X-Git-Url: https://git.lyx.org/gitweb/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=lib%2Fdoc%2FUserGuide.lyx;h=1b7862efbc1025c568412faada11d83c712b7b62;hb=915002ed42042586c21ce068a2621cc2d22cd0f9;hp=4e93b23e204b56686278469b5ae4a6b016761945;hpb=d6c3b7fa730100a244342149ebdaaa7ce9e128a2;p=lyx.git
diff --git a/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx b/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx
index 4e93b23e20..1b7862efbc 100644
--- a/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx
+++ b/lib/doc/UserGuide.lyx
@@ -1,46240 +1,46428 @@
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-The LyX User's Guide
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-by the LyX Team
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-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Things like notes, floats, etc.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-(the so called
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-insets
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-) can be dissolved.
- This means that the inset is deleted and its content is left as normal
- text.
- Dissolving an inset is done by setting the cursor to the beginning of an
- inset and pressing
-\family sans
-Backspace
-\family default
- or by setting the cursor to the end and pressing
-\family sans
-Delete
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The content of an inset is selected using the shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "inset-select-all"
-\end_inset
-
-, the shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "command-sequence buffer-begin ; buffer-end-select"
-\end_inset
-
- selects the whole document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Undo and Redo
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Redo
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Undo
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Undo-and-Redo"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
- LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer.
- Select
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Undo
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "undo"
-\end_inset
-
- to undo some mistake.
- If you accidentally undo too much, use
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Redo
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "redo"
-\end_inset
-
- to
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-undo the undo.
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-steps to minimize memory overhead.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Note that if you revert back all changes to arrive at the document as it
- was last saved, the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-changed
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
- This is a consequence of the 100
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-step undo limit mentioned above.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\family sans
-Undo
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Redo
-\family default
- work on almost everything in LyX.
- But they will not undo or redo text character by character, but by blocks
- of text.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Mouse Operations
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Mouse Operations
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-These are the most basic mouse operations.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Motion
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Click the
-\emph on
-left mouse button
-\emph default
- once anywhere in the edit window.
- The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Selecting Text
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Hold down the
-\emph on
-left mouse button
-\emph default
- and drag the mouse.
- LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions.
- Use
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Copy
-\family default
- to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer (and the clipboard).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Paste
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Insets (Footnotes, Notes, Floats, etc.)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-Right-click on them to set their properties.
- Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Section
-Navigating
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Navigating"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Navigating
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX offers you several ways to navigate in documents:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-The
-\family sans
-Navigate
-\family default
- menu lists all sections of the document as submenu entries that you can
- click to jump to the corresponding document part.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-The âOutlineâ, which is accessed either by the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Outline
-\family default
- or by the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-toggle toc"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-You can set bookmarks in your document under
-\family sans
-Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Bookmarks
-\family default
- and use the same menu to return to them.
- Note that bookmarks are saved between sessions.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "bookmark-goto 0"
-\end_inset
-
- (also
-\family sans
-Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Bookmarks\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Navigate
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Back
-\family default
-) jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something.
- This is useful when you have a large document and have navigated or scrolled
- to another document part to look for something, and want to go back to
- your last editing position.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-By pressing the
-\family sans
-F5
-\family default
- key the cursor will be vertically centered in LyX's main window.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-The Outliner
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:The-Outliner"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the pull-down box at the top of the outline window, you can choose between
- several different lists, including other TOC-like objects, such as lists
- of tables and figures, but also lists of footnotes, or labels and cross-referen
-ces (see sec.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Cross-References"
-
-\end_inset
-
-), or notes, or citations (see sec.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Bibliography"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- Clicking on any of these will take you to the corresponding object in your
- document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Right-clicking on elements in the Outline opens in many cases a context
- menu that will allow for direct modification of those elements.
- For example, with citations, the context menu allows you to open the citation
- dialog and to modify the citation.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The âFilterâ field at the top allows you to restrict which entries appear
- in the Outline.
- For example, if you are displaying the list of Labels and References and
- wish to see only references to subsections, you can enter the text
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-sub:
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in the filter, and only entries containing that text will be displayed.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-At the bottom of the outline are several buttons and the like that allow
- you further to control the display.
- The
-\family sans
-Sort
-\family default
- option sorts the current list alphabetically.
- Otherwise, the elements appear in the order in which they occur in the
- document.
- The
-\family sans
-Keep
-\family default
- option keeps it in the current view state.
- Keeping means that when you have, for example, the subsections of sections
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-2 and 4 displayed and click on section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-3, the subsections of sections
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-2 and 4 will still be displayed.
- Without the
-\family sans
-Keep
-\family default
- option they will be hidden to highlight the clicked section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-3.
- Finally, the slider at the left can be used to open the Outline to a given
-
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-depth
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- It is best just to experiment with it to see how it works.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/reload.png
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-button refreshes the TOC (though this should not usually be necessary).
- Next to it are buttons that allow you to change the position of sections
- in your document.
- The
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/down.png
- scale 85
- groupId toolbarbuttons
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/up.png
- scale 85
- groupId toolbarbuttons
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
- buttons move sections up and down in the document.
- So, for example, you can move section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-2.5 before section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-2.4 or after section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-2.6.
- LyX will then automatically renumber the sections to the new order.
- With the buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/promote.png
- scale 85
- groupId toolbarbuttons
-
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/demote.png
- scale 85
- groupId toolbarbuttons
-
-\end_inset
-
- (or the corresponding key bindings
-\family sans
-Tab
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Shift-Tab
-\family default
-) you can change the level of sections.
- So you can for example make section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-2.5 chapter
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-3 or subsection
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-2.4.1.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Input/Word Completion
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Input-Completion"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Input completion
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Word completion|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Input completion
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX provides completion of words by scanning all documents that are currently
- opened.
- Every word that appears in these documents is added to a database that
- is used to propose completions.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Input completion can be activated in the LyX preferences (menu
-\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Preferences
-\family default
-) in the section
-\family sans
-Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Input Completion
-\family default
-.
- With the option
-\family sans
-Automatic
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-inline
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-completion
-\family default
- the proposed completion is shown directly after the cursor.
- With the option
-\family sans
-Automatic
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-popup
-\family default
- the completions are always shown in a popup.
- The cursor completion indicator can be turned off by deselecting the option
-
-\family sans
-Cursor
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-indicator
-\family default
-.
- With the general options you can define the delay time for the inline and
- popup completion and choose if long completions should be abbreviated.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX displays a small triangle after the cursor as an indicator that there
- are completions available.
- Press the
-\family sans
-Tab
-\family default
- key to accept a proposed completion.
- If several completions are possible, a popup is opened showing them.
- You can select a completion in the popup using the mouse or the arrow keys,
- and accept the chosen completion by pressing
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The completion options for math in the preferences do the same as the correspond
-ing options for text.
- The special math option
-\family sans
-Autocorrection
-\family default
- enables characters to be composed.
- If, for example, you want to insert the character
-\begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$
-\end_inset
-
-, you can then input the characters
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-=>
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to a formula to get it.
- So this is a quick alternative to the insertion of commands or the use
- of the math toolbar.
- A list with supported character combinations can be found in the file
-\family typewriter
-autocorrect
-\family default
- that is in LyX's installation folder.
- Math autocorrection can at any time be turned on by pressing the exclamation
- mark key â!â.
- Pressing
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- turns it off.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Basic Key Bindings
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Key Bindings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bindings|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Key Bindings
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Shortcuts|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Key Bindings
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are at least two different primary binding maps:
-\family typewriter
-cua
-\family default
- and
-\family typewriter
-emacs
-\family default
-.
- LyX's default is
-\family typewriter
-cua
-\family default
-, which can be changed in the LyX preferences under
-\family sans
-Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Shortcuts
-\family default
-.
- (You can list or change any key bindings as explained in sec.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Editing-Shortcuts"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Some keys, like
-\family sans
-Page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Up
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Down
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Left
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Right
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Up
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Down
-\family default
-, do exactly what you expect them to do.
- Other keys don't:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Tab
-\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
-LatexCommand nomenclature
-symbol "Tab"
-description "Tabulator key"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX.
- If you do not understand this, go read sections
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Par-indent-intro"
-
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, especially section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Lists"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, right now.
- Yes, right now.
- If you are still confused, look in the
-\emph on
-Tutorial
-\emph default
-.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-In LyX the
-\family sans
-Tab
-\family default
- key is only used to accept proposed input completions, to move the cursor
- in tables or math matrices or to change the nesting level in Itemize or
- Enumerate.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Esc
-\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
-LatexCommand nomenclature
-symbol "Esc"
-description "Escape key"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-cancel key.
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- It is used, generically, to cancel operations.
- Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Home
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-and
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-End
-\family default
- These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line,
- unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning
- or end of the file.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are three modifier keys:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Control
-\family default
- (Denoted by
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-Ctrl
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
-LatexCommand nomenclature
-symbol "Ctrl"
-description "Control key"
-
-\end_inset
-
- in the documentation files) This has a couple of different uses, depending
- on which keys it is used in combination with:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Backspace
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-Delete
-\family default
-, it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Left
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Right
-\family default
-, it moves by words instead of characters.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Home
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-End
-\family default
-, it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Shift
-\family default
- (Denoted by
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-Shift
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
-LatexCommand nomenclature
-symbol "Shift"
-description "Shift key"
-
-\end_inset
-
- in the documentation files) Use this with any of the arrow keys to select
- the text between the old and new cursor positions.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Alt
-\family default
- (Denoted by
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-Alt
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
-LatexCommand nomenclature
-symbol "Alt"
-description "Alt or Meta key"
-
-\end_inset
-
- in the documentation files) This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless
- your keyboard has a distinct Meta key.
- If you have both keys, you will need to try out which one actually performs
- the
-\family sans
-Alt+
-\family default
- function.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-This key does many different things, but it also activates the
-\emph on
-menu accelerator keys
-\emph default
-.
- If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
- menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-For example, the sequence
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-Alt
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-e
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-s
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-c
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- brings up the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Text Style
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- dialog.
- Typing
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-Alt
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-f
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- opens the
-\family sans
-File
-\family default
- menu.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\emph on
-Shortcuts
-\emph default
- manual lists all other things bound to the
-\family sans
-Alt
-\family default
- key.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-You will learn more and more key bindings and short-cut keys as you use
- LyX, because most actions will prompt a small message in the status bar
- at the bottom of LyX's main window which describes the name of the action
- you have just triggered, and any existing key bindings for that action.
- The LyX menus also list the defined key bindings.
- The notation for the key bindings is very similar to the notation used
- in this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding
- it.
- However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-Alt+P Shift+A
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- means
-\family sans
-Alt+P
-\family default
- followed by a capital
-\family sans
-A
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Chapter
-LyX Basics
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LyX ! Basics
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Document Types
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Types
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Introduction
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
- need to decide what type of document you want to edit.
- Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
- numbering schemes, and so on.
- Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
- and format the title of your document differently.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A
-\emph on
-document class
-\emph default
- describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
- By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties,
- making it easier to create the type of document you want.
- If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
- So it is up to you to change the class of your document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Document Classes
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Classes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Document-Classes"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can select a class using the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Document Class
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- dialog.
- Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
- you may need.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Overview
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are four standard document classes in LyX.
- They are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Article for basic articles
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Report for basic reports
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Book for writing a book
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Letter for US-style letters
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
- installed the corresponding LaTeX class files, though most LaTeX distributions
- will include many of these.
- Here are some of the classes.
- The full list with detailed explanations can be found in chapter
-\emph on
-Special Document Classes
-\emph default
- in the
-\emph on
-Additional Features
-\emph default
- manual:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-ACS For submissions to the journals published by the American Chemistry
- Society
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-AGU For submissions to the journals published by the American Geophysical
- Union
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American
- Mathematical Society (AMS).
- There are three article layouts available.
- The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that
- prepends the section number to the number of the result.
- All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
- together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
- The
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-sequential numbering
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
- them throughout the article in a single sequence.
- Each type of result gets its own sequence.
- There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Beamer Layout for presentations
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Broadway Layout for writing plays.
- It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one that is distributed
- with LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Chess Layout to write about chess games
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Curriculum
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-vitae classes to create curriculum vitae
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Elsarticle Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Foils Used to make transparencies
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry.
- It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one that is distributed
- with LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical
- and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-KOMA-Script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features
- like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc.
- (Is used by this document.)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Memoir another replacement for the standard classes
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Powerdot Layout for presentations
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-REVTe
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
- Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
- of America (OSA).
- This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Slides Used to make transparencies
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-SPIE
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society
- for Optical Engineering (SPIE)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We will not go into detail about how to use these different document classes
- here.
- You can find details about the non-standard classes in Chapter 6 of the
-
-\emph on
-Additional Features
-\emph default
- manual.
- Here, we will settle for a list of some of the common properties of all
- of the document classes.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Availability
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You will probably find that many of the document classes listed under
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Document Class
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
-are marked as
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Unavailable
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- If you open a document that uses such a class, you will receive a warning
- saying that there are files that are required to produce output that are
- not installed.
- So it may seem that something is wrong.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Nothing is wrong.
- LyX includes many more document classes than you will ever need to use,
- and some of them, like
-\family sans
-IOP
-\family default
-, are highly specialized.
- LyX tries to support as many different types of documents as possible,
- and it includes almost one hundred different layout files, with a growing
- number.
- No LaTeX distribution will install by default all files that might be needed
- by some document class.
- There are just too many of them.
- That is why some of the document classes are unavailable.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If there is a document class you would like to use that is marked as
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-Unavailable
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, you just need to install the appropriate package files.
- The easiest way to find out which files you need to install is to use that
- document class for a new file.
- LyX will display a dialog that will list the missing files.
- See section
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Installing new LaTeX files
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in of the
-\emph on
-Customization
-\emph default
- manual for information on how to install them.
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Although LyX provides support for many different sorts of documents, it
- does not include support for every document class people might want to
- use.
- For example, many universities provide LaTeX class files to be used for
- dissertations submitted to those universities.
- The LyX team cannot write layout files to support every one of these.
- There are too many.
- Fortunately, users can write their own layout files, and many users have
- done so.
- Chapter
-\emph on
-Installing New Document Classes, Layouts, and Templates
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Customization
-\emph default
- manual contains information on how to create layout files.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Modules
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Modules"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Modules
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Modules load additional features that are not by default available in the
- chosen document class.
- For example you might want to write Braille (embossed printing) in a document.
- This is not available in any document class, so you have to load the correspond
-ing module in the
-\family sans
-Modules
-\family default
- section of the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- dialog.
- Highlighting a module in the dialog will bring up a description of what
- it does.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Some modules require LaTeX packages or file format converters that are not
- always installed by default.
- LyX will warn you if you do not have a required package or converter, and
- it will tell you what exactly you are missing.
- You can still use the module while editing your file, but you will not
- be able to export to PDF or print your document, since LyX will not be
- able to compile the LaTeX file without the missing prerequisites.
- If you want to be able to produce this kind of output, then you need to
- install the missing prerequisites and then reconfigure LyX by selecting
-
-\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Reconfigure
-\family default
-.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Reconfiguration of LyX
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- See section
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Installing new LaTeX files
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- of the
-\emph on
-Customization
-\emph default
- manual for more information on installing required packages.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Some modules require other modules, and some pairs of modules are incompatible.
- LyX will advise you about these things.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Local Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Local-Layout"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Local Layout
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Modules are to LyX much as packages are to LaTeX: They are intended to be
- used in a variety of different documents.
- If you often find yourself needing the same sort of thing in different
- documents, you should consider writing a module for this purpose.
- Sometimes, however, a particular document has very special needs, but you
- need a specific inset or character style only that one time.
- You want something that is like a document's own LaTeX preamble.
