What is LyX? -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX is a document preparation system. - It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business - letters and proposals, and even poetry. - It is unlike most other -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -word processors -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core - editing style. - That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Section -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, not as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bold, 17 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pt type, left justified, 5 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -mm space below -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts, - not with mechanics. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This philosophy is explained in greater detail in the -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Introduction -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - If you haven't read it yet, you need to. - Yes, we mean now. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\emph on -Introduction -\emph default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly, - the format of all of the manuals. - If you don't read it, you will have a bear of a time navigating this manual. - You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead - of this one. - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\emph on -Introduction -\emph default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - describes that, too. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -How LyX Looks -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of - its window. - Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons. - There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing - documents. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that there is no horizontal scrollbar. - This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional. - When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the - next line. - Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for - only a vertical scrollbar. - There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. - The first case is large images. - To avoid that they are displayed larger than your screen, use in the image - settings the option -\family sans -Scale on Screen -\family default - in the tab -\family sans -LaTeX and LyX options -\family default -. - The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than - the LyX window. - You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but - this doesn't work for equations yet. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For a brief description of all LyX menus and toolbar buttons, have a look - at Appendix -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "chap:The-User-Interface" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -HELP -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The help system consists of the LyX manuals. - You can read all of the manuals from inside LyX. - Just select the manual you want to read from the -\family sans -Help -\family default - menu. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Basic LyX Setup -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Almost all features of LyX can be configured via the menu -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Preferences -\family default -. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Preferences -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document - classes and LaTeX packages are available. - It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults for the preferences - settings. - Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed - on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -new LaTeX classes, and which are not seen by LyX. - To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Reconfigure -\family default -. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Reconfiguration of LyX -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -LaTeX Setup -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:LaTeX-Setup" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can edit documents in LyX without having LaTeX installed, but you will - not to able to create PDFs or print your documents unless you do have it - installed. - However, some LyX documents use DocBook as the `backend' that can produce - PDFs and the like, and every LyX document can always be output as plain - text or as XHTML. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some document classes may depend upon specific LaTeX or DocBook classes - or packages. - Such document classes can be used even if you do not have the required - files installed, but you will not be able to produce certain kinds of output. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The LaTeX packages that LyX has found on your system are listed in a file - you can view from the menu -\family sans -Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Configuration -\family default -. - If you are missing packages you need, then you must install them and then - reconfigure LyX (menu -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Reconfigure -\family default -). -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The two braces in the TeX Code box prevent that the term -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LaTeX -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - from being printed with sub- and superscript letters. - More about TeX Code is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:TeX-Code" - -\end_inset - -, the printout of proper names like LaTeX is explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Reconfiguration of LyX -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - See section 5.1 of the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual for more information on installing additional LaTeX packages. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -How to work with LyX -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Basic File Operations -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -File Operations -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Under the -\family sans -File -\family default - menu and in the standard toolbar are basic operations for any word processor - in addition to some more advanced operations: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -New -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "buffer-new" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -New -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -from -\bar under - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\bar default -Template -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Open -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "file-open" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Close -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Save -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "buffer-write" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Save -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -As -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Revert -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -to -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -saved -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Version -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Control -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Import -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Export -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Print -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show print" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Exit -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with - a few minor differences. - The -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -New -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -from -\bar under - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\bar default -Template -\family default - command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts - you for a template to use. - Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for - the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. - They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters - (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Document-Classes" - -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - There is no -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -default file -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - or document named -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Untitled -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - or -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -scratch. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank - space is just that — a big, blank space. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -Revert -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -to -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -saved -\family default - and -\family sans -Version -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Control -\family default - are useful if more people work on the same document at the same time -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature - in LyX also. - Read -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default -\SpecialChar \@. - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - -\family sans -Revert -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -to -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -saved -\family default - will reload the document from disk. - You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document - and want to restore it to the last save. - With -\family sans - Version -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Control -\family default -you can register the changes you made to a document so that others can identify - them as your changes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Basic Editing Features -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Editing -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations - on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or page of text, and can - delete whole words as well as individual characters. - The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to - access them. - We will start with cut and paste. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As you might expect, the -\family sans -Edit -\family default - menu and the standard toolbar has the cut and paste commands, along with - various other editing features. - Some of these are special and covered in later sections. - The basic ones are: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Cut -\family default - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "cut" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Copy -\family default - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "copy" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Paste -\family default - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "paste" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Paste -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Recent -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Paste -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Special -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Find -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -& -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Replace -\family default - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show findreplace" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The first three are self-explanatory. - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paste -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -You can also copy text between LyX and other programs by cut, copy and paste. - The submenu of -\family sans -Paste -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Recent -\family default - shows you a list with the last strings you have pasted. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The menu -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Paste -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Special\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Plain -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Text, Join -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Lines -\family default - will insert the text in the clipboard so that the whole text is inserted - as -\emph on -one -\emph default - paragraph. - A new paragraph is started when there is a blank line in the file. - Without -\family sans -Join -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Lines -\family default -, the text is inserted as Paragraphs, where the line breaks of the text - will start a new paragraph. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Replace -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Find -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -The -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Find -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -& -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Replace -\family default - item opens the -\family sans -Find -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -and -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Replace -\family default - dialog. - Once you have found a word or expression, LyX selects it. - Hitting the -\family sans -Replace -\family default - button replaces the selected text with the contents of the -\family sans -Replace -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -with -\family default - field. - You can click the -\family sans -Find -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Next -\family default - button to skip the current word. - Hit -\family sans -Replace -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -All -\family default - to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically. - The -\family sans -Case -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -sensitive -\family default - option can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search - word. - If the toggle is set, searching for -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -Test -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - will not match the word -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -test -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The -\family sans -Match whole words only -\family default - option can be used to force LyX to only find complete words, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g., searching for -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -star -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - will not match -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -starlet -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - LyX offers also an advanced -\family sans -Find -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -& -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Replace -\family default - feature that is described in sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Advanced-Find-and" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Things like notes, floats, etc. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -(the so called -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -insets -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) can be dissolved. - This means that the inset is deleted and its content is left as normal - text. - Dissolving an inset is done by setting the cursor to the beginning of an - inset and pressing -\family sans -Backspace -\family default - or by setting the cursor to the end and pressing -\family sans -Delete -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The content of an inset is selected using the shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "inset-select-all" -\end_inset - -, the shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "command-sequence buffer-begin ; buffer-end-select" -\end_inset - - selects the whole document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Undo and Redo -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Redo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Undo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Undo-and-Redo" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it. - LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer. - Select -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Undo -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "undo" -\end_inset - - to undo some mistake. - If you accidentally undo too much, use -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Redo -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "redo" -\end_inset - - to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -undo the undo. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -steps to minimize memory overhead. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as it - was last saved, the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -changed -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - status of the document is unfortunately not reset. - This is a consequence of the 100 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -step undo limit, above. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -Undo -\family default - and -\family sans -Redo -\family default - work on almost everything in LyX. - But they will not undo or redo text character by character, but by blocks - of text. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Mouse Operations -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Mouse Operations -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -These are the most basic mouse operations. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Motion -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Click the -\emph on -left mouse button -\emph default - once anywhere in the edit window. - The cursor moves to the text under the mouse. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Selecting Text -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Hold down the -\emph on -left mouse button -\emph default - and drag the mouse. - LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions. - Use -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Copy -\family default - to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer (and the clipboard). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Paste -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Insets (Footnotes, Notes, Floats, etc.) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Right-click on them to set their properties. - Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Section -Navigating -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Navigating" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Navigating -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX offers you several ways to navigate in documents: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -The -\family sans -Navigate -\family default - menu lists all sections of the document as submenu entries that you can - click to jump to the corresponding document part. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -The `Outline', which is accessed either by the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Outline -\family default - or by the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-toggle toc" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You can set bookmarks in your document under -\family sans -Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Bookmarks -\family default - and use the same menu to return to them. - Note that bookmarks are saved between sessions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "bookmark-goto 0" -\end_inset - - (also -\family sans -Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Bookmarks\SpecialChar \menuseparator -NavigateBack -\family default -) jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something. - This is useful when you have a large document and have navigated or scrolled - to another document part to look for something, and want to go back to - your last editing position. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -The Outliner -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the pull-down box at the top of the outline window, you can choose between - several different lists, including other TOC-like objects, such as lists - of tables and figures, but also lists of footnotes, or labels and cross-referen -ces (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Cross-References" - -\end_inset - -), or notes, or citations (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Bibliography" - -\end_inset - -). - Clicking on any of these will take you to the corresponding object in your - document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Right-clicking on elements in the Outline will in many cases open a context - menu that will allow for direct modification of those elements. - For example, with citations, the context menu allows you to open the citation - dialog and to modify the citation. - Right-clicking a change will allow you to accept or reject it. - And so on. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The `Filter' field at the top allows you to restrict which entries appear - in the Outline. - For example, if you are displaying the list of Labels and References and - wish to see only references to subsections, you can enter the text -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -sub: -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in the filter, and only entries containing that text will be displayed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -At the bottom of the outline are several buttons and the like that allow - you further to control the display. - The -\family sans -Sort -\family default - option sorts the current list alphabetically. - Otherwise, the elements appear in the order in which they occur in the - document. - The -\family sans -Keep -\family default - option keeps it in the current view state. - Keeping means that when you have e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -the subsections of section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -2 and 4 shown and click on section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -3, the subsections of section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -2 and 4 will still be shown. - Without the -\family sans -Keep -\family default - option they will be hidden to highlight the clicked section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -3. - Finally, the slider at the left can be used to open the Outline to a given - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -depth -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - It is best just to experiment with it to see how it works. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/reload.png - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -button refreshes the TOC (though this should not usually be necessary). - Next to it are buttons that allow you to change the position of sections - in your document. - The -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/down.png - scale 85 - groupId toolbarbuttons - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/up.png - scale 85 - groupId toolbarbuttons - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - buttons move sections up and down in the document. - So, for example, you can move section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -2.5 before section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -2.4 or after section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -2.6. - LyX will then automatically renumber the sections to the new order. - With the buttons -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/promote.png - scale 85 - groupId toolbarbuttons - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/demote.png - scale 85 - groupId toolbarbuttons - -\end_inset - - (or the corresponding key bindings -\family sans -Tab -\family default - and -\family sans -Shift-Tab -\family default -) you can change the level of sections. - So you can for example make section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -2.5 chapter -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -3 or subsection -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -2.4.1. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Input / Word Completion -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Input-Completion" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Input completion -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Word completion|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Input completion -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX provides completion of words by scanning all documents that are currently - opened. - Every word that appears in these documents is added to a database that - is used to propose completions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The input completion can be activated in the LyX preferences (menu -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Preferences -\family default -) in the section -\family sans -Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Input Completion -\family default -. - With the option -\family sans -Automatic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -inline -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -completion -\family default - the proposed completion is shown directly behind the cursor. - With the option -\family sans -Automatic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -popup -\family default - the completions are always shown in a popup. - The cursor completion indicator can be turned off by deselecting the option - -\family sans -Cursor -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -indicator -\family default -. - With the general options you can define the delay time for the inline and - popup completion and choose if long completions should be abbreviated. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX shows a small triangle behind the cursor as an indicator that there - are completions available. - Press the -\family sans -Tab -\family default - key to accept a proposed completion. - If several completions are possible, a popup is opened showing them. - You can select a completion in the popup using the mouse or the arrow keys, - and accept the chosen completion be pressing -\family sans -Return -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The completion options for math in the preferences do the same as the correspond -ing options for text. - The special math option -\family sans -Autocorrection -\family default - enables that characters can be composed. - If you for example want to insert the character -\begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$ -\end_inset - -, you can then input the characters -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\series bold -=> -\series default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to a formula to get it. - So this is a quick alternative to the insertion of commands or the usage - of the math toolbar. - A list with supported character combinations can be found in the file -\family typewriter -autocorrect -\family default - that is somewhere in LyX's installation folder. - Math autocorrection can at any time be turned on by pressing the exclamation - mark key '!'. - Pressing -\family sans -Space -\family default - turns it off. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Basic Key Bindings -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Key Bindings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Bindings|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Key Bindings -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Shortcuts|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Key Bindings -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are at least two different primary binding maps: -\family typewriter -cua -\family default - and -\family typewriter -emacs -\family default -. - LyX's default is -\family typewriter -cua -\family default -, which can be changed in the LyX preferences under -\family sans -Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Shortcuts -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some keys, like -\family sans -Page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Up -\family default -, -\family sans -Page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Down -\family default -, -\family sans -Left -\family default -, -\family sans -Right -\family default -, -\family sans -Up -\family default - and -\family sans -Down -\family default -, do exactly what you expect them to do. - Other keys don't: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Tab -\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature -LatexCommand nomenclature -symbol "Tab" -description "Tabulator key" - -\end_inset - - -\family default - There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX. - If you do not understand this, go read sections -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Par-indent-intro" - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments" - -\end_inset - -, especially section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Lists" - -\end_inset - -, right now. - Yes, right now. - If you're still confused, look in the -\emph on -Tutorial -\emph default -. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -In LyX the Tab key is only used to accept propositions of the input completion. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Esc -\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature -LatexCommand nomenclature -symbol "Esc" -description "Escape key" - -\end_inset - - -\family default - This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -cancel key. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - It's used, generically, to cancel operations. - Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Home -\family default - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -and -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\family sans -End -\family default - These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line, - unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning - or end of the file. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are three modifier keys: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Control -\family default - (Denoted by -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -Ctrl -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature -LatexCommand nomenclature -symbol "Ctrl" -description "Control key" - -\end_inset - - in the documentation files) This has a couple of different uses, depending - on which keys it is used in combination with: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Backspace -\family default - or -\family sans -Delete -\family default -, it deletes an entire word instead of a single character. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Left -\family default - and -\family sans -Right -\family default -, it moves by words instead of characters. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Home -\family default - and -\family sans -End -\family default -, it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Shift -\family default - (Denoted by -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -Shift -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature -LatexCommand nomenclature -symbol "Shift" -description "Shift key" - -\end_inset - - in the documentation files) Use this with any of the arrow keys to select - the text between the old and new cursor positions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Alt -\family default - (Denoted by -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -Alt -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature -LatexCommand nomenclature -symbol "Alt" -description "Alt or Meta key" - -\end_inset - - in the documentation files) This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless - your keyboard has a distinct Meta key. - If you have both keys, you will need to try out which one actually performs - the -\family sans -Alt+ -\family default - function. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -This key does many different things, but it also activates the -\emph on -menu accelerator keys -\emph default -. - If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a - menu or menu item, it selects that menu item. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -For example, the sequence -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -Alt -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -e -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -s -\family default - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\family sans -c -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - brings up the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Text Style -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - dialog. - Typing -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -Alt -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -f -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - opens the -\family sans -File -\family default - menu. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\emph on -Shortcuts -\emph default - manual lists all other things bound to the -\family sans -Alt -\family default - key. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -You will learn more and more key bindings and short-cut keys as you use - LyX, because most actions will prompt a small message in the status bar - at the bottom of LyX's main window which describes the name of the action - you have just triggered, and any existing key bindings for that action. - The LyX menus also list the defined key bindings. - The notation for the key bindings is very similar to the notation used - in this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding - it. - However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -Alt+P Shift+A -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - means -\family sans -Alt+P -\family default - followed by a capital -\family sans -A -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can list or change the key bindings in the menu -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Preferences -\family default - under -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Shortcuts -\family default - as explained in sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Editing-Shortcuts" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -LyX Basics -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LyX ! Basics -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Document Types -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Types -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Introduction -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you - need to decide what type of document you want to edit. - Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings, - numbering schemes, and so on. - Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments, - and format the title of your document differently. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A -\emph on -document class -\emph default - describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents. - By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties, - making it easier to create the type of document you want. - If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default. - So it is up to you to change the class of your document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and - how to adjust their properties. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Document Classes -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Classes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Document-Classes" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can select a class using the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Document Class -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - dialog. - Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options - you may need. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Overview -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are four standard document classes in LyX. - They are: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Article for basic articles -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Report for basic reports -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Book for writing a book -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Letter for US-style letters -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have - installed the corresponding LaTeX class files, though most LaTeX distributions - will include many of these. - Here are some of the classes. - The full list with detailed explanations can be found in chapter -\emph on -Special Document Classes -\emph default - in the -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default - manual: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -ACS For submissions to the journals published by the American Chemistry - Society -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -AGU For submissions to the journals published by the American Geophysical - Union -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American - Mathematical Society (AMS). - There are three article layouts available. - The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that - prepends the section number to the number of the result. - All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced - together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence. - The -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -sequential numbering -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers - them throughout the article in a single sequence. - Each type of result gets its own sequence. - There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Beamer Layout for presentations -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Broadway Layout for writing plays. - It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one that is distributed - with LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Chess Layout to write about chess games -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Curriculum -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -vitae classes to create curriculum vitae -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Elsarticle Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Foils Used to make transparencies -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry. - It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one that is distributed - with LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical - and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -KOMA-Script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features - like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc. - (Is used by this document.) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Memoir another replacement for the standard classes -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Powerdot Layout for presentations -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -REVTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical - Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society - of America (OSA). - This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Slides Used to make transparencies -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -SPIE -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society - for Optical Engineering (SPIE) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We will not go into detail about how to use these different document classes - here. - You can find details about the non-standard classes in Chapter 6 of the - -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default - manual. - Here, we will settle for a list of some of the common properties of all - of the document classes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Availability -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You will probably find that many of the document classes listed under -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Document Class -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family default -are marked as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Unavailable -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - If you open a document that uses such a class, you will receive a warning - saying that there are files that are required to produce output that are - not installed. - So it may seem that something is wrong. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Nothing is wrong. - LyX includes many more document classes than you will ever need to use, - and some of them, like -\family sans -IOP -\family default -, are highly specialized. - LyX tries to support as many different types of documents as possible, - and it includes almost one hundred different layout files, with a growing - number. - No LaTeX distribution will install by default all files that might be needed - by some document class. - There are just too many of them. - That is why some of the document classes are unavailable. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If there is a document class you would like to use that is marked as -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -Unavailable -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, you just need to install the appropriate package files. - The easiest way to find out which files you need to install is to use that - document class for a new file. - LyX will display a dialog that will list the missing files. - See section -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Installing new LaTeX files -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in of the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual for information on how to install them. -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Although LyX provides support for many different sorts of documents, it - does not include support for every document class people might want to - use. - For example, many universities provide LaTeX class files to be used for - dissertations submitted to those universities. - The LyX team cannot write layout files to support every one of these. - There are too many. - Fortunately, users can write their own layout files, and many users have - done so. - Chapter -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -5 of the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual contains information on how to create layout files. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Modules -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Modules" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Modules -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Modules load additional features that are not by default available in the - chosen document class. - For example you might want to write Braille (embossed printing) in a document. - This is not available in any document class, so you have to load the correspond -ing module in the -\family sans -Modules -\family default - section of the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - dialog. - Highlighting a module in the dialog will bring up a description of what - it does. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some modules require LaTeX packages or file format converters that are not - always installed by default. - LyX will warn you if you do not have a needed package or converter, and - it will tell you what exactly you are missing. - You can still use the module while editing your file, but you will not - be able to export to PDF or print your document, since LyX will not be - able to compile the LaTeX file without the missing prerequisites. - If you want to be able to produce this kind of output, then you need to - install the missing prerequisites and then reconfigure LyX by selecting - -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Reconfigure -\family default -. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Reconfiguration of LyX -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - See section -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Installing new LaTeX files -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - of the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual for more information on installing needed packages. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Some modules require other modules, and some pairs of modules are incompatible. - LyX will advise you about these things. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Local Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Local-Layout" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Local Layout -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Modules are to LyX much as packages are to LaTeX: They are intended to be - used in a variety of different documents. - If you often find yourself needing the same sort of thing in different - documents, you should consider writing a module for this purpose. - Sometimes, however, a particular document has very special needs, but you - need a specific inset or character style only that one time. - You want something that is like a document's own LaTeX preamble. - What you want is LyX's -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Local Layout -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - See section -\emph on -Local Layout -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual for information on how to use it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Properties -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Each class has a default set of options. - Here's a quick table describing them: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Page style -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Sides -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Columns -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Max. - sectioning level -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -article -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Plain -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Section -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -report -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Plain -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Chapter -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -book -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Headings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Two -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Chapter -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -letter -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Plain -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -One -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -none -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You're probably also wondering what -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Max. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -sectioning level -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - means. - There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings. - Different document classes allow different types of section headings. - Only two use the -\family sans -Chapter -\family default - heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the -\family sans -Section -\family default - heading. - Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section - headings. - In addition to -\family sans -Chapter -\family default - and -\family sans -Section -\family default - headings, there are also -\family sans -Subsection -\family default - headings, -\family sans -Subsubsection -\family default - headings, and so on. - We will describe these headings fully in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Headings" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Document Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Document-Layout" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Layout -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family sans - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The most important properties of document classes are set in the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default -. - There in the -\family sans -Class -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -options -\family default - field under -\family sans -Documents -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Class -\family default -, you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separated - list. - This is only necessary if LyX doesn't support special options you want - to use for your document. - To learn more about your favorite LaTeX-class and its options, you have - to read its manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The drop box -\family sans -Headings style -\family default - in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog under -\family sans -Page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Layout -\family default - controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page. - You can choose between the following five options: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Default -\family default - Use default page style of current class. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Empty -\family default - No page numbers or headings. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Plain -\family default - Page numbers only. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Headings -\family default - Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number. - Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on - the maximum sectioning level of the class. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Fancy -\family default - This allows you to define fully customizable headers and footers if you - have the LaTeX-package -\series bold -fancyhdr -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - installed. - How they are defined is explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Customized-Page-Headers" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The separation of paragraphs is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Paragraph-Separation" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Paper Size and Orientation -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Paper size -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can find the following options in the menu -\family sans -Page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Layout -\family default - of the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog: -\family sans - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Paper -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Format -\family default - What size paper to print on. - The choices are -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Default -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -A0 - A6 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -B0 - B6 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -C0 - C6 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -US letter, US legal, US executive -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -JIS B0 - JIS B6 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Custom -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Orientation -\family default - To choose whether to output as -\family sans -Landscape -\family default - or as -\family sans -Portrait -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Two-sided -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -document -\family default - Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper. - That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Margins -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Margins" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Margins -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Margins -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Paper margins are set in the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default -. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you use a KOMA-Script document class, you can use the default settings. - Because KOMA-Script calculates then the print space automatically by taking - the paper format and the font size into account. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Important Note -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you change a document class, LyX has to convert -\emph on -everything -\emph default - into the new class. - That includes the paragraph environments. - Some paragraph environments are standard, in so far as all of the document - classes have them; but some classes have special paragraph environments. - If this is the case, and you change the document class, LyX will mark the - paragraphs whose styles it no longer understands as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -unknown -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The name of the style is retained, in case you should want to go back to - the old class. - But these paragraphs will be output with no special formatting, so you - will either need to create a new style yourself or else convert these paragraph -s manually to a style present in your new document class. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Paragraph Indentation and Separation -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paragraph ! Indentation -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Introduction -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Par-indent-intro" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to - say a word or two about paragraph indentation. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs. - Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph. - Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs. - If you choose indentation for paragraphs the -\emph on -first -\emph default - paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list, - etc., is -\emph on -not -\emph default - indented. - Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented. - Note that the indentation behavior is different when you use another document - language than English. - LaTeX takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the used language. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings - and text — in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are pre-coded - into LyX. - As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what. - LyX takes care of that. - In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a - range. - That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure - figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom - of a page, and so on. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them. - LyX gives you the ability to globally change -\emph on -all -\emph default - of these pre-coded spacings. - We will explain more later. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Paragraph Separation -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Paragraph-Separation" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paragraph ! Separation -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To separate paragraphs, select -\family sans -Indent -\family default - or -\family sans -Skip -\family default - in the submenu -\family sans -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Layout -\family default - of the dialog -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Fine-Tuning -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph. - Open the -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Paragraph -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Settings -\family default - dialog and toggle the -\family sans -Indent -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Paragraph -\family default - option to change the state of the current paragraph (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "paragraph-params \\indent-toggle" -\end_inset - -). - If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this - button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling - this). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph - if you need to do some fine-tuning. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Line Spacing -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paragraph ! Line spacing -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\noun on - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family default -\noun default - dialog you can set the line spacing in the submenu -\family sans -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Layout -\family default -. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -You need to have the LaTeX-package -\series bold -setspace -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! setspace -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - installed to use this feature. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Paragraph Environments -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Paragraph-Environments" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paragraph ! Environments -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paragraph environments|( -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Overview -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Paragraph environments correspond to the -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -begin{ -\emph on -environment -\emph default -} ... - -\backslash -end{ -\emph on -environment -\emph default -} -\series default - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -command sequence in LaTeX files. - If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally - alien to you, we urge you to read the -\emph on -Tutorial -\emph default -. - The -\emph on -Tutorial -\emph default - also contains many more examples than this section does. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A paragraph environment is simply a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -container -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties. - This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering - scheme, labels, and so on. - Additionally, you can -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -nest -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment - to inherit some of the properties of another. - The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy - tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the - days of typewriters. - There are several paragraph environments that are specific to a particular - document type. - We will only be covering the most common ones here. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png - scale 70 - clip - -\end_inset - - at the left end of the toolbar. - LyX will change the environment of the -\emph on -entire -\emph default - paragraph in which the cursor sits. - You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if - you select them before choosing the new environment. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that hitting -\family sans -Return -\family default - will -\emph on -typically -\emph default - create a new paragraph using the -\family sans -Standard -\family default - paragraph environment. - We say -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -typically -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - because if you are in one of these environments: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Quote -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Quotation -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Verse -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Itemize -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Enumerate -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Description -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -List -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit -\family sans -Return -\family default -, rather than resetting it to -\family sans -Standard -\family default -. - LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however. - Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment - and the nesting depth (for more on nesting see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Nesting" - -\end_inset - -). - At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting - -\family sans -Return -\family default - to reset the paragraph environment and depth. - If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth, - use -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - instead. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Standard -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The default paragraph environment is -\family sans -Standard -\family default - for most classes. - It creates a plain paragraph. - If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses. - In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in - this manual) are in the -\family sans -Standard -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can nest a paragraph using the -\family sans -Standard -\family default - environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything - in a -\family sans -Standard -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Document Title -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Title -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the - author(s) and a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -footnote -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - for thanks or contact information. - For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate - page along with today's date. - For other types of documents, the title -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -page -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - goes at the top of the first page of the document. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph - environments -\family sans -Title -\family default -, -\family sans -Author -\family default -, and -\family sans -Date -\family default -. - Here's how you use them: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Put the title of your document in the -\family sans -Title -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Put the author name in the -\family sans -Author -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date, - or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in - the -\family sans -Date -\family default - environment. - Note that using this environment is optional. - If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date. - If you don't want any date, add the line -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -date{} -\series default - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -to the preamble of your document (menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can use footnotes to insert -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -thanks -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - or contact information. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Headings -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Section headings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Headings" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings. - LyX takes care of the numbering for you. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Numbered Headings -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Section headings ! Numbered -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are 7 numbered types of section headings. - They are: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -Part -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -Chapter -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -Section -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -Subsection -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -Subsubsection -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -Paragraph -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate - -\family sans -Subparagraph -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods. - The numbers describe where in the document you are. - Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with Latin letters. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text. - For example, suppose you're writing a book. - You group the book into chapters. - LyX does similar grouping: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Part -\family default - is divided into either -\family sans -Chapter -\family default -s or -\family sans -Section -\family default -s -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Chapter -\family default -s are divided into -\family sans -Section -\family default -s -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Section -\family default -s are divided into -\family sans -Subsection -\family default -s -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Subsection -\family default -s are divided into -\family sans -Subsubsection -\family default -s -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Subsubsection -\family default -s are divided into -\family sans -Paragraph -\family default -s -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Paragraph -\family default -s are divided into -\family sans -Subparagraph -\family default -s -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Not all document types use the -\family sans -Chapter -\family default - heading as the maximum sectioning level. - In that case the -\family sans -Section -\family default - is the top-level heading. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -So, if you use the -\family sans -Subsubsection -\family default - environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number, - along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter - that it's in. - For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the - label -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -2.5 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Unnumbered Headings -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Section headings ! Unnumbered -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The unnumbered section headings have a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -* -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - at the end of their name. - They work the same as their numbered counterparts but will not appear in - the table of contents, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:toc" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Changing the Numbering -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Numbering-depth" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear - in the Table of Contents. - Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document - class. - Certain classes start with -\family sans -Chapter -\family default - and go down to the -\family sans -Subparagraph -\family default - level. - Others start at -\family sans -Section -\family default -. - Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels. - Most don't number -\family sans -Paragraph -\family default - or -\family sans -Subparagraph -\family default -. - This is something you can change. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Open the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Under -\family sans -Numbering -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -& -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -TOC -\family default - you will see two counters. - The one named -\family sans -Numbering -\family default - controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section - heading. - The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table - of contents. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Short Titles of Headings -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Section headings ! Short titles -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Short Titles -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Short-Titles" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long. - This can cause trouble when there is limited horizontal space. - For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section - title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LaTeX allows you to specify a short title for section headings. - This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents, - avoiding the problem mentioned. - To specify a short title, use the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Short -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Title -\family default -. - This will insert a box labeled -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -opt -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (stands for -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -optional -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) which you can use to enter the short title text. - This also works for captions inside floats. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The title of this section is a good example of using this feature. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Special Information -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The following information applies to all section headings: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You cannot do any nesting with these environments. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You can only use inline math in these environments. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Quotes and Poetry line spacing -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations. - They are -\family sans -Quote -\family default -, -\family sans -Quotation -\family default -, and -\family sans -Verse -\family default -. - Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins. - These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in. - They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below - the text they contain. - They also allow nesting, so you can put a -\family sans -Verse -\family default - in a -\family sans -Quotation -\family default -, as well as in some other paragraph environments. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do - -\emph on -not -\emph default - reset to -\family sans -Standard -\family default - when you start a new paragraph. - So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit -\family sans -Return -\family default - without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you. - Of course, that means that, once you are done typing in that poem, you - have to change back to the -\family sans -Standard -\family default - environment yourself. -\family sans -Quote -\family default - and -\family sans -Quotation -\family default - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Quote" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Quotation -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's - time for the differences. - -\family sans -Quote -\family default - and -\family sans -Quotation -\family default - are identical except for one difference: -\family sans -Quote -\family default - uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line. - -\family sans -Quotation -\family default - -\emph on -always -\emph default - indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here's an example of the -\family sans -Quote -\family default - environment: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -This is in the -\family sans -Quote -\family default - environment. - I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it - wraps. - See – no indentation! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -Here's the second paragraph of this quote. - Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and - the other paragraph. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here's another example, this time in the -\family sans -Quotation -\family default - environment: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quotation -This is in the -\family sans -Quotation -\family default - environment. - If I keep writing, you will see the indentation. - If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting - the first line, then -\family sans -Quotation -\family default - is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it -\emph on -if -\emph default - you were quoting other text. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quotation -Here's a new paragraph. - I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time. - If I did that, though, you'd get bored. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As the examples show, -\family sans -Quote -\family default - is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs. - They should put quotes in the -\family sans -Quote -\family default - environment. - Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the -\family sans -Quotation -\family default - paragraph environment for quoted text. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection - -\family sans -Verse -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paragraph ! Verse -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family sans - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Poetry -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Verse" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -Verse -\family default - is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on. - Here's an example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Verse -This is in Verse -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Which I did not rehearse! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Verse -It could be much worse. - This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps - around. - It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are - indented a bit more than the first. - Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore. - So sue me. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Verse -To break a line -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -And make things look fine -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Use -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As you can see, -\family sans -Verse -\family default - does not indent both margins. - Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph. - To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the -\family typewriter -break-line -\family default - function -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Lists -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Lists -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Lists" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds - of lists. - In the -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - and -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively. - In the -\family sans -Description -\family default - and -\family sans -List -\family default - environments, LyX lets you provide your own label. - We will present the individual details of each type of list next after - describing some general features of all four of them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -General Features -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments - in several ways. - First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item. - Hitting -\family sans -Return -\family default - does -\emph on -not -\emph default - reset the environment to -\family sans -Standard -\family default - but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item. - The nesting depth is hereby kept. - If you want to keep the paragraph environment but reset the current nesting - depth, you can use -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - to break paragraphs. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can nest lists of any type inside one another. - In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how it - is nested. - If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest - you read all of section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Nesting" - -\end_inset - -. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection - -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Lists ! Itemize -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Itemize" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The first type of list we will describe in detail is the -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - paragraph environment. - It has the following properties: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -The items can have any length. - LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item. - The offset is always relative to whatever environment the -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - list may be in. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -If you nest an -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environment inside another -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environment, the label changes to a new symbol. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -LyX always shows the same symbol on screen. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -See section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Nesting" - -\end_inset - - for a full explanation of nesting. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Of course, that explanation was also an example of an -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - list. - The -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We said that different levels use different symbols as their label. - Here's an example of all four possible symbols. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -The label for the first level -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - is a large black dot, or bullet. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -The label for the second level is a dash. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -The label for the third is an asterisk. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -The label for the fourth is a centered dot. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Back out to the third level. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Back to the second level. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Back to the outermost level. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -These are the default labels for an -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - list. - You can customize these labels in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog in the submenu -\family sans -Bullets -\family default -. -\family sans - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth. - We will explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths - in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Nesting" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection - -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Lists ! Enumerate -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Enumerate" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines. - It has these properties: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Each item has a numeral as its label. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -The label type depends on the nesting depth. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Each new -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environment resets the counter to one. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Like the -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environment, the -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environment: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Offsets the items relative to the left margin. - Items can have any length. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Allows up to a four-fold nesting. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -Unlike the -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environment, -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - shows the different labels for each item in LyX. - Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default -: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -The first level of an -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - uses Arabic numerals followed by a period. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth - increases. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Back to the third level -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Back to the second level. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Back to the outermost level. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environment. - It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default - manual). - As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version, - not in LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There is more to nesting -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environments than we've stated here. - You should read section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Nesting" - -\end_inset - - to learn more about nesting. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection - -\family sans -Description -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Lists ! Description -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Unlike the previous two environments, the -\family sans -Description -\family default - list has no fixed label. - Instead, LyX uses the first -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -word -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - of the first line as the label. - Here's an example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Example: This is an example of the -\family sans -Description -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the - rest of the line. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With the first -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -word -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - it is meant that the first hit of the -\family sans -Space -\family default - key ends the label if you are at the beginning of the first line of an - item. - If you need to use more than one word in the label use a -\family sans -Protected Blank -\family default -. - (Use either -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "space-insert protected" -\end_inset - - or the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Protected -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space -\family default -, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Protected-Space" - -\end_inset - - for more info.) Here is an example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Second -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Example: This one shows how to use a -\family sans -Protected -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Blank -\family default - in the label of a -\family sans -Description -\family default - list item. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Usage: You should use the -\family sans -Description -\family default - environment for things like definitions and theorems. - Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text - that describes it. - It's not a good idea to use a -\family sans -Description -\family default - environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe. - You're better off using -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - or -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - and nesting several -\family sans -Standard -\family default - paragraphs into them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Nesting: You can nest -\family sans -Description -\family default - environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and - so on. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting - them from the first line. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -The LyX -\family sans -List -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Lists ! LyX list -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -List -\family default - environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - When you are using a KOMA-Script document class, like in this document, - the -\family sans -List -\family default - environment is named -\family sans -Labeling -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Like the -\family sans -Description -\family default - environment the -\family sans -List -\family default - environment has user-defined labels for each list item. - There are the following properties of this list environment: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -item -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -labels LyX uses the first -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -word -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - of each line as the item label. - The first -\family sans -Space -\family default - after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label. - If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected - blank as described above. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and - the body of the item text. - The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default - label width plus a little extra space. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -label -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -width LyX uses the width of the label, or the default width, whatever is - larger. - If the label width is larger, the label -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -extends -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - into the first line. - In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left - margin of the rest of the item text. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -default -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -width You can set the default label width to ensure that the text of all - items in a -\family sans -List -\family default - environment has the same left margin. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -To change the default width, select all items in the list. - Now open the -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Paragraph -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Settings -\family default - dialog. - The text in the box -\family sans -Longest -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -label -\family default - determines the default label width. - You can use the text of your largest label here, but you can also use the - letter -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -M -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - multiple times instead. - The M is the widest character and is a standard unit of widths in LaTeX. - By using -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -M -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - as the unit of width you don't need to keep changing the contents of -\family sans -Longest -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -label -\family default - every time you alter a label in a -\family sans -List -\family default - environment. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -The predefined default width is the length of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -00.00.0000 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (equal to 6 -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -M). - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Setting the cursor into a list item to change only its label width will - only change the width inside LyX but not in the output. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You should use the -\family sans -List -\family default - environment the same way as the -\family sans -Description -\family default - list: When you need one word to stand out from the text that describes - it. - The -\family sans -List -\family default - environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall - layout. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can nest -\family sans -List -\family default - environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and - so on. - They work just like the other list paragraph environments. - Read section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Nesting" - -\end_inset - - to learn about nesting. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There is yet another feature of the -\family sans -List -\family default - environment: As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item - labels by default. - You can use additional -\family sans -HFills -\family default - to change how LyX justifies the item label. - -\family sans -Hfills -\family default - are documented in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" - -\end_inset - -. - Here are some examples: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -Left The default for -\family sans -List -\family default - item labels. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -Right One -\family sans -HFill -\family default - at the beginning of the label right justifies it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -Center -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - One -\family sans -HFill -\family default - at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Customized Lists -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Lists ! Customized -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To use the features described in this section, you must load the module - -\family sans -Customisable Lists (enumitem) -\family default - in the document settings. - This loads the features of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -enumitem -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! enumitem -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Custom Enumerate Lists -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Lists ! Enumerate ! Custom -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -The default numbering of numbered lists can be changed by adding an optional - argument (menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Short Title -\family default -) to the first item of each level in the list. - There you add the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -label= -\backslash -roman{enumi} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -in TeX Code (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "ert-insert" -\end_inset - -). -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -For more about TeX Code, look at section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:TeX-Code" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\emph on - enumi -\emph default - is hereby the counter of the enumeration in the first level. - The command -\series bold - -\backslash -roman -\series default - outputs the counter as small Roman numeral. - For capital Roman numerals replace in the command above -\series bold - -\backslash -roman -\series default - by -\series bold - -\backslash -Roman -\series default -. - For Arabic numerals use -\series bold - -\backslash -arabic -\series default -. - To -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -number -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - items with capital or small Latin letters use -\series bold - -\backslash -Alph -\series default - or -\series bold - -\backslash -alph -\series default -, respectively. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - You can only number 26 -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -items with Latin letters, because this numbering is limited to single letters. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To change the numbering for the list sublevels, replace the 'i' in the command - by the small Roman numeral of the level (enumi, enumii, enumiii, enumiv). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As example a list with custom numbering: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -label= -\backslash -# -\backslash -Alph{enumi} -\backslash -# -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Level 1 -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -label= -\backslash -Alph{enumi}. -\backslash -arabic{enumii} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Level 2 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Level 2 -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -label= -\backslash -bf{ -\backslash -arabic{enumiii}} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Level 3 -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -label= -\backslash -emph{ -\backslash -roman{enumiv})} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Level 4 -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -For this list these commands were used: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent - -\series bold -label= -\backslash -# -\backslash -Alph{enumi} -\backslash -# -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -label= -\backslash -Alph{enumi}. -\backslash -arabic{enumii} -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -label= -\backslash -bf{ -\backslash -arabic{enumiii}} -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -label= -\backslash -emph{ -\backslash -roman{enumiv})} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -where the command -\series bold - -\backslash -emph{} -\series default - makes the label emphasized and -\series bold - -\backslash -bf{} -\series default - makes it bold. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - When you changed the label of a list level, it will be used for all following - lists until you change the definition. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Resumed Enumeration -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Lists ! Enumerate ! Resumed -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Enumerations can be resumed after intermediate paragraphs: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -label= -\backslash -arabic{enumi}. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -first -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -goes back to default numbering -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -second -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -regular text -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate-Resume -resumed -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To resume an enumeration, use the style -\family sans -Enumerate-Resume -\family default -. - Its numbering appears in blue within LyX to indicate that it is a resumed - list and that the numbering will not be correct in LyX, but in the output. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - If there is no previous enumeration to resume, you will get a LaTeX error. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Perhaps you might want to resume the list with a different number than the - next one. - Or you want to start a new enumeration with a defined number. - This is possible by adding an optional argument to the first list item - of a normal enumeration. - There, insert the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -start=number -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -where -\emph on -number -\emph default - is the number with which you want to resume the list. - An example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -first item -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -second item -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Enumeration starting at a given value: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -\begin_inset Argument -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -start=4 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -This enumeration starts at 4 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -List Spacing -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Lists ! Spacing -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In some cases you might want less or more vertical space between the items - of a list. - For example if the default space is too much in your opinion in this case: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -A bullet list -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -with standard spacing -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can decrease the space by adding an optional argument to the first item - of the list. - Add there the command -\series bold -nolistsep -\series default - to get no additional list space like in this example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Argument -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -nolistsep -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -A bullet list -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -without additional -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -vertical space -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To add space you can use several other commands provided by the LaTeX-package - -\series bold -enumitem -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! enumitem -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - For more info see its documentation, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "enumitem" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are also many commands available to change the horizontal spacing - and indentation. - Here is an example where the indentation was changed to that of the paragraphs - in the document and the label separation was set to 2 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -cm so that the number is in the page margin: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -\begin_inset Argument -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -labelindent= -\backslash -parindent, labelsep=2cm -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -An enumeration -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -with negative indentation -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Further Customization -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Lists ! Customization -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also change the style of description lists. - The command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -font=definition -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -changes the description label font, the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -style=definition -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -sets the list style. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -An example where the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -font= -\backslash -itshape, style=nextline -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -is used: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Ionizing -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -radiation: -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -labelindent=0pt, labelsep=1cm, font= -\backslash -itshape, style=nextline -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Ionizing radiation consists of particles or electromagnetic waves that are - energetic enough to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, therefore - ionizing them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Reference -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -counting: In computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing - the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource such as an - object, block of memory, disk space or other resource. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are many more commands and features provided by the LaTeX-package - -\series bold -enumitem -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! enumitem -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - For more info see its documentation, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "enumitem" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Letters -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Letters -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection - -\family sans -Address -\family default - and -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default -: An Overview -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph - environments called -\family sans -Address -\family default - and -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default -. - To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments - in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document. - In contrast, you can use the -\family sans -Address -\family default - and -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default - paragraph environments anywhere with no problem. - You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest - anything in them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Of course, you're not limited to using -\family sans -Address -\family default - and -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default - for letters only. - -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default -, in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in - some European academic papers. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Usage -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Address-Usage" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Address -\family default - environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used - for the opening and signature in some countries. - Similarly, the -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default - environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which - is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries. - Here's an example of each: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Right Address -Right Address -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Who I am -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Where I am -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -When is it? What is today? -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -That was -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default -. - Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to - fit the largest block of text on a single line. - Here's an example of the -\family sans -Address -\family default - environment: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Address -Who are you -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Where do I send this -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Your post office and country -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As you can see, both -\family sans -Address -\family default - and -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default - add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph. - If you hit -\family sans -Return -\family default - in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets - the environment to -\family sans -Standard -\family default -. - This makes sense, since -\family sans -Return -\family default - is the -\family typewriter -break-paragraph -\family default - function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs. - Thus, you have to use -\family typewriter -break-line -\family default - ( -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - - or -\family sans -Formatting -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Line -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Break -\family default - from the -\family sans -Insert -\family default - menu) to start a new line in an -\family sans -Address -\family default - or -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Academic Writing -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography - or list of references. - LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection - -\family sans -Abstract -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Abstracts -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Abstract -\family default - environment is used for the abstract of an article. - Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should - only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title. - Also, don't bother trying to nest -\family sans -Abstract -\family default - in anything else or vice versa. - It will not work. - The -\family sans -Abstract -\family default - environment is only useful in the article and report document classes. - The book document classes ignores the -\family sans -Abstract -\family default - completely, and it's utterly silly to use -\family sans -Abstract -\family default - in a letter document class. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Abstract -\family default - environment does several things for you. - First, it puts the centered label -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Abstract -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - above the text. - The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical - space. - Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect. - Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and - the subsequent text. - Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen. - The appearance in the output depends on the used article or report class. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Starting a new paragraph by hitting -\family sans -Return -\family default - does not reset the paragraph environment. - The new paragraph will still be in the -\family sans -Abstract -\family default - environment. - So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you - finish entering the abstract of your document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float figure -wide false -sideways false -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/Abstract.pdf - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "cap:Paragraph-in-the" - -\end_inset - -Paragraph in the -\family sans -Abstract -\family default - environment -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We'd love to give you directly an example of the -\family sans -Abstract -\family default - environment, but since this document is in the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -book -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - class, we can't do this. - We inserted it therefore as figure -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cap:Paragraph-in-the" - -\end_inset - -. - If you've never heard of an -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -abstract -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - before, you can safely ignore this environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection - -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Bibliography -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Biblio_environment" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - environment is used to list references. - Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should - only use it at the end of the document. - Nesting -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - in anything else or vice versa will not work. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When you first open a -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - environment, LyX adds a large vertical space, followed by the heading -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bibliography -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - or -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -References, -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - depending on the document class. - The heading is in a large boldface font. - Each paragraph of the -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - environment is a bibliography entry. - Thus, hitting -\family sans -Return -\family default - does not reset the paragraph environment. - Each new paragraph is still in the -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There is another, usually better way to include references in your document - by using a BibTeX database. - For more information on that, and for a detailed description of LyX's bibliogra -phy handling, have a look at section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Bibliography" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -LyX -\family sans --Code -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paragraph ! LyX code -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:LyX-Code" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -LyX-Code -\family default - environment is another LyX extension. - It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font. - It also treats the -\family sans -Space -\family default - key as a fixed whitespace; -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -In the -\family sans -LyX-Code -\family default - environment, the -\family sans -Space -\family default - key is treated as a -\family sans -Protected -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Blank -\family default - instead of an end-of-word marker. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX. - If you need to insert blank lines, you will still need to use -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - - (the -\family typewriter -break-line -\family default - function). - -\family sans -Return -\family default - breaks paragraphs. - Note, however, that -\family sans -Return -\family default - does not reset the paragraph environment. - So, when you finish using the -\family sans -LyX-Code -\family default - environment, you will need to change the paragraph environment yourself. - Also, you can nest the -\family sans -LyX-Code -\family default - environment inside of others. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are a few quirks with this environment: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You cannot use -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - - at the beginning of a new paragraph (i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -you can't follow -\family sans -Return -\family default - with a -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You can't follow a -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - - with a -\family sans -Space -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Use a -\family sans -Return -\family default - to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a -\family sans -Space -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Or: use -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "space-insert protected" -\end_inset - - instead. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line. - You must put at least one -\family sans -Space -\family default - in any line you want blank. - Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing -\family sans -" -\family default - since that will insert -\emph on -real -\emph default - quotes. - You get the typewriter double quotes with -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "self-insert \"" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here is an example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout LyX-Code -#include -\end_layout - -\begin_layout LyX-Code - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout LyX-Code -int main(void) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout LyX-Code -{ -\end_layout - -\begin_layout LyX-Code - printf("Hello World! -\backslash -n"); -\end_layout - -\begin_layout LyX-Code - return 0; -\end_layout - -\begin_layout LyX-Code -} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This is just the standard -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Hello world! -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - program. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -LyX-Code -\family default - has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts, - rc-files, and so on. - Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text - as if you used a typewriter. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paragraph environments|) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - For longer parts of programming code, use the listings inset that is described - in the chapter -\emph on -Program Code Listings -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Nesting Environments -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Nesting ! Environments -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Nesting" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Introduction -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific - properties. - This allows you to create blocks that inherit some of the properties of - another block. - For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also - has two subpoints. - In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner - list -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -attached -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to item #2: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -one -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -two -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -sublist – item #1 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -sublist – item #2 -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -three -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You put a list inside a list by nesting one list inside the other. - Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select -\family sans -Increase -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -List -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Depth -\family default - or -\family sans -Decrease -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -List -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Depth -\family default - from the -\family sans -Edit -\family default - menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar - will tell you how far you are nested). - Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "depth-decrement" -\end_inset - - or the convenient key bindings -\family sans -Tab -\family default - and -\family sans -Shift-Tab -\family default - or -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-decrement" -\end_inset - - to change the nesting level. - The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing - you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current - paragraph. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can. - If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth. - Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the - depth of every paragraph nested inside of it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Nesting isn't limited to lists. - In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're - about to find out. - This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -What You Can and Can't Nest -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell - you a little bit more about how nesting works. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The question if nesting a paragraph environment is possible, is a bit more - complicated than a simple yes or no. - There are three types of paragraph environments: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Completely unnestable -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Fully nestable, you can nest them inside things and you can also nest other - things inside them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest - anything into them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph - environments have them: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Unnestable Can't nest them. - Can't nest into them. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Bibliography -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Abstract -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Title -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Author -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Date -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Fully -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Nestable You can nest them. - You can nest other things into them. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Verse -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Quote -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Quotation -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Itemize -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Enumerate -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Description -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -List -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -LyX-Code -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside other things. - You can't nest anything into them. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Standard -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Part -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Chapter -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Section -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Subsection -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Subsubsection -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Paragraph -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Subparagraph -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Part* -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Chapter* -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Section* -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Subsection* -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Subsubsection* -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Address -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Although it is possible to nest numbered section headings like -\family sans -Chapter -\family default -, -\family sans -Section -\family default -, etc. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -into e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -lists, it is highly recommended not to do this because the aim is to create - well-structured documents following typesetting guidelines whereas nested - section headings violate this. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Nesting ! Tables etc. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are - affected by nesting anyhow. - They are: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -equations -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -tables -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -figures -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -( -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Figures and tables in -\family sans -Floats -\family default - are not affected by this. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Have a look at section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Floats" - -\end_inset - - for more information about -\family sans -Floats -\family default -.) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph. - If a figure, table, or an equation is inline, it goes wherever the paragraph - it is in goes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -paragraph -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - of its own, it behaves just like a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -nestable-inside -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - paragraph environment. - You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything - into it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here's an example with a table: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Item One -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is (a) and it's nested. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -a -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -b -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -c -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -d -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is (b). - The table is actually nested inside (a). -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Back out again. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Item One -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is (a) and it's nested. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -a -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -b -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -c -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -d -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is (b). - The table is -\emph on -not -\emph default - nested inside (a). - In fact, it's not nested at all. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Back out again. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first - item of a new list! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going - deep enough. - LyX then turns anything after the table into a new sublist. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Item One -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is (a) and it's nested. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -a -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -b -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -c -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -d -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is (b). - The table is actually nested inside Item One, but -\emph on -not -\emph default - inside (a). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Back out again. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a - new list -\emph on -inside -\emph default - item 1. - The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation. - So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right - depth! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Usage and General Features -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting. - In other words, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -level #6 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is the innermost possible depth. - Here's an example to illustrate what we mean: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -level #1 – outermost -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -level #2 -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -level #3 -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -level #4 -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -level #5 -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -level #6 -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see - both of them in the example. - Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold - nesting with the -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - and -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environments. - For example, if we tried to nest another -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - list inside item -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -A. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, we would get errors. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Some Examples -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Nesting ! Examples -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration. - We have several examples of nested environments. - In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce - them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#1-a This is the outermost level. - It's a -\family sans -List -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#2-a This is level #2. - We created it by using -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - followed by -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#3-a This is level #3. - This time, we just hit -\family sans -Return -\family default -, then used -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - - twice in a row. - We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level, - by hitting -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - followed by -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -This is actually a -\family sans -Standard -\family default - environment, nested inside of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -#3-a -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - So, it's at level #4. - We did this by hitting -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - -, then -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - -, then changing the paragraph environment to -\family sans -Standard -\family default -. - Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph — it also works - for the -\family sans -Description -\family default -, -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default -, and -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environments! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here's another -\family sans -Standard -\family default - paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#4-a This is level #4. - We hit -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - and changed the paragraph environment back to -\family sans -List -\family default -. - Remember — we can't nest anything inside a -\family sans -Standard -\family default - environment, which is why we're still at level #4. - However, we -\emph on -can -\emph default - keep nesting things inside -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -#3-a -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{} -and this is level #6. - By now, you should know how we made these two. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#5-b Back to level #5. - Just hit -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - followed by a -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-decrement" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#4-b After another -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - followed by a -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-decrement" -\end_inset - -, we're back at level #4. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#3-b Back to level #3. - By now it should be obvious how we did this. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#2-b Back to level #2. - -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring MMM -#1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1. - After this sentence, we will hit -\family sans -Return -\family default - and change the paragraph environment back to -\family sans -Standard -\family default - to end the list. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We could have also used the -\family sans -Description -\family default -, -\family sans -Quote -\family default -, -\family sans -Quotation -\family default -, or even the -\family sans -Verse -\family default - environment in place of the -\family sans -List -\family default - environment. - The example would have worked exactly the same. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Example 2: Inheritance -\end_layout - -\begin_layout LyX-Code -This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost -\end_layout - -\begin_layout LyX-Code -level. - Now we will hit -\family sans -Return -\family default -, then -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - -, after which, we will change to the -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is the -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environment, at level #2. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Notice how the nested -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - not only inherits its margins from its parent environment ( -\family sans -LyX-Code -\family default -), but also inherits its font and spacing! -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -We ended this example by hitting -\family sans -Return -\family default -. - After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to -\family sans -Standard -\family default - and reset the nesting depth by using -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-decrement" -\end_inset - - once. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - and -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - Environments -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is level #1, in an -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - paragraph environment. - We're actually going to nest a bunch of these. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is level #2. - We used -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - followed by -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - -. - Now, what happens if we nest an -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its - label be? An asterisk? -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -No! It's a bullet. - This is the -\emph on -first -\emph default - -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environment, even though it's at level #3. - So, its label is a bullet. - (We got here by using -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - -, then -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - -, then changing the environment to -\family sans -Itemize -\family default -.) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Here's level #4, produced using -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - -, then -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - -. - We will do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -\SpecialChar \ldots{} -to get to level #5. - This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default -. - Notice the type of numbering, it is -\emph on -lowercase Roman -\emph default -, because we are in the -\emph on -thirdfold -\emph default - -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environment (i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. - it is an -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - inside an -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - inside an -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -What happens if we -\emph on -don't -\emph default - change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What - type of numbering does LyX use? -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Let's use -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-decrement" -\end_inset - - to decrease the depth after the next -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is level #4. - Look what type of label LyX is using! -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -This is level #3. - Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman - numeral as the label.Why? -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is -\emph on -still -\emph default - a thirdfold -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environment. - Notice, however, that LyX -\emph on -did -\emph default - reset the counter for the label. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -Another -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-decrement" -\end_inset - - sequence, and we're back to level #2. - This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back - into the twofold-nested -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -The same thing happens if we do another -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-decrement" -\end_inset - -sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Lastly, we reset the environment to -\family sans -Standard -\family default -. - As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labeling - LyX uses for the -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - and -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environments. - The number of other -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - environments surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for - an -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - item. - The same rule applies for the -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - environment, as well. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Example 4: Going Bonkers -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -We're going to go totally nuts now. - We will not nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into - the same detail with how we did it. - (level #1: -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default -) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -( -\family sans -Return, -\family default - -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - - -\family sans -, Standard -\family default -: level #2) We will stick an encapsulated description of how we created - the example in parentheses someplace. - For example, the two key bindings are how we changed the depth. - The environment name is the name of the current environment. - Either before or after this, we will put in the level. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -( -\family sans -Return, Enumerate -\family default -: level #1) This is the next item in the list. -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Verse -Now we will add verse. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -It will get much worse. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -( -\family sans -Return, -\family default - -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - - -\family sans -, Verse -\family default -: level #2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Verse -Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Bippitey boppitey boo! -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -( -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - -\family sans -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Verse -Here comes a table: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -one-fish -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -two-fish -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -red-fish -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -blue-fish -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Verse -( -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - -\family sans -, Table, -\family default - -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - - 3 times, -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - -\family sans -, Verse, -\family default - -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "depth-decrement" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Enumerate -( -\family sans -Return, Enumerate -\family default -: level #1) This is another item. - Note that selecting a -\family sans -Table -\family default - resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth - 3 times to put the table inside the -\family sans -Verse -\family default - environment. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quotation -We're now ending the -\family sans -Enumerate -\family default - list and changing to -\family sans -Quotation -\family default -. - We're still at level #1. - We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments. - The next set of paragraphs is a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -quoted letter. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - We will nest both the -\family sans -Address -\family default - and -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default - environments inside of this one, then use another nested -\family sans -Quotation -\family default - for the letter body. - We will use -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "break-paragraph inverse" -\end_inset - - to preserve the depth. - Remember that you need to use -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - - to create multiple lines inside the -\family sans -Address -\family default - and -\family sans -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Address -\family default - environments. - Here it goes: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Right Address -1234 Nowhere Rd. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Moosegroin, MT 00100 -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -9-6-96 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Address -Dear Mr. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Fizlewitz: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quotation -We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control. - Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating - a backlog in our orders for methane. - We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order - as soon as possible. - In the meantime, we thank you for your patience. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quotation -We do, however, now have a special on beef. - If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form - with your order, along with payment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quotation -We thank you again for your patience. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Address -Sincerely, -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Bill Hick -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Quotation -That ends that example! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with - just a few keystrokes. - We could have easily nested an -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - list inside of a -\family sans -Quotation -\family default - or -\family sans -Quote -\family default -, or put a -\family sans -Quote -\family default - inside of an -\family sans -Itemize -\family default - list. - You have a huge variety of options at your disposal. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Spacing, pagination and line breaks -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spacing -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -What is a space? While you might be used to pressing the space key anytime - you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers - you more spaces: Spaces of different width and spaces which can or cannot - be broken at the end of a line. - The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are - useful. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Protected Space -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Protected-Space" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spaces ! Protected -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the - line at that point. - This may be necessary to avoid unlucky line breaks, like in: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -Further documentation is given in section -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Bibliography" - -\end_inset - -. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -section -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Bibliography" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - A protected space is set with -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Protected -\bar under - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\bar default -Space -\family default - (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space" -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Horizontal Space -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Horizontal-Space" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spacing ! Horizontal -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -All horizontal spaces can be inserted with the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Horizontal Space -\family default -. - The length units are listed in Appendix -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cha:Units-available-in" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Inter-word Space -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Inter-word-Space" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spaces ! Inter-word -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some languages (e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -English) have the typographical convention to add extra space after an end-of-se -ntence punctuation mark, and LyX honors those conventions (see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Abbreviations" - -\end_inset - -). - Sometimes, you want a normal space nevertheless. - In this case, insert an inter-word space (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "space-insert normal" -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Thin Space -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Thin-Space" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spaces ! Thin -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -thin space -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -protected -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -). - The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of - thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance - inside abbreviations: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -D. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -E. - Knuth has developed our beloved typesetting program. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -or between values and units. - Compare for example this: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -10 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -kg (thin space) -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -10 kg (normal space -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can insert thin spaces also with the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Thin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space -\family default - (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "space-insert thin" -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -More Spaces -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:More-Spaces" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can furthermore insert the following space types: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Negative -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -thin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -space A line with a -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \negthinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ -\end_inset - - Negative thin space between the arrows. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Enspace -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(0.5 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em) A line with a -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \enskip{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ -\end_inset - - Enspace -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(0.5 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em) space between the arrows. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Quad -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em) A line with a -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \quad{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ -\end_inset - - Quad -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em) space between the arrows. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -QQuad -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(2 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em) A line with a -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \qquad{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ -\end_inset - - QQuad -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(2 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em) space between the arrows. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Custom -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -space A line with -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \hspace{} -\length 2cm -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ -\end_inset - - 2 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -cm space between the arrows. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Table -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:Width-of-the" - -\end_inset - - lists the different space sizes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "tab:Width-of-the" - -\end_inset - -Width of the different horizontal spaces. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Space -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Normal -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1/3 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Protected -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1/3 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Thin -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1/6 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Negative thin -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout --1/6 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Enspace (0.5 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -0.5 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Quad (1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -QQuad (2 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -2 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection - -\family sans -Horizontal Fills -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spacing ! Fills -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Horizontal fills (HFills) are a special LyX feature for adding extra space - in a uniform fashion. - An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals - the remaining space between the left and right margins. - If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space - equally between themselves. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here are a few examples of what you can do with them: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -\noindent -This is on the left side -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -This is on the right -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -\noindent -Left -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -Middle -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -Right -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -\noindent -Left -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -1/3 Left -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -Right -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -That was an example in the -\family sans -Quote -\family default - environment. - Here -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ -\end_inset - -is one in a standard paragraph. - It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it -\emph on -is -\emph default - sitting in-between the two arrows. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -HFills can be made visible when you choose one of the -\family sans -Fill -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Pattern -\family default - in the space dialog: The following patterns are available: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Dots: -\begin_inset space \dotfill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Rule: -\begin_inset space \hrulefill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Left arrow: -\begin_inset space \leftarrowfill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Right arrow: -\begin_inset space \rightarrowfill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Up brace: -\begin_inset space \downbracefill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Down brace: -\begin_inset space \upbracefill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and -\emph on -not -\emph default - in the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it. - This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line. - If you need space in this case anyway, set the -\family sans -Protect -\family default - option in the space dialog. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Phantom Space -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Phantom-Space" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spacing ! Phantom -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase. - E. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -you want to create the following multiple choice question: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - -What is correct English?: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Mr. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Edge would have been jumps the gun. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Mr. - Edge -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -has to be jumped -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Mr. - Edge -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -jumps -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -So that the choices appear exactly after the phrase -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Mr. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Edge -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - To get this, you can use the phantom insets available via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Phantom -\family default -. - In our case insert a horizontal phantom at the beginning of the last two - lines and insert -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Mr. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Edge -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - into the phantom inset (note the space after -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Edge -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -). - A phantom insets prints only the space of its content (like a placeholder). - That is why it is named -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -phantom -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The normal phantom outputs the width and height of the content as space, - while the horizontal and vertical variant only outputs the corresponding - dimension. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Vertical Space -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Vertical-Space" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spacing ! Vertical -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Vertical -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space -\family default - dialog. - There you find the following sizes: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -SmallSkip -\family default -, -\family sans -MedSkip -\family default - and -\family sans -BigSkip -\family default - are LaTeX sizes which depend on the font size of the document. - -\family sans -DefSkip -\family default - is the skip adjusted in the dialog -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - for the paragraph separation. - If you use indentation to separate paragraphs -\family sans -DefSkip -\family default - is equal to -\family sans -MedSkip -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -VFill -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spacing ! Fills -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page. - An example: You have only two short paragraphs on one page with a vfill - between them. - Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second - one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal. - -\family sans -VFill -\family default -s work like -\family sans -HFill -\family default -s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -HFill -\family default -s are described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - If there are several -\family sans -VFill -\family default -s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves. - You can therefore use -\family sans -VFill -\family default -s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -Custom -\family default - are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cha:Units-available-in" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - -\series medium -If the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of - a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option -\family sans -Protect -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Paragraph Alignment -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can change the paragraph alignment with the -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Paragraph Settings -\family default - dialog. - There are five possibilities: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Justified -\family default - (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "paragraph-params \\align block" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Left -\family default - ( -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "paragraph-params \\align left" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Right -\family default - ( -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "paragraph-params \\align right" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Center -\family default - ( -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "paragraph-params \\align center" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Default -\family default - ( -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "paragraph-params \\align default" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word - spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between - the left and right margins. - The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align right -This paragraph is right aligned, -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -this one is centered, -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align left -this one is left aligned. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Forced Page Breaks -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Page breaks ! Forced -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you - can force a page break where you want one. - Normally this will not be necessary, because LaTeX is good at page breaking. - Only if you use a lot of -\family sans -Floats -\family default -, LaTeX's page breaking algorithm can fail. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We recommend not to use forced page breaks until the text is finished and - until you have checked in the preview to see if you -\emph on -really -\emph default - have to change the page breaking. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are two types of page breaks: One that ends the page without any special - action. - This can be inserted above or below a paragraph via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -New -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Page -\family default -. - The second type, that is inserted via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Break -\family default -, ends a page but stretches the content of the page, so that it fills out - the complete page. - This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a page break produces a page - on which only the last few lines are absent. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You might try to use a page break to ensure that a figure or table appears - at the top of a page. - This is, of course, the wrong way to do it. - LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables - appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without - having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table. - See chapter -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "chap:Floats-and-Notes" - -\end_inset - - to learn more about -\family sans -Floats -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Clear Page Breaks -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Page breaks ! Clear -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Rather than forced page breaks where the content behind the break is placed - directly on the next page, you can also clear pages while breaking them. - That means that the current paragraph is terminated and everything, including - unprocessed floats, from the earlier part of the document are placed behind - it, if necessary by adding pages. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can insert a clear page break with the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Clear -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Page -\family default -. - When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Clear -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Double -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Page -\family default - to insert a clear page break that assures that the next page is a right-hand - page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Forced Line Breaks -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Line breaks -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Similar to page breaks there are two types of line breaks: One that simply - breaks the line. - You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ragged -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Line -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Break -\family default - or with -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - -. - Another type that is inserted via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Justified -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Line -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Break -\family default - breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the whole space between - the page margins. - This is useful to avoid -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -fringes -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in justified paragraphs due to possible whitespace introduced by line breaks. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You shouldn't use forced line breaks to correct LaTeX's line breaking, as - LaTeX is very good at line breaking. - There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively - set a line break, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -in a poem or for an address (see sections -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Quote" - -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Verse" - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Address-Usage" - -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Horizontal Lines -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Horizontal-Lines" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Horizontal lines -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -\begin_inset CommandInset line -LatexCommand rule -offset "0.5ex" -width "100line%" -height "1pt" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -In the dialog -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Horizontal -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Line -\family default - you can insert horizontal lines. - The line offset is the vertical distance between the line and the baseline - of the current text line or the paragraph. - The line settings can be changed by left-clicking on the line. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -\begin_inset CommandInset line -LatexCommand rule -offset "0.5ex" -width "100line%" -height "1pt" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Characters and Symbols -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can directly enter all characters that are available on your keyboard. - You can also use special keyboard maps to be able to enter e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -characters needed for French with an English keyboard. - See section -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Keyboard-mapping" - -\end_inset - - for information on how this is done. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For the case where you need a character that is not on your keyboard, you - can use the -\family sans -Symbols -\family default - dialog via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Symbols -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Maybe not all symbols inserted with the symbols dialog can be displayed - when you are using a special screen font in LyX's preferences. - But the inserted symbols will in every case be displayed in the output. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Fonts and Text Styles -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Fonts-and-Text" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Font Types -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Font ! Types -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are two types of fonts: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Vector -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -fonts -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Fonts ! Vector- -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - are fonts, built from outlines of the single glyphs (e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. - characters) in the font. - This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are - well suited for scaling to any requested size. - This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the - curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph. - This means that vector fonts will look pretty good in all sizes. - Only at very small sizes where each pixel has to be very carefully computed - to provide a good image, it might be hard to provide a good rendering. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -That could mean that one only needs to define one font size and scale them. - But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes. - That improves the appearance because you need more details at large font - sizes than at small ones. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -The font types -\family typewriter -TrueType -\family default -, -\family typewriter -OpenType -\family default -, and -\family typewriter -Type -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1 -\family default - are vector fonts. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Bitmap -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -fonts -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Fonts ! Bitmap- -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start, so they - will look good at all the sizes they are meant for. - However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each - pixel is enlarged into several pixels. - It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in a - picture manipulation program. - In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in - several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels - or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful. - The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary - to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable - fonts. - The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exist as fixed versions have - to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Bitmap fonts are named -\family typewriter -Type -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -3 -\family default - in PostScript- and PDF-documents. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The result of all this is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they are - designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes. - So one needs fewer font size definitions for scalable fonts. - That's the reason why nearly all text rendering and typesetting programs - use scalable fonts. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To test which fonts are used in a PDF-document, you can have a look into - its document properties. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards - specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font. - For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current - font to emphasize text, you use an -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -emphasized style -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - instead. - This concept fits in perfectly with LyX. - In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting - details. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -LaTeX font support -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:LaTeX-font-support" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Traditionally, LaTeX uses its own fonts. - That is to say, you cannot directly access the fonts installed on your - operating system, but you have to use specific fonts provided by your LaTeX - distribution. - The reason is that LaTeX needs some extra information about the fonts, - which have to be provided by additional files and packages. - The downside of this is that your font choice is somewhat limited, compared - to usual word processors. - On the other hand this comes with the advantage that the provided fonts - are generally of very good quality, and that LaTeX files are very portable - across different machines. - Also, the range of fonts supported by traditional LaTeX was increased a - lot meanwhile so that you can find packages for many free and commercial - fonts. - In LyX, only a subset of these are directly selectable via the user interface - (see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Document-Font" - -\end_inset - - for details). - However, all others are available if you enter the respective LaTeX code - in the document preamble (please refer to the documentation of your desired - font). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Recent developments brought some new LaTeX engines that are also able to - directly access fonts that are installed for your operating system, namely - XeTeX and LuaTeX. - Both engines are supported by LyX. - By using them, you can use theoretically any OpenType or TrueType font - that is installed on your system. - The next section describes how to use these fonts. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - In practice, some fonts might fail due to bad metrics and other font deficienci -es; so you might have to experiment. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - XeTeX and especially LuaTeX, are still rather new and thus not as mature - as traditional LaTeX or PDFTeX. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Document Font and Font size -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Document-Font" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Font ! Size -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Font -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can set the document fonts in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - dialog. - In the -\family sans -Fonts -\family default - section of the dialog, you can specify which font should be used for the - three different font shapes — roman (serif), -\family sans -sans -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -serif -\family default - and -\family typewriter -typewriter -\family default - (monospaced) — you can specify the base font size and scaling factors for - (some) sans serif and typewriter fonts if this is necessary to fit with - the roman font. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you select -\family sans -Use non-T -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX fonts -\family default -, you will have access to the fonts installed on your operating system. - This requires that you use -\family sans -PDF (XeT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX) -\family default -, -\family sans -PDF (LuaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX) -\family default - or -\family sans -DVI (LuaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX) -\family default - as the output format, i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -you will have to have either XeTeX or LuaTeX installed (see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support" - -\end_inset - -). - You will then not have access to TeX's own fonts. - Note that LyX then lists all available fonts in each of the three lists - (roman, sans -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -serif, and typewriter), since LyX cannot determine the family. - Also note that the output might fail with some of the listed fonts, due - to the encoding of the fonts and\SpecialChar \slash{} -or font failures. - LyX cannot determine this in advance, so you might need to experiment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you use TeX fonts (which is the default), the possible options for the - font include -\family sans -Default -\family default - and a list of fonts available with your LaTeX distribution. - If you select -\family sans -Default, -\family default - the font that is preset by the current document class is used. - In most cases, this will be the standard TeX font, known as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -Computer -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Modern -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - ( -\family typewriter -cm -\family default -) or -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -European Computer Modern -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - ( -\family typewriter -ec -\family default -), but some classes preset different default fonts. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As -\family typewriter -cm -\family default - and -\family typewriter -ec -\family default - are bitmap fonts, they often looks pixelated in PDF output, especially - when you read the PDF in a zoomed size. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This problem doesn't appear if you read PDFs in -\family typewriter -Adobe -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Reader -\family default - version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font - renderer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - To get rid of pixelated fonts, you have to use a vector font. - Depending on how your document should look like, you can either: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -select the -\family sans -Latin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Modern -\family default - fonts, which is the recommended choice if you want to keep the look of - -\family typewriter -cm -\family default -/ -\family typewriter -ec -\family default -. - -\family sans -Latin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Modern -\family default - was developed for the LaTeX community in order to replace -\family typewriter -cm -\family default - as the default font. - It covers a huge range of glyphs and several font shapes. - Except for some details, where the appearance was improved, -\family sans -Latin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Modern -\family default - looks identical to -\family typewriter -cm -\family default -. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -One difference is improved kerning. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -or select the -\family sans -AE -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(Almost -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -European) -\family default - fonts in (the rare) case that -\family sans -Latin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Modern -\family default - is not available to you or does not work, and you still want to emulate - the look of -\family typewriter -cm -\family default -/ -\family typewriter -ec -\family default -. - -\family typewriter -AE -\family default - is a virtual font. - Virtual means that it -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -steals -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - outline -\family typewriter -cm -\family default --glyphs from other fonts. - This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French - guillemets ( -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -« -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -» -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Loading the LaTeX-package -\series bold -aeguill -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! aeguill -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - with the document preamble line -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -usepackage[ec]{aeguill} -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series default -will fix the guillemet problem. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - and that accented characters are not -\emph on -one -\emph default - glyph, but built of -\emph on -two -\emph default - characters, the accent and the letter. - Therefore you cannot search for words with accented characters in documents - using the -\family typewriter -AE -\family default - fonts. - If you search for example for the French word -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -rève -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in a PDF, you will not get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches - for the glyph -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - è -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and not for the glyph -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - e + -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - ̀ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -If you do not like the look of -\family typewriter -cm -\family default -/ -\family typewriter -ec -\family default -, you can of course select one of the other provided vector fonts, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -Times -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Roman -\family default - or -\family typewriter - Palatino -\family default -. - Most roman vector fonts will automatically select matching sans -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -serif and typewriter fonts, -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -These are sometimes just matching other fonts (e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g., -\family sans -Times -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Roman -\family default - selects -\family sans -Helvetica -\family default - for sans serif text), or different shapes of the same font, i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -a real font -\emph on -family -\emph default - (e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -in case of -\family sans -Latin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Modern -\family default - oder -\family sans -Computer -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Modern -\family default -). -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - but you can also select your own. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -The differences between roman, -\family sans -sans -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -serif -\family default - and -\family typewriter -typewriter -\family default - fonts are explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" - -\end_inset - -. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -The font -\family sans -Times -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Roman -\family default - was originally designed for newspapers. - Its glyphs are thus smaller than glyphs from other fonts in order to fit - into the small newspaper columns. - Therefore -\family sans -Times -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Roman -\family default - is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For the font size there are generally four possible values: -\family sans -Default, 10 -\family default -, -\family sans -11 -\family default - and -\family sans -12 -\family default -. - Some classes provide additional sizes. - The size of -\family sans -Default -\family default - depends on the class you are using. - In the standard classes it is equal to the font size 10. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that the font size is the -\emph on -base size -\emph default -. - That means that LyX scales all other possible font sizes (such as those - used in footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value. - You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the -\family sans -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style -\family default - dialog if needed. - The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Default Family -\family default - selection lets you specify whether the base font of your document should - be roman, sans -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -serif or typewriter. - The -\family sans -Default -\family default - selection uses what is preset by the class, the other selections override - this. - In most cases, -\family sans -Default -\family default - is equal to -\family sans -roman -\family default -, but some classes (such as presentation classes) also use other defaults. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family typewriter - -\family sans -LaTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X font encoding -\family default - selection is an expert setting which lets you change the value passed to - the LaTeX-package -\series bold -fontenc -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! fontenc -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - (see also sec. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-settings" - -\end_inset - -). - Normally, you do not need to change (or even understand) this. - Unless you have specific reasons, use -\family sans -Default -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With some fonts, the checkboxes -\family sans -Use Old Style Figures -\family default - and -\family sans -Use True Small Caps -\family default - are available. - These are extra features some fonts provide. - If -\family sans -Use Old Style Figures -\family default - is checked, old style figures (also known as medieval or text figures) - are used. - Old style figures are the numerals (0 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -- -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -9) with ascenders and descenders, which makes them fit nicely with lower - letters. - -\family sans -Use True Small Caps -\family default - determines that real small caps are used instead of faked small caps made - of scaled capitals. - Real small caps are often part of expert font sets; they generally look - better than faked small caps but might have to be purchased separately. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The field -\family sans -CJK -\family default - allows users of the languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) to specify - a font to display the script characters. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The font will be the argument for the commands of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -CJK -\series default -. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! CJK -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - So this has no effect for the document language -\family sans -Japanese -\family default - that does not use -\series bold -CJK -\series default -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - When you choose a new font or font size, LyX does -\emph on -not -\emph default - change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output; - this is part of the WYSIWYM concept. - LyX's screen fonts can be adjusted in the -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Preferences -\family default - dialog, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Screen-Fonts" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Using Different Character Styles -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Character Styles -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Text Style -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for - certain paragraph environments. - LyX supports two character styles, -\family sans -Emphasized -\family default - and -\family sans -Noun -\family default -. - You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the - toolbar. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To activate the -\family sans -Noun -\family default - style, do one of the following: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -click on the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "font-noun" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -use the key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-noun" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -These commands are all toggles. - That is, if -\family sans -Noun -\family default - style is already active, they deactivate it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -One typically uses the -\family sans -Noun -\family default - style for proper names. - For example: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\noun on -Matthias Ettrich -\noun default - is the original author of LyX. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A more widely used character style is the -\family sans -Emphasized -\family default - style. - You can activate (or deactivate — it's also a toggle) the -\family sans -Emphasized -\family default - style by: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -clicking on the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "font-emph" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -using the keybindings -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-emph" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Normally the -\family sans -Emphasized -\family default - style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or LaTeX-packag -es use a different font. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We've been using the -\family sans -Emphasized -\family default - style all over the place in this document. - Here's one more example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quotation - -\emph on -Do not overuse character styles! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It's also a warning in addition to an example. - One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation. - Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid - the common tendency to overuse character style. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can always reset to the default font using the key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-default" -\end_inset - - or the dialog -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Fine-Tuning with the -\family sans -Text Style -\family default - dialog -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Text Style -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are always occasions when you will need to do some fine-tuning, so - LyX gives you a way to create a custom character style. - For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet - requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations. - Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts - from ordinary dialog. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a - warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles! -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Documents that overuse different fonts and sizes are not well readable and - tend to look as if someone has knocked huge holes in them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To use custom character styles, open the -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Customized -\family default - dialog or press the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show character" -\end_inset - -. - There are several boxes on this dialog, each corresponding to a different - font property that you can choose. - You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select -\family sans -No -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -change -\family default -, which keeps the current state of that property. - The item -\family sans -Reset -\family default - will reset the property to whatever is the default. - You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph - environments in a snap. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The font properties, and their options (in addition to -\family sans -No -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -change -\family default - and -\family sans -Reset -\family default -) are: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Family -\family default - The -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -overall look -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - of the font. - The possible options are: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Roman -\family default - This is the Roman font family. - Normally a serif font. - It's also the default family. - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-roman" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Sans -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Serif -\family default - -\family sans -This is the Sans Serif font family. - -\family default - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-sans" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Typewriter -\family default - -\family typewriter -This is the Typewriter font family. - -\family default - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-typewriter" -\end_inset - - -\family sans -) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Series -\family default - This corresponds to the print weight. - Options are: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Medium -\family default - This is the Medium font series. - It's also the default series. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Bold -\family default - -\series bold -This is the Bold font series. - -\series default - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-bold" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Shape -\family default - As the name implies. - Options are: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Upright -\family default - This is the Upright font shape. - It's also the default shape. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Italic -\family default - -\shape italic -This -\shape default - -\family sans -\shape italic -i -\family default -s the Italic font shape -\shape default -\emph on -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Slanted -\family default - -\shape slanted -This is the Slanted font shape -\shape default - (although it might not be visible in LyX, this is different from italic). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Small -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Caps -\family default - -\shape smallcaps -This is the Small caps font shape -\shape default -\noun on -. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Size -\family default - Alters the size of the font. - You will find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually - proportional to the document font size. - Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of - what you want to do. - The options are: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Tiny -\family default - -\size tiny -This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Tiny -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font size. - -\size default - (key bindings -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "font-size tiny" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Smallest -\family default - -\size scriptsize -This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Smallest -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font size -\size default -. - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-size scriptsize" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Smaller -\family default - -\size footnotesize -This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Smaller -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font size. - -\size default - (key bindings -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "font-size footnotesize" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Small -\family default - -\size small -This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Small -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font size. - -\size default - (key bindings -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "font-size small" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Normal -\family default - This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Normal -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font size. - It's also the default size. - (key bindings -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "font-size normal" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Large -\family default - -\size large -This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Large -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font size. - -\size default - (key bindings -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "font-size large" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Larger -\family default - -\size larger -This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Larger -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font size. - -\size default - (key bindings -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "font-size larger" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Largest -\family default - -\size largest -This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Largest -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font size. - -\size default - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-size largest" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Huge -\family default - -\size huge -This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Huge -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font size. - -\size default - (key bindings -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "font-size huge" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Huger -\family default - -\size giant -This is the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Huger -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font size. - -\size default - (key bindings -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "font-size giant" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Increase -\family default - This increases the size by one step (for instance, from -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Largest -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Huge -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -). - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-size increase" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Decrease -\family default - This decreases the size by one step (for instance, from -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Normal -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Small -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -). - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-size decrease" -\end_inset - -) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -We warn you -\emph on -yet again -\emph default -: don't go crazy with this feature. - You should almost never need to change the font size. - LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments - — use those instead. - This is here for fine-tuning only! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Misc -\family default - Here you can change a few other things at the character level. - Options are: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Emph -\family default - -\emph on -This is text with emphasize on -\emph default -. - This might seem like the same as -\shape italic -Italic -\shape default -, but it is actually a bit different. - Emphasized is a -\emph on -logical -\emph default - attribute. - That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized - text. - Normally this font is equal to italic. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Underbar -\family default - -\bar under -This is text with Underbar on. - -\bar default - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "font-underline" -\end_inset - - -\family sans -) -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\family default -Avoid using underbar if you can! It is a hangover from the typewriter days, - when you could not change fonts. - One no longer needs to emphasize text by underscoring characters. - This is only possible in LyX because some people -\emph on -may -\emph default - need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Double -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -underbar -\family default - -\uuline on -This is text with Double underbar on. - -\uuline default - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-underunderline" -\end_inset - -) -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -As we just warned you against using underbar, you can imagine what we think - about double underbar. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Wavy -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -underbar -\family default - -\uwave on -This is text with Wavy underbar on. - -\uwave default - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-underwave" -\end_inset - -) -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Use this only if a journal absolutely insists on it. - Keep antinausea pills handy. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Strikeout -\family default - -\strikeout on -This is text with Strikeout on. - -\strikeout default - (key binding -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-strikeout" -\end_inset - -) -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -This is frequently used to indicate an older version of text that has been - changed in the meantime. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Noun -\family default - -\noun on -This is text with Noun on. - -\noun default - Like -\family sans -Emph -\family default -, this is a logical attribute. - Normally it's equivalent to -\family sans -Small -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Caps -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Color -\family default - You can adjust the color of the text with this control. - Notice that not all DVI-viewers are able to display colors. - Besides -\family sans -No -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -color -\family default -, which is the default -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -color -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and means normally black, you can choose between -\family sans -Black -\family default -, -\family sans -White -\family default -, -\family sans -Red -\family default -, -\family sans -Green -\family default -, -\family sans -Blue -\family default -, -\family sans -Cyan -\family default -, -\family sans -Magenta -\family default - and -\family sans -Yellow -\family default - text. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Color ! Text -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Language -\family default - This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from - the language of the document. - Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change - (only within LyX). -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -If you have for example a longer German Text in your document, LaTeX respects - the German hyphenation rules automatically. - When using the spell checking (see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Spellchecking" - -\end_inset - -) the German-marked text will be checked according to the German dictionary. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -So you have a huge number of combinations to choose from. - Once you've chosen a new character style via the -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style -\family default - dialog, the settings are saved. - You can activate them by using the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "textstyle-apply" -\end_inset - -. - The button lets you apply your custom character style even when the dialog - isn't visible. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To completely reset the character style to the default, use -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-default" -\end_inset - -. - If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed - (suppose you just set the shape to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -slanted -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and the series to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -bold -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -), set the -\family sans -Toggle -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -all -\family default - switch and press -\family sans -Apply -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You should also know something about the differences between the three main - font types -\family sans -serif -\family default -, -\family sans -sans -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -serif -\family default -, and -\family sans -typewriter -\family default -: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Typewriter -\family default - is a so called -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -monospaced -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - font, which means every character has the same width; the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -i -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is as wide as the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -m -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - Here is an example -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -no -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -typewriter text -\family default - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -For more on phantoms see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Phantom-Space" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -no typewriter text -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Serif -\family default - fonts use characters with serifs. - These are the small -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -appendices -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - at the ends of the strokes that form the character. - The following example shows the difference: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -text with serifs -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\family sans -text without serifs -\family default - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Serifs facilitate quick and easy reading. - These fonts are therefore used as default (named -\family sans -roman -\family default -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\family sans -Sans serif -\family default - is not recommended to use a base type. - This font type is therefore often only used for headings and short texts. - We use it in this document to highlight menu names. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Toggling -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - refers to applying or removing font properties. - When a property is marked for toggling in the Text Style dialog, applying - the style to text that already has the property will cause the property - to be removed. - If you for example apply a style with properties A, B and C to text that - currently has font properties B, C, F and G, and if B is set to toggle - and C is set not to toggle, the text ends up with properties A, C, F and - G. - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Never toggled -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -always toggled -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - mean that you do not control the toggling behavior. - For the properties on the left side of the dialog ( -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Family -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - etc.), toggling behavior is up to you. - If -\family sans -Toggle -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -all -\family default - is checked, all of the left side properties are toggled; by default, none - of them are. - Finally, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Reset -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is never toggled. - If you e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -set -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Series -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Reset -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and select -\family sans -Toggle -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -all -\family default -, then apply the style to bold face text, the text will revert to the default - series ( -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Medium -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -), no matter how many times you apply the style. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We conclude with the same warning once again: Do not overuse the fonts! - They are, more often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Printing and Previewing -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Overview -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Now that we have covered some of the basic features of document preparation - using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece. - Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what - goes on behind-the-scenes. - We cover this information in much greater detail in the -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default - manual as well. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX uses the program LaTeX as its backend. - LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent - confusion, we will only refer to LaTeX. - LyX is what you use to do your actual writing. - Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output. - This happens in two stages: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX, - generating a file with the extension, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.tex -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Next, LyX calls LaTeX to use the commands in the -\family typewriter -.tex -\family default - file to produce printable output. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Output file formats -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -File formats -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Output-file-formats" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Simple text (ASCII) -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -File formats ! ASCII -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This file type has the extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.txt -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -American Standard Code for Information Interchange -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (ASCII). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can export your document to ASCII with the menu -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Plain -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -text -\family default - or -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Plain -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ps2ascii) -\family default -. - The latter will first internally export to PostScript and then do the conversio -n to ASCII. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -LaTeX -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -File formats ! LaTeX -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This file type has the extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.tex -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and contains all commands that are necessary for the LaTeX program to process - your document. - If you know LaTeX, you can use it to find out LaTeX-Errors or to process - it manually with console commands. - The LaTeX-file is automatically created in LyX's temporary directory whenever - you view or export your document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can export your document as a LaTeX-file using the menu -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\family default -. - The different LaTeX export variants are explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Export" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -DVI -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -File formats ! DVI -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This file type has the extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.dvi -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - It is called -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -device-independent -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine - to another without needing to do any sort of conversion. - DVIs are used for quick previews and as pre-stage for other output formats, - like PostScript. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -DVI files do not contain images, they only link to them. - So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs. - Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the image in the background to make - it visible when you scroll the DVI, this can slow down your computer when - you view the DVI. - So we recommend using PDF for files with many images. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can export your document to DVI by the menu -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator -DVI -\family default - or -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator -DVI -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(LuaTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X). - -\family default - The latter option uses the program -\family typewriter -LuaTeX -\family default -. - -\family typewriter -LuaTeX -\family default - is an engine that provides direct Unicode support and support for direct - font access (see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support" - -\end_inset - -). - LuaTeX is still a work in progress, but it might develop into the next - standard TeX processor. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -PostScript -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -File formats ! PostScript -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This file type has the extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.ps -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - PostScript was developed by the company -\family typewriter -Adobe -\family default - as a printer language. - The file therefore contains commands that the printer uses to print the - file. - PostScript can be seen as a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -programming language -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -When you are interested to learn more about this, have a look at the LaTeX-packa -ge -\series bold -pstricks -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! pstricks -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Due to this ability, the files are often bigger than PDFs. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -PostScript can only contain images in the format -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Encapsulated PostScript -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (EPS, file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.eps -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -). - As LyX allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has - to convert them in the background to EPS. - If you have e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -50 -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -images in your document, LyX has to do 50 -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -conversions when you view or export your document the first time. - This might slow down your workflow with LyX. - So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as - EPS to avoid this problem. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can export your document to PostScript using the menu -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator -PostScript -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -PDF -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -File formats ! PDF -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -PDF -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This file type has the extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.pdf -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Portable Document Format -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (PDF) developed by -\family typewriter -Adobe -\family default - was derived from PostScript. - It is more compressed and it uses fewer commands than PostScript. - As the name -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -portable -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - implies, it can be processed at any computer system and the printed output - looks exactly the same. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Joint Photographic Experts Group -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (JPG, file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.jpg -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - or -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.jpeg -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Portable Network Graphics -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (PNG, file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.png -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -). - You can also use any other image format, because LyX converts them in the - background to one of these formats. - But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion - will slow down your workflow. - So we recommend using images in one of the three mentioned formats. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can export your document to PDF via the menu -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Export -\family default - in different ways: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ps2pdf) This uses the program -\family typewriter -ps2pdf -\family default - that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file. - The PostScript-version is produced by the program -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step. - So this export variant consist of three conversions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(dvipdfm) This uses the program -\family typewriter -dvipdfm -\family default - that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to - PDF. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(pdflatex) This uses the program -\family typewriter -pdftex -\family default - which converts your file directly to PDF. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(XeTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X) This uses the program -\family typewriter -XeTeX -\family default - that converts your file directly to PDF. - -\family typewriter -XeTeX -\family default - is a new engine that provides direct Unicode support and support for direct - font access (see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support" - -\end_inset - -). - It is particularly good at typesetting different scripts, for example verticall -y written Japanese. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(LuaTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X) This uses the program -\family typewriter -LuaTeX -\family default - which converts your file directly to PDF. - -\family typewriter -LuaTeX -\family default - is an even newer engine, derived from -\family typewriter -pdflatex -\family default -, that also provides direct Unicode support and support for direct font - access (see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support" - -\end_inset - -). - LuaTeX is still a work in progress, but it might develop into the next - standard TeX processor. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We recommend using -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(pdflatex) -\family default - because -\family typewriter -pdftex -\family default - supports all the features of actual PDF-versions, is quick, stable, and - works without problems. - If you rely on multiscript support and\SpecialChar \slash{} -or specific OpenType fonts, you might - want to try out -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(XeTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X) -\family default - or -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(LuaTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X) -\family default - instead, bearing in mind that these two programs are not yet as mature - as -\family typewriter -pdflatex -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -XHTML -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -FileFormats ! XHTML -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -HTML -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This file type has the extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.xhtml -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - It is a file suitable for viewing in web browsers. - It does not itself contain images and the like but only links to them, - and when LyX produces XHTML, it also generates corresponding images in - formats suitable for the purpose. - For the math output you can choose in the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Output -\family default - between different formats, which are described in section -\emph on -Math Output in XHTML -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Additional -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Features -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -XHTML output remains -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -under development -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, and not all LyX features are supported yet. - See the chapter -\emph on -LyX and the World Wide Web -\emph default -, in the -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default - manual, for more information. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can export your document as an XHTML file using the menu item -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator -LyXHTML -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Previewing -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Preview -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the page - breaks in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu - -\family sans -View -\family default - and choose -\family sans -View -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "buffer-view" -\end_inset - -. - A viewing program will pop up showing the output in the defined default - output format, which is globally set in the preferences (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:File-Formats" - -\end_inset - -) and can also be altered for single documents in the document settings - (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Doc-Output" - -\end_inset - -). - Further output formats can be selected via -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Other Formats -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/view-others.png - scale 85 - groupId toolbarbuttons - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same - viewer window using the menu -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Update -\family default - or -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Update (Other Formats) -\family default -, respectively. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in LyX's temporary - directory. - To have a real output, export your document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Printing the File from within LyX -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Printing-the-File" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Instead of exporting your file and then printing it, you can also print - it directly from within LyX. - To print a file, select the menu -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Print -\family default - or click on the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show print" -\end_inset - -. - LyX will internally call LaTeX to produce a DVI. - This file is then processed by the program -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - to PostScript-file, which is finally printed using the program -\family typewriter -Ghostscript -\family default -. - Due to these steps in the background, this method is not the fastest. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can choose to print only even-numbered or odd-numbered pages — this - is useful for printing on two sides: You can re-insert the pages after - printing one set to print on the other side. - Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down. - By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack - of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can set the parameters in the -\family sans -Print -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Destination -\family default - box as follows: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -Printer -\family default - This is the name of the printer to print to. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Note that this printer name is for the program -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default -. - That means -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default - has to be configured for this printer name. - The default printer can be set in LyX's preferences dialog, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Printer" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - The printer should understand PostScript. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -File -\family default - The name of a file to print to. - The output will be a PostScript file. - It will be written in LyX's working directory unless you specify the full - path. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -A few Words about Typography -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Typography -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Hyphens, Dashes and Minus Signs -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Hyphens -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Dashes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In LyX, the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -- -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - character comes in four lengths: the -\emph on -hyphen -\emph default -, the -\emph on -en dash -\emph default -, the -\emph on -em dash -\emph default -, and the minus sign: -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -name -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -output -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -inserted with -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -hyphen -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -- -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -- -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in text -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -en dash -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -– -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Special -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Symbols -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -em dash -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -— -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Special -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Symbols -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -minus sign -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $-$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -- -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in math mode -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can alternatively generate the en and em dash by inserting the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -- -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - character multiple times in a row. - They will automatically be converted to the appropriate length dash in - the final output, but not in LyX. - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -- -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -- -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - gives a en dash, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -- -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -- -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -- -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - a em dash. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in - math mode and has a length of its own. - Here are some examples: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -line- and page-breaks -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -( -\emph on -hyphen -\emph default -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -From A–Z -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -( -\emph on -en dash -\emph default -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Oh — there's a dash. -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -( -\emph on -em dash -\emph default -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -( -\emph on -minus sign -\emph default -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Hyphenation -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Hyphenation -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Hyphenation" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Words are not hyphenated within LyX but automatically in the output. - Hyphenation is done by the LaTeX-package -\series bold -babel -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! babel -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - following the rules of the document language. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LaTeX hyphenates almost perfectly, it only has problems with text in the - -\family sans -typewriter -\family default - font and with unusual constructs, like -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -h3knix/m0n0wall -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - If LaTeX cannot break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points - manually. - This is done with the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Hyphenation -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Point -\family default -. - These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX. - If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will ignore them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs from being hyphenated. - Imagine that you are describing keybindings/shortcuts in your document - in the form -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -A-b c -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - LaTeX would then see the hyphen -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -- -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - as a hyphenation possibility. - Hyphenating at this point would look ugly. - To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, you can put it into a makebox - as described in section -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Prevent Hyphenation -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Punctuation Marks -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Punctuation marks -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Abbreviations and End of Sentence -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Abbreviations" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX - automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations. - LaTeX then adds the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -appropriate amount of space -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and - the next word. - Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period that a word - gets after another word. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation does - not work in all cases. - If a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -. -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's - at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here are some examples of -\emph on -correct -\emph default - abbreviations and of the end of a sentence: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -M. - Butterfly -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Don't worry. - Be happy. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -And here is an example of the algorithm going wrong: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. - this is too much space! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -This is I. - It's okay. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You will not see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To fix this problem, use one of the following: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Use an -\family sans -Inter-word -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space -\family default - after lowercase abbreviations (see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Inter-word-Space" - -\end_inset - -). -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spaces ! inter-word -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Use a -\family sans -Thin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space -\family default - between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Thin-Space" - -\end_inset - -). -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spaces ! thin -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Use an -\family sans -End -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -of -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -sentence -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -period -\family default - found under the -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Special -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Character -\family default - menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing. - This function is also bound to -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "specialchar-insert end-of-sentence" -\end_inset - - for easy access. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -this is too much space! -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -This is I\SpecialChar \@. - It's okay. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences. - If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because LaTeX - will take care of this. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors: - Check out the -\family sans -Check -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -TeX -\family default - feature described in section -\emph on -Checking TeX -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Quotes -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Typography ! Quotes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Quotes | see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Typography -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX usually sets quotes correctly. - Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text, - and use a closing quote at the end. - For example, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -open close -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The keyboard character, -\family sans -" -\family default -, generates this automatically. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can specify what character the -\family sans -" -\family default - key produces using the submenu -\family sans -Language -\family default - of the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - dialog in the box -\family sans -Quote Style -\family default -. - There are six choices: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Text -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\family default - Use quotes like this -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -double -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset - -Text -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\family default - Use quotes like -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset - -this -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -\begin_inset Quotes gld -\end_inset - -Text -\begin_inset Quotes grd -\end_inset - - -\family default - Use quotes like -\begin_inset Quotes gld -\end_inset - -this -\begin_inset Quotes grd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -\begin_inset Quotes pld -\end_inset - -Text -\begin_inset Quotes prd -\end_inset - - -\family default - Use quotes like -\begin_inset Quotes pld -\end_inset - -this -\begin_inset Quotes prd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -\begin_inset Quotes fld -\end_inset - -Text -\begin_inset Quotes frd -\end_inset - - -\family default - Use quotes like -\begin_inset Quotes fld -\end_inset - -this -\begin_inset Quotes frd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\family sans -\begin_inset Quotes ald -\end_inset - -Text -\begin_inset Quotes ard -\end_inset - - -\family default - Use quotes like -\begin_inset Quotes ald -\end_inset - -this -\begin_inset Quotes ard -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Ligatures -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Typography ! Ligatures -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Ligatures | see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Typography -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Ligatures" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and - print them as single characters. - These groups are known as -\emph on -ligatures -\emph default -. - Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too - in the output. - Here are the standard ligatures: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -ff -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -fi -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -fl -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -ffi -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -ffl -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word. - While a ligature may be okay in the word, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -graffiti, -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - it looks really weird in compound words, such as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -cufflink -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - or the German -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Dorffest. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - To break a ligature, use -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Ligature -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Break. - -\family default - This changes -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -cufflinks -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} -links -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Dorffest -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} -fest -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -LyX's Proper Names -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LyX ! Proper names -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You will certainly have noticed that the word “LaTeX” always appears with - characters in different sizes and heights. - LaTeX is the name of the program used by LyX and is therefore recognized - as a proper name when you type it in LyX as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The braces in TeX Code are here to avoid that the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -command -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - appear as proper name in the output, see the last paragraph of this section. - To create proper names omit the TeX Code. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Note the order of the upper-and lowercase letters! LyX recognizes the following - proper names: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -LyX The name of the game, write -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -L -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -yX -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to produce it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -TeX The program used by LaTeX, write -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -T -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to produce it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -LaTeX The program used by LyX, write -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to produce it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -LaTeX2e The actual version of LaTeX, write -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX2e -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to produce it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You might wonder why the LaTeX-version is -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -2 -\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - It's an old tradition in the TeX-world to give programs geek version numbers. - For example the version number of TeX converges to the number -\begin_inset Formula $\pi$ -\end_inset - -: The actual version is -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -TeX-3.141592 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, the previous one was -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -TeX-3.14159 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you don't want to use proper names, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -in section headings, you can insert two empty braces in TeX Code in the - word. - This will look in LyX like: -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/LaTeX.png - scale 80 - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -For more about TeX Code, look at section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:TeX-Code" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Units -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Typography ! Units -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal - space between two words. - As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is - smaller. - To get such a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -half space -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - for units use the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Thin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space -\family default - (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcuts" -arg "space-insert thin" -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here is an example to show the differences: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -24 -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -kW -\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ -\end_inset - -h -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -space between number and unit -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -24 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -kW -\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ -\end_inset - -h -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -half space between number and unit -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Widows and Orphans -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Typography ! Widows and orphans -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page - happened to end. - There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text. - You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading - for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line - of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line - of a paragraph at the top of a new page. - These bits of text became known as -\emph on -widows -\emph default - and -\emph on -orphans -\emph default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading. - That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments. - But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line - of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules - built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there - to specifically prevent widows and orphans. - This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page, - or how you can tweak that behavior. - Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography (such as -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "latexcompanion" - -\end_inset - - or -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "latexguide" - -\end_inset - -) may have more information. - You will almost never need to worry about this, however. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -Notes, Graphics, Tables, and Floats -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "chap:Floats-and-Notes" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. - There you will also find tips and tricks for special cases. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Notes -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Notes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Notes" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX offers you a few types of notes to add to your document: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -LyX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Note This note type is for internal notes that will not appear in the output. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it does appear as - a LaTeX-comment when you export the document to LaTeX via the menu -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator -LaTeX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(xxx) -\family default -. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This is text in a note box that only appears as a comment in LaTeX-files. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Greyed -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Out This note will appear in the output as text in a color which you can - set in the document settings under -\family sans -Colors\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Greyed-out -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -notes -\family default -. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This is text -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This is an example footnote within a greyed out note. - In this document the color of this note type is set to blue. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - of a comment that appears in the output. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -As you can see in the example, the first line of greyed out notes is a bit - indented and greyed out notes can have footnotes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Notes are inserted with the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "note-insert" -\end_inset - - or the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Note -\family default -. - Right-click on the appearing note box to select the note type. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Footnotes -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Footnotes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Footnotes" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the - menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Footnote -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "footnote-insert" -\end_inset - -, -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no -you will see -\family default -\series default -\bar default - the following box: -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/footnoteQt4.png - scale 80 - -\end_inset - - -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no - This box is LyX's representation of your footnote. - If you -\family default -\series default -\bar default - left-click on -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no -the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -foot -\family roman - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\family default -\series default -\bar default - -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no -label, the box will -\family default -\series default -\bar default - be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it. - Clicking on the box label again, will close -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no -the -\family default -\series default -\bar default - box -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no -. - If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply highlight it - and click on the footnote -\family default -\series default -\bar default - toolbar -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no -button -\family default -\series default -\bar default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here is an example footnote: -\family roman -\series medium -\bar no - -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -To close a footnote, click on the footnote box label. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text - position where the footnote box is placed. - The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page. - The footnote number is calculated by LyX. - The numbers are consecutive, no matter in which chapter the footnote is - in. - LyX doesn't support other numbering schemes yet, but you can get other - schemes using special LaTeX-commands. - T -\family roman -h -\family default -ey are described in the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Marginal Notes -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Marginal notes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Marginal-Notes" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX. - When you insert a margin note via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Marginal -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Note -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "marginalnote-insert" -\end_inset - -, you will see -\family roman -\series medium -a -\family default -\series default - -\family roman -\series medium -box with the -\family default -\series default - -\family roman -\series medium -label -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -margin -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - appearing within your text. - This box is LyX's representation of your margin -\family default -\series default -al -\family roman -\series medium -note. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -At the side of this sentence is an example marginal note. -\family roman -\series medium - -\begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This is a marginal note. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents. - In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin – left on even - pages, right on odd pages. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For further information about marginal notes see section -\emph on -Margin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Notes -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Graphics and Images -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Images -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Graphics -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Graphics" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position - you want and click on the toolbar icon -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics" -\end_inset - - or select -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Graphics -\family default - from the menu. - Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters. - The -\family sans -Graphics -\family default - tab allows you to choose your image file. - The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling - factor. - The scaling units are explained in Appendix -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cha:Units-available-in" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the tab -\family sans -Clipping -\family default - it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width - of the image in the output. - The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button - -\family sans -Get -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -from -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -file -\family default -. - The option -\family sans -Clip -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -to -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -bounding -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -box -\family default - will only print the image region within the given coordinates. - Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore - the tab -\family sans -Clipping -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the -\family sans -LaTeX and LyX options -\family default - tab LaTeX experts can specify additional LaTeX options. - In this tab you can also specify the appearance of the image inside LyX. - The option -\family sans -Draft -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -mode -\family default - has the effect that the image doesn't appear in the output, only a frame - with the image size is printed. - The option -\family sans -Don't -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -unzip -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -on -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -export -\family default - is explained in the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual in section -\emph on -Graphics Dialog -\emph default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The graphics dialog can be called at any time by clicking on an image. - The image will appear in the output exactly at the position where it is - in the text. - This is an example image within a separate, horizontally centered paragraph: - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/mobius.eps - scale 70 - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you need image captions or want to reference images, you have to put - the image into a float, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Figure-Floats" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Image Formats -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Images ! Formats -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Image-Formats" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can insert images in any known file format. - But as we explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Output-file-formats" - -\end_inset - -, every output document format allows only a few image formats. - LyX therefore uses the program -\family typewriter -ImageMagick -\family default - in the background to convert the images to the right format. - To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background, - use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Output-file-formats" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Bitmap -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form. - They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixelated in large zooms. - Well-known bitmap image formats are -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Graphics Interchange Format -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (GIF, file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.gif -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -GIF|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Image formats -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Portable Network Graphics -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (PNG, file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.png -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -PNG|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Image formats -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Joint Photographic Experts Group -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (JPG, file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.jpg -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - or -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.jpeg -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -JPG|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Image formats -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Scalable -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size without - data loss. - The scaling ability is desired if you want to create presentations, because - presentations are always scaled by the beamer. - Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Scalable image formats can be -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Scalable Vector Graphics -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (SVG, file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.svg -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -SVG|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Image formats -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Encapsulated PostScript -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (EPS, file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.eps -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -EPS|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Image formats -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Portable Document Format -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (PDF, file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -.pdf -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -PDF -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - We say -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -can be -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF or EPS and the - result will not be scalable. - In this case only a header with the image properties is added to the original - image. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Normally one cannot convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only vice - versa. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Grouping of Image Settings -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Images ! Settings grouping -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Each image can define a new group of image settings or join an existing - group. - Images within such a group share their settings, so adjusting one image - of the group automatically also adjusts all other images of the group in - the same way. - So you can for example change the size for a bunch of images without the - need to manually change each of them. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A new group can be set by entering a name in the -\family sans -Group -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Name -\family default - field in the Graphics dialog. - Joining an existing group can be done using the context menu of the image - by checking the name of the desired group. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Tables -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Tables -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Tables" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can insert a table using either the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "tabular-insert" -\end_inset - - or the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Table -\family default -. - A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns. - The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated - from the rest of the table. - This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row - have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above - them. - Here is an example table: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -1 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -2 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -3 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -A -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -B -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\size normal -\noun off -\color none - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -C -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -The Table dialog -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which - brings up the table dialog. - Here you can adjust the settings of the cell and row/column respectively - where the cursor is placed currently. - Most of the dialog options also work on selections. - This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is - done on all of your selection. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In addition to the table dialog, the -\family sans -table -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -toolbar -\family default - helps you in setting table properties. - It appears when the cursor is inside a table. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the tab -\family sans -Table -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Settings -\family default - of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row. - If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the - current cell respectively. - The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width - is given. - A given width will allow the cell to have line breaks and multiple paragraphs - of text, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Table-Cells" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can mark multiple cells of one row/column as a multicolumn/row cell - using the check box -\family sans -Multicolumn -\family default - or -\family sans -Multirow -\family default -. - This will merge the cells to -\emph on -one -\emph default - cell, spread over more than one column/row. - Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width, - and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell. - Here's an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one - in the last row without the upper border: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -abc -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -def ghi -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -jkl -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -A -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -B -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -C -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -D -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -2 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -3 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -4 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Adept users can declare special LaTeX-arguments for the table. - They are necessary for special table formatting, like for multirow cells, - explained in the tables section of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. - You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table 90 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -degrees counterclockwise. - These rotations are not visible in LyX but are visible in the output. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Most DVI-viewers are -\emph on -not -\emph default - able to display rotations. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Borders -\family default - tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column. - The button -\family sans -Default -\family default - adds lines for all cell borders. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Longtables -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Tables ! Longtables -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Longtables -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option -\family sans -Use -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -long -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -table -\family default - in the tab -\family sans -Longtable -\family default - of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages. - Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -Header -\family default -: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options - defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable; - except for the first page, if -\family sans -First -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -header -\family default - is defined. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -First -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -header -\family default -: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options - defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -Footer -\family default -: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options - defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable; - except for the last page, if -\family sans -Last -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -footer -\family default - is defined. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -Last -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -footer -\family default -: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options - defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Caption: The first row is reset as a single column. - You can now insert there the table caption via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Caption -\family default -. - More about longtable captions can be found in the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also specify a row where the table is split. - If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware - that only the first one is used in the given table row. - The others will then be defined as -\emph on -empty -\emph default -. - In this context, first means first in this order: -\family sans -Footer, Last -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -footer, -\family default - -\family sans -Header, -\family default - -\family sans -First -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -header. - -\family default - See the following longtable to see how it works: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Example Phone List (ignore the names) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -NAME -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -TEL. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Example Phone List -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -NAME -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -TEL. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -continue ... -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Annovi -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Silvia -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Bertoli -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Stefano -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Bozzi -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Walter -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Cachia -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Maria -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Cachia -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Maurizio -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Cinquemani -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Giusi -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Colin -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Bernard -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Concli -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Gianfranco -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Dal Bosco -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Carolina -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Dalpiaz -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Annamaria -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Feliciello -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Domenico -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Focarelli -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paola -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Galletti -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Oreste -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Gasparini -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Franca -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Rizzardi -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paola -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Lassini -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Giancarlo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Malfatti -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Luciano -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Malfatti -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Valeriano -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Meneguzzo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Roberto -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Mezzadra -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Roberto -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Pirpamer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Erich -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Pochiesa -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paolo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111, 222 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Radina -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Claudio -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Stuffer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Oskar -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Tacchelli -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Ugo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Tezzele -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Margit -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Unterkalmsteiner -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Frieda -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Vieider -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Hilde -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Vigna -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Jürgen -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Weber -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Maurizio -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Winkler -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Franz -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -111 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Annovi -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Silvia -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Bertoli -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Stefano -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Bozzi -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Walter -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Cachia -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Maria -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Cachia -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Maurizio -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Cinquemani -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Giusi -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Colin -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Bernard -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Concli -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Gianfranco -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Dal Bosco -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Carolina -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Dalpiaz -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Annamaria -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Feliciello -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Domenico -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Focarelli -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paola -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Galletti -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Oreste -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Gasparini -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Franca -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Rizzardi -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paola -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Lassini -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Giancarlo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Malfatti -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Luciano -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Malfatti -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Valeriano -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Meneguzzo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Roberto -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Mezzadra -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Roberto -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Pirpamer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Erich -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Pochiesa -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paolo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555, 222 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Radina -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Claudio -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Stuffer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Oskar -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Tacchelli -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Ugo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Tezzele -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Margit -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Unterkalmsteiner -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Frieda -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Vieider -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Hilde -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Vigna -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Jürgen -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -999 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Weber -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Maurizio -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Winkler -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Franz -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -555 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -End -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Table Cells -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Tables ! Cells -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Table-Cells" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A table cell can contain text, inline equations, a figure, or another table. - All these kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell. - Font sizes and shapes can also be altered. - But you can't put a special environment in a cell (like -\family sans -Section* -\family default -, etc.), nor set spacing options etc. - for the cell's paragraph. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width - for the column in the table dialog. - Your text is then automatically split into multiple lines and the cell - is enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given width. - An example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -1 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -2 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -3 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -4 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -This is a multi-line entry in a table. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -5 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -6 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -This is longer now. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -7 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -8 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -This is a multi-line entry in a table. - This is longer now. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -9 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well. - You can cut and paste even more than one row. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Note, that you cannot paste into a multicell selection because it would - not be clear what to do when pasting a single word in a selected 2×3. - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Selection with the mouse or with -\family sans -Shift -\family default - plus the arrow keys works as usual. - You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting - the selection from outside the table. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Floats -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Floats -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Floats" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Introduction -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't - have a fixed location. - It can -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -float -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best. - -\family sans -Footnotes -\family default - and -\family sans -Margin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Notes -\family default - are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are - too many notes on the page. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Floats make it possible to get a high quality layout. - Images and tables can be spread evenly over the pages to avoid whitespace - and pages without text. - As the floating often destroys the context between the text and the image/table -, every float can be referenced in the text. - Floats are therefore numbered. - Referencing is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Cross-References" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To insert a float, use the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Float -\family default -. - A box with a caption will be inserted into your document. - The label will automatically be translated to the document language in - the output. - After the label you can insert the caption text. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Floats ! Captions -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate - paragraph within the float. - To keep your LyX-document readable, you can open and close the float box - by left-clicking on the box label. - A closed float box looks like this: -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/floatQt4.png - scale 80 - -\end_inset - - – a gray button with a red label. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is recommended to insert floats as a separate paragraph to avoid possible - LaTeX-errors that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Examples -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Figure Floats -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Figure-Floats" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Floats ! Figure floats -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Figure -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cap:Platypus" - -\end_inset - - was created using the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Figure -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "float-insert figure" -\end_inset - -. - The image was inserted by setting the cursor above the caption label and - using the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Graphics -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics" -\end_inset - -. - The image in the float was horizontally centered by putting the cursor - in front of or behind the image and using the menu -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Paragraph -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Settings -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "layout-paragraph" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float figure -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/platypus.eps - lyxscale 50 - width 50col% - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "cap:Platypus" - -\end_inset - -A severely distorted platypus in a float. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This figure float also shows how to set a label and create a cross-reference - to it. - As described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Cross-References" - -\end_inset - -, you can simply insert a label in the caption -\change_inserted 424524441 1329396703 -( not just in the float) -\change_unchanged -using the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Label -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "label-insert" -\end_inset - - and refer to it using the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Cross-Reference -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" -\end_inset - -. - It is important to use references to figure floats, rather than using vague - references like -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -the figure above -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, because, as LaTeX will reposition the floats in the final document, it - might not be -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -above -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - at all. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Normally only one image is inserted in a figure float, but sometimes you - might want to use two images with separate subcaptions. - This can be done by inserting image floats into existing image floats. - Note that only the main caption of the float is added to the List of Figures - as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:List-of-Figures" - -\end_inset - -. - Figure -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" - -\end_inset - - is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side. - You can also set the images one below the other. - Figure -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "fig:Undefinable" - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "fig:Platypus" - -\end_inset - - are the subfigures. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float figure -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Float figure -wide false -sideways false -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "fig:Undefinable" - -\end_inset - -Undefinable -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps - width 45col% - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Float figure -wide false -sideways false -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "fig:Platypus" - -\end_inset - -Platypus -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/platypus.eps - lyxscale 60 - width 45col% - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "fig:Two-distorted-images" - -\end_inset - -Two distorted images. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Table Floats -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Floats ! Table floats -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Table floats can be inserted using the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Table -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "float-insert table" -\end_inset - -. - They have the same properties as figure floats except for the different - label. - Table -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:Table-float" - -\end_inset - - is a table float. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "tab:Table-float" - -\end_inset - -A table float. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -1 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -2 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -3 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Joe -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Mary -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ted -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} -a & b\\ -c & d -\end{array}\right]$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -More Information -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Floats ! Details -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX offers you further float types as well as rotated floats. - It also allows you to change the float numbering scheme, to control the - float placement and to change the formatting and placement of the float - caption. - All these features are explained in detail with many examples in chapter - -\emph on -Floats -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Minipages -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Minipages -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Minipages" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LaTeX provides a mechanism to produce essentially a page within a page, - called minipage. - Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -apply. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Minipages in LyX have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Box -\family default -. - Right-clicking on the box allows you to alter the width of the minipage - and its alignment within the page. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Box Frameless -position "t" -hor_pos "c" -has_inner_box 1 -inner_pos "t" -use_parbox 0 -use_makebox 0 -width "30col%" -special "none" -height "1pt" -height_special "totalheight" -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\shape italic -This is a minipage. - The text is set in an italic style. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\shape italic -Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs - another formatting. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - -If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use -\family sans -Horizontal Fills -\family default - as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" - -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Box Frameless -position "t" -hor_pos "c" -has_inner_box 1 -inner_pos "t" -use_parbox 0 -use_makebox 0 -width "1.5in" -special "none" -height "1pt" -height_special "totalheight" -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text. - This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Box Frameless -position "t" -hor_pos "c" -has_inner_box 1 -inner_pos "t" -use_parbox 0 -use_makebox 0 -width "1.5in" -special "none" -height "1pt" -height_special "totalheight" -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text. - This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When you right-click on a minipage box, you can change the box from a minipage - to other box types. - All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter -\emph on -Boxes -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -Mathematical Formulas -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Formulas | see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Math -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the -\emph on -Math -\emph default - manual. - There you will also find tips and tricks for special cases. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Basic Math Editing -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Basics -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-mode on" -\end_inset - -. - That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its - corners. - That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate - what level of nesting within the formula you are at. - You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math -\family default - menu. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done - with the -\family sans -math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -toolbar -\family default -, that appears when the cursor is in a formula. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are two main types of formulas, inline formulas and display formulas. - Inline formulas appear within a text line, like this one: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This is a line with an inline formula -\begin_inset Formula $A=B$ -\end_inset - - in it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Displayed formulas appear outside the text like if they were in a separate - paragraph, like this one: -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -A=B -\] - -\end_inset - -You can only number and reference displayed formulas. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX supports also many LaTeX math commands. - E. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -typing -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -alpha -\series default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ -\end_inset - -. - Typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panel -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Navigating in Formulas -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Navigating -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is - achieved with the arrow keys. - LyX uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted. - The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula. - Pressing -\family sans -Space -\family default - will leave a formula construct (a square root -\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ -\end_inset - -, or parentheses -\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$ -\end_inset - -, or a matrix -\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} -1 & 2\\ -3 & 4 -\end{array}\right]$ -\end_inset - -). - Pressing -\family sans -Escape -\family default - will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula. - -\family sans -Tab -\family default - can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the - cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -Space -\family default -, printed in this document as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This command will appear in the output as an official character denoting - the space character (visible space). -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between - characters, but it does exit a nested structure. - For this reason, you have to be careful about using -\family sans -Space -\family default -. - For example, if you want -\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$ -\end_inset - -, type -\series bold - -\backslash -sqrt -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -2x+1 -\series default - and not -\series bold - -\backslash -sqrt -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -2x -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -+1 -\series default -, since in the latter case only the -\family typewriter - -\begin_inset Formula $2x$ -\end_inset - - -\family default - will be under the square root sign: -\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$ -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled - in, such as: -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -\left(\begin{array}{ccc} -\lambda_{1}\\ - & \ddots\\ - & & \lambda_{n} -\end{array}\right) -\] - -\end_inset - -If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing - in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Selecting Text -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can select text within a formula in two different ways. - Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press -\family sans -Shift -\family default - and a cursor movement key to select text. - It will be highlighted as with regular text selection. - Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way. - That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula, - but not in a normal text region in LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Exponents and Subscripts -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Exponents -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Subscripts -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts (buttons -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-superscript" -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-subscript" -\end_inset - -), but the much easier way is to use a command. - To get -\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ -\end_inset - -, type in a formula -\series bold -x^2 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\series default -. - The final -\family sans -Space -\family default - puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression. - If you type -\series bold -x^2y -\series default -, you will get -\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$ -\end_inset - -, to get -\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$ -\end_inset - -, type -\series bold -x^2 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -y -\series default -. - If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the - hat -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -^ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, you have to use an extra -\family sans -Space -\family default - to separate the hat and the character. - E. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -if you want -\begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$ -\end_inset - -, type -\series bold -x^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -a -\series default -. - Subscripts are similar: To get -\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$ -\end_inset - -, type -\series bold -a_1 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\series default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Fractions -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Fractions -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Create a fraction with either the command -\series bold - -\backslash -frac -\series default - or using the icon -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-insert \\frac" -\end_inset - - in the -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panel -\family default -. - You will be presented with an empty fraction. - The cursor is above the fraction line. - To move it to the bottom, simply press -\family sans -Down -\family default -. - To move back up, press -\family sans -Up -\family default -. - Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows: -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc} -2 & 3\\ -4 & 5 -\end{array}\right)}\right] -\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Roots -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Roots -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Roots can be created using the -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panel -\family default - button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-insert \\sqrt" -\end_inset - - or -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-insert \\root" -\end_inset - - or the commands -\series bold - -\backslash -sqrt -\series default - or -\series bold - -\backslash -root -\series default -. - With the command -\series bold - -\backslash -root -\series default - you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while -\series bold - -\backslash -sqrt -\series default - produces always a square root. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Operators with Limits -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Sums -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Integrals -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Operators-with-Limits" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Sum ( -\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ -\end_inset - -) and integral ( -\begin_inset Formula $\int$ -\end_inset - -) operators are very often decorated with limits. - These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter - a super- or subscript, directly after the symbol. - The sum operator will automatically place its -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -limits -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and on the side in inline - formulas. - Such as -\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$ -\end_inset - -, versus -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -\sum\nolimits _{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e -\] - -\end_inset - -Integral signs, however, will place the limits on the side in both formula - types. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in - display mode. - The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly - behind the operator and hitting -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "math-limits" -\end_inset - - or using the menu -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Change -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Limits -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Type -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Certain other mathematical expressions have this -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -moving limits -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - feature as addition, such as -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Limits -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x), -\] - -\end_inset - -which will place the -\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$ -\end_inset - - underneath the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -lim -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in display mode. - In inline formulas it looks like this: -\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$ -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro -\series bold - -\backslash -lim -\series default -. - Have a look at section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Functions" - -\end_inset - - for an explanation of function macros. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Math Symbols -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Symbols -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Most math symbols can be found in the -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panel -\family default - under one of several categories; including -\family sans -Greek -\family default -, -\family sans -Operators -\family default -, -\family sans -Relations -\family default -, -\family sans -Arrows -\family default -. - There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical - Society (AMS). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you know the LaTeX-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use, - you don't have to use the -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panel -\family default -; you can type the command directly into the formula. - LyX will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Altering Spacing -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Spaces -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You may want to create spaces that differ from the standard spacing that - LaTeX provides. - To do this, press -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space" -\end_inset - - or use the -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panel -\family default - button -\family sans - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-insert \\space" -\end_inset - - -\family default -. - This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen. - For example, the sequence -\series bold -a Ctrl+Space b -\series default -: -\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ -\end_inset - - appears in LyX as -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/SpaceMarker.png - -\end_inset - -. - You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind - the space marker and hit space again several times. - With every space hit the size will be changed. - Some markers for the space size appear red in LyX, because they are negative - spaces. - Here are two examples: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -a Ctrl+Space b -\series default - and 3× -\family sans -Space -\family default -: -\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -a Ctrl+Space b -\series default - and 5× -\family sans -Space -\family default -: -\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Functions -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Functions -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Functions" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panel -\family default - contains under the button -\family sans - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-insert \\functions" -\end_inset - - -\family default - a number of function macros, such as -\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ -\end_inset - -, -\emph on -etc -\emph default -. - (you can also insert them in a formula by typing -\series bold - -\backslash -sin -\series default - etc.). - Standard mathematical practice is that functions are printed upright to - avoid confusions, because -\begin_inset Formula $sin$ -\end_inset - - does normally mean -\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$ -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function: - -\begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$ -\end_inset - - is different from -\begin_inset Formula $asinx$ -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For some mathematical objects, like the limes, the macro changes where subscript -s are placed, as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Operators-with-Limits" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Accents -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Accents -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text - mode. - This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use. - You can also use LaTeX commands to e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -enter -\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ -\end_inset - - even if your keyboard doesn't have hat-accents enabled. - Our example is entered by typing -\series bold - -\backslash -hat -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -a -\series default - in a formula. - Table -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cap:Accent-names-and" - -\end_inset - - shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "cap:Accent-names-and" - -\end_inset - -Accent names and the corresponding commands. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Name -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Command -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -E -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -xample -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -circumflex -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -hat -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -grave -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -grave -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -acute -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -acute -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -umlaut -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -ddot -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -tilde -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -tilde -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -dot -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -dot -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -breve -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -breve -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -caron -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -check -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -macron -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -bar -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -vector -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -vec -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the -\family sans -Frame -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -decorations -\family default - symbol set button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-insert \\hat" -\end_inset - - in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have made within - a formula too. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Brackets and Delimiters -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Brackets -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Delimiters -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are several brackets available through LyX. - For some purposes, using just the keys -\family typewriter -[]{}()|<> -\family default - should suffice. - But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction, - or if you have several layers of brackets, it is better to use the math - toolbar delimiter icon -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter" -\end_inset - -. - For example, that is how you would construct the brackets around a matrix: -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -\left[\begin{array}{cc} -1 & 2\\ -3 & 4 -\end{array}\right] -\] - -\end_inset - -and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses. - Below, the expression on the left was entered using the delimiter icon - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter" -\end_inset - - and the expression on the right was entered using the -\family typewriter -() -\family default - keys. - -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\qquad\qquad\frac{1}{(1+(\frac{1}{1+(\frac{1}{1+x})}))} -\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you use the delimiter icon, the parentheses, and other brackets from - that menu will automatically re-size to accommodate the size of what is - inside. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the - left side and right side. - If you use the option -\family sans -Keep -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -matched -\family default -, the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side. - The selection will be shown below the button field. - If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button. - It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you want to place brackets around math structures, like a square root, - you can do so by first highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to - go inside the brackets. - Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on -\family sans -Insert -\family default -. - The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure. - The most common bracket combinations (parentheses, square brackets, and - braces, on both sides) can be entered more quickly using keyboard shortcuts. - For example, to insert a pair of flexible parentheses on both sides, select - the structure and enter -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "math-delim ( )" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Arrays and Multi-line Equations -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Arrays -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Matrices -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Multi-line Equations -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Matrices are entered in LyX using the -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panel -\family default - matrix button -\family sans - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show mathmatrix" -\end_inset - - -\family default -. - It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns. - Here is an example: -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -\left(\begin{array}{ccc} -1 & 2 & 3\\ -4 & 5 & 6\\ -7 & 8 & 9 -\end{array}\right) -\] - -\end_inset - -The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters" - -\end_inset - -. - When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries - will be left-, right-, or center-justified. - This alignment is set in the box -\family sans -Horizontal -\family default - with the letters -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -l -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -r -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -c -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - LyX proposes a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -c -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - for every column as default. - For example, the sequence -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -lcr -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be - centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter - corresponds to the relevant column. - The result will look like this: -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -\begin{array}{lcr} -this & this\, column & this\, column\\ -column & has & has\, right\\ -has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment -\end{array}. -\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - - while the cursor is in the matrix. - Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math -\family default - or the math toolbar. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases. - It can be created with the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Cases -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Environment -\family default - or the command -\series bold - -\backslash -cases -\series default -. - Here is an example: -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -f(x)=\begin{cases} --1 & x<0\\ -0 & x=0\\ -1 & x>0 -\end{cases} -\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - -Multi-line formulas are created when you press -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - - within a formula. - In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each - column. - When you press -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - - in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -= -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - etc.) will be inserted automatically in the first column, the relation sign - is in the second column, and the rest in the third column. - A new row is created by every further hit of -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "newline-insert newline" -\end_inset - -. - Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas. - Here is an example: -\begin_inset Formula -\begin{eqnarray} -a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\ -a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared} -\end{eqnarray} - -\end_inset - -Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs so structures - in this column will be printed in a smaller size: -\begin_inset Formula -\begin{eqnarray*} -\frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} -\end{eqnarray*} - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The multi-line formula type described here is called -\family typewriter -\series medium -eqnarray -\family default -\series default -. - There are other multi-line types more suitable for certain situations, - for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand eqref -reference "eq:asquared" - -\end_inset - -. - The other types are described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:AMS-Formula-Types" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Formula Numbering and Referencing -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Formula numbering -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Referencing formulas -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Toggle -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Numbering -\family default - or the shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "math-number-toggle" -\end_inset - -. - The formula number appears in LyX as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -# -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - within parentheses. - The -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -# -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - denotes that the number will be calculated automatically when the output - is generated. - The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on - the document class. - In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number, - separated by a dot: -\begin_inset Formula -\begin{equation} -1+1=2 -\end{equation} - -\end_inset - -Using -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "math-number-toggle" -\end_inset - - in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering. - You can only number displayed formulas. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Toggle -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Numbering -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -of -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Line -\family default - or the shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "math-number-line-toggle" -\end_inset - - will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is: -\begin_inset Formula -\begin{eqnarray} -1 & = & 3-2\\ -2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\ -4 & \leq & 7 -\end{eqnarray} - -\end_inset - -To number all lines use the shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "math-number-toggle" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - -Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label. - A label is inserted with the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Label -\family default - when the cursor is in the formula. - This opens a dialog to enter the label. - It is recommended to use the proposed -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -eq: -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - as the first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the - label type when you have many labels in your document. - We inserted in the following example the label -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -eq:tanhExp -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in the second line: -\begin_inset Formula -\begin{eqnarray} -\tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\ - & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp} -\end{eqnarray} - -\end_inset - -Every labeled line is automatically numbered. - Therefore the label is shown in LyX at the place of the formula number - placeholder -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -# -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - You can reference a labeled formula using the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Cross -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Reference -\family default -. - A dialog appears to choose a label you want to refer to. - The reference appears in LyX as a gray cross-reference box and in the output - as the formula number: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This is a cross-reference to equation ( -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "eq:tanhExp" - -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The properties of LyX's cross-reference box are described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Cross-References" - -\end_inset - -. - To delete a label, set the cursor at the end in the labeled formula and - press -\family sans -Del -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -User defined math macros -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Macros -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX allows you to define macros for formulas which is very useful when you - have equations of the same form in a document several times. - Math macros are explained in section -\emph on -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Macros -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Math -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Fine-Tuning -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Typefaces -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Typefaces -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman. - To set a font in a formula, use the -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panel -\family default - button -\family sans - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-insert \\font" -\end_inset - - -\family default -, or enter its command, listed in table -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cap:Typefaces-and-the" - -\end_inset - -, directly. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "cap:Typefaces-and-the" - -\end_inset - -Typefaces and the corresponding commands. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Font -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Command -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\shape up -\size normal -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -mathrm -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -mathbf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -mathit -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\shape up -\size normal -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -mathtt -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -mathbb -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -mathfrak -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\shape up -\size normal -\emph on -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -mathcal -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -mathsf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - You can only print capital letters in the typefaces -\family sans -Blackboard -\family default - and -\family sans -Calligraphic -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula. - Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface. - Pressing -\family sans -Space -\family default - within the box will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a protected - space when you need a space in the box. - Here is an example where -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -N -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in -\family sans -Blackboard -\family default - denotes the set of numbers: -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\: x\in\mathbb{N} -\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion. - You can e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -put a character in -\family sans -Fraktur -\family default - in a box for -\family sans -Typewriter -\family default -: -\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -So it is better not to use this feature. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters: -\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -You can only print them emboldened using the command -\series bold - -\backslash -boldsymbol -\series default -, which works like the other typeface commands: -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -boldsymbol -\series default - works for all symbols, letters, and numbers. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Math Text -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Text -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but - not for text. - For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using - the entry -\family sans -Normal -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -mode -\family default - of the -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panel -\family default - button -\family sans - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-insert \\font" -\end_inset - - -\family default - (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-default" -\end_inset - -). - Math text appears in LyX in black instead of blue. - You can use spaces and accents in math text like in normal text. - Here is an example: -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -f(x)=\begin{cases} -x & \mbox{if I say so}\\ --x & \mbox{under Umständen} -\end{cases} -\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Font Sizes -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Font sizes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are - automatically chosen in most situations. - These are called -\family sans -textstyle -\family default -, -\family sans -displaystyle -\family default -, -\family sans -scriptstyle -\family default -, and -\family sans -scriptscriptstyle -\family default -. - For most characters, -\family sans -textstyle -\family default - and -\family sans -displaystyle -\family default - are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts, - and certain other structures, are set larger in -\family sans -displaystyle -\family default -. - Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various - situations, all text will be set in the styles that LaTeX thinks are appropriat -e. - These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button -\family sans - -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-insert \\style" -\end_inset - - -\family default -. - A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure. - For example, you can set -\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ -\end_inset - -, which is normally in -\family sans -textstyle -\family default -, larger in -\family sans -displaystyle -\family default -: -\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ -\end_inset - -. - The four styles are used in the following example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$ -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$ -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$ -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$ -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -All these math-mode font sizes are relative so that if the whole math inset - is set in a particular size with the menu -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style -\family default -, all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size. - Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts - will be adjusted to correspond. - As an example here is a formula in the font size -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -largest -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\size largest -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Theorem Modules -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As of LyX 1.6, support for theorem-like environments has been moved out of - the document classes and into layout modules. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Layout Modules -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - As a result, theorem-like environments can now easily be used with classes - other than the AMS classes. - See section -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Modules" - -\end_inset - - for more on layout modules. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -AMS-LaTeX -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -AMS math -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! AMS -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society - (AMS) that are in common use. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Enabling AMS-Support -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Selecting the checkbox -\family sans -Use -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -AMS -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -package -\family default - in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - dialog under -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Options -\family default - will include the AMS-packages in the document and make the facilities available. - AMS is needed for many math-constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in - formulas, ensure that you have enabled AMS. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -AMS-Formula Types -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:AMS-Formula-Types" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Math ! Multi-line Equations -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types. - LyX allows you to choose between -\family typewriter -align -\family default -, -\family typewriter -alignat -\family default -, -\family typewriter -flalign -\family default -, -\family typewriter -gather -\family default -, and -\family typewriter -multline -\family default -. - We refer to the AMS-documentation for an explanation of these formula types. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -More Tools -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Cross-References -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Cross references -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Cross-References" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -One of LyX's strengths is cross-references. - You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in - the document. - To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it. - The label is used as an anchor and a name for the reference. - We want for example to refer to the second item of the following list: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -First item -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "enu:Second-item" - -\end_inset - -Second item -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Third item -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -First we insert a label into the second item with the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Label -\family default - or by pressing the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "label-insert" -\end_inset - -. - A gray label box like this: -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/labelQt4.png - scale 85 - -\end_inset - - is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text. - LyX offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case - the text -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -enu:Second-item -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The prefix -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -enu: -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - stands for -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -enumerate -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -if you insert a label into a section heading, the suggested prefix will - be -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -sec: -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Cross-Reference -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" -\end_inset - -. - A gray cross-reference box like this: -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/referenceQt4.png - scale 85 - -\end_inset - - is inserted and the cross-reference window appears showing all the labels - in the document. - We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -enu:Second-item -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear - in the output. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Alternatively to -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Cross-Reference -\family default -, you can right-click on a label and use in the appearing context menu -\family sans -Copy as Reference -\family default -. - The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be pasted - to the actual cursor position via the menu -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Paste -\family default - (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "paste" -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here is our cross-reference: Item -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "enu:Second-item" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is recommended to use a protected space -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Protected-Space" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - between the cross-reference name and the cross-reference to avoid ugly - line breaks between them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are six formats of cross-references: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -: prints the number, this is the default: -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -(): prints the number within two parentheses, this is the style - normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference name - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Equation -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is omitted: -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand eqref -reference "eq:tanhExp" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -: prints the page number: Page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand pageref -reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -on -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -: prints the text "on page" and the page number: -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand vpageref -reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -on -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -: prints the number, the text "on page", and the page number: -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand vref -reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Formatted -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - This feature is only available when you have the LaTeX-package -\series bold -prettyref -\series default - or -\series bold -refstyle -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! prettyref -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! refstyle -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - installed. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -You can select which LaTeX-package should be used for this feature by setting - the option -\family sans -Use refstyle (not prettyref) for cross-references -\family default - in the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Document Class -\family default -. - The package -\series bold -refstyle -\series default - is the default and preferred because -\series bold -prettyref -\series default - supports only English documents. - The format is specified by using the command -\series bold - -\backslash -newrefformat -\series default - (prettyref) or -\series bold - -\backslash -newref -\series default - (refstyle) in the LaTeX preamble of the document. - For example redefining all references to figures (which have the label - shortcut -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -fig -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -) can be done with this command -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -newref{fig}{refcmd={Image on page -\backslash -pageref{#1}}} -\series default - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -For more information about the format, have a look at the package documentations -, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "prettyref,refstyle" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Textual -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -reference: prints the caption or the name of the reference: -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand nameref -reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans - -\family default - will not print the page number if the label is on the previous, the same, - or the next page. - You will e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -see the text -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -on this page -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - instead. - The style -\family sans - on page -\family default - will not print anything about the page if the label is on the same page. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The number and current page of the referenced document part in the output - is automatically calculated by LaTeX. - The varieties are adjusted in the field -\family sans -Format -\family default - of the cross-reference window, that appear when you click on the cross-referenc -e. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can only use the style -\family sans - -\family default - to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style -\family sans - -\family default - is always possible. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading; - for floats put the label in the caption; for footnotes put the label in - it. - Referencing formulas is explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Right-clicking on a cross-reference opens a context menu. - The entry -\family sans -Go -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -to -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Label -\family default - sets the cursor before the referenced label. - This entry will be renamed in the context menu of the label to -\family sans -Go -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Back -\family default - so that you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference. - You can also go back with the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "bookmark-goto 0" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can change labels at any time. - References to the changed label will automatically be updated so that you - do not need to think about this. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If a cross-reference refers to a non-existent label, you will see two question - marks in the output instead of the reference. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -References are described in detail in sec. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Referencing Floats -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Table of Contents and other Listings -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Table of contents -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Outline -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:toc" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Table of Contents -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Table-of-Contents" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Table -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -of -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Contents -\family default -. - Is is displayed in LyX as a gray box. - If you click on it, the -\family sans -Outline -\family default - window appears, showing you the TOC entries as outline, which allows you - to move and rearrange sections in your documents. - So this operation is an alternative to the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Outline -\family default - that is described in sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Navigating" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The TOC in the document output lists every numbered section automatically. - If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described - in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Short-Titles" - -\end_inset - -, it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading. - Section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Numbering-depth" - -\end_inset - - describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are - listed in the TOC. - Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -List of Figures, Tables, and Algorithms -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:List-of-Figures" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents. - You can insert them via the -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -List -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -TOC -\family default - submenus. - The list entries are the float captions and the float number. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -URLs and Hyperlinks -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -URLs -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Hyperlinks -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -URLs -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:URLs" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Links to web pages or email addresses can be inserted via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -URL -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here is an example URL: LyX's homepage: -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://www.lyx.org -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You cannot change the style of the link text, the URL text will always be - in the style -\family typewriter -Typewriter -\family default -. - To be able to format the URL text, use hyperlinks as explained in the next - subsection. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - URLs must not end with a backslash, otherwise you get LaTeX errors. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Hyperlinks -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Hyperlinks" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Hyperlinks can be inserted with the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Hyperlink -\family default - or with the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "href-insert" -\end_inset - -. - The appearing dialog has two fields: -\family sans -Target -\family default - and -\family sans -Name -\family default -. - The name is the printed text for the hyperlink. - The hyperlink type can be a weblink like this: -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX's homepage" -target "http://www.lyx.org" - -\end_inset - -, an Email address like this: -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "lyx-docs mailing list" -target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's documentation" -type "mailto:" - -\end_inset - -, or a link to a file. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can start applications via a hyperlink when you insert a weblink by - adding the prefix -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -run: -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to the link target. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Hyperlinks will automatically be hyphenated if necessary in the PDF output, - and become clickable in the DVI and PDF-output. - To set the format of the link text, highlight the hyperlink inset and use - the text style dialog. - This is for example a hyperlink with bold sans serif text: -\family sans -\series bold - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX's homepage" -target "http://www.lyx.org" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The link text color can be changed, when the option -\family sans -Color links -\family default - is set in the PDF Properties dialog (menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -PDF Properties -\family default -). - The link text is for example set in this document to blue by adding the - option -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold -urlcolor=blue -\series default - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -to the field -\family sans -Additional options -\family default - in the PDF Properties dialog. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Appendices -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Appendix -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Appendices" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Appendices are created with the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Start -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Appendix -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Here -\family default -. - This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end - as the appendix region. - The region is marked with a red borderline. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Every chapter (or section) within the appendix region is treated as an appendix, - numbered with a capital Latin letter. - The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot - and the subsection number. - All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections, - here two examples: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Appendix -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cha:Credits" - -\end_inset - -; Appendix -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Export" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Bibliography -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Bibliography -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Bibliography" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a LyX-document. - You can include a bibliography database, -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Known under the name -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -BibTeX-database -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - which is explained in the next subsection, or you can insert the bibliography - manually, using the paragraph environment -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default -, which was described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Biblio_environment" - -\end_inset - -. - If you want anything other than numerical citations that are used in this - document, like author-year citations, then you must -\emph on - -\emph default -use a bibliography database. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -The Bibliography Environment -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Within the -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled - with a number. - If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a -\family sans -Key -\family default - and a -\family sans -Label -\family default -. - The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography - entry. - For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about LaTeX - and we used -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -latexcompanion -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, a short form of its title, as the key. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can refer to the key of a bibliography entry using the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Citation -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation" -\end_inset - -. - A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear - in which you can select one or more keys in the available key list. - The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key. - When you click on the box, the citation window appears and you can change - the reference. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Citation references appear in the output as the number of the bibliography - entry with surrounding brackets. - If you set a -\family sans -Label -\family default - for the entry, the label will appear instead of the number. - Here are two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Credits -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Have a look at the -\family sans -LaTeX Companion Second Edition -\family default -: -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "latexcompanion" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The LyX-Team members are listed in the Credits: -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "lyxcredit" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Bibliography databases (BibTeX) -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Bibliography ! Databases -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Bibliography ! BibTeX -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Bibliography-databases" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same bibliography in different - documents. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -They are also useful for keeping a database of articles and notes concerning - them. - Most of the database programs mentioned below allow you to store annotations - and reviews along with bibliographical information. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - It also makes it very easy to have a uniform layout for all bibliography - entries. - You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of - your working field in a database. - This database can be used for different documents, and by default only - the entries cited in a particular document will appear in the bibliography - list for that document. - This relieves you of the need to keep track of which articles and books - you have cited. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The database is a text file with the file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -.bib -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, containing the bibliography in a special format. - The format is explained in -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "BibTeX-2" - -\end_inset - - and in LaTeX books ( -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport" - -\end_inset - -). - The file can be created using any text editor, but normally one uses a - special program to create and edit the entries in the database. - A list of such programs is maintained on the LyX Wiki at -\begin_inset Flex URL -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To use a database, use the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -List -\family default -/ -\family sans -TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator -BibT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Bibliography -\family default -. - A gray box will be inserted and a window appears. - In this window you can load one or more databases and a style file. - The option -\family sans -Add bibliography to TOC -\family default - adds a table of contents entry for the bibliography. - In the -\family sans -Content -\family default - drop box you can select whether to include all the entries in the database - in the document or just the cited references. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The style file is a text file with the file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -.bst -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - that controls how the bibliography entries will appear. - Your LaTeX distribution should provide several of these, and many publishers - provide their own style files, so that you don't have to take care of the - layout. - It is of course possible to write your own style file, but this is something - for experts. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -For information on how this is done, have a look at -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxhak.pdf" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserting a citation reference works as described in the previous section. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To generate the bibliography from a database, LyX uses the program BibTeX. - You can choose which of its variants should be used by LyX as the processor - either in the document settings under -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - or in LyX's preferences under -\family sans -Output\SpecialChar \menuseparator -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\family default -. - The following variants are possible: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -biber provides full Unicode support, unlimited memory, does not work with - other bibliography packages (like e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\series bold -natbib -\series default -), only with the package -\series bold -biblatex -\series default -; recommended for multilingual texts and for languages that don't use Latin - letters -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -bibtex the standard; does not allow special characters in bibliography entries - that are not possible to encode in a 7-bit encoding, limited memory, works - with all bibliography packages, except of -\series bold -biblatex -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -bibtex8 allows all characters that are possible to encode in a 8-bit encoding, - larger memory than -\family sans -bibtex -\family default -, works with all bibliography packages -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -BibTeX can be controlled with options that you can add below the specification - of the variants. - Before adding options, it is strongly recommended to read the manual of - -\family sans -BibTeX -\family default - -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "BibTeX" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When you select the option -\family sans -Sectioned bibliography -\family default - in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog, it is possible to have multiple and sectioned bibliographies. - This and other options are explained in detail in section -\emph on -Customizing Bibliographies -\emph default - -\emph on -with BibTeX -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We use two bibliographies in this document to show the difference between - the two methods of creating them. - As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists - only the database entries that are referenced in the document. - We used the style file -\family sans -alphadin.bst -\family default - to get the complicated German reference key scheme in the bibliography. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Bibliography layout -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Bibliography ! Layout -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the citation reference dialog you can set a special citation format. - For this feature you need to enable the option -\family sans -Natbib -\family default - in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - dialog under -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default -. - Setting a citation style for a reference will overwrite the default. - For the global citation format use the BibTeX style files as explained - in the previous section. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also set text to appear before or after a citation reference, in - the citation reference window. - Here is an example where the text -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Chapter -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -3 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - appears after the reference: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Have a look at -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -after "Chapter 3" -key "latexcompanion" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Index -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Index generation -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Index" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -An index entry is created if you use the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Index -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Entry -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "index-insert" -\end_inset - -. - A box is inserted containing the text that appears in the index. - The word where the cursor is in or the currently highlighted text is proposed - by LyX as the index entry. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The index list is inserted in the document with the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -List -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Index -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -List -\family default -. - A light blue box labeled -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -Index -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - will show the place where the index is printed in the output. - The index list box is not clickable like other LyX-boxes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -We give a short overview of the index commands in the next subsections. - For a detailed description of LaTeX's index mechanism, have a look at one - of the LaTeX books -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Grouping Index Entries -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Index ! Grouping -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Index entries are often grouped to offer the reader a fast search in the - index. - We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated - lists under the entry -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Lists -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - First we create the entry -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Lists -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Lists" - -\end_inset - -. - In the text field for the itemized list index entry in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Itemize" - -\end_inset - -, we insert the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -Lists ! Itemize -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -and the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -Lists ! Enumerate -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -for the enumerated list in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Enumerate" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The exclamation mark -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -! -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - marks the grouping levels. - You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more. - An index entry for the higher levels is not required. - If we don't have an index entry for -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Lists -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, it will be printed anyway, but without a page number. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Page Ranges -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Index ! Page ranges -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed - section. - But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry. - E. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create an index entry - in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments" - -\end_inset - - with the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -Paragraph environments|( -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -and another entry at the end of section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LyX-Code" - -\end_inset - - with the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -Paragraph environments|) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The commands -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\series bold -|( -\series default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\series bold -|) -\series default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - respectively start and end the index range. - You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document. - They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of - the pages of the indexed document parts. - An example is the index entry -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Document ! Settings -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Cross referencing -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Index ! Cross referencing -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is also possible to refer to another index entry. - We referred for example in the index entry -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -GIF -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Image-Formats" - -\end_inset - -) to the index entry -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Image formats -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in the same section using the entry -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -GIF|see{Image formats} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -where the braces have to be inserted as TeX Code. - The text within the braces is the referenced entry. - The reference will appear in the output without a page number. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Index Entry Order -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Index ! Entry order -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you use accented characters in the index entry the entries might not - follow the rules for the index order. - The index entries are sorted alphabetically but LaTeX -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The index generating is done in the background by an extra program, see - section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Index-Program" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - does not know how to sort accents in different languages. - We have created as an example the three dummy index entries -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -maison -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -maïs -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -maître -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Dummy entries ! maïs -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Dummy entries ! maître -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Dummy entries ! maïs@maison -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison but we want the order - maïs, maison, maître. - To achieve this, we use the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -previous entry@current entry -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In our case we want to have -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -maison -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - after -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -maïs -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and write therefore for the index entry of maison: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -maïs@maison -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The previous entry need not be a real existing entry. - You can also use another word to tell LaTeX the entry order. - See the next subsection for an example. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In some cases the index entry order is not correct when you are using the - program -\family sans -makeindex -\family default -to generate the index (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Index-Program" - -\end_inset - -). - -\family sans -makeindex -\family default - would for example print the index entry for the LaTeX-package aeguill in - sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Document-Font" - -\end_inset - - after the index entries of the other LaTeX-packages although all these - index commands start with -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\series bold -LaTeX-packages ! -\series default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The reason is that the index entry for aeguill is in a footnote. - To fix this -\family sans -makeindex -\family default - bug, add these commands to the preamble of your document: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -let -\backslash -OrgIndex -\backslash -index -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -renewcommand*{ -\backslash -index}[1]{ -\backslash -OrgIndex{#1}} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Index Entry Layout -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Index ! Entry layout -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can change the appearance of index entries via the text style dialog. -\begin_inset Index idx -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Dummy entries ! -\shape italic -This is an italic dummy entry -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - You can also format the page number using the character -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -| -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - followed by a LaTeX-command without a backslash. - We can write for example -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -italic page number:|textit -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -to get the page number in italic. -\begin_inset Index idx -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Dummy entries ! italic page number:|textit -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Normally all LaTeX-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special - case -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\series bold -|command -\series default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - means -\series bold - -\backslash -command{page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -number} -\series default -. - Have a look at section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" - -\end_inset - - to learn more about the LaTeX-syntax. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Formatting single index entries only works when you use the program -\family sans -makeindex -\family default -to generate the index, see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Index-Program" - -\end_inset - -. - If you use -\family sans -xindy -\family default -, this will not work for anything other than bold or italic text. - This is because -\family sans -xindy -\family default - requires you to define semantic elements before they can be used, see -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -after "p. 678 ff." -key "latexcompanion" - -\end_inset - - for details. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In general, we encourage you to not format page numbers directly as shown - above. - Instead, you should define a macro in the preamble and use that. - Maybe you want all page references italic that refer to a definition of - the indexed term, so that users can easily find definitions. - If so, put the following in the preamble -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -IndexDef}[1]{ -\backslash -textit{#1}} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -and write -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -my entry|IndexDef -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -in the index entry. -\begin_inset Index idx -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Dummy entries ! my entry|IndexDef -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - The advantage is that, if you change your mind later or if your publisher - insists that definitions must not be italic but bold, you just need to - change the macro in the preamble, not every single index entry. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also change the layout for the whole index. - E. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get a bold font - for all index entries. - For more advanced tasks you have to set up a so-called -\emph on -Index Style File -\emph default -, see the -\family sans -makeindex -\family default - or -\family sans -xindy -\family default - documentation for details, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "makeindex,xindy" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Index Program -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Index ! Program -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Index-Program" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If the index entry program -\family sans -xindy -\family default - is installed, LyX uses it for index generation; otherwise the program -\family sans -makeindex -\family default -, that is part of every LaTeX distribution, is used. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Makeindex -\family default - is very old, no longer under development and has many pitfalls, notably - that it was developed with only the English language in mind. - So it fails to sort anything other than a monolingual English text correctly. - We have shown above how to fix this sorting. - However, if you are writing in another than the English language, consider - to use -\family sans -xindy -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Both programs can be controlled by options that can be set in LyX's preferences - dialog, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-settings" - -\end_inset - -. - The available options are listed and explained in -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "makeindex,xindy" - -\end_inset - -. - In this dialog, you can also specify an alternative program to generate - the index. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you need specific options or an alternative index program only for a - given document, you can define the program and\SpecialChar \slash{} -or the options in -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Indexes -\family default -. - This is especially useful if you need to pass language-specific options - to the index program or if you need a specific layout style. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Multiple Indexes -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In many fields it is common to have more than one index. - For instance, you might need to set up a separate -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Index of Names -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - next to the standard index. - LaTeX does not provide this possibility out of the box, but there are many - packages that add this feature. - LyX uses the -\series bold -splitidx -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! splitidx -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - package to generate multiple indexes. - The package is included in all recent LaTeX distributions. - If yours does not ship it, consult the TeX-catalogue, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "TeXCatalogue" - -\end_inset - -. - Note that the package does not only consist of a LaTeX style, but it also - includes specific preprocessor programs that need to be installed as well. - Please consult the package's manual for details. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To set up LyX for the use of multiple indexes, go to -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Indexes -\family default - and select -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Use multiple Indexes -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - Note that the list of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Available Indexes -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - below already contains the standard index. - To add further indexes, add the name of the index (in the form that should - also appear as a heading) to the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -New -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - input field and press the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Add -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - button. - The new index should now appear in the list as well. - If you like, you can attribute an alternative label color to the new index - by selecting the index in the list and hitting the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Alter Color\SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - button. - The label color may help you to differentiate between index entries of - different indexes in the LyX work area. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Once the document changes have been applied, you can find the new index - list in -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -List -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -TOC -\family default - and the -\family sans -Insert -\family default - menu has a separate index entry for each of the defined indexes. - The workflow is basically the same as for the default index, but there - are some additional features: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -If you want to change the attribution of a specific index entry, right-clicking - on the entry will open a dialog where you can do that. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -By right-clicking on an index, you can change its type. - Furthermore, you can specify an index list to be a -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Subindex -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - If you do that, the heading of that list will be decreased by one level. - E. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g., if you use a book class, where the standard index heading is defined - as a chapter, subindexes will be defined as sections and can thus be nested - to the non-subindexes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Nomenclature / Glossary -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Nomenclature -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Glossary|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Nomenclature -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Nomenclature" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Sometimes you need to compile a list of symbols that are mentioned in your - document with a brief explanation of them – a so called nomenclature or - glossary. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To be able to create nomenclatures, you need the LaTeX package -\series bold -nomencl -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! nomencl -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - installed. - You find it in the TeX-catalogue, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "TeXCatalogue" - -\end_inset - - or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A nomenclature entry is created if you place the cursor after a symbol entry - and then use the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\family default -N -\family sans -omenclature -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Entry -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "nomencl-insert" -\end_inset - -. - A gray box labeled -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -Nom -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is inserted and a window pops up asking for the nomenclature entry. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A nomenclature entry consists of two main entries. - The first is the symbol that you want to refer to. - The second is the description of the symbol. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - You have to enter valid LaTeX-code for all fields of the nomenclature dialog. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Nomenclature Definition and Layout -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Nomenclature ! Layout -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you have symbols in formulas, you have to define them in the -\family sans -Symbol -\family default - field as LaTeX-formulas. - For example to get -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, insert this: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold -$ -\backslash -sigma$ -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series default -The -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -$ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - character starts/ends the formula. - The LaTeX-command for the Greek letter is the name of the letter beginning - with a backslash -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\backslash - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - For capital Greek letters, start the command also with a capital letter, - like -\series bold - -\backslash -Sigma -\series default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -(A short introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" - -\end_inset - -.) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You cannot use the -\family sans -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style -\family default - dialog to format the description text; you have to use LaTeX-commands. - For example the description of the nomenclature entry for the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in this document is: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold -dummy entry for the character -\backslash -textsf{sigma} -\series default - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -The command -\series bold - -\backslash -textsf -\series default - sets the fonts to -\family sans -sans -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -serif -\family default -. - To get -\series bold -bold -\series default - font use the command -\series bold - -\backslash -textbf -\series default -, for -\family typewriter -typewriter -\family default - use -\series bold - -\backslash -texttt -\series default -, for -\emph on -emphasized -\emph default - use -\series bold - -\backslash -emph -\series default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Sort Order of Nomenclature Entries -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Nomenclature ! Sort order -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The nomenclature entries are sorted alphabetically by the LaTeX-code of - the symbol definition. - This leads to undesired results when you for example have symbols in formulas. - Suppose you have nomenclature entries for the symbols -\emph on -a -\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature -LatexCommand nomenclature -symbol "a" -description "dummy entry for the character \"a\"" - -\end_inset - - -\emph default - and -\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature -LatexCommand nomenclature -prefix "sigma" -symbol "$\\sigma$" -description "dummy entry for the character \\textsf{sigma}" - -\end_inset - -. - They will be sorted by -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -a -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -$ -\backslash -sigma$ -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - – the -\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ -\end_inset - - will be sorted before the -\emph on -a -\emph default - since the character -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -$ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is considered in sorting. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To control the sort order, you can edit the -\family sans -Sort -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -as -\family default - field of the nomenclature dialog. - Then the nomenclature entry will be sorted by this entry and not the symbol - definition. - For the example given, you can insert -\family typewriter -sigma -\family default - in this field for the -\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ -\end_inset - -, then -\emph on -a -\emph default - will be located before -\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For subgrouping and tips for using sort entries see the -\series bold -nomencl -\series default - documentation, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "nomencl" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Nomenclature Options -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Nomenclature ! Options -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\series bold -nomencl -\series default - package offers some options to adjust the appearance of the nomenclature. - Here are some of its options, for more have a look at its documentation: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -refeq Appends the phrase -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -, see equation ( -\emph on -eq -\emph default -) -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to every nomenclature entry, where -\family sans -\emph on -eq -\family default -\emph default - is the number of the last equation in front of the nomenclature entry -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -refpage Appends the phrase -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -, page ( -\emph on -page -\emph default -) -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to every nomenclature entry, where -\family sans -\emph on -page -\family default -\emph default - is the number of the page on which the nomenclature entry appeared -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -intoc Inserts the nomenclature in the Table of Contents -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To use one or more of the options, add them to the comma-separated document - class options list in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog. - In this document the options -\series bold -refpage, intoc -\series default - are used. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also use the first two options above only for certain nomenclature - entries when you add one of the following commands as last entry to the - -\family sans -Description -\family default - field in the nomenclature dialog: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\backslash -nomrefeq Like the -\series bold -refeq -\series default - option -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\backslash -nomrefpage Like the -\series bold -refpage -\series default - option -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\backslash -nomrefeqpage Short notation of -\series bold - -\backslash -nomrefeq -\backslash -nomrefpage -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\backslash -nomnorefeq, -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\backslash -nomnorefpage, -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\backslash -nomnorefeqpage Turns off the corresponding options -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Words like -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -page -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - are automatically translated for some document languages. - If not, add these lines to your LaTeX preamble: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent - -\series bold - -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -eqdeclaration}[1]{, see equation -\backslash -nobreakspace(#1)} -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -pagedeclaration}[1]{, page -\backslash -nobreakspace{}#1} -\series default - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -and replace -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -see equation -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -page -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - by their translation. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Printing the Nomenclature -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Nomenclature ! Printing -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To print the nomenclature, use the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Lists -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Nomenclature -\family default -. - A box labeled -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -Nomenclature -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - will show the place where the nomenclature is printed in the output. - By right-clicking on it, the amount of space for symbols can be altered. - You can choose between these settings: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Default a space of 1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -cm is used -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Longest -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -label -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -width the width of the widest symbol of all nomenclature entries is used -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Custom custom space -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the printed output the title of the nomenclature appears as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Nomenclature -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - If you are not happy with the name, you can change it by redefining the - command -\series bold - -\backslash -nomname -\series default - in the preamble. - For example, in order to change the name to -\emph on -List of Symbols -\emph default -, add the following line to the preamble: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series bold - -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -nomname}{List of Symbols} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Nomenclature Program -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Nomenclature ! Program -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Nomenclature-Program" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX uses the program -\family sans -makeindex -\family default -, that is part of every LaTeX distribution, to generate the nomenclature. - LyX's preferences dialog allows you to specify another program or to control - -\family sans -makeindex -\family default - by adding options, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-settings" - -\end_inset - -. - The available options are listed and explained in -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "nomencl,makeindex" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Branches -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Branches -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Branches -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Branches" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Sometimes it is useful to hide some document parts in the output. - For example a teacher who is setting an exam obviously doesn't want the - pupils to see the answers, but having questions and answers in the same - document will make the life of the markers of that exam much easier. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For these cases LyX allows you to put text into branches. - The text will then only appear in the output when its branch is activated. - To create a branch, either select the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Branch\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Insert New Branch -\family default - (if you just want to specify a new branch) or go in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog to -\family sans -Branches -\family default -, where you can specify and change the name of the branch, its activation - state (whether the content of the branch is shown in the output or not), - its background color inside LyX and whether the name of the branch should - be appended to the document file name on export if the branch is active - (see below for an example). - Furthermore, the dialog lets you merge two branches (just rename one branch - to the name of the other) and to add -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -unknown branches -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -branches that were added to the document via copy and paste from other documents -, without having been defined) to the document's branch list. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Text that should be in a branch is set into branch inset boxes. - These boxes are inserted via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Branch -\family default - where you can choose a branch. - You can later change the activation state of the branch by right-clicking - on them. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here is an example, where only the question text appears, the answer branch - is deactivated and therefore does not appear in the output: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Branch Question -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -Question: Who was the first physics Nobel prize winner? -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Branch Answer -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -Answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you activate -\family sans -Filename Suffix -\family default - in -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Branches -\family default -, the name of the active branches will be appended to the file name at export. - Consider for example a file -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Exam.lyx -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - which has the above branches. - If -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Filename Suffix -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is active, the PDF export file would be called -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Exam.pdf -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - if both the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Question -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Answer -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - branch were inactive, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Exam-Question.pdf -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - if only the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Question -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - branch was active, likewise -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Exam-Answer.pdf -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - if only the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Answer -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - branch was active, and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Exam-Question-Answer.pdf -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - if both branches were active. - This helps you to easily export different versions of your document without - much hassle. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To use conditional output inside places where you cannot insert branch insets, - like inside equations, you can code special LaTeX definitions for each - branch. - For example you can define for the question branch -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -For an introduction to the LaTeX-syntax, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -question}[1]{#1} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -answer}[1]{} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -and for the answer branch -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -question}[1]{} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -answer}[1]{#1} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Branch Question -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -question}[1]{#1} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -answer}[1]{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Branch Answer -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -question}[1]{} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -answer}[1]{#1} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Now it is possible to use the commands -\series bold - -\backslash -question{\SpecialChar \ldots{} -} -\series default - and -\series bold - -\backslash -answer{\SpecialChar \ldots{} -} -\series default - to obtain conditional output. - Here is an example formula where only the -\series bold - -\backslash -question -\series default - part appears: -\begin_inset Formula -\[ -x^{2}-2x-2\Rightarrow\question{x_{1}}\answer{x_{2}}=1\question{+\sqrt{3}}\answer{-\sqrt{3}}. -\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inside math, the same effect can be achieved using math macros, see the - -\emph on -Math -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -PDF Properties -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:PDF-Properties" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -PDF properties -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Document Settings -\family default - dialog allows you in the -\family sans -PDF Properties -\family default - to set up special options for the PDF output of your document. - All options there are provided by the LaTeX-package -\series bold -hyperref -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! hyperref -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Using -\series bold -hyperref -\series default - will link all cross-references in the DVI- and PDF-output. - This means that the reader of your document will be able to click on a - table of contents entry or on a reference and he is shown the referenced - document part. - You can specify in the dialog tab -\family sans -Hyperlinks -\family default - how the links will look and if links for bibliographical backreferences - are created. - The backreferences will appear in the bibliography behind the different - entries, showing the number of the section, slide, or page where the entry - is referenced. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the dialog tab -\family sans -Bookmarks -\family default - you can set if PDF-bookmarks should be created for every section of your - document to make it easier for readers to navigate through the document. - You can decide if the bookmarks should be numbered like your document sections - or not. - With the open bookmarks level you can specify what sectioning level should - be displayed in the bookmarks when opening the PDF. - For example level -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -2 will display all sections and subsections, while level -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1 will only display the sections. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The header information in the dialog tab -\family sans -General -\family default - are saved together with the PDF as file properties. - Many programs are able to extract this information to e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -automatically recognize who the author is and what the PDF is about. - This is very useful to sort, classify, or use PDFs for bibliography issues. - When the option -\family sans -Automatic fill header -\family default - is set, LyX tries to extract the header information from your document - title and author settings. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The option -\family sans -Load in fullscreen mode -\family default - will open the PDF in fullscreen mode, which is useful for presentations. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -PDF properties are also used in this document. - When you look in its document settings, you can see that some additional - -\series bold -hyperref -\series default - options are used. - For an explanation of them we refer you to the hyperref manual -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "hyperref" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -TeX Code and the LaTeX Syntax -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:TeX-Code" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -TeX Code Boxes -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -TeX Code -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As LyX uses LaTeX in the background, it supports many LaTeX commands and - constructs, but not all. - LaTeX contains hundreds of packages that provide different commands. - All the time packages are being updated and new ones added. - This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything as there - is for every problem a LaTeX-package. - But LyX can of course not be up to date and support all packages and their - commands. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -But don't worry, you can use any LaTeX-command directly in LyX inside the - TeX Code box. - A TeX Code box is created by the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -TeX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Code -\family default - or by the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "ert-insert" -\end_inset - - (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "ert-insert" -\end_inset - -). - The box can be opened by left-clicking and closed by right-clicking on - it and selecting -\family sans -Close Inset -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can insert complete or incomplete commands as TeX Code. - Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard LyX text. - For example, if you want to draw a frame around a word and are therefore - using the LaTeX-command -\series bold - -\backslash -fbox -\series default -, you can write the command part -\series bold - -\backslash -fbox{ -\series default - in a TeX Code box before the word and the closing brace -\series bold -} -\series default - in a second TeX Code box behind the word. - The word between the two TeX Code boxes is then the argument as it is in - the following example: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/ERT.png - scale 89 - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -gives -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This is a line with a -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -fbox{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -framed -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - word. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - At the end of LaTeX-commands without parameters, you have to insert a space - to let LaTeX know that the command is finished. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Short Introduction to the LaTeX Syntax -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The LaTeX Syntax -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX Syntax -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something - about the LaTeX-commands that LyX uses in the background. - Because LaTeX is based on commands, you can -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -program -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - your text. - This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at - any time if you know the right commands. - E. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline is the - end of the day. - Your boss has just complimented you for your good work but wants to have - all caption labels bold. - But you have over a hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels - in your manual. - Of course it is impossible to change all caption labels manually in one - day. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Now LaTeX comes into play. - As mentioned above, for every problem there exists a LaTeX-package. - First you have to find out which and therefore look into the LaTeX package - database, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "Catalogue" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As result you find that the package -\series bold -caption -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! caption -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - is what you need. - To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default -) with the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -usepackage[options]{package name} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -All LaTeX commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within - two braces and the options are set within two brackets. - Note that not all commands have an argument and options. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In your case the package name is -\series bold -caption -\series default -. - After a look in the documentation of the package, you know that the option - -\series bold -labelfont=bf -\series default - will change the font of all caption labels to bold. - So you add the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -to the preamble and the problem is solved. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -For more commands provided by the -\series bold -caption -\series default - package, have a look at its documentation, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "caption" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well-known problems - like your case. - For example if you use a -\family sans -KOMA-Script -\family default - class, you don't need the package -\series bold -caption -\series default -, you can instead write -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -setkomafont{captionlabel}{ -\backslash -bfseries} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -in the preamble and the problem is solved. - So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the - documentation of the document class you want to use. - ( -\series bold - -\backslash -setkomafont -\series default - is an example of a command with more than one argument.) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Commands in the preamble affect the whole document, while commands in the - text affect only the text after the command or only the text used as command - argument. - To insert a LaTeX-command in text, use the TeX Code box as described in - the previous section. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you want to learn more about LaTeX and its syntax, have a look at the - LaTeX-books -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "latexcompanion,latexguide" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage cleardoublepage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -pagestyle{fancy} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -switches temporarily to a page style with custom header and footer line -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Left Header -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -rightmark -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -defines the header line as described below -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Center Header -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Right Header -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -leftmark -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Left Footer -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -thepage -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Center Footer -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\series bold -\color red -LyX's user guide -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Magic code: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Right Footer -\begin_inset Argument -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -Roman{page} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Customized Page Headers and Footers -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Customized-Page-Headers" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Header/Footer line -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Header/Footer line -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To define a custom page header and footer line for your document, you need - to set the headings style to -\family sans -Fancy -\family default - in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog under -\family sans -Page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Layout -\family default -. - As a second step add in the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Modules -\family default - the module -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Custom Header/Footerlines -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - This module offers the following 6 -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -styles: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Left -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Header, -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Center -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Header, -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Header -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Left -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Footer, -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Center -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Footer, -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Footer -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -for the different positions in the header/footer. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Normally, headers and footers are set up in the beginning of the document. - But you can change them anywhere you want to. - Figure -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "fig:Page-layout" - -\end_inset - - shows the page layout and where the header/footer styles will appear. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float figure -placement h -wide false -sideways false -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\noindent -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Left Header -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Center Header -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Right Header -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The normal text on the page goes here. - The running header is above the text, and the footer is below (including - footnotes). - Headers/footers typically contain things like the page number, title of - the chapter, company logo but your can use almost anything, except of floats. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Left Footer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Center Footer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Right Footer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "fig:Page-layout" - -\end_inset - -Page layout with custom header and footer line. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Definition -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To define your header line, add all 3 -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -header styles. - The things you add to the styles appear on uneven pages, the things in - the optional arguments on even pages. - For single-sided documents, the optional arguments will not be used and - can be omitted. - If you leave a style or its argument empty, nothing appears in the output. - Defining the footer line works similar. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -For the definition, you will need some LaTeX-commands that are inserted - as TeX code (menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Te -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Code -\family default -): -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\backslash -thepage prints the current page number -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\backslash -Roman{page} prints the current page number with capital roman numerals -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\backslash -roman{page} prints the current page number with small roman numerals -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\backslash -leftmark prints the current section number and title. - If the document has chapters, it prints the current chapter number and - title instead. - It is called -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -leftmark -\begin_inset Quotes prd -\end_inset - - because it usually goes in a left header. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\backslash -rightmark prints the current subsection number and title. - If the document has chapters, it prints the current section number and - title instead. - It is normally used in the right header. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Default header/footer -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The custom header/footer is not empty by default. - The default header contains the chapter and section title and the center - footer has the page number. - In order to remove unwanted entries from the header/footer, include the - relevant header/footer style in your document, but leave it blank. - So, if you do not want a page number in the footer, include a blank -\family sans -Center -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Footer -\family default - style. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Appearance -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The header and footer will appear on normal pages. - Some pages are different. - The title page has a style of its own, and so does any page that starts - a new part or chapter in your book. - Such pages will not have the custom headers/footers, but that is normal. - There is for example no need to print a header with the chapter name on - the chapter page where the chapter heading is in big bold letters anyway. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Header and footer decoration line -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -By default, you get a 0.4 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pt thick line below the header and no footer line. - This can be changed in the document preamble with the commands -\series bold - -\backslash -headrulewidth -\series default - and -\series bold - -\backslash -footrulewidth -\series default - in the following scheme: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -headrulewidth}{thickness} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Where thickness is a size in standard units like -\family sans -pt -\family default - or -\family sans -mm -\family default -. - If you don't want a line, set the thickness to 0 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pt. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The lines can also be colored, but this requires more knowledge of LaTeX. - If you really need this, have a look at the Internet or in sec. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -4.4 of the book -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "Mittelbach" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Several header/footer lines -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In case you need more than one text line as a header/footer, you can do - this by adding a normal line break in the style definition. - However, the default height of the header/footer is only the one of one - text line. - To expand the height, redefine the LaTeX length -\series bold - -\backslash -headheight -\series default - or -\series bold - -\backslash -footheight -\series default - in this scheme in your document preamble: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -setlength{ -\backslash -headheight}{height} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Where height is a size in standard units. - If you don't know which amount of space is needed for the height, define - your header/footer and preview your document as PDF. - Then open the LaTeX logfile via the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -La -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -TeX Log -\family default - and look via the button -\family sans -Next -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Warning -\family default - if you find a warning of the package -\series bold -fancyhdr -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - If there is such a warning, it contains the space that you need at least - for your header/footer. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -This example -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This example demonstrates what can be done with custom header/footers. - Don't use it for your document as it is just an example. - This example consists of the following definition: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Left -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Header -\series bold - -\backslash -rightmark -\series default -, empty optional argument -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Center -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Header empty, empty optional argument -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Header empty, -\series bold - -\backslash -leftmark -\series default - in the optional argument -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Left -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Footer empty, -\series bold - -\backslash -thepage -\series default - in the optional argument -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Center -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Footer -\family sans -\series bold -\color red -LyX's user guide -\family default -\series default -\color inherit -, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Magic code: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in the optional argument -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Right -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Footer -\series bold - -\backslash -Roman{page} -\series default -, empty optional argument -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\backslash -headrulewidth set to 2 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pt -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In principle you can use almost everything in headers/footers, except floats. - For more special things like e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -thumb-indexes, see the manual of the -\series bold -fancyhdr -\series default - package, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "fancyhdr" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage clearpage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -pagestyle{headings} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -switches back to page style with the default headings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Previewing Snippets of your Document -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Instant preview -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Preview -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the - fly so you can see how they will look in the final document without having - to break your train of thought with viewing the output. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Prerequisites -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To get previews working, you need the LaTeX package -\series bold -preview-latex -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! preview-latex -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - (on some systems named simply -\series bold -preview -\series default -) installed. - If it is not already installed, you will find it in the TeX-catalogue, - -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "TeXCatalogue" - -\end_inset - - or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. - You obtain prettier results if you install the program -\family typewriter -pnmcrop -\family default - from the -\family typewriter -netpbm -\family default - package; for LyX on Windows this program and also the LaTeX-package are - automatically installed together with LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Enabling previews -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you would for example like to see in LyX your math formulas typeset by - LaTeX, activate the option -\family sans -Display -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Graphics -\family default - in the -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Preferences -\family default -dialog under -\family sans -Look -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -and -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Display -\family default -. - Then set -\family sans -Instant -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Preview -\family default - to -\family sans -On -\family default -. - The -\family sans -Preview -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Size -\family default - is the multiplication factor for the size. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish - editing an inset. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Previews of an already loaded document are not in every case immediately - generated by activating the option -\family sans -Display -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Graphics -\family default -. - Reopening the documents will fix such problems. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Selected document parts -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Besides math there are other cases where you might like to see a preview, - for example things that LyX cannot render like rotated parts or things - that are not yet supported by LyX. - To do this, insert a preview inset via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Preview -\family default -. - Insert or paste the stuff that you want to preview into this inset. - The preview will be generated when the cursor is outside the preview inset. - If you click on the preview, you can edit the previewed stuff. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -An example: To create rotated boxes, you use the LaTeX command -\series bold - -\backslash -rotatebox -\series default - which is not yet supported by LyX. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -rotatebox -\series default - is explained in section -\emph on -Rotated and Scaled Boxes -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Instead of the TeX Code boxes you want to see in LyX the final rotated - boxes, for example to adjust the rotation angle to fit with the surrounding - text. - Therefore you create a preview inset and copy the text with the rotated - boxes into it. - Here is the result: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Preview - -\begin_layout Standard -This is a line -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -rotatebox[origin=r]{-60}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Box Doublebox -position "c" -hor_pos "c" -has_inner_box 0 -inner_pos "c" -use_parbox 0 -use_makebox 0 -width "1in" -special "width" -height "1in" -height_special "totalheight" -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -with rotated -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - framed text -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -rotatebox[origin=lb]{60}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=B$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - and a formula. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Previewing works also for colors. - In this example a special framed, colored box was created using the LaTeX - command -\series bold - -\backslash -fcolorbox -\series default -: -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -fcolorbox -\series default - is explained in section -\emph on -Colored Boxes -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Preview - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -fboxrule 1mm -\backslash -fboxsep 1mm -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -This is text within a colored, framed box. -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If LyX does not show a preview, make sure that you enabled previews as described - above and also make sure that TeX Code in the preview inset is valid and - that you loaded the LaTeX packages in your document preamble that are required - by the TeX Code. - If LyX cannot create a preview, you will in most cases also not be able - to view your document due to LaTeX errors. - So if you have to use some TeX Code and don't know if it is correct, the - preview inset is a nice method to check it without the need to view the - whole document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -LaTeX source code -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can preview the LaTeX source of the whole document or parts of it. - Use the menu -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -View -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Source -\family default - and a window will be shown where you can see the LaTeX-source code. - The window shows the source of the whole paragraph where the cursor is - currently in. - You can also select document parts in LyX's main window, then only this - selection (when it is more than one paragraph) is shown as source code. - To view the whole document as source, enable the corresponding option in - the source view window. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Advanced Find and Replace -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Advanced-Find-and" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Replace -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Find -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Introduction -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The advanced find and replace feature of LyX allows for searching of complex, - format-sensitive text segments and mathematics contents within LyX documents. - It is an enhancement of the standard (quick) find and replace feature. - The key-features are: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Both searching of text and of mathematical formulas is allowed, where the - latter is done by entering mathematics in the usual way; not only entire - mathematical formulas are found, but also parts occurring within more complex - formulas -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Search may be format-insensitive, so that the searched text is found in - any context/style (standard text, section headings, notes, and even mathematics -), or it may be format-sensitive, so that, for example, a word entered with - a section heading will only be found within section headings -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Search may be widened to a specific -\emph on -scope -\emph default -, i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -a set of files which may be all the children of the document being edited, - all the open files, or all the manuals available from the -\family sans -Help -\family default - menu -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Replace may optionally preserve capitalization, so that the replaced text - capitalization is adapted to the matching text (i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -all lowercase, all uppercase, first uppercase followed by lowercase) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Basic usage -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The advanced find and replace feature is activated through the menu -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Find & Replace -\noun on - ( -\noun default -Advanced -\noun on -) -\family default -\noun default - (shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "dialog-show findreplaceadv" -\end_inset - -) or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-toggle findreplaceadv" -\end_inset - -. - This opens the -\family sans -Advanced Find and Replace -\family default - dialog. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Searching for text -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Enter into the -\family sans -Find -\family default - LyX mini-editor a simple word, and search for occurrences of it by clicking - on the -\family sans -Find Next -\family default - button at the bottom of the dialog (or just press the -\family sans -Return -\family default - key). - The entered word is found both in text mode and in math mode, and in emphasized -, bold or normal face, and in both in section titles and in standard text. - Pressing repeatedly -\family sans -Enter -\family default - keeps searching forward. - Similarly, pressing -\family sans -Shift+Enter -\family default - searches for the entered text backwards. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -While searching, the -\family sans -Case sensitive -\family default - option allows matches to occur only with the same case as entered in the - -\family sans -Find -\family default - editor. - The -\family sans -Whole words -\family default - option allows matches to occur only at word boundaries. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Searching for mathematics -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Mathematical formulas may be searched for by typing in the -\family sans -Find -\family default - editor a mathematical formula, such as -\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ -\end_inset - - or also something more complex like -\begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}$ -\end_inset - -. - When searching for a formula, it is found both when it is alone and when - it occurs in sub-formulas and nested parts of sub-formulas, for example - the mentioned segments would be found in something like -\begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{\sqrt{\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}}}.$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Style-aware search -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is also possible to search for text with specific styles. - This is done by switching to the -\family sans -Settings -\family default - tab of the dialog and unchecking the -\family sans -Ignore format -\family default - option. - This way, entering in the -\family sans -Find -\family default - editor -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -a plain word and searching for it would not find instances of the word occurring - in emphasized or boldface. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -an emphasized or boldface word and searching for it would find the respective - instances with same face only, and within the same text style only. - Note that, for example, an emphasized text is found not only when occurring - alone, but also when it is contained in a longer emphasized sentence. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -a plain word in a section heading, and searching for it, finds occurrences - of if only within section headings. - Also, if the text to search is given an emphasized or bold face, in addition - to a section style, then it is found only when occurring with the same - style. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -some mathematics in a displayed formula will only find instances of this - formula that are also displayed formulas (and not inline formulas). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Replace -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The text segments matching the text entered in the -\family sans -Find -\family default - editor may be replaced with the text segments entered in the -\family sans -Replace -\family default -\noun on - -\noun default -editor. - In order to find the next occurrence and replace it, click on the -\family sans -Replace -\family default - button or alternatively -\noun on - -\noun default -press -\family sans -Enter -\family default - or -\family sans -Shift+Enter -\family default - while being in the -\family sans -Replace -\family default -\noun on - -\noun default -editor. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can replace full-featured formatted LyX segments in place of the matching - text segments in your document. - Typical scenarios in which to use this capability may be (just to mention - a few): -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -replacing occurrences of a word with a customized formatted version of the - same word, for example replacing occurrences of a name like -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -func() -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - with its typewriter version -\family typewriter - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -func() -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -; -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -performing a notation rework of mathematical symbols, for example replacing - occurrences of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $R$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - with -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{R}$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (you may want to enable the -\family sans -Whole words -\family default - and -\family sans -Case sensitive -\family default - options and disable the -\family sans -Ignore format -\family default - option in the -\family sans -Settings -\family default - tab, in order to avoid replacing all -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -R -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - letters occurring in normal text), or occurrences of -\begin_inset Formula $x_{j}^{i}$ -\end_inset - - with -\begin_inset Formula $x_{i,\, j}$ -\end_inset - -, or occurrences of -\begin_inset Formula $x[k]$ -\end_inset - - with -\begin_inset Formula $x_{k}$ -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Advanced usage -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There is a regular expression (regexp) based searching facility. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -A good explanation of regular expressions is given in this Wikipedia entry: - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - You can search for regular expression by inserting a regexp inset into - the -\family sans -Find -\family default - editor. - This is done via the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Insert Regular Expression -\family default - while the cursor is in the -\family sans -Find -\family default - editor. - Characters entered within regexp insets are matched according to the regular - expression matching rules -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Under the constraint that any (sub)expression must match a well-formed LyX - text segment, i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -when matching LaTeX code, no segments with unbalanced {} braces are allowed - to match expressions. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, while text entered outside regexp insets is matched exactly against the - same text in the document. - Note that it is allowed to cut and paste regexp-mode insets as usual. - Examples of using such a feature may be: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Searching for all fractions with a given denominator: for example, entering - in the -\family sans -Find -\family default - editor the fraction -\begin_inset Formula $\frac{.*}{1+x^{2}}$ -\end_inset - - (where the -\begin_inset Formula $.*$ -\end_inset - - on the numerator is the match-everything regular expression) finds all - fractions with the given denominator. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Searching for all text with a given style: for example, after unchecking - the -\family sans -Ignore format -\family default - option from the -\family sans -Settings -\family default - tab, entering a -\series bold - -\begin_inset Formula $.*$ -\end_inset - - -\series default - regular expression and adding for it an emphasized or bold face, finds - all emphasized and bold face text, respectively. - Also, inserting a -\begin_inset Formula $.*$ -\end_inset - - regular expression in a bullet or enumerated list or a section heading, - you can find all bullet or enumerated lists or section headings. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Finally, references to (sub)expressions in regexp may be used as usual, - enclosing parts of the expression within round braces -\begin_inset Formula $()$ -\end_inset - -, and referring back to them through -\begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$ -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Formula $\backslash2$ -\end_inset - -, etc.. - For example, try searching for the regexp -\begin_inset Formula $([a-z]+)[[:blank:]]\backslash1$ -\end_inset - - in order to find word repetitions, if there are any. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that back references work both when occurring within the same regexp, - and when occurring in multiple different regexps, where the numbering of - back-referenced sub-expressions is absolute, i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$ -\end_inset - - always refers to the first occurrence of -\begin_inset Formula $()$ -\end_inset - - in all entered regexps. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note also that the use of back references in the replaced text is not (yet) - implemented. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Spell Checking -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Spellchecking" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Spell checking -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX has a built-in spell checker. - The menu -\family sans - Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Spellchecker -\family default -, the key -\family sans -F7 -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show spellchecker" -\end_inset - - starts the spell checking beginning from the current cursor position. - A sidebar will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, allowing - you to edit and replace it in a second line. - Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the text - scrolled so that it is visible. - In the spellchecker sidebar, there is a box showing suggestions for a correctio -n, if any could be found. - Clicking on one of the corrections will copy it to the -\family sans -Replacement -\family default - field, double-click directly invokes the replacement. - Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -By default, the dictionary file used is determined by the document language - that is set in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog. - You can specify the language of a word in the spellchecker dialog by choosing - a different one at the top of the dialog. - LyX can correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages. - This work if you have marked the different languages appropriately and - have the spell checker dictionaries installed. - LyX automatically switches to the appropriate dictionary file. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Further Settings -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In LyX's preferences dialog under -\family sans -Language -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Setting\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Spellchecker -\family default - you can set the following things: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Spellchecker -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -engine Select the library LyX should use for spell checking. - Depending on your platform, -\family typewriter -aspell -\family default -, -\family typewriter -hunspell -\family default - or -\family typewriter -enchant -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Enchant itself is a wrapper library having different configurable back-ends. - Please consult the documentation or man-page of it to learn more. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family default - are available. - On Windows only -\family typewriter -hunspell -\family default - is available. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Alternative -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -language If this field is not empty, LyX will always use the given language - for the spell checking, no matter what the document language is. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Escape -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -characters Allows you to add non-standard characters that the spell checker - should escape, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -German umlauts. - This should normally not be needed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Accept -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -compound -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -words Prevent the spell checker from complaining about compounded words - like -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -passthrough -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Spellcheck -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -continuously Check the spelling of your document as you type it. - Misspelled words get underlined with a dotted red line. - By right-clicking on an underlined word, suggestions from the spellchecker - appear in the context menu. - Choosing one of them will replace the misspelled word with the suggested - word. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Spellcheck -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -notes -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -and -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -comments If enabled, the spelling of non-printed document contents is checked - as well. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Thesaurus -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Thesaurus -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Thesaurus" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX provides a multilingual thesaurus. - It uses the same thesaurus framework as LibreOffice, OpenOffice and Firefox - (namely the -\family typewriter -MyThes -\family default - -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "http://lingucomponent.openoffice.org/thesaurus.html" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - thesaurus library, which is included in LyX). - Therefore, LyX can directly access OpenOffice thesaurus dictionaries, which - are available for many languages. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This section describes how new dictionaries are installed and set up for - the use with LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Setting up the thesaurus -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family typewriter -MyThes -\family default -\emph on -/ -\emph default -OpenOffice thesauri consist of two files per language: A file with the suffix - -\emph on -*.dat -\emph default - containing the data and an index file with the suffix -\emph on -*.idx -\emph default -. - The standardized file names include the language code for the given language - (e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. - en_EN for English). - For instance, the English files are named: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -th_en_EN_v2.idx -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -th_en_EN_v2.dat -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you have LibreOffice or OpenOffice and its thesaurus installed, these - files should be already on your system. - If not, you can get dictionaries either from -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/dictionaries/trunk/thes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - or from the site -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://extensions.services.openoffice.org/en/search/node/thesaurus -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Note that, as of OpenOffice -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -3.0, the files on -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://extensions.services.openoffice.org -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - are usually packed in extension archives ( -\emph on -*.oxt -\emph default -) that contain other files such as spellchecker dictionaries besides the - thesauri. - These archives are simple zip files, so you can unpack them as you would - unpack a zip archive. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Put the -\emph on -*.idx -\emph default - and -\emph on -*.dat -\emph default - files of all languages you want to use into one directory (do not use subfolder -s), and specify the path to this directory in -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Paths -\family default -. - Now the thesaurus should be ready to use. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Using the thesaurus -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To start the thesaurus, use the menu -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Thesaurus -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "thesaurus-entry" -\end_inset - - while the cursor is at the word you want to look up or while a word is - selected. - A dialog pops up showing you probably related words that you can use as - a replacement. - The proposals are grouped into categories. - Note that the thesaurus does not only show synonyms, but also hyperonyms - and hyponyms (such as -\emph on -plant -\emph default - for -\emph on -tree -\emph default -), compounds (such as -\emph on -tree diagram -\emph default -) and antonyms (such as -\emph on -women -\emph default - for -\emph on -men -\emph default -), which are marked as such. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The language is automatically chosen from the language at the cursor, but - you can also switch it in the dialog, as you can enter new words to look - up directly there. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that the thesaurus cannot handle phrases (only compounds that are in - the dictionary, such as the above -\emph on -tree diagram -\emph default -), and you have to use the so called lemma form, i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e. - the form that is used in the dictionaries (for many languages: first person - singular indicative active for nouns, infinitive for verbs). - For example looking up the word forms -\emph on -reports -\emph default - or -\emph on -reporting -\emph default - yields no results, while results are shown for the word form -\emph on -report -\emph default -. - Your best bet is to highlight only the relevant parts of such word (e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. - -\emph on -report -\emph default - in -\emph on -report -\emph default -s), then you get proposals without adjusting the query in the dialog, and - also the replacement will probably be correct (as only the highlighted - part will be replaced, thus the ending remains). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Change Tracking -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Change Tracking -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Change Tracking -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Change-Tracking" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When you work on a document collaboratively it is extremely useful to be - able to see changes that others have made highlighted in the document. - You can then decide if you want to accept a change or not. - This can be achieved by turning on change tracking in the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Change -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Track -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Changes -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Changes made in the document will then be highlighted by strokes and colors: - -\bar under -\color blue -underlined text -\bar default -\color inherit - is an addition, -\strikeout on -\color blue -canceled text -\strikeout default -\color inherit - is a deletion. - The color depends on the author that made the change. - You can change the color in LyX's preferences dialog under -\family sans -Look -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -and -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -feel -\family default -, -\family sans -Colors -\family default -. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Color ! Change tracking -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - The author and the date of the change are shown in LyX's status bar when - the cursor is in changed text. - The same information is shown when you use the toolbar button -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "changes-merge" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When change tracking is activated, you will see the review toolbar in LyX: -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Toolbar ! Review -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/ChangesToolbar.png - scale 90 - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The review toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following - buttons: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "changes-track" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Change -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Track -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Changes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "changes-output" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Change -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Show -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Changes -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -in -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Output -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "change-next" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Jumps to the next change -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "change-accept" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Change -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Accept -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Change -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "change-reject" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Change -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Reject -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Change -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "changes-merge" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Change -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Merge -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Changes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "all-changes-accept" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Change -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Accept -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -All -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Changes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "all-changes-reject" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Change -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Reject -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -All -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Changes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "note-insert" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator -LyX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Note -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "note-next" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Next -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Note -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The review toolbar helps you to accept, reject, or merge changes – highlight - the change and press one of the desired toolbar buttons. - When you merge changes, a window pops up showing you information about - the next change after the current cursor position. - So you don't need to highlight a certain change. - Within the merge window you can decide to accept or reject changes and - step to the next change. - This way you can jump through all the changes in the document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The toolbar has two buttons to handle notes because notes are often important - to describe a change. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To show the made changes in the output you need the LaTeX package -\series bold -dvipost -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! dvipost -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - installed. - You will find it in the TeX Catalogue, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "TeXCatalogue" - -\end_inset - - or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Comparison of Documents -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Comparison of documents -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can compare two different LyX files via the menu -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Compare -\family default -. - The comparison result is a LyX file with change tracking enabled showing - the differences. - In the comparison dialog you can select from which document LyX should - take the document settings for the resulting difference file with the option - -\family sans -Copy -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Document -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Settings -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -from -\family default -. - The option -\family sans -Enable -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -change -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -tracking -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -features -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -in -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -the -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -output -\family default - enables the change tracking option -\family sans -Show -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Changes -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -in -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Output -\family default - to visualize the differences also in the PDF output of the difference file. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -International Support -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -International support -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want. - For some non-western languages there are special Wiki-pages that explain - how to set up LyX to use them: -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "Arabic,Armenian,Farsi,Hebrew" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Besides languages, LyX also supports phonetic symbols, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Special-Character" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Language Options -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Language ! Options -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Language -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog lets you set -\family roman -the language and character encoding for your language. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Choose your language in the -\family sans -Language -\family default - section of this dialog. - The default is -\family sans -English -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Under -\family sans -Encoding -\family default - you can choose the character encoding map you want to use for LaTeX export. - The option -\family sans -Language Default -\family default - is the preferred choice and works well in most cases. - For details about the different encoding options see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "chap:The-Document-Settings" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Keyboard mapping configuration -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Keyboard-mapping" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you have for example a U. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -S.-style keyboard and want to write in a language other than English, you - can use an alternate keymap. - For example, if you have a U. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian, you can configure LyX to - use an Italian keymap. - The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings, - see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Keyboard-Map" - -\end_inset - -. - You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select - which one you want to use. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely - different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance). - You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S. - keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German. - In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing - one to support the characters you want. - This and many other customizations are explained in the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Character Tables -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Table -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cap:The-latin1-character" - -\end_inset - - shows the -\family typewriter -Latin1 -\family default - character set. - You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly - from the keyboard. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are a few things you need to know about this table. - Here are some of the details you will need to bear in mind when using character -s from the -\family typewriter -Latin1 -\family default - character set: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Even if you have selected -\family sans -latin1 -\family default - in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog, users who have only the -\family typewriter -T1 -\family default --fonts for LaTeX [or who have the -\family typewriter -T1 -\family default --fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0, - DE, FE, AB, and BB – the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the - french quotes will not show up. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "cap:The-latin1-character" - -\end_inset - -The -\family typewriter -latin1 -\family default - character set -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - 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-\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -F -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -V -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -f -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -v -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -¦ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -¶ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Æ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ö -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -æ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ö -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -07 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -` -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -7 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -G -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -W -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -g -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -w -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -§ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -· -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ç -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -× -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ç -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -÷ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -08 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -( -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -8 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -H -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -X -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -h -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -x -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -¨ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -¸ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -È -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ø -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -è -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ø -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -09 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -9 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -I -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -i -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -y -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -© -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -¹ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -É -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ù -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -é -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ù -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -0A -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -: -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -J -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Z -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -j -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -z -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ª -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -º -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ê -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ú -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ê -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ú -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -0B -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -+ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -; -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -K -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -[ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -k -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -« -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -» -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ë -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Û -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ë -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -û -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -0C -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -, -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -< -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -L -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none - -\backslash - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -l -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -| -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -¬ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -¼ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ì -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ü -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ì -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ü -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -0D -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -- -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -= -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -M -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -] -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -m -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -– -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -½ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Í -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ý -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -í -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ý -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -0E -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -> -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -N -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -^ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -n -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -~ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -® -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -¾ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Î -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Þ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -î -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -þ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size tiny -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -0F -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -/ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -? -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -O -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -o -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -¯ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -¿ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Ï -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ß -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ï -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -ÿ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display - directly. - It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but - also the characters from -\family typewriter -ISO8859–2 -\family default - through -\family typewriter -4 -\family default -. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -From -\family typewriter -ISO8859–1 -\family default -: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -diaeresis -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -circumflex -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -grave -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -acute -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -~ Ã Ñ Õ ã ñ õ -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -tilde -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -¸Çç -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -cedilla -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -¯ -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -macron -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -From -\family typewriter -ISO8859–2 -\family default - through -\family typewriter -4 -\family default -: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -ĤĴĥĵĈĜŜĉĝŝ -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -circumflex -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -ŚŹśźŔĹĆŃŕĺćń -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -acute -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Ĩı̃Ũũ -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -tilde -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -ŞşŢţŖĻĢŗļģŅĶņķ -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -cedilla -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -ĒēĀĪŌŪāı̄ōū -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -macron -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -ŐŰőű -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - -Hungarian umlaut -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard -All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts. - In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters. - Also make sure you're using the -\family typewriter -T1 -\family default - font-encoding. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -\start_of_appendix -The User Interface -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "chap:The-User-Interface" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This appendix lists all the available menus and describes their functionality. - It is designed as a quick reference if you are searching for a special - topic inside the user's guide. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The File Menu -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Menu ! File -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Under the -\family sans -File -\family default - menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -New -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Creates a new document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -New from Template -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu entry prompts you for a template to use. - Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for - the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Open -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Opens a document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Open Recent -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The submenu shows a list of the recently opened files. - Click there on a file to open it. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Close -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Closes the current document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Close All -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Closes all opened documents. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Save -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Saves the actual document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Save As -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Saves the actual document under a new name to create a copy. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Save All -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Saves all opened documents. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Revert to saved -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Reloads the actual document from disk. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Version Control -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This is used when multiple people are working on the same document or when - one person wants to keep a careful archive of changes. - It is described in the section -\emph on -Version Control in LyX -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Import -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can import files from older LyX-versions, HTML-files, LaTeX-files, - NoWeb-files, plain text files and comma separated, table-like text files - (CSV). - The files will be imported as a new LyX-document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When using the menu entry -\family sans -Plain -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Text -\family default -, line breaks in the text will start a new paragraph; when using the menu - entry -\family sans -Plain -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Text, Join -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Lines -\family default -, consecutive lines of text will be imported to one big paragraph. - A new paragraph will begin when there is a blank line in the file. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Export -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Export" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can export your document to various file formats. - The resulting files are placed in the directory of your LyX-file. - The menu entries are not the same on all installations. - They depend on the programs found by LyX during its configuration. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here is a list of all available entries; some of them are explained in detail - in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Output-file-formats" - -\end_inset - -: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -CJK -\family default - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -L -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -yX format of the special LyX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1.4.x versions for Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - Since LyX 1.5.0 CJK support is fully integrated into LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -DocBook text file with code in the language SGML that is used for the markup - language -\family typewriter -DocBook -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -DocBook -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(XML) text file with code in the language XML that is used for the markup - language -\family typewriter -DocBook -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -DraftDVI LaTeX's native DVI-format. - This format is not suitable if you have special characters or spaces in - files paths or file names in your document. - LyX use this format internally as a pre-stage to export to -\family sans -DVI -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -DVI DVI-format that also allows the useage of special characters or spaces - in files paths or file names -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -DVI -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(LuaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX) DVI-format using the program -\family typewriter -LuaTeX -\family default -; supports Unicode and the usage of non-TeX fonts; -\series bold - -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - not all DVI-viewers are currently able to display this output format properly. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Graphviz -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Dot text file with code in the programming language -\family typewriter -Dot -\family default - which is used to draw visualizations of graphs via the program -\family typewriter -Graphviz -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -HTML HTML-format (the HTML-converter is a third-party product and may not - work in all cases) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -HTML -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(MS -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Word) HTML-format specialized so that the result can be imported to -\family sans -MS Word -\family default -; as a consequence of this formulas will be embedded as bitmap fonts and - not in the format -\family sans -MathML -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -( -\family default -LuaT -\family sans - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family default -eX -\family sans -) -\family default -text file with the LaTeX source that is compilable with the program -\family typewriter -LuaTeX -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(pdflatex) -\family default - text file with the LaTeX source, additionally all images used in the document - will be converted to a format that is readable by the -\family typewriter -pdflatex -\family default - program (GIF, JPG, PDF, PNG) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(plain) -\family default - text file with the LaTeX source code, additionally all images used in the - document will be converted to the EPS-format, only this format is readable - by the -\family typewriter -latex -\family default - program -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -( -\family default -XeT -\family sans - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family default -eX -\family sans -) -\family default -text file with the LaTeX source that is compilable with the program -\family typewriter -XeTeX -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -LilyPond -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -book -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(La -\family sans - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family default -TeX) text file with the LaTeX source and also code in the syntax of the - music notation software -\family typewriter -LilyPond -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -L -\family sans - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family default -yX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Archive -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(zip|tar.gz) creates a zip-archive or a tar.gz-archive file (depending upon - your system) that contains your document and all files that are necessary - to compile it (images, child documents, BibTeX files, etc.) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -L -\family sans - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family default -yX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -z.y.x LyX-Document in a format readable by the LyX versions z.y.x ( -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -z -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -y -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - represent the version number) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -L -\family sans - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family default -yXHTML HTML-format using LyX's internal XHTML engine -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -NoWeb text file with code in the format of the literate programming language -\family typewriter - NoWeb -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -OpenDocument OpenDocument-formatted file, to be opened with -\family sans -LibreOffice, OpenOffice, KOffice, Abiword -\family default -, etc. - (The OpenDocument-converter is a third-party product and may not work in - all cases) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(dvipdfm) -\family default - PDF-format using the program -\family typewriter -dvipdfm -\family default -, produces internally a DVI-file which is then converted to a PDF-file -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(LuaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX) -\family default - PDF-format using the program -\family typewriter -LuaTeX -\family default -, produces PDF-files directly -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(pdflatex) -\family default - PDF-format using the program -\family typewriter -pdflatex -\family default -, produces PDF-files directly -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ps2pdf) -\family default - PDF-format using the program -\family typewriter -ps2pdf -\family default -, produces internally a PostScript-file which is then converted to a PDF-file -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(XeT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX) -\family default - PDF-format using the program -\family typewriter -XeTeX -\family default -, produces PDF-files directly -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -Plain -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -text -\family default - text format -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -Plain -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ps2ascii) -\family default - text format, the document will first be converted to Postscript format - and then exported as text using the program -\family sans -ps2ascii -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\family sans -Postscript -\family default - PostScript format using the program -\family typewriter -dvips -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Sweave text file with the LaTeX source and also code in the statistical - programming language -\family typewriter -R -\family default -. - Using the -\family typewriter -R -\family default --function -\family typewriter -Sweave -\family default - it is possible to use -\family typewriter -R -\family default --commands in LaTeX -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If one of the menu entries -\family sans -DVI -\family default -, -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(pdflatex) -\family default - or -\family sans -Postscript -\family default - is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation. - After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" - -\end_inset - -. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Reconfiguration of LyX -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Print -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With this menu entry you can print your document to a file in PostScript - format or send it to a printer. - The printer will also use the document in PostScript format. - The conversion to PostScript is done in the background by LyX using the - program -\family typewriter -dvips -\family default -. - For more information have a look at section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Printing-the-File" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Fax -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu entry will only appear if you have a fax program installed (on - Windows you additionally need to register its program path to LyX's PATH - prefix, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Paths" - -\end_inset - -). - With this menu entry you can send your document to a fax program like -\family typewriter -hylapex -\family default - or -\family typewriter -kdeprintfax -\family default -. - The default format of the sent file is PostScript. - The format can be changed in LyX's preferences as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Converters" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -New and Close Window -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Opens or closes a new instance of LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Exit -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Prompts you to save all unsaved documents and then exits. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The Edit Menu -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Menu ! Edit -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Undo and Redo -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Undo-and-Redo" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Recent, Paste Special -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Select Whole Inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Selects the content of the inset where the cursor is currently in. - If the cursor is outside of an inset, the whole document will be selected. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Select All -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Selects the whole document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Find & Replace (Quick) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Find & Replace (Advanced) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Advanced-Find-and" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Move Paragraph Up/Down -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This shifts the paragraph where the cursor is currently in one paragraph - up or down. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Text Style -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Paragraph Settings -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paragraph ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Enables you to set the paragraph alignment, line spacing and label width. - These settings only affect the paragraph in which the cursor is currently - in. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also prevent the first line of the paragraph being indented if you - have chosen to separate paragraphs with indents in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog under -\family sans -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Layout -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Table Settings and Math -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -These two menus are only fully active if the cursor is inside a table or - a formula. - Here you can change the properties of tables and formulas. - The properties of tables are described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Tables" - -\end_inset - -, the properties of formulas in chapter -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Increase / Decrease List Depth -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -These menu entries are only active if the cursor is in an environment that - can be nested. - They increase/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Nesting" - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Numbering-depth" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The View Menu -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Menu ! View -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -At the bottom of the -\family sans -View -\family default - menu the opened documents are listed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Open/Close all Insets -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Opens/closes all insets in your document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Unfold/Fold Math Macros -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Unfolds/folds the current math macro. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Math macros are described in the -\emph on -Math -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -View Source -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Opens a window showing the source code of the actual document, as described - in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -View Messages -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Opens a window showing console messages. - This is useful for debugging LyX (i. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -e., hunt for errors in the program) or to see what is going on in the background - while LaTeX is processing the document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -View -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu entry generates the output in the format you have specified as - default output format either in the preferences (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:File-Formats" - -\end_inset - -) or in the document settings (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Doc-Output" - -\end_inset - -) and opens it in an appropriate viewer. - The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:File-Formats" - -\end_inset - -. - The default viewers are set by LyX when it is first configured. - The default output format is -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(pdflatex) -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -View (Other Formats) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With this submenu you can view your document in alternative output formats. - The menu contains a list of available formats in which you can view the - actual document with an external program. - The menu entries are not the same on all installations — it depends on - the LaTeX programs that are found while LyX was configured. - All possible formats are listed in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Export" - -\end_inset - -. - You should at least see the menu entry -\family sans -DVI -\family default -. - If it is missing, you need to update or repair your LaTeX installation. - After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" - -\end_inset - -. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Reconfiguration of LyX -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Invoking a menu will start a viewer program. - The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:File-Formats" - -\end_inset - -. - The default viewers are set by LyX when it is first configured. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Update -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu entry allows you to update the view with your latest changes (in - the default output format) without opening a new viewer window. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Update (Other Formats) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With this submenu you can update the view of alternative output formats - of your document without opening a new viewer window. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -View Master Document -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu item is only visible if your document is included to another document, - which is then its -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -master -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (see section -\emph on -Child Documents -\emph default - in the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual for more information on this topic). - This item allows you to view the master document from within its child. - That is, if you are working on a child document which is a chapter of a - book, -\family sans -View Master -\family default - generates the output of the whole book, while -\family sans -View -\family default - will just output the chapter alone. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The format used by this function is the default output format as specified - in the preferences (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:File-Formats" - -\end_inset - -) or in the document settings (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Doc-Output" - -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Update Master Document -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu item is only visible if your document is included to another document, - which is then its -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -master -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (see section -\emph on -Child Documents -\emph default - in the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual for more information on this topic). - This item allows you to update the view of a master document from within - its child without the need to switch to the master document itself. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The format used by this function is the default output format as specified - in the preferences (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:File-Formats" - -\end_inset - -) or in the document settings (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Doc-Output" - -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Split View -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This will split LyX's main window vertically or horizontally. - This allows you to view documents at the same time to compare them, or - to view the same document, but at different positions. - You can even split the main window several times to view for example 3 - or more documents at the same time. - To return to an unsplit view, use the menu -\family sans -Close Current View -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Close Current View -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Closes a split view. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Fullscreen -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Using this menu entry or pressing F11 removes the menu bar and all toolbars - so that you will see nothing but your text. - It furthermore displays LyX's main window fullscreen. - To return from fullscreen to the normal view, press F11, or right-click - and turn off the fullscreen mode in the context menu. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Toolbars -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Toolbars" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Toolbar -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In this menu entry you can set the appearance of the different toolbars. - All toolbars and the -\family sans -Command -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Buffer -\family default - can be turned on and off. - The -\emph on -on -\emph default - state is denoted in the menu with a checkmark. - The -\family sans -Review -\family default -, -\family sans -Table -\family default -, -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Panels -\family default -, -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Macros -\family default - and -\family sans -Math -\family default - toolbars can be additionally set to the state -\emph on -automatic -\emph default - that is denoted in the menu with the suffix -\family sans -(auto) -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the -\emph on -on -\emph default - state the toolbar is permanently shown, in the -\emph on -automatic -\emph default - state the toolbar is only shown when the cursor is in a certain environment - or when a certain feature is enabled. - That means that the review toolbar will only be shown if change tracking - is activated, the math and table toolbars are only shown if the cursor - is inside a formula or table, respectively. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX's toolbars and their buttons are explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Toolbars" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The Insert Menu -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Menu ! Insert -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Math -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts math constructs that are explained in chapter -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas" - -\end_inset - - and the -\emph on -Math -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Special Character -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Special-Character" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can insert the following characters: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Symbols Inserts any character that can be output by your LaTeX system. - Therefore the number of character categories in this dialog and the available - characters depend on the LaTeX-packages you have installed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Not all characters will be visible in the -\family sans -Symbols -\family default - dialog because none of the screen fonts that you can set in the preferences - dialog (see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Screen-Fonts" - -\end_inset - -) can display every character. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Ellipsis Inserts an ellipsis: \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -End -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -of -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Sentence Inserts an end of sentence dot as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Abbreviations" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Ordinary -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Quote Inserts this quote: ", no matter what quote type you selected in the - -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog under -\family sans -Language -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Single -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Quote Inserts this quote: -\begin_inset Quotes ers -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Protected -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Hyphen Inserts a hyphen that is protected from line breaks: \SpecialChar \nobreakdash- - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Breakable -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Slash Inserts a slash where also a line break can occur: \SpecialChar \slash{} - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Menu -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Separator Inserts the menu separator sign: \SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Phonetic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Symbols -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Phonetic symbols -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Language ! Phonetic symbols -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Creates a formula with a so called tipa inset. - Here you can insert commands to create IPA phonetic symbols. - For this feature you must have the LaTeX-package -\series bold -tipa -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! tipa -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - installed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -For more information about this feature we refer you to the documentation - of -\series bold -tipa, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "tipa" - -\end_inset - - -\series default - and this Wiki-page: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Formatting -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can insert the following format constructs: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Superscript Inserts a superscript: test -\begin_inset script superscript - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -a, b -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Subscript Inserts a subscript: test -\begin_inset script subscript - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -3x -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Protected -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space Inserts a protected space that is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Protected-Space" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Inter-word -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space Inserts an inter-word space that is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Inter-word-Space" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Thin -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space Inserts a thin space that is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Thin-Space" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Horizontal -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space Inserts horizontal space, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" - -\end_inset - - for a description. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Horizontal -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Line Inserts a horizontal line, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Horizontal-Lines" - -\end_inset - - for a description. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Vertical -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Space Inserts vertical space, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Vertical-Space" - -\end_inset - - for a description. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Phantom Inserts Phantom space, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Phantom-Space" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Hyphenation -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Point Inserts a hyphenation point, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Hyphenation" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Ligature -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Break Inserts a ligature break, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Ligatures" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Ragged -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Line -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Break Inserts a forced line break, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Justified -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Break Inserts a forced line break that furthermore stretches the broken - text line to the page border, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -New -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Page Inserts a forced page break, described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Page -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Break Inserts a forced page break that furthermore stretches the broken - text page to the page border, described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Clear -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Page Inserts a clear page break, described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Clear -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Double -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Page Inserts a clear doublepage break, described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -List / TOC -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Various lists can be inserted with this menu entry. - The table of contents, the algorithm, figures and tables list are described - in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:toc" - -\end_inset - -. - The index list is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Index" - -\end_inset - -, the nomenclature in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Nomenclature" - -\end_inset - - and the BibTeX bibliography in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Bibliography-databases" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Float -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To insert floats, described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Floats" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Note -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To insert notes, described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Notes" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Branch -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts branch insets as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Branches" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Custom Insets -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts document class-specific insets. - Such insets only exist if they are defined in the layout file for a certain - document class. - An example is the document class -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -article (Elsevier) -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - with three custom insets. - The section -\emph on -Flex insets and InsetLayout -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual explains how custom insets are defined. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -File -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -External Material -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu entry allows you to insert or include the contents of other files - in your document. - How you can do this is explained in detail in the chapter -\emph on -External Stuff -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Box -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Boxes -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a minipage box that is described section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Minipages" - -\end_inset - -. - All box types supported by LyX are explained in detail in the chapter -\emph on -Boxes -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Citation -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a citation as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Bibliography" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Cross-Reference -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a cross-reference as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Cross-References" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Label -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a label as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Cross-References" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Caption -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Captions -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Longtables ! Caption -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a caption in a float or longtable. - Floats are described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Floats" - -\end_inset - -, captions in longtables are described in the section -\emph on -Longtable Captions -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Index Entry -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts an index entry as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Index" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Nomenclature Entry -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a nomenclature entry as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Nomenclature" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Table -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a table. - Tables are described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Tables" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Graphics -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a graphic. - Graphics are described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Graphics" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -URL -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a URL as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:URLs" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Hyperlinks -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a hyperlink as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Hyperlinks" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Footnote -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a footnote, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Footnotes" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Marginal Note -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a marginal note, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Marginal-Notes" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Short Title -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a short title, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Short-Titles" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -TeX Code -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a TeX Code box, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes" - -\end_inset - - for a description. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Program Listing -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Program listings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a program listings box. - Program listings are explained in the chapter -\emph on -Program Code Listings -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Date -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts the actual date. - The format depends on the date format of the language that is used for - LyX's menus. - LyX offers various ways to insert a date which are explained and also compared - in the section -\emph on -External Material -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Preview -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Inserts a preview inset, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" - -\end_inset - - for a description. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The Navigate Menu -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Menu ! Navigate -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu lists the existing chapters, sections, figures, tables, etc. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -of the current document. - This allows you to navigate easily through your document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Bookmarks -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With this menu entry you are able to define your own bookmarks. - This is useful when you are working on a large document and often have - to jump e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -between section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -2.5 and 6.3. - To create bookmarks for this example, go to section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -2.5 and use the submenu -\family sans -Save -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Bookmark -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1 -\family default -. - Then go to section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -6.3 and use -\family sans -Save -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Bookmark -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\family default -2. - Now you can jump easily between these sections by using the menu or by - the key bindings -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "bookmark-goto 1" -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "bookmark-goto 2" -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also use bookmarks to jump between several opened documents. - The saved bookmarks are valid till the document is closed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Next Note, Change, Cross-reference -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Jump to the next note, change, or cross-reference following the current - cursor position. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Go to Label -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Only active if the cursor is in front of a cross-reference. - Sets the cursor before the referenced label. - (It is the same as if you right-click on a cross-reference box and use - -\family sans -Go -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -to -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Label) -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Forward Search -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This feature allows you to directly jump to the corresponding text part - in the output, see section -\emph on -Forward -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -search -\emph default - in the -\emph on -Additional -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Features -\emph default - manual for a detailed description. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The Document Menu -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Menu ! Document -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Change Tracking -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Change Tracking is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Change-Tracking" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX Log -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -After running LaTeX by viewing or exporting a document, this menu will be - enabled. - It shows the logfile of the used LaTeX-program. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can see how LaTeX works in the background. - -\emph on -Experts -\emph default - will find in it reasons for LaTeX-errors. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Outline -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Opens the TOC/Outline window as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Navigating" - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Table-of-Contents" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Start Appendix Here -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu will start the appendix of the document at the current cursor - position as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Appendices" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Compressed -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Un/compresses the current document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Settings -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The document settings are described in appendix -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "chap:The-Document-Settings" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The Tools Menu -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Menu ! Tools -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Spellchecker -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Spell checking is explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Spellchecking" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Thesaurus -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The thesaurus is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Thesaurus" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Statistics -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Word count -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Character count -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Counts the words and characters in the actual document or the highlighted - document part. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -TeX Information -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -TeX Information -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Shows you a list of the document classes and styles installed in your LaTeX-syst -em. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Reconfigure -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LyX ! Reconfigure|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Reconfiguration of LyX -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Reconfiguration of LyX -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu entry reconfigures LyX; that is, LyX looks for LaTeX-packages - and programs it needs; see also section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Preferences -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The preferences dialog is described in detail in appendix -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "chap:The-Preferences-dialog" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The Help Menu -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Menu ! Help -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This menu lists the documentation files of LyX in the language of LyX's - menus. - If a file is not available in this language, the English version will be - listed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The menu -\family sans -LaTeX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Configuration -\family default - shows a LyX-document with information about the LaTeX-packages and classes - found by LyX (see also section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:LaTeX-Setup" - -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Toolbars -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Toolbars" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -How to show or hide toolbars is explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Toolbars" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is also possible to define custom toolbars. - This is described in the -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Standard Toolbar -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Toolbar ! Standard -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/StandardToolbar.png - width 100col% - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The standard toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following - buttons: -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -setlength{ -\backslash -LTleft}{0pt} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This is necessary to left align the following longtables. - See the -\emph on -Embedded Objects -\emph default - manual for more information. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png - clip - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -pull-down box for the environments -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace -10mm -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align left -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "buffer-new" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -New -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "file-open" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Open -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "buffer-write" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Save -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show print" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Print -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show spellchecker" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Spellchecker -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "undo" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Undo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "redo" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Redo -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "cut" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Cut -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "copy" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Copy -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "paste" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Paste -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show findreplace" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Find -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -& -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -Replace -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "bookmark-goto 0" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Bookmarks\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Navigate Back -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "font-emph" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Emphasize text, function of the -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style -\family default - dialog -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "font-noun" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Set text to noun style, function of the -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style -\family default - dialog -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "textstyle-apply" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Formats text using the current settings in the -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style -\family default - dialog -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-mode" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Inline -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Formula -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Graphics -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "tabular-insert" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Table -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-toggle toc" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Toggle outline window on/off, -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Outline -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "toolbar-toggle math" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Toggle math toolbar on/off -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "toolbar-toggle table" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Toggle table toolbar on/off -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Extra Toolbar -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Toolbar ! Extra -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/ExtraToolbar.png - width 100col% - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The extra toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following - buttons: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "layout" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Default -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "layout Enumerate" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Numbered list -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "layout Itemize" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Itemized list -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "layout List" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -List -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "layout Description" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Description list -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "depth-increment" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Increase -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -List -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Depth -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "depth-decrement" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Decrease -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -List -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Depth -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "float-insert figure" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Figure -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "float-insert table" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Table -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "label-insert" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Label -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Cross-Reference -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Citation -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "index-insert" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Index -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Entry -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "nomencl-insert" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Nomenclature -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Entry -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "footnote-insert" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Footnote -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "marginalnote-insert" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Marginal -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Note -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "note-insert" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator -LyX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Note -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "box-insert Frameless" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Box -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "href-insert" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -URL -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "ert-insert" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -T -\family default - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\family sans -eX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Code -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "math-macro newmacroname newcommand" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show-new-inset include" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Child -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Document -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "dialog-show character" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Text -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Style -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "layout-paragraph" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Paragraph -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "thesaurus-entry" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Thesaurus -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -View / Update Toolbar -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Toolbar ! View / Update -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/ViewToolbar.png - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The view / update toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the - following buttons: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "buffer-view" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -View -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "buffer-update" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Update -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "master-buffer-view" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Master -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "master-buffer-update" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Update -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Master -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -\begin_inset Info -type "icon" -arg "buffer-toggle-output-sync" -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Output\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Synchronize with Output -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/view-others.png - scale 85 - groupId toolbarbuttons - -\end_inset - - -\family sans -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -View (Other Formats) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/update-others.png - scale 85 - groupId toolbarbuttons - -\end_inset - -* -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Update (Other Formats) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -* These icons might look different for you if you do not use the default - icon set. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Other Toolbars -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The change tracking toolbar is explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Change-Tracking" - -\end_inset - -, the table toolbar -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Toolbar ! Table -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - in the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual, the math macro toolbar -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Toolbar ! Macro -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - in the -\emph on -Math -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -The Document Settings -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "chap:The-Document-Settings" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Document ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The document settings dialog contains submenus to set properties for the - whole document and is called with the menu -\family sans - Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default -. - You can save your document settings as default with the -\family sans - Save as Document Defaults -\family default - button in the dialog. - This will create a template named -\family typewriter -defaults.lyx -\family default - which is automatically loaded by LyX when you create a new document without - using a template. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The button -\family sans -Use Class Defaults -\family default - resets the document settings to the default of the document class. - This affects mostly class options, the page layout and Numbering & TOC. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The different submenus of the dialog are explained in the following sections. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Document Class -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you set the document class, class options, a graphics driver, and a - master document. - Document classes are described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Document-Classes" - -\end_inset - -. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With the button -\family sans -Local -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Layout -\family default - you can load you own layout-file, that is not in LyX's -\emph on -layouts -\emph default - folder and thus not recognized by LyX as layout for a document class. - For more about layout-files, see the chapter -\emph on -Installing New Document Classes, Layouts, and Templates -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - Handbook. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some classes use special class options by default. - If this is the case, they are listed in the field -\family sans -Predefined -\family default - and you can decide to use them or not. - If you do not exactly know what the default class options are for, it is - recommended to leave them untouched. - The -\family sans -Graphics driver -\family default - is used for LaTeX's graphics, color and page layout packages. - If using -\family sans -Default -\family default -, the default driver for the LaTeX-packages is used. - It is recommended that you use the default unless you know what you are - doing. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -When you want to use one of the following drivers -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\family sans -dvi2ps, dvialw, dvilaser, dvitops, psprint, pubps, ln -\family default - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -you first have to activate them in your LaTeX distribution, see section - -\emph on -Driver support -\emph default - in -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/graphics/grfguide.pdf" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Specifying a master document is necessary if the current document is a child - or subdocument. - The master document will be used by LyX in the background if the child - document is opened without its master. - This way child documents are always compilable. - More about master and child documents is explained in the section -\emph on -Child Documents -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There is also an option to suppress the date and one to use the LaTeX-package - -\series bold -refstyle -\series default - instead of -\series bold -prettyref -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! prettyref -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! refstyle -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - for cross-references, see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Cross-References" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Child Documents -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This submenu is only visible when your document includes child documents. - Please refer to the section -\emph on -Child -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Documents -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual for details. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Modules -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Modules are explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Modules" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Local Layout -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -See section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Local-Layout" - -\end_inset - - for a description. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Fonts -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The document font settings are described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Fonts-and-Text" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Text Layout -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can specify if paragraphs should be separated by indentations or vertical - skips. - The line spacing and the number of text columns can also be specified here. - -\change_inserted 2090807402 1325640630 - You can also determine whether text will be shown as justified in LyX itself. - Note that this does not affect whether the text is justified in the output. -\change_unchanged - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that LyX will not show two columns or the set up line spacing on screen. - That would be impractical, often unreadable and is not part of the WYSIWYM - concept. - However, it will be as you specified it in the output. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Page Layout -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A description of this menu is given in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation" - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Document-Layout" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Page Margins -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can adjust the paper margins, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Margins" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Language -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Language-encodings" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Language ! Encoding -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The document language and quote styles are set here. - The encoding specifies how the document content is exported to LaTeX (the - LyX file is always encoded in utf8). - All characters that cannot be encoded using the specified encoding will - be exported as LaTeX-commands (this can fail if a LaTeX-command is not - known for a particular character). -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The known commands are defined in a text file ( -\emph on -unicodesymbols -\emph default -). - You can add commands for unknown symbols to that file yourself, see the - -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual for details. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If you use the option -\family sans -Language Default -\family default -, LyX determines the encoding of a text part from the language of this text. - If the document contains text in more than one language you may get more - than one encoding in the LaTeX file. - If you do not use this option then the complete document will always use - exactly one encoding. - Checking this option is the preferred setting. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX also supports Unicode output, which is particularly useful if you need - lots of special symbols or non-alphabetic scripts, respectively. - If you want to use this (and your LaTeX installation supports Unicode), - choose one of the four utf8 variants from the list below. - Unfortunately the Unicode support of standard LaTeX is quite incomplete, - so it is not uncommon that a file with lots of Unicode symbols works fine - with -\family sans -Language Default -\family default - (when LyX uses its list of known LaTeX-commands), but does not work with - a fixed utf8 encoding (when the list of known LaTeX-commands is not used, - because all Unicode symbols can be encoded in utf8). - The situation is much better with XeTeX and LuaTeX, two new alternative - engines to standard LaTeX. - Both engines support Unicode natively. - LyX now also supports these two engines (via the output formats -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(XeTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X) -\family default -, -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(LuaTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X) -\family default - and -\family sans -DVI -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(LuaTeX) -\family default -, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Output-file-formats" - -\end_inset - -). - So if you are using many special or accented characters and -\family sans -Language Default -\family default - fails, you might try out one of these new engines. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Language -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -package -\family default - determines the LaTeX-package that is used for hyphenation and the translation - of strings like -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Part -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The possible settings are: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Default uses the language package that is selected in -\family sans - Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Language Settings -\family default - (see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Prefs-Language" - -\end_inset - -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Automatic selects the most suitable language package for the view/export - format you will use. - In many cases this will be -\series bold -babel -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! babel -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - If the newer package -\series bold -polyglossia -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! polyglossia -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - is more appropriate (is the case when using XeTeX and/or non-TeX fonts), - this package will be used instead of -\series bold -babel -\series default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Always -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Babel uses -\series bold -babel -\series default - even if -\series bold -polyglossia -\series default - would be more appropriate. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Custom allows you to specify a language package command of your choice. - For example if you want to use a language-specific package like -\series bold -ngerman -\series default - (for German texts), type in -\series bold - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\backslash -usepackage{ngerman} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -None will not use a language package. - This is necessary for some document classes for scientific articles. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here is a list with the important encodings: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Language -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Default -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(no -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -inputenc) Same as -\family sans -Language Default -\family default -, but the LaTeX-package -\series bold -inputenc -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! inputenc -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - is not used. - When using this, you probably need to load some additional packages manually - in the preamble and specify the used encoding for text parts in foreign - languages in TeX code. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -ASCII the ASCII encoding, covers only plain English (7-bit ASCII). - LyX converts all other characters into LaTeX commands, which may result - in a big file when lots of LaTeX-commands are needed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Arabic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CP -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1256) MS Windows code page for Arabic and Farsi -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Arabic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-6) for Arabic and Farsi -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Armenian -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ArmSCII8) for Armenian -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Baltic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CP -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1257) MS Windows code page for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, the same - as the ISO-8859-13 encoding -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Baltic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-13) for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, a superset of the ISO-8859-4 - encoding -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Baltic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-4) (latin 4) for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, a subset of the - ISO-8859-13 encoding -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Central -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -European -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CP -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1250) MS Windows code page for ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-2 (latin2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Central -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -European -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-2) (latin 2) covers Albanian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, - Romanian, Slovak and Slovenian -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Chinese -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(simplified) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(EUC-CN) for simplified Chinese, used especially on UNIX OSes, since 2001 - this encoding is officially replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030 - is not available for LaTeX you should try to use the encoding Unicode -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CJK) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(utf8) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Chinese -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(simplified) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(GBK) for simplified Chinese, is the same as the Windows code page CP 936 - except for the Euro currency sign, since 2001 this encoding is officially - replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030 is not available for LaTeX - you should try to use the encoding Unicode -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CJK) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(utf8) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Chinese -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(traditional) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(EUC-TW) for traditional Chinese -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Cyrillic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CP -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1251) MS Windows code page for Cyrillic -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Cyrillic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-5) covers Belorussian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian and Ukrainian -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Cyrillic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(KOI8-R) standard Cyrillic especially for Russian -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Cyrillic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(KOI8-U) Cyrillic for Ukrainian -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Cyrillic -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(pt -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -154) Cyrillic for Kazakh -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Greek -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-7) for Greek -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Hebrew -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CP -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1255) MS Windows code page for Hebrew, a superset of the ISO-8859-8 encoding -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Hebrew -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-8) for Hebrew -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Japanese -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CJK) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package -\series bold -CJK -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! CJK -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, when using this, set the document language to -\family sans -Japanese (CJK) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Japanese -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CJK) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package -\series bold -CJK -\series default -, when using this, set the document language to -\family sans -Japanese -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CJK) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Japanese -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(non-CJK) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package -\series bold -japanese -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! japanese -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, when using this, set the document language to -\family sans -Japanese -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Japanese -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(non-CJK) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package -\series bold -japanese -\series default -, when using this, set the document language to -\family sans -Japanese -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Japanese -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(non-CJK) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(SJIS) SJIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package -\series bold -japanese -\series default -, when using this, set the document language to -\family sans -Japanese -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Korean -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(EUC-KR) for Korean -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Southern -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -European -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-3) (latin 3) covers Esperanto, Galician, Maltese and Turkish -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -South-Eastern -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -European -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-16) (latin 10) covers Albanian, Croatian, Finnish, French, German, - Hungarian, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Polish, Romanian and Slovenian, is designed - to cover many languages and characters with diacritics -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Thai -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(TIS -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -620-0) for Thai -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Turkish -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-9) (latin 5) for Turkish, is like the ISO-8859-1 encoding where the - Icelandic letters are replaced by Turkish ones -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Unicode -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CJK) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(utf8) Unicode utf8 with the LaTeX-package -\series bold -CJK -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! CJK -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - (for the languages Chinese, Japanese and Korean) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Unicode -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(XeTeX) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(utf8) Unicode utf8 to be used with -\family sans -XeTeX -\family default - and -\family sans -LuaTeX -\family default -, which use Unicode directly, without the help of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -inputenc -\series default -. - LyX automatically selects this encoding if you export or preview XeTeX - or LuaTeX. - Normally you do not need to set this encoding manually. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Unicode -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ucs-extended) -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(utf8x) Unicode utf8 based on the LaTeX-package -\series bold -ucs -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! ucs -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - (comprehensive, including Latin, Greek, Cyrillic and CJK scripts). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Unicode -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(utf8) Unicode utf8 based on the LaTeX-package -\series bold -inputenc -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! inputenc -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - Currently only a limited range of characters (mainly for Latin scripts) - is supported. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Western -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -European -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(CP -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1252) MS Windows code page for ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-1 (latin1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Western -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -European -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-1) (latin 1) covers the languages Albanian, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, - English, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Icelandic, Irish, - Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish; better use the ISO-8859-15 - encoding instead -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Western -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -European -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(ISO -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -8859-15) (latin 9) like the ISO-8859-1 encoding, but with the Euro currency - sign, the œ-ligature and some characters used for French and Finnish -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Finally, the dialog lets you select a specific language package for the - current document. - See sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Prefs-Language" - -\end_inset - - for more information on the language package. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Colors -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Color ! main text -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Color ! background -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can alter the font color for the main text (default: black) and - for Greyed -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -out notes (default: light grey). - The button -\family sans -Reset -\family default - sets the color back to the default. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can also change the background color for the pages (default: white) - and for Shaded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -boxes (default: red). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The colors are not shown within LyX, only in the output. - (This Greyed -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -out note appears blue in the output.) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note, if you change the main text font color and use the option -\family sans -Color -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -links -\family default - in the document settings under -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -properties -\family default -, you probably also need to change the link font color by using -\family sans -Additional -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -options -\family default - in the -\family sans -PDF -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -properties -\family default -. - For example the option -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -linkcolor=black -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -sets the link text color to black. - For more information, see the manual of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -hyperref -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! hyperref -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "hyperref" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can adapt the main text font color and the page background for every - page in your document if you use these commands as TeX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Code behind a forced page break: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -For the page color: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -pagecolor{color name} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -For the text color: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -color{color name} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The color name can hereby be one of these: -\series bold -black -\series default -, -\series bold -blue -\series default -, -\series bold -cyan -\series default -, -\series bold -green -\series default -, -\series bold -magenta -\series default -, -\series bold -red -\series default -, -\series bold -white -\series default -, -\series bold -yellow -\series default - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -If you have changed a text or background color, you can use them under the - following names: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -For the page background color: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold -page_backgroundcolor -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -For the main text color: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold -document_fontcolor -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -For the Shaded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -box background color: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold -shadecolor -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -For the Greyed -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -out note text color: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold -note_fontcolor -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To see how to define and use custom colors, see section -\emph on -Colored -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Cells -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Numbering & TOC -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can adjust the numbering depth of section headings and the section - depth in the table of contents as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Numbering-depth" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Bibliography -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can specify a citation style using the LaTeX packages -\series bold -natbib -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! natbib -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - or -\series bold -jurabib -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! jurabib -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - You can enable a sectioned bibliography using the LaTeX package -\series bold -bibtopic -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! bibtopic -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - and you can customize how the bibliography of the given document is being - generated. - For a further description see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Bibliography" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Indexes -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here, you can customize how the index of your document is being generated - and you can define additional indexes. - Please refer to section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Index" - -\end_inset - - for details. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -PDF Properties -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The PDF properties are explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:PDF-Properties" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Math Options -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -These options will force LyX to use the LaTeX-packages -\series bold -amsmath -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! amsmath -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, -\series bold -esint -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! esint -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, -\series bold -mathdots -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! mathdots -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - und -\series bold -mhchem -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! mhchem -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - or to use them automatically when they are needed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -amsmath is needed for many constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in formulas, - ensure that you have enabled -\family sans -AMS -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -math -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -esint is used for special integral characters, see section -\emph on -Big -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Operators -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Math -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -mathdots is used for special ellipses, see section -\emph on -Ellipses -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Math -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -mhchem is used for chemical equations, see section -\emph on -Chemical Symbols and Equations -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Math -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Float Placement -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The float placement options are described in section -\emph on -Float -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Placement -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Listings -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The listings settings are explained in chapter -\emph on -Program Code Listings -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Embedded -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Objects -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Bullets -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can adjust the characters for the itemize levels. - The itemize environment is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Itemize" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Branches -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Branches are described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Branches" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Output -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Doc-Output" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can define some output specifics for the current document: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Default -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Output -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Format: The format that is used when you hit -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -View -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Update -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -View Master Document -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Update Master Document -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in the -\family sans -View -\family default - menu or the toolbar. - The default is set in -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator -File Formats -\family default -, see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:File-Formats" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Synchronize -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -with -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Output settings for the menu -\family sans -Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Forward -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -search -\family default -. - For a detailed description see section -\emph on -Reverse DVI/PDF search -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Additional -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Features -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -XHTML -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Output -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Options settings for the export format -\family sans -LyXHTML -\family default -. - -\family sans -Strict XHTML -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1.1 -\family default - will assure that the output follows exactly version -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -1.1 of the XHTML standard. - The different -\family sans -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -output -\family default - settings are described in detail in section -\emph on -Math Output in XHTML -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Additional -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Features -\emph default - manual. - The scaling is used for the size of equations in the output. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX Preamble -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In this text field you can enter commands to load special LaTeX-packages - or to define LaTeX-commands. - The preamble is a thing for LaTeX-experts. - You should not enter commands here until you exactly know what you are - doing. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -An introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -The -\family sans -Preferences -\family default - Dialog -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "chap:The-Preferences-dialog" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Preferences -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The preferences dialog is called with the menu -\family sans -Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Preferences -\family default -. - It has the following submenus. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Look and Feel -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -User Interface -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -User Interface File -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Customization ! of toolbars -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Customization ! of menus -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The appearance of the menus and toolbars can be changed by choosing a user - interface (ui) file. - A ui-file is a text file where the toolbars and menus are listed. - The toolbar buttons and menu entries are specified in the files -\shape italic -stdtoolbars.inc -\shape default - and -\shape italic -stdmenus.inc -\shape default -, respectively. - Both files are loaded by the -\emph on -default.ui -\emph default - file. - To create your own menu and toolbar layout, start with a copy of these - files and edit the entries. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The syntax of the .inc-files is straightforward: The -\family sans -Menubar -\family default -, -\family sans -Menu -\family default - and -\family sans -Toolbar -\family default - entries must be finished with an explicit -\family sans -End -\family default -. - They may contain -\family sans -Submenu -\family default -, -\family sans -Item -\family default -, -\family sans -OptItem -\family default -, -\family sans -Separator -\family default -, -\family sans -Icon, -\family default - and in the case of the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -file_lastfiles -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - menu a -\family sans -Lastfiles -\family default - entry. - The syntax for the entries is: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* -\end_inset - - -\series bold -Item -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -menu -\series default -or -\series bold - button name -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LyX-function -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* -\end_inset - -All LyX-functions are listed in the menu -\family sans -Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator -LyX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Functions -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -An example: Assuming you use the menu -\family sans -Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Bookmarks -\family default - quite often and therefore want six available bookmarks, you can add the - line -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* -\end_inset - - -\series bold -Item -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Save Bookmark 6 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -bookmark-save 6 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* -\end_inset - -to the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -navigate_bookmarks -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - menu in the .inc-file to have the sixth bookmark. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Icon Set -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can change the appearance of LyX's toolbar buttons. - The currently available icon sets are compared in -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "this image" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/uploads/LyX/NewInLyX20/themes.png" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Automatic help -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The option -\family sans -Enable tool tips in main work area -\family default - enables tool tips showing the content of closed insets like index entries - or footnotes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Session -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With the option -\family sans -Restore window layouts and geometries -\family default - LyX's main window will be opened with the size and layout that was used - in the last LyX session. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The option -\family sans -Restore cursor positions -\family default - sets the cursor to the position in the file where it was at the end of - the last session. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The option -\family sans -Load opened files from last session -\family default - opens all files that were opened in the last LyX session. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The button -\family sans -Clear all session information -\family default - deletes all information from previous LyX sessions (cursor positions, names - of last opened documents, etc.). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Documents -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Backup documents" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Backup ! Documents -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -Backup original documents when saving -\family default - creates a backup copy of the file in the state when it was opened or when - it was saved the last time. - It is stored in the same folder as your document or in the -\family sans -Backup -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -directory -\family default -, see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Paths" - -\end_inset - -. - The backup file has the file extension -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -.lyx~ -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With the option -\family sans -Backup documents, every -\family default -, you can specify the time between backup saves. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -Save documents compressed by default -\family default - saves the files always in a compressed format. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -Maximum last files -\family default - is the number of last opened files that LyX should display in the menu - -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Open -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Recent -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If the option -\family sans -Open documents in tabs -\family default - is not used, then every file will be opened in its own new instance of - LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The option -\family sans -Single instance -\family default - is only active if a LyXServer pipe -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -See sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Paths" - -\end_inset - - for information about LyXServer pipes. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - is specified. - If it is checked, LyX documents will be opened in the same running instance - of LyX. - Otherwise a new LyX instance is created for each file. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With the option -\family sans -Single close-tab button -\family default - there will only be one button ( -\family sans - -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/closetab.png - scale 75 - -\end_inset - - -\family default -) at the right side of the tab bar to close tabs. - Otherwise every document tab has its own close button. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - For the last option you have to restart LyX before the change takes effect. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Screen Fonts -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Font ! Screen -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Screen-Fonts" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -These fonts are used to display your documents on the screen. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - This section only deals with the fonts -\emph on -inside -\emph default - the LyX window. - The fonts that appear on the output are independent from these fonts, and - set in the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Fonts -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -By default, LyX uses -\family typewriter -Times -\family default - as roman (serif) font, -\family typewriter -Arial -\family default - or -\family typewriter -Helvetica -\family default - (depends on the system) as -\family sans -sans -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -serif -\family default - font and -\family typewriter -Courier -\family default - as -\family typewriter -typewriter -\family default - font. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can change the font size with the -\family sans -Zoom -\family default - setting. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -Font Sizes -\family default - are calculated as letter height in units of points. - 72 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -points have the size of 1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -inch, see Appendix -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cha:Units-available-in" - -\end_inset - -. - The default font sizes are the same as if a document font size of 10 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pt were used. - The sizes are explained in detail in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Document-Font" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -With the option -\family sans -Use Pixmap Cache to speed up font rendering -\family default - enabled, LyX needs to redraw the screen less often. - This results in better performance, especially on slow systems. - On the other hand, the characters might look more fuzzy on screen. - So whether you enable this or not depends on whether you prefer speed over - aesthetics. - Note that the Pixmap Cache is only available and useful under Mac -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -OS and Windows. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Colors -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Color ! LyX screen -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! Color -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can change all the colors used by LyX. - Choose an item in the list and use the -\family sans -Alter -\family default - button. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -By using the option -\family sans -Use system colors -\family default - the color scheme of your OS or window manager is used. - The colors -\family sans -cursor, selection, table line, text, URL -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -label and URL -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -text -\family default - are then not customizable and thus not listed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Display -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! Display -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can specify if graphics inside LyX are displayed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -Instant Preview -\family default - enables previewing snippets of your document. - This feature is described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The option -\family sans -Mark -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -end -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -of -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -paragraphs -\family default - displays a pilcrow (¶) at the end of every paragraph. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Editing -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! Editing -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Control -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Editing -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The option -\family sans -Cursor follows scrollbar -\family default - sets the cursor to the top of the currently displayed document part when - scrolling. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can adjust the width of the cursor. - If you set the value to zero the thickness of the cursor scales relative - to the zoom value you choose for the screen fonts. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\family sans -Scroll below end of document -\family default - is self-explanatory. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In LyX one can jump from word to word by pressing -\family sans -Ctrl+arrow key -\family default -. - With the option -\family sans - Use Mac-style for cursor moving between words -\family default - the cursor jumps from the end of a word to the end of the next word. - Normally it jumps from the beginning to the beginning. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The option -\family sans -Sort environments alphabetically -\family default - sorts the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The option -\family sans -Group environments by their category -\family default - groups the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The math macro editing option determines the editing style, see the section - -\emph on -Math Macros -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Math -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Fullscreen -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can specify what is hidden in the fullscreen mode. - The option -\family sans -Limit text width -\family default - specifies the width of the text in fullscreen mode. - This way you can display the text smaller than the screen; the text then - appears centered. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Shortcuts -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Key Bindings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! Shortcuts -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Bind File -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Bindings are used to bind a LyX-function to a key. - Several binding files are available: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -cua.bind typical set of PC keyboard shortcuts -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -(x)emacs.bind set of bindings like they are used in the editor programs -\family sans -Emacs -\family default - ( -\family sans -XEmacs -\family default -) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -mac.bind set of bindings for -\family sans -Mac -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -OS -\family default - systems. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are also bind-files designed for special document classes, like -\shape italic -broadway.bind -\shape default -, and bind files for special languages. - The names of language bind-files begin with a language code, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -pt -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - for Portuguese. - If you use LyX in a certain language, LyX will try to use the appropriate - bind-file. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some bind-files, like -\emph on -math.bind -\emph default -, have only a small scope. - When looking at the end of the file -\shape italic -cua.bind -\shape default -, you can see that they are included to keep the overview in the bind-file. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Editing Shortcuts -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Editing-Shortcuts" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Key Bindings ! Editing -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To add new or modify existing keybindings to your own taste you can use - the table in the dialog that lists all LyX-functions and the bound shortcuts. - To find functions easily, they are grouped by categories and the dialog - provides the field -\family sans -Show key-bindings containing -\family default -. - In this field you can insert a keyword for a function you want to edit. - Insert there for example as keyword -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -paste -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and you get the 4 different existing shortcuts for the 3 different functions - that contain -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -paste -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in their name. - As you can see, one function can have more than one shortcut. - All LyX-functions are also listed in the file -\emph on -LyX Functions -\emph default - that you will find in the -\family sans -Help -\family default - menu. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To add e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -the shortcut -\family sans -Alt+Q -\family default - for the function -\family sans -textstyle-apply -\family default -, select the function and press the -\family sans -Modify -\family default - button. - A dialog pops up where you can add the shortcut by using it. - So press Alt+Q to define the shortcut. - Modifying an existing shortcut is done the same way. - You can also bind multiple functions to one shortcut by modifying an existing - binding and adding the different function names as a semicolon separated - list. - LyX will then use the first function that is enabled in the current document - part. - The binding for the function -\family sans -command-alter -\family default - is an example of this. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Alternatively you can also edit shortcuts by modifying bind-files with a - text editor. - The syntax of the entries is: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -bind -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -key combination -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -LyX-function -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Keyboard / Mouse -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Keyboard-Map" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Keyboard Map -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! Keyboard Map -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Normally keyboard settings have to be done in a menu of your operating system. - For the case that this is not possible, LyX provides keyboard maps. - If you have e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -a Czech keyboard but want to write with it like with a Romanian one, you - can use the keyboard map file named -\emph on -romanian.kmap -\emph default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Keyboard maps are only provided as makeshift and don't work on all systems. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -You can furthermore specify here the -\family sans -Wheel scrolling speed -\family default -. - The standard value is 1.0, higher values speed up the scrolling, lower ones - slow it down. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In the section -\family sans -Scroll wheel zoom -\family default - you can select a key for zooming. - When this key is pressed and the mouse wheel is rotated, the text is zoomed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Input Completion -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Input completion is described in sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Input-Completion" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Paths -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Paths" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paths -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! Paths -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Working -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -directory This is LyX's working directory. - It is the default when you -\family sans -Open -\family default -, -\family sans -Save -\family default - or -\family sans -Save -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -as -\family default - files. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Document -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -templates This directory will be opened when you use the menu -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -New -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -from -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Template -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Example -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -files This directory will be opened when you use the button -\family sans -Examples -\family default - in the -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Open -\family default - dialog. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - The -\family sans -Examples -\family default - button does not exist when using LyX on Mac OS and Windows systems. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Backup -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -directory -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Backup ! Directory -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - Backup copies will be saved to this directory. - If no directory is given but backups are enabled as described in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Backup documents" - -\end_inset - -, the -\family sans -Working directory -\family default - will be used to save the backups. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Backup files have the ending -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -.lyx~ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Ly -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -XServer -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -pipe Here you can enter the name of a so-called UNIX-pipe. - This pipe is used to send data from external programs to LyX. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold -Example: -\series default - You add a BibTeX-database -\emph on -test.bib -\emph default - to your document. - You can edit this file with the program -\family typewriter -JabRef -\family default -. - In -\family typewriter -JabRef -\family default - you have to use the same Unix-Pipe for LyX in its preferences under -\family sans -External -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -programs -\family default -. - If you want to get one entry of the database as citation, select it in - -\family typewriter -JabRef -\family default - and click on the LyX-symbol. - The entry will now be inserted as citation at the current cursor position - in your LyX file. - -\family typewriter -JabRef -\family default - and LyX need of course to be run the same time. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -The pipe is also used for the -\family sans -Single instance -\family default - feature, see sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Backup documents" - -\end_inset - -. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -To use the LyXServer-Pipe on Windows, you must use this pipe name: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash - -\backslash -. -\backslash -pipe -\backslash -lyxpipe -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Temporary -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -directory Temporary files will be saved in this directory. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Thesaurus -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -dictionary Directory where the thesaurus dictionaries are located. - You only need to specify it if the thesaurus does otherwise not work or - if you want to use custom/alternative dictionaries. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Hunspell -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -dictionary Directory where the dictionaries of the spell checker program - -\family typewriter -Hunspell -\family default - are located. - You only need to specify it if you are using -\family typewriter -Hunspell -\family default - and spell checking does otherwise not work or if you want to use custom/alterna -tive dictionaries. - For LyX on Windows -\family typewriter -Hunspell -\family default - is the only available spell checker and should work without specifying - a directory. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -PATH -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -prefix This field contains a list of paths to external programs. - When LyX needs to use an external program, it looks in this list where - to find it on the system. - The path list is automatically set up on Windows and Mac systems when LyX - is configured, so that you normally don't have to modify it. - On Unix -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -Linux systems, the path list will need to be set only if there are external - programs you wish to use that are not in your normal system path ($PATH). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -TEXINPUTS -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -prefix The TEXINPUTS environment variable allows to use external files which - are included to a LyX document via commands in TeX code or in the document - preamble. - This prefix includes by default the document directory (represented by - a single dot '.'). - The prefix can contain any list of paths separated by the default separator - of the OS (':' on UNIX like systems and ';' on Windows). - If files are included, the paths listed in the TEXINPUTS prefix will be - scanned for the input files. - Note that any non-absolute path listed in the TEXINPUTS prefix is considered - to be relative to the directory of your LyX file. - It is recommended to include always '.' as one of the paths, otherwise compilati -on may fail for some documents. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Identity -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can insert your name and email address. - The identity will be used when you have enabled change tracking as described - in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Change-Tracking" - -\end_inset - -, to mark changes you make as yours. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Language Settings -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Language ! Settings -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! Language -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Language -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Prefs-Language" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -User -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Interface -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -language Here you can select the language of LyX's menus. - You find the actual translation status here: -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "http://www.lyx.org/I18n" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Language -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -package determines which LaTeX package should be loaded to handle language - issues. - Language issues that are handled by this package include proper hyphenation - as well as localization of dates and text strings such as -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Chapter -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Table -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The most widespread language package is -\series bold -babel -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! babel -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, it is the default language package in classic LaTeX. - More recent typesetting engines such as XeTeX and LuaTeX come with the - alternative language package -\series bold -polyglossia -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! polyglossia -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - that is more suited for the multi-script support of these engines. - Furthermore, there are also specific language packages for languages not - covered by babel. - The available selections are described in sec. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Language-encodings" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Command -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -start If a special LaTeX-package is needed to write in a certain document - language, you can here specify the command to start the package. - An example is the start command -\family sans - -\backslash -begin{arabtext} -\family default - that is needed to write Arabic using the package -\series bold -ArabTeX -\series default -, see -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "Arabic" - -\end_inset - -. - The default is the -\series bold -babel -\series default - command -\family sans - -\backslash -selectlanguage{$$lang} -\family default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Command -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -end Counterpart to -\family sans -Command start -\family default -. - Some packages, like the default, don't have an end command since the start - command toggles the package on and off. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Default -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Decimal -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Point Define the default decimal point for the use in tables (decimal point - alignment). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Set -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -languages -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -globally When this option is set, the languages used in the document will - be added as options to the document class options, so that they can be - used by all LaTeX-packages. - Otherwise they will only be used as options for the -\series bold -babel -\series default - package. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Auto -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -begin When this option is set, documents start with the chosen document - language. - When this option is not set, the -\family sans -Command -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -start -\family default - is explicitly set to the beginning of the document in the LaTeX-output. - This assures that the correct language is used when you use another -\family sans -Command -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -start -\family default - than the default. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Auto -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -end Counterpart to -\family sans -Auto -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -begin -\family default -. - When it is not set, the -\family sans -Command -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -end -\family default - is set to the end of the document. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Mark -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -foreign -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -languages Text marked formatted in a language different from the document - language will be underlined in blue. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Enable -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -RTL -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -support Enables the use of languages, written from right to left (RTL), - like Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Cursor -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -movement When writing RTL, you can define if the left and right arrow keys - move the cursor visually to the left or right, respectively, or logically. - Logical means that the cursor is moved to the left when pressing the right - arrow key and the cursor is inside text in an RTL language. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Spellchecker -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The spellchecker settings are explained in section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Spellchecking" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Outputs -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -General -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Output -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -line -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -length sets the maximum number of characters printed in one line when using - the menu -\family sans -File\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Plain -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -text -\family default -. - Setting the line line length to 0 means all text is printed in one endless - line. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Date -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -format -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Date Format -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! Date format -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - The date format can be one or a mixture of the formats listed here: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?date -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -For example the format -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -%d/%m/%y -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -prints the date as day/month/year. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Overwrite -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -on -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -export Setting what LyX is allowed to overwrite on export. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Forward -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -search Commands that will be used for the menu -\family sans -Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Forward -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -search -\family default -. - For a detailed description see section -\emph on -Reverse DVI/PDF search -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Additional -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Features -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Printer -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Printer" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Printer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! Printer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Default -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -printer Here you can specify the name of your default printer. - The name will be used when the -\family sans -Printer command -\family default - is executed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - You can leave this field empty on Windows systems because it has no effect. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Printer -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -command is the command LyX -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -LaTeX uses for printing. - The default is -\family sans -dvips -\family default - on most systems. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Printer -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Command -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Options Here you can specify printer options. - A list of printer options with explanations can be found in the documentation - of the program that provides the -\family sans -Printer command -\family default - you are using. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Adapt -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -output -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -to -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -printer This option works only for the -\family sans -Printer command -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -dvips -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - It activates a configuration file for dvips. - This is an option only for dvips experts. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -eX -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:LaTeX-settings" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! LaTeX -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Use -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -LaTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -font -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -encoding This is the default encoding of the document font. - -\family sans -T1 -\family default - is the default and covers western languages and symbols. - -\family sans -T2A -\family default -, -\family sans -T2B -\family default -, -\family sans -T2C -\family default -, -\family sans -LCY -\family default - and -\family sans -X2 -\family default - are used for Cyrillic. - Combinations of the encodings are possible, like -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family sans -T1, T2B -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. - The font encoding is normally automatically loaded by the language packages - LyX sets up in the background. - So there is no need to change the default encoding. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Default -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -paper -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -size This is the paper size that is used for new documents. - The -\family sans -Default -\family default - value depends on your LaTeX-system setup. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -DVI -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -viewer -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -paper -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -size -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -options They only have an effect when the program -\family sans -xdvi -\family default - is used as DVI-viewer, read its manual to find out more. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you can also specify options and commands with parameters for processors. - But before you change something, it is strongly recommended to read the - manuals of the applications. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Bibliography -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -generation Settings for the generation of the bibliography, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Bibliography-databases" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Index -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -generation Settings for the generation of the index, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Index-Program" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Nomenclature -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -command Command for the program that generates the nomenclature, see section -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Nomenclature-Program" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -CheckTe -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -X -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -command Command for the program -\family sans -CheckTeX -\family default - that is described in the section -\emph on -Checking TeX -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Additional Features -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are additionally the following options: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Use -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Windows-style -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -paths -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -in -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -LaTeX -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -files Uses paths in the notation of Windows, that means that -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\backslash - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - is used instead of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to separate folders. - This option is enabled by default when you use LyX on Windows. -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Paths -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Settings ! Paths -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Reset -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -class -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -options -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -when -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -document -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -class -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -changes Removes all manually set document class options in the -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings -\family default - dialog when changing the document class. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -File -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Handling -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -File handling -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Converters -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Converters" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Converters -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you find the list of defined converter commands to convert material - from one format to another. - You can modify converters or create new ones. - To modify a converter, select it, change the entry of the field -\family sans -Converter -\family default - and/or -\family sans -Extra -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -flag -\family default - and press the -\family sans -Modify -\family default - button. - To create a new converter, select an existing one, select a different format - in the -\family sans -To -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -format -\family default - drop-down list, modify the -\family sans -Converter -\family default - field and press the -\family sans -Add -\family default - button. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -If the -\family sans -Converter File Cache -\family default - is enabled, conversions will be cached as long as specified in the field - -\family sans -Maximum Age (in days -\family default -). - This means that images don't need to be converted again when you reopen - a document; the converted images from the cache will be used instead. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -More about converters, like the flags that can be used in the converter - definition, is described in the section -\emph on -Converters -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -File Formats -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:File-Formats" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -File formats -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Copiers -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here you find the list of defined file formats that LyX can handle. - You can modify the viewer and editor program that should be used for certain - formats. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Furthermore, you can define the -\family sans -Default output format -\family default - that is used when you use -\family sans -View, Update, View Master Document -\family default - or -\family sans -Update Master Document -\family default - in the -\family sans -View -\family default - menu or the toolbar. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -More about formats and their options is described in the section -\emph on -Formats -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Since all conversions from one format to another take place in LyX's temporary - directory, it is sometimes necessary to modify a file before copying it - to the temporary directory so that the conversion may be performed. - This is done by specifying a -\family sans -Copier -\family default -. - More about this is described in the section -\emph on -Copiers -\emph default - of the -\emph on -Customization -\emph default - manual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -Units available in LyX -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Units -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "cha:Units-available-in" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To understand the units described in this documentation, -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "cap:Units" - -\end_inset - - explains all units available in LyX. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -placement h -wide false -sideways false -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "cap:Units" - -\end_inset - -Units -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -unit -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -name/description -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -mm -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -millimeter -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -cm -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -centimeter -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -in -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -inch -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -pt -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -point (72.27 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pt = 1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -in) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -pc -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -pica (1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pc = 12 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pt) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -sp -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -scaled point (65536 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -sp = 1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pt) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -bp -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -big point (72 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -bp = 1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -in) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -dd -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -didot (72 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -dd -\begin_inset Formula $\approx$ -\end_inset - - 37.6 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -mm) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -cc -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -cicero (1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -cc = 12 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -dd) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Scale% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of original image width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -text% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of text width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -col% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of column width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -page% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of paper width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -line% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of line width -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -theight% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of text height -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -pheight% -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of paper height -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -ex -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -height of letter -\emph on -x -\emph default - in current font -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -em -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -width of letter -\emph on -M -\emph default - in current font -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -mu -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -math unit (1 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -mu = 1/18 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -em) -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -Credits -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "cha:Credits" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people - (and we would encourage people to contribute!). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Alejandro Aguilar Sierra -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Amir Karger -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -David Johnson -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Hartmut Haase -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Ignacio García -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Ivan Schreter -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -John Raithel -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -John Weiss -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Lars Gullik Bjønnes -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Matthias Ettrich -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Matthias Zenker -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Rich Fields -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Pascal André -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Paul Evans -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Paul Russel -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Robin Socha -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\noun on -Uwe Stöhr -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -The LyX Team: -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "lyxcredit" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - -The bibliography on the following page was created with the -\family sans -Bibliography -\family default - environment. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -label "Credits" -key "lyxcredit" - -\end_inset - -The LyX Team: -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Credits" -target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS" - -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "latexcompanion" - -\end_inset - -Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens: -\emph on -The LaTeX Companion Second Edition. - -\emph default - Addison-Wesley, 2004 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "latexguide" - -\end_inset - -Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. - Daly: -\emph on -A Guide to LaTeX Fourth Edition. - -\emph default - Addison-Wesley, 2003 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "latexbook" - -\end_inset - -Leslie Lamport: -\emph on -LaTeX: A Document Preparation System. - -\emph default - Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "texbook" - -\end_inset - -Donald E. - Knuth. - -\emph on -The TeXbook. - -\emph default - Addison-Wesley, 1984 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "TeXCatalogue" - -\end_inset - -The TeX Catalogue: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/bytopic.html -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "LaTeXFAQ" - -\end_inset - -The LaTeX FAQ: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "BibTeX" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf" - -\end_inset - - of the program -\family sans -BibTeX -\family default -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "BibTeX-2" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf" - -\end_inset - - how to use the program -\family sans -BibTeX -\family default -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "makeindex" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex/doc/makeindex.pdf" - -\end_inset - - of the program -\family sans -makeindex -\family default -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://mirrors.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex/doc/makeindex.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "xindy" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html" - -\end_inset - - of the program -\family sans -xindy -\family default -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "caption" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption.pdf" - -\end_inset - - of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -caption -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! caption -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "enumitem" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/enumitem.pdf" - -\end_inset - - of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -enumitem -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! enumitem -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/enumitem.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "fancyhdr" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf" - -\end_inset - - of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -fancyhdr -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "hyperref" - -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/hyperref.pdf" - -\end_inset - - -\series default - of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -hyperref -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! hyperref -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/hyperref.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "nomencl" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf" - -\end_inset - - of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -nomencl -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! nomencl -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "prettyref" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/prettyref/prettyref.pdf" - -\end_inset - - of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -prettyref -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! prettyref -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/prettyref/prettyref.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "refstyle" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/refstyle/refstyle.pdf" - -\end_inset - - of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -refstyle -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! refstyle -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/refstyle/refstyle.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "tipa" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Documentation" -target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf" - -\end_inset - - of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -tipa -\series default - -\begin_inset Index idx -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -LaTeX-packages ! tipa -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Arabic" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Wiki-page" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic" - -\end_inset - - how to set up LyX for Arabic: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Armenian" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Wiki-page" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian" - -\end_inset - - how to set up LyX for Armenian: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Farsi" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Wiki-page" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi" - -\end_inset - - how to set up LyX for Farsi: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Hebrew" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Wiki-page" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew" - -\end_inset - - how to set up LyX for Hebrew: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Japanese" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Wiki-page" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese" - -\end_inset - - how to set up LyX for Japanese: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Latvian" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Wiki-page" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Latvian" - -\end_inset - - how to set up LyX for Latvian: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Latvian -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Lithuanian" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Wiki-page" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Lithuanian" - -\end_inset - - how to set up LyX for Lithuanian: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Lithuanian -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Mongolian" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Wiki-page" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Mongolian" - -\end_inset - - how to set up LyX for Mongolian: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Mongolian -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Vietnamese" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Wiki-page" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Vietnamese" - -\end_inset - - how to set up LyX for Vietnamese: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Vietnamese -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "NewInLyX20" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "Wiki-page" -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/NewInLyX20" - -\end_inset - - about new features in -\family sans -LyX 2.0 -\family default -: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Flex URL -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/NewInLyX20 -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -let -\backslash -mybibname -\backslash -bibname -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -bibname}{ -\backslash -mybibname -\backslash -; 2} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The command -\series bold - -\backslash -bibname -\series default - is the name of the bibliography in the current document language. - It is redefined here with the number 2 at the end to state that the following - bibliography is the second one: -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex -LatexCommand bibtex -bibfiles "biblio/LyXDocs" -options "biblio/alphadin" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The above bibliography is created from a BibTeX-database. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset CommandInset nomencl_print -LatexCommand printnomenclature -set_width "auto" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset CommandInset index_print -LatexCommand printindex -type "idx" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_body -\end_document +#LyX 2.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 474 +\begin_document +\begin_header +\textclass scrbook +\begin_preamble +% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!! +% +% This preamble is designed to ensure that the User's Guide prints +% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, +% parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you +% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact +% the documentation team +% email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org + +\usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle +\ifpdf % if pdflatex is used + + % set fonts for nicer pdf view + \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{} + +\fi % end if pdflatex is used + +% for correct jump positions whe clicking on a link to a float +\usepackage[figure]{hypcap} + +% the pages of the TOC is numbered roman +% and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added +\let\myTOC\tableofcontents +\renewcommand\tableofcontents{% + \frontmatter + \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{} + \myTOC + \mainmatter } + +% define a short command for \textvisiblespace +\newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace} + +% macro for italic page numbers in the index +\newcommand{\IndexDef}[1]{\textit{#1}} + +% for customized page headers/footers +% only needed because they are only used in one section of the document +\usepackage{fancyhdr} +% change header rule width +\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{2pt} + +% workaround for a makeindex bug, +% see sec. "Index Entry Order" +% only uncomment this when you are using makindex +%\let\OrgIndex\index +%\renewcommand*{\index}[1]{\OrgIndex{#1}} +\end_preamble +\options refpage,intoc,bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,captions=tableheading +\use_default_options false +\begin_modules +customHeadersFooters +enumitem +\end_modules +\maintain_unincluded_children false +\language english +\language_package default +\inputencoding auto +\fontencoding global +\font_roman default +\font_sans default +\font_typewriter default +\font_math auto +\font_default_family default +\use_non_tex_fonts false +\font_sc false +\font_osf false +\font_sf_scale 100 +\font_tt_scale 100 +\graphics default +\default_output_format default +\output_sync 0 +\bibtex_command default +\index_command default +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing single +\use_hyperref true +\pdf_title "The LyX User's Guide" +\pdf_author "LyX Team" +\pdf_subject "LyX" +\pdf_keywords "LyX" +\pdf_bookmarks true +\pdf_bookmarksnumbered true +\pdf_bookmarksopen false +\pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1 +\pdf_breaklinks false +\pdf_pdfborder false +\pdf_colorlinks true +\pdf_backref false +\pdf_pdfusetitle false +\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false" +\papersize default +\use_geometry false +\use_package amsmath 1 +\use_package amssymb 1 +\use_package cancel 0 +\use_package esint 1 +\use_package mathdots 1 +\use_package mathtools 0 +\use_package mhchem 1 +\use_package stackrel 0 +\use_package stmaryrd 0 +\use_package undertilde 0 +\cite_engine basic +\cite_engine_type default +\biblio_style plain +\use_bibtopic false +\use_indices false +\paperorientation portrait +\suppress_date false +\justification true +\use_refstyle 0 +\notefontcolor #0000ff +\branch Question +\selected 1 +\filename_suffix 0 +\color #00ff00 +\end_branch +\branch Answer +\selected 0 +\filename_suffix 0 +\color #aa55ff +\end_branch +\index Index +\shortcut idx +\color #008000 +\end_index +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 2 +\paragraph_separation indent +\paragraph_indentation default +\quotes_language english +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 2 +\paperpagestyle default +\tracking_changes false +\output_changes false +\html_math_output 0 +\html_css_as_file 0 +\html_be_strict true +\end_header + +\begin_body + +\begin_layout Title +The LyX User's Guide +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Author +by the LyX Team +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\noindent +If you have comments on or error corrections to this documentation, please + send them to the LyX Documentation mailing list: +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org" +type "mailto:" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Version 2.0.x +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The latest PDF-version of this document can be found here: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#UserGuide +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset CommandInset toc +LatexCommand tableofcontents + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Getting Started +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +What is LyX? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX is a document preparation system. + It is a tool for producing beautiful manu\SpecialChar \- +scripts, publishable books, business + letters and proposals, and even poetry. + It is unlike most other +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +word processors +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core + editing style. + That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, not as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bold, 17 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt type, left justified, 5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +mm space below +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX takes care of the typesetting for you; so you deal only with concepts, + not with mechanics. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This philosophy is explained in greater detail in the +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default +manual. + If you haven't read it yet, you need to. + Yes, we mean now. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default + manual describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most important +ly, the format of all of the manuals. + If you don't read it, you will have a bear of a time navigating this manual. + You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead + of this one. + The +\emph on +Introduction +\emph default + manual describes that, too. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +How LyX Looks +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of + its window. + Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons. + There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing + documents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that there is no horizontal scrollbar. + This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional. + When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the + next line. + Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for + only a vertical scrollbar. + There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. + The first case is large images. + To avoid them being displayed larger than your screen, left click on the + image and use the option +\family sans +Scale on Screen +\family default + in the tab +\family sans +LaTeX and LyX options +\family default +. + The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than + the LyX window. + You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but + this doesn't work for equations yet. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For a brief description of all LyX menus and toolbar buttons, have a look + at Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:The-User-Interface" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +HELP +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The help system consists of the LyX manuals. + You can read all of the manuals from inside LyX. + Just select the manual you want to read from the +\family sans +Help +\family default + menu. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Basic LyX Setup +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Almost all features of LyX can be configured via the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences +\family default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Preferences +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document + classes and LaTeX packages are available. + It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults for the preferences + settings. + Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed + on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +new LaTeX classes, and which are not seen by LyX. + To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigure +\family default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reconfiguration of LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +LaTeX Setup +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:LaTeX-Setup" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can edit documents in LyX without having LaTeX installed, but you will + not be able to create PDFs or print your documents unless you do have it + installed. + However, some LyX documents use DocBook as the “backend” that can produce + PDFs and the like, and every LyX document can always be output as plain + text or as XHTML. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some document classes may depend upon specific LaTeX or DocBook classes + or packages. + Such document classes can be used even if you do not have the required + files installed, but you will not be able to produce certain kinds of output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The LaTeX packages that LyX has found on your system are listed in a file + you can view from the menu +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Configuration +\family default +. + If you are missing packages you need, then you must install them and then + reconfigure LyX (menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigure +\family default +). +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The two braces in the TeX Code box prevent that the term +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from being printed with sub- and superscript letters. + More about TeX Code is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:TeX-Code" + +\end_inset + +, the printout of proper names like LaTeX is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reconfiguration of LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + See section 5.1 of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual for more information on installing additional LaTeX packages. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +How to work with LyX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Basic File Operations +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File Operations +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Under the +\family sans +File +\family default + menu and in the standard toolbar are basic operations for any word processor + in addition to some more advanced operations: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +New +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "buffer-new" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +New +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +from +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Template +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Open +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "file-open" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Close +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Save +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "buffer-write" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Save +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +As +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Revert +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +saved +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Version +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Control +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Import +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Export +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Print +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show print" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Exit +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with + a few minor differences. + The +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +from +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Template +\family default + command lists the available templates. + Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for + the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. + They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters + (see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Document-Classes" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + There is no +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +default file +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or document named +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Untitled +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +scratch. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank + space is just that — a big, blank space. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Revert +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +saved +\family default + and +\family sans +Version +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Control +\family default + are useful if more people work on the same document at the same time. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature + in LyX also. + Read Additional Features\SpecialChar \@. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Revert +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +saved +\family default + will reload the document from disk. + You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document + and want to restore it to the last save. + With +\family sans + Version +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Control +\family default +you can register the changes you made to a document so that others can identify + them as your changes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Basic Editing Features +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Editing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations + on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or page of text, and can + delete whole words as well as individual characters. + The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to + access them. + We will start with cut and paste. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you might expect, the +\family sans +Edit +\family default + menu and the standard toolbar has the cut and paste commands, along with + various other editing features. + Some of these are special and covered in later sections. + The basic ones are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Cut +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "cut" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Copy +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "copy" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Paste +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "paste" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Paste +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Recent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Paste +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Special +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Replace +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show findreplace" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The first three are self-explanatory. + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paste +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +You can also copy text between LyX and other programs by cut, copy and paste. + The submenu of +\family sans +Paste +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Recent +\family default + shows you a list with the last strings you have pasted. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paste +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Special\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Text, +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +Join +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Lines +\family default + will insert the text in the clipboard so that the whole text is inserted + as one paragraph. + A new paragraph is started when there is a blank line in the file. + Without +\family sans +Join +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Lines +\family default +, the text is inserted as Paragraphs, where the line breaks of the text + will start a new paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Replace +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Find +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +The +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Replace +\family default + item opens the +\family sans +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Replace +\family default + dialog. + Once you have found a word or expression, LyX selects it. + Hitting the +\family sans +Replace +\family default + button replaces the selected text with the contents of the +\family sans +Replace +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +with +\family default + field. + You can click the +\family sans +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Next +\family default + button to skip the current word. + Hit +\family sans +Replace +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +All +\family default + to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically. + The +\family sans +Case +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +sensitive +\family default + option can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search + word. + If the toggle is set, searching for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Test +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will not match the word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +test +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The +\family sans +Match whole words only +\family default + option can be used to force LyX to only find complete words, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g., searching for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +star +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will not match +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +starlet +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX offers also an advanced +\family sans +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Replace +\family default + feature that is described in sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Advanced-Find-and" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Things like notes, floats, etc. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +(the so called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +insets +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) can be dissolved. + This means that the inset is deleted and its content is left as normal + text. + Dissolving an inset is done by setting the cursor to the beginning of an + inset and pressing +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + or by setting the cursor to the end and pressing +\family sans +Delete +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The content of an inset is selected using the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "inset-select-all" +\end_inset + +, the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "command-sequence buffer-begin ; buffer-end-select" +\end_inset + + selects the whole document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Undo and Redo +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Redo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Undo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Undo-and-Redo" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it. + LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer. + Select +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Undo +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "undo" +\end_inset + + to undo some mistake. + If you accidentally undo too much, use +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Redo +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "redo" +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +undo the undo. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +steps to minimize memory overhead. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that if you revert back all changes to arrive at the document as it + was last saved, the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +changed +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + status of the document is unfortunately not reset. + This is a consequence of the 100 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +step undo limit mentioned above. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Undo +\family default + and +\family sans +Redo +\family default + work on almost everything in LyX. + But they will not undo or redo text character by character, but by blocks + of text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Mouse Operations +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Mouse Operations +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These are the most basic mouse operations. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Motion +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Click the +\emph on +left mouse button +\emph default + once anywhere in the edit window. + The cursor moves to the text under the mouse. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Selecting Text +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Hold down the +\emph on +left mouse button +\emph default + and drag the mouse. + LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions. + Use +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Copy +\family default + to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer (and the clipboard). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paste +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Insets (Footnotes, Notes, Floats, etc.) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +Right-click on them to set their properties. + Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Section +Navigating +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Navigating" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Navigating +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX offers you several ways to navigate in documents: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The +\family sans +Navigate +\family default + menu lists all sections of the document as submenu entries that you can + click to jump to the corresponding document part. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The “Outline”, which is accessed either by the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Outline +\family default + or by the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-toggle toc" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You can set bookmarks in your document under +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Bookmarks +\family default + and use the same menu to return to them. + Note that bookmarks are saved between sessions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "bookmark-goto 0" +\end_inset + + (also +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Bookmarks\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Navigate +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Back +\family default +) jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something. + This is useful when you have a large document and have navigated or scrolled + to another document part to look for something, and want to go back to + your last editing position. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By pressing the +\family sans +F5 +\family default + key the cursor will be vertically centered in LyX's main window. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The Outliner +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:The-Outliner" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the pull-down box at the top of the outline window, you can choose between + several different lists, including other TOC-like objects, such as lists + of tables and figures, but also lists of footnotes, or labels and cross-referen +ces (see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +), or notes, or citations (see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + +). + Clicking on any of these will take you to the corresponding object in your + document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Right-clicking on elements in the Outline opens in many cases a context + menu that will allow for direct modification of those elements. + For example, with citations, the context menu allows you to open the citation + dialog and to modify the citation. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The “Filter” field at the top allows you to restrict which entries appear + in the Outline. + For example, if you are displaying the list of Labels and References and + wish to see only references to subsections, you can enter the text +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sub: +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the filter, and only entries containing that text will be displayed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +At the bottom of the outline are several buttons and the like that allow + you further to control the display. + The +\family sans +Sort +\family default + option sorts the current list alphabetically. + Otherwise, the elements appear in the order in which they occur in the + document. + The +\family sans +Keep +\family default + option keeps it in the current view state. + Keeping means that when you have, for example, the subsections of sections +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2 and 4 displayed and click on section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +3, the subsections of sections +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2 and 4 will still be displayed. + Without the +\family sans +Keep +\family default + option they will be hidden to highlight the clicked section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +3. + Finally, the slider at the left can be used to open the Outline to a given + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +depth +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It is best just to experiment with it to see how it works. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/reload.png + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +button refreshes the TOC (though this should not usually be necessary). + Next to it are buttons that allow you to change the position of sections + in your document. + The +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/down.png + scale 85 + groupId toolbarbuttons + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/up.png + scale 85 + groupId toolbarbuttons + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + buttons move sections up and down in the document. + So, for example, you can move section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.5 before section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.4 or after section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.6. + LyX will then automatically renumber the sections to the new order. + With the buttons +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/promote.png + scale 85 + groupId toolbarbuttons + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/demote.png + scale 85 + groupId toolbarbuttons + +\end_inset + + (or the corresponding key bindings +\family sans +Tab +\family default + and +\family sans +Shift-Tab +\family default +) you can change the level of sections. + So you can for example make section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.5 chapter +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +3 or subsection +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.4.1. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Input/Word Completion +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Input-Completion" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Input completion +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Word completion|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Input completion +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX provides completion of words by scanning all documents that are currently + opened. + Every word that appears in these documents is added to a database that + is used to propose completions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Input completion can be activated in the LyX preferences (menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences +\family default +) in the section +\family sans +Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Input Completion +\family default +. + With the option +\family sans +Automatic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +inline +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +completion +\family default + the proposed completion is shown directly after the cursor. + With the option +\family sans +Automatic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +popup +\family default + the completions are always shown in a popup. + The cursor completion indicator can be turned off by deselecting the option + +\family sans +Cursor +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +indicator +\family default +. + With the general options you can define the delay time for the inline and + popup completion and choose if long completions should be abbreviated. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX displays a small triangle after the cursor as an indicator that there + are completions available. + Press the +\family sans +Tab +\family default + key to accept a proposed completion. + If several completions are possible, a popup is opened showing them. + You can select a completion in the popup using the mouse or the arrow keys, + and accept the chosen completion by pressing +\family sans +Return +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The completion options for math in the preferences do the same as the correspond +ing options for text. + The special math option +\family sans +Autocorrection +\family default + enables characters to be composed. + If, for example, you want to insert the character +\begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$ +\end_inset + +, you can then input the characters +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +=> +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to a formula to get it. + So this is a quick alternative to the insertion of commands or the use + of the math toolbar. + A list with supported character combinations can be found in the file +\family typewriter +autocorrect +\family default + that is in LyX's installation folder. + Math autocorrection can at any time be turned on by pressing the exclamation + mark key “!”. + Pressing +\family sans +Space +\family default + turns it off. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Basic Key Bindings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Key Bindings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bindings|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Key Bindings +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Shortcuts|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Key Bindings +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are at least two different primary binding maps: +\family typewriter +cua +\family default + and +\family typewriter +emacs +\family default +. + LyX's default is +\family typewriter +cua +\family default +, which can be changed in the LyX preferences under +\family sans +Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Shortcuts +\family default +. + (You can list or change any key bindings as explained in sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Editing-Shortcuts" + +\end_inset + +.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some keys, like +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Up +\family default +, +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Down +\family default +, +\family sans +Left +\family default +, +\family sans +Right +\family default +, +\family sans +Up +\family default + and +\family sans +Down +\family default +, do exactly what you expect them to do. + Other keys don't: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Tab +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "Tab" +description "Tabulator key" + +\end_inset + + +\family default + There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX. + If you do not understand this, go read sections +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Par-indent-intro" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments" + +\end_inset + +, especially section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Lists" + +\end_inset + +, right now. + Yes, right now. + If you are still confused, look in the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +In LyX the +\family sans +Tab +\family default + key is only used to accept proposed input completions, to move the cursor + in tables or math matrices or to change the nesting level in Itemize or + Enumerate. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Esc +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "Esc" +description "Escape key" + +\end_inset + + +\family default + This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cancel key. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + It is used, generically, to cancel operations. + Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Home +\family default + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\family sans +End +\family default + These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line, + unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning + or end of the file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are three modifier keys: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Control +\family default + (Denoted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Ctrl +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "Ctrl" +description "Control key" + +\end_inset + + in the documentation files) This has a couple of different uses, depending + on which keys it is used in combination with: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Backspace +\family default + or +\family sans +Delete +\family default +, it deletes an entire word instead of a single character. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Left +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\family default +, it moves by words instead of characters. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Home +\family default + and +\family sans +End +\family default +, it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Shift +\family default + (Denoted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Shift +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "Shift" +description "Shift key" + +\end_inset + + in the documentation files) Use this with any of the arrow keys to select + the text between the old and new cursor positions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Alt +\family default + (Denoted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Alt +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "Alt" +description "Alt or Meta key" + +\end_inset + + in the documentation files) This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless + your keyboard has a distinct Meta key. + If you have both keys, you will need to try out which one actually performs + the +\family sans +Alt+ +\family default + function. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +This key does many different things, but it also activates the +\emph on +menu accelerator keys +\emph default +. + If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a + menu or menu item, it selects that menu item. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +For example, the sequence +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Alt +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +e +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +s +\family default + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\family sans +c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + brings up the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Text Style +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + dialog. + Typing +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Alt +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +f +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + opens the +\family sans +File +\family default + menu. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\emph on +Shortcuts +\emph default + manual lists all other things bound to the +\family sans +Alt +\family default + key. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +You will learn more and more key bindings and short-cut keys as you use + LyX, because most actions will prompt a small message in the status bar + at the bottom of LyX's main window which describes the name of the action + you have just triggered, and any existing key bindings for that action. + The LyX menus also list the defined key bindings. + The notation for the key bindings is very similar to the notation used + in this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding + it. + However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Alt+P Shift+A +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means +\family sans +Alt+P +\family default + followed by a capital +\family sans +A +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +LyX Basics +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LyX ! Basics +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Document Types +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Types +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Introduction +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you + need to decide what type of document you want to edit. + Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings, + numbering schemes, and so on. + Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments, + and format the title of your document differently. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A +\emph on +document class +\emph default + describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents. + By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties, + making it easier to create the type of document you want. + If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default. + So it is up to you to change the class of your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Document Classes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Classes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Document-Classes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can select a class using the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document Class +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog. + Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options + you may need. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Overview +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are four standard document classes in LyX. + They are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Article for basic articles +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Report for basic reports +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Book for writing a book +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Letter for US-style letters +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have + installed the corresponding LaTeX class files, though most LaTeX distributions + will include many of these. + Here are some of the classes. + The full list with detailed explanations can be found in chapter +\emph on +Special Document Classes +\emph default + in the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +ACS For submissions to the journals published by the American Chemistry + Society +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +AGU For submissions to the journals published by the American Geophysical + Union +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American + Mathematical Society (AMS). + There are three article layouts available. + The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that + prepends the section number to the number of the result. + All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced + together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence. + The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sequential numbering +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers + them throughout the article in a single sequence. + Each type of result gets its own sequence. + There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Beamer Layout for presentations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Broadway Layout for writing plays. + It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one that is distributed + with LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Chess Layout to write about chess games +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Curriculum +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +vitae classes to create curriculum vitae +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Elsarticle Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Foils Used to make transparencies +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry. + It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one that is distributed + with LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical + and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +KOMA-Script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features + like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc. + (Is used by this document.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Memoir another replacement for the standard classes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Powerdot Layout for presentations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +REVTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical + Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society + of America (OSA). + This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Slides Used to make transparencies +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +SPIE +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society + for Optical Engineering (SPIE) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We will not go into detail about how to use these different document classes + here. + You can find details about the non-standard classes in Chapter 6 of the + +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. + Here, we will settle for a list of some of the common properties of all + of the document classes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Availability +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You will probably find that many of the document classes listed under +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document Class +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +are marked as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Unavailable +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If you open a document that uses such a class, you will receive a warning + saying that there are files that are required to produce output that are + not installed. + So it may seem that something is wrong. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Nothing is wrong. + LyX includes many more document classes than you will ever need to use, + and some of them, like +\family sans +IOP +\family default +, are highly specialized. + LyX tries to support as many different types of documents as possible, + and it includes almost one hundred different layout files, with a growing + number. + No LaTeX distribution will install by default all files that might be needed + by some document class. + There are just too many of them. + That is why some of the document classes are unavailable. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If there is a document class you would like to use that is marked as +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +Unavailable +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, you just need to install the appropriate package files. + The easiest way to find out which files you need to install is to use that + document class for a new file. + LyX will display a dialog that will list the missing files. + See section +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Installing new LaTeX files +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual for information on how to install them. +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Although LyX provides support for many different sorts of documents, it + does not include support for every document class people might want to + use. + For example, many universities provide LaTeX class files to be used for + dissertations submitted to those universities. + The LyX team cannot write layout files to support every one of these. + There are too many. + Fortunately, users can write their own layout files, and many users have + done so. + Chapter +\emph on +Installing New Document Classes, Layouts, and Templates +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual contains information on how to create layout files. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Modules +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Modules" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Modules +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Modules load additional features that are not by default available in the + chosen document class. + For example you might want to write Braille (embossed printing) in a document. + This is not available in any document class, so you have to load the correspond +ing module in the +\family sans +Modules +\family default + section of the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog. + Highlighting a module in the dialog will bring up a description of what + it does. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some modules require LaTeX packages or file format converters that are not + always installed by default. + LyX will warn you if you do not have a required package or converter, and + it will tell you what exactly you are missing. + You can still use the module while editing your file, but you will not + be able to export to PDF or print your document, since LyX will not be + able to compile the LaTeX file without the missing prerequisites. + If you want to be able to produce this kind of output, then you need to + install the missing prerequisites and then reconfigure LyX by selecting + +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reconfigure +\family default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reconfiguration of LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + See section +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Installing new LaTeX files +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual for more information on installing required packages. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Some modules require other modules, and some pairs of modules are incompatible. + LyX will advise you about these things. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Local Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Local-Layout" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Local Layout +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Modules are to LyX much as packages are to LaTeX: They are intended to be + used in a variety of different documents. + If you often find yourself needing the same sort of thing in different + documents, you should consider writing a module for this purpose. + Sometimes, however, a particular document has very special needs, but you + need a specific inset or character style only that one time. + You want something that is like a document's own LaTeX preamble. + What you want is LyX's +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Local Layout +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + See section +\emph on +Local Layout +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual for information on how to use it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Properties +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Each class has a default set of options. + Here's a quick table describing them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Page style +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Sides +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Columns +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Max. + sectioning level +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +article +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Plain +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Section +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +report +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Plain +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Chapter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +book +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Headings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Two +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Chapter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +letter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Plain +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +One +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +none +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You're probably also wondering what +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Max. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +sectioning level +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means. + There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings. + Different document classes allow different types of section headings. + Only two use the +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the +\family sans +Section +\family default + heading. + Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section + headings. + In addition to +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + and +\family sans +Section +\family default + headings, there are also +\family sans +Subsection +\family default + headings, +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default + headings, and so on. + We will describe these headings fully in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Headings" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Document Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Document-Layout" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Layout +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The most important properties of document classes are set in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +. + There in the +\family sans +Class +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +options +\family default + field under +\family sans +Documents +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Class +\family default +, you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separated + list. + This is only necessary if LyX doesn't support special options you want + to use for your document. + To learn more about your favorite LaTeX-class and its options, you have + to read its manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The drop box +\family sans +Headings +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +style +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog under +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default + controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page. + You can choose between the following five options: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Default +\family default + Use default page style of current class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +empty +\family default + No page numbers or headings. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +plain +\family default + Page numbers only. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +headings +\family default + Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number. + Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on + the maximum sectioning level of the class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +fancy +\family default + This allows you to define fully customizable headers and footers if you + have the LaTeX-package +\series bold +fancyhdr +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed. + How they are defined is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Customized-Page-Headers" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The separation of paragraphs is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Paragraph-Separation" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paper Size and Orientation +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Paper size +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can find the following options in the menu +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default + of the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog: +\family sans + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Paper +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Format +\family default + What size paper to print on. + The choices are +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Default +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +A0 - A6 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +B0 - B6 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +C0 - C6 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +US letter, US legal, US executive +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +JIS B0 - JIS B6 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Custom +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Orientation +\family default + To choose whether to output as +\family sans +Landscape +\family default + or as +\family sans +Portrait +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Two-sided +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +document +\family default + Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper. + That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Margins +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Margins" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Margins +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Margins +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Paper margins are set in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you use a KOMA-Script document class, you can use the default settings + because KOMA-Script calculates the print space automatically by taking + the paper format and the font size into account. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Important Note +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you change a document class, LyX has to convert +\emph on +everything +\emph default + into the new class. + That includes the paragraph environments. + Some paragraph environments are standard, in so far as all of the document + classes have them; but some classes have special paragraph environments. + If this is the case, and you change the document class, LyX will mark the + paragraphs whose styles it no longer understands as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +unknown +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The name of the style is retained, in case you should want to go back to + the old class. + But these paragraphs will be output with no special formatting, so you + will either need to create a new style yourself or else convert these paragraph +s manually to a style present in your new document class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Paragraph Indentation and Separation +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Indentation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Introduction +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Par-indent-intro" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to + say a word or two about paragraph indentation. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs. + Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph. + Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs. + If you choose indentation for paragraphs the +\emph on +first +\emph default + paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list, + etc., is +\emph on +not +\emph default + indented. + Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented. + Note that the indentation behavior is different when you use another document + language than English. + LaTeX takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the language + used. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings + and text — in fact, all the spacing for just about everything —is pre-coded + into LyX. + As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what. + LyX takes care of that. + In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a + range. + That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure + figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom + of a page, and so on. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them. + LyX gives you the ability globally to change +\emph on +all +\emph default + these pre-coded spacings. + We will explain more later. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paragraph Separation +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Paragraph-Separation" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Separation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Select +\family sans +Indentation +\family default + or +\family sans +Vertical +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +space +\family default + in the submenu +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default + of the dialog +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + to indent paragraphs or to add extra space between paragraphs, respectively. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fine-Tuning +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph. + Open the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\family default + dialog and toggle the +\family sans +Indent +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Paragraph +\family default + option to change the state of the current paragraph (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\indent-toggle" +\end_inset + +). + If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this + button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling + this). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph + if you need to do some fine-tuning. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Line Spacing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Line spacing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\noun on + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +\noun default + dialog you can set the line spacing for the whole document in the submenu + +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +You need to have the LaTeX-package +\series bold +setspace +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! setspace +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed to use this feature. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + You can set it for a single paragraph in the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\family default + dialog but this should be used very exceptionally because vertical spacing + is normally defined in the environment's style. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Paragraph Environments +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Paragraph-Environments" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Environments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph environments|( +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Overview +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Paragraph environments correspond to the +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +begin{ +\emph on +environment +\emph default +} ... + +\backslash +end{ +\emph on +environment +\emph default +} +\series default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +command sequence in LaTeX files. + If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally + alien to you, we urge you to read the +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default +. + The +\emph on +Tutorial +\emph default + also contains many more examples than this section does. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A paragraph environment is simply a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +container +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties. + This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering + scheme, labels, and so on. + Additionally, you can +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +nest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment + to inherit some of the properties of another. + The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy + tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hangovers from the days + of typewriters. + There are several paragraph environments that are specific to a particular + document type. + We will only be covering the most common ones here. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png + scale 70 + clip + +\end_inset + + at the left end of the toolbar. + LyX will change the environment of the +\emph on +entire +\emph default + paragraph in which the cursor sits. + You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if + you select them before choosing the new environment. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that entering +\family sans +Return +\family default + will +\emph on +typically +\emph default + create a new paragraph using the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + paragraph environment. + We say +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +typically +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + because if you are in one of these environments: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Quote +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Quotation +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Verse +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Itemize +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Enumerate +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Description +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +List +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you enter +\family sans +Return +\family default +, rather than resetting it to +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Also the nesting depth is preserved (for more on nesting see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Standard +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The default paragraph environment is +\family sans +Standard +\family default + for most classes. + It creates a plain paragraph. + If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses. + In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in + this manual) are in the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can nest a paragraph using the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything + in a +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Document Title +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Title +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the + author(s) and a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +footnote +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for thanks or contact information. + For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate + page along with today's date. + For other types of documents, the title +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + goes at the top of the first page of the document. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph + environments +\family sans +Title +\family default +, +\family sans +Author +\family default +, and +\family sans +Date +\family default +. + Here's how you use them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Put the title of your document in the +\family sans +Title +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Put the author name in the +\family sans +Author +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date, + or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in + the +\family sans +Date +\family default + environment. + Note that using this environment is optional. + If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date. + If you don't want a date, use the option +\family sans +Suppress default date on front page +\family default + in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +class +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can use footnotes to insert +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +thanks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or contact information. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Headings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Section headings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Headings" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings. + LyX takes care of the numbering for you. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Numbered Headings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Section headings ! Numbered +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are 7 numbered types of section headings. + They are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Part +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Chapter +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Section +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Paragraph +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate + +\family sans +Subparagraph +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods. + The numbers describe where in the document you are. + Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with Latin letters. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text. + For example, suppose you're writing a book. + You group the book into chapters. + LyX does a similar grouping: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Part +\family default + is divided into either +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +s or +\family sans +Section +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +s are divided into +\family sans +Section +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Section +\family default +s are divided into +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsection +\family default +s are divided into +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default +s are divided into +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default +s are divided into +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +s +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Not all document types use the +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + heading as the maximum sectioning level. + In that case the +\family sans +Section +\family default + is the top-level heading. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +So, if you use the +\family sans +Subsubsection +\family default + environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number, + along with the number of the subsection, section and, if applicable, chapter + that it's in. + For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the + label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2.5 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Unnumbered Headings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Section headings ! Unnumbered +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The unnumbered section headings have a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +* +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at the end of their name. + They work the same as their numbered counterparts but will not appear in + the table of contents, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:toc" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Changing the Numbering +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear + in the Table of Contents. + Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document + class. + Just as certain classes start with +\family sans +Chapter +\family default + and go down to the +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default + level. + Others start at +\family sans +Section +\family default +. + Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels. + Most don't number +\family sans +Paragraph +\family default + or +\family sans +Subparagraph +\family default +. + This is something you can change. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Open the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Under +\family sans +Numbering +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +TOC +\family default + you will see two counters. + The one named +\family sans +Numbering +\family default + controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section + heading. + The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table + of contents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Short Titles of Headings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Section headings ! Short titles +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Short Titles +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Short-Titles" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long. + This can cause trouble when there is limited horizontal space. + For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section + title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LaTeX allows you to specify a short title for section headings. + This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents, + avoiding the problem mentioned. + To specify a short title, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Short +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Title +\family default +. + This will insert a box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +opt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (stands for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +optional +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) which you can use to enter the short title text. + This also works for captions inside floats. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The title of this section is a good example of using this feature. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Special Information +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The following information applies to all section headings: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You cannot do any nesting with these environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You can only use inline math in these environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Quotes and Poetry line spacing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations. + They are +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +, and +\family sans +Verse +\family default +. + Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins. + These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in. + They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below + the text they contain. + They also allow nesting, so you can put a +\family sans +Verse +\family default + in a +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +, as well as in some other paragraph environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do + +\emph on +not +\emph default + reset to +\family sans +Standard +\family default + when you start a new paragraph. + So, you can type in that poem and merrily enter +\family sans +Return +\family default + without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you. + Of course, that means that, once you are done typing in that poem, you + have to change back to the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment yourself. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Quote +\family default + and +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Quote" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Quotation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's + time for the differences. + +\family sans +Quote +\family default + and +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + are identical except for one difference: +\family sans +Quote +\family default + uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line. + +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + +\emph on +always +\emph default + indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's an example of the +\family sans +Quote +\family default + environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +This is in the +\family sans +Quote +\family default + environment. + I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it + wraps. + See – no indentation! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +Here's the second paragraph of this quote. + Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and + the other paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's another example, this time in the +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +This is in the +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + environment. + If I keep writing, you will see the indentation. + If your country uses a writing style that indicates new paragraphs by indenting + the first line, then +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it +\emph on +if +\emph default + you were quoting other text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +Here's a new paragraph. + I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time. + If I did that, though, you'd get bored. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As the examples show, +\family sans +Quote +\family default + is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs. + They should put quotes in the +\family sans +Quote +\family default + environment. + Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + paragraph environment for quoted text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Verse +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Verse +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Poetry +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Verse" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Verse +\family default + is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on. + Here's an example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse +This is in Verse +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Which I did not rehearse! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse +It could be much worse. + This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps + around. + It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are + indented a bit more than the first. + Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore. + So sue me. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse +To break a line +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +And make things look fine +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you can see, +\family sans +Verse +\family default + does not indent both margins. + Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph. + To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the +\family typewriter +break-line +\family default + function +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Lists +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Lists" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds + of lists. + In the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + and +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively. + In the +\family sans +Description +\family default + and +\family sans +List +\family default + environments, LyX lets you provide your own label. + We will present the individual details of each type of list next after + describing some general features of all four of them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +General Features +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments + in several ways. + First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item. + Hitting +\family sans +Return +\family default + does +\emph on +not +\emph default + reset the environment to +\family sans +Standard +\family default + but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item. + The nesting depth is thereby kept. + If you want to keep the paragraph environment but reset the current nesting + depth, you can use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +. + If you do this at the top level of a list, it returns you to the +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can nest lists of any type inside one another. + In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how it + is nested. + If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest + you read all of section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Itemize +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Itemize" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The first type of list we will describe in detail is the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + paragraph environment. + It has the following properties: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +The items can have any length. + LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item. + The offset is always relative to whatever environment the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list may be in. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +If you nest an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment inside another +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment, the label changes to a new symbol. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +LyX always shows the same symbol on screen. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +See section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + + for a full explanation of nesting. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +Of course, that explanation was also an example of an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list. + The +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We said that different levels use different symbols as their label. + Here's an example of all four possible symbols. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The label for the first level +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + is a large black dot, or bullet. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +The label for the second level is a dash. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +The label for the third is an asterisk. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +The label for the fourth is a centered dot. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Back out to the third level. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Back to the second level. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Back to the outermost level. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These are the default labels for an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list. + You can customize how these labels are displayed in the output in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog in the submenu +\family sans +Bullets +\family default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + These customizations are not displayed in LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth. + We will explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Enumerate +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Enumerate" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines. + It has these properties: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Each item has a numeral as its label. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +The label type depends on the nesting depth. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Each new +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment resets the counter to one. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Like the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment, the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Offsets the items relative to the left margin. + Items can have any length. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Allows up to a four-fold nesting. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +Unlike the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment, +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + shows the different labels for each item in LyX. + Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +The first level of an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + uses Arabic numerals followed by a period. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth + increases. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back to the third level +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back to the second level. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back to the outermost level. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can customize the type of numbering used in the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Customized-Lists" + +\end_inset + +. + Such customization only shows up in the printed version, not in LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is more to nesting +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environments than we've stated here. + You should read section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + + to learn more about nesting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Description +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Description +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Unlike the previous two environments, the +\family sans +Description +\family default + list has no fixed label. + Instead, LyX uses the first +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +word +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the first line as the label. + Here's an example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Example: This is an example of the +\family sans +Description +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the + rest of the line. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the first +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +word +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + it is meant that the first usage of the +\family sans +Space +\family default + key ends the label if you are at the beginning of the first line of an + item. + If you need to use more than one word in a label use a +\family sans +Protected Space +\family default +. + (Use either +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space" +\end_inset + + or the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default +; see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Protected-Space" + +\end_inset + + for more information.) Here is an example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Second +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Example: This one shows how to use a +\family sans +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + in the label of a +\family sans +Description +\family default + list item. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Usage: You should use the +\family sans +Description +\family default + environment for things like definitions and theorems. + Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text + that describes it. + It's not a good idea to use a +\family sans +Description +\family default + environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe. + You're better off using +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + or +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + and nesting several +\family sans +Standard +\family default + paragraphs into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Nesting: You can nest +\family sans +Description +\family default + environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and + so on. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting + them from the first line. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Labeling +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Labeling +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Labeling +\family default + environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Like the +\family sans +Description +\family default + list the +\family sans +Labeling +\family default + list has user-defined labels for each list item but it provides some additional + features. + Here are its properties: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +item +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +labels LyX uses the first +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +word +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of each line as the item label. + The first +\family sans +Space +\family default + after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label. + If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected + space as described above. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and + the body of the item text. + The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default + label width plus a little extra space. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +label +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +width LyX uses the width of the label, or the default width, whatever is + larger. + If the label width is larger, the label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +extends +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + into the first line. + In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left + margin of the rest of the item text. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +width You can set the default label width to ensure that the text of all + items in a +\family sans +Labeling +\family default + environment has the same left margin. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +To change the default width, select all items in the list. + Now open the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\family default + dialog (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "layout-paragraph" +\end_inset + +). + The text in the box +\family sans +Longest +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +label +\family default + determines the default label width. + You can use the text of your largest label here, but you can also use the + letter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + multiple times instead. + M is the widest character and is a standard unit of widths in LaTeX. + By using +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +M +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as the unit of width you don't need to keep changing the contents of +\family sans +Longest +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +label +\family default + every time you alter a label in a +\family sans +List +\family default + environment. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The predefined default width is the length of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +00.00.0000 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (equal to 6 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +M). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You should use the +\family sans +Labeling +\family default + list the same way as the +\family sans +Description +\family default + list: When you need one word to stand out from the text that describes + it. + The +\family sans +Labeling +\family default + environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall + layout. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can nest +\family sans +Labeling +\family default + lists inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on. + They work just like the other list paragraph environments. + Read section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + + to learn about nesting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is yet another feature of the +\family sans +Labeling +\family default + list: As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels + by default. + You can use additional +\family sans +HFills +\family default + to change how LyX justifies the item label. + +\family sans +Hfills +\family default + are documented in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + +. + Here are some examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +Left The default for +\family sans +Labeling +\family default + item labels. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Right One +\family sans +HFill +\family default + at the beginning of the label right justifies it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Center +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + One +\family sans +HFill +\family default + at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Customized Lists +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Customized-Lists" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Customized +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The features described in this section require that the module +\family sans +Customisable Lists (enumitem) +\family default + is loaded in the document settings. + The module uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +enumitem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! enumitem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Custom Enumerate Lists +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Enumerate ! Custom +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +The default numbering of numbered lists can be changed by adding an optional + argument (menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Short Title +\family default +) to the first item of each level in the list. + There you add the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +label= +\backslash +roman{enumi} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +in TeX Code (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "ert-insert" +\end_inset + +). +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For more about TeX Code, look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:TeX-Code" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\emph on + enumi +\emph default + is hereby the first level counter of the enumeration. + The command +\series bold + +\backslash +roman +\series default + outputs the counter as a small Roman numeral. + For capital Roman numerals replace +\series bold + +\backslash +roman +\series default + with +\series bold + +\backslash +Roman +\series default + in the command above. + For Arabic numerals use +\series bold + +\backslash +arabic +\series default +. + To +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +number +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + items with capital or small Latin letters use +\series bold + +\backslash +Alph +\series default + or +\series bold + +\backslash +alph +\series default +, respectively. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + You can only number 26 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +items with Latin letters, because this numbering is limited to single letters. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To change the numbering for the list sublevels, replace the 'i' in the command + by the small Roman numeral of the level (enumi, enumii, enumiii, enumiv). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is a list with custom numbering: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +label= +\backslash +# +\backslash +Alph{enumi} +\backslash +# +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Level 1 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +label= +\backslash +Alph{enumi}. +\backslash +arabic{enumii} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Level 2 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Level 2 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +label= +\backslash +bf{ +\backslash +arabic{enumiii}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Level 3 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +label= +\backslash +emph{ +\backslash +roman{enumiv})} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Level 4 +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +For this list these commands were used: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent + +\series bold +label= +\backslash +# +\backslash +Alph{enumi} +\backslash +# +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +label= +\backslash +Alph{enumi}. +\backslash +arabic{enumii} +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +label= +\backslash +bf{ +\backslash +arabic{enumiii}} +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +label= +\backslash +emph{ +\backslash +roman{enumiv})} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where the command +\series bold + +\backslash +emph{} +\series default + makes the label emphasized and +\series bold + +\backslash +bf{} +\series default + makes it bold. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + When you change the label of a list level, it will be used for all following + lists until you change the definition. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Resumed Enumeration +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Enumerate ! Resumed +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Enumerations can be resumed after intermediate paragraphs: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +label= +\backslash +arabic{enumi}. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +first +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +goes back to default numbering +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +second +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +regular text +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate-Resume +resumed +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To resume an enumeration, use the style +\family sans +Enumerate-Resume +\family default +. + Its numbering appears in blue within LyX to indicate that it is a resumed + list and that the numbering will not be correct in LyX, but in the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + If there is no previous enumeration to resume, you will get a LaTeX error. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Perhaps you might want to resume the list with a different number from the + next one. + Or you want to start a new enumeration with a defined number. + This is possible by adding an optional argument to the first list item + of a normal enumeration. + There, insert the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +start=number +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where +\emph on +number +\emph default + is the number with which you want to resume the list. + An example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +first item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +second item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Enumeration starting at a given value: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +start=4 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +This enumeration starts at 4 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +List Spacing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Spacing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In some cases you might want less or more vertical space between the items + of a list. + For example if the default space is too much in your opinion in this case: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +A bullet list +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +with standard spacing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can decrease the space by adding an optional argument to the first item + of the list. + Add there the command +\series bold +nolistsep +\series default + to get no additional list space like in this example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +nolistsep +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A bullet list +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +without additional +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +vertical space +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To add space you can use several other commands provided by the LaTeX-package + +\series bold +enumitem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! enumitem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + For more information see its documentation, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "enumitem" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are also many commands available to change the horizontal spacing + and indentation. + Here is an example where the indentation was changed to that of the paragraphs + in the document and the label separation was set to 2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +cm so that the number is in the page margin: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +labelindent= +\backslash +parindent, labelsep=2cm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +An enumeration +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +with negative indentation +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Further Customization +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Lists ! Customization +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also change the style of description lists. + The command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +font=definition +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +changes the description label font, the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +style=definition +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +sets the list style. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An example where the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +font= +\backslash +itshape, style=nextline +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +is used: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ionizing +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +radiation: +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +labelindent=0pt, labelsep=1cm, font= +\backslash +itshape, style=nextline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Ionizing radiation consists of particles or electromagnetic waves that are + energetic enough to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, therefore + ionizing them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Reference +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +counting: In computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing + the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource such as an + object, block of memory, disk space or other resource. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are many more commands and features provided by the LaTeX-package + +\series bold +enumitem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! enumitem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + For more information see its documentation +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "enumitem" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Letters +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Letters +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default +: An Overview +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph + environments called +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default +. + To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments + in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document. + In contrast, you can use the +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + paragraph environments anywhere with no problem. + You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest + anything in them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Of course, you're not limited to using +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + for letters only. + +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default +, in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in + some European academic papers. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Usage +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Address-Usage" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Address +\family default + environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used + for the opening and signature in some countries. + Similarly, the +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which + is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries. + Here's an example of each: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Right Address +Right Address +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Who I am +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Where I am +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +When is it? What is today? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +That was +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default +. + Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to + fit the largest block of text on a single line. + Here's an example of the +\family sans +Address +\family default + environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Address +Who are you +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Where do I send this +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Your post office and country +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you can see, both +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph. + If you enter +\family sans +Return +\family default + in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets + the environment to +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + This makes sense, since +\family sans +Return +\family default + is the +\family typewriter +break-paragraph +\family default + function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs. + Thus, you have to use +\family typewriter +break-line +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + or +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ragged +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break +\family default +) to start a new line in an +\family sans +Address +\family default + or +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Academic Writing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography + or list of references. + LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Abstract +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Abstracts +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment is used for the abstract of an article. + Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should + only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title. + Also, don't bother trying to nest +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + in anything else or +\emph on +vice versa +\emph default +. + It will not work. + The +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment is only useful in the article and report document classes. + The book document classes ignores the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + completely, and it's utterly silly to use +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + in a letter document class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment does several things for you. + First, it puts the centered label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Abstract +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + above the text. + The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical + space. + Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect. + Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and + the subsequent text. + Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen. + The actual appearance in the output depends on the document class you are + using. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Starting a new paragraph by entering +\family sans +Return +\family default + does not reset the paragraph environment. + The new paragraph will still be in the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment. + So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you + finish entering the abstract of your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/Abstract.pdf + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "fig:Paragraph-in-the" + +\end_inset + +Paragraph in the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We would love to demonstrate the +\family sans +Abstract +\family default + environment, but since this document is in the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +book +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + class, we can't do this. + We inserted it therefore as figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "fig:Paragraph-in-the" + +\end_inset + +. + If you have never heard of an +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +abstract +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + before, you can safely ignore this environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bibliography +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Biblio_environment" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment is used to list references. + Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should + only use it at the end of the document. + Nesting +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + in anything else or +\emph on +vice versa +\emph default + will not work. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you first open a +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment, LyX adds a large vertical space, followed by the heading +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bibliography +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +References, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + depending on the document class. + The heading is in a large boldface font. + Each paragraph of the +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment is a bibliography entry. + Thus, entering +\family sans +Return +\family default + does not reset the paragraph environment. + Each new paragraph is still in the +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is another, usually better way to include references in your document + by using a BibTeX database. + For more information on that, and for a detailed description of LyX's bibliogra +phy handling, have a look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LyX +\family sans +-Code +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! LyX code +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:LyX-Code" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + environment is another LyX extension. + It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font. + It also treats the +\family sans +Space +\family default + key as a fixed whitespace; +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +In the +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + environment, the +\family sans +Space +\family default + key is treated as a +\family sans +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Blank +\family default + instead of an end-of-word marker. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX. + If you need to insert blank lines, you will still need to use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + (the +\family typewriter +break-line +\family default + function). + +\family sans +Return +\family default + breaks paragraphs. + Note, however, that +\family sans +Return +\family default + does not reset the paragraph environment. + So, when you finish using the +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + environment, you will need to change the paragraph environment yourself. + Also, you can nest the +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + environment inside of others. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are a few quirks with this environment: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You cannot use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + at the beginning of a new paragraph (i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +you can't follow +\family sans +Return +\family default + with a +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You can't follow a +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + with a +\family sans +Space +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Use a +\family sans +Return +\family default + to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a +\family sans +Space +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Or: use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space" +\end_inset + + instead. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line. + You must put at least one +\family sans +Space +\family default + in any line you want blank. + Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing +\family sans +" +\family default + since that will insert +\emph on +real +\emph default + quotes. + You get the typewriter double quotes with +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "self-insert \"" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is an example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +#include +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +int main(void) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +{ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code + printf("Hello World! +\backslash +n"); +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code + return 0; +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is just the standard +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Hello world! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + program. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default + has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts, + rc-files, and so on. + Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text + as if you used a typewriter. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph environments|) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + For longer parts of programming code, use the listings inset that is described + in the chapter +\emph on +Program Code Listings +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Nesting Environments +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nesting ! Environments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Introduction +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific + properties. + This allows you to create blocks that inherit some of the properties of + another block. + For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also + has two subpoints. + In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner + list +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +attached +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to item #2: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +one +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +two +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +sublist – item #1 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +sublist – item #2 +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +three +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You put a list inside a list by nesting one list inside the other. + Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Increase +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Depth +\family default + or +\family sans +Decrease +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Depth +\family default + to change the nesting depth (the status bar will tell you how far you are + nested). + Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + + or the key bindings +\family sans +Tab +\family default + and +\family sans +Shift+Tab +\family default + or +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + +. + The change will work on the current selection, if you have made one (allowing + you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current + paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can. + If it is invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth. + Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the + depth of every paragraph nested inside of it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Nesting isn't limited to lists. + In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're + about to find out. + This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +What You Can and Can't Nest +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell + you a little bit more about how nesting works. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The question of nesting a paragraph environment is a bit more complicated + than a simple yes or no. + There are three types of paragraph environments: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Completely unnestable +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Fully nestable, you can nest them inside things and you can also nest other + things inside them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest + anything into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph + environments have them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Unnestable Can't nest them. + Can't nest into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Bibliography +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Abstract +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Title +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Author +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Date +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Fully +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Nestable You can nest them. + You can nest other things into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Verse +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Quote +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Quotation +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Itemize +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Enumerate +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Description +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +List +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside other things. + You can't nest anything into them. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Standard +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Part +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Chapter +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Section +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsubsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Paragraph +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subparagraph +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Part* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Chapter* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Section* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsection* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Subsubsection* +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Address +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Although it is possible, for example, to nest numbered section headings + like +\family sans +Chapter +\family default +, +\family sans +Section +\family default +, etc. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +into lists, it is highly recommended not to do this because the aim is to + create well-structured documents following typesetting guidelines whereas + nested section headings violate this. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nesting ! Tables etc. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are + affected by nesting anyhow. + They are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +equations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +tables +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +figures +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +( +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Figures and tables in +\family sans +Floats +\family default + are not affected by this. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Have a look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Floats" + +\end_inset + + for more information about +\family sans +Floats +\family default +.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph. + If a figure, table, or an equation is inline, it goes wherever the paragraph + it is in goes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +paragraph +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of its own, it behaves just like a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +nestable-inside +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + paragraph environment. + You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything + into it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's an example with a table: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Item One +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (a) and it's nested. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +a +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +c +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +d +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (b). + The table is actually nested inside (a). +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back out again. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Item One +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (a) and it's nested. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +a +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +c +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +d +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (b). + The table is +\emph on +not +\emph default + nested inside (a). + In fact, it's not nested at all. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back out again. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first + item of a new list! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going + deep enough. + LyX then turns anything after the table into a new sublist. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Item One +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (a) and it's nested. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +a +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +c +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +d +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is (b). + The table is actually nested inside Item One, but +\emph on +not +\emph default + inside (a). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Back out again. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a + new list +\emph on +inside +\emph default + item 1. + The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation. + So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right + depth! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Usage and General Features +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting. + In other words, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +level #6 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is the innermost possible depth. + Here's an example to illustrate what we mean: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +level #1 – outermost +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +level #2 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +level #3 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +level #4 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +level #5 +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +level #6 +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see + both of them in the example. + Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold + nesting with the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + and +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environments. + For example, if we tried to nest another +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + list inside item +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +A. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, we would get errors. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Some Examples +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nesting ! Examples +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration. + We have several examples of nested environments. + In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce + them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#1-a This is the outermost level. + It's a +\family sans +List +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#2-a This is level #2. + We created it by using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + followed by +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#3-a This is level #3. + This time, we just enter +\family sans +Return +\family default +, then used +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + twice in a row. + We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level, + by entering +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + followed by +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +This is actually a +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment, nested inside of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +#3-a +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + So, it's at level #4. + We did this by entering +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +, then +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +, then changing the paragraph environment to +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph — it also works + for the +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +, and +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environments! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here's another +\family sans +Standard +\family default + paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#4-a This is level #4. + We enter +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + and changed the paragraph environment back to +\family sans +List +\family default +. + Remember — we can't nest anything inside a +\family sans +Standard +\family default + environment, which is why we're still at level #4. + However, we +\emph on +can +\emph default + keep nesting things inside +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +#3-a +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{} +and this is level #6. + By now, you should know how we made these two. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#5-b Back to level #5. + Just enter +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + followed by a +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#4-b After another +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + followed by a +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + +, we're back at level #4. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#3-b Back to level #3. + By now it should be obvious how we did this. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#2-b Back to level #2. + +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring MMM +#1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1. + After this sentence, we will enter +\family sans +Return +\family default + and change the paragraph environment back to +\family sans +Standard +\family default + to end the list. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We could have also used the +\family sans +Description +\family default +, +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +, or even the +\family sans +Verse +\family default + environment in place of the +\family sans +List +\family default + environment. + The example would have worked exactly the same. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Example 2: Inheritance +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code +level. + Now we will enter +\family sans +Return +\family default +, then +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +, after +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +which, we will change to the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment, at level #2. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Notice how the nested +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + not only inherits its margins from its parent environment ( +\family sans +LyX-Code +\family default +), but also inherits its font and spacing! +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +We ended this example by entering +\family sans +Return +\family default +. + After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to +\family sans +Standard +\family default + and reset the nesting depth by using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + + once. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + and +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + Environments +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is level #1, in an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + paragraph environment. + We're actually going to nest a bunch of these. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is level #2. + We used +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + followed by +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +. + Now, what happens if we nest an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its + label be? An asterisk? +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +No! It's a bullet. + This is the +\emph on +first +\emph default + +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment, even though it's at level #3. + So, its label is a bullet. + (We got here by using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +, then +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +, then changing the environment to +\family sans +Itemize +\family default +.) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Here's level #4, produced using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +, then +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + +. + We will do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +\SpecialChar \ldots{} +to get to level #5. + This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +. + Notice the type of numbering, it is +\emph on +lowercase Roman +\emph default +, because we are in the +\emph on +thirdfold +\emph default + +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment (that is, it is an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + inside an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + inside an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +What happens if we +\emph on +don't +\emph default + change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What + type of numbering does LyX use? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Let's use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + + to decrease the depth after the next +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is level #4. + Look what type of label LyX is using! +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +This is level #3. + Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman + numeral as the label.Why? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is +\emph on +still +\emph default + a thirdfold +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment. + Notice, however, that LyX +\emph on +did +\emph default + reset the counter for the label. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +Another +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + + sequence, and we're back to level #2. + This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back + into the twofold-nested +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +The same thing happens if we do another +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + + sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Lastly, we reset the environment to +\family sans +Standard +\family default +. + As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labeling + LyX uses for the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + and +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environments. + The number of other +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + environments surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for + an +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + item. + The same rule applies for the +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + environment, as well. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Example 4: Going Bonkers +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +We're going to go totally nuts now. + We will not nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into + the same detail with how we did it. + (level #1: +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +( +\family sans +Return, +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, Standard +\family default +: level #2) We will stick an encapsulated description of how we created + the example in parentheses someplace. + For example, the two key bindings are how we changed the depth. + The environment name is the name of the current environment. + Either before or after this, we will put in the level. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +( +\family sans +Return, Enumerate +\family default +: level #1) This is the next item in the list. +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Verse +Now we will add verse. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +It will get much worse. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +( +\family sans +Return, +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, Verse +\family default +: level #2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse +Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Bippitey boppitey boo! +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse +Here comes a table: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +one-fish +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +two-fish +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +red-fish +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +blue-fish +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Verse +( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, Table, +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + 3 times, +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, Verse, +\family default + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Enumerate +( +\family sans +Return, Enumerate +\family default +: level #1) This is another item. + Note that selecting a +\family sans +Table +\family default + resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth + 3 times to put the table inside the +\family sans +Verse +\family default + environment. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +We're now ending the +\family sans +Enumerate +\family default + list and changing to +\family sans +Quotation +\family default +. + We're still at level #1. + We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments. + The next set of paragraphs is a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +quoted letter. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + We will nest both the +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + environments inside of this one, then use another nested +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + for the letter body. + We will use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph inverse" +\end_inset + + to preserve the depth. + Remember that you need to use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + to create multiple lines inside the +\family sans +Address +\family default + and +\family sans +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Address +\family default + environments. + Here it goes: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Right Address +1234 Nowhere Rd. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Moosegroin, MT 00100 +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +9-6-96 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Address +Dear Mr. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Fizlewitz: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control. + Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating + a backlog in our orders for methane. + We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order + as soon as possible. + In the meantime, we thank you for your patience. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +We do, however, now have a special on beef. + If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form + with your order, along with payment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation +We thank you again for your patience. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Address +Sincerely, +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Bill Hick +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Quotation +That ends that example! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with + just a few keystrokes. + We could have easily nested an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list inside of a +\family sans +Quotation +\family default + or +\family sans +Quote +\family default +, or put a +\family sans +Quote +\family default + inside of an +\family sans +Itemize +\family default + list. + You have a huge variety of options at your disposal. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Spacing, pagination and line breaks +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +What is a space? While you might be used to pressing the space key anytime + you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers + you more spaces: spaces of different widths and spaces which can or cannot + be broken at the end of a line. + The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are + useful. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Protected Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Protected-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spaces ! Protected +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the + line at that point. + This may be necessary to avoid unlucky line breaks, like in: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +Further documentation is given in section +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +section +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + A protected space is set with +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Horizontal Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing ! Horizontal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All horizontal spaces can be inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Horizontal Space +\family default +. + The length units are listed in Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Inter-word Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Inter-word-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spaces ! Inter-word +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the introduction of typewriters, it became conventional in some countries + to type two spaces after a period to mimic the wider spaces used by typesetters + at the ends of sentences. + There is no need to do this as LyX automatically takes care about this. + However, you do not want an end of sentence space after an abbreviation + followed by a period; see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Abbreviations" + +\end_inset + + for examples. + To insert a normal space, select +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Interword +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "space-insert normal" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Thin Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Thin-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spaces ! Thin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +thin space +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +protected +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of + thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance, + inside abbreviations: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +D. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +E. + Knuth has developed our beloved typesetting program. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +or between values and units. + Compare for example this: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +10 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +kg (thin space) +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +10 kg (normal space +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert thin spaces with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Thin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "space-insert thin" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +More Spaces +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also insert the following space types: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Negative +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +thin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +space A line with a +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \negthinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + negative thin space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Enspace +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(0.5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) A line with an +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \enskip{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + enspace +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(0.5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Quad +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) A line with a +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \quad{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + Quad +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +QQuad +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) A line with a +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \qquad{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + QQuad +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Custom +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +space A line with +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace{} +\length 2cm +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + + 2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +cm space between the arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:Width-of-the" + +\end_inset + + lists the different space sizes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "tab:Width-of-the" + +\end_inset + +Width of the different horizontal spaces. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Space +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Normal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1/3 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Protected +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1/3 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Thin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1/6 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Negative thin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +-1/6 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Enspace (0.5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +0.5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Quad (1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +QQuad (2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection + +\family sans +Horizontal Fills +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing ! Fills +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Horizontal fills (HFills) are a special LyX feature for adding extra space + in a uniform fashion. + An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals + the remaining space between the left and right margins. + If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space + equally between themselves. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here are a few examples of what you can do with them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent +This is on the left side +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +This is on the right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent +Left +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Middle +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +\noindent +Left +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +1/3 Left +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +Right +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +That was an example in the +\family sans +Quote +\family default + environment. + Here +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\gets$ +\end_inset + +is one in a standard paragraph. + It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it +\emph on +is +\emph default + sitting in-between the two arrows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +HFills can be made visible when you choose one of the +\family sans +Fill +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Pattern +\family default +s in the space dialog: The following patterns are available: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Dots: +\begin_inset space \dotfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Rule: +\begin_inset space \hrulefill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Left arrow: +\begin_inset space \leftarrowfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Right arrow: +\begin_inset space \rightarrowfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Up brace: +\begin_inset space \downbracefill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Down brace: +\begin_inset space \upbracefill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and +\emph on +not +\emph default + in the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it. + This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line. + If you need space in this case anyway, set the +\family sans +Protect +\family default + option in the space dialog. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Phantom Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Phantom-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing ! Phantom +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase. + For example, you want to create the following multiple choice question: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +What is correct English?: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Mr. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Edge would have been jumps the gun. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Mr. + Edge +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +has to be jumped +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Mr. + Edge +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +jumps +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +so that the choices appear exactly after the phrase +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Mr. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Edge +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + To get this, you can use the phantom insets available via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Phantom +\family default +. + In our case insert a horizontal phantom at the beginning of the last two + lines and insert +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Mr. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Edge +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + into the phantom inset (note the space after +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Edge +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + A phantom insets prints only the space of its content (like a placeholder). + That is why it is named +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +phantom +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The normal phantom outputs the width and height of the content as space, + while the horizontal and vertical variant only outputs the corresponding + dimension. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Vertical Space +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Vertical-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing ! Vertical +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Vertical +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + dialog. + There you find the following sizes: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +SmallSkip +\family default +, +\family sans +MedSkip +\family default + and +\family sans +BigSkip +\family default + are LaTeX sizes which depend on the font size of the document. + +\family sans +DefSkip +\family default + is the skip adjusted in the dialog +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + for the paragraph separation. + If you use indentation to separate paragraphs +\family sans +DefSkip +\family default + is equal to +\family sans +MedSkip +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +VFill +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spacing ! Fills +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page. + An example: you have only two short paragraphs on one page with a +\family sans +Vfill +\family default + between them. + Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second + one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal. + +\family sans +VFill +\family default +s work like +\family sans +HFill +\family default +s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +HFill +\family default +s are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + If there are several +\family sans +VFill +\family default +s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves. + You can therefore use +\family sans +VFill +\family default +s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Custom +\family default + are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + +\series medium +If the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of + a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option +\family sans +Protect +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paragraph Alignment +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Alignment +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change the paragraph alignment with the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph Settings +\family default + dialog (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "layout-paragraph" +\end_inset + +). + There are five possibilities: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Justified +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\align block" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Left +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\align left" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Right +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\align right" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Center +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\align center" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Default +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paragraph-params \\align default" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word + spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between + the left and right margins. + The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align right +This paragraph is right aligned, +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +this one is centered, +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align left +this one is left aligned. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Forced Page Breaks +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Page breaks ! Forced +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you + can force a page break where you want one. + Normally this will not be necessary, because LaTeX is good at page breaking. + Only if you use a lot of +\family sans +Floats +\family default +, LaTeX's page breaking algorithm can fail. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We recommend you not to use forced page breaks until the text is finished + and you have checked in the preview to see if you +\emph on +really +\emph default + have to change the page breaking. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are two types of page breaks: One that ends the page without any special + action. + This can be inserted above or below a paragraph via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page +\family default +. + The second type, that is inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break +\family default +, ends a page but stretches the content of the page, so that it fills out + the complete page. + This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a page break produces a page + on which only the last few lines are absent. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You might try to use a page break to ensure that a figure or table appears + at the top of a page. + This is, of course, the wrong way to do it. + LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables + appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without + having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table. + See chapter +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:Floats-and-Notes" + +\end_inset + + to learn more about +\family sans +Floats +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Clear Page Breaks +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Page breaks ! Clear +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Rather than forced page breaks where the content behind the break is placed + directly on the next page, you can also clear pages while breaking them. + That means that the current paragraph is terminated and everything, including + unprocessed floats, from the earlier part of the document are placed after + it, if necessary by adding pages. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert a clear page break with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Clear +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page +\family default +. + When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Clear +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Double +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page +\family default + to insert a clear page break that assures that the next page is a right-hand + page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Forced Line Breaks +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Line breaks +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Similar to page breaks there are two types of line breaks: one simply breaks + the line. + You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ragged +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break +\family default + or with +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + +. + Another type that is inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Justified +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break +\family default + or with +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert linebreak" +\end_inset + + breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the whole space between + the page margins. + This is useful to avoid +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fringes +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in justified paragraphs due to possible whitespace introduced by line breaks. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You shouldn't use forced line breaks to correct LaTeX's line breaking, as + LaTeX is very good at line breaking. + There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessaryactively + to set a line break, for example, in a poem or for an address (see sections +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Quote" + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Verse" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Address-Usage" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Horizontal Lines +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Horizontal-Lines" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Horizontal lines +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\begin_inset CommandInset line +LatexCommand rule +offset "0.5ex" +width "100line%" +height "1pt" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +In the dialog +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Horizontal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\family default + you can insert horizontal lines. + The line offset is the vertical distance between the line and the baseline + of the current text line or the paragraph. + The line settings can be changed by left-clicking on the line. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\begin_inset CommandInset line +LatexCommand rule +offset "0.5ex" +width "100line%" +height "1pt" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Characters and Symbols +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can directly enter all characters that are available on your keyboard. + You can also use special keyboard maps to be able to enter, for example, + characters needed for French with an English keyboard. + See section +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Keyboard-mapping" + +\end_inset + + for information on how this is done. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For the case where you need a character that is not on your keyboard, you + can use the +\family sans +Symbols +\family default + dialog via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Symbols +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Maybe not all symbols inserted with the symbols dialog can be displayed + when you are using a special screen font in LyX's preferences. + But the inserted symbols will in every case be displayed in the output. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Fonts and Text Styles +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Fonts-and-Text" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Font Types +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Font ! Types +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are two types of fonts: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Vector +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +fonts +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Fonts ! Vector- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + are built from outlines of the single glyphs (e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. + characters) in the font. + This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are + well suited for scaling to any requested size. + This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the + curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph. + This means that vector fonts will look pretty good in all sizes. + Only at very small sizes where each pixel has to be very carefully computed + to provide a good image might it be hard to provide a good rendering. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +That could mean that one only needs to define one font size and scale them. + But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes. + That improves the appearance because you need more details at large font + sizes than at small ones. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The font types +\family typewriter +TrueType +\family default +, +\family typewriter +OpenType +\family default +, and +\family typewriter +Type +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1 +\family default + are vector fonts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Bitmap +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +fonts +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Fonts ! Bitmap- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start; so they + will look good at all the sizes they are meant for. + However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each + pixel is enlarged into several pixels. + It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in an + image manipulation program. + In order to mitigate this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in + several fixed sizes typically from around 8 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +pixels high up to 34 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +pixels or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful. + The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary + to display each glyph; so bitmap fonts display therefore more quickly than + scalable fonts. + The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exist as fixed versions have + to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Bitmap fonts are named +\family typewriter +Type +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +3 +\family default + in PostScript- and PDF-documents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The result of all this is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they are + designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes. + So one needs fewer font size definitions for scalable fonts. + That's the reason why nearly all text rendering and typesetting programs + use scalable fonts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To see which fonts are used in a PDF-document, look at its document properties. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards + specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font. + For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current + font to emphasize text, you use an +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +emphasized style +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + instead. + This concept fits in perfectly with LyX. + In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting + details. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LaTeX font support +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:LaTeX-font-support" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Traditionally, LaTeX used its own fonts. + That is to say, you cannot directly access the fonts installed on your + operating system, but you have to use specific fonts provided by your LaTeX + distribution. + The reason is that LaTeX needs some extra information about the fonts, + which have to be provided by additional files and packages. + The downside of this is that your font choice is somewhat limited compared + to a word processor. + On the other hand this comes with the advantage that the provided fonts + are generally of very good quality, and that LaTeX files are very portable + across different machines. + Also, the range of fonts supported by traditional LaTeX has increased a + lot in the meantime; so you can find packages for many free and commercial + fonts. + In LyX, only a subset of these are directly selectable via the user interface + (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Document-Font" + +\end_inset + + for details). + However, all the others are available if you enter the relevant LaTeX code + in the document preamble (please refer to the documentation of your desired + font). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Recent developments brought some new LaTeX engines that are also able directly + to access fonts that are installed for your operating system, namely XeTeX + and LuaTeX. + Both engines are supported by LyX. + By using them, you can theoretically use any OpenType or TrueType font + that is installed on your system. + The next section describes how to use these fonts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + In practice, some fonts might fail due to bad metrics and other font deficienci +es; so you might have to experiment. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + XeTeX and especially LuaTeX, are still rather new and thus not as mature + as traditional LaTeX or PDFTeX. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Document Font and Font size +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Document-Font" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Font ! Size +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can set the document fonts in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog. + In the +\family sans +Fonts +\family default + section of the dialog, you can specify which font should be used for the + three different font shapes — roman (serif), +\family sans +sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif +\family default + and +\family typewriter +typewriter +\family default + (monospaced) — and you can specify the base font size and scaling factors + for (some) sans serif and typewriter fonts if this is necessary to fit + with the roman font. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you select +\family sans +Use non-T +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX fonts +\family default +, you will have access to the fonts installed on your operating system. + This requires that you use +\family sans +PDF (XeT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX) +\family default +, +\family sans +PDF (LuaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX) +\family default + or +\family sans +DVI (LuaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX) +\family default + as the output format, i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +you will have to have either XeTeX or LuaTeX installed (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support" + +\end_inset + +). + You will then not have access to TeX's own fonts. + Note that LyX then lists all available fonts in each of the three lists + (roman, sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif, and typewriter), since LyX cannot determine the family. + Also note that the output might fail with some of the listed fonts, due + to the encoding of the fonts and\SpecialChar \slash{} +or font failures. + LyX cannot determine this in advance, so you might need to experiment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you use TeX fonts (which is the default), the possible options for the + font include +\family sans +Default +\family default + and a list of fonts available with your LaTeX distribution. + If you select +\family sans +Default, +\family default + the font that is preset by the current document class is used. + In most cases, this will be the standard TeX font, known as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Computer +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Modern +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ( +\family typewriter +cm +\family default +) or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +European Computer Modern +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + ( +\family typewriter +ec +\family default +), but some classes preset different default fonts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As +\family typewriter +cm +\family default + and +\family typewriter +ec +\family default + are bitmap fonts, they often look pixelated in PDF output, especially when + you read the PDF in a zoomed size. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This problem doesn't appear if you read PDFs in +\family typewriter +Adobe +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Reader +\family default + version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font + renderer. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + To get rid of pixelated fonts, you have to use a vector font. + Depending on how your document should look, you can either: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +select the +\family sans +Latin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Modern +\family default + fonts, which is the recommended choice if you want to keep the look of + +\family typewriter +cm +\family default +/ +\family typewriter +ec +\family default +. + +\family sans +Latin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Modern +\family default + was developed for the LaTeX community in order to replace +\family typewriter +cm +\family default + as the default font. + It covers a huge range of glyphs and several font shapes. + Except for some details, where the appearance was improved, +\family sans +Latin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Modern +\family default + looks identical to +\family typewriter +cm +\family default +. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +One difference is improved kerning. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +or select the +\family sans +AE +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(Almost +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European) +\family default + fonts in (the rare) case that +\family sans +Latin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Modern +\family default + is not available to you or does not work, and you still want to emulate + the look of +\family typewriter +cm +\family default +/ +\family typewriter +ec +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +AE +\family default + is a virtual font. + Virtual means that it +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +steals +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + outline +\family typewriter +cm +\family default +-glyphs from other fonts. + This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French + guillemets ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +« +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +» +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Loading the LaTeX-package +\series bold +aeguill +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! aeguill +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + with the document preamble line +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[ec]{aeguill} +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series default +will fix the guillemet problem. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + and that accented characters are not +\emph on +one +\emph default + glyph, but built of +\emph on +two +\emph default + characters, the accent and the letter. + Therefore you cannot search for words with accented characters in documents + using the +\family typewriter +AE +\family default + fonts. + If you search for example for the French word +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +rève +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in a PDF, you will not get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches + for the glyph +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + è +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and not for the glyph +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + e + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + ̀ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +If you do not like the look of +\family typewriter +cm +\family default +/ +\family typewriter +ec +\family default +, you can of course select one of the other vector fonts provided, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +Times +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Roman +\family default + or +\family typewriter + Palatino +\family default +. + Most roman vector fonts will automatically select matching sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif and typewriter fonts, +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +These are sometimes just matching other fonts (e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g., +\family sans +Times +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Roman +\family default + selects +\family sans +Helvetica +\family default + for sans serif text), or different shapes of the same font, i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +a real font +\emph on +family +\emph default + (e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +in case of +\family sans +Latin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Modern +\family default + oder +\family sans +Computer +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Modern +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + but you can also select your own. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The differences between roman, +\family sans +sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif +\family default + and +\family typewriter +typewriter +\family default + fonts are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The font +\family sans +Times +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Roman +\family default + was originally designed for newspapers. + Its glyphs are thus smaller than glyphs from other fonts in order to fit + into the small newspaper columns. + Therefore +\family sans +Times +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Roman +\family default + is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For the font size there are generally four possible values: +\family sans +Default, 10 +\family default +, +\family sans +11 +\family default + and +\family sans +12 +\family default +. + Some classes provide additional sizes. + The size of +\family sans +Default +\family default + depends on the class you are using. + In the standard classes it is equal to the font size 10. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the font size is the +\emph on +base size +\emph default +. + That means that LyX scales all other possible font sizes (such as those + used in footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value. + You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog if needed. + The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Family +\family default + selection lets you specify whether the base font of your document should + be roman, sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif or typewriter. + The +\family sans +Default +\family default + selection uses what is preset by the class, the other selections override + this. + In most cases, +\family sans +Default +\family default + is equal to +\family sans +roman +\family default +, but some classes (such as presentation classes) use other defaults. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family typewriter + +\family sans +LaTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X font encoding +\family default + selection is an expert setting which lets you change the value passed to + the LaTeX-package +\series bold +fontenc +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! fontenc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + (see also sec. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-settings" + +\end_inset + +). + Normally, you do not need to change (or even understand) this. + Unless you have specific reasons, use +\family sans +Default +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With some fonts, the checkboxes +\family sans +Use Old Style Figures +\family default + and +\family sans +Use True Small Caps +\family default + are available. + These are extra features some fonts provide. + If +\family sans +Use Old Style Figures +\family default + is checked, old style figures (also known as medieval or text figures) + are used. + Old style figures are the numerals (0 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +-- +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +9) with ascenders and descenders, which makes them fit nicely with lowercase + letters. + +\family sans +Use True Small Caps +\family default + determines that real small caps are used instead of faked small caps made + of scaled capitals. + Real small caps are often part of expert font sets; they generally look + better than faked small caps but might have to be purchased separately. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The field +\family sans +CJK +\family default + allows users of the languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) to specify + a font to display the script characters. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The font will be the argument for the commands of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +CJK +\series default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! CJK +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + So this has no effect for the document language +\family sans +Japanese +\family default + that does not use +\series bold +CJK +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + When you choose a new font or font size, LyX does +\emph on +not +\emph default + change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output; + this is part of the WYSIWYM concept. + LyX's screen fonts can be adjusted in the +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences +\family default + dialog, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Screen-Fonts" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Using Different Character Styles +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Character Styles +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Text Style +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for + certain paragraph environments. + LyX supports two character styles, +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + and +\family sans +Noun +\family default +. + You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the + toolbar. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To activate the +\family sans +Noun +\family default + style, do one of the following: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +click on the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "font-noun" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +use the key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-noun" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These commands are all toggles. + That is, if +\family sans +Noun +\family default + style is already active, they deactivate it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +One typically uses the +\family sans +Noun +\family default + style for proper names. + For example: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich +\noun default + is the original author of LyX. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A more widely used character style is the +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + style. + You can activate (or deactivate — it's also a toggle) the +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + style by: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +clicking on the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "font-emph" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +using the keybindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-emph" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally the +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or LaTeX-packag +es use a different font. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We've been using the +\family sans +Emphasized +\family default + style all over the place in this document. + Here's one more example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quotation + +\emph on +Do not overuse character styles! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It's also a warning in addition to an example. + One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation. + Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid + the common tendency to overuse character styles. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can always reset to the default font using the key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-default" +\end_inset + + or the dialog +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Customized +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show character" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fine-Tuning with the +\family sans +Text Style +\family default + dialog +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Text Style +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are always occasions when you will need to do some fine-tuning; so + LyX gives you a way to create a custom character style. + For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet + requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations. + Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts + from ordinary dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a + warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles! +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Documents that overuse different fonts and sizes are not easy to read and + tend to look as if someone has knocked huge holes in them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use custom character styles, open the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Customized +\family default + dialog or press the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show character" +\end_inset + +. + There are several boxes in this dialog, each corresponding to a different + font property that you can choose. + You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select +\family sans +No +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +change +\family default +, which keeps the current state of that property. + The item +\family sans +Reset +\family default + will reset the property to whatever is the default. + You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph + environments all at once. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The font properties, and their options (in addition to +\family sans +No +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +change +\family default + and +\family sans +Reset +\family default +) are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Family +\family default + The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +overall look +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the font. + The possible options are: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Roman +\family default + This is the Roman font family. + Normally a serif font. + It's also the default family. + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-roman" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Serif +\family default + +\family sans +This is the Sans Serif font family. + +\family default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-sans" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Typewriter +\family default + +\family typewriter +This is the Typewriter font family. + +\family default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-typewriter" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Series +\family default + This corresponds to the print weight. + Options are: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Medium +\family default + This is the Medium font series. + It's also the default series. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Bold +\family default + +\series bold +This is the Bold font series. + +\series default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-bold" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Shape +\family default + As the name implies. + Options are: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Upright +\family default + This is the Upright font shape. + It's also the default shape. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Italic +\family default + +\shape italic +This +\shape default + +\family sans +\shape italic +i +\family default +s the Italic font shape +\shape default +\emph on +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Slanted +\family default + +\shape slanted +This is the Slanted font shape +\shape default + (although it might not be visible in LyX, this is different from italic). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Small +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Caps +\family default + +\shape smallcaps +This is the Small caps font shape +\shape default +\noun on +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Color +\family default + Alters the text color. + Note that not all DVI-viewers are able to display colors. + Besides +\family sans +No +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +color +\family default +, which means that the document default color set in +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Color +\family default + for +\family sans +Main +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default + is used, you can choose between +\family sans +Black +\family default +, +\family sans +White +\family default +, +\family sans +Red +\family default +, +\family sans +Green +\family default +, +\family sans +Blue +\family default +, +\family sans +Cyan +\family default +, +\family sans +Magenta +\family default + and +\family sans +Yellow +\family default + text. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Color ! Text +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Language +\family default + This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from + the language of the document. + Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change + (only within LyX). +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +If you have for example, an extract of German text in a non-German document, + LaTeX respects the German hyphenation rules automatically. + When using the spell checking (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Spellchecking" + +\end_inset + +) the German-marked text will be checked according to the German dictionary. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Size +\family default + Alters the size of the font. + You will find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually + proportional to the document font size. + Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of + what you want to do. + The options are: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Tiny +\family default + +\size tiny +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Tiny +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size tiny" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Smallest +\family default + +\size scriptsize +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Smallest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size +\size default +. + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-size scriptsize" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Smaller +\family default + +\size footnotesize +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Smaller +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size footnotesize" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Small +\family default + +\size small +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Small +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size small" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Normal +\family default + This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Normal +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + It's also the default size. + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size normal" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Large +\family default + +\size large +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Large +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size large" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Larger +\family default + +\size larger +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Larger +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size larger" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Largest +\family default + +\size largest +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Largest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-size largest" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Huge +\family default + +\size huge +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Huge +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size huge" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Huger +\family default + +\size giant +This is the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Huger +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font size. + +\size default + (key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-size giant" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Increase +\family default + This increases the size by one step (for instance, from +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Largest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Huge +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-size increase" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Decrease +\family default + This decreases the size by one step (for instance, from +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Normal +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Small +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-size decrease" +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +We warn you +\emph on +yet again +\emph default +: don't go crazy with this feature. + You should almost never need to change the font size. + LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments + — use those instead. + This is here for fine-tuning only! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Misc +\family default + Here you can change a few other things at the character level. + Options are: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Emph +\family default + +\emph on +This is text with emphasize on +\emph default +. + This might seem like the same as +\shape italic +Italic +\shape default +, but it is actually a bit different. + Emphasized is a +\emph on +logical +\emph default + attribute. + That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized + text. + Normally this font is equal to italic. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Underbar +\family default + +\bar under +This is text with Underbar on. + +\bar default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "font-underline" +\end_inset + + +\family sans +) +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\family default +Avoid using underbar if you can! It is a hangover from the typewriter days, + when you could not change fonts. + One no longer needs to emphasize text by underscoring characters. + This is only possible in LyX because some people +\emph on +may +\emph default + need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Double +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +underbar +\family default + +\uuline on +This is text with Double underbar on. + +\uuline default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-underunderline" +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +As we just warned you against using underbar, you can imagine what we think + about double underbar. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Wavy +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +underbar +\family default + +\uwave on +This is text with Wavy underbar on. + +\uwave default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-underwave" +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Use this only if a journal absolutely insists on it. + Keep antinausea pills handy. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Strikeout +\family default + +\strikeout on +This is text with Strikeout on. + +\strikeout default + (key binding +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-strikeout" +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +This is frequently used to indicate an older version of text that has been + changed in the meantime. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Noun +\family default + +\noun on +This is text with Noun on. + +\noun default + Like +\family sans +Emph +\family default +, this is a logical attribute. + Normally it's equivalent to +\family sans +Small +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Caps +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Standard +So you have a huge number of combinations to choose from. + Once you have chosen a new character style via the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Customized +\family default + ( +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show character" +\end_inset + +) dialog, the settings are saved. + You can activate them by using the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "textstyle-apply" +\end_inset + +. + The button lets you apply your custom character style even when the dialog + isn't visible. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To completely reset the character style to the default, use +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-default" +\end_inset + +. + If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed + (suppose you just set the shape to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +slanted +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and the series to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bold +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), set the +\family sans +Toggle +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +all +\family default + switch and press +\family sans +Apply +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You should also know something about the differences between the three main + font types +\family sans +serif +\family default +, +\family sans +sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif +\family default +, and +\family sans +typewriter +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Typewriter +\family default + is a so called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +monospaced +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + font, which means every character has the same width; the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +i +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is as wide as the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +m +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + Here is an example +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +no +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +typewriter text +\family default + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For more on phantoms see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Phantom-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +no typewriter text +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Serif +\family default + fonts use characters with serifs. + These are the small +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +appendices +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at the ends of the strokes that form the character. + The following example shows the difference: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +text with serifs +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\family sans +text without serifs +\family default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Serifs facilitate quick and easy reading. + These fonts are therefore used as default (named +\family sans +roman +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\family sans +Sans serif +\family default + is not recommended for use as a base type. + This font type is therefore often only used for headings and short texts. + We use it in this document to highlight menu names. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Toggling +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + refers to applying or removing font properties. + When a property is marked for toggling in the +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog, applying the style to text that already has the property will cause + the property to be removed. + If you, for example, apply a style with properties A, B and C to text that + currently has font properties B, C, F and G, and if B is set to toggle + and C is set not to toggle, the text ends up with properties A, C, F and + G. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Never toggled +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +always toggled +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + mean that you do not control the toggling behavior. + For the properties on the left side of the dialog ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Family +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + etc.), toggling behavior is up to you. + If +\family sans +Toggle +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +all +\family default + is checked, all of the left side properties are toggled; by default, none + of them are. + Finally, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Reset +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is never toggled. + If you, for example, set +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Series +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Reset +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and select +\family sans +Toggle +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +all +\family default +, then apply the style to bold face text, the text will revert to the default + series ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Medium +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +), no matter how many times you apply the style. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We conclude with the same warning once again: Do not overuse the fonts! + They are, more often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Printing and Previewing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Overview +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now that we have covered some of the basic features of document preparation + using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece. + Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what + goes on behind-the-scenes. + We cover this information in much greater detail in the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual as well. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX uses the program LaTeX as its backend. + LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent + confusion, we will only refer to LaTeX. + LyX is what you use to do your actual writing. + Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output. + This happens in two stages: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX, + generating a file with the extension, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Next, LyX calls LaTeX to use the commands in the +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + file to produce printable output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Output file formats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Simple text (ASCII) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats ! ASCII +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.txt +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +American Standard Code for Information Interchange +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (ASCII). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to ASCII with the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default +. + However, this will not export any externally generated material such as + a BibTeX bibliography (section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Bibliography-databases" + +\end_inset + +). + If your document includes such material, use +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +More +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Formats +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default + and then select +\family sans +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ps2ascii) +\family default +. + This will first internally export your document to PostScript (generating + thereby the external material) and then do the conversion to ASCII. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +LaTeX +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats ! LaTeX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.tex +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and contains all commands that are necessary for the LaTeX program to process + your document. + If you know LaTeX, you can use it to find out LaTeX-Errors or to process + it manually with console commands. + The LaTeX-file is automatically created in LyX's temporary directory whenever + you view or export your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document as a LaTeX-file using the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\family default +. + The different LaTeX export variants are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Export" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +DVI +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats ! DVI +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.dvi +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It is called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +device-independent +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine + to another without needing to do any sort of conversion. + DVIs are used for quick previews and as a pre-stage for other output formats, + like PostScript. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +DVI files do not contain images, they only link to them. + So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs. + Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the images in the background to make + them visible when you scroll the DVI, this can slow down your computer + when you view the DVI. + So we recommend using PDF for files with many images. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to DVI by the menus +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\family default + or +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +DVI +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(LuaTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X). + +\family default + The latter option uses the program +\family typewriter +LuaTeX +\family default +. + +\family typewriter +LuaTeX +\family default + is an engine that provides direct Unicode support and support for direct + font access (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support" + +\end_inset + +). + LuaTeX is still a work in progress, but it might develop into the next + standard TeX processor. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +PostScript +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats ! PostScript +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.ps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + PostScript was developed by the company +\family typewriter +Adobe +\family default + as a printer language. + The file therefore contains commands that the printer uses to print the + file. + PostScript can be seen as a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +programming language +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +If you are interested in learning more about this, have a look at the LaTeX-pack +age +\series bold +pstricks +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! pstricks +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + As a result of this, the files are often bigger than PDFs. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +PostScript can only contain images in the format +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Encapsulated PostScript +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (EPS, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.eps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + As LyX allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has + to convert them in the background to EPS. + If, for example, you have 50 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +images in your document, LyX has to do 50 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +conversions when you view or export your document the first time. + This might slow down your workflow with LyX. + So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as + EPS to avoid this problem. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export to PostScript using the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PostScript +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +PDF +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats ! PDF +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +PDF +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.pdf +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Document Format +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PDF) developed by +\family typewriter +Adobe +\family default + was derived from PostScript. + It is more compressed and it uses fewer commands than PostScript. + As the name +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +portable +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + implies, it can be processed on any computer system and the printed output + looks exactly the same. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Joint Photographic Experts Group +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (JPG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpeg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Network Graphics +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PNG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.png +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). + You can also use any other image format, because LyX converts them in the + background to one of these formats. + But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion + will slow down your workflow. + So we recommend using images in one of the three formats mentioned above. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to PDF via the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export +\family default + in different ways: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) This uses the program +\family typewriter +pdftex +\family default + which converts your file directly to PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(LuaTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X) This uses the program +\family typewriter +LuaTeX +\family default + which converts your file directly to PDF. + +\family typewriter +LuaTeX +\family default + is a new engine, derived from +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\family default +, that also provides direct Unicode support and support for direct font + access (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support" + +\end_inset + +). + LuaTeX is still a work in progress, but it might develop into the next + standard TeX processor. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(XeTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X) This uses the program +\family typewriter +XeTeX +\family default + that converts your file directly to PDF. + +\family typewriter +XeTeX +\family default + is a new engine that provides direct Unicode support and support for direct + font access (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support" + +\end_inset + +). + It is particularly good at typesetting different scripts, for example, + vertically written Japanese. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(dvipdfm) This uses the program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\family default + that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to + PDF. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ps2pdf) This uses the program +\family typewriter +ps2pdf +\family default + that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file. + The PostScript-version is produced by the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step. + So this export variant consists of three conversions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We recommend using +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default + because +\family typewriter +pdftex +\family default + supports all the features of actual PDF-versions, is quick, stable, and + works without problems. + If you rely on multiscript support and\SpecialChar \slash{} +or specific OpenType fonts, you might + want to try out +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(XeTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X) +\family default + or +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(LuaTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X) +\family default + instead, bearing in mind that these two programs are not yet as mature + as +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +XHTML +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +FileFormats ! XHTML +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +HTML +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This file type has the extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.xhtml +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It is a file suitable for viewing in web browsers. + It does not itself contain images and the like but only links to them. + When LyX produces XHTML, it also generates corresponding images in formats + suitable for the purpose. + For the math output you can choose in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Output +\family default + between different formats, which are described in section +\emph on +Math Output in XHTML +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +XHTML output remains +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +under development +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and not all LyX features are supported yet. + See the chapter +\emph on +LyX and the World Wide Web +\emph default +, in the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual, for more information. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document as an XHTML file using the menu item +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LyXHTML +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Previewing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Preview +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the page + breaks in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu + +\family sans +View +\family default + and choose +\family sans +View +\family default + or use the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "buffer-view" +\end_inset + +. + A viewing program will pop up showing the output in the defined default + output format, which is globally set in the preferences (see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:File-Formats" + +\end_inset + +) and can also be altered for single documents in the document settings + (see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Doc-Output" + +\end_inset + +). + Further output formats can be selected via +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +View (Other Formats) +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/view-others.png + scale 85 + groupId toolbarbuttons + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same + viewer window using the menu +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update +\family default + or +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update (Other Formats) +\family default +, respectively. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in LyX's temporary + directory. + To have a real output, export your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Printing the File from within LyX +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Printing-the-File" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Instead of exporting your file and then printing it, you can also print + it directly from within LyX. + To print a file, select the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Print +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "dialog-show print" +\end_inset + +) or click on the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show print" +\end_inset + +. + LyX will internally call LaTeX to produce a DVI. + This file is then processed by the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + to a PostScript-file, which is finally printed using the program +\family typewriter +Ghostscript +\family default +. + Due to these steps in the background, this method is not the fastest. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can set the following print parameters in the +\family sans +Print +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Destination +\family default + box: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +Printer +\family default + This is the name of the printer to print to. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Note that this printer name is for the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + That means +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default + has to be configured for this printer name. + The default printer can be set in LyX's preferences dialog, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Printer" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The printer should understand PostScript. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +File +\family default + The name of a file to print to. + The output will be a PostScript file. + It will be written in LyX's working directory unless you specify the full + path. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can choose to print only a range of pages, only even-numbered or only + odd-numbered pages or to print the pages in reverse — the latter options + are useful for printing on two sides with a printer without a duplexer: + you re-insert the pages after printing one set to print on the other side. + Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down. + By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack + of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +A few Words about Typography +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Typography +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Hyphens, Dashes and Minus Signs +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Hyphens +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dashes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In LyX, the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + character comes in four lengths: the +\emph on +hyphen +\emph default +, the +\emph on +en dash +\emph default +, the +\emph on +em dash +\emph default +, and the minus sign: +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +name +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +output +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +inserted with +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +hyphen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in text +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +en dash +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +– +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +em dash +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +— +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +minus sign +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $-$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in math mode +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can alternatively generate the en and em dash by inserting the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +- +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + character multiple times in a row. + They will automatically be converted to the appropriate length dash in + the final output, but not in LyX. + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + gives a en dash, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + a em dash. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in + math mode and has a length of its own. + Here are some examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +line- and page-breaks +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +( +\emph on +hyphen +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +From A–Z +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +( +\emph on +en dash +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Oh — there's a dash. +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +( +\emph on +em dash +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + +( +\emph on +minus sign +\emph default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Hyphenation +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Hyphenation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Hyphenation" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Words are not hyphenated within LyX but automatically in the output. + Hyphenation is done by the LaTeX-package +\series bold +babel +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! babel +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + following the rules of the document language. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LaTeX hyphenates almost perfectly; it only has problems with text in the + +\family sans +typewriter +\family default + font and with unusual constructs, like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +h3knix/m0n0wall +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If LaTeX cannot break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points + manually. + This is done with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Hyphenation +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Point +\family default +. + These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX. + If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will ignore them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs from being hyphenated. + Imagine that you are describing keybindings/shortcuts in your document + in the form +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +A-b c +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LaTeX would then see the hyphen +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as a hyphenation possibility. + Hyphenating at this point would look ugly. + To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, you can put it into a makebox + as described in section +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Prevent Hyphenation +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Punctuation Marks +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Punctuation marks +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Abbreviations and End of Sentence +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Abbreviations" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX + automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations. + LaTeX then adds the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +appropriate amount of space. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and + the next word. + Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period that a word + gets after another word. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation does + not work in all cases. + If a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +. +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's + at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here are some examples of +\emph on +correct +\emph default + abbreviations and of the end of a sentence: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +M. + Butterfly +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Don't worry. + Be happy. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +And here is an example of the algorithm going wrong: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. + this is too much space! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +This is I. + It's okay. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You will not see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To fix this problem, use one of the following: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Use an +\family sans +Inter-word +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + after lowercase abbreviations (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Inter-word-Space" + +\end_inset + +). +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spaces ! inter-word +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Use a +\family sans +Thin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Thin-Space" + +\end_inset + +). +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spaces ! thin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Use an +\family sans +End +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +sentence +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +period +\family default + found under the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Character +\family default + menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing. + This function is also bound to +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "specialchar-insert end-of-sentence" +\end_inset + + for easy access. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +this is too much space! +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +This is I\SpecialChar \@. + It's okay. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences. + If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because LaTeX + will take care of this. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors: + Check out the +\family sans +Check +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +TeX +\family default + feature described in the section +\emph on +Checking TeX +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Quotes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Typography ! Quotes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Quotes | see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Typography +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX usually sets quotes correctly. + Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text, + and use a closing quote at the end. + For example, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +open close +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The keyboard character, +\family sans +" +\family default +, generates this automatically. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can specify what character the +\family sans +" +\family default + key produces using the submenu +\family sans +Language +\family default + of the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog in the box +\family sans +Quote Style +\family default +. + There are six choices: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes gld +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes pld +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes fld +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes frd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\family sans +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +Text +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + +\family default + Use quotes like +\begin_inset Quotes ald +\end_inset + +this +\begin_inset Quotes ard +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For single quotes you have to use the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "quote-insert single" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Ligatures +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Typography ! Ligatures +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Ligatures | see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Typography +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Ligatures" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and + print them as single characters. + These groups are known as +\emph on +ligatures +\emph default +. + Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too + in the output. + Here are the standard ligatures: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +ff +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +fi +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +fl +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +ffi +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +ffl +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word. + While a ligature may be okay in the word, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +graffiti, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + it looks really weird in compound words, such as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cufflink +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or the German +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Dorffest. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + To break a ligature, use +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ligature +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break. + +\family default + This changes +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cufflinks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} +links +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Dorffest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} +fest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LyX's Proper Names +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LyX ! Proper names +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You will certainly have noticed that the word “LaTeX” always appears with + characters in different sizes and heights. + LaTeX is the name of the program used by LyX and is therefore recognized + as a proper name when you type it in LyX as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The braces in TeX Code are here to avoid that the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +command +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + appear as proper name in the output, see the last paragraph of this section. + To create proper names omit the TeX Code. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Note the order of the upper- and lowercase letters! LyX recognizes the + following proper names: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LyX The name of the game, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +L +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +yX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +TeX The program used by LaTeX, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +T +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LaTeX The program used by LyX, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LaTeX2e The actual version of LaTeX, write +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX2e +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to produce it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You might wonder why the LaTeX-version is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +2 +\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It is an old tradition in the TeX-world to give programs geek version numbers. + For example the version number of TeX converges to the number +\begin_inset Formula $\pi$ +\end_inset + +: The actual version is +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX-3.141592 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, the previous one was +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +TeX-3.14159 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you don't want to use proper names, for example, in section headings, + you can insert two empty braces in TeX Code in the word. + In LyX this will look like +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/LaTeX.png + scale 80 + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +For more about TeX Code, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:TeX-Code" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Units +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Typography ! Units +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal + space between two words. + As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is + smaller. + To get such a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +half space +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for units use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Thin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "space-insert thin" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is an example to show the differences: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +24 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +kW +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + +h +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +space between number and unit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +24 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +kW +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + +h +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +half space between number and unit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Widows and Orphans +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Typography ! Widows and orphans +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page + happened to end. + There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text. + You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading + for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line + of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line + of a paragraph at the top of a new page. + These bits of text became known as +\emph on +widows +\emph default + and +\emph on +orphans +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading. + That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments. + But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line + of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules + built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there + specifically to prevent widows and orphans. + This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We cannot go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page, or how you can + tweak that behavior. + Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography (such as +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexguide" + +\end_inset + +) may have more information. + You will almost never need to worry about this, however. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Notes, Graphics, Tables and Floats +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "chap:Floats-and-Notes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. + There you will also find tips and tricks for special cases. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Notes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Notes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Notes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX offers you a few types of notes to add to your document: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LyX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note This note type is for internal notes that will not appear in the output. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it does appear as + a LaTeX-comment when you export the document to LaTeX via the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(xxx) +\family default +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Comment +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is text in a note box that only appears as a comment in LaTeX-files. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Greyed +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Out This note will appear in the output as text in a color which you can + set in the document settings under +\family sans +Colors\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Greyed-out +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +notes +\family default +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is the text +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is an example footnote within a greyed out note. + In this document the color of this note type is set to blue. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + of a comment that appears in the output. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +As you can see in the example, greyed out notes can have footnotes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Notes are inserted with the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "note-insert" +\end_inset + + or the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note +\family default +. + Right-click on the note box that appears to select the note type. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Footnotes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Footnotes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Footnotes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the + menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Footnote +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "footnote-insert" +\end_inset + +, +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +you will see +\family default +\series default +\bar default + a box like this: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/footnoteQt4.png + scale 80 + +\end_inset + + +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + This box is LyX's representation of your footnote. + If you +\family default +\series default +\bar default + left-click on +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +foot +\family roman + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\family default +\series default +\bar default + +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +label, the box will +\family default +\series default +\bar default + be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it. + Clicking on the box label again will close +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +the +\family default +\series default +\bar default + box +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +. + If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply highlight it + and click on the footnote +\family default +\series default +\bar default + toolbar +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no +button +\family default +\series default +\bar default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is an example footnote: +\family roman +\series medium +\bar no + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +To close a footnote, click on the footnote box label. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text + position where the footnote box is placed. + The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page. + The footnote number is calculated by LyX according to the document class. + LyX does not yet support a particular numbering scheme, but you can get + other schemes using special LaTeX-commands. + T +\family roman +h +\family default +ey are described in the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Marginal Notes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Marginal notes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Marginal-Notes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX. + When you insert a margin note via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Marginal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "marginalnote-insert" +\end_inset + +, you will see +\family roman +\series medium +a +\family default +\series default + +\family roman +\series medium +box with the +\family default +\series default + +\family roman +\series medium +label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +margin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + appearing within your text. + This box is LyX's representation of your margin +\family default +\series default +al +\family roman +\series medium +note. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +At the side of this sentence is an example marginal note. +\family roman +\series medium + +\begin_inset Marginal +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align left +This is a marginal note. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents. + In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin – left on even + pages, right on odd pages. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For further information about marginal notes see the section +\emph on +Margin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Notes +\emph default + in the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Graphics and Images +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Images +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Graphics +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Graphics" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position + you want and click on the toolbar icon +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics" +\end_inset + + or select +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphics +\family default + from the menu. + Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters. + The +\family sans +Graphics +\family default + tab allows you to choose your image file. + The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling + factor. + The scaling units are explained in Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the tab +\family sans +Clipping +\family default + it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width + of the image in the output. + The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button + +\family sans +Get +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +from +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +file +\family default +. + The option +\family sans +Clip +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +bounding +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +box +\family default + will only print the image region within the given coordinates. + Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore + the tab +\family sans +Clipping +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the +\family sans +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Ly +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X options +\family default + tab LaTeX experts can specify additional LaTeX options. + In this tab you can also specify the appearance of the image inside LyX. + The option +\family sans +Draft +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +mode +\family default + has the effect that the image doesn't appear in the output, only a frame + with the image size is printed. + The option +\family sans +Don't +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +unzip +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +on +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +export +\family default + is explained in the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual in section +\emph on +Graphics Dialog +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The graphics dialog can be called at any time by clicking on an image. + Images will appear in the output exactly at the position where they are + in the text. + This is an example image within a separate, horizontally centered paragraph: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/mobius.eps + scale 70 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you need image captions or want to reference images, you have to put + the image into a float, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Figure-Floats" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Image Formats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Images ! Formats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Image-Formats" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert images in any known file format. + But as we explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + +, every output document format allows only a few image formats. + LyX therefore uses the program +\family typewriter +ImageMagick +\family default + in the background to convert the images to the right format. + To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background, + use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Bitmap +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form. + They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixelated in large zooms. + Well-known bitmap image formats are +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Graphics Interchange Format +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (GIF, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.gif +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +GIF|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Network Graphics +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PNG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.png +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +PNG|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Joint Photographic Experts Group +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (JPG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.jpeg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +JPG|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Scalable +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size without + data loss. + The scaling ability is desired if you want to create presentations, because + presentations are always scaled by the beamer. + Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Scalable image formats can be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Scalable Vector Graphics +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (SVG, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.svg +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +SVG|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Encapsulated PostScript +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (EPS, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.eps +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +EPS|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Portable Document Format +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (PDF, file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +.pdf +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +PDF +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + We say +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +can be +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF or EPS and the + result will not be scalable. + In this case only a header with the image properties is added to the original + image. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally one cannot convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only +\emph on +vice versa +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Grouping of Image Settings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Images ! Settings grouping +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Each image can define a new group of image settings or join an existing + group. + Images within such a group share their settings, so adjusting one image + of the group automatically also adjusts all other images of the group in + the same way. + So you can for example change the size for a bunch of images without the + need to manually change each of them. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A new group can be set by pressing the button +\family sans +Open +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +new +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +group +\family default + in the +\family sans + Graphics +\family default + dialog in the +\family sans +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Ly +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X options +\family default + tab. + Joining an existing group can be done using the context menu of the image + and checking the name of the desired group. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Tables +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Tables +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Tables" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert a table using either the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "tabular-insert" +\end_inset + + or the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\family default +. + A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns. + The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated + from the rest of the table. + This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row + have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above + them. + Here is an example table: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\size normal +\noun off +\color none + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The Table dialog +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button and + then choosing +\family sans +More\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +. + This brings up the table dialog. + Here you can adjust the settings of the cell, row and/or column where the + cursor is placed currently. + Most of the dialog options also work on selections. + This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is + done on all of your selection. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In addition to the table dialog, the +\family sans +table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +toolbar +\family default + helps you in setting table properties. + It appears if the cursor is inside a table. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the tab +\family sans +Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\family default + of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row. + If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the + current cell respectively. + The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width + is given. + A given width will allow the cell to have line breaks and multiple paragraphs + of text, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Table-Cells" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can mark multiple cells of one row/column as a multicolumn/row cell + using the check box +\family sans +Multicolumn +\family default + or +\family sans +Multirow +\family default +. + This will merge the cells to +\emph on +one +\emph default + cell, spread over more than one column/row. + Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width, + and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell. + Here is an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one + in the last row without the upper border: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +abc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +def ghi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +jkl +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +4 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Adept users can declare special LaTeX-arguments for the table. + They are necessary for special table formatting, such as the multirow cells, + explained in the chapter +\emph on +Tables +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. + You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table 90 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +degrees counterclockwise. + These rotations are not visible in LyX but are visible in the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Most DVI-viewers are +\emph on +not +\emph default + able to display rotations. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Borders +\family default + tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column. + The button +\family sans +Default +\family default + adds lines for all cell borders. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Longtables +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Tables ! Longtables +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Longtables +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option +\family sans +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +long +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +table +\family default + in the tab +\family sans +Longtable +\family default + of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages. + Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Header +\family default +: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable. + except for the first page, if +\family sans +First +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +header +\family default + is defined. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +First +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +header +\family default +: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Footer +\family default +: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable, + except for the last page, if +\family sans +Last +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +footer +\family default + is defined. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Last +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +footer +\family default +: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options + defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Caption: The first row is reset as a single column. + You can now insert there the table caption via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Caption +\family default +. + More about longtable captions can be found in the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also specify a row where the table is split. + If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware + that then only the first option is used; the others will be defined as + +\emph on +empty +\emph default +. + In this context, first means first in this order: +\family sans +Footer, Last +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +footer, +\family default + +\family sans +Header, +\family default + +\family sans +First +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +header +\family default +; see the following longtable to see how it works: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Example Phone List (ignore the names) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +NAME +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +TEL. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Example Phone List +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +NAME +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +TEL. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +continue ... +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Annovi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Silvia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Bertoli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Stefano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Bozzi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Walter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cachia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cachia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cinquemani +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Giusi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Colin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bernard +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Concli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Gianfranco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Dal Bosco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Carolina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Dalpiaz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Annamaria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Feliciello +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Domenico +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Focarelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Galletti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Oreste +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Gasparini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Franca +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Rizzardi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Lassini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Giancarlo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Luciano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Valeriano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Meneguzzo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Mezzadra +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Pirpamer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Erich +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Pochiesa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111, 222 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Radina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Claudio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Stuffer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Oskar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Tacchelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Ugo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Tezzele +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Margit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Unterkalmsteiner +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Frieda +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Vieider +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Hilde +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Vigna +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Jürgen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Weber +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Winkler +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Franz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +111 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Annovi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Silvia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Bertoli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Stefano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Bozzi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Walter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cachia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cachia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Cinquemani +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Giusi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Colin +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bernard +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Concli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Gianfranco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Dal Bosco +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Carolina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Dalpiaz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Annamaria +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Feliciello +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Domenico +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Focarelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Galletti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Oreste +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Gasparini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Franca +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Rizzardi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paola +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Lassini +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Giancarlo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Luciano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Malfatti +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Valeriano +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Meneguzzo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Mezzadra +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Roberto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Pirpamer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Erich +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Pochiesa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paolo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555, 222 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Radina +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Claudio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Stuffer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Oskar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Tacchelli +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Ugo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Tezzele +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Margit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Unterkalmsteiner +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Frieda +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Vieider +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Hilde +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Vigna +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Jürgen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +999 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Weber +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Maurizio +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Winkler +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Franz +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +555 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +End +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Table Cells +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Tables ! Cells +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Table-Cells" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A table cell can contain text, inline equations, a figure, or another table. + All these kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell. + Font sizes and shapes can also be altered. + But you can't put a special environment in a cell (like +\family sans +Section* +\family default +, etc.), nor set spacing options for the cell's paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width + for the column in the table dialog. + Your text is then automatically split into multiple lines and the cell + is enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given width. + An example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +4 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +This is a multi-line entry in a table. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +5 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +6 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +This is longer now. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +7 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +8 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +This is a multi-line entry in a table. + This is longer now. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +9 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well. + You can even cut and paste more than one row. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Note that you cannot paste into a multicell selection because it would not + be clear what to do when pasting a single word in a selected 2×3. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Selection with the mouse or with +\family sans +Shift +\family default + plus the arrow keys works as usual. + You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting + the selection from outside the table. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Floats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Floats" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Introduction +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't + have a fixed location. + It can +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +float +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best. + +\family sans +Footnotes +\family default + and +\family sans +Margin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Notes +\family default + are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are + too many notes on the current page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Floats make it possible to get a high quality layout. + Images and tables can be distributed evenly over the pages to avoid whitespace + and pages without text. + As the floating often destroys the spatial context between the text and + the image/table, every float can be referenced in the text. + Floats are therefore numbered. + Referencing is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To insert a float, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float +\family default +. + A box with a caption will be inserted into your document. + The label will automatically be translated to the document language in + the output. + After the label you can insert the caption text. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Captions +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate + paragraph within the float. + To keep your LyX-document readable, you can open and close the float box + by left-clicking on the box label. + A closed float box looks like this: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/floatQt4.png + scale 80 + +\end_inset + + – a gray button with a red label. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You should insert floats in a separate paragraph to avoid possible LaTeX-errors + that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Examples +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Figure Floats +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Figure-Floats" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Figure floats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "fig:Platypus-distorted" + +\end_inset + + was created using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Figure +\family default + (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "float-insert figure" +\end_inset + +). + The image was inserted by setting the cursor above the caption label and + using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphics +\family default + (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics" +\end_inset + +). + The image in the float was horizontally centered by putting the cursor + to the left or right of the image and using the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\family default + (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "layout-paragraph" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/platypus.eps + lyxscale 50 + width 50col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "fig:Platypus-distorted" + +\end_inset + +A severely distorted platypus in a float. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This figure float also shows how to set a label and create a cross-reference + to it: Insert a label into the caption using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\family default + (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "label-insert" +\end_inset + +) and refer to it using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross-Reference +\family default + (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" +\end_inset + +). + It is important to use cross-references to figure floats rather than using + vague references like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +the figure above +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, because, as LaTeX will reposition the floats in the final document, it + might not be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +above +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + at all. + For more about cross-references, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally only one image is inserted in a figure float, but sometimes you + might want to use two images with separate subcaptions. + This can be done by inserting image floats into existing image floats. + Note that only the main caption of the float is added to the List of Figures + as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:List-of-Figures" + +\end_inset + +. + Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side. + You can also set the images one below the other. + Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "fig:Undefinable" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "fig:Platypus" + +\end_inset + + are the subfigures. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "fig:Undefinable" + +\end_inset + +Undefinable +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps + width 45col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "fig:Platypus" + +\end_inset + +Platypus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/platypus.eps + lyxscale 60 + width 45col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "fig:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + +Two distorted images. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Table Floats +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Table floats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table floats can be inserted using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "float-insert table" +\end_inset + +. + They have the same properties as figure floats except that the table in + the float is normally placed below the caption and not above like for figures + and that the label begins with “tab:”. + Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:Table-float" + +\end_inset + + is a table float. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "tab:Table-float" + +\end_inset + +A table float. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Joe +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Mary +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Ted +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} +a & b\\ +c & d +\end{array}\right]$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +More Information +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Floats ! Details +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX offers you further float types as well as rotated floats. + It also allows you to change the float numbering scheme, to control the + float placement and to change the formatting and placement of the float + caption. + All these features are explained in detail with many examples in the chapter + +\emph on +Floats +\emph default + in the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Minipages +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Minipages +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LaTeX provides a mechanism essentially to produce a page within a page, + called a minipage. + Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +apply. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Minipages in LyX have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Box +\family default +. + Right-clicking on the box label allows you to alter the width of the minipage + and its alignment within the page. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Box Frameless +position "t" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "t" +use_parbox 0 +use_makebox 0 +width "30col%" +special "none" +height "1pt" +height_special "totalheight" +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\shape italic +This is a minipage. + The text is set in an italic style. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\shape italic +Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs + another formatting. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use +\family sans +Horizontal Fills +\family default + as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Box Frameless +position "t" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "t" +use_parbox 0 +use_makebox 0 +width "1.5in" +special "none" +height "1pt" +height_special "totalheight" +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text. + This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Box Frameless +position "t" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 1 +inner_pos "t" +use_parbox 0 +use_makebox 0 +width "1.5in" +special "none" +height "1pt" +height_special "totalheight" +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text. + This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you right-click on a minipage box, you can transform the box to another + box type. + All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter +\emph on +Boxes +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Mathematical Formulas +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Formulas | see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Math +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "chap:Mathematical-Formulas" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. + There you will also find tips and tricks for special cases. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Basic Math Editing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Basics +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-mode on" +\end_inset + + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-mode" +\end_inset + +). + That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its + corners. + That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate + what level of nesting within the formula you are at. + You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default + menu. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done + with the +\family sans +math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +toolbar +\family default +, that appears if the cursor is in a formula. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are two main types of formulas, inline formulas and display formulas. + Inline formulas appear within a text line, like this one: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a line with an inline formula +\begin_inset Formula $A=B$ +\end_inset + + in it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Displayed formulas appear outside the text like if they were in a separate + paragraph, like this one: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +A=B +\] + +\end_inset + +You can only number and reference displayed formulas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX also supports many LaTeX math commands. + For example, typing +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +alpha +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$ +\end_inset + +. + Typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Navigating in Formulas +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Navigating +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is + achieved with the arrow keys. + LyX uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted. + The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula. + Pressing +\family sans +Space +\family default + will leave a formula construct (a square root +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$ +\end_inset + +, or parentheses +\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$ +\end_inset + +, or a matrix +\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc} +1 & 2\\ +3 & 4 +\end{array}\right]$ +\end_inset + +). + Pressing +\family sans +Escape +\family default + will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula. + +\family sans +Tab +\family default + can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the + cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Space +\family default +, printed in this document as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This command will appear in the output as an official character denoting + the space character (visible space). +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between + characters, but it does exit a nested structure. + For this reason, you have to be careful about using +\family sans +Space +\family default +. + For example, if you want +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$ +\end_inset + +, type +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2x+1 +\series default + and not +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +2x +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++1 +\series default +, since in the latter case only the +\family typewriter + +\begin_inset Formula $2x$ +\end_inset + + +\family default + will be under the square root sign: +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled + in, such as: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +\lambda_{1}\\ + & \ddots\\ + & & \lambda_{n} +\end{array}\right) +\] + +\end_inset + +If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing + in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Selecting Text +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can select text within a formula in two different ways. + Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press +\family sans +Shift +\family default + and a cursor movement key to select text. + It will be highlighted as with regular text selection. + Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way. + That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula, + but not in a normal text region in LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Exponents and Subscripts +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Exponents +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Subscripts +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts (buttons +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-superscript" +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-subscript" +\end_inset + +), but it is often much easier to use a command. + To get +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ +\end_inset + +, type in a formula +\series bold +x^2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +. + The final +\family sans +Space +\family default + puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression. + If you type +\series bold +x^2y +\series default +, you will get +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$ +\end_inset + +, to get +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$ +\end_inset + +, type +\series bold +x^2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +y +\series default +. + If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the + circumflex +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +^ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, you have to use an extra +\family sans +Space +\family default + to separate the circumflex and the character. + For example, if you want +\begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$ +\end_inset + +, type +\series bold +x^ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +a +\series default +. + Subscripts are similar: To get +\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$ +\end_inset + +, type +\series bold +a_1 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fractions +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Fractions +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Create a fraction either with the command +\series bold + +\backslash +frac +\series default + or by using the icon +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\frac" +\end_inset + + in the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default +. + You will be presented with an empty fraction. + The cursor is above the fraction line. + To move it to the bottom, simply press +\family sans +Down +\family default +. + To move back up, press +\family sans +Up +\family default +. + Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc} +2 & 3\\ +4 & 5 +\end{array}\right)}\right] +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Roots +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Roots +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Roots can be created using the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + buttons +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\sqrt" +\end_inset + + or +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\root" +\end_inset + + or the commands +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\series default + or +\series bold + +\backslash +root +\series default +. + With the command +\series bold + +\backslash +root +\series default + you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while +\series bold + +\backslash +sqrt +\series default + always produces a square root. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Operators with Limits +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Sums +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Integrals +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Operators-with-Limits" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sum ( +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + +) and integral ( +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\end_inset + +) operators are very often decorated with limits. + These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter + a super- or subscript, directly after the symbol. + The sum operator will automatically place its +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +limits +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and to the side in inline + formulas, as in +\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$ +\end_inset + +, versus +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\sum\nolimits _{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e +\] + +\end_inset + +Integral signs, however, will place the limits to the side in both formula + types. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in + display mode. + The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly + behind the operator and using the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Limits +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Type +\family default + or entering +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-limits" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Certain other mathematical expressions also have this +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +moving limits +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + feature, such as +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Limits +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x), +\] + +\end_inset + +which will place the +\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$ +\end_inset + + underneath the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +lim +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in display mode. + In inline formulas it looks like this: +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro +\series bold + +\backslash +lim +\series default +. + Have a look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Functions" + +\end_inset + + for an explanation of function macros. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Math Symbols +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Most math symbols can be found in the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + under one of several categories; including +\family sans +Greek +\family default +, +\family sans +Operators +\family default +, +\family sans +Relations +\family default +, +\family sans +Arrows +\family default +. + There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical + Society (AMS). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you know the LaTeX-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use, + you don't have to use the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default +; you can type the command directly into the formula. + LyX will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Altering Spacing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Spaces +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You may want to create spaces that differ from the standard spacing that + LaTeX provides. + To do this, press +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space" +\end_inset + + or use the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + button +\family sans + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\space" +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen. + For example, the sequence +\series bold +a Ctrl+Space b +\series default +: +\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$ +\end_inset + + appears in LyX as +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/SpaceMarker.png + +\end_inset + +. + You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind + the space marker and enter space again several times. + With every space enter the size will be changed. + Some markers for the space size appear red in LyX, because they are negative + spaces. + Here are two examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +a Ctrl+Space b +\series default + and 3× +\family sans +Space +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +a Ctrl+Space b +\series default + and 5× +\family sans +Space +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Functions +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Functions +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Functions" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + contains under the button +\family sans + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\functions" +\end_inset + + +\family default + a number of function macros, such as +\begin_inset Formula $\sin$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\lim$ +\end_inset + +, +\emph on +etc +\emph default +. + (you can also insert them in a formula by typing +\series bold + +\backslash +sin +\series default + etc.). + Standard mathematical practice is that functions are printed upright to + avoid confusions, because +\begin_inset Formula $sin$ +\end_inset + + does normally mean +\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function: + +\begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$ +\end_inset + + is different from +\begin_inset Formula $asinx$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For some mathematical objects, like limits, the macro changes where subscripts + are placed, as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Operators-with-Limits" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Accents +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Accents +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text + mode. + This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use. + You can also use LaTeX commands, for example, to enter +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ +\end_inset + + even if your keyboard doesn't have the circumflex enabled. + Our example is entered by typing +\series bold + +\backslash +hat +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +a +\series default + in a formula. + Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:Accent-names-and" + +\end_inset + + shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "tab:Accent-names-and" + +\end_inset + +Accent names and the corresponding commands. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Name +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +E +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +xample +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +circumflex +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +hat +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +grave +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +grave +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +acute +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +acute +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +umlaut +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +ddot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +tilde +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +tilde +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +dot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +dot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +breve +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +breve +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +caron +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +check +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +macron +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +bar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +vector +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +vec +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the +\family sans +Frame +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +decorations +\family default + symbol set button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\hat" +\end_inset + + in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have made within + a formula too. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Brackets and Delimiters +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Brackets +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Delimiters +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are several brackets available through LyX. + For some purposes, using just the keys +\family typewriter +[]{}()|<> +\family default + should suffice. + But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction, + or if you have several layers of brackets, it is better to use the math + toolbar delimiter icon +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter" +\end_inset + +. + For example, if you construct the brackets around a matrix in this way: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\left[\begin{array}{cc} +1 & 2\\ +3 & 4 +\end{array}\right] +\] + +\end_inset + +it makes it easier to see the layers of parentheses. + Below, the expression on the left was entered using the delimiter icon + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter" +\end_inset + + and the expression on the right was entered using the +\family typewriter +() +\family default + keys. + +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\qquad\qquad\frac{1}{(1+(\frac{1}{1+(\frac{1}{1+x})}))} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you use the delimiter icon, the parentheses, and other brackets from + that menu will automatically re-size to accommodate the size of what is + inside. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the + left side and right side. + If you use the option +\family sans +Keep +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +matched +\family default +, the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side. + The selection will be shown as TeX code. + If you want one side not to have a bracket, use +\family sans +(none) +\family default +. + It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you want to place brackets around existing math structures, like a square + root, you can do so by first highlighting (selecting) the structure that + is to go inside the brackets. + Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on +\family sans +Insert +\family default +. + The most common bracket combinations (parentheses, square brackets, and + braces, on both sides) can be entered more quickly using keyboard shortcuts. + For example, to insert a pair of parentheses, select the structure and + enter +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-delim ( )" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Arrays and Multi-line Equations +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Arrays +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Matrices +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Multi-line Equations +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Matrices are entered in LyX using the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + matrix button +\family sans + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show mathmatrix" +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns. + Here is an example: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\left(\begin{array}{ccc} +1 & 2 & 3\\ +4 & 5 & 6\\ +7 & 8 & 9 +\end{array}\right) +\] + +\end_inset + +The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters" + +\end_inset + +. + When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries + will be left-, right-, or center-justified. + This alignment is set in the box +\family sans +Horizontal +\family default + with the letters +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +l +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +r +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + LyX proposes a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +c +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for every column as default. + For example, the sequence +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +lcr +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be + centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter + corresponds to the relevant column. + The result will look like this: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\begin{array}{lcr} +this & this\, column & this\, column\\ +column & has & has\, right\\ +has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment +\end{array}. +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can add more rows to an existing matrix by entering +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + while the cursor is in the matrix. + Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math +\family default + or the math toolbar. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases. + It can be created with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cases +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Environment +\family default + or the command +\series bold + +\backslash +cases +\series default +. + Here is an example: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +f(x)=\begin{cases} +-1 & x<0\\ +0 & x=0\\ +1 & x>0 +\end{cases} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +Multi-line formulas are created when you press +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + within a formula. + In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each + column. + When you press +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + + in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + etc.) will be inserted automatically in the first column, the relation sign + is in the second column, and the rest in the third column. + A new row is created by every further entry of +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + +. + Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas. + Here is an example: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} +a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\ +a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared} +\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs so structures + in this column will be printed in a smaller size: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} +\frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} +\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The multi-line formula type described here is called +\family typewriter +\series medium +eqnarray +\family default +\series default +. + There are other multi-line types more suitable for certain situations, + for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:asquared" + +\end_inset + +. + The other types are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:AMS-Formula-Types" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Formula Numbering and Referencing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Formula numbering +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Referencing formulas +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Number +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Whole +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Formula +\family default + or the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-number-toggle" +\end_inset + +. + The formula number appears in LyX within parentheses. + The number shown is temporary and may be different when the output is generated. + The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on + the document class. + In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number, + separated by a dot: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +1+1=2 +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +Using +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-number-toggle" +\end_inset + + in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering. + You can only number displayed formulas. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Number +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +This +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\family default + or the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-number-line-toggle" +\end_inset + + will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} +1 & = & 3-2\\ +2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\ +4 & \leq & 7 +\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +To number all lines use the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-number-toggle" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label. + A label is inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\family default + (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "label-insert" +\end_inset + +) when the cursor is in the formula. + This opens a dialog to enter the label. + It is recommended that you use the suggested +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +eq: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + as the first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the + label type when you have many labels in your document. + We inserted in the following example the label +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +eq:tanhExp +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the second line: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} +\tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\ + & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp} +\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + +Every labeled line is automatically numbered. + Therefore the label is shown behind the formula number. + You can reference a labeled formula using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Reference +\family default + (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" +\end_inset + +). + A dialog appears to choose a label you want to refer to. + The reference appears in LyX as a gray cross-reference box and in the output + as the formula number: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a cross-reference to equation ( +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "eq:tanhExp" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The properties of LyX's cross-reference box are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. + To delete a label, set the cursor at the end in the labeled formula and + press +\family sans +Del +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +User defined math macros +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Macros +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX allows you to define macros for formulas which is very useful when you + have equations of the same form in a document several times. + Math macros are explained in section +\emph on +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Macros +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Fine-Tuning +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Typefaces +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Typefaces +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman. + To set a font in a formula, use the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + button +\family sans + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\font" +\end_inset + + +\family default +, or enter its command, listed in table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:Typefaces-and-the" + +\end_inset + +, directly. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "tab:Typefaces-and-the" + +\end_inset + +Typefaces and the corresponding commands. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\shape up +\size normal +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathrm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathbf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\shape up +\size normal +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathtt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathbb +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathfrak +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\shape up +\size normal +\emph on +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathcal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +mathsf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + You can only print capital letters in the typefaces +\family sans +Blackboard +\family default + and +\family sans +Calligraphic +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula. + Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface. + Pressing +\family sans +Space +\family default + within the box will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a protected + space when you need a space in the box. + Here is an example where +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +N +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in +\family sans +Blackboard +\family default + denotes the set of numbers: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\: x\in\mathbb{N} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion. + You can, for example, put a character in +\family sans +Fraktur +\family default + in a box for +\family sans +Typewriter +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +So it is better not to use this feature. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters: +\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +You can only print them emboldened using the command +\series bold + +\backslash +boldsymbol +\series default +, which works like the other typeface commands: +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +boldsymbol +\series default + works for all symbols, letters, and numbers. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Math Text +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Text +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but + not for text. + For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using + the entry +\family sans +Normal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +mode +\family default + of the +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panel +\family default + button +\family sans + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\font" +\end_inset + + +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-default" +\end_inset + +). + Math text appears in LyX in black instead of blue. + You can use spaces and accents in math text as in normal text. + Here is an example: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +f(x)=\begin{cases} +x & \mbox{if I say so}\\ +-x & \mbox{under Umständen} +\end{cases} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Font Sizes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Font sizes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are + automatically chosen in most situations. + These are called +\family sans +textstyle +\family default +, +\family sans +displaystyle +\family default +, +\family sans +scriptstyle +\family default +, and +\family sans +scriptscriptstyle +\family default +. + For most characters, +\family sans +textstyle +\family default + and +\family sans +displaystyle +\family default + are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts, + and certain other structures, are set larger in +\family sans +displaystyle +\family default +. + Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various + situations, all text will be set in the styles that LaTeX thinks are appropriat +e. + These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button +\family sans + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\style" +\end_inset + + +\family default +. + A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure. + For example, you can set +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$ +\end_inset + +, which is normally in +\family sans +textstyle +\family default +, larger in +\family sans +displaystyle +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$ +\end_inset + +. + The four styles are used in the following example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All these math-mode font sizes are relative so that if the whole math inset + is set in a particular size with the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default +, all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size. + Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts + will be adjusted to correspond. + As an example here is a formula in the font size +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +largest +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family roman +\size largest +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +AMS-LaTeX +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +AMS math +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! AMS +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society + (AMS) that are in common use. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Enabling AMS-Support +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can make the facilities of the AMS-packages explicitly available in + the document by selecting the checkbox +\family sans +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +AMS +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +package +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default +. + AMS is needed for many math-constructs; so when you get LaTeX-errors in + formulas, ensure that you have enabled AMS. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +AMS-Formula Types +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:AMS-Formula-Types" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Math ! Multi-line Equations +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types. + LyX allows you to choose between +\family typewriter +align +\family default +, +\family typewriter +alignat +\family default +, +\family typewriter +flalign +\family default +, +\family typewriter +gather +\family default +, and +\family typewriter +multline +\family default +. + We refer you to the AMS-documentation, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "AMS" + +\end_inset + +, for an explanation of these formula types. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +More Tools +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Cross-References +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Cross references +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +One of LyX's strengths is cross-references. + You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in + the document. + To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it. + The label is used as an anchor and a name for the reference. + We want for example to refer to the second item of the following list: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +First item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "enu:Second-item" + +\end_inset + +Second item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Third item +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +First we insert a label into the second item with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\family default + or by pressing the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "label-insert" +\end_inset + +. + A gray label box like this: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/labelQt4.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text. + LyX offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case + the text +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +enu:Second-item +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The prefix +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +enu: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + stands for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +enumerate +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted; for + example, if you insert a label into a section heading, the suggested prefix + will be +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +sec: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross-Reference +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" +\end_inset + +. + A gray cross-reference box like this: +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/referenceQt4.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + is inserted and the cross-reference window appears showing all the labels + in the document. + We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +enu:Second-item +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear + in the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As an alternative to +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross-Reference +\family default +, you can right-click on a label and in the popup menu select +\family sans +Copy as Reference +\family default +. + The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be pasted + to the actual cursor position via the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paste +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "paste" +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is our cross-reference: Item +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "enu:Second-item" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is recommended to use a protected space +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Protected-Space" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + between the cross-reference name and the cross-reference to avoid ugly + line breaks between them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are six formats of cross-references: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +: prints the number, this is the default: +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +(): prints the number within two parentheses, this is the style + normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference name + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Equation +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is omitted: +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:tanhExp" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +: prints the page number: Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand pageref +reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +on +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +: prints the text “on page” and the page number: +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand vpageref +reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +If the label is on the same page, it prints “on this page”; if the label + is on a facing page in a two-sided document, it prints “on the facing page”; + if it is on the previous page which is not a facing page, it prints “on + the previous page”; if it is on the next page which is not a facing page, + it prints “on the next page”. + The wording of the printed text also depends on the used document class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +on +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +: prints the number, the text “on page” and the page number: +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand vref +reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +If the label is on the same page, this format behaves like +\family sans +\series bold + +\family default +\series default +; otherwise it behaves like +\family sans +\series bold +on +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\family default +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Formatted +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + This feature is only available when you have the LaTeX-package +\series bold +prettyref +\series default + or +\series bold +refstyle +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! prettyref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! refstyle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +You can select which LaTeX-package should be used for this feature by setting + the option +\family sans +Use refstyle (not prettyref) for cross-references +\family default + in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document Class +\family default +. + The package +\series bold +refstyle +\series default + is the default and preferred because +\series bold +prettyref +\series default + supports only English documents. + The format is specified by using the command +\series bold + +\backslash +newrefformat +\series default + (prettyref) or +\series bold + +\backslash +newref +\series default + (refstyle) in the LaTeX preamble of the document. + For example redefining all references to figures (which have the label + shortcut +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +fig +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +) can be done with this command +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newref{fig}{refcmd={Image on page +\backslash +pageref{#1}}} +\series default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +For more information about the format, have a look at the package documentations +, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "prettyref,refstyle" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Textual +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +reference: prints the caption or the name of the reference: +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand nameref +reference "fig:Two-distorted-images" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The number and current page of the referenced document part in the output + is automatically calculated by LaTeX. + The varieties are adjusted in the field +\family sans +Format +\family default + of the cross-reference window, that appears when you click on the cross-referen +ce. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can only use the style +\family sans + +\family default + to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style +\family sans + +\family default + is always possible. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading; + for floats put the label in the caption; for footnotes put the label in + it. + Referencing formulas is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Right-clicking on a cross-reference opens a context menu. + The entry +\family sans +Go +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Label +\family default + sets the cursor before the referenced label. + This entry will be renamed in the context menu of the label to +\family sans +Go +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Back +\family default + so that you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference. + You can also go back with the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "bookmark-goto 0" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change labels at any time. + References to the changed label will automatically be updated so that you + do not need to think about this. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If a cross-reference refers to a non-existent label, you will see in LyX + “BROKEN” in the cross-reference label and two question marks in the output + instead of the reference. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +References are described in detail in the section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Referencing Floats +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Table of Contents and other Listings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Table of contents +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Outline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:toc" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Table of Contents +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Table-of-Contents" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Contents +\family default +. + It is displayed in LyX as a gray box. + If you click on it, the +\family sans +Outline +\family default + window appears, showing you the TOC entries as outline, which allows you + to move and rearrange sections in your documents. + So this operation is an alternative to the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Outline +\family default + that is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:The-Outliner" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The TOC in the document output lists every numbered section automatically. + If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Short-Titles" + +\end_inset + +, it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading. + Section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + + describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are + listed in the TOC. + Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +List of Figures, Tables, and Algorithms +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:List-of-Figures" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents. + You can insert them via the +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List/TOC +\family default + submenus. + The list entries are the float captions and the float number. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +URLs and Hyperlinks +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +URLs +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Hyperlinks +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +URLs +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:URLs" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Links to web pages or email addresses can be inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +URL +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is an example URL: LyX's homepage: +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.lyx.org +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You cannot change the style of the link text, the URL text will always be + in the style +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default +. + To be able to format the URL text, use hyperlinks as explained in the next + subsection. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + URLs must not end with a backslash, otherwise you get LaTeX errors. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Hyperlinks +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Hyperlinks" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Hyperlinks can be inserted with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Hyperlink +\family default + or with the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "href-insert" +\end_inset + +. + The appearing dialog has two fields: +\family sans +Target +\family default + and +\family sans +Name +\family default +. + The name is the printed text for the hyperlink. + The hyperlink type can be a weblink like this: +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "LyX's homepage" +target "http://www.lyx.org" + +\end_inset + +, an Email address like this: +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "lyx-docs mailing list" +target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's documentation" +type "mailto:" + +\end_inset + +, or a link to a file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can start applications via a hyperlink when you insert a weblink by + adding the prefix +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +run: +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to the link target. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Hyperlinks will automatically be hyphenated if necessary in the PDF output, + and become clickable in the DVI and PDF-output. + To set the format of the link text, highlight the hyperlink inset and use + the text style dialog. + This is for example a hyperlink with bold sans serif text: +\family sans +\series bold + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "LyX's homepage" +target "http://www.lyx.org" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The link text color can be changed, when the option +\family sans +Color links +\family default + is set in the PDF Properties dialog (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PDF Properties +\family default +). + The link text is for example set in this document to blue by adding the + option +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +urlcolor=blue +\series default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +to the field +\family sans +Additional options +\family default + in the PDF Properties dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Appendices +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Appendix +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Appendices" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Appendices are created with the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Start +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Here +\family default +. + This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end + as the appendix part of the book. + This part is marked with a red borderline. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Every chapter (or section) within the appendix part is treated as an appendix, + numbered with a capital Latin letter. + The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot + and the subsection number. + All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections, + here two examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:Credits" + +\end_inset + +; Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Export" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Bibliography +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bibliography +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a LyX-document. + You can include a bibliography database, +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Known under the name +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +BibTeX-database +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + which is explained in the next subsection, or you can insert the bibliography + manually, using the paragraph environment +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +, which was described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Biblio_environment" + +\end_inset + +. + If you want anything other than the numerical citations that are used in + this document, like author-year citations, then you must +\emph on + +\emph default +use a bibliography database. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The Bibliography Environment +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Within the +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled + with a number. + If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a +\family sans +Key +\family default + and a +\family sans +Label +\family default +. + The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography + entry. + For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about LaTeX + and we used +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +latexcompanion +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, a short form of its title, as the key. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can cross-reference a bibliography entry using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Citation +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation" +\end_inset + +. + A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear + containing the available citations. + Select one or more keys from the list and +\family sans +Add +\family default + them. + Then press +\family sans +OK +\family default +. + The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key(s). + If you click on the box, the citation window will appear and you can change + the reference. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Citation references appear in the output as the number of the bibliography + entry with surrounding brackets. + If you set a +\family sans +Label +\family default + for the entry, the label will appear instead of the number. + Here are two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Credits +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Have a look at the +\family sans +LaTeX Companion Second Edition +\family default +: +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The LyX-Team members are listed in the Credits: +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "lyxcredit" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To align all entries in the bibliography environment you can set a longest + label via the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\family default + (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "layout-paragraph" +\end_inset + +). + All entries are then indented in the output by the width of the given label. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Bibliography databases (BibTeX) +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bibliography ! Databases +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bibliography ! BibTeX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Bibliography-databases" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same bibliography in different + documents. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +They are also useful for keeping a database of articles and notes concerning + them. + Most of the database programs mentioned below allow you to store annotations + and reviews along with bibliographical information. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + It also makes it very easy to have a uniform layout for all bibliography + entries. + You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of + your working field in a database. + This database can be used for different documents, and by default only + the entries cited in a particular document will appear in the bibliography + list for that document. + This relieves you of the need to keep track of which articles and books + you have cited. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The database is a text file with the file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +.bib +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, containing the bibliography in a special format. + The format is explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "BibTeX-2" + +\end_inset + + and in the LaTeX books ( +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport" + +\end_inset + +). + The file can be created using any text editor, but normally one uses a + special program to create and edit the entries in the database. + A list of such programs is maintained on the LyX Wiki at +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use a database, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List +\family default +/ +\family sans +TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +BibT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Bibliography +\family default +. + A gray box will be inserted and a window appears. + In this window you can add one or more databases and select a +\family sans +style +\family default + file. + The option +\family sans +Add bibliography to TOC +\family default + adds a table of contents entry for the bibliography. + In the +\family sans +Content +\family default + drop box you can select whether to include all the entries in the database + in the document or just the cited references. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The style file is a text file with the file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +.bst +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + that controls how the bibliography entries will appear. + Your LaTeX distribution should provide several of these, and many publishers + provide their own style files, so that you don't have to take care of the + layout. + It is of course possible to write your own style file, but this is something + for experts. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For information on how this is done, have a look at +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxhak.pdf" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserting a citation reference works as described in the previous section. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To generate the bibliography from a database, LyX uses the program BibTeX. + You can choose which of its variants should be used by LyX as the +\family sans +Processor +\family default + either in +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Bibliography +\family default + or in +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Output\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\family default +. + The following variants are possible: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +biber provides full Unicode support, unlimited memory, but does not work + with other bibliography packages (e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\series bold +natbib +\series default +), only with the package +\series bold +biblatex +\series default +; recommended for multilingual texts and for languages that don't use Latin + letters +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +bibtex the standard; does not allow special characters in bibliography entries + that are not possible to encode in a 7-bit encoding, limited memory, works + with all bibliography packages, except +\series bold +biblatex +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +bibtex8 allows all characters that are possible to encode in an 8-bit encoding, + larger memory than +\family sans +bibtex +\family default +, works with all bibliography packages +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +BibTeX can be controlled with options that you can add below the specification + of the variants. + Before adding options, it is strongly recommended that you read the manual + of +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "BibTeX" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you select the option +\family sans +Sectioned bibliography +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Bibliography +\family default + dialog, it is possible to have multiple and sectioned bibliographies. + This and other options are explained in detail in section +\emph on +Customizing Bibliographies +\emph default + +\emph on +with BibTeX +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We use two bibliographies in this document to show the difference between + the two methods of creating them. + As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists + only the database entries that are referenced in the document. + We used the style file +\family sans +alphadin.bst +\family default + to get the complicated German reference key scheme in the bibliography. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Bibliography layout +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Bibliography ! Layout +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the citation reference dialog you can set a special citation format. + For this feature you need to enable the option +\family sans +Natbib +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + dialog under +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default +. + Setting a citation style for a reference will overwrite the default. + For the global citation format use the BibTeX style files as explained + in the previous section. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also set text to appear before or after a citation reference, in + the citation reference window. + Here is an example where the text +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Chapter +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +3 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + appears after the reference: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Have a look at +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +after "Chapter 3" +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Index +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index generation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Index" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An index entry is created if you use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Index +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Entry +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "index-insert" +\end_inset + +. + A box is inserted containing the text that appears in the index. + The word where the cursor is in or the currently highlighted text is proposed + by LyX as the index entry. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The index list is inserted in the document with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Index +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +List +\family default +. + A light blue box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Index +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will show the place where the index is printed in the output. + The index list box is not clickable like other LyX-boxes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +We give a short overview of the index commands in the next subsections. + For a detailed description of LaTeX's index mechanism, have a look at one + of the LaTeX books +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Grouping Index Entries +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Grouping +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Index entries are often grouped to offer the reader a fast search in the + index. + We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated + lists under the entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lists +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + First we create the entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lists +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Lists" + +\end_inset + +. + In the text field for the itemized list index entry in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Itemize" + +\end_inset + +, we insert the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Lists ! Itemize +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Lists ! Enumerate +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +for the enumerated list in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Enumerate" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The exclamation mark +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +! +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + marks the grouping levels. + You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more. + An index entry for the higher levels is not required. + If we don't have an index entry for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Lists +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, it will be printed anyway, but without a page number. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Page Ranges +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Page ranges +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed + section. + But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry. + For example, if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create + an index entry in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments" + +\end_inset + + with the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Paragraph environments|( +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and another entry at the end of section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LyX-Code" + +\end_inset + + with the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +Paragraph environments|) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The commands +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +|( +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +|) +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + respectively start and end the index range. + You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document. + They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of + the pages of the indexed document parts. + An example is the index entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Document ! Settings +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cross referencing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Cross referencing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is also possible to refer to another index entry. + We referred for example in the index entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +GIF +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Image-Formats" + +\end_inset + +) to the index entry +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Image formats +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the same section using the entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +GIF|see{Image formats} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where the braces have to be inserted as TeX Code. + The text within the braces is the referenced entry. + The reference will appear in the output without a page number. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Index Entry Order +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Entry order +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you use accented characters in the index entry the entries might not + follow the rules for the index order. + The index entries are sorted alphabetically but LaTeX +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The index generating is done in the background by an extra program, see + section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Index-Program" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + does not know how to sort accents in different languages. + We have created as an example the three dummy index entries +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maison +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maïs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maître +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! maïs +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! maître +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! maïs@maison +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison but we want the order + maïs, maison, maître. + To achieve this, we use the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +previous entry@current entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In our case we want to have +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maison +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + after +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +maïs +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and write therefore for the index entry of maison: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +maïs@maison +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The previous entry need not be a real existing entry. + You can also use another word to tell LaTeX the entry order. + See the next subsection for an example. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In some cases the index entry order is not correct when you are using the + program +\family sans +makeindex +\family default +to generate the index (see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Index-Program" + +\end_inset + +). + +\family sans +makeindex +\family default + would for example print the index entry for the LaTeX-package aeguill in + sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Document-Font" + +\end_inset + + after the index entries of the other LaTeX-packages although all these + index commands start with +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +LaTeX-packages ! +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The reason is that the index entry for aeguill is in a footnote. + To fix this +\family sans +makeindex +\family default + bug, add these commands to the preamble of your document: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +let +\backslash +OrgIndex +\backslash +index +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand*{ +\backslash +index}[1]{ +\backslash +OrgIndex{#1}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Index Entry Layout +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Entry layout +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change the appearance of index entries via the text style dialog. +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! +\shape italic +This is an italic dummy entry +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + You can also format the page number using the character +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +| +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + followed by a LaTeX-command without a backslash. + We can write for example +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +italic page number:|textit +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +to get the page number in italic. +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! italic page number:|textit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Normally all LaTeX-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special + case +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\series bold +|command +\series default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means +\series bold + +\backslash +command{page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +number} +\series default +. + Have a look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + + to learn more about the LaTeX-syntax. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Formatting single index entries only works when you use the program +\family sans +makeindex +\family default +to generate the index, see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Index-Program" + +\end_inset + +. + If you use +\family sans +xindy +\family default +, this will not work for anything other than bold or italic text. + This is because +\family sans +xindy +\family default + requires you to define semantic elements before they can be used, see +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +after "p. 678 ff." +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + + for details. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In general, we encourage you to not format page numbers directly as shown + above. + Instead, you should define a macro in the preamble and use that. + Maybe you want all page references italic that refer to a definition of + the indexed term, so that users can easily find definitions. + If so, put the following in the preamble +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +IndexDef}[1]{ +\backslash +textit{#1}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and write +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +my entry|IndexDef +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +in the index entry. +\begin_inset Index idx +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Dummy entries ! my entry|IndexDef +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The advantage is that, if you change your mind later or if your publisher + insists that definitions must not be italic but bold, you just need to + change the macro in the preamble, not every single index entry. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also change the layout for the whole index. + For example, we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get + a bold font for all index entries. + For more advanced tasks you have to set up a so-called +\emph on +Index Style File +\emph default +, see the +\family sans +makeindex +\family default + or +\family sans +xindy +\family default + documentation for details, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "makeindex,xindy" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Index Program +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Index ! Program +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Index-Program" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If the index generation program +\family sans +xindy +\family default + is installed, LyX uses it for index generation; otherwise the program +\family sans +makeindex +\family default +, the program that is part of every LaTeX distribution, is used. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Makeindex +\family default + is very old, no longer under development and has many pitfalls, notably + that it was developed with only the English language in mind. + So it fails to sort anything other than a monolingual English text correctly. + We have shown above how to fix this sorting. + However, if you are writing in another than the English language, consider + to use +\family sans +xindy +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Both programs can be controlled by options that can be set in LyX's preferences + dialog, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-settings" + +\end_inset + +. + The available options are listed and explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "makeindex,xindy" + +\end_inset + +. + In this dialog, you can also specify an alternative program to generate + the index. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you need specific options or an alternative index program only for a + given document, you can define the program and\SpecialChar \slash{} +or the options in +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Indexes +\family default +. + This is especially useful if you need to pass language-specific options + to the index program or if you need a specific layout style. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Multiple Indexes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In many fields it is common to have more than one index. + For instance, you might need to set up a separate +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Index of Names +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + next to the standard index. + LaTeX does not provide this possibility out of the box, but there are packages + that add this feature. + LyX uses the +\series bold +splitidx +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! splitidx +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + package to generate multiple indexes. + The package is included in all recent LaTeX distributions. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +If yours does not ship it, consult the TeX-catalogue, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + +. + Note that the package does not only consist of a LaTeX style, but it also + includes specific preprocessor programs that need to be installed as well. + Please consult the package's manual for details. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To set up LyX for the use of multiple indexes, go to +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Indexes +\family default + and select the option +\family sans +Use multiple Indexes +\family default +. + Note that the list +\family sans +Available Indexes +\family default + already contains the standard index +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Index +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + To add further indexes, add the name of the index (in the form that should + also appear as a heading) to the +\family sans +New +\family default + input field and press the +\family sans +Add +\family default + button. + The new index now also appears in the list. + If you like, you can attribute an alternative LyX label color to the new + index. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Once the document changes have been applied, you can find the new index + list in +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +List/TOC +\family default + and the +\family sans +Insert +\family default + menu has a separate entry for each of the defined indexes. + The workflow is basically the same as for the default index, but there + are additional features: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +If you want to change the attribution of a specific index entry, right-clicking + on the entry's label will open a dialog where you can do that. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +By right-clicking on an index, you can change its type. + Furthermore, you can specify an index to be a +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Subindex. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + If you do that, the heading of that list will be decreased by one level. + For example, if you use a book class, where the standard index heading + is defined as a chapter, subindexes will be defined as sections and can + thus be nested to the non-subindexes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Nomenclature/Glossary +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Glossary|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Nomenclature +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Nomenclature" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes you need to provide a list of technical terms or symbols that + are mentioned in your document with a brief explanation of them – a so + called nomenclature or glossary. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To be able to create nomenclatures or glossaries, you need the LaTeX package + +\series bold +nomencl +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! nomencl +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed. + You find it in the TeX-catalogue, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + + or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A nomenclature entry is created if you place the cursor after a symbol entry + and then use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family default +N +\family sans +omenclature +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Entry +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "nomencl-insert" +\end_inset + +. + A gray box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Nom +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is inserted and a window pops up asking for the nomenclature entry. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A nomenclature entry consists of two main entries. + The first is the term or +\family sans +Symbol +\family default + that you wish to define. + The second is the +\family sans +Description +\family default + of the term or symbol. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + You have to enter valid LaTeX-code for all fields of the nomenclature dialog. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Nomenclature Definition and Layout +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature ! Layout +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you have symbols in formulas, you have to define them in the +\family sans +Symbol +\family default + field as LaTeX-formulas. + For example to get +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, insert this: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +$ +\backslash +sigma$ +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series default +The +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +$ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + character starts/ends the formula. + The LaTeX-command for the Greek letter is the name of the letter beginning + with a backslash +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\backslash + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + For capital Greek letters, start the command also with a capital letter, + like +\series bold + +\backslash +Sigma +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +(A short introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + +.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You cannot use the +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog to format the description text; you have to use LaTeX-commands. + For example the description of the nomenclature entry for the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in this document is: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +dummy entry for the character +\backslash +textsf{sigma} +\series default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The command +\series bold + +\backslash +textsf +\series default + sets the fonts to +\family sans +sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +serif +\family default +. + To get +\series bold +bold +\series default + font use the command +\series bold + +\backslash +textbf +\series default +, for +\family typewriter +typewriter +\family default + use +\series bold + +\backslash +texttt +\series default +, for +\emph on +emphasized +\emph default + use +\series bold + +\backslash +emph +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If the characters | +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +! +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +, @ and +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +" +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +should appear in nomenclature entries they need to be escaped by adding + a quote character in front of them. +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "\"@, \"|, \"!, \"\"" +description "The quote sign is output by writing ‘ \"\"\"\" '" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Sort Order of Nomenclature Entries +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature ! Sort order +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The nomenclature entries are sorted alphabetically by the LaTeX-code of + the symbol definition. + This leads to undesired results when you, for example, have symbols in + formulas. + Suppose you have nomenclature entries for the symbols +\emph on +a +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +symbol "a" +description "dummy entry for the character \"a\"" + +\end_inset + + +\emph default + and +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature +LatexCommand nomenclature +prefix "sigma" +symbol "$\\sigma$" +description "dummy entry for the character \\textsf{sigma}" + +\end_inset + +. + They will be sorted by +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +a +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +$ +\backslash +sigma$ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + – the +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + + will be sorted before the +\emph on +a +\emph default + since the character +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +$ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is considered in sorting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To control the sort order, you can edit the +\family sans +Sort +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +as +\family default + field of the nomenclature dialog. + Then the nomenclature entry will be sorted by this entry and not the symbol + definition. + For the example given, you can insert +\family typewriter +sigma +\family default + in this field for the +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + +, then +\emph on +a +\emph default + will be located before +\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For subgrouping and tips for using sort entries see the +\series bold +nomencl +\series default + documentation, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "nomencl" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Nomenclature Options +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature ! Options +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\series bold +nomencl +\series default + package offers some options to adjust the appearance of the nomenclature. + Here are some of its options; for more have a look at its documentation: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +refeq Appends the phrase +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, see equation ( +\emph on +eq +\emph default +) +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to every nomenclature entry, where +\family sans +\emph on +eq +\family default +\emph default + is the number of the last equation in front of the nomenclature entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +refpage Appends the phrase +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +, page ( +\emph on +page +\emph default +) +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to every nomenclature entry, where +\family sans +\emph on +page +\family default +\emph default + is the number of the page on which the nomenclature entry appeared +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +intoc Inserts the nomenclature in the Table of Contents +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use one or more of the options, add them to the comma-separated document + class options list in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog. + In this document the options +\series bold +refpage, intoc +\series default + are used. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also use the first two options above only for certain nomenclature + entries when you add one of the following commands as last entry to the + +\family sans +Description +\family default + field in the nomenclature dialog: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +nomrefeq Like the +\series bold +refeq +\series default + option +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +nomrefpage Like the +\series bold +refpage +\series default + option +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +nomrefeqpage Short notation of +\series bold + +\backslash +nomrefeq +\backslash +nomrefpage +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +nomnorefeq, +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +nomnorefpage, +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +nomnorefeqpage Turns off the corresponding options +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Words like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + are automatically translated for some document languages. + If not, add these lines to your LaTeX preamble: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +eqdeclaration}[1]{, see equation +\backslash +nobreakspace(#1)} +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +pagedeclaration}[1]{, page +\backslash +nobreakspace{}#1} +\series default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +and replace +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +see equation +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +page +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + by their translation. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Printing the Nomenclature +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature ! Printing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To print the nomenclature, use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lists/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nomenclature +\family default +. + A box labeled +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +Nomenclature +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will show the place where the nomenclature is printed in the output. + By right-clicking on it, the amount of space for symbols can be altered. + You can choose between these settings: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Default a space of 1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +cm is used +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Longest +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +label +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +width the width of the widest symbol of all nomenclature entries is used +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Custom custom space +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the printed output the title of the nomenclature appears as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Nomenclature +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + If you are not happy with the name, you can change it by redefining the + command +\series bold + +\backslash +nomname +\series default + in the preamble. + For example, in order to change the name to +\emph on +List of Symbols +\emph default +, add the following line to the preamble: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family roman +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +nomname}{List of Symbols} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Nomenclature Program +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Nomenclature ! Program +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Nomenclature-Program" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX uses the program +\family sans +makeindex +\family default +, that is part of every LaTeX distribution, to generate the nomenclature. + LyX's preferences dialog allows you to specify another program or to control + +\family sans +makeindex +\family default + by adding options, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-settings" + +\end_inset + +. + The available options are listed and explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "nomencl,makeindex" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Branches +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Branches +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Branches +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Branches" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes it is useful to hide some document parts in the output. + For example a teacher who is setting an exam obviously doesn't want the + pupils to see the answers, but having questions and answers in the same + document will make the life of the markers of that exam much easier. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For these cases LyX allows you to put text into branches. + The text will then only appear in the output when its branch is activated. + To create a branch, either select the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Branch\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert New Branch +\family default + (if you just want to specify a new branch) or go in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog to +\family sans +Branches +\family default +, where you can specify and change the name of the branch, its activation + state (whether the content of the branch is shown in the output or not), + its background color inside LyX and whether the name of the branch should + be appended to the document file name on export if the branch is active + (see below for an example). + Furthermore, the dialog lets you merge two branches (just rename one branch + to the name of the other) and to add +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +unknown branches +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +branches that were added to the document via copy and paste from other documents +, without having been defined) to the document's branch list. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Text that should be in a branch is set into branch inset boxes. + These boxes are inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Branch +\family default + where you can choose a branch. + You can later change the activation state of the branch by right-clicking + on them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is an example, where only the question text appears, the answer branch + is deactivated and therefore does not appear in the output: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Branch Question +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +Question: Who was the first physics Nobel prize winner? +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Branch Answer +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you activate +\family sans +Filename Suffix +\family default + in +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Branches +\family default +, the name of the active branches will be appended to the file name at export. + Consider for example a file +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Exam.lyx +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + which has the above branches. + If +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Filename Suffix +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is active, the PDF export file would be called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Exam.pdf +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + if both the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Question +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Answer +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + branch were inactive, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Exam-Question.pdf +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + if only the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Question +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + branch was active, likewise +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Exam-Answer.pdf +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + if only the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Answer +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + branch was active, and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Exam-Question-Answer.pdf +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + if both branches were active. + This helps you to export different versions of your document easily. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use conditional output inside places where you cannot insert branch insets, + like inside equations, you can code special LaTeX definitions for each + branch. + For example you can define for the question branch +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For an introduction to the LaTeX-syntax, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +question}[1]{#1} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +answer}[1]{} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and for the answer branch +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +question}[1]{} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +answer}[1]{#1} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Branch Question +status open + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +question}[1]{#1} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +answer}[1]{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Branch Answer +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +question}[1]{} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +answer}[1]{#1} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now it is possible to use the +\series bold + +\backslash +question{\SpecialChar \ldots{} +} +\series default + and +\series bold + +\backslash +answer{\SpecialChar \ldots{} +} +\series default + commands to obtain conditional output. + Here is an example formula where only the +\series bold + +\backslash +question +\series default + part appears: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +x^{2}-2x-2\Rightarrow\question{x_{1}}\answer{x_{2}}=1\question{+\sqrt{3}}\answer{-\sqrt{3}}. +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inside math, the same effect can be achieved using math macros, see the + +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Each type of branch is allowed to have its specific style defined in layout + files (e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +any branch inset can be automatically wrapped by your own LaTeX commands.). + For this advanced usage, see the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual, section +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Flex insets and InsetLayout +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +PDF Properties +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:PDF-Properties" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +PDF properties +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +PDF Properties +\family default + dialog allows you to set up special options for the PDF output of your + document. + All these options are provided by the LaTeX-package +\series bold +hyperref +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! hyperref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + which will link all cross-references in the DVI- and PDF-output. + This means that the reader of your document will be able to click on a + table of contents entry or on a reference to move to the cross-referenced + part of the document. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The header information in the dialog tab +\family sans +General +\family default + is saved together with the PDF as file properties. + Many programs are able to extract this information, for example, automatically + to recognize who the author is and what the PDF is about. + This is very useful to sort, classify or use PDFs for bibliography issues. + When the option +\family sans +Automatically +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +fill +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +header +\family default + is set, LyX tries to extract the header information from your document + title and author entries. + The option +\family sans +Load +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +in +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +fullscreen +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +mode +\family default + will open the PDF in fullscreen mode, which is useful for presentations. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can specify in the dialog tab +\family sans +Hyperlinks +\family default + how the links will look and if links for bibliographical backreferences + are created. + The +\family sans +Break +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +links +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +over +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +lines +\family default + option allows long links to be split; +\family sans +No +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +frames +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +around +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +links +\family default + and +\family sans +Color +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +links +\family default + both turn off the default behavior of enclosing all links in frames; +\family sans +Color +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +links +\family default + colors the different links. + The default colors are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\color magenta +magenta +\color inherit + for hyperlinks and URLs +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\color red +red +\color inherit + for links +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\color green +green +\color inherit + for citations +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +but you can change these in the field +\family sans +Additional options +\family default +. + For example, in this document they were changed with the additional options: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If the option +\family sans +Backreferences +\family default + is set, the hyperlinks will appear in the bibliography after the different + entries, showing, depending on the option selected, the number of the section, + slide or page where the entry is referenced. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the dialog tab +\family sans +Bookmarks +\family default + you can specify if PDF-bookmarks should be created for every section of + your document to make it easier for readers to navigate through the document. + You can decide if the bookmarks should be numbered like your document sections + or not. + With the +\family sans +Open bookmarks +\family default + +\family sans +Level +\family default + you can specify what sectioning level should be displayed in the bookmarks + when opening the PDF. + For example level +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2 will display all sections and subsections, while level +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1 will only display the sections. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +PDF properties are also used in this document. + When you look in its document settings, you can see that some additional + +\series bold +hyperref +\series default + options are used. + For an explanation of all them we refer you to the hyperref manual +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "hyperref" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +TeX Code and the LaTeX Syntax +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:TeX-Code" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +TeX Code Boxes +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +TeX Code +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As LyX uses LaTeX in the background, it supports many LaTeX commands and + constructs, but not all. + LaTeX contains hundreds of packages that provide different commands. + All the time packages are being updated and new ones added. + This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything as there + is a LaTeX-package for every problem, though LyX cannot support all packages + and their commands. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +But don't worry, you can use any LaTeX-command directly in LyX inside the + TeX Code box. + A TeX Code box is created by the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Te +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Code +\family default + or by the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "ert-insert" +\end_inset + + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "ert-insert" +\end_inset + +). + The box can be opened by left-clicking and closed by right-clicking on + it and selecting +\family sans +Close Inset +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can insert complete or incomplete commands as TeX Code. + Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard LyX text. + For example, if you want to draw a frame around a word and are therefore + using the LaTeX-command +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox +\series default +, you can write the command part +\series bold + +\backslash +fbox{ +\series default + in a TeX Code box before the word and the closing brace +\series bold +} +\series default + in a second TeX Code box behind the word. + The word between the two TeX Code boxes is then the argument as it is in + the following example: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/ERT.png + scale 89 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +gives +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a line with a +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +fbox{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +framed +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + word. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + At the end of LaTeX-commands without parameters, you have to insert a space + to let LaTeX know that the command is finished. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +A Short Introduction to the LaTeX Syntax +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The LaTeX Syntax +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX Syntax +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something + about the LaTeX-commands that LyX uses in the background. + Because LaTeX is based on commands, you can +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +program +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + your text. + This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at + any time if you know the right commands. + For example, imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline + is the end of the day. + Your boss has just complimented you for your good work but wants to have + all caption labels bold. + But you have over a hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels + in your manual. + Of course it is impossible to change all caption labels manually in one + day. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now LaTeX comes into play. + As mentioned above, for every problem there exists a LaTeX-package. + First you have to find out which and therefore look in the LaTeX package + database, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Catalogue" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As result you find that the package +\series bold +caption +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! caption +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is what you need. + To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family sans +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Preamble +\family default +) with the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[options]{package name} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All LaTeX commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within + two braces and the options are set within two brackets. + Note that not all commands have an argument and options. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In your case the package name is +\series bold +caption +\series default +. + After a look in the documentation of the package, you know that the option + +\series bold +labelfont=bf +\series default + will change the font of all caption labels to bold. + So you add the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +to the preamble and the problem is solved. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For more commands provided by the +\series bold +caption +\series default + package, have a look at its documentation, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "caption" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well-known problems + like your case. + For example if you use a +\family sans +KOMA-Script +\family default + class, you don't need the package +\series bold +caption +\series default +, you can instead write +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setkomafont{captionlabel}{ +\backslash +bfseries} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +in the preamble and the problem is solved. + So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the + documentation of the document class you want to use. + ( +\series bold + +\backslash +setkomafont +\series default + is an example of a command with more than one argument.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Commands in the preamble affect the whole document, while commands in the + text affect only the text after the command or only the text used as command + argument. + To insert a LaTeX-command in text, use the TeX Code box as described in + the previous section. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you want to learn more about LaTeX and its syntax, have a look at the + LaTeX-books +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "latexcompanion,latexguide" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage cleardoublepage +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +pagestyle{fancy} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +switches temporarily to a page style with custom header and footer line +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Left Header +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +rightmark +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +defines the header line as described below +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Center Header +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Right Header +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +leftmark +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Left Footer +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +thepage +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Center Footer +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\series bold +\color red +LyX's user guide +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Magic code: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Right Footer +\begin_inset Argument 1 +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +Roman{page} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Customized Page Headers and Footers +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Customized-Page-Headers" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Header/Footer line +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Header/Footer line +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To define a custom page header and footer line for your document, you need + to set the +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +style +\family default + to +\family sans +Fancy +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog under +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default +. + As a second step add in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Modules +\family default + the module +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Custom Header/Footerlines +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + This module offers the following 6 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +styles: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Left +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Header, +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Center +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Header, +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Header +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Left +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Footer, +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Center +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Footer, +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Footer +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +for the different positions in the header/footer. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally, headers and footers are set up at the beginning of the document. + But you can change them anywhere you want to. + Figure +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "fig:Page-layout" + +\end_inset + + shows the page layout and where the header/footer styles will appear. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float figure +placement h +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Left Header +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Center Header +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Right Header +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The normal text on the page goes here. + The running header is above the text, and the footer is below (including + footnotes). + Headers/footers typically contain things like the page number, title of + the chapter, company logo but your can use almost anything, except of floats. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Left Footer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Center Footer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Right Footer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "fig:Page-layout" + +\end_inset + +Page layout with custom header and footer line. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note +\series default +: some document classes implement their own customized page headers and + footers if +\family sans +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +style +\family default + is set to “Default”. + Check what these are before you specify your own customized page headers + and footers. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Definition +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To define your header line, add all three header styles. + The things you add to the styles appear on odd numbered pages, the things + in the optional arguments on even numbered pages. + For single-sided documents, the optional arguments will not be used and + can be omitted. + If you leave a style or its argument empty, nothing appears in the output. + Defining the footer line works similarly. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For the definition, you will need some LaTeX-commands that are inserted + as TeX code (menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Te +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Code +\family default +): +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +thepage prints the current page number +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +Roman{page} prints the current page number with capital roman numerals +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +roman{page} prints the current page number with small roman numerals +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +leftmark prints the current section number and title. + If the document has chapters, it prints the current chapter number and + title instead. + It is called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +leftmark +\begin_inset Quotes prd +\end_inset + + because it usually goes in a left header. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +rightmark prints the current subsection number and title. + If the document has chapters, it prints the current section number and + title instead. + It is normally used in the right header. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Default header/footer +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The custom header/footer is not empty by default. + The default header contains the chapter and section title and the center + footer has the page number. + In order to remove unwanted entries from the header/footer, include the + relevant header/footer style in your document, but leave it blank. + So, if you do not want a page number in the footer, include a blank +\family sans +Center +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Footer +\family default + style. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Appearance +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The header and footer will appear on normal pages. + Some pages are different. + The title page has a style of its own, and so does any page that starts + a new part or chapter in your book. + Such pages will not have the custom headers/footers, but that is normal. + There is for example no need to print a header with the chapter name on + the chapter page where the chapter heading is in big bold letters anyway. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Header and footer decoration line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By default, you get a 0.4 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt thick line below the header and no footer line. + This can be changed in the document preamble with the commands +\series bold + +\backslash +headrulewidth +\series default + and +\series bold + +\backslash +footrulewidth +\series default + in the following way: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +headrulewidth}{thickness} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where thickness is a size in standard units like +\family sans +pt +\family default + or +\family sans +mm +\family default +. + If you don't want a line, set the thickness to 0 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The lines can also be colored, but this requires more knowledge of LaTeX. + If you really need this, have a look at the Internet or in sec. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +4.4 of the book +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Mittelbach" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Several header/footer lines +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In case you need more than one text line as a header/footer, you can do + this by adding a normal line break in the style definition. + However, the default height of the header/footer is only the one of one + text line. + To expand the height, redefine the LaTeX length +\series bold + +\backslash +headheight +\series default + or +\series bold + +\backslash +footheight +\series default + in this entry in +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Lat +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Preamble +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +headheight}{height} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where height is a size in standard units. + If you don't know which amount of space is needed for the height, define + your header/footer and preview your document as a PDF. + Then open the LaTeX logfile with the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +La +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +TeX Log +\family default + and use the button +\family sans +Next +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Warning +\family default + to see if you can find a warning about the package +\series bold +fancyhdr +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + If there is such a warning, it contains the space that you need at least + for your header/footer. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +This example +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This example demonstrates what can be done with custom header/footers. + Don't use it for your document as it is just an example. + This example consists of the following definition: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Left +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Header +\series bold + +\backslash +rightmark +\series default +, empty optional argument +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Center +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Header empty, empty optional argument +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Header empty, +\series bold + +\backslash +leftmark +\series default + in the optional argument +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Left +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Footer empty, +\series bold + +\backslash +thepage +\series default + in the optional argument +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Center +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Footer +\family sans +\series bold +\color red +LyX's user guide +\family default +\series default +\color inherit +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Magic code: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the optional argument +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Footer +\series bold + +\backslash +Roman{page} +\series default +, empty optional argument +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\backslash +headrulewidth set to 2 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In principle you can use almost everything in headers/footers, except floats. + For more specialized features, for example, thumb-indexes, see the manual + of the +\series bold +fancyhdr +\series default + package, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "fancyhdr" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage clearpage +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +pagestyle{headings} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +switches back to page style with the default headings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Previewing Snippets of your Document +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Instant preview +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Preview +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the + fly so you can see how they will look in the final document without having + to break your train of thought with viewing the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Prerequisites +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To get previews working, you need the LaTeX package +\series bold +preview-latex +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! preview-latex +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + (on some systems named simply +\series bold +preview +\series default +) installed. + If it is not already installed, you will find it in the TeX-catalogue, + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + + or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. + You obtain prettier results if you install the program +\family typewriter +pnmcrop +\family default + from the +\family typewriter +netpbm +\family default + package; for LyX on Windows this program and also the LaTeX-package are + automatically installed together with LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Enabling previews +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you would for example like to see in LyX your math formulas typeset by + LaTeX, activate the option +\family sans +Display +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Graphics +\family default + in the +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences +\family default +dialog under +\family sans +Look +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Display +\family default +. + Then set +\family sans +Instant +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Preview +\family default + to +\family sans +On +\family default +. + The +\family sans +Preview +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Size +\family default + is the multiplication factor for the size. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you would like to see everything but your math formulas typeset by LaTeX, + set +\family sans +Instant +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Preview +\family default + to +\family sans +No +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +math +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish + editing an inset. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Previews of an already loaded document are not in every case immediately + generated by activating the option +\family sans +Display +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Graphics +\family default +. + Reopening the document will fix such problems. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Selected document parts +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Besides math there are other cases where you might like to see a preview, + for example things that LyX cannot render like rotated parts or things + that are not yet supported by LyX. + To do this, insert a preview inset via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preview +\family default +. + Insert or paste the stuff that you want to preview into this inset. + The preview will be generated when the cursor is outside the preview inset. + If you click on the preview, you can edit the previewed stuff. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An example: To create rotated boxes, you use the LaTeX command +\series bold + +\backslash +rotatebox +\series default + which is not yet supported by LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +rotatebox +\series default + is explained in section +\emph on +Rotated and Scaled Boxes +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Instead of the TeX Code boxes you want to see in LyX the final rotated + boxes, for example to adjust the rotation angle to fit with the surrounding + text. + Therefore you create a preview inset and copy the text with the rotated + boxes into it. + Here is the result: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Preview + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a line +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +rotatebox[origin=r]{-60}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Box Doublebox +position "c" +hor_pos "c" +has_inner_box 0 +inner_pos "c" +use_parbox 0 +use_makebox 0 +width "1in" +special "width" +height "1in" +height_special "totalheight" +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +with rotated +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + framed text +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +rotatebox[origin=lb]{60}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=B$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + and a formula. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Previewing works also for colors. + In this example a special framed, colored box was created using the LaTeX + command +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox +\series default +: +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox +\series default + is explained in section +\emph on +Colored Boxes +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Preview + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +fboxrule 1mm +\backslash +fboxsep 1mm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +This is text within a colored, framed box. +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If LyX does not show a preview, make sure that you enabled previews as described + above and also make sure that TeX Code in the preview inset is valid and + that you loaded the LaTeX packages in your document preamble that are required + by the TeX Code. + If LyX cannot create a preview, you will in most cases also not be able + to view your document due to LaTeX errors. + So if you have to use some TeX Code and don't know if it is correct, the + preview inset is a nice method to check it without the need to view the + whole document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LaTeX source code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can preview the LaTeX source of the whole document or parts of it. + Use the menu +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +View +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Source +\family default + and a window will be shown where you can see the LaTeX-source code. + The window shows the source of the whole paragraph in which the cursor + currently sits. + You can also select document parts in LyX's main window, then only this + selection (when it is more than one paragraph) is shown as source code. + To view the whole document as source, enable the corresponding option in + the source view window. + If you check +\family sans +Automatic update +\family default +, you can see the changes as you make them in LyX; but note that if you + have several documents open, this will slow things down as LyX updates + them all, not just the one which is open at the time. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Advanced Find and Replace +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Advanced-Find-and" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Replace +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Find +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Introduction +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The advanced find and replace feature of LyX allows for searching of complex, + format-sensitive text segments and mathematics contents within LyX documents. + It is an enhancement of the standard (quick) find and replace feature. + The key-features are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Both searching of text and of mathematical formulas is allowed, where the + latter is done by entering mathematics in the usual way; not only entire + mathematical formulas are found, but also parts occurring within more complex + formulas +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Search may be format-insensitive, so that the searched text is found in + any context/style (standard text, section headings, notes, and even mathematics +), or it may be format-sensitive, so that, for example, a word entered with + a section heading will only be found within section headings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Search may be widened to a specific +\emph on +scope +\emph default +, i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +a set of files which may be all the children of the document being edited, + all the open files, or all the manuals available from the +\family sans +Help +\family default + menu +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Replace may optionally preserve capitalization, so that the replaced text + capitalization is adapted to the matching text (i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +all lowercase, all uppercase, first letter uppercase followed by lowercase) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Basic usage +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The advanced find and replace feature is activated through the menu +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Find & Replace +\noun on + ( +\noun default +Advanced +\noun on +) +\family default +\noun default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "dialog-show findreplaceadv" +\end_inset + +) or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-toggle findreplaceadv" +\end_inset + +. + This opens the +\family sans +Advanced Find and Replace +\family default + dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Searching for text +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Enter into the +\family sans +Find +\family default + LyX mini-editor a simple word, and search for occurrences of it by clicking + on the +\family sans +Find +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Next +\family default + button at the bottom of the dialog (or just press the +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph" +\end_inset + + key). + The entered word is found both in text mode and in math mode, and in emphasized +, bold or normal face, and in both in section titles and in standard text. + Pressing +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph" +\end_inset + + repeatedly keeps searching forward while pressing +\family sans +Shift+Return +\family default + searches backwards. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Case +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +sensitive +\family default + option allows matches to occur only with the same case as entered in the + +\family sans +Find +\family default + editor. + The +\family sans +Whole +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +words +\family default + option allows matches to occur only at word boundaries. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Searching for mathematics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Mathematical formulas, such as +\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$ +\end_inset + + or something more complex like +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}$ +\end_inset + +, may be searched for by typing them in the +\family sans +Find +\family default + editor. + When searching for a formula, it is found both when it is alone and when + it occurs in sub-formulas and nested parts of sub-formulas. + For example the mentioned segments would be found in something like +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{\sqrt{\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}}}.$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Style-aware search +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is also possible to search for text with specific styles. + This is done by switching to the +\family sans +Settings +\family default + tab of the dialog and unchecking the +\family sans +Ignore format +\family default + option. + This way, entering in the +\family sans +Find +\family default + editor +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +a normal word and searching for it would not find instances of the word + occurring in emphasized or boldface. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +an emphasized or boldface word and searching for it would find the respective + instances with the same face only, and within the same text style only. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +a normal word in a section heading, and searching for it, would find occurrences + of it only within section headings. + Also, if the text to search is given an emphasized or bold face, in addition + to a section style, then it is found only when occurring with the same + style. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +a displayed formula will only find instances of this formula that are also + displayed formulas (and not inline formulas). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Replace +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The entries made in the +\family sans +Find +\family default + editor can be replaced with entries made in the +\family sans +Replace +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +with +\family default + editor. + In order to find the next occurrence and replace it, click on the +\family sans +Replace +\family default + button or alternatively press +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "break-paragraph" +\end_inset + + or +\family sans +Shift+Return +\family default + while the cursor is in the +\family sans +Replace +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +with +\family default + editor. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can replace with fully-featured formatted LyX entries. + Typical scenarios in which to use this capability might be (just to mention + two): +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +replacing occurrences of a word with a customized formatted version of the + same word, for example replacing occurrences of a name like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +func() +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + with its typewriter version +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +func() +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +performing a notation rework of mathematical symbols, for example replacing + occurrences of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $R$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + with +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{R}$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (you may want to enable the +\family sans +Whole +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +words +\family default + and +\family sans +Case +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +sensitive +\family default + options and disable the +\family sans +Ignore format +\family default + option in the +\family sans +Settings +\family default + tab, in order to avoid replacing all +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +R +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + letters occurring in normal text), or occurrences of +\begin_inset Formula $x_{j}^{i}$ +\end_inset + + with +\begin_inset Formula $x_{i,\, j}$ +\end_inset + +, or occurrences of +\begin_inset Formula $x[k]$ +\end_inset + + with +\begin_inset Formula $x_{k}$ +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Advanced usage +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is a regular expression (regexp) based searching facility. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A good explanation of regular expressions is given in this Wikipedia entry: + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + You can search for a regular expression by inserting a regexp inset into + the +\family sans +Find +\family default + editor. + This is done with the context menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert Regular Expression +\family default + while the cursor is in the +\family sans +Find +\family default + editor. + Characters entered within regexp insets are matched according to the regular + expression matching rules +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Under the constraint that any (sub)expression must match a well-formed LyX + segment, i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +when matching LaTeX code, no segments with unbalanced {} braces are allowed + to match expressions. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, while text entered outside regexp insets is matched exactly against the + same text in the document. + You can cut and paste regexp-mode insets. + Examples of using such a feature may be: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Searching for all fractions with a given denominator: for example, entering + in the +\family sans +Find +\family default + editor the fraction +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{.*}{1+x^{2}}$ +\end_inset + + (where the +\begin_inset Formula $.*$ +\end_inset + + on the numerator is the match-everything regular expression) finds all + fractions with the given denominator. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Searching for all text with a given style: for example, after unchecking + the +\family sans +Ignore format +\family default + option from the +\family sans +Settings +\family default + tab, entering a +\series bold + +\begin_inset Formula $.*$ +\end_inset + + +\series default + regular expression and giving it an emphasized or bold face, finds all + emphasized or bold face text respectively. + Also, by inserting a +\begin_inset Formula $.*$ +\end_inset + + regular expression in a bullet or enumerated list or a section heading, + you can find all bullet or enumerated lists or section headings. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Finally, references to (sub)expressions in regexp may be used as usual: + Enclosing parts of the expression within round braces +\begin_inset Formula $()$ +\end_inset + +, and referring back to them through +\begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\backslash2$ +\end_inset + +, etc.. + For example, try searching with the regexp +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +[[:space:]]([[:alpha:]]+)[[:space:]] +\backslash +1[[:space:]] +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +in order to find word repetitions, if there are any. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The usage of back references in the replaced text is not (yet) implemented. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Back references work both when occurring within the same regexp, and when + occurring in multiple different regexps, where the numbering of back-referenced + sub-expressions is absolute. + That is, +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$ +\end_inset + + always refers to the first occurrence of +\begin_inset Formula $()$ +\end_inset + + in all entered regexps. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Spell Checking +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Spellchecking" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Spell checking +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX has a built-in spell checker. + The menu +\family sans + Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spellchecker +\family default +, the +\family sans +F7 +\family default + key or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show spellchecker" +\end_inset + + start the spell checking from either the current cursor position or the + beginning of the currently selected text. + A sidebar will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, allowing + you to edit and replace it in a second line. + Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the text + scrolled so that it is visible. + In the spellchecker sidebar, there is a box showing suggestions for a correctio +n, if any could be found. + Clicking on one of the corrections will copy it to the +\family sans +Replacement +\family default + field, double-clicking directly invokes the replacement. + Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By default, the dictionary file used is determined by the document language + that is set in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default + dialog. + You can specify the language of a word in the spellchecker dialog by choosing + a different one at the top of the dialog. + LyX can correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages. + This works if you have set the language of the text parts using the +\family sans +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style +\family default + dialog ( +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show character" +\end_inset + +) and have the spell checker dictionaries installed. + LyX automatically switches to the appropriate dictionary file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All spell-checker dictionaries supported by LyX can be downloaded from here: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://sourceforge.net/projects/lyxwininstaller/files/hunspell/ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +There are 2 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +files for each language. + To install a dictionary on Windows, copy the 2 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +files into LyX's installation subfolder +\family sans +~ +\backslash +Resources +\backslash +dicts +\family default + and restart LyX. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +With Linux one needs to install the packages for the desired language. + The number of these packages vary depending on the Linux distribution, + but in most cases these are +\family typewriter +aspell-xx +\family default +, +\family typewriter +hunspell-xx +\family default +, +\family typewriter + myspell-xx +\family default +, etc., where +\family sans +xx +\family default + is the language code. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Further Settings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Language +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spellchecker +\family default + you can set the following things: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Spellchecker +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +engine Select the library LyX should use for spell checking. + Depending on your platform, +\family typewriter +aspell +\family default +, +\family typewriter +hunspell +\family default + or +\family typewriter +enchant +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Enchant itself is a wrapper library having different configurable back-ends. + Please consult the documentation or man-page of it to learn more. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default + are available. + On Windows only +\family typewriter +hunspell +\family default + is available. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Alternative +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +language If this field is not empty, LyX will always use the given language + for the spell checking, no matter what the document language is. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Escape +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +characters Allows you to add non-standard characters that the spell checker + should escape, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +German umlauts. + This should normally not be needed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Accept +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +compound +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +words Prevents the spell checker from complaining about compounded words + like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +passthrough +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Spellcheck +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +continuously Checks the spelling of your document as you type it. + Misspelled words get underlined with a dotted red line. + By right-clicking on an underlined word, suggestions from the spellchecker + appear in a context menu. + Choosing one of them will replace the misspelled word with the suggested + word. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Spellcheck +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +notes +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +comments If enabled, the spelling of non-printed document content is checked + as well. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Thesaurus +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Thesaurus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Thesaurus" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX provides a multilingual thesaurus. + It uses the same thesaurus framework as LibreOffice, OpenOffice and Firefox + (namely the +\family typewriter +MyThes +\family default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "http://lingucomponent.openoffice.org/thesaurus.html" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + thesaurus library, which is included in LyX). + Therefore, LyX can directly access OpenOffice thesaurus dictionaries, which + are available for many languages. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This section describes how new dictionaries are installed and set up for + the use with LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Setting up the thesaurus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family typewriter +MyThes +\family default +\emph on +/ +\emph default +OpenOffice thesauri consist of two files per language: A file with the suffix + +\emph on +*.dat +\emph default + containing the data and an index file with the suffix +\emph on +*.idx +\emph default +. + The standardized file names include the language code for the given language + (e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\family sans +en_US +\family default + for US English). + For instance, the US English files are named: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +th_en_EN_v2.idx +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +th_en_EN_v2.dat +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you have LibreOffice or OpenOffice and its thesaurus installed on a Linux + system, these files should be already on your system. + On Windows you can choose in LyX's installer wich dictionaries should be + installed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All thesaurus dictionaries supported by LyX can be downloaded from here: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://sourceforge.net/projects/lyxwininstaller/files/thesaurus/ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +To install a dictionary, copy the 2 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +files into LyX's installation subfolder +\family sans +~ +\backslash +Resources +\backslash +thes +\family default + and restart LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Using the thesaurus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To start the thesaurus, use the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Thesaurus +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "thesaurus-entry" +\end_inset + + while the cursor is at the word you want to look up or while a word is + selected. + A dialog pops up showing you probably related words that you can use as + a replacement. + The suggestions are grouped into categories. + Note that, for some languages (such as English), the thesaurus does not + only show equivalent words (synonyms), but also generic terms (such as + +\emph on +organism +\emph default + for +\emph on +plant +\emph default +), related terms (such as +\emph on +political +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +theory +\emph default + for +\emph on +anarchistic +\emph default +), compounds (such as +\emph on +tree +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +diagram +\emph default +, if you look for +\emph on +tree +\emph default +) and opposites (antonyms) (such as +\emph on +girl +\emph default + for +\emph on +boy +\emph default +). + Generic terms, related terms and antonyms are marked as such. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The language is automatically chosen from the language at the cursor, but + you can also switch it in the dialog, as you can enter new words to look + up directly there. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the thesaurus cannot handle phrases (only compounds that are in + the dictionary, such as the above +\emph on +tree diagram +\emph default +), and you have to use the so called lemma form, i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +the form that is used in the dictionaries (for many languages: first person + singular indicative active for nouns, infinitive for verbs). + For example, looking up the word form +\emph on +reporting +\emph default + yields no results, while results are shown for the word form +\emph on +report +\emph default +. + Your best bet is to highlight only the relevant part of such a word (e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\emph on +report +\emph default + in +\emph on +report +\emph default +s); then you will get suggestions without needing to adjust the query in + the dialog, and also the replacement will probably be correct (as only + the highlighted part will be replaced; thus the ending remains). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Change Tracking +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Change Tracking +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Change Tracking +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Change-Tracking" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When you work on a document collaboratively it is extremely useful to be + able to see changes that others have made highlighted in the document. + You can then decide if you want to accept a change or not. + This can be achieved by turning on change tracking in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Track +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Changes made in the document will then be highlighted by strokes and colors: + +\bar under +\color blue +underlined text +\bar default +\color inherit + is an addition, +\strikeout on +\color blue +canceled text +\strikeout default +\color inherit + is a deletion. + The color depends on the author that made the change. + You can change the color in +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Look +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +feel +\family default +\SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\family sans +Colors +\family default +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Color ! Change tracking +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The author and the date of the change are shown in LyX's status bar when + the cursor is in changed text. + The same information is shown when you use the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "changes-merge" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When change tracking is activated, you will see the review toolbar in LyX: +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! Review +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/ChangesToolbar.png + scale 90 + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The review toolbar as shown above contains the following buttons: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "changes-track" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Track +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "changes-output" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Show +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +in +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "change-next" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Jumps to the next change +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "change-accept" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Accept +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Change +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "change-reject" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reject +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Change +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "changes-merge" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Merge +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "all-changes-accept" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Accept +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +All +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "all-changes-reject" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Reject +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +All +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "note-insert" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ly +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "note-next" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Next +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Not all changes are (yet) visualized, especially no format changes like + from +\emph on +normal +\emph default + to +\emph on +bold +\emph default + font or +\emph on +Standard +\emph default + to +\emph on +Description +\emph default + paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The review toolbar helps you to accept, reject, or merge changes – highlight + the change and press one of the desired toolbar buttons. + When you merge changes, a window pops up showing you information about + the next change after the current cursor position. + So you don't need to highlight a certain change. + Within the merge window you can decide to accept or reject changes and + step to the next change. + This way you can jump through all the changes in the document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The toolbar has two buttons to handle notes because notes are often important + to describe a change. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To show the changes made in the output you need the LaTeX package +\series bold +dvipost +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! dvipost +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed. + You will find it in the TeX Catalogue, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + + or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Comparison of Documents +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Comparison-of-Documents" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Comparison of documents +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can compare two different LyX files via the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Compare +\family default +. + The comparison result is a LyX file with change tracking enabled showing + the differences. + In the comparison dialog you can select from which document LyX should + take the document settings for the resulting difference file with the option + +\family sans +Copy +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Document +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +from +\family default +. + The option +\family sans +Enable +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +change +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +tracking +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +features +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +in +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +the +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +output +\family default + enables the change tracking option +\family sans +Show +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Changes +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +in +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\family default + to visualize the differences also in the PDF output of the difference file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +International Support +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +International support +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want. + For some languages there are special Wiki-pages that explain how to set + up LyX to use them: +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Arabic,Armenian,Farsi,Hebrew,Latvian,Lithuanian,Mongolian,Vietnamese" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Besides languages, LyX also supports phonetic symbols, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Special-Character" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Language Options +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Language ! Options +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Language +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Language +\family default + dialog lets you set +\family roman +the language, the quote style and character encoding +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Under +\family sans +Encoding +\family default + you can choose the character encoding map you want to use for LaTeX export. + The option +\family sans +Language +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Default +\family default + is the preferred choice and works well in most cases. + For details about the different encoding options see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Language-encodings" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Keyboard mapping configuration +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Keyboard-mapping" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you have for example a U. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +S.-style keyboard and want to write in a language other than English, you + can use an alternate keymap. + For example, if you want to write in Italian, you can configure LyX to + use an Italian keymap. + The +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Keyboard/Mouse +\family default + dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Keyboard-Map" + +\end_inset + +. + You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select + which one you want to use. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely + different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance). + You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +S.-style keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German. + In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing + one to support the characters you want. + This and many other customizations are explained in the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +\start_of_appendix +The User Interface +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "chap:The-User-Interface" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This appendix lists all the available menus and describes their functionality. + It is designed as a quick reference if you are searching for a special + topic inside the user's guide. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The File Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! File +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Under the +\family sans +File +\family default + menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +New +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Creates a new document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +New from Template +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu entry prompts you for a template to use. + Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for + the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Open +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens a document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Open Recent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The submenu shows a list of the recently opened files. + Click there on a file to open it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Close +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Closes the current document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Close All +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Closes all opened documents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Save +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Saves the actual document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Save As +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Saves the actual document under a new name to create a copy. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Save All +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Saves all opened documents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Revert to saved +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Reloads the actual document from disk. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Version Control +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is used when multiple people are working on the same document or when + one person wants to keep a careful archive of changes. + It is described in the section +\emph on +Version Control in LyX +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Import +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can import files from older LyX-versions, HTML-files, LaTeX-files, + NoWeb-files, plain text files and comma separated, table-like text files + (CSV). + The files will be imported as a new LyX-document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When using the menu entry +\family sans +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default +, line breaks in the text will start a new paragraph; when using the menu + entry +\family sans +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Text, +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Join +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Lines +\family default +, consecutive lines of text will be imported to one big paragraph. + A new paragraph will begin when there is a blank line in the file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Export +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Export" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can export your document to various file formats. + The resulting files are placed in the directory of your LyX-file. + The menu entries are not the same on all installations. + They depend on the programs found by LyX during its configuration. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is a list of all available entries; some of them are explained in detail + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +CJK +\family default + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +L +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +yX format of the special LyX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1.4.x versions for Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + Since LyX 1.5.0 CJK support has been fully integrated into LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +DocBook text file with code in the language SGML that is used for the markup + language +\family typewriter +DocBook +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +DocBook +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(XML) text file with code in the language XML that is used for the markup + language +\family typewriter +DocBook +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +DraftDVI LaTeX's native DVI-format. + This format is not suitable if you have special characters or spaces in + files paths or file names in your document. + LyX use this format internally as a pre-stage to export to +\family sans +DVI +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +DVI DVI-format that also allows the useage of special characters or spaces + in files paths or file names +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +DVI +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(LuaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX) DVI-format using the program +\family typewriter +LuaTeX +\family default +; supports Unicode and the usage of non-TeX fonts; +\series bold + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + not all DVI-viewers are currently able to display this output format properly. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Graphviz +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Dot text file with code in the programming language +\family typewriter +Dot +\family default + which is used to draw visualizations of graphs via the program +\family typewriter +Graphviz +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +HTML HTML-format (the HTML-converter is a third-party product and may not + work in all cases) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +HTML +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(MS +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Word) HTML-format specialized so that the result can be imported to +\family sans +MS Word +\family default +; as a consequence of this formulas will be embedded as bitmap fonts and + not in the format +\family sans +MathML +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +( +\family default +LuaT +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +eX +\family sans +) +\family default +text file with the LaTeX source that is compilable with the program +\family typewriter +LuaTeX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default + text file with the LaTeX source, additionally all images used in the document + will be converted to a format that is readable by the +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\family default + program (GIF, JPG, PDF, PNG) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(plain) +\family default + text file with the LaTeX source code, additionally all images used in the + document will be converted to the EPS-format, only this format is readable + by the +\family typewriter +latex +\family default + program +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +( +\family default +XeT +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +eX +\family sans +) +\family default +text file with the LaTeX source that is compilable with the program +\family typewriter +XeTeX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +LilyPond +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +book +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(La +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +TeX) text file with the LaTeX source and also code in the syntax of the + music notation software +\family typewriter +LilyPond +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +L +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +yX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Archive +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(zip|tar.gz) creates a zip-archive or a tar.gz-archive file (depending upon + your system) that contains your document and all files that are necessary + to compile it (images, child documents, BibTeX files, etc.) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +L +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +yX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +z.y.x LyX-Document in a format readable by the LyX versions z.y.x ( +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +z +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +y +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + represent the version number) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +L +\family sans + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family default +yXHTML HTML-format using LyX's internal XHTML engine +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +NoWeb text file with code in the format of the literate programming language +\family typewriter + NoWeb +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +OpenDocument OpenDocument-formatted file, to be opened with +\family sans +LibreOffice, OpenOffice, KOffice, Abiword +\family default +, etc. + (The OpenDocument-converter is a third-party product and may not work in + all cases) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(dvipdfm) +\family default + PDF-format using the program +\family typewriter +dvipdfm +\family default +, produces internally a DVI-file which is then converted to a PDF-file +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(LuaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX) +\family default + PDF-format using the program +\family typewriter +LuaTeX +\family default +, produces PDF-files directly +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default + PDF-format using the program +\family typewriter +pdflatex +\family default +, produces PDF-files directly +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ps2pdf) +\family default + PDF-format using the program +\family typewriter +ps2pdf +\family default +, produces internally a PostScript-file which is then converted to a PDF-file +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(XeT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX) +\family default + PDF-format using the program +\family typewriter +XeTeX +\family default +, produces PDF-files directly +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default + text format +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ps2ascii) +\family default + text format, the document will first be converted to Postscript format + and then exported as text using the program +\family sans +ps2ascii +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\family sans +Postscript +\family default + PostScript format using the program +\family typewriter +dvips +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Sweave text file with the LaTeX source and also code in the statistical + programming language +\family typewriter +R +\family default +. + Using the +\family typewriter +R +\family default +-function +\family typewriter +Sweave +\family default + it is possible to use +\family typewriter +R +\family default +-commands in LaTeX +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If one of the menu entries +\family sans +DVI +\family default +, +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default + or +\family sans +Postscript +\family default + is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation. + After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reconfiguration of LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Print +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With this menu entry you can print your document to a file in PostScript + format or send it to a printer. + The printer will also use the document in PostScript format. + The conversion to PostScript is done in the background by LyX using the + program +\family typewriter +dvips +\family default +. + For more information have a look at section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Printing-the-File" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fax +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu entry will only appear if you have a fax program installed (on + Windows you additionally need to register its program path to LyX's PATH + prefix, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Paths" + +\end_inset + +). + With this menu entry you can send your document to a fax program like +\family typewriter +hylapex +\family default + or +\family typewriter +kdeprintfax +\family default +. + The default format of the sent file is PostScript. + The format can be changed in LyX's preferences as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Converters" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +New and Close Window +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens or closes a new instance of LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Exit +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Prompts you to save all unsaved documents and then exits. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Edit Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Edit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Undo and Redo +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Undo-and-Redo" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Recent, Paste Special +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Select Whole Inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Selects the content of the inset in which the cursor currently is. + If the cursor is outside an inset, the whole document will be selected. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Select All +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Selects the whole document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Find & Replace (Quick) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Find & Replace (Advanced) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Advanced-Find-and" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Move Paragraph Up/Down +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This shifts the paragraph in which the cursor currently is one paragraph + up or down. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Text Style +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Paragraph Settings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paragraph ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Enables you to set the paragraph alignment, line spacing and label width. + These settings only affect the paragraph in which the cursor is currently + in. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also prevent the first line of the paragraph being indented if you + have chosen to separate paragraphs with +\family sans +Indentation +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default + dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Table +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu only appears if the cursor is inside a table. + It allows you to create multicolumn and multirow cells, add or remove borders + of a cell and to set the vertical alignment of the cell.Table Settings and + Math +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These two menus are only fully active if the cursor is inside a table or + a formula. + Here you can change the properties of tables and formulas. + The properties of tables are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Tables" + +\end_inset + +, the properties of formulas in chapter +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:Mathematical-Formulas" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Increase/Decrease List Depth +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These menu entries are only active if the cursor is in an environment that + can be nested. + They increase/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nesting" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The View Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! View +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +At the bottom of the +\family sans +View +\family default + menu the opened documents are listed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Open/Close all Insets +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens/closes all insets in your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Unfold/Fold Math Macros +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Unfolds/folds the current math macro. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Math macros are described in the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +View Source +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens a window showing the source code of the actual document, as described + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +View Messages +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens a window showing console messages. + This is useful for debugging LyX (i. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +e., hunt for errors in the program) or to see what is going on in the background + while LaTeX is processing the document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +View +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +[] +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu entry generates the output in the format you have specified as + default output format for the document (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Output\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Format +\family default +; see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Doc-Output" + +\end_inset + +) or in the LyX preferences (menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Handling\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Formats\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Format +\family default +; see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:File-Formats" + +\end_inset + +) and opens it in an appropriate viewer. + The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences (menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Handling\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Formats\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Viewer +\family default +; see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:File-Formats" + +\end_inset + +). + The default viewers are set by LyX when it is first configured. + The default output format is +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pdflatex) +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +View (Other Formats) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With this menu you can view your document in alternative output formats. + The menu contains a list of available formats in which you can view the + actual document with an external program. + The menu entries are not the same on all installations — it depends on + the LaTeX programs that are found when LyX was configured. + All possible formats are listed in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Export" + +\end_inset + +. + You should at least see the menu entry +\family sans +DVI +\family default +. + If it is missing, you need to update or repair your LaTeX installation. + After updating you have to reconfigure LyX (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reconfiguration of LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Invoking a view menu will start a viewer program. + The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences (menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Handling\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Formats\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Viewer +\family default +; see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:File-Formats" + +\end_inset + +). + The default viewers are set by LyX when it is first configured. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Update +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +[] +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu entry allows you to update the view with your latest changes (in + the default output format) without opening a new viewer window. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Update (Other Formats) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With this menu you can update the view of alternative output formats of + your document without opening a new viewer window. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +View Master Document +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu item is only visible if your document is included to another document, + which is then its +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +master +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (see section +\emph on +Child Documents +\emph default + in the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual for more information on this topic). + This item allows you to view the master document from within its child. + That is, if you are working on a child document which is a chapter of a + book, +\family sans +View +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Master +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Document +\family default + generates the output of the whole book, while +\family sans +View +\family default + will just output the chapter alone. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The format used by this function is the default output format as specified + in the document settings (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Output\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Format +\family default +; see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Doc-Output" + +\end_inset + +) or in the preferences (menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Handling\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Formats\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Format +\family default +; see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:File-Formats" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Update Master Document +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu item is only visible if your document is included to another document, + which is then its +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +master +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (see section +\emph on +Child Documents +\emph default + in the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual for more information on this topic). + This item allows you to update the view of a master document from within + its child without the need to switch to the master document itself. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The format used by this function is the default output format as specified + in the document settings (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Output\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Format +\family default +; see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Doc-Output" + +\end_inset + +) or in the preferences (menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Handling\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Formats\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Format +\family default +; see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:File-Formats" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Split View +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Split +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +View +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +into +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Left +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Right +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Half +\family default + will split LyX's main window vertically while +\family sans +Split +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +View +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +into +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Upper +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Lower +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Half +\family default + will split it horizontally. + This allows you to view documents at the same time to compare them, or + to view the same document, but at different positions. + You can even split the main window several times to view, for example, + three or more documents at the same time. + To close a split view, use the menu +\family sans +Close +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Current +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +View +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Close Current View +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Closes a split view. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Fullscreen +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Using this menu entry or pressing F11 removes the menu bar and all toolbars + so that you will see nothing but your text. + It furthermore displays LyX's main window fullscreen. + To return from fullscreen to the normal view, press F11, or right-click + and turn off the fullscreen mode in the context menu. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Toolbars +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Toolbars" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In this menu entry you can set the appearance of the different toolbars. + All toolbars and the +\family sans +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Buffer +\family default + can be turned on and off. + The +\emph on +on +\emph default + state is denoted in the menu with a checkmark. + The +\family sans +Table +\family default +, +\family sans +Math, +\family default + +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Macros, +\family default + +\family sans +Review +\family default + and +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Panels +\family default + toolbars can additionally be set to the state +\emph on +automatic +\emph default +, denoted in the menu with the suffix +\family sans +(auto) +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In the +\emph on +on +\emph default + state the toolbar is permanently shown; in the +\emph on +automatic +\emph default + state the toolbar is only shown when the cursor is in a certain environment + or when a certain feature is enabled. + That means that the review toolbar will only be shown if change tracking + is activated, the math and table toolbars are only shown if the cursor + is inside a formula or table respectively. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX's toolbars and their buttons are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Toolbars" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Insert Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Insert +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Math +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts math constructs that are explained in chapter +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:Mathematical-Formulas" + +\end_inset + + and the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Special Character +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Special-Character" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can insert the following characters: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Symbols Opens the +\family sans +Symbols +\family default + dialog which allows you to insert any character that can be output by your + LaTeX system. + By default groups of characters are displayed in character categories; + the available characters depend on the LaTeX-packages you have installed. + You can get a complete display by checking +\family sans +Display +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +all +\family default +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Not all characters will be visible in the +\family sans +Symbols +\family default + dialog because none of the screen fonts that you can set in the preferences + dialog (see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Screen-Fonts" + +\end_inset + +) can display every character. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ellipsis Inserts an ellipsis: \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +End +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Sentence Inserts an end of sentence period as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Abbreviations" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ordinary +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Quote Inserts this quote: ", no matter what quote style you selected in + the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Language +\family default + dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Single +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Quote Inserts a single quote in the quotation marks style selected in the + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Language +\family default + dialog. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Hyphen Inserts a hyphen that is protected from line breaks: \SpecialChar \nobreakdash- + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Breakable +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Slash Inserts a slash where a line break can also occur: \SpecialChar \slash{} + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Menu +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Separator Inserts the menu separator sign: \SpecialChar \menuseparator + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Phonetic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Symbols +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Phonetic symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Language ! Phonetic symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Inserts a box where you can insert symbols from the International Phonetic + Alphabet (IPA) and opens a toolbar which provides a large set of these + symbols. + To use this feature you must have the LaTeX-package +\series bold +tipa +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! tipa +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + installed. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +More information about this feature can be found in the +\emph on +Linguistics +\emph default + manual ( +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Specific Manuals +\family default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Formatting +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens a submenu with the following options: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Superscript Inserts a superscript: test +\begin_inset script superscript + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +a, b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Subscript Inserts a subscript: test +\begin_inset script subscript + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +3x +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Protected +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space Inserts a protected space as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Protected-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Inter-word +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space Inserts an inter-word space as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Inter-word-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Thin +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space Inserts a thin space as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Thin-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Horizontal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space Inserts horizontal space as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Horizontal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line Inserts a horizontal line as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Horizontal-Lines" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Vertical +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Space Inserts vertical space as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Vertical-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Phantom Inserts a Phantom space as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Phantom-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Hyphenation +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Point Inserts a hyphenation point as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Hyphenation" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ligature +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break Inserts a ligature break as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Ligatures" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ragged +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break Inserts a forced line break as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Justified +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break Inserts a forced line break that right justifies the remaining text + as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +New +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page Inserts a forced page break as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Page +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Break Inserts a forced page break that shares the extra space among paragraph + breaks instead of leaving it at the bottom of the page, as described in + section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Clear +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page Inserts a clear page break as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Clear +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Double +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Page Inserts a clear doublepage break as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +List/TOC +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Various lists can be inserted with this menu entry. + The +\family sans +Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of Contents +\family default +, the +\family sans +List of Algorithms +\family default +, +\family sans +List of Figures +\family default + and +\family sans +List of Tables +\family default + are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:toc" + +\end_inset + +. + The +\family sans +Index List +\family default + is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Index" + +\end_inset + +, the +\family sans +Nomenclature +\family default + is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nomenclature" + +\end_inset + + and the +\family sans +BibTeX Bibliography +\family default + is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Bibliography-databases" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Float +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To insert floats, as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Floats" + +\end_inset + + and in detail the chapter +\emph on +Floats +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Note +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To insert notes, described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Notes" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Branch +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a branch inset, if any, and allowing you to create and insert a + new branch. + Branches are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Branches" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Custom Insets +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts document class-specific insets. + Such insets only exist if they are defined in the layout file for a certain + document class. + An example is the document class +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +article (Elsevier) +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + with three custom insets. + The section +\emph on +Flex insets and InsetLayout +\emph default + in +\emph on +Installing New Document Classes, The Layout file format +\emph default +of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual explains how custom insets are defined. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +File +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +External Material +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu entry allows you to insert or include the contents of other files + in your document. + For more information see chapter +\emph on +External Document Parts +\emph default + of the Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Box +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Boxes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a box in a certain style. + Boxes are described in detail in the chapter +\emph on +Boxes +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Citation +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens the +\family sans +Citation +\family default + dialog as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Cross-Reference +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a +\family sans +cross-reference +\family default + as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Label +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a +\family sans +label +\family default + as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Caption +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Captions +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Longtables ! Caption +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a caption in a float or longtable. + Floats are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Floats" + +\end_inset + +; captions in longtables are described in the section +\emph on +Longtable Captions +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Index Entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts an index entry as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Index" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Nomenclature Entry +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a nomenclature entry as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Nomenclature" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Table +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens a dialog allowing you to specify the rows and columns of the table. + Tables are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Tables" + +\end_inset + + and in detail in the chapter +\emph on +Tables +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Graphics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens the +\family sans +Graphics +\family default + dialog. + Graphics are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Graphics" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +URL +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a URL as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:URLs" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Hyperlinks +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a hyperlink as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Hyperlinks" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Footnote +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a footnote as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Footnotes" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Marginal Note +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a marginal note as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Marginal-Notes" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Short Title +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a short title as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Short-Titles" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +TeX Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a TeX Code box as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Program Listing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Program listings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a program listings box. + Program listings are explained in the chapter +\emph on +Program Code Listings +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Date +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts the actual date. + The format depends on the date format of the language that is used for + LyX's menus. + LyX offers various ways to insert a date which are explained and also compared + in the section +\emph on +External Material +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Preview +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Inserts a preview inset as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Navigate Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Navigate +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu lists the existing chapters, sections, figures, tables, etc. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of the current document. + This allows you to navigate easily through your document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Bookmarks +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With this menu entry you are able to define your own bookmarks. + This is useful when you are working on a large document and often have + to jump, for example, between section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.5 and 6.3. + To create bookmarks for this example, go to section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +2.5 and use the submenu +\family sans +Save +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Bookmark +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1 +\family default +. + Then go to section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +6.3 and use +\family sans +Save +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Bookmark +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\family default +2. + Now you can jump easily between these sections by using the menu or by + the key bindings +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "bookmark-goto 1" +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "bookmark-goto 2" +\end_inset + +.You can also use bookmarks to jump between several opened documents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The saved bookmarks are valid till the document is closed. + The submenu +\family sans +Clear +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Bookmarks +\family default + allows you to clear bookmarks while the submenu +\family sans +Navigate +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Back +\family default + jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Next Note, Change, Cross-reference +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Jump to the next note, change, or cross-reference after the current cursor + position. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Go to Label +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Only active if the cursor is in front of a cross-reference. + Sets the cursor before the referenced label. + (It is the same as if you right-click on a cross-reference box and use + +\family sans +Go +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Label) +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Forward Search +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Allows you to jump directly to the corresponding text part in the output, + see section +\emph on +Forward +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +search +\emph default + in the +\emph on +Additional +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Features +\emph default + manual for a detailed description. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Document Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Document +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Change Tracking +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Change Tracking is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Change-Tracking" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX Log +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +After running LaTeX by viewing or exporting a document, this menu will be + enabled. + It shows the logfile of the LaTeX-program used. + You can go to the next error or the next warning, search, copy something + to the clipboard or update the view. + With the help of the logfile experts can find in it reasons for LaTeX-errors. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Outline +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens the Outline window as described in sections +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Navigating" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Table-of-Contents" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Start Appendix Here +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Sets the start of the appendices of the document at the current cursor position + as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Appendices" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Compressed +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Un/compresses the current document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Settings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The document settings are described in appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:The-Document-Settings" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Tools Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Tools +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Spellchecker +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Spell checking is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Spellchecking" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Thesaurus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The thesaurus is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Thesaurus" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Statistics +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Word count +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Character count +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Returns the number of the words and characters in the actual document or + the highlighted document part. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Check T +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +ChkTeX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Generates with the help of the program +\family typewriter +ChkTeX +\family default + a log of possible LaTeX-errors and displays it in a dialog. + This feature is not available on Windows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +T +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX Information +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +TeX Information +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Shows you a list of the document classes and styles installed in your LaTeX-syst +em. + Use the option +\family sans +Show +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +path +\family default + to see the full filename paths. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Compare +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Compare +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens a dialog to compare LyX files as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Comparison-of-Documents" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Reconfigure +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LyX ! Reconfigure|see +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Reconfiguration of LyX +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Reconfiguration of LyX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Reconfigures LyX; that is, LyX looks for LaTeX-packages and programs it + needs; see also section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Preferences +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Opens the +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + dialog as described in detail in appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:The-Preferences-dialog" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Help Menu +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Menu ! Help +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This menu lists the documentation files of LyX in the language of LyX's + menus. + If a file is not available in this language, the English version will be + listed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +LaTeX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Configuration +\family default + shows a LyX-document with information about the LaTeX-packages and classes + found by LyX (see also section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:LaTeX-Setup" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The menu +\family sans +About +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Ly +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\family default + gives information about the copyright, the credits and the LyX version + you are using. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Toolbars +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Toolbars" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +How to show or hide toolbars is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Toolbars" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is also possible to define custom toolbars. + This is described in the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Standard Toolbar +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! Standard +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/StandardToolbar.png + width 100col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The standard toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following + buttons: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +LTleft}{0pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This is necessary to left align the following longtables. + See the +\emph on +Embedded Objects +\emph default + manual for more information. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png + clip + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +pull-down box for the environments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace -10mm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align left +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "buffer-new" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "file-open" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Open +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "buffer-write" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Save +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show print" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Print +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show spellchecker" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Spellchecker +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "undo" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Undo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "redo" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Redo +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "cut" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cut +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "copy" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Copy +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "paste" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paste +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show findreplace" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Find +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +Replace +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +(Quick) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-toggle findreplaceadv" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Find +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +& +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +Replace +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +(Advanced) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "bookmark-goto 0" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Bookmarks\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Navigate Back +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "font-emph" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Emphasize text, function of the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Customized +\family default + dialog +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "font-noun" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Set text to noun style, function of the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Customized +\family default + dialog +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "textstyle-apply" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Format text using the current settings in the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Customized +\family default + dialog +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-mode" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Inline +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Formula +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Graphics +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "tabular-insert" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-toggle toc" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toggle outline window on/off, +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Outline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "toolbar-toggle math" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toggle math toolbar on/off +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "toolbar-toggle table" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toggle table toolbar on/off +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Extra Toolbar +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! Extra +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/ExtraToolbar.png + width 100col% + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The extra toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following + buttons: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "layout" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Default +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "layout Enumerate" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Numbered list +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "layout Itemize" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Itemized list +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "layout List" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +List +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "layout Description" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Description list +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "depth-increment" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Increase +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Depth +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "depth-decrement" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Decrease +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +List +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Depth +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "float-insert figure" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Figure +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "float-insert table" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Table +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "label-insert" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Label +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Cross-Reference +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Citation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "index-insert" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Index +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Entry +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "nomencl-insert" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Nomenclature +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Entry +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "footnote-insert" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Footnote +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "marginalnote-insert" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Marginal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "note-insert" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator +L +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +yX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Note +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "box-insert Frameless" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Box +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "href-insert" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Hyperlink +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "ert-insert" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +T +\family default + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +eX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Code +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro newmacroname newcommand" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset include" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Child +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Document +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show character" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Text +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Customized +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "layout-paragraph" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Paragraph +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "thesaurus-entry" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Thesaurus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +View/Update Toolbar +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! View / Update +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/ViewToolbar.png + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The view/update toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following + buttons: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "buffer-view" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +View +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "buffer-update" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "master-buffer-view" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Master +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Document +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "master-buffer-update" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Master +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Document +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "buffer-toggle-output-sync" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Output\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Synchronize with Output +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/view-others.png + scale 85 + groupId toolbarbuttons + +\end_inset + + +\family sans +* +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +View (Other Formats) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/update-others.png + scale 85 + groupId toolbarbuttons + +\end_inset + +* +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Update (Other Formats) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +* These icons might look different for you if you do not use the default + icon set. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Other Toolbars +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The change tracking toolbar is explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Change-Tracking" + +\end_inset + +, the table toolbar +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! Table +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + in the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual and the math macro toolbar +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar ! Macro +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + in the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +The Document Settings +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "chap:The-Document-Settings" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Document ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Document +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Setting +\family default +s dialog contains submenus to set properties for the whole document and + is called with the menu +\family sans + Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings +\family default +. + You can save your document settings as default with the +\family sans + Save as Document Defaults +\family default + button in any dialog. + This will create a template named +\family typewriter +defaults.lyx +\family default + which is automatically loaded by LyX when you create a new document without + using a template. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The button +\family sans +Use Class Defaults +\family default + resets the document settings to the default of the document class. + This affects mostly class options, the page layout and Numbering & TOC. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The different submenus of the dialog are explained in the following sections. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Document Class +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you set the document class, class options, a graphics driver, and a + master document. + Document classes are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Document-Classes" + +\end_inset + +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the button +\family sans +Local +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Layout +\family default + you can load you own layout-file, that is not in LyX's +\emph on +layouts +\emph default + folder and thus not recognized by LyX as a layout for a document class. + For more about layout-files, see the chapter +\emph on +Installing New Document Classes, Types of Layout Files +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + Handbook. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some classes use special class options by default. + If this is the case, they are listed in the field +\family sans +Predefined +\family default + and you can decide to use them or not. + If you do not know exactly what the default class options are for, it is + recommended you leave them untouched. + The +\family sans +Graphics driver +\family default + is used for LaTeX's graphics, color and page layout packages. + If using +\family sans +Default +\family default +, the default driver for the LaTeX-packages is used. + It is recommended that you use the default unless you know what you are + doing. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +When you want to use one of the following drivers +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\family sans +dvi2ps, dvialw, dvilaser, dvitops, psprint, pubps, ln +\family default + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +you first have to activate them in your LaTeX distribution, see section + +\emph on +Driver support +\emph default + in +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/graphics/grfguide.pdf" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Specifying a +\family sans +Master +\family default + document is necessary if the current document is a child or subdocument. + The master document will be used by LyX in the background if the child + document is opened without its master. + This way child documents are always compilable. + More about master and child documents is explained in the section +\emph on +Child Documents +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is also an option to suppress the date and one to use the LaTeX-package + +\series bold +refstyle +\series default + instead of +\series bold +prettyref +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! prettyref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! refstyle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + for cross-references, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Cross-References" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Child Documents +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This submenu is only visible when your document includes child documents. + Please refer to the section +\emph on +Child +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Documents +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual for details. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Modules +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Modules are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Modules" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Local Layout +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +See section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Local-Layout" + +\end_inset + + for a description. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Fonts +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The document font settings are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Fonts-and-Text" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Text Layout +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can specify if paragraphs should be separated by +\family sans +Indentation +\family default + or by +\family sans +Vertical space +\family default +. + The +\family sans +Line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +spacing +\family default + and whether it should be a +\family sans +Two-column +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +document +\family default + can also be specified here. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that LyX will not show two columns or the specified line spacing on + screen. + That would be impractical, often unreadable, and is not part of the WYSIWYM + concept. + However, it will be as you specified in the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Page Layout +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This dialog is described in sections +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Document-Layout" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Page Margins +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can adjust the page margins as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Margins" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Language +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Language-encodings" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Language ! Encoding +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The document language and quote styles are set here. + The encoding specifies how the document content is exported to LaTeX (the + LyX file is always encoded in utf8). + All characters that cannot be encoded using the specified encoding will + be exported as LaTeX-commands (this can fail if a LaTeX-command is not + known for a particular character). +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The known commands are defined in a text file ( +\emph on +unicodesymbols +\emph default +). + You can add commands for unknown symbols to that file yourself, see the + +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual for details. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you use the option +\family sans +Language Default +\family default +, LyX determines the encoding of a text part from the language of this text. + If the document contains text in more than one language you may get more + than one encoding in the LaTeX file. + If you do not use this option then the complete document will always use + exactly one encoding. + Checking this option is the preferred setting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX also supports Unicode output, which is particularly useful if you need + lots of special symbols or non-alphabetic scripts, respectively. + If you want to use this (and your LaTeX installation supports Unicode), + choose one of the four utf8 variants from the list below. + Unfortunately the Unicode support of standard LaTeX is quite incomplete, + so it is not uncommon that a file with lots of Unicode symbols works fine + with +\family sans +Language Default +\family default + (when LyX uses its list of known LaTeX-commands), but does not work with + a fixed utf8 encoding (when the list of known LaTeX-commands is not used, + because all Unicode symbols can be encoded in utf8). + The situation is much better with XeTeX and LuaTeX, two new alternative + engines to standard LaTeX. + Both engines support Unicode natively. + LyX now also supports these two engines (via the output formats +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(XeTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X) +\family default +, +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(LuaTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X) +\family default + and +\family sans +DVI +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(LuaTeX) +\family default +, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Output-file-formats" + +\end_inset + +). + So if you are using many special or accented characters and +\family sans +Language Default +\family default + fails, you might try out one of these new engines. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Language +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +package +\family default + determines the LaTeX-package that is used for hyphenation and the translation + of strings like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Part +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The possible settings are: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Default uses the language package that is selected in +\family sans + Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Language Settings +\family default + (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Prefs-Language" + +\end_inset + +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Automatic selects the most suitable language package for the view/export + format you will use. + In many cases this will be +\series bold +babel +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! babel +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + If the newer package +\series bold +polyglossia +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! polyglossia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is more appropriate (is the case when using XeTeX and/or non-TeX fonts), + this package will be used instead of +\series bold +babel +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Always +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Babel uses +\series bold +babel +\series default + even if +\series bold +polyglossia +\series default + would be more appropriate. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Custom allows you to specify a language package command of your choice. + For example if you want to use a language-specific package like +\series bold +ngerman +\series default + (for German texts), type in +\series bold + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\backslash +usepackage{ngerman} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +None will not use a language package. + This is necessary for some document classes for scientific articles. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here is a list with the important encodings: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Language +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(no +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +inputenc) Same as +\family sans +Language Default +\family default +, but the LaTeX-package +\series bold +inputenc +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! inputenc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is not used. + When using this, you probably need to load some additional packages manually + in the preamble and specify the used encoding for text parts in foreign + languages in TeX code. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +ASCII the ASCII encoding, covers only plain English (7-bit ASCII). + LyX converts all other characters into LaTeX commands, which may result + in a big file when lots of LaTeX-commands are needed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Arabic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1256) MS Windows code page for Arabic and Farsi +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Arabic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-6) for Arabic and Farsi +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Armenian +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ArmSCII8) for Armenian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Baltic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1257) MS Windows code page for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, the same + as the ISO-8859-13 encoding +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Baltic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-13) for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, a superset of the ISO-8859-4 + encoding +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Baltic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-4) (latin 4) for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, a subset of the + ISO-8859-13 encoding +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Central +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1250) MS Windows code page for ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-2 (latin2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Central +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-2) (latin 2) covers Albanian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, + Romanian, Slovak and Slovenian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Chinese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(simplified) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(EUC-CN) for simplified Chinese, used especially on UNIX OSes, since 2001 + this encoding is officially replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030 + is not available for LaTeX you should try to use the encoding Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Chinese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(simplified) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(GBK) for simplified Chinese, is the same as the Windows code page CP 936 + except for the Euro currency sign, since 2001 this encoding is officially + replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030 is not available for LaTeX + you should try to use the encoding Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Chinese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(traditional) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(EUC-TW) for traditional Chinese +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cyrillic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1251) MS Windows code page for Cyrillic +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cyrillic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-5) covers Belorussian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian and Ukrainian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cyrillic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(KOI8-R) standard Cyrillic especially for Russian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cyrillic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(KOI8-U) Cyrillic for Ukrainian +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cyrillic +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(pt +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +154) Cyrillic for Kazakh +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Greek +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-7) for Greek +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Hebrew +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1255) MS Windows code page for Hebrew, a superset of the ISO-8859-8 encoding +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Hebrew +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-8) for Hebrew +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +CJK +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! CJK +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, when using this, set the document language to +\family sans +Japanese (CJK) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +CJK +\series default +, when using this, set the document language to +\family sans +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(non-CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +japanese +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! japanese +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, when using this, set the document language to +\family sans +Japanese +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(non-CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +japanese +\series default +, when using this, set the document language to +\family sans +Japanese +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Japanese +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(non-CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(SJIS) SJIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package +\series bold +japanese +\series default +, when using this, set the document language to +\family sans +Japanese +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Korean +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(EUC-KR) for Korean +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Southern +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-3) (latin 3) covers Esperanto, Galician, Maltese and Turkish +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +South-Eastern +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-16) (latin 10) covers Albanian, Croatian, Finnish, French, German, + Hungarian, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Polish, Romanian and Slovenian, is designed + to cover many languages and characters with diacritics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Thai +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(TIS +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +620-0) for Thai +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Turkish +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-9) (latin 5) for Turkish, is like the ISO-8859-1 encoding where the + Icelandic letters are replaced by Turkish ones +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CJK) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8) Unicode utf8 with the LaTeX-package +\series bold +CJK +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! CJK +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + (for the languages Chinese, Japanese and Korean) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(XeTeX) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8) Unicode utf8 to be used with +\family sans +XeTeX +\family default + and +\family sans +LuaTeX +\family default +, which use Unicode directly, without the help of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +inputenc +\series default +. + LyX automatically selects this encoding if you export or preview XeTeX + or LuaTeX. + Normally you do not need to set this encoding manually. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ucs-extended) +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8x) Unicode utf8 based on the LaTeX-package +\series bold +ucs +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! ucs +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + (comprehensive, including Latin, Greek, Cyrillic and CJK scripts). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Unicode +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(utf8) Unicode utf8 based on the LaTeX-package +\series bold +inputenc +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! inputenc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + Currently only a limited range of characters (mainly for Latin scripts) + is supported. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Western +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(CP +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1252) MS Windows code page for ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-1 (latin1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Western +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-1) (latin 1) covers the languages Albanian, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, + English, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Icelandic, Irish, + Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish; better use the ISO-8859-15 + encoding instead +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Western +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +European +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +(ISO +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +8859-15) (latin 9) like the ISO-8859-1 encoding, but with the Euro currency + sign, the œ-ligature and some characters used for French and Finnish +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Colors +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Color ! main text +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Color ! background +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Color ! Shaded boxes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Color ! Greyed-out notes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can alter the font color for the +\family sans +Main text +\family default + (default: black), for +\family sans +Greyed +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +out notes +\family default + (default: light grey)for the background color for the +\family sans +Page +\family default + (default: white) and for +\family sans +Shaded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +boxes +\family default + (default: red). + The button +\family sans +Reset +\family default + sets the color back to the default. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Clicking any button showing +\family sans +Default +\family default + or +\family sans +Change +\family default + opens a dialog enabling you to choose from a selection of colors or from + a color-picker or to specify a color using HSL or RGB values. + In the dialog you can add any color to the custom colors to select them + later more quickly. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The colors are not shown within LyX, only in the output. + (This Greyed +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +out note appears blue in the output.) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note, if you change the +\family sans +Main +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default + font color and use the option +\family sans +Color +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +links +\family default + in the document settings under +\family sans +PDF +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +properties +\family default +, you probably also need to change the link font color as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:PDF-Properties" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can adapt the +\family sans +Main +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default + font color and the +\family sans +Page +\family default + background for every page in your document if you use these commands as + TeX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Code after a forced page break: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +For the page color: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +pagecolor{color name} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +For the text color: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +color{color name} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You are restricted to one of +\series bold +black +\series default +, +\series bold +blue +\series default +, +\series bold +cyan +\series default +, +\series bold +green +\series default +, +\series bold +magenta +\series default +, +\series bold +red +\series default +, +\series bold +white +\series default + or +\series bold +yellow +\series default + for the +\series bold +color name +\series default + unless you have defined your own color (see the +\emph on +Colored Tables +\emph default + section of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + Manual). +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +If you have changed a text or background color, you can use the following + names to refer to them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +For the +\family sans +Page +\family default + background color: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +page_backgroundcolor +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +For the +\family sans +Main +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default + color: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +document_fontcolor +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +For the +\family sans +Shaded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +boxes +\family default + background color: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +shadecolor +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +For the +\family sans +Greyed +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +out notes +\family default + text color: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +note_fontcolor +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To see how to define and use custom colors, see section Colored +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Cells of the Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Numbering & TOC +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can adjust the +\family sans +Numbering +\family default + depth of section headings and the section depth in the +\family sans +Table of Contents +\family default + as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Numbering-depth" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Bibliography +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can specify if a citation style using the LaTeX packages +\series bold +natbib +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! natbib +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + or +\series bold +jurabib +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! jurabib +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + should be used. + You can enable a +\family sans +Sectioned bibliography +\family default + using the LaTeX package +\series bold +bibtopic +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! bibtopic +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + and you can select a +\family sans +Processor +\family default + for the generation of the bibliography. + For a further description see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Bibliography" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Indexes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can define the +\family sans +Processor +\family default + that will generate your index and you can define additional indexes (see + section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Index" + +\end_inset + + for details). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +PDF Properties +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The PDF properties are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:PDF-Properties" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Math Options +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These options will force LyX to use the LaTeX-packages +\series bold +amsmath +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! amsmath +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\series bold +esint +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! esint +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\series bold +mathdots +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! mathdots +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + und +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! mhchem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + or to use them automatically when they are needed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +amsmath is needed for many constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in formulas, + ensure that you have enabled +\family sans +AMS +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +math +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +esint is used for special integral characters, see section +\emph on +Big +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Operators +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +mathdots is used for special ellipses, see section +\emph on +Ellipses +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +mhchem is used for chemical equations, see section +\emph on +Chemical Symbols and Equations +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Float Placement +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The float placement options are described in the section +\emph on +Float +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Placement +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Listings +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The listings settings are explained in the chapter +\emph on +Program Code Listings +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Embedded +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Objects +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Bullets +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can adjust the characters used for the itemize +\family sans +Level +\family default +s, specify the +\family sans +Font +\family default + set to be used and set the +\family sans +Size +\family default + of the bullets. + The itemize environment is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Itemize" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can furthermore specify a +\family sans +Custom +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Bullet +\family default + by inserting in this field the LaTeX command of the desired character. + For example to use the € sign, you have to insert the command +\series bold + +\backslash +texteuro +\series default +. + For math symbols you additionally need to enclose the command with $ signs. + To use e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +the symbol +\begin_inset Formula $\circlearrowright$ +\end_inset + + you need to enter +\series bold +$ +\backslash +circlearrowright$ +\series default +. + To find the command for a math symbol, create a formula and hover the mouse + over the desired symbol in the math toolbar. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Some characters require to load special LaTeX-packages in the preamble + (menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +LaTeX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Preamble +\family default +). + For example for the € sign one needs to add the line +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{textcomp} +\series default + to the preamble. + For most math symbols it is sufficient to add the line +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{amssymb} +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Branches +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Branches are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Branches" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Output +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Doc-Output" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can define some output specifics for the current document: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Format: The format that is used when you enter +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +View +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Update +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +View Master Document +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Update Master Document +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in the +\family sans +View +\family default + menu or the toolbar. + The default is set in +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Handling\SpecialChar \menuseparator +File Formats +\family default +, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:File-Formats" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Synchronize +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +with +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output settings for the menu +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Forward +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +search +\family default +. + For a detailed description see section +\emph on +Reverse DVI/PDF search +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +XHTML +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options offers settings for the export format +\family sans +Ly +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +XHTML +\family default +. + +\family sans +Strict XHTML +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1.1 +\family default + will assure that the output follows exactly version +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1.1 of the XHTML standard. + The different +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +output +\family default + settings are described in detail in section +\emph on +Math Output in XHTML +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Features +\emph default + manual. + +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +image +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +scaling +\family default + is used for the size of equations in the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX Preamble +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In this text field you can enter commands to load special LaTeX-packages + or to define LaTeX-commands. + The preamble is a thing for LaTeX-experts. + You should not enter commands here until you know exactly what you are + doing. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX Preamble +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In this text field you can enter commands to load special LaTeX-packages + or to define LaTeX-commands. + The preamble is a thing for LaTeX-experts. + You should not enter commands here until you exactly know what you are + doing. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +An introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +The +\family sans +Preferences +\family default + Dialog +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "chap:The-Preferences-dialog" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Preferences +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The preferences dialog is called with the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences +\family default +. + It has the following submenus. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Look and Feel +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +User Interface +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +User Interface File +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Customization ! of toolbars +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Customization ! of menus +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The appearance of the menus and toolbars can be changed by choosing a user + interface (ui) file. + A ui-file is a text file where the toolbars and menus are listed. + The file +\emph on +default.ui +\emph default + loads three files: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +stdmenus.inc +\shape italic + +\emph on +specifies the menu entries for the standard menus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +stdcontext.inc +\shape italic +\emph on +specifies +\shape default +\emph default + the menu entries in popup context menus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +stdtoolbars.inc +\shape italic + +\emph on +specifies the toolbar buttons +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To create your own menu and toolbar layout, start with a copy of these files + and edit the entries. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The syntax of the .inc-files is straightforward: the +\family sans +Menubar +\family default +, +\family sans +Menu +\family default + and +\family sans +Toolbar +\family default + entries must be finished with an explicit +\family sans +End +\family default +. + They may contain +\family sans +Submenu +\family default +, +\family sans +Item +\family default +, +\family sans +OptItem +\family default +, +\family sans +Separator +\family default +, +\family sans +Icon, +\family default + and in the case of the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +file_lastfiles +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + menu a +\family sans +Lastfiles +\family default + entry. + The syntax for the entries is: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Item +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +menu +\series default +or +\series bold + button name +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX-function +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* +\end_inset + +All the LyX-functions are listed in the menu +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Ly +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Functions +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For example, assuming you use the menu +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Bookmarks +\family default + quite often and therefore want six available bookmarks, you can add the + line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Item +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Save Bookmark 6 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bookmark-save 6 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\begin_inset VSpace smallskip* +\end_inset + +to the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +navigate_bookmarks +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + menu in +\emph on +stdmenus.inc +\emph default + to have the sixth bookmark. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Icon +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Set +\family default + allows you to change the appearance of LyX's toolbar buttons. + The currently available icon sets are compared in +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "this image" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/uploads/LyX/NewInLyX20/themes.png" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Automatic help +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Enable tool tips in main work area +\family default + enables tool tips showing the content of closed insets like index entries + or footnotes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Session +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the option +\family sans +Restore window layouts and geometries +\family default + LyX's main window will be opened with the size and layout that was used + in the last LyX session. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Restore cursor positions +\family default + sets the cursor to the position in the file where it was at the end of + the last session. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Load opened files from last session +\family default + opens all files that were opened in the last LyX session. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The button +\family sans +Clear all session information +\family default + deletes all information from previous LyX sessions (cursor positions, names + of last opened documents, etc.). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Documents +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Backup documents" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Backup ! Documents +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Backup original documents when saving +\family default + creates a backup copy of the file in the state when it was opened or when + it was saved the last time. + It is stored in the +\family sans +Backup +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +directory +\family default + (see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Paths" + +\end_inset + +) or in the same folder as your document if no +\family sans +Backup +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +directory +\family default + is specified. + The backup file has the file extension +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +.lyx~ +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the option +\family sans +Backup documents, every +\family default +, you can specify the time between backup saves. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Save documents compressed by default +\family default + always saves files in a compressed format. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Maximum last files +\family default + is the number of last opened files that LyX should display in the menu + +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Open +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Recent +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If the option +\family sans +Open documents in tabs +\family default + is not checked, every file will be opened in its own new instance of LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Single instance +\family default + is only active if a LyXServer pipe +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +See sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Paths" + +\end_inset + + for information about LyXServer pipes. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is specified. + If it is checked, LyX documents will be opened in the same running instance + of LyX. + Otherwise a new LyX instance is created for each file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If the option +\family sans +Single close-tab button +\family default + is checked, there will only be one close button ( +\family sans + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/closetab.png + scale 75 + +\end_inset + + +\family default +) at the right side of the tab bar to close tabs. + Otherwise every document tab has its own close button. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + For the last option you have to restart LyX before the change takes effect. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Screen Fonts +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Font ! Screen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Screen-Fonts" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +These fonts are used to display your documents within LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + This section only deals with the fonts +\emph on +inside +\emph default + the LyX window. + The fonts that appear in the output are independent of these fonts, and + set in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Fonts +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By default, LyX uses +\family typewriter +Times +\family default + as its +\family sans +Roman +\family default + (serif) font, +\family typewriter +Arial +\family default + or +\family typewriter +Helvetica +\family default + (depends on the system) as its +\family sans +Sans +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Serif +\family default + font and +\family typewriter +Courier +\family default + as its +\family typewriter +Typewriter +\family default + font. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can change the font size with the +\family sans +Zoom +\family default + setting. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Font Sizes +\family default + are calculated as letter height in units of points. + 72.27 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +points have the size of 1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +inch, see Appendix +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "chap:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + +. + The default font sizes are the same as if a document font size of 10 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt were used. + The sizes are explained in detail in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Document-Font" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +With the option +\family sans +Use pixmap cache to speed up font rendering +\family default + enabled, LyX needs to redraw the screen less often. + This results in better performance, especially on slow systems. + On the other hand, the characters might look more fuzzy on screen. + So whether you enable this or not depends on whether you prefer speed over + aesthetics. + Note that the Pixmap Cache is only available and useful under Mac +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +OS and Windows. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Colors +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Color ! LyX screen +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Color +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can change the screen colors used by LyX by choosing an item in + the list and selecting the +\family sans +Alter +\family default + button. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +By checking the option +\family sans +Use system colors +\family default + the color scheme of your OS or window manager is used. + The colors +\family sans +cursor, selection, table line, text, URL +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +label and URL +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default + are then not customizable and thus not listed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Display +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Display +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can specify if graphics are displayed inside LyX. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Instant Preview +\family default + enables previewing snippets of your document. + This feature is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Checking the option +\family sans +Mark +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +end +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +of +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +paragraphs +\family default + displays a pilcrow (¶) at the end of every paragraph. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Editing +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Editing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Control +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Editing +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Cursor follows scrollbar +\family default + sets the cursor to the top of the currently displayed document part when + scrolling. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can adjust the width of the cursor. + If you set the value to zero, the thickness of the cursor scales relative + to the zoom value you choose for the screen fonts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Scroll below end of document +\family default + is self-explanatory. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In LyX one can jump from word to word by pressing +\family sans +Ctrl+arrow key +\family default +. + With the option +\family sans + Use Mac-style for cursor moving between words +\family default + the cursor jumps from the end of a word to the end of the next word. + Normally it jumps from the beginning to the beginning. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Sort environments alphabetically +\family default + sorts the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The option +\family sans +Group environments by their category +\family default + groups the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The +\family sans +Edit math macros +\family default + options determine the editing style for math macros, see the section +\emph on +Math Macros +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Math +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Fullscreen +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can specify what is hidden in the fullscreen mode. + With the option +\family sans +Limit text width +\family default + you can specify the width of the text in fullscreen mode. + This way you can display the text smaller than the screen; the text then + appears centered. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Shortcuts +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Key Bindings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Shortcuts +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family sans +Bind File +\family default + specifies the file to be used to bind a LyX-function to a key. + Several binding files are available, among them: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +cua.bind a typical set of PC keyboard shortcuts +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +(x)emacs.bind a set of bindings similar to those used in the editor programs + +\family sans +Emacs +\family default + ( +\family sans +XEmacs +\family default +) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +mac.bind a set of bindings for +\family sans +Mac +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +OS +\family default + systems. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are also binding files designed for special document classes, like + +\shape italic +broadway.bind +\shape default +, and binding files for special languages. + The names of language binding files begin with a language code, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +pt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + for Portuguese. + If you use LyX in a certain language, LyX will try to use the appropriate + binding file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some binding files, like +\shape italic +math.bind +\shape default +, only have a limited scope. + When looking at the end of the file +\shape italic +cua.bind +\shape default +, you can see that they are included to keep the overview in the bind-file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The field +\family sans +Show +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +key-bindings +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +containing +\family default + allows you to search for the shortcut provided for a particular function + in the selected key binding file. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Editing Shortcuts +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Editing-Shortcuts" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Key Bindings ! Editing +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To add new or modify existing keybindings to your own taste you can use + the table in the dialog that lists all LyX-functions and the bound shortcuts. + To find functions easily, they are grouped by categories and the dialog + provides the field +\family sans +Show key-bindings containing +\family default +. + In this field you can insert a keyword for a function you want to edit. + Insert there for example as keyword +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +paste +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and you get the four different existing shortcuts for the three different + functions that contain +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +paste +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + in their name. + As you can see, one function can have more than one shortcut. + All LyX-functions are also listed in the file +\family sans +LyX Functions +\family default + that you will find in the +\family sans +Help +\family default + menu. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For example, to add the shortcut +\family sans +Alt+Q +\family default + for the function +\family sans +textstyle-apply +\family default +, select the function and press the +\family sans +Modify +\family default + button. + A dialog pops up where you can add the shortcut by using it. + So press Alt+Q to define the shortcut. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Modifying an existing shortcut is done the same way. + You can also bind multiple functions to one shortcut by starting the LyX + Function definition with “command alternatives” and following it with the + different function names as a semicolon separated list. + LyX will then use the first function that is enabled in the current document + part. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you don't like a particular shortcut, you can remove it. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Alternatively you can also edit shortcuts by modifying binding files with + a text editor. + The syntax of the entries is: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +bind +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +key combination +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +LyX-function +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Keyboard/Mouse +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Keyboard-Map" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Keyboard Map +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Keyboard Map +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Normally keyboard settings are made in a menu of your operating system. + For the case thatWhere this is not possible, LyX provides keyboard maps. + If, for example, you have a Czech keyboard but want to use it as if it + is a Romanian one, you can enable +\family sans +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +keyboard +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +map +\family default + and select the keyboard map file named +\shape italic +romanian.kmap +\shape default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can specify a +\family sans +First +\family default + and a +\family sans +Second +\family default + keyboard map and, if you use the +\emph on +cua +\emph default + bindings, you can select the first and second with +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "keymap-primary" +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "keymap-secondary" +\end_inset + + respectively or toggle between them with +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "keymap-toggle" +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Keyboard maps can only provide a makeshift solution and don't work on all + systems. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also specify the mouse +\family sans +Wheel scrolling speed +\family default +. + The standard value is 1.0; higher values speed up the scrolling, lower ones + slow it down. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you +\family sans +Enable +\family default + +\family sans +Scroll +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +wheel +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +zoom, +\family default + you can select a key for zooming. + When this key is pressed and the mouse wheel is rotated, the text is zoomed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Input Completion +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Input completion is described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Input-Completion" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Paths +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Paths" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paths +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Paths +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The paths to the various resources used by LyX are normally determined during + the installation. + But there may be reasons why you might want to modify them. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Working +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +directory This is LyX's working directory. + It is the default when you +\family sans +Open +\family default +, +\family sans +Save +\family default + or +\family sans +Save +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +As +\family default + files. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Document +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +templates This directory will be opened when you use the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +New +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +from +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Template +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Example +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +files This directory will be opened when you use the button +\family sans +Examples +\family default + in the +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Open +\family default + dialog. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + The +\family sans +Examples +\family default + button does not exist when using LyX on Mac OS and Windows systems. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Backup +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +directory +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Backup ! Directory +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + Backup copies will be saved to this directory. + If no directory is given but backups are enabled as described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Backup documents" + +\end_inset + +, the +\family sans +Working directory +\family default + will be used to save the backups. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Backup files have the ending +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +.lyx~ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Ly +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +XServer +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +pipe Here you can enter the name of a so-called UNIX-pipe. + This pipe is used to send data from external programs to LyX. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +Example: +\series default + You add a BibTeX-database +\emph on +test.bib +\emph default + to your document. + You can edit this file with the program +\family typewriter +JabRef +\family default +. + In +\family typewriter +JabRef +\family default + you have to use the same Unix-Pipe for LyX in its preferences under +\family sans +External +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +programs +\family default +. + If you want to get one entry of the database as citation, select it in + +\family typewriter +JabRef +\family default + and click on the LyX-symbol. + The entry will now be inserted as a citation at the current cursor position + in your LyX file. + Of course, +\family typewriter +JabRef +\family default + and LyX need to be running the same time. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The pipe is also used for the +\family sans +Single instance +\family default + feature, see sec. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Backup documents" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +To use the LyXServer-Pipe on Windows, you must use this pipe name: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash + +\backslash +. +\backslash +pipe +\backslash +lyxpipe +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Temporary +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +directory Temporary files will be saved in this directory. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Thesaurus +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +dictionary Directory where the thesaurus dictionaries are located. + You only need to specify it if the thesaurus does not work or if you want + to use custom/alternative dictionaries. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Hunspell +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +dictionary Directory where the dictionaries of the spell checker program + +\family typewriter +Hunspell +\family default + are located. + You only need to specify it if you are using +\family typewriter +Hunspell +\family default + and spell checking does not work or if you want to use custom/alternative + dictionaries. + For LyX on Windows +\family typewriter +Hunspell +\family default + is the only available spell checker and should work without specifying + a directory. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +PATH +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +prefix This field contains a list of paths to external programs. + When LyX needs to use an external program, it looks in this list to see + where to find it on the system. + The path list is automatically set up on Windows and Mac systems when LyX + is configured; so you normally don't have to modify it. + On Unix +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +Linux systems, the path list will need to be set only if there are external + programs you wish to use that are not in your normal system path ($PATH). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +TEXINPUTS +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +prefix The TEXINPUTS environment variable allows you to use external files + which are included in a LyX document via commands in TeX code or in the + document preamble. + This prefix includes by default the document directory (represented by + a single dot '.'). + The prefix can contain any list of paths separated by the default separator + of the OS (':' on UNIX like systems and ';' on Windows). + If files are included, the paths listed in the TEXINPUTS prefix will be + scanned for the input files. + Note that any non-absolute path listed in the TEXINPUTS prefix is considered + to be relative to the directory of your LyX file. + It is recommended that you always include ‘.' as one of the paths; otherwise + compilation may fail for some documents. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Identity +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can insert your +\family sans +Name +\family default + and +\family sans +E-mail +\family default + address. + These will be used when you have enabled change tracking, as described + in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Change-Tracking" + +\end_inset + +, to mark changes you make as yours. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Language Settings +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Language ! Settings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Language +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Language +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Prefs-Language" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +User +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +interface +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +language Here you can select the language for LyX's menus. + You can find its actual translation status here: +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "http://www.lyx.org/I18n" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Language +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +package determines which LaTeX package should be loaded to handle language + issues. + Language issues that are handled by this package include proper hyphenation + as well as localization of dates and text strings such as +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Chapter +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Table +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The most widespread language package is +\series bold +babel +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! babel +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +; it is the default language package in classic LaTeX. + More recent typesetting engines such as XeTeX and LuaTeX come with the + alternative language package +\series bold +polyglossia +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! polyglossia +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + that is more suited to the multi-script support of these engines. + Furthermore, there are also specific language packages for languages not + covered by +\series bold +babel +\series default +. + The available selections are described in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Language-encodings" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +start If a special LaTeX-package is needed to write in a certain document + language, you can here specify the command to start the package. + An example is the start command +\family sans + +\backslash +begin{arabtext} +\family default + that is needed to write Arabic using the package +\series bold +ArabTeX +\series default +, see +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Arabic" + +\end_inset + +. + The default is the +\series bold +babel +\series default + command +\family sans + +\backslash +selectlanguage{$$lang} +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +end Counterpart to +\family sans +Command start +\family default +. + Some packages, like the default, don't have an end command since the start + command toggles the package on and off. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Decimal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Point Define the default decimal point for use in tables (decimal point + alignment). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Set +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +languages +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +globally When this option is set, the languages used in the document will + be added as options to the document class options, so that they can be + used by all LaTeX-packages. + Otherwise they will only be used as options for the +\series bold +babel +\series default + package. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Auto +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +begin When this option is set, documents start with the chosen document + language. + When this option is not set, the +\family sans +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +start +\family default + is explicitly set to the beginning of the document in the LaTeX-output. + This assures that the correct language is used when you use another +\family sans +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +start +\family default + than the default. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Auto +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +end Counterpart to +\family sans +Auto +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +begin +\family default +. + When it is not set, the +\family sans +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +end +\family default + is set to the end of the document. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Mark +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +foreign +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +languages Text marked formatted in a language different from the document + language will be underlined in blue. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Enable +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +RTL +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +support Enables the use of languages, written from right to left (RTL), + like Arabic, Hebrew or Farsi. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Cursor +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +movement When writing RTL, you can define if the left and right arrow keys + move the cursor visually to the left or right, respectively, or logically. + Logical means that the cursor is moved to the left when pressing the right + arrow key and the cursor is inside text in an RTL language. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Spellchecker +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The spellchecker settings are explained in section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Spellchecking" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Outputs +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +General +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +line +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +length sets the maximum number of characters printed in one line when using + the menu +\family sans +File\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Plain +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +text +\family default +. + Setting the line length to 0 means all text is printed in one endless line. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Date +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +format +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Date Format +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Date format +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The date format can be one or a mixture of the formats listed here: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?date +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +For example the format +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +%d/%m/%y +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +prints the date as day/month/year. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Overwrite +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +on +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +export Setting what LyX is allowed to overwrite on export. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Forward +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +search Commands that will be used for the menu +\family sans +Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Forward +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +search +\family default +. + For a detailed description see section +\emph on +Reverse DVI/PDF search +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Printer +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Printer" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Printer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Printer +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +printer Here you can specify the name of your +\family sans +Default printer +\family default +. + The name will be used when the +\family sans +Printer command +\family default + is executed. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + You can leave this field empty on Windows systems because it has no effect. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Printer +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +command is the command LyX +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +LaTeX uses for printing. + The default is +\family sans +dvips +\family default + on most systems. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Printer +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Command +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options Here you can specify printer options. + A list of printer options with explanations can be found in the documentation + of the program that provides the +\family sans +Printer command +\family default + you are using. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Adapt +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +output +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +to +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +printer This option works only for the +\family sans +Printer command +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +dvips +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + It activates a configuration file for dvips. + This is an option only for dvips experts. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +LaT +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +eX +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:LaTeX-settings" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! LaTeX +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +LaTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +font +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +encoding This is the default encoding of the document font. + +\family sans +T1 +\family default + is the default and covers western languages and symbols. + +\family sans +T2A +\family default +, +\family sans +T2B +\family default +, +\family sans +T2C +\family default +, +\family sans +LCY +\family default + and +\family sans +X2 +\family default + are used for Cyrillic. + Combinations of the encodings are possible, like +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family sans +T1, T2B +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The font encoding is normally automatically loaded by the language packages + LyX sets up in the background. + So there is no need to change the default encoding. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Default +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +paper +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +size This is the paper size that is used for new documents. + The +\family sans +Default +\family default + value depends on your LaTeX-system setup. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +DVI +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +viewer +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +paper +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +size +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +options They only have an effect when the program +\family sans +xdvi +\family default + is used as DVI-viewer, read its manual to find out more. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you can also specify options and commands with parameters for processors. + But before you change something, it is strongly recommended to read the + manuals of the applications. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Bibliography +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +generation Settings for the generation of the bibliography, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Bibliography-databases" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Index +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +generation Settings for the generation of the index, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Index-Program" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Nomenclature +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +command Command for the program that generates the nomenclature, see section +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Nomenclature-Program" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +CheckTe +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +X +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +command Command for the program +\family sans +CheckTeX +\family default + that is described in the section +\emph on +Checking TeX +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Additional Features +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are additionally the following options: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Use +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Windows-style +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +paths +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +in +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +LaTeX +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +files Uses paths in the notation of Windows, that means that +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\backslash + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is used instead of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to separate folders. + This option is enabled by default when you use LyX on Windows. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Paths +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Settings ! Paths +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Reset +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +class +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +options +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +when +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +document +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +class +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +changes Removes all manually set +\family sans +Class options +\family default + in the +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Class +\family default + dialog when changing the document class. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +File +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Handling +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File handling +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Converters +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Converters" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Converters +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you find the list of defined converter commands to convert material + from one format to another. + You can modify converters or create new ones. + To modify a converter, select it, change the entry of the +\family sans +Converter +\family default + and/or +\family sans +Extra +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +flag +\family default + field and press the +\family sans +Modify +\family default + button. + To create a new converter, select an existing one, select a different format + in the +\family sans +To +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +format +\family default + drop-down list, modify the +\family sans +Converter +\family default + field and press the +\family sans +Add +\family default + button. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If the +\family sans +Converter File Cache +\family default + is +\family sans +Enabled +\family default +, conversions will be cached as long as specified in the field +\family sans +Maximum Age (in days +\family default +). + This means that images don't need to be converted again when you reopen + a document; the converted images from the cache will be used instead. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +More about converters, like the flags that can be used in the converter + definition, is described in the section +\emph on +Converters +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +File Formats +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:File-Formats" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +File formats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Copiers +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here you find the list of defined file formats that LyX can handle. + You can modify the +\family sans +Editor +\family default + and +\family sans +Viewer +\family default + programs that should be used for certain formats. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also define the +\family sans +Default output format +\family default + that is used when you use +\family sans +View, Update, View Master Document +\family default + or +\family sans +Update Master Document +\family default + in the +\family sans +View +\family default + menu or the toolbar. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +More about formats and their options is described in the section +\emph on +Formats +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Since all conversions from one format to another take place in LyX's temporary + directory, it is sometimes necessary to modify a file before copying it + to the temporary directory so that the conversion may be performed. + This is done by specifying a +\family sans +Copier +\family default +. + More about this is described in the section +\emph on +Copiers +\emph default + of the +\emph on +Customization +\emph default + manual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Units available in LyX +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Units +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "chap:Units-available-in" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:Units" + +\end_inset + + explains all the units available in LyX and used in this documentation. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +placement h +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "tab:Units" + +\end_inset + +Units +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +unit +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +name/description +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +millimeter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +cm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +centimeter +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +in +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +inch +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +pt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +point (72.27 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt = 1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +in) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +pc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +pica (1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pc = 12 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +sp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +scaled point (65536 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +sp = 1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +bp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +big point (72 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +bp = 1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +in) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +dd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +didot (72 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +dd +\begin_inset Formula $\approx$ +\end_inset + + 37.6 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +mm) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +cc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +cicero (1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +cc = 12 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +dd) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Scale% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of original image width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +text% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of text width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +col% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of column width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +page% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of paper width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +line% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of line width +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +theight% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of text height +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +pheight% +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of paper height +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +ex +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +height of letter +\emph on +x +\emph default + in current font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +em +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +width of letter +\emph on +M +\emph default + in current font +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mu +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +math unit (1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +mu = 1/18 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +em) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter +Credits +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "chap:Credits" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people + (and we would encourage people to contribute!). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Alejandro Aguilar Sierra +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Amir Karger +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +David Johnson +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Hartmut Haase +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Ignacio García +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Ivan Schreter +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +John Raithel +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +John Weiss +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Lars Gullik Bjønnes +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Matthias Ettrich +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Matthias Zenker +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Rich Fields +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Pascal André +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Paul Evans +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Paul Russel +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Robin Socha +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\noun on +Uwe Stöhr +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The LyX Team: +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "lyxcredit" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + +The bibliography on the following page was created with the +\family sans +Bibliography +\family default + environment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +label "Credits" +key "lyxcredit" + +\end_inset + +The LyX Team: +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Credits" +target "http://www.lyx.org/Credits" + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.lyx.org/Credits +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "latexcompanion" + +\end_inset + +Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens: +\emph on +The LaTeX Companion Second Edition. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, 2004 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "latexguide" + +\end_inset + +Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. + Daly: +\emph on +A Guide to LaTeX Fourth Edition. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, 2003 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "latexbook" + +\end_inset + +Leslie Lamport: +\emph on +LaTeX: A Document Preparation System. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "texbook" + +\end_inset + +Donald E. + Knuth. + +\emph on +The TeXbook. + +\emph default + Addison-Wesley, 1984 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "TeXCatalogue" + +\end_inset + +The TeX Catalogue: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://mirrors.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/bytopic.html +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "LaTeXFAQ" + +\end_inset + +The LaTeX FAQ: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "BibTeX" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the program +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "BibTeX-2" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf" + +\end_inset + + how to use the program +\family sans +BibTeX +\family default +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "makeindex" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex/doc/makeindex.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the program +\family sans +makeindex +\family default +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://mirrors.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex/doc/makeindex.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "xindy" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html" + +\end_inset + + of the program +\family sans +xindy +\family default +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "AMS" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ams.org/publications/authors/tex/amslatex" + +\end_inset + + of the AMS LaTeX-packages: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.ams.org/publications/authors/tex/amslatex +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "caption" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption-eng.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +caption +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! caption +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption-eng.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "enumitem" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/enumitem.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +enumitem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! enumitem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/enumitem.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "fancyhdr" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +fancyhdr +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "hyperref" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/pkg/hyperref" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +hyperref +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! hyperref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.ctan.org/pkg/hyperref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "nomencl" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +nomencl +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! nomencl +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "prettyref" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/prettyref/prettyref.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +prettyref +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! prettyref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/prettyref/prettyref.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "refstyle" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/refstyle/refstyle.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +refstyle +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-packages ! refstyle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/refstyle/refstyle.pdf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Arabic" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Arabic: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Armenian" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Armenian: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Cyrillic" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Cyrillic" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Cyrillic languages: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Cyrillic +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Farsi" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Farsi: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Hebrew" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Hebrew: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Japanese" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Japanese: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Latvian" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Latvian" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Latvian: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Latvian +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Lithuanian" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Lithuanian" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Lithuanian: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Lithuanian +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Mongolian" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Mongolian" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Mongolian: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Mongolian +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Vietnamese" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Vietnamese" + +\end_inset + + how to set up LyX for Vietnamese: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Vietnamese +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "NewInLyX20" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Wiki-page" +target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/NewInLyX20" + +\end_inset + + about new features in +\family sans +LyX 2.0 +\family default +: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Flex URL +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/NewInLyX20 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +let +\backslash +mybibname +\backslash +bibname +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +bibname}{ +\backslash +mybibname +\backslash +; 2} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The command +\series bold + +\backslash +bibname +\series default + is the name of the bibliography in the current document language. + It is redefined here with the number 2 at the end to state that the following + bibliography is the second one: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex +LatexCommand bibtex +bibfiles "biblio/LyXDocs" +options "biblio/alphadin" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The above bibliography is created from a BibTeX-database. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset CommandInset nomencl_print +LatexCommand printnomenclature +set_width "auto" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset index_print +LatexCommand printindex +type "idx" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_body +\end_document