- What you want is LyX's
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Local Layout
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- See section
-\emph on
-Local Layout
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Customization
-\emph default
- manual for information on how to use it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Properties
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Each class has a default set of options.
- Here's a quick table describing them:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Page style
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Sides
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Columns
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Max.
- sectioning level
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-article
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Plain
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-One
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-One
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Section
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-report
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Plain
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-One
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-One
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Chapter
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-book
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Headings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Two
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-One
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Chapter
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-letter
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Plain
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-One
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-One
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-none
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You're probably also wondering what
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Max.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-sectioning level
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- means.
- There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings.
- Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
- Only two use the
-\family sans
-Chapter
-\family default
- heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the
-\family sans
-Section
-\family default
- heading.
- Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section
- headings.
- In addition to
-\family sans
-Chapter
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Section
-\family default
- headings, there are also
-\family sans
-Subsection
-\family default
- headings,
-\family sans
-Subsubsection
-\family default
- headings, and so on.
- We will describe these headings fully in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Headings"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Document Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Document-Layout"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Layout
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The most important properties of document classes are set in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
-.
- There in the
-\family sans
-Class
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-options
-\family default
- field under
-\family sans
-Documents
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Class
-\family default
-, you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separated
- list.
- This is only necessary if LyX doesn't support special options you want
- to use for your document.
- To learn more about your favorite LaTeX-class and its options, you have
- to read its manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The drop box
-\family sans
-Headings
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-style
-\family default
- in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog under
-\family sans
-Page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Layout
-\family default
- controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page.
- You can choose between the following five options:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Default
-\family default
- Use default page style of current class.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-empty
-\family default
- No page numbers or headings.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-plain
-\family default
- Page numbers only.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-headings
-\family default
- Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
- Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
- the maximum sectioning level of the class.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-fancy
-\family default
- This allows you to define fully customizable headers and footers if you
- have the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-fancyhdr
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- installed.
- How they are defined is explained in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Customized-Page-Headers"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The separation of paragraphs is described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Paragraph-Separation"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Paper Size and Orientation
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Paper size
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can find the following options in the menu
-\family sans
-Page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Layout
-\family default
- of the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog:
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Paper
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Format
-\family default
- What size paper to print on.
- The choices are
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Default
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-A0 - A6
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-B0 - B6
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-C0 - C6
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-US letter, US legal, US executive
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-JIS B0 - JIS B6
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Custom
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Orientation
-\family default
- To choose whether to output as
-\family sans
-Landscape
-\family default
- or as
-\family sans
-Portrait
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Two-sided
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-document
-\family default
- Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper.
- That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Margins
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Margins"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Margins
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Margins
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Paper margins are set in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
-.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you use a KOMA-Script document class, you can use the default settings
- because KOMA-Script calculates the print space automatically by taking
- the paper format and the font size into account.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Important Note
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you change a document class, LyX has to convert
-\emph on
-everything
-\emph default
- into the new class.
- That includes the paragraph environments.
- Some paragraph environments are standard, in so far as all of the document
- classes have them; but some classes have special paragraph environments.
- If this is the case, and you change the document class, LyX will mark the
- paragraphs whose styles it no longer understands as
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-unknown
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The name of the style is retained, in case you should want to go back to
- the old class.
- But these paragraphs will be output with no special formatting, so you
- will either need to create a new style yourself or else convert these paragraph
-s manually to a style present in your new document class.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Paragraph Indentation and Separation
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paragraph ! Indentation
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Introduction
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Par-indent-intro"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
- say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
- Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
- Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
- If you choose indentation for paragraphs the
-\emph on
-first
-\emph default
- paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
- etc., is
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- indented.
- Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
- Note that the indentation behavior is different when you use another document
- language than English.
- LaTeX takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the language
- used.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
- and text â in fact, all the spacing for just about everything âis pre-coded
- into LyX.
- As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
- LyX takes care of that.
- In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
- range.
- That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
- figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
- of a page, and so on.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
- LyX gives you the ability globally to change
-\emph on
-all
-\emph default
- these pre-coded spacings.
- We will explain more later.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Paragraph Separation
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Paragraph-Separation"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paragraph ! Separation
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Select
-\family sans
-Indentation
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-Vertical
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-space
-\family default
- in the submenu
-\family sans
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Layout
-\family default
- of the dialog
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- to indent paragraphs or to add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Fine-Tuning
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
- Open the
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Paragraph
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog and toggle the
-\family sans
-Indent
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Paragraph
-\family default
- option to change the state of the current paragraph (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "paragraph-params \\indent-toggle"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
- button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling
- this).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
- if you need to do some fine-tuning.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Line Spacing
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paragraph ! Line spacing
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\noun on
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
-\noun default
- dialog you can set the line spacing for the whole document in the submenu
-
-\family sans
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Layout
-\family default
-.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-You need to have the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-setspace
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! setspace
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- installed to use this feature.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- You can set it for a single paragraph in the
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Paragraph
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog but this should be used very exceptionally because vertical spacing
- is normally defined in the environment's style.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Paragraph Environments
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paragraph ! Environments
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paragraph environments|(
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Overview
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Paragraph environments correspond to the
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-begin{
-\emph on
-environment
-\emph default
-} ...
-
-\backslash
-end{
-\emph on
-environment
-\emph default
-}
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-command sequence in LaTeX files.
- If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
- alien to you, we urge you to read the
-\emph on
-Tutorial
-\emph default
-.
- The
-\emph on
-Tutorial
-\emph default
- also contains many more examples than this section does.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A paragraph environment is simply a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-container
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
- This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
- scheme, labels, and so on.
- Additionally, you can
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-nest
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
- to inherit some of the properties of another.
- The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
- tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hangovers from the days
- of typewriters.
- There are several paragraph environments that are specific to a particular
- document type.
- We will only be covering the most common ones here.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
- scale 70
- clip
-
-\end_inset
-
- at the left end of the toolbar.
- LyX will change the environment of the
-\emph on
-entire
-\emph default
- paragraph in which the cursor sits.
- You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
- you select them before choosing the new environment.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Note that entering
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- will
-\emph on
-typically
-\emph default
- create a new paragraph using the
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- paragraph environment.
- We say
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-typically
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- because if you are in one of these environments:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Quote
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Verse
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Description
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-List
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you enter
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
-, rather than resetting it to
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
-.
- Also the nesting depth is preserved (for more on nesting see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Nesting"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Standard
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The default paragraph environment is
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- for most classes.
- It creates a plain paragraph.
- If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
- In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in
- this manual) are in the
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can nest a paragraph using the
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
- in a
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Document Title
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Title
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the
- author(s) and a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-footnote
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- for thanks or contact information.
- For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
- page along with today's date.
- For other types of documents, the title
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-page
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- goes at the top of the first page of the document.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
- environments
-\family sans
-Title
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Author
-\family default
-, and
-\family sans
-Date
-\family default
-.
- Here's how you use them:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Put the title of your document in the
-\family sans
-Title
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Put the author name in the
-\family sans
-Author
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
- or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
- the
-\family sans
-Date
-\family default
- environment.
- Note that using this environment is optional.
- If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
- If you don't want a date, use the option
-\family sans
-Suppress default date on front page
-\family default
- in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Document
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-class
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can use footnotes to insert
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-thanks
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- or contact information.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Headings
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Section headings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Headings"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings.
- LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Numbered Headings
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Section headings ! Numbered
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are 7 numbered types of section headings.
- They are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-
-\family sans
-Part
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-
-\family sans
-Chapter
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-
-\family sans
-Section
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-
-\family sans
-Subsection
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-
-\family sans
-Subsubsection
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-
-\family sans
-Paragraph
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-
-\family sans
-Subparagraph
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
- The numbers describe where in the document you are.
- Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with Latin letters.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
- For example, suppose you're writing a book.
- You group the book into chapters.
- LyX does a similar grouping:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Part
-\family default
- is divided into either
-\family sans
-Chapter
-\family default
-s or
-\family sans
-Section
-\family default
-s
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Chapter
-\family default
-s are divided into
-\family sans
-Section
-\family default
-s
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Section
-\family default
-s are divided into
-\family sans
-Subsection
-\family default
-s
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Subsection
-\family default
-s are divided into
-\family sans
-Subsubsection
-\family default
-s
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Subsubsection
-\family default
-s are divided into
-\family sans
-Paragraph
-\family default
-s
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Paragraph
-\family default
-s are divided into
-\family sans
-Subparagraph
-\family default
-s
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Not all document types use the
-\family sans
-Chapter
-\family default
- heading as the maximum sectioning level.
- In that case the
-\family sans
-Section
-\family default
- is the top-level heading.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-So, if you use the
-\family sans
-Subsubsection
-\family default
- environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
- along with the number of the subsection, section and, if applicable, chapter
- that it's in.
- For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
- label
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-2.5
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Unnumbered Headings
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Section headings ! Unnumbered
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The unnumbered section headings have a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-*
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- at the end of their name.
- They work the same as their numbered counterparts but will not appear in
- the table of contents, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:toc"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Changing the Numbering
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Numbering-depth"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
- in the Table of Contents.
- Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
- class.
- Just as certain classes start with
-\family sans
-Chapter
-\family default
- and go down to the
-\family sans
-Subparagraph
-\family default
- level.
- Others start at
-\family sans
-Section
-\family default
-.
- Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
- Most don't number
-\family sans
-Paragraph
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-Subparagraph
-\family default
-.
- This is something you can change.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Open the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- Under
-\family sans
-Numbering
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-&
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-TOC
-\family default
- you will see two counters.
- The one named
-\family sans
-Numbering
-\family default
- controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section
- heading.
- The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table
- of contents.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Short Titles of Headings
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Section headings ! Short titles
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Short Titles
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Short-Titles"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
- This can cause trouble when there is limited horizontal space.
- For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
- title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LaTeX allows you to specify a short title for section headings.
- This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents,
- avoiding the problem mentioned.
- To specify a short title, use the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Short
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Title
-\family default
-.
- This will insert a box labeled
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-opt
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (stands for
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-optional
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-) which you can use to enter the short title text.
- This also works for captions inside floats.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Special Information
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following information applies to all section headings:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-You can only use inline math in these environments.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Quotes and Poetry line spacing
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
- They are
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
-, and
-\family sans
-Verse
-\family default
-.
- Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins.
- These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
- They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
- the text they contain.
- They also allow nesting, so you can put a
-\family sans
-Verse
-\family default
- in a
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
-, as well as in some other paragraph environments.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
-
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- reset to
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- when you start a new paragraph.
- So, you can type in that poem and merrily enter
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
- Of course, that means that, once you are done typing in that poem, you
- have to change back to the
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- environment yourself.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Quote"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Quotation
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
- time for the differences.
-
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
- are identical except for one difference:
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
- uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
-
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
-
-\emph on
-always
-\emph default
- indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here's an example of the
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
- environment:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quote
-This is in the
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
- environment.
- I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
- wraps.
- See â no indentation!
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quote
-Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
- Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
- the other paragraph.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here's another example, this time in the
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
- environment:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quotation
-This is in the
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
- environment.
- If I keep writing, you will see the indentation.
- If your country uses a writing style that indicates new paragraphs by indenting
- the first line, then
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
- is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it
-\emph on
-if
-\emph default
- you were quoting other text.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quotation
-Here's a new paragraph.
- I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
- If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As the examples show,
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
- is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
- They should put quotes in the
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
- environment.
- Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
- paragraph environment for quoted text.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
-\family sans
-Verse
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paragraph ! Verse
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Poetry
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Verse"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\family sans
-Verse
-\family default
- is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
- Here's an example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Verse
-This is in Verse
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Which I did not rehearse!
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Verse
-It could be much worse.
- This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
- around.
- It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
- indented a bit more than the first.
- Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
- So sue me.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Verse
-To break a line
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-And make things look fine
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Use
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As you can see,
-\family sans
-Verse
-\family default
- does not indent both margins.
- Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
- To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the
-\family typewriter
-break-line
-\family default
- function
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Lists
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Lists
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Lists"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
- of lists.
- In the
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
- In the
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-List
-\family default
- environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
- We will present the individual details of each type of list next after
- describing some general features of all four of them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-General Features
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
- in several ways.
- First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
- Hitting
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- does
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- reset the environment to
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
- The nesting depth is thereby kept.
- If you want to keep the paragraph environment but reset the current nesting
- depth, you can use
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- If you do this at the top level of a list, it returns you to the
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
- In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how it
- is nested.
- If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
- you read all of section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Nesting"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Lists ! Itemize
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Itemize"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The first type of list we will describe in detail is the
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- paragraph environment.
- It has the following properties:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-The items can have any length.
- LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
- The offset is always relative to whatever environment the
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- list may be in.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-If you nest an
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environment inside another
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-LyX always shows the same symbol on screen.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-See section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Nesting"
-
-\end_inset
-
- for a full explanation of nesting.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-Of course, that explanation was also an example of an
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- list.
- The
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
- Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-The label for the first level
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- is a large black dot, or bullet.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-The label for the second level is a dash.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-The label for the third is an asterisk.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Back out to the third level.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Back to the second level.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Back to the outermost level.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-These are the default labels for an
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- list.
- You can customize how these labels are displayed in the output in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog in the submenu
-\family sans
-Bullets
-\family default
-.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- These customizations are not displayed in LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
- We will explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
- in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Nesting"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Lists ! Enumerate
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Enumerate"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines.
- It has these properties:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Each item has a numeral as its label.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-The label type depends on the nesting depth.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Each new
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environment resets the counter to one.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Like the
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environment, the
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environment:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
- Items can have any length.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-Unlike the
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environment,
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- shows the different labels for each item in LyX.
- Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
-:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-The first level of an
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
- increases.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Back to the third level
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Back to the second level.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Back to the outermost level.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can customize the type of numbering used in the
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environment, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Customized-Lists"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Such customization only shows up in the printed version, not in LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There is more to nesting
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environments than we've stated here.
- You should read section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Nesting"
-
-\end_inset
-
- to learn more about nesting.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Lists ! Description
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Unlike the previous two environments, the
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- list has no fixed label.
- Instead, LyX uses the first
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-word
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- of the first line as the label.
- Here's an example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Example: This is an example of the
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
- rest of the line.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the first
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-word
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- it is meant that the first usage of the
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- key ends the label if you are at the beginning of the first line of an
- item.
- If you need to use more than one word in a label use a
-\family sans
-Protected Space
-\family default
-.
- (Use either
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space"
-\end_inset
-
- or the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Protected
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Space
-\family default
-; see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Protected-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
- for more information.) Here is an example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Second
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Example: This one shows how to use a
-\family sans
-Protected
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Space
-\family default
- in the label of a
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- list item.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Usage: You should use the
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- environment for things like definitions and theorems.
- Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
- that describes it.
- It's not a good idea to use a
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
- You're better off using
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- and nesting several
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- paragraphs into them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Nesting: You can nest
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
- so on.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
- them from the first line.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Labeling
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Lists ! Labeling
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Labeling
-\family default
- environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Like the
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- list the
-\family sans
-Labeling
-\family default
- list has user-defined labels for each list item but it provides some additional
- features.
- Here are its properties:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-item
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-labels LyX uses the first
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-word
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- of each line as the item label.
- The first
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
- If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
- space as described above.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
- the body of the item text.
- The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
- label width plus a little extra space.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-label
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-width LyX uses the width of the label, or the default width, whatever is
- larger.
- If the label width is larger, the label
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-extends
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- into the first line.
- In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
- margin of the rest of the item text.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-default
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-width You can set the default label width to ensure that the text of all
- items in a
-\family sans
-Labeling
-\family default
- environment has the same left margin.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-To change the default width, select all items in the list.
- Now open the
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Paragraph
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog (toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "layout-paragraph"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- The text in the box
-\family sans
-Longest
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-label
-\family default
- determines the default label width.
- You can use the text of your largest label here, but you can also use the
- letter
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-M
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- multiple times instead.
- M is the widest character and is a standard unit of widths in LaTeX.
- By using
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-M
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- as the unit of width you don't need to keep changing the contents of
-\family sans
-Longest
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-label
-\family default
- every time you alter a label in a
-\family sans
-List
-\family default
- environment.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-The predefined default width is the length of
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-00.00.0000
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (equal to 6
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-M).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You should use the
-\family sans
-Labeling
-\family default
- list the same way as the
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- list: When you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
- it.
- The
-\family sans
-Labeling
-\family default
- environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
- layout.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can nest
-\family sans
-Labeling
-\family default
- lists inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on.
- They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
- Read section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Nesting"
-
-\end_inset
-
- to learn about nesting.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There is yet another feature of the
-\family sans
-Labeling
-\family default
- list: As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels
- by default.
- You can use additional
-\family sans
-HFills
-\family default
- to change how LyX justifies the item label.
-
-\family sans
-Hfills
-\family default
- are documented in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Here are some examples:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-Left The default for
-\family sans
-Labeling
-\family default
- item labels.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-Right One
-\family sans
-HFill
-\family default
- at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-Center
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
- One
-\family sans
-HFill
-\family default
- at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Customized Lists
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Customized-Lists"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Lists ! Customized
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The features described in this section require that the module
-\family sans
-Customisable Lists (enumitem)
-\family default
- is loaded in the document settings.
- The module uses the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-enumitem
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! enumitem
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Custom Enumerate Lists
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Lists ! Enumerate ! Custom
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-The default numbering of numbered lists can be changed by adding an optional
- argument (menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Short Title
-\family default
-) to the first item of each level in the list.
- There you add the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-label=
-\backslash
-roman{enumi}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-in TeX Code (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "ert-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-For more about TeX Code, look at section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:TeX-Code"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\emph on
- enumi
-\emph default
- is hereby the first level counter of the enumeration.
- The command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-roman
-\series default
- outputs the counter as a small Roman numeral.
- For capital Roman numerals replace
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-roman
-\series default
- with
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Roman
-\series default
- in the command above.
- For Arabic numerals use
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-arabic
-\series default
-.
- To
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-number
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- items with capital or small Latin letters use
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Alph
-\series default
- or
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-alph
-\series default
-, respectively.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- You can only number 26
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-items with Latin letters, because this numbering is limited to single letters.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To change the numbering for the list sublevels, replace the 'i' in the command
- by the small Roman numeral of the level (enumi, enumii, enumiii, enumiv).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here is a list with custom numbering:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-label=
-\backslash
-#
-\backslash
-Alph{enumi}
-\backslash
-#
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Level 1
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-label=
-\backslash
-Alph{enumi}.
-\backslash
-arabic{enumii}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Level 2
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Level 2
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-label=
-\backslash
-bf{
-\backslash
-arabic{enumiii}}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Level 3
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-label=
-\backslash
-emph{
-\backslash
-roman{enumiv})}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Level 4
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\end_deeper
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-For this list these commands were used:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-
-\series bold
-label=
-\backslash
-#
-\backslash
-Alph{enumi}
-\backslash
-#
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-label=
-\backslash
-Alph{enumi}.
-\backslash
-arabic{enumii}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-label=
-\backslash
-bf{
-\backslash
-arabic{enumiii}}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-label=
-\backslash
-emph{
-\backslash
-roman{enumiv})}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-where the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-emph{}
-\series default
- makes the label emphasized and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-bf{}
-\series default
- makes it bold.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- When you change the label of a list level, it will be used for all following
- lists until you change the definition.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Resumed Enumeration
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Lists ! Enumerate ! Resumed
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Enumerations can be resumed after intermediate paragraphs:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-label=
-\backslash
-arabic{enumi}.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-first
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-goes back to default numbering
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-second
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-regular text
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate-Resume
-resumed
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To resume an enumeration, use the style
-\family sans
-Enumerate-Resume
-\family default
-.
- Its numbering appears in blue within LyX to indicate that it is a resumed
- list and that the numbering will not be correct in LyX, but in the output.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- If there is no previous enumeration to resume, you will get a LaTeX error.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Perhaps you might want to resume the list with a different number from the
- next one.
- Or you want to start a new enumeration with a defined number.
- This is possible by adding an optional argument to the first list item
- of a normal enumeration.
- There, insert the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-start=number
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-where
-\emph on
-number
-\emph default
- is the number with which you want to resume the list.
- An example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-first item
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-second item
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Enumeration starting at a given value:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-start=4
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-This enumeration starts at 4
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-List Spacing
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Lists ! Spacing
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In some cases you might want less or more vertical space between the items
- of a list.
- For example if the default space is too much in your opinion in this case:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-A bullet list
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-with standard spacing
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can decrease the space by adding an optional argument to the first item
- of the list.
- Add there the command
-\series bold
-nolistsep
-\series default
- to get no additional list space like in this example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-nolistsep
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-A bullet list
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-without additional
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-vertical space
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To add space you can use several other commands provided by the LaTeX-package
-
-\series bold
-enumitem
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! enumitem
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- For more information see its documentation,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "enumitem"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are also many commands available to change the horizontal spacing
- and indentation.
- Here is an example where the indentation was changed to that of the paragraphs
- in the document and the label separation was set to 2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-cm so that the number is in the page margin:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-labelindent=
-\backslash
-parindent, labelsep=2cm
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-An enumeration
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-with negative indentation
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Further Customization
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Lists ! Customization
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can also change the style of description lists.
- The command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-font=definition
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-changes the description label font, the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-style=definition
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-sets the list style.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example where the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-font=
-\backslash
-itshape, style=nextline
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-is used:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Ionizing
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-radiation:
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-labelindent=0pt, labelsep=1cm, font=
-\backslash
-itshape, style=nextline
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Ionizing radiation consists of particles or electromagnetic waves that are
- energetic enough to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, therefore
- ionizing them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Reference
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-counting: In computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing
- the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource such as an
- object, block of memory, disk space or other resource.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are many more commands and features provided by the LaTeX-package
-
-\series bold
-enumitem
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! enumitem
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- For more information see its documentation
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "enumitem"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Letters
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Letters
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
-\family sans
-Address
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
-: An Overview
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
- environments called
-\family sans
-Address
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
-.
- To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
- in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
- In contrast, you can use the
-\family sans
-Address
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
- paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
- You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
- anything in them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Of course, you're not limited to using
-\family sans
-Address
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
- for letters only.
-
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
-, in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
- some European academic papers.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Usage
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Address-Usage"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Address
-\family default
- environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
- for the opening and signature in some countries.
- Similarly, the
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
- environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
- is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
- Here's an example of each:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Right Address
-Right Address
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Who I am
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Where I am
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-When is it? What is today?
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-That was
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
-.
- Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
- fit the largest block of text on a single line.
- Here's an example of the
-\family sans
-Address
-\family default
- environment:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Address
-Who are you
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Where do I send this
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Your post office and country
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As you can see, both
-\family sans
-Address
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
- add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
- If you enter
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
- the environment to
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
-.
- This makes sense, since
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- is the
-\family typewriter
-break-paragraph
-\family default
- function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
- Thus, you have to use
-\family typewriter
-break-line
-\family default
- (
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
- or
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Ragged
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Line
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Break
-\family default
-) to start a new line in an
-\family sans
-Address
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Academic Writing
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
- or list of references.
- LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Abstracts
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\family default
- environment is used for the abstract of an article.
- Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
- only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
- Also, don't bother trying to nest
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\family default
- in anything else or
-\emph on
-vice versa
-\emph default
-.
- It will not work.
- The
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\family default
- environment is only useful in the article and report document classes.
- The book document classes ignores the
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\family default
- completely, and it's utterly silly to use
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\family default
- in a letter document class.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\family default
- environment does several things for you.
- First, it puts the centered label
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Abstract
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- above the text.
- The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
- space.
- Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
- Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
- the subsequent text.
- Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
- The actual appearance in the output depends on the document class you are
- using.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Starting a new paragraph by entering
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- does not reset the paragraph environment.
- The new paragraph will still be in the
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\family default
- environment.
- So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
- finish entering the abstract of your document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Float figure
-wide false
-sideways false
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\align center
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/Abstract.pdf
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Caption Standard
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "fig:Paragraph-in-the"
-
-\end_inset
-
-Paragraph in the
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\family default
- environment
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We would love to demonstrate the
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\family default
- environment, but since this document is in the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-book
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- class, we can't do this.
- We inserted it therefore as figure
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "fig:Paragraph-in-the"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- If you have never heard of an
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-abstract
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- before, you can safely ignore this environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
-\family sans
-Bibliography
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bibliography
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Biblio_environment"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Bibliography
-\family default
- environment is used to list references.
- Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
- only use it at the end of the document.
- Nesting
-\family sans
-Bibliography
-\family default
- in anything else or
-\emph on
-vice versa
-\emph default
- will not work.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When you first open a
-\family sans
-Bibliography
-\family default
- environment, LyX adds a large vertical space, followed by the heading
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Bibliography
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- or
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-References,
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- depending on the document class.
- The heading is in a large boldface font.
- Each paragraph of the
-\family sans
-Bibliography
-\family default
- environment is a bibliography entry.
- Thus, entering
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- does not reset the paragraph environment.
- Each new paragraph is still in the
-\family sans
-Bibliography
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There is another, usually better way to include references in your document
- by using a BibTeX database.
- For more information on that, and for a detailed description of LyX's bibliogra
-phy handling, have a look at section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Bibliography"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-LyX
-\family sans
--Code
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paragraph ! LyX code
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:LyX-Code"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-LyX-Code
-\family default
- environment is another LyX extension.
- It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
- It also treats the
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- key as a fixed whitespace;
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-In the
-\family sans
-LyX-Code
-\family default
- environment, the
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- key is treated as a
-\family sans
-Protected
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Blank
-\family default
- instead of an end-of-word marker.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
- If you need to insert blank lines, you will still need to use
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
- (the
-\family typewriter
-break-line
-\family default
- function).
-
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- breaks paragraphs.
- Note, however, that
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- does not reset the paragraph environment.
- So, when you finish using the
-\family sans
-LyX-Code
-\family default
- environment, you will need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
- Also, you can nest the
-\family sans
-LyX-Code
-\family default
- environment inside of others.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are a few quirks with this environment:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-You cannot use
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
- at the beginning of a new paragraph (i.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-e.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-you can't follow
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- with a
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-You can't follow a
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
- with a
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Use a
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Or: use
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space"
-\end_inset
-
- instead.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
- You must put at least one
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- in any line you want blank.
- Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing
-\family sans
-"
-\family default
- since that will insert
-\emph on
-real
-\emph default
- quotes.
- You get the typewriter double quotes with
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "self-insert \""
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here is an example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
-#include
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
-int main(void)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
- printf("Hello World!
-\backslash
-n");
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
- return 0;
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is just the standard
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Hello world!
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- program.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\family sans
-LyX-Code
-\family default
- has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
- rc-files, and so on.
- Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text
- as if you used a typewriter.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paragraph environments|)
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- For longer parts of programming code, use the listings inset that is described
- in the chapter
-\emph on
-Program Code Listings
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Nesting Environments
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Nesting ! Environments
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Nesting"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Introduction
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific
- properties.
- This allows you to create blocks that inherit some of the properties of
- another block.
- For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also
- has two subpoints.
- In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner
- list
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-attached
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to item #2:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-one
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-two
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-sublist â item #1
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-sublist â item #2
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-three
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You put a list inside a list by nesting one list inside the other.
- Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Increase
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-List
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Depth
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-Decrease
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-List
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Depth
-\family default
- to change the nesting depth (the status bar will tell you how far you are
- nested).
- Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "depth-decrement"
-\end_inset
-
- or the key bindings
-\family sans
-Tab
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Shift+Tab
-\family default
- or
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-decrement"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The change will work on the current selection, if you have made one (allowing
- you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
- paragraph.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
- If it is invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
- Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
- depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Nesting isn't limited to lists.
- In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
- about to find out.
- This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-What You Can and Can't Nest
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
- you a little bit more about how nesting works.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The question of nesting a paragraph environment is a bit more complicated
- than a simple yes or no.
- There are three types of paragraph environments:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Completely unnestable
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Fully nestable, you can nest them inside things and you can also nest other
- things inside them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest
- anything into them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
- environments have them:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Unnestable Can't nest them.
- Can't nest into them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Bibliography
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Abstract
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Title
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Author
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Date
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Description
-Fully
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Nestable You can nest them.
- You can nest other things into them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Verse
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Quote
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Description
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-List
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Description
-Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside other things.
- You can't nest anything into them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Standard
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Part
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Chapter
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Section
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Subsection
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Subsubsection
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Paragraph
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Subparagraph
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Part*
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Chapter*
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Section*
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Subsection*
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Subsubsection*
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Address
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Although it is possible, for example, to nest numbered section headings
- like
-\family sans
-Chapter
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Section
-\family default
-, etc.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-into lists, it is highly recommended not to do this because the aim is to
- create well-structured documents following typesetting guidelines whereas
- nested section headings violate this.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Nesting ! Tables etc.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
- affected by nesting anyhow.
- They are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-equations
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-tables
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-figures
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-(
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Figures and tables in
-\family sans
-Floats
-\family default
- are not affected by this.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- Have a look at section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Floats"
-
-\end_inset
-
- for more information about
-\family sans
-Floats
-\family default
-.)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
- If a figure, table, or an equation is inline, it goes wherever the paragraph
- it is in goes.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-paragraph
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- of its own, it behaves just like a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-nestable-inside
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- paragraph environment.
- You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything
- into it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here's an example with a table:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Item One
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is (a) and it's nested.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-a
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-b
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-c
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-d
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is (b).
- The table is actually nested inside (a).
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Back out again.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Item One
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is (a) and it's nested.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-a
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-b
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-c
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-d
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is (b).
- The table is
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- nested inside (a).
- In fact, it's not nested at all.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Back out again.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
- item of a new list!
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going
- deep enough.
- LyX then turns anything after the table into a new sublist.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Item One
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is (a) and it's nested.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-a
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-b
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-c
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-d
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is (b).
- The table is actually nested inside Item One, but
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- inside (a).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Back out again.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
- new list
-\emph on
-inside
-\emph default
- item 1.
- The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
- So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
- depth!
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Usage and General Features
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
- In other words,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-level #6
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- is the innermost possible depth.
- Here's an example to illustrate what we mean:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-level #1 â outermost
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-level #2
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-level #3
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-level #4
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-level #5
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-level #6
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\end_deeper
-\end_deeper
-\end_deeper
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
- both of them in the example.
- Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
- nesting with the
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environments.
- For example, if we tried to nest another
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- list inside item
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-A.
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, we would get errors.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Some Examples
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Nesting ! Examples
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
- We have several examples of nested environments.
- In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
- them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#1-a This is the outermost level.
- It's a
-\family sans
-List
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#2-a This is level #2.
- We created it by using
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
- followed by
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#3-a This is level #3.
- This time, we just enter
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
-, then used
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
- twice in a row.
- We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
- by entering
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
- followed by
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is actually a
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- environment, nested inside of
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-#3-a
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- So, it's at level #4.
- We did this by entering
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-, then
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
-, then changing the paragraph environment to
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
-.
- Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph â it also works
- for the
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
-, and
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environments!
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here's another
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#4-a This is level #4.
- We enter
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
- and changed the paragraph environment back to
-\family sans
-List
-\family default
-.
- Remember â we can't nest anything inside a
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
- However, we
-\emph on
-can
-\emph default
- keep nesting things inside
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-#3-a
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
-and this is level #6.
- By now, you should know how we made these two.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#5-b Back to level #5.
- Just enter
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
- followed by a
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-decrement"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#4-b After another
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
- followed by a
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-decrement"
-\end_inset
-
-, we're back at level #4.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#3-b Back to level #3.
- By now it should be obvious how we did this.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#2-b Back to level #2.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring MMM
-#1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
- After this sentence, we will enter
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
- and change the paragraph environment back to
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- to end the list.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We could have also used the
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
-, or even the
-\family sans
-Verse
-\family default
- environment in place of the
-\family sans
-List
-\family default
- environment.
- The example would have worked exactly the same.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Example 2: Inheritance
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
-This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
-level.
- Now we will enter
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
-, then
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
-, after
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-which, we will change to the
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is the
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environment, at level #2.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Notice how the nested
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- not only inherits its margins from its parent environment (
-\family sans
-LyX-Code
-\family default
-), but also inherits its font and spacing!
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-We ended this example by entering
-\family sans
-Return
-\family default
-.
- After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
- and reset the nesting depth by using
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-decrement"
-\end_inset
-
- once.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- Environments
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is level #1, in an
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- paragraph environment.
- We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is level #2.
- We used
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
- followed by
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Now, what happens if we nest an
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
- label be? An asterisk?
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-No! It's a bullet.
- This is the
-\emph on
-first
-\emph default
-
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environment, even though it's at level #3.
- So, its label is a bullet.
- (We got here by using
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-, then
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
-, then changing the environment to
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
-.)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Here's level #4, produced using
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-, then
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- We will do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-\SpecialChar \ldots{}
-to get to level #5.
- This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
-.
- Notice the type of numbering, it is
-\emph on
-lowercase Roman
-\emph default
-, because we are in the
-\emph on
-thirdfold
-\emph default
-
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environment (that is, it is an
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- inside an
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- inside an
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-What happens if we
-\emph on
-don't
-\emph default
- change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
- type of numbering does LyX use?
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
- to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Let's use
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-decrement"
-\end_inset
-
- to decrease the depth after the next
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is level #4.
- Look what type of label LyX is using!
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-This is level #3.
- Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
- numeral as the label.Why?
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is
-\emph on
-still
-\emph default
- a thirdfold
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environment.
- Notice, however, that LyX
-\emph on
-did
-\emph default
- reset the counter for the label.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Another
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-decrement"
-\end_inset
-
- sequence, and we're back to level #2.
- This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
- into the twofold-nested
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environment.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-The same thing happens if we do another
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-decrement"
-\end_inset
-
- sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Lastly, we reset the environment to
-\family sans
-Standard
-\family default
-.
- As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labeling
- LyX uses for the
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environments.
- The number of other
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- environments surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for
- an
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- item.
- The same rule applies for the
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- environment, as well.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Example 4: Going Bonkers
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-We're going to go totally nuts now.
- We will not nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into
- the same detail with how we did it.
- (level #1:
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-(
-\family sans
-Return,
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-, Standard
-\family default
-: level #2) We will stick an encapsulated description of how we created
- the example in parentheses someplace.
- For example, the two key bindings are how we changed the depth.
- The environment name is the name of the current environment.
- Either before or after this, we will put in the level.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-(
-\family sans
-Return, Enumerate
-\family default
-: level #1) This is the next item in the list.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Verse
-Now we will add verse.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-It will get much worse.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-(
-\family sans
-Return,
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-, Verse
-\family default
-: level #2)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Verse
-Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Bippitey boppitey boo!
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-(
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Verse
-Here comes a table:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-one-fish
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-two-fish
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-red-fish
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-blue-fish
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Verse
-(
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-, Table,
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-increment"
-\end_inset
-
- 3 times,
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-, Verse,
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "depth-decrement"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-(
-\family sans
-Return, Enumerate
-\family default
-: level #1) This is another item.
- Note that selecting a
-\family sans
-Table
-\family default
- resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
- 3 times to put the table inside the
-\family sans
-Verse
-\family default
- environment.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quotation
-We're now ending the
-\family sans
-Enumerate
-\family default
- list and changing to
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
-.
- We're still at level #1.
- We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
- The next set of paragraphs is a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-quoted letter.
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- We will nest both the
-\family sans
-Address
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
- environments inside of this one, then use another nested
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
- for the letter body.
- We will use
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph inverse"
-\end_inset
-
- to preserve the depth.
- Remember that you need to use
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
- to create multiple lines inside the
-\family sans
-Address
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Address
-\family default
- environments.
- Here it goes:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Right Address
-1234 Nowhere Rd.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Moosegroin, MT 00100
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-9-6-96
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Address
-Dear Mr.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Fizlewitz:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quotation
-We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
- Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
- a backlog in our orders for methane.
- We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
- as soon as possible.
- In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quotation
-We do, however, now have a special on beef.
- If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
- with your order, along with payment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quotation
-We thank you again for your patience.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Address
-Sincerely,
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Bill Hick
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Quotation
-That ends that example!
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
- just a few keystrokes.
- We could have easily nested an
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- list inside of a
-\family sans
-Quotation
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
-, or put a
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
- inside of an
-\family sans
-Itemize
-\family default
- list.
- You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Spacing, pagination and line breaks
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spacing
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-What is a space? While you might be used to pressing the space key anytime
- you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers
- you more spaces: spaces of different widths and spaces which can or cannot
- be broken at the end of a line.
- The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are
- useful.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Protected Space
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Protected-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spaces ! Protected
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
- line at that point.
- This may be necessary to avoid unlucky line breaks, like in:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quote
-Further documentation is given in section
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Bibliography"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-section
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Bibliography"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- A protected space is set with
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Protected
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Space
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space"
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Horizontal Space
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Horizontal-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spacing ! Horizontal
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-All horizontal spaces can be inserted with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Horizontal Space
-\family default
-.
- The length units are listed in Appendix
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "chap:Units-available-in"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Inter-word Space
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Inter-word-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spaces ! Inter-word
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the introduction of typewriters, it became conventional in some countries
- to type two spaces after a period to mimic the wider spaces used by typesetters
- at the ends of sentences.
- There is no need to do this as LyX automatically takes care about this.
- However, you do not want an end of sentence space after an abbreviation
- followed by a period; see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Abbreviations"
-
-\end_inset
-
- for examples.
- To insert a normal space, select
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Interword
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Space
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "space-insert normal"
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Thin Space
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Thin-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spaces ! Thin
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-thin space
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-protected
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-).
- The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of
- thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance,
- inside abbreviations:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quote
-D.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-E.
- Knuth has developed our beloved typesetting program.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-or between values and units.
- Compare for example this:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-10
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-kg (thin space)
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-10 kg (normal space
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can insert thin spaces with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Thin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Space
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "space-insert thin"
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-More Spaces
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can also insert the following space types:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Negative
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-thin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-space A line with a
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \negthinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
-\end_inset
-
- negative thin space between the arrows.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Enspace
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(0.5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em) A line with an
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \enskip{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
-\end_inset
-
- enspace
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(0.5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em) space between the arrows.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Quad
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(1
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em) A line with a
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \quad{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
-\end_inset
-
- Quad
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(1
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em) space between the arrows.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-QQuad
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em) A line with a
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \qquad{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
-\end_inset
-
- QQuad
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em) space between the arrows.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Custom
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-space A line with
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hspace{}
-\length 2cm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
-\end_inset
-
- 2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-cm space between the arrows.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Table
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "tab:Width-of-the"
-
-\end_inset
-
- lists the different space sizes.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Float table
-wide false
-sideways false
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\align center
-\begin_inset Caption
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "tab:Width-of-the"
-
-\end_inset
-
-Width of the different horizontal spaces.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Space
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Width
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Normal
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-1/3
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Protected
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-1/3
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Thin
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-1/6
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Negative thin
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
--1/6
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Enspace (0.5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em)
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-0.5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Quad (1
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em)
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-1
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-QQuad (2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em)
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-em
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-
-\family sans
-Horizontal Fills
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spacing ! Fills
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Horizontal fills (HFills) are a special LyX feature for adding extra space
- in a uniform fashion.
- An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals
- the remaining space between the left and right margins.
- If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space
- equally between themselves.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here are a few examples of what you can do with them:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quote
-\noindent
-This is on the left side
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-This is on the right
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quote
-\noindent
-Left
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-Middle
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-Right
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quote
-\noindent
-Left
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-1/3 Left
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-Right
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-That was an example in the
-\family sans
-Quote
-\family default
- environment.
- Here
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
-\end_inset
-
-is one in a standard paragraph.
- It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
-\emph on
-is
-\emph default
- sitting in-between the two arrows.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-HFills can be made visible when you choose one of the
-\family sans
-Fill
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Pattern
-\family default
-s in the space dialog: The following patterns are available:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Dots:
-\begin_inset space \dotfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Rule:
-\begin_inset space \hrulefill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Left arrow:
-\begin_inset space \leftarrowfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Right arrow:
-\begin_inset space \rightarrowfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Up brace:
-\begin_inset space \downbracefill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Down brace:
-\begin_inset space \upbracefill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- in the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
- This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
- If you need space in this case anyway, set the
-\family sans
-Protect
-\family default
- option in the space dialog.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Phantom Space
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Phantom-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spacing ! Phantom
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase.
- For example, you want to create the following multiple choice question:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-What is correct English?:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Mr.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Edge would have been jumps the gun.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Mr.
- Edge
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-has to be jumped
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Mr.
- Edge
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-jumps
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-so that the choices appear exactly after the phrase
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Mr.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Edge
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- To get this, you can use the phantom insets available via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Phantom
-\family default
-.
- In our case insert a horizontal phantom at the beginning of the last two
- lines and insert
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Mr.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Edge
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- into the phantom inset (note the space after
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Edge
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-).
- A phantom insets prints only the space of its content (like a placeholder).
- That is why it is named
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-phantom
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The normal phantom outputs the width and height of the content as space,
- while the horizontal and vertical variant only outputs the corresponding
- dimension.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Vertical Space
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Vertical-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spacing ! Vertical
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Vertical
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Space
-\family default
- dialog.
- There you find the following sizes:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\family sans
-SmallSkip
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-MedSkip
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-BigSkip
-\family default
- are LaTeX sizes which depend on the font size of the document.
-
-\family sans
-DefSkip
-\family default
- is the skip adjusted in the dialog
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Layout
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- for the paragraph separation.
- If you use indentation to separate paragraphs
-\family sans
-DefSkip
-\family default
- is equal to
-\family sans
-MedSkip
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\family sans
-VFill
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spacing ! Fills
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page.
- An example: you have only two short paragraphs on one page with a
-\family sans
-Vfill
-\family default
- between them.
- Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second
- one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal.
-
-\family sans
-VFill
-\family default
-s work like
-\family sans
-HFill
-\family default
-s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-HFill
-\family default
-s are described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- If there are several
-\family sans
-VFill
-\family default
-s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
- You can therefore use
-\family sans
-VFill
-\family default
-s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\family sans
-Custom
-\family default
- are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "chap:Units-available-in"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
-
-\series medium
-If the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of
- a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option
-\family sans
-Protect
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Paragraph Alignment
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paragraph ! Alignment
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can change the paragraph alignment with the
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Paragraph Settings
-\family default
- dialog (toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "layout-paragraph"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- There are five possibilities:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Justified
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "paragraph-params \\align block"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Left
-\family default
- (
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "paragraph-params \\align left"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Right
-\family default
- (
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "paragraph-params \\align right"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Center
-\family default
- (
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "paragraph-params \\align center"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Default
-\family default
- (
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "paragraph-params \\align default"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
- spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
- the left and right margins.
- The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align right
-This paragraph is right aligned,
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-this one is centered,
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align left
-this one is left aligned.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Forced Page Breaks
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Page breaks ! Forced
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you
- can force a page break where you want one.
- Normally this will not be necessary, because LaTeX is good at page breaking.
- Only if you use a lot of
-\family sans
-Floats
-\family default
-, LaTeX's page breaking algorithm can fail.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We recommend you not to use forced page breaks until the text is finished
- and you have checked in the preview to see if you
-\emph on
-really
-\emph default
- have to change the page breaking.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are two types of page breaks: One that ends the page without any special
- action.
- This can be inserted above or below a paragraph via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-New
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Page
-\family default
-.
- The second type, that is inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Break
-\family default
-, ends a page but stretches the content of the page, so that it fills out
- the complete page.
- This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a page break produces a page
- on which only the last few lines are absent.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You might try to use a page break to ensure that a figure or table appears
- at the top of a page.
- This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
- LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
- appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without
- having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
- See chapter
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "chap:Floats-and-Notes"
-
-\end_inset
-
- to learn more about
-\family sans
-Floats
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Clear Page Breaks
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Page breaks ! Clear
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Rather than forced page breaks where the content behind the break is placed
- directly on the next page, you can also clear pages while breaking them.
- That means that the current paragraph is terminated and everything, including
- unprocessed floats, from the earlier part of the document are placed after
- it, if necessary by adding pages.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can insert a clear page break with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Clear
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Page
-\family default
-.
- When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Clear
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Double
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Page
-\family default
- to insert a clear page break that assures that the next page is a right-hand
- page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Forced Line Breaks
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Line breaks
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Similar to page breaks there are two types of line breaks: one simply breaks
- the line.
- You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Ragged
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Line
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Break
-\family default
- or with
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Another type that is inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Justified
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Line
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Break
-\family default
- or with
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert linebreak"
-\end_inset
-
- breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the whole space between
- the page margins.
- This is useful to avoid
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-fringes
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in justified paragraphs due to possible whitespace introduced by line breaks.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You shouldn't use forced line breaks to correct LaTeX's line breaking, as
- LaTeX is very good at line breaking.
- There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessaryactively
- to set a line break, for example, in a poem or for an address (see sections
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Quote"
-
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Verse"
-
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Address-Usage"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Horizontal Lines
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Horizontal-Lines"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Horizontal lines
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-\begin_inset CommandInset line
-LatexCommand rule
-offset "0.5ex"
-width "100line%"
-height "1pt"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-In the dialog
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Horizontal
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Line
-\family default
- you can insert horizontal lines.
- The line offset is the vertical distance between the line and the baseline
- of the current text line or the paragraph.
- The line settings can be changed by left-clicking on the line.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-\begin_inset CommandInset line
-LatexCommand rule
-offset "0.5ex"
-width "100line%"
-height "1pt"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Characters and Symbols
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can directly enter all characters that are available on your keyboard.
- You can also use special keyboard maps to be able to enter, for example,
- characters needed for French with an English keyboard.
- See section
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Keyboard-mapping"
-
-\end_inset
-
- for information on how this is done.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For the case where you need a character that is not on your keyboard, you
- can use the
-\family sans
-Symbols
-\family default
- dialog via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Symbols
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Maybe not all symbols inserted with the symbols dialog can be displayed
- when you are using a special screen font in LyX's preferences.
- But the inserted symbols will in every case be displayed in the output.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Fonts and Text Styles
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Fonts-and-Text"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Font Types
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Font ! Types
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are two types of fonts:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Vector
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-fonts
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Fonts ! Vector-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- are built from outlines of the single glyphs (e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
- characters) in the font.
- This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
- well suited for scaling to any requested size.
- This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the
- curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph.
- This means that vector fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
- Only at very small sizes where each pixel has to be very carefully computed
- to provide a good image might it be hard to provide a good rendering.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-That could mean that one only needs to define one font size and scale them.
- But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes.
- That improves the appearance because you need more details at large font
- sizes than at small ones.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-The font types
-\family typewriter
-TrueType
-\family default
-,
-\family typewriter
-OpenType
-\family default
-, and
-\family typewriter
-Type
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-1
-\family default
- are vector fonts.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Bitmap
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-fonts
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Fonts ! Bitmap-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start; so they
- will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
- However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
- pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
- It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in an
- image manipulation program.
- In order to mitigate this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
- several fixed sizes typically from around 8
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-pixels high up to 34
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-pixels or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
- The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
- to display each glyph; so bitmap fonts display therefore more quickly than
- scalable fonts.
- The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exist as fixed versions have
- to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Bitmap fonts are named
-\family typewriter
-Type
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-3
-\family default
- in PostScript- and PDF-documents.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The result of all this is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they are
- designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes.
- So one needs fewer font size definitions for scalable fonts.
- That's the reason why nearly all text rendering and typesetting programs
- use scalable fonts.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To see which fonts are used in a PDF-document, look at its document properties.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
- specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
- For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
- font to emphasize text, you use an
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-emphasized style
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- instead.
- This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
- In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
- details.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-LaTeX font support
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:LaTeX-font-support"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Traditionally, LaTeX used its own fonts.
- That is to say, you cannot directly access the fonts installed on your
- operating system, but you have to use specific fonts provided by your LaTeX
- distribution.
- The reason is that LaTeX needs some extra information about the fonts,
- which have to be provided by additional files and packages.
- The downside of this is that your font choice is somewhat limited compared
- to a word processor.
- On the other hand this comes with the advantage that the provided fonts
- are generally of very good quality, and that LaTeX files are very portable
- across different machines.
- Also, the range of fonts supported by traditional LaTeX has increased a
- lot in the meantime; so you can find packages for many free and commercial
- fonts.
- In LyX, only a subset of these are directly selectable via the user interface
- (see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Document-Font"
-
-\end_inset
-
- for details).
- However, all the others are available if you enter the relevant LaTeX code
- in the document preamble (please refer to the documentation of your desired
- font).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Recent developments brought some new LaTeX engines that are also able directly
- to access fonts that are installed for your operating system, namely XeTeX
- and LuaTeX.
- Both engines are supported by LyX.
- By using them, you can theoretically use any OpenType or TrueType font
- that is installed on your system.
- The next section describes how to use these fonts.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- In practice, some fonts might fail due to bad metrics and other font deficienci
-es; so you might have to experiment.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- XeTeX and especially LuaTeX, are still rather new and thus not as mature
- as traditional LaTeX or PDFTeX.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Document Font and Font size
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Document-Font"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Font ! Size
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Font
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can set the document fonts in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- dialog.
- In the
-\family sans
-Fonts
-\family default
- section of the dialog, you can specify which font should be used for the
- three different font shapes â roman (serif),
-\family sans
-sans
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-serif
-\family default
- and
-\family typewriter
-typewriter
-\family default
- (monospaced) â and you can specify the base font size and scaling factors
- for (some) sans serif and typewriter fonts if this is necessary to fit
- with the roman font.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you select
-\family sans
-Use non-T
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX fonts
-\family default
-, you will have access to the fonts installed on your operating system.
- This requires that you use
-\family sans
-PDF (XeT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX)
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-PDF (LuaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX)
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-DVI (LuaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX)
-\family default
- as the output format, i.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-e.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-you will have to have either XeTeX or LuaTeX installed (see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- You will then not have access to TeX's own fonts.
- Note that LyX then lists all available fonts in each of the three lists
- (roman, sans
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-serif, and typewriter), since LyX cannot determine the family.
- Also note that the output might fail with some of the listed fonts, due
- to the encoding of the fonts and\SpecialChar \slash{}
-or font failures.
- LyX cannot determine this in advance, so you might need to experiment.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you use TeX fonts (which is the default), the possible options for the
- font include
-\family sans
-Default
-\family default
- and a list of fonts available with your LaTeX distribution.
- If you select
-\family sans
-Default,
-\family default
- the font that is preset by the current document class is used.
- In most cases, this will be the standard TeX font, known as
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-Computer
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Modern
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (
-\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
-) or
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-European Computer Modern
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (
-\family typewriter
-ec
-\family default
-), but some classes preset different default fonts.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As
-\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
- and
-\family typewriter
-ec
-\family default
- are bitmap fonts, they often look pixelated in PDF output, especially when
- you read the PDF in a zoomed size.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This problem doesn't appear if you read PDFs in
-\family typewriter
-Adobe
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Reader
-\family default
- version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font
- renderer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- To get rid of pixelated fonts, you have to use a vector font.
- Depending on how your document should look, you can either:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-select the
-\family sans
-Latin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Modern
-\family default
- fonts, which is the recommended choice if you want to keep the look of
-
-\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
-/
-\family typewriter
-ec
-\family default
-.
-
-\family sans
-Latin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Modern
-\family default
- was developed for the LaTeX community in order to replace
-\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
- as the default font.
- It covers a huge range of glyphs and several font shapes.
- Except for some details, where the appearance was improved,
-\family sans
-Latin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Modern
-\family default
- looks identical to
-\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
-.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-One difference is improved kerning.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-or select the
-\family sans
-AE
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(Almost
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-European)
-\family default
- fonts in (the rare) case that
-\family sans
-Latin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Modern
-\family default
- is not available to you or does not work, and you still want to emulate
- the look of
-\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
-/
-\family typewriter
-ec
-\family default
-.
-
-\family typewriter
-AE
-\family default
- is a virtual font.
- Virtual means that it
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-steals
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- outline
-\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
--glyphs from other fonts.
- This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French
- guillemets (
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-«
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-»
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Loading the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-aeguill
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! aeguill
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- with the document preamble line
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-usepackage[ec]{aeguill}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-will fix the guillemet problem.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- and that accented characters are not
-\emph on
-one
-\emph default
- glyph, but built of
-\emph on
-two
-\emph default
- characters, the accent and the letter.
- Therefore you cannot search for words with accented characters in documents
- using the
-\family typewriter
-AE
-\family default
- fonts.
- If you search for example for the French word
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-rève
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in a PDF, you will not get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches
- for the glyph
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
- è
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and not for the glyph
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
- e +
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
- Ì
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-If you do not like the look of
-\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
-/
-\family typewriter
-ec
-\family default
-, you can of course select one of the other vector fonts provided, e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-Times
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Roman
-\family default
- or
-\family typewriter
- Palatino
-\family default
-.
- Most roman vector fonts will automatically select matching sans
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-serif and typewriter fonts,
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-These are sometimes just matching other fonts (e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.,
-\family sans
-Times
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Roman
-\family default
- selects
-\family sans
-Helvetica
-\family default
- for sans serif text), or different shapes of the same font, i.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-e.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-a real font
-\emph on
-family
-\emph default
- (e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-in case of
-\family sans
-Latin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Modern
-\family default
- oder
-\family sans
-Computer
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Modern
-\family default
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- but you can also select your own.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-The differences between roman,
-\family sans
-sans
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-serif
-\family default
- and
-\family typewriter
-typewriter
-\family default
- fonts are explained in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-The font
-\family sans
-Times
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Roman
-\family default
- was originally designed for newspapers.
- Its glyphs are thus smaller than glyphs from other fonts in order to fit
- into the small newspaper columns.
- Therefore
-\family sans
-Times
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Roman
-\family default
- is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For the font size there are generally four possible values:
-\family sans
-Default, 10
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-11
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-12
-\family default
-.
- Some classes provide additional sizes.
- The size of
-\family sans
-Default
-\family default
- depends on the class you are using.
- In the standard classes it is equal to the font size 10.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Note that the font size is the
-\emph on
-base size
-\emph default
-.
- That means that LyX scales all other possible font sizes (such as those
- used in footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value.
- You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the
-\family sans
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Style
-\family default
- dialog if needed.
- The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Default
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Family
-\family default
- selection lets you specify whether the base font of your document should
- be roman, sans
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-serif or typewriter.
- The
-\family sans
-Default
-\family default
- selection uses what is preset by the class, the other selections override
- this.
- In most cases,
-\family sans
-Default
-\family default
- is equal to
-\family sans
-roman
-\family default
-, but some classes (such as presentation classes) use other defaults.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family typewriter
-
-\family sans
-LaTe
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X font encoding
-\family default
- selection is an expert setting which lets you change the value passed to
- the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-fontenc
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! fontenc
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- (see also sec.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LaTeX-settings"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- Normally, you do not need to change (or even understand) this.
- Unless you have specific reasons, use
-\family sans
-Default
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-With some fonts, the checkboxes
-\family sans
-Use Old Style Figures
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Use True Small Caps
-\family default
- are available.
- These are extra features some fonts provide.
- If
-\family sans
-Use Old Style Figures
-\family default
- is checked, old style figures (also known as medieval or text figures)
- are used.
- Old style figures are the numerals (0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
---
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-9) with ascenders and descenders, which makes them fit nicely with lowercase
- letters.
-
-\family sans
-Use True Small Caps
-\family default
- determines that real small caps are used instead of faked small caps made
- of scaled capitals.
- Real small caps are often part of expert font sets; they generally look
- better than faked small caps but might have to be purchased separately.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The field
-\family sans
-CJK
-\family default
- allows users of the languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) to specify
- a font to display the script characters.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The font will be the argument for the commands of the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-CJK
-\series default
-.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! CJK
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- So this has no effect for the document language
-\family sans
-Japanese
-\family default
- that does not use
-\series bold
-CJK
-\series default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- When you choose a new font or font size, LyX does
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output;
- this is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
- LyX's screen fonts can be adjusted in the
-\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Preferences
-\family default
- dialog, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Screen-Fonts"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Using Different Character Styles
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Character Styles
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Text Style
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
- certain paragraph environments.
- LyX supports two character styles,
-\family sans
-Emphasized
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Noun
-\family default
-.
- You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
- toolbar.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To activate the
-\family sans
-Noun
-\family default
- style, do one of the following:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-click on the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "font-noun"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-use the key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-noun"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-These commands are all toggles.
- That is, if
-\family sans
-Noun
-\family default
- style is already active, they deactivate it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-One typically uses the
-\family sans
-Noun
-\family default
- style for proper names.
- For example:
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\noun on
-Matthias Ettrich
-\noun default
- is the original author of LyX.
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A more widely used character style is the
-\family sans
-Emphasized
-\family default
- style.
- You can activate (or deactivate â it's also a toggle) the
-\family sans
-Emphasized
-\family default
- style by:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-clicking on the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "font-emph"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-using the keybindings
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-emph"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Normally the
-\family sans
-Emphasized
-\family default
- style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or LaTeX-packag
-es use a different font.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We've been using the
-\family sans
-Emphasized
-\family default
- style all over the place in this document.
- Here's one more example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quotation
-
-\emph on
-Do not overuse character styles!
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-It's also a warning in addition to an example.
- One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
- Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
- the common tendency to overuse character styles.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can always reset to the default font using the key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-default"
-\end_inset
-
- or the dialog
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Customized
-\family default
- (
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show character"
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Fine-Tuning with the
-\family sans
-Text Style
-\family default
- dialog
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Text Style
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are always occasions when you will need to do some fine-tuning; so
- LyX gives you a way to create a custom character style.
- For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
- requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
- Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
- from ordinary dialog.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
- warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles!
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Documents that overuse different fonts and sizes are not easy to read and
- tend to look as if someone has knocked huge holes in them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use custom character styles, open the
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Customized
-\family default
- dialog or press the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show character"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- There are several boxes in this dialog, each corresponding to a different
- font property that you can choose.
- You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select
-\family sans
-No
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-change
-\family default
-, which keeps the current state of that property.
- The item
-\family sans
-Reset
-\family default
- will reset the property to whatever is the default.
- You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
- environments all at once.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The font properties, and their options (in addition to
-\family sans
-No
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-change
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Reset
-\family default
-) are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Family
-\family default
- The
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-overall look
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- of the font.
- The possible options are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Roman
-\family default
- This is the Roman font family.
- Normally a serif font.
- It's also the default family.
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-roman"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Sans
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Serif
-\family default
-
-\family sans
-This is the Sans Serif font family.
-
-\family default
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-sans"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Typewriter
-\family default
-
-\family typewriter
-This is the Typewriter font family.
-
-\family default
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-typewriter"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Series
-\family default
- This corresponds to the print weight.
- Options are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Medium
-\family default
- This is the Medium font series.
- It's also the default series.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Bold
-\family default
-
-\series bold
-This is the Bold font series.
-
-\series default
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-bold"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Shape
-\family default
- As the name implies.
- Options are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Upright
-\family default
- This is the Upright font shape.
- It's also the default shape.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Italic
-\family default
-
-\shape italic
-This
-\shape default
-
-\family sans
-\shape italic
-i
-\family default
-s the Italic font shape
-\shape default
-\emph on
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Slanted
-\family default
-
-\shape slanted
-This is the Slanted font shape
-\shape default
- (although it might not be visible in LyX, this is different from italic).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Small
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Caps
-\family default
-
-\shape smallcaps
-This is the Small caps font shape
-\shape default
-\noun on
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Color
-\family default
- Alters the text color.
- Note that not all DVI-viewers are able to display colors.
- Besides
-\family sans
-No
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-color
-\family default
-, which means that the document default color set in
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Color
-\family default
- for
-\family sans
-Main
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-text
-\family default
- is used, you can choose between
-\family sans
-Black
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-White
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Red
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Green
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Blue
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Cyan
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Magenta
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Yellow
-\family default
- text.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Color ! Text
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Language
-\family default
- This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
- the language of the document.
- Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change
- (only within LyX).
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-If you have for example, an extract of German text in a non-German document,
- LaTeX respects the German hyphenation rules automatically.
- When using the spell checking (see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Spellchecking"
-
-\end_inset
-
-) the German-marked text will be checked according to the German dictionary.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Size
-\family default
- Alters the size of the font.
- You will find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually
- proportional to the document font size.
- Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
- what you want to do.
- The options are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Tiny
-\family default
-
-\size tiny
-This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Tiny
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font size.
-
-\size default
- (key bindings
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-size tiny"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Smallest
-\family default
-
-\size scriptsize
-This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Smallest
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font size
-\size default
-.
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-size scriptsize"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Smaller
-\family default
-
-\size footnotesize
-This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Smaller
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font size.
-
-\size default
- (key bindings
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-size footnotesize"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Small
-\family default
-
-\size small
-This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Small
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font size.
-
-\size default
- (key bindings
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-size small"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Normal
-\family default
- This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Normal
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font size.
- It's also the default size.
- (key bindings
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-size normal"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Large
-\family default
-
-\size large
-This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Large
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font size.
-
-\size default
- (key bindings
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-size large"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Larger
-\family default
-
-\size larger
-This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Larger
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font size.
-
-\size default
- (key bindings
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-size larger"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Largest
-\family default
-
-\size largest
-This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Largest
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font size.
-
-\size default
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-size largest"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Huge
-\family default
-
-\size huge
-This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Huge
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font size.
-
-\size default
- (key bindings
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-size huge"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Huger
-\family default
-
-\size giant
-This is the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Huger
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font size.
-
-\size default
- (key bindings
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-size giant"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Increase
-\family default
- This increases the size by one step (for instance, from
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Largest
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Huge
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-).
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-size increase"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Decrease
-\family default
- This decreases the size by one step (for instance, from
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Normal
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Small
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-).
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-size decrease"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-We warn you
-\emph on
-yet again
-\emph default
-: don't go crazy with this feature.
- You should almost never need to change the font size.
- LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
- â use those instead.
- This is here for fine-tuning only!
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Misc
-\family default
- Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
- Options are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Emph
-\family default
-
-\emph on
-This is text with emphasize on
-\emph default
-.
- This might seem like the same as
-\shape italic
-Italic
-\shape default
-, but it is actually a bit different.
- Emphasized is a
-\emph on
-logical
-\emph default
- attribute.
- That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized
- text.
- Normally this font is equal to italic.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Underbar
-\family default
-
-\bar under
-This is text with Underbar on.
-
-\bar default
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-underline"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-)
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
-Avoid using underbar if you can! It is a hangover from the typewriter days,
- when you could not change fonts.
- One no longer needs to emphasize text by underscoring characters.
- This is only possible in LyX because some people
-\emph on
-may
-\emph default
- need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Double
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-underbar
-\family default
-
-\uuline on
-This is text with Double underbar on.
-
-\uuline default
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-underunderline"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-As we just warned you against using underbar, you can imagine what we think
- about double underbar.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Wavy
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-underbar
-\family default
-
-\uwave on
-This is text with Wavy underbar on.
-
-\uwave default
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-underwave"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Use this only if a journal absolutely insists on it.
- Keep antinausea pills handy.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Strikeout
-\family default
-
-\strikeout on
-This is text with Strikeout on.
-
-\strikeout default
- (key binding
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-strikeout"
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-This is frequently used to indicate an older version of text that has been
- changed in the meantime.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Noun
-\family default
-
-\noun on
-This is text with Noun on.
-
-\noun default
- Like
-\family sans
-Emph
-\family default
-, this is a logical attribute.
- Normally it's equivalent to
-\family sans
-Small
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Caps
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-So you have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
- Once you have chosen a new character style via the
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Customized
-\family default
- (
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show character"
-\end_inset
-
-) dialog, the settings are saved.
- You can activate them by using the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "textstyle-apply"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The button lets you apply your custom character style even when the dialog
- isn't visible.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To completely reset the character style to the default, use
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-default"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
- (suppose you just set the shape to
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-slanted
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and the series to
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-bold
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-), set the
-\family sans
-Toggle
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-all
-\family default
- switch and press
-\family sans
-Apply
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You should also know something about the differences between the three main
- font types
-\family sans
-serif
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-sans
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-serif
-\family default
-, and
-\family sans
-typewriter
-\family default
-:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Typewriter
-\family default
- is a so called
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-monospaced
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- font, which means every character has the same width; the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-i
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- is as wide as the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-m
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Here is an example
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-no
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-typewriter text
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-For more on phantoms see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Phantom-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-no typewriter text
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Serif
-\family default
- fonts use characters with serifs.
- These are the small
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-appendices
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- at the ends of the strokes that form the character.
- The following example shows the difference:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-text with serifs
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-text without serifs
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Serifs facilitate quick and easy reading.
- These fonts are therefore used as default (named
-\family sans
-roman
-\family default
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\family sans
-Sans serif
-\family default
- is not recommended for use as a base type.
- This font type is therefore often only used for headings and short texts.
- We use it in this document to highlight menu names.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Toggling
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- refers to applying or removing font properties.
- When a property is marked for toggling in the
-\family sans
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Style
-\family default
- dialog, applying the style to text that already has the property will cause
- the property to be removed.
- If you, for example, apply a style with properties A, B and C to text that
- currently has font properties B, C, F and G, and if B is set to toggle
- and C is set not to toggle, the text ends up with properties A, C, F and
- G.
-
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Never toggled
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-always toggled
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- mean that you do not control the toggling behavior.
- For the properties on the left side of the dialog (
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Family
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- etc.), toggling behavior is up to you.
- If
-\family sans
-Toggle
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-all
-\family default
- is checked, all of the left side properties are toggled; by default, none
- of them are.
- Finally,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Reset
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- is never toggled.
- If you, for example, set
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Series
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Reset
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and select
-\family sans
-Toggle
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-all
-\family default
-, then apply the style to bold face text, the text will revert to the default
- series (
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Medium
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-), no matter how many times you apply the style.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We conclude with the same warning once again: Do not overuse the fonts!
- They are, more often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Printing and Previewing
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Overview
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Now that we have covered some of the basic features of document preparation
- using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
- Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what
- goes on behind-the-scenes.
- We cover this information in much greater detail in the
-\emph on
-Additional Features
-\emph default
- manual as well.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX uses the program LaTeX as its backend.
- LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent
- confusion, we will only refer to LaTeX.
- LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
- Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
- This happens in two stages:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
- generating a file with the extension,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.tex
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Next, LyX calls LaTeX to use the commands in the
-\family typewriter
-.tex
-\family default
- file to produce printable output.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Output file formats
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-File formats
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Output-file-formats"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Simple text (ASCII)
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-File formats ! ASCII
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This file type has the extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.txt
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-American Standard Code for Information Interchange
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (ASCII).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can export your document to ASCII with the menu
-\family sans
-File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Plain
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-text
-\family default
-.
- However, this will not export any externally generated material such as
- a BibTeX bibliography (section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Bibliography-databases"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- If your document includes such material, use
-\family sans
-File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-More
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Formats
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-&
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Options
-\family default
- and then select
-\family sans
-Plain
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(ps2ascii)
-\family default
-.
- This will first internally export your document to PostScript (generating
- thereby the external material) and then do the conversion to ASCII.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-LaTeX
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-File formats ! LaTeX
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This file type has the extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.tex
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and contains all commands that are necessary for the LaTeX program to process
- your document.
- If you know LaTeX, you can use it to find out LaTeX-Errors or to process
- it manually with console commands.
- The LaTeX-file is automatically created in LyX's temporary directory whenever
- you view or export your document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can export your document as a LaTeX-file using the menu
-\family sans
-File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\family default
-.
- The different LaTeX export variants are explained in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Export"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-DVI
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-File formats ! DVI
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This file type has the extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.dvi
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- It is called
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-device-independent
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine
- to another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
- DVIs are used for quick previews and as a pre-stage for other output formats,
- like PostScript.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-DVI files do not contain images, they only link to them.
- So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs.
- Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the images in the background to make
- them visible when you scroll the DVI, this can slow down your computer
- when you view the DVI.
- So we recommend using PDF for files with many images.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can export your document to DVI by the menus
-\family sans
-File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-DVI
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-DVI
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(LuaTe
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X).
-
-\family default
- The latter option uses the program
-\family typewriter
-LuaTeX
-\family default
-.
-
-\family typewriter
-LuaTeX
-\family default
- is an engine that provides direct Unicode support and support for direct
- font access (see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- LuaTeX is still a work in progress, but it might develop into the next
- standard TeX processor.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-PostScript
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-File formats ! PostScript
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This file type has the extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.ps
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- PostScript was developed by the company
-\family typewriter
-Adobe
-\family default
- as a printer language.
- The file therefore contains commands that the printer uses to print the
- file.
- PostScript can be seen as a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-programming language
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-If you are interested in learning more about this, have a look at the LaTeX-pack
-age
-\series bold
-pstricks
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! pstricks
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- As a result of this, the files are often bigger than PDFs.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-PostScript can only contain images in the format
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Encapsulated PostScript
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (EPS, file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.eps
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-).
- As LyX allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has
- to convert them in the background to EPS.
- If, for example, you have 50
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-images in your document, LyX has to do 50
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-conversions when you view or export your document the first time.
- This might slow down your workflow with LyX.
- So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as
- EPS to avoid this problem.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can export to PostScript using the menu
-\family sans
-File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-PostScript
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-PDF
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-File formats ! PDF
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-PDF
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This file type has the extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.pdf
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Portable Document Format
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (PDF) developed by
-\family typewriter
-Adobe
-\family default
- was derived from PostScript.
- It is more compressed and it uses fewer commands than PostScript.
- As the name
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-portable
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- implies, it can be processed on any computer system and the printed output
- looks exactly the same.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Joint Photographic Experts Group
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (JPG, file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.jpg
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- or
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.jpeg
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-) and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Portable Network Graphics
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (PNG, file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.png
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-).
- You can also use any other image format, because LyX converts them in the
- background to one of these formats.
- But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion
- will slow down your workflow.
- So we recommend using images in one of the three formats mentioned above.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can export your document to PDF via the menu
-\family sans
-File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Export
-\family default
- in different ways:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(pdflatex) This uses the program
-\family typewriter
-pdftex
-\family default
- which converts your file directly to PDF.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(LuaTe
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X) This uses the program
-\family typewriter
-LuaTeX
-\family default
- which converts your file directly to PDF.
-
-\family typewriter
-LuaTeX
-\family default
- is a new engine, derived from
-\family typewriter
-pdflatex
-\family default
-, that also provides direct Unicode support and support for direct font
- access (see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- LuaTeX is still a work in progress, but it might develop into the next
- standard TeX processor.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(XeTe
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X) This uses the program
-\family typewriter
-XeTeX
-\family default
- that converts your file directly to PDF.
-
-\family typewriter
-XeTeX
-\family default
- is a new engine that provides direct Unicode support and support for direct
- font access (see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- It is particularly good at typesetting different scripts, for example,
- vertically written Japanese.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(dvipdfm) This uses the program
-\family typewriter
-dvipdfm
-\family default
- that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to
- PDF.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(ps2pdf) This uses the program
-\family typewriter
-ps2pdf
-\family default
- that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file.
- The PostScript-version is produced by the program
-\family typewriter
-dvips
-\family default
- which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step.
- So this export variant consists of three conversions.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We recommend using
-\family sans
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(pdflatex)
-\family default
- because
-\family typewriter
-pdftex
-\family default
- supports all the features of actual PDF-versions, is quick, stable, and
- works without problems.
- If you rely on multiscript support and\SpecialChar \slash{}
-or specific OpenType fonts, you might
- want to try out
-\family sans
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(XeTe
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X)
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(LuaTe
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X)
-\family default
- instead, bearing in mind that these two programs are not yet as mature
- as
-\family typewriter
-pdflatex
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-XHTML
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-FileFormats ! XHTML
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-HTML
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This file type has the extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.xhtml
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- It is a file suitable for viewing in web browsers.
- It does not itself contain images and the like but only links to them.
- When LyX produces XHTML, it also generates corresponding images in formats
- suitable for the purpose.
- For the math output you can choose in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Output
-\family default
- between different formats, which are described in section
-\emph on
-Math Output in XHTML
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Additional
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Features
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-XHTML output remains
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-under development
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, and not all LyX features are supported yet.
- See the chapter
-\emph on
-LyX and the World Wide Web
-\emph default
-, in the
-\emph on
-Additional Features
-\emph default
- manual, for more information.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can export your document as an XHTML file using the menu item
-\family sans
-File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-LyXHTML
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Previewing
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Preview
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the page
- breaks in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu
-
-\family sans
-View
-\family default
- and choose
-\family sans
-View
-\family default
- or use the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "buffer-view"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- A viewing program will pop up showing the output in the defined default
- output format, which is globally set in the preferences (see sec.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:File-Formats"
-
-\end_inset
-
-) and can also be altered for single documents in the document settings
- (see sec.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Doc-Output"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- Further output formats can be selected via
-\family sans
-View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-View (Other Formats)
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/view-others.png
- scale 85
- groupId toolbarbuttons
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same
- viewer window using the menu
-\family sans
-View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Update
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Update (Other Formats)
-\family default
-, respectively.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in LyX's temporary
- directory.
- To have a real output, export your document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Printing the File from within LyX
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Printing-the-File"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Instead of exporting your file and then printing it, you can also print
- it directly from within LyX.
- To print a file, select the menu
-\family sans
-File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Print
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "dialog-show print"
-\end_inset
-
-) or click on the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show print"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- LyX will internally call LaTeX to produce a DVI.
- This file is then processed by the program
-\family typewriter
-dvips
-\family default
- to a PostScript-file, which is finally printed using the program
-\family typewriter
-Ghostscript
-\family default
-.
- Due to these steps in the background, this method is not the fastest.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can set the following print parameters in the
-\family sans
-Print
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Destination
-\family default
- box:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-Printer
-\family default
- This is the name of the printer to print to.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Note that this printer name is for the program
-\family typewriter
-dvips
-\family default
-.
- That means
-\family typewriter
-dvips
-\family default
- has to be configured for this printer name.
- The default printer can be set in LyX's preferences dialog, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Printer"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- The printer should understand PostScript.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-File
-\family default
- The name of a file to print to.
- The output will be a PostScript file.
- It will be written in LyX's working directory unless you specify the full
- path.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can choose to print only a range of pages, only even-numbered or only
- odd-numbered pages or to print the pages in reverse â the latter options
- are useful for printing on two sides with a printer without a duplexer:
- you re-insert the pages after printing one set to print on the other side.
- Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
- By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack
- of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-A few Words about Typography
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Typography
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Hyphens, Dashes and Minus Signs
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Hyphens
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Dashes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In LyX, the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
--
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- character comes in four lengths: the
-\emph on
-hyphen
-\emph default
-, the
-\emph on
-en dash
-\emph default
-, the
-\emph on
-em dash
-\emph default
-, and the minus sign:
-\begin_inset VSpace defskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-name
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-output
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-inserted with
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-hyphen
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
--
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in text
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-en dash
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-â
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Special
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Symbols
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-em dash
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-â
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Special
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Symbols
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-minus sign
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $-$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
--
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in math mode
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset VSpace defskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can alternatively generate the en and em dash by inserting the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
--
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- character multiple times in a row.
- They will automatically be converted to the appropriate length dash in
- the final output, but not in LyX.
-
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
--
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
--
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- gives a en dash,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
--
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
--
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
--
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- a em dash.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in
- math mode and has a length of its own.
- Here are some examples:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-line- and page-breaks
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-(
-\emph on
-hyphen
-\emph default
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-From AâZ
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-(
-\emph on
-en dash
-\emph default
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Oh â there's a dash.
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-(
-\emph on
-em dash
-\emph default
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-(
-\emph on
-minus sign
-\emph default
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Hyphenation
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Hyphenation
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Hyphenation"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Words are not hyphenated within LyX but automatically in the output.
- Hyphenation is done by the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-babel
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! babel
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- following the rules of the document language.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LaTeX hyphenates almost perfectly; it only has problems with text in the
-
-\family sans
-typewriter
-\family default
- font and with unusual constructs, like
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-h3knix/m0n0wall
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- If LaTeX cannot break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points
- manually.
- This is done with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Hyphenation
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Point
-\family default
-.
- These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
- If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will ignore them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs from being hyphenated.
- Imagine that you are describing keybindings/shortcuts in your document
- in the form
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-A-b c
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- LaTeX would then see the hyphen
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
--
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- as a hyphenation possibility.
- Hyphenating at this point would look ugly.
- To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, you can put it into a makebox
- as described in section
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Prevent Hyphenation
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- of the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Punctuation Marks
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Punctuation marks
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Abbreviations and End of Sentence
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Abbreviations"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
- automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
- LaTeX then adds the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-appropriate amount of space.
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and
- the next word.
- Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period that a word
- gets after another word.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation does
- not work in all cases.
- If a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
- at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here are some examples of
-\emph on
-correct
-\emph default
- abbreviations and of the end of a sentence:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-M.
- Butterfly
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Don't worry.
- Be happy.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-And here is an example of the algorithm going wrong:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
- this is too much space!
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-This is I.
- It's okay.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You will not see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To fix this problem, use one of the following:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Use an
-\family sans
-Inter-word
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Space
-\family default
- after lowercase abbreviations (see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Inter-word-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spaces ! inter-word
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Use a
-\family sans
-Thin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Space
-\family default
- between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Thin-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spaces ! thin
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Use an
-\family sans
-End
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-of
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-sentence
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-period
-\family default
- found under the
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Special
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Character
-\family default
- menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
- This function is also bound to
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "specialchar-insert end-of-sentence"
-\end_inset
-
- for easy access.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-this is too much space!
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-This is I\SpecialChar \@.
- It's okay.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
- If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because LaTeX
- will take care of this.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
- Check out the
-\family sans
-Check
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-TeX
-\family default
- feature described in the section
-\emph on
-Checking TeX
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Additional Features
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Quotes
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Typography ! Quotes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Quotes | see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Typography
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
- Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
- and use a closing quote at the end.
- For example,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-open close
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The keyboard character,
-\family sans
-"
-\family default
-, generates this automatically.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can specify what character the
-\family sans
-"
-\family default
- key produces using the submenu
-\family sans
-Language
-\family default
- of the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- dialog in the box
-\family sans
-Quote Style
-\family default
-.
- There are six choices:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Text
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- Use quotes like
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-this
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-Text
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- Use quotes like
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-this
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Quotes gld
-\end_inset
-
-Text
-\begin_inset Quotes grd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- Use quotes like
-\begin_inset Quotes gld
-\end_inset
-
-this
-\begin_inset Quotes grd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Quotes pld
-\end_inset
-
-Text
-\begin_inset Quotes prd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- Use quotes like
-\begin_inset Quotes pld
-\end_inset
-
-this
-\begin_inset Quotes prd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Quotes fld
-\end_inset
-
-Text
-\begin_inset Quotes frd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- Use quotes like
-\begin_inset Quotes fld
-\end_inset
-
-this
-\begin_inset Quotes frd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Quotes ald
-\end_inset
-
-Text
-\begin_inset Quotes ard
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- Use quotes like
-\begin_inset Quotes ald
-\end_inset
-
-this
-\begin_inset Quotes ard
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For single quotes you have to use the shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "quote-insert single"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Ligatures
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Typography ! Ligatures
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Ligatures | see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Typography
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Ligatures"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
- print them as single characters.
- These groups are known as
-\emph on
-ligatures
-\emph default
-.
- Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too
- in the output.
- Here are the standard ligatures:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-ff
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-fi
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-fl
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-ffi
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-ffl
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word.
- While a ligature may be okay in the word,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-graffiti,
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- it looks really weird in compound words, such as
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-cufflink
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- or the German
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Dorffest.
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- To break a ligature, use
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Ligature
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Break.
-
-\family default
- This changes
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-cufflinks
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
-links
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Dorffest
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
-fest
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-LyX's Proper Names
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LyX ! Proper names
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You will certainly have noticed that the word âLaTeXâ always appears with
- characters in different sizes and heights.
- LaTeX is the name of the program used by LyX and is therefore recognized
- as a proper name when you type it in LyX as
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The braces in TeX Code are here to avoid that the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-command
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- appear as proper name in the output, see the last paragraph of this section.
- To create proper names omit the TeX Code.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- Note the order of the upper- and lowercase letters! LyX recognizes the
- following proper names:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-LyX The name of the game, write
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-L
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-yX
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to produce it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-TeX The program used by LaTeX, write
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-T
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to produce it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-LaTeX The program used by LyX, write
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to produce it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-LaTeX2e The actual version of LaTeX, write
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX2e
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to produce it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You might wonder why the LaTeX-version is
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-2
-\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- It is an old tradition in the TeX-world to give programs geek version numbers.
- For example the version number of TeX converges to the number
-\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
-\end_inset
-
-: The actual version is
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-TeX-3.141592
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, the previous one was
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-TeX-3.14159
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you don't want to use proper names, for example, in section headings,
- you can insert two empty braces in TeX Code in the word.
- In LyX this will look like
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/LaTeX.png
- scale 80
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-For more about TeX Code, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:TeX-Code"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Units
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Typography ! Units
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal
- space between two words.
- As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is
- smaller.
- To get such a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-half space
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- for units use the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Thin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Space
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "space-insert thin"
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here is an example to show the differences:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-24
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-kW
-\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
-\end_inset
-
-h
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-space between number and unit
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-24
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-kW
-\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
-\end_inset
-
-h
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-half space between number and unit
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Widows and Orphans
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Typography ! Widows and orphans
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
- happened to end.
- There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
- You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
- for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
- of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
- of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
- These bits of text became known as
-\emph on
-widows
-\emph default
- and
-\emph on
-orphans
-\emph default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
- That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
- But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
- of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
- built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
- specifically to prevent widows and orphans.
- This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We cannot go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page, or how you can
- tweak that behavior.
- Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography (such as
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "latexcompanion"
-
-\end_inset
-
- or
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "latexguide"
-
-\end_inset
-
-) may have more information.
- You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Chapter
-Notes, Graphics, Tables and Floats
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "chap:Floats-and-Notes"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
- There you will also find tips and tricks for special cases.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Notes
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Notes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Notes"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX offers you a few types of notes to add to your document:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-LyX
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Note This note type is for internal notes that will not appear in the output.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it does appear as
- a LaTeX-comment when you export the document to LaTeX via the menu
-\family sans
-File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(xxx)
-\family default
-.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Comment
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This is text in a note box that only appears as a comment in LaTeX-files.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Greyed
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Out This note will appear in the output as text in a color which you can
- set in the document settings under
-\family sans
-Colors\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Greyed-out
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-notes
-\family default
-.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This is the text
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This is an example footnote within a greyed out note.
- In this document the color of this note type is set to blue.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- of a comment that appears in the output.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-As you can see in the example, greyed out notes can have footnotes.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Notes are inserted with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "note-insert"
-\end_inset
-
- or the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Note
-\family default
-.
- Right-click on the note box that appears to select the note type.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Footnotes
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Footnotes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Footnotes"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the
- menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Footnote
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "footnote-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\bar no
-you will see
-\family default
-\series default
-\bar default
- a box like this:
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/footnoteQt4.png
- scale 80
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\bar no
- This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
- If you
-\family default
-\series default
-\bar default
- left-click on
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\bar no
-the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-foot
-\family roman
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
-\series default
-\bar default
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\bar no
-label, the box will
-\family default
-\series default
-\bar default
- be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it.
- Clicking on the box label again will close
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\bar no
-the
-\family default
-\series default
-\bar default
- box
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\bar no
-.
- If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply highlight it
- and click on the footnote
-\family default
-\series default
-\bar default
- toolbar
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\bar no
-button
-\family default
-\series default
-\bar default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here is an example footnote:
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\bar no
-
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-To close a footnote, click on the footnote box label.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text
- position where the footnote box is placed.
- The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page.
- The footnote number is calculated by LyX according to the document class.
- LyX does not yet support a particular numbering scheme, but you can get
- other schemes using special LaTeX-commands.
- T
-\family roman
-h
-\family default
-ey are described in the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Marginal Notes
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Marginal notes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Marginal-Notes"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
- When you insert a margin note via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Marginal
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Note
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "marginalnote-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-, you will see
-\family roman
-\series medium
-a
-\family default
-\series default
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-box with the
-\family default
-\series default
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-label
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-margin
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- appearing within your text.
- This box is LyX's representation of your margin
-\family default
-\series default
-al
-\family roman
-\series medium
-note.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-At the side of this sentence is an example marginal note.
-\family roman
-\series medium
-
-\begin_inset Marginal
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\align left
-This is a marginal note.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents.
- In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin â left on even
- pages, right on odd pages.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For further information about marginal notes see the section
-\emph on
-Margin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Notes
-\emph default
- in the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Graphics and Images
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Images
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Graphics
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Graphics"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position
- you want and click on the toolbar icon
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
-\end_inset
-
- or select
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Graphics
-\family default
- from the menu.
- Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters.
- The
-\family sans
-Graphics
-\family default
- tab allows you to choose your image file.
- The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling
- factor.
- The scaling units are explained in Appendix
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "chap:Units-available-in"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the tab
-\family sans
-Clipping
-\family default
- it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width
- of the image in the output.
- The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button
-
-\family sans
-Get
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-from
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-file
-\family default
-.
- The option
-\family sans
-Clip
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-to
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-bounding
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-box
-\family default
- will only print the image region within the given coordinates.
- Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore
- the tab
-\family sans
-Clipping
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the
-\family sans
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-and
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Ly
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X options
-\family default
- tab LaTeX experts can specify additional LaTeX options.
- In this tab you can also specify the appearance of the image inside LyX.
- The option
-\family sans
-Draft
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-mode
-\family default
- has the effect that the image doesn't appear in the output, only a frame
- with the image size is printed.
- The option
-\family sans
-Don't
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-unzip
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-on
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-export
-\family default
- is explained in the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual in section
-\emph on
-Graphics Dialog
-\emph default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The graphics dialog can be called at any time by clicking on an image.
- Images will appear in the output exactly at the position where they are
- in the text.
- This is an example image within a separate, horizontally centered paragraph:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/mobius.eps
- scale 70
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you need image captions or want to reference images, you have to put
- the image into a float, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Figure-Floats"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Image Formats
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Images ! Formats
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Image-Formats"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can insert images in any known file format.
- But as we explained in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, every output document format allows only a few image formats.
- LyX therefore uses the program
-\family typewriter
-ImageMagick
-\family default
- in the background to convert the images to the right format.
- To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background,
- use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Bitmap
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form.
- They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixelated in large zooms.
- Well-known bitmap image formats are
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Graphics Interchange Format
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (GIF, file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.gif
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-GIF|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Image formats
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Portable Network Graphics
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (PNG, file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.png
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-PNG|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Image formats
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-, and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Joint Photographic Experts Group
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (JPG, file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.jpg
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- or
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.jpeg
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-JPG|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Image formats
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Scalable
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size without
- data loss.
- The scaling ability is desired if you want to create presentations, because
- presentations are always scaled by the beamer.
- Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Scalable image formats can be
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Scalable Vector Graphics
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (SVG, file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.svg
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-SVG|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Image formats
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Encapsulated PostScript
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (EPS, file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.eps
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-EPS|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Image formats
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-, and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Portable Document Format
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (PDF, file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-.pdf
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-PDF
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- We say
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-can be
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF or EPS and the
- result will not be scalable.
- In this case only a header with the image properties is added to the original
- image.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Normally one cannot convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only
-\emph on
-vice versa
-\emph default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Grouping of Image Settings
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Images ! Settings grouping
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Each image can define a new group of image settings or join an existing
- group.
- Images within such a group share their settings, so adjusting one image
- of the group automatically also adjusts all other images of the group in
- the same way.
- So you can for example change the size for a bunch of images without the
- need to manually change each of them.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A new group can be set by pressing the button
-\family sans
-Open
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-new
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-group
-\family default
- in the
-\family sans
- Graphics
-\family default
- dialog in the
-\family sans
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-and
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Ly
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X options
-\family default
- tab.
- Joining an existing group can be done using the context menu of the image
- and checking the name of the desired group.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Tables
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Tables
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Tables"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can insert a table using either the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "tabular-insert"
-\end_inset
-
- or the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Table
-\family default
-.
- A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
- The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated
- from the rest of the table.
- This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row
- have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above
- them.
- Here is an example table:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-1
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-2
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-3
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-A
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-B
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\size normal
-\noun off
-\color none
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-C
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-The Table dialog
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button and
- then choosing
-\family sans
-More\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
-.
- This brings up the table dialog.
- Here you can adjust the settings of the cell, row and/or column where the
- cursor is placed currently.
- Most of the dialog options also work on selections.
- This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
- done on all of your selection.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In addition to the table dialog, the
-\family sans
-table
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-toolbar
-\family default
- helps you in setting table properties.
- It appears if the cursor is inside a table.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the tab
-\family sans
-Table
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Settings
-\family default
- of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row.
- If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the
- current cell respectively.
- The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width
- is given.
- A given width will allow the cell to have line breaks and multiple paragraphs
- of text, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Table-Cells"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can mark multiple cells of one row/column as a multicolumn/row cell
- using the check box
-\family sans
-Multicolumn
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-Multirow
-\family default
-.
- This will merge the cells to
-\emph on
-one
-\emph default
- cell, spread over more than one column/row.
- Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width,
- and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell.
- Here is an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one
- in the last row without the upper border:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-abc
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-def ghi
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-jkl
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-A
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-B
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-C
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-D
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-1
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-2
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-3
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-4
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Adept users can declare special LaTeX-arguments for the table.
- They are necessary for special table formatting, such as the multirow cells,
- explained in the chapter
-\emph on
-Tables
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
- You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table 90
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-degrees counterclockwise.
- These rotations are not visible in LyX but are visible in the output.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Most DVI-viewers are
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- able to display rotations.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Borders
-\family default
- tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column.
- The button
-\family sans
-Default
-\family default
- adds lines for all cell borders.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Longtables
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Tables ! Longtables
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Longtables
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option
-\family sans
-Use
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-long
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-table
-\family default
- in the tab
-\family sans
-Longtable
-\family default
- of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages.
- Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-Header
-\family default
-: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
- defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable.
- except for the first page, if
-\family sans
-First
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-header
-\family default
- is defined.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-First
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-header
-\family default
-: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
- defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-Footer
-\family default
-: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
- defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable,
- except for the last page, if
-\family sans
-Last
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-footer
-\family default
- is defined.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-Last
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-footer
-\family default
-: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
- defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Caption: The first row is reset as a single column.
- You can now insert there the table caption via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Caption
-\family default
-.
- More about longtable captions can be found in the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can also specify a row where the table is split.
- If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
- that then only the first option is used; the others will be defined as
-
-\emph on
-empty
-\emph default
-.
- In this context, first means first in this order:
-\family sans
-Footer, Last
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-footer,
-\family default
-
-\family sans
-Header,
-\family default
-
-\family sans
-First
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-header
-\family default
-; see the following longtable to see how it works:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Example Phone List (ignore the names)
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-NAME
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-TEL.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Example Phone List
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-NAME
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-TEL.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-continue ...
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Annovi
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Silvia
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Bertoli
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Stefano
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Bozzi
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Walter
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Cachia
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Maria
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Cachia
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Maurizio
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Cinquemani
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Giusi
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Colin
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bernard
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Concli
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Gianfranco
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Dal Bosco
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Carolina
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Dalpiaz
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Annamaria
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Feliciello
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Domenico
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Focarelli
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paola
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Galletti
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Oreste
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Gasparini
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Franca
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Rizzardi
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paola
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Lassini
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Giancarlo
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-111
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Malfatti
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Luciano
-\end_layout
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-\color none
-This is longer now.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-7
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-8
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-This is a multi-line entry in a table.
- This is longer now.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-9
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well.
- You can even cut and paste more than one row.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Note that you cannot paste into a multicell selection because it would not
- be clear what to do when pasting a single word in a selected 2Ã3.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- Selection with the mouse or with
-\family sans
-Shift
-\family default
- plus the arrow keys works as usual.
- You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting
- the selection from outside the table.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Floats
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Floats
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Floats"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Introduction
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't
- have a fixed location.
- It can
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-float
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
-
-\family sans
-Footnotes
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Margin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Notes
-\family default
- are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are
- too many notes on the current page.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Floats make it possible to get a high quality layout.
- Images and tables can be distributed evenly over the pages to avoid whitespace
- and pages without text.
- As the floating often destroys the spatial context between the text and
- the image/table, every float can be referenced in the text.
- Floats are therefore numbered.
- Referencing is described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Cross-References"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To insert a float, use the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Float
-\family default
-.
- A box with a caption will be inserted into your document.
- The label will automatically be translated to the document language in
- the output.
- After the label you can insert the caption text.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Floats ! Captions
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate
- paragraph within the float.
- To keep your LyX-document readable, you can open and close the float box
- by left-clicking on the box label.
- A closed float box looks like this:
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/floatQt4.png
- scale 80
-
-\end_inset
-
- â a gray button with a red label.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You should insert floats in a separate paragraph to avoid possible LaTeX-errors
- that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Examples
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Figure Floats
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Figure-Floats"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Floats ! Figure floats
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Figure
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "fig:Platypus-distorted"
-
-\end_inset
-
- was created using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Figure
-\family default
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "float-insert figure"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- The image was inserted by setting the cursor above the caption label and
- using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Graphics
-\family default
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- The image in the float was horizontally centered by putting the cursor
- to the left or right of the image and using the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Paragraph
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Settings
-\family default
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "layout-paragraph"
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Float figure
-wide false
-sideways false
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\align center
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/platypus.eps
- lyxscale 50
- width 50col%
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Caption Standard
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "fig:Platypus-distorted"
-
-\end_inset
-
-A severely distorted platypus in a float.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This figure float also shows how to set a label and create a cross-reference
- to it: Insert a label into the caption using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Label
-\family default
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "label-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-) and refer to it using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Cross-Reference
-\family default
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- It is important to use cross-references to figure floats rather than using
- vague references like
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-the figure above
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, because, as LaTeX will reposition the floats in the final document, it
- might not be
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-above
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- at all.
- For more about cross-references, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Cross-References"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Normally only one image is inserted in a figure float, but sometimes you
- might want to use two images with separate subcaptions.
- This can be done by inserting image floats into existing image floats.
- Note that only the main caption of the float is added to the List of Figures
- as described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:List-of-Figures"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Figure
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "fig:Two-distorted-images"
-
-\end_inset
-
- is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side.
- You can also set the images one below the other.
- Figure
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "fig:Undefinable"
-
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "fig:Platypus"
-
-\end_inset
-
- are the subfigures.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Float figure
-wide false
-sideways false
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Float figure
-wide false
-sideways false
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Caption Standard
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "fig:Undefinable"
-
-\end_inset
-
-Undefinable
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps
- width 45col%
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Float figure
-wide false
-sideways false
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Caption Standard
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "fig:Platypus"
-
-\end_inset
-
-Platypus
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/platypus.eps
- lyxscale 60
- width 45col%
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Caption Standard
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "fig:Two-distorted-images"
-
-\end_inset
-
-Two distorted images.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Table Floats
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Floats ! Table floats
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Table floats can be inserted using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Table
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "float-insert table"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- They have the same properties as figure floats except that the table in
- the float is normally placed below the caption and not above like for figures
- and that the label begins with âtab:â.
- Table
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "tab:Table-float"
-
-\end_inset
-
- is a table float.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Float table
-wide false
-sideways false
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Caption Standard
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "tab:Table-float"
-
-\end_inset
-
-A table float.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-1
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-2
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-3
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Joe
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Mary
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Ted
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
-a & b\\
-c & d
-\end{array}\right]$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-More Information
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Floats ! Details
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX offers you further float types as well as rotated floats.
- It also allows you to change the float numbering scheme, to control the
- float placement and to change the formatting and placement of the float
- caption.
- All these features are explained in detail with many examples in the chapter
-
-\emph on
-Floats
-\emph default
- in the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Minipages
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Minipages
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LaTeX provides a mechanism essentially to produce a page within a page,
- called a minipage.
- Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-apply.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Minipages in LyX have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Box
-\family default
-.
- Right-clicking on the box label allows you to alter the width of the minipage
- and its alignment within the page.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Box Frameless
-position "t"
-hor_pos "c"
-has_inner_box 1
-inner_pos "t"
-use_parbox 0
-use_makebox 0
-width "30col%"
-special "none"
-height "1pt"
-height_special "totalheight"
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\shape italic
-This is a minipage.
- The text is set in an italic style.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\shape italic
-Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs
- another formatting.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use
-\family sans
-Horizontal Fills
-\family default
- as described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-:
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Box Frameless
-position "t"
-hor_pos "c"
-has_inner_box 1
-inner_pos "t"
-use_parbox 0
-use_makebox 0
-width "1.5in"
-special "none"
-height "1pt"
-height_special "totalheight"
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
- This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Box Frameless
-position "t"
-hor_pos "c"
-has_inner_box 1
-inner_pos "t"
-use_parbox 0
-use_makebox 0
-width "1.5in"
-special "none"
-height "1pt"
-height_special "totalheight"
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
- This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When you right-click on a minipage box, you can transform the box to another
- box type.
- All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter
-\emph on
-Boxes
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Chapter
-Mathematical Formulas
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formulas | see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Math
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "chap:Mathematical-Formulas"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the
-\emph on
-Math
-\emph default
- manual.
- There you will also find tips and tricks for special cases.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Basic Math Editing
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Basics
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-mode on"
-\end_inset
-
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "math-mode"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its
- corners.
- That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate
- what level of nesting within the formula you are at.
- You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math
-\family default
- menu.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done
- with the
-\family sans
-math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-toolbar
-\family default
-, that appears if the cursor is in a formula.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are two main types of formulas, inline formulas and display formulas.
- Inline formulas appear within a text line, like this one:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is a line with an inline formula
-\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
-\end_inset
-
- in it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Displayed formulas appear outside the text like if they were in a separate
- paragraph, like this one:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-A=B
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-You can only number and reference displayed formulas.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX also supports many LaTeX math commands.
- For example, typing
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-alpha
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter
-\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Panel
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Navigating in Formulas
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Navigating
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is
- achieved with the arrow keys.
- LyX uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted.
- The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
- Pressing
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- will leave a formula construct (a square root
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
-\end_inset
-
-, or parentheses
-\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
-\end_inset
-
-, or a matrix
-\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
-1 & 2\\
-3 & 4
-\end{array}\right]$
-\end_inset
-
-).
- Pressing
-\family sans
-Escape
-\family default
- will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
-
-\family sans
-Tab
-\family default
- can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
- cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
-, printed in this document as
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This command will appear in the output as an official character denoting
- the space character (visible space).
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-, seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between
- characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
- For this reason, you have to be careful about using
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
-.
- For example, if you want
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
-\end_inset
-
-, type
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sqrt
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-2x+1
-\series default
- and not
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sqrt
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-2x
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-+1
-\series default
-, since in the latter case only the
-\family typewriter
-
-\begin_inset Formula $2x$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- will be under the square root sign:
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
- in, such as:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
-\lambda_{1}\\
- & \ddots\\
- & & \lambda_{n}
-\end{array}\right)
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
- in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Selecting Text
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
- Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
-\family sans
-Shift
-\family default
- and a cursor movement key to select text.
- It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
- Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
- That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula,
- but not in a normal text region in LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Exponents and Subscripts
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Exponents
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Subscripts
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts (buttons
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-superscript"
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-subscript"
-\end_inset
-
-), but it is often much easier to use a command.
- To get
-\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
-\end_inset
-
-, type in a formula
-\series bold
-x^2
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-.
- The final
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression.
- If you type
-\series bold
-x^2y
-\series default
-, you will get
-\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
-\end_inset
-
-, to get
-\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
-\end_inset
-
-, type
-\series bold
-x^2
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-y
-\series default
-.
- If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the
- circumflex
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-^
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, you have to use an extra
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- to separate the circumflex and the character.
- For example, if you want
-\begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-, type
-\series bold
-x^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-a
-\series default
-.
- Subscripts are similar: To get
-\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
-\end_inset
-
-, type
-\series bold
-a_1
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Fractions
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Fractions
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Create a fraction either with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-frac
-\series default
- or by using the icon
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-insert \\frac"
-\end_inset
-
- in the
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Panel
-\family default
-.
- You will be presented with an empty fraction.
- The cursor is above the fraction line.
- To move it to the bottom, simply press
-\family sans
-Down
-\family default
-.
- To move back up, press
-\family sans
-Up
-\family default
-.
- Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
-2 & 3\\
-4 & 5
-\end{array}\right)}\right]
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Roots
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Roots
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Roots can be created using the
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Panel
-\family default
- buttons
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
-\end_inset
-
- or
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-insert \\root"
-\end_inset
-
- or the commands
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sqrt
-\series default
- or
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-root
-\series default
-.
- With the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-root
-\series default
- you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sqrt
-\series default
- always produces a square root.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Operators with Limits
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Sums
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Integrals
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Operators-with-Limits"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Sum (
-\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
-\end_inset
-
-) and integral (
-\begin_inset Formula $\int$
-\end_inset
-
-) operators are very often decorated with limits.
- These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter
- a super- or subscript, directly after the symbol.
- The sum operator will automatically place its
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-limits
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and to the side in inline
- formulas, as in
-\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
-\end_inset
-
-, versus
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\sum\nolimits _{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-Integral signs, however, will place the limits to the side in both formula
- types.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in
- display mode.
- The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly
- behind the operator and using the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Limits
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Type
-\family default
- or entering
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "math-limits"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Certain other mathematical expressions also have this
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-moving limits
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- feature, such as
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Limits
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-which will place the
-\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
-\end_inset
-
- underneath the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-lim
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in display mode.
- In inline formulas it looks like this:
-\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-lim
-\series default
-.
- Have a look at section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Functions"
-
-\end_inset
-
- for an explanation of function macros.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Math Symbols
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Symbols
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Most math symbols can be found in the
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Panel
-\family default
- under one of several categories; including
-\family sans
-Greek
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Operators
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Relations
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-Arrows
-\family default
-.
- There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
- Society (AMS).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you know the LaTeX-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use,
- you don't have to use the
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Panel
-\family default
-; you can type the command directly into the formula.
- LyX will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Altering Spacing
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Spaces
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You may want to create spaces that differ from the standard spacing that
- LaTeX provides.
- To do this, press
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space"
-\end_inset
-
- or use the
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Panel
-\family default
- button
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-insert \\space"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
-.
- This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen.
- For example, the sequence
-\series bold
-a Ctrl+Space b
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$
-\end_inset
-
- appears in LyX as
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/SpaceMarker.png
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind
- the space marker and enter space again several times.
- With every space enter the size will be changed.
- Some markers for the space size appear red in LyX, because they are negative
- spaces.
- Here are two examples:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-a Ctrl+Space b
-\series default
- and 3Ã
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
-:
-\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-a Ctrl+Space b
-\series default
- and 5Ã
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
-:
-\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Functions
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Functions
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Functions"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Panel
-\family default
- contains under the button
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-insert \\functions"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- a number of function macros, such as
-\begin_inset Formula $\sin$
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset Formula $\lim$
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\emph on
-etc
-\emph default
-.
- (you can also insert them in a formula by typing
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sin
-\series default
- etc.).
- Standard mathematical practice is that functions are printed upright to
- avoid confusions, because
-\begin_inset Formula $sin$
-\end_inset
-
- does normally mean
-\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function:
-
-\begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$
-\end_inset
-
- is different from
-\begin_inset Formula $asinx$
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For some mathematical objects, like limits, the macro changes where subscripts
- are placed, as described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Operators-with-Limits"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Accents
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
- mode.
- This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
- You can also use LaTeX commands, for example, to enter
-\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
-\end_inset
-
- even if your keyboard doesn't have the circumflex enabled.
- Our example is entered by typing
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hat
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-a
-\series default
- in a formula.
- Table
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "tab:Accent-names-and"
-
-\end_inset
-
- shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Float table
-wide false
-sideways false
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Caption Standard
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "tab:Accent-names-and"
-
-\end_inset
-
-Accent names and the corresponding commands.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Name
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-E
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-xample
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-circumflex
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hat
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-grave
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-grave
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-acute
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-acute
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-umlaut
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-ddot
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-tilde
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-tilde
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-dot
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-dot
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-breve
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-breve
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-caron
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-check
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-macron
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-bar
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-vector
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-vec
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the
-\family sans
-Frame
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-decorations
-\family default
- symbol set button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-insert \\hat"
-\end_inset
-
- in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have made within
- a formula too.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Brackets and Delimiters
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Brackets
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Delimiters
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are several brackets available through LyX.
- For some purposes, using just the keys
-\family typewriter
-[]{}()|<>
-\family default
- should suffice.
- But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction,
- or if you have several layers of brackets, it is better to use the math
- toolbar delimiter icon
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- For example, if you construct the brackets around a matrix in this way:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\left[\begin{array}{cc}
-1 & 2\\
-3 & 4
-\end{array}\right]
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-it makes it easier to see the layers of parentheses.
- Below, the expression on the left was entered using the delimiter icon
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
-\end_inset
-
- and the expression on the right was entered using the
-\family typewriter
-()
-\family default
- keys.
-
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\qquad\qquad\frac{1}{(1+(\frac{1}{1+(\frac{1}{1+x})}))}
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you use the delimiter icon, the parentheses, and other brackets from
- that menu will automatically re-size to accommodate the size of what is
- inside.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the
- left side and right side.
- If you use the option
-\family sans
-Keep
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-matched
-\family default
-, the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side.
- The selection will be shown as TeX code.
- If you want one side not to have a bracket, use
-\family sans
-(none)
-\family default
-.
- It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you want to place brackets around existing math structures, like a square
- root, you can do so by first highlighting (selecting) the structure that
- is to go inside the brackets.
- Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on
-\family sans
-Insert
-\family default
-.
- The most common bracket combinations (parentheses, square brackets, and
- braces, on both sides) can be entered more quickly using keyboard shortcuts.
- For example, to insert a pair of parentheses, select the structure and
- enter
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "math-delim ( )"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Arrays and Multi-line Equations
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Arrays
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Matrices
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Multi-line Equations
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Matrices are entered in LyX using the
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Panel
-\family default
- matrix button
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
-.
- It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns.
- Here is an example:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
-1 & 2 & 3\\
-4 & 5 & 6\\
-7 & 8 & 9
-\end{array}\right)
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries
- will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
- This alignment is set in the box
-\family sans
-Horizontal
-\family default
- with the letters
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-l
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-r
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-c
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- LyX proposes a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-c
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- for every column as default.
- For example, the sequence
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-lcr
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
- centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter
- corresponds to the relevant column.
- The result will look like this:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\begin{array}{lcr}
-this & this\, column & this\, column\\
-column & has & has\, right\\
-has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment
-\end{array}.
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can add more rows to an existing matrix by entering
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
- while the cursor is in the matrix.
- Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math
-\family default
- or the math toolbar.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases.
- It can be created with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Cases
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Environment
-\family default
- or the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-cases
-\series default
-.
- Here is an example:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-f(x)=\begin{cases}
--1 & x<0\\
-0 & x=0\\
-1 & x>0
-\end{cases}
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-Multi-line formulas are created when you press
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
- within a formula.
- In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each
- column.
- When you press
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
- in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-=
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- etc.) will be inserted automatically in the first column, the relation sign
- is in the second column, and the rest in the third column.
- A new row is created by every further entry of
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas.
- Here is an example:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray}
-a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\
-a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared}
-\end{eqnarray}
-
-\end_inset
-
-Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs so structures
- in this column will be printed in a smaller size:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray*}
-\frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B}
-\end{eqnarray*}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The multi-line formula type described here is called
-\family typewriter
-\series medium
-eqnarray
-\family default
-\series default
-.
- There are other multi-line types more suitable for certain situations,
- for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:asquared"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The other types are described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:AMS-Formula-Types"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Formula Numbering and Referencing
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Formula numbering
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Referencing formulas
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Number
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Whole
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Formula
-\family default
- or the shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "math-number-toggle"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The formula number appears in LyX within parentheses.
- The number shown is temporary and may be different when the output is generated.
- The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on
- the document class.
- In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number,
- separated by a dot:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-1+1=2
-\end{equation}
-
-\end_inset
-
-Using
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "math-number-toggle"
-\end_inset
-
- in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering.
- You can only number displayed formulas.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Number
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-This
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Line
-\family default
- or the shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "math-number-line-toggle"
-\end_inset
-
- will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray}
-1 & = & 3-2\\
-2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\
-4 & \leq & 7
-\end{eqnarray}
-
-\end_inset
-
-To number all lines use the shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "math-number-toggle"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label.
- A label is inserted with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Label
-\family default
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "label-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-) when the cursor is in the formula.
- This opens a dialog to enter the label.
- It is recommended that you use the suggested
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-eq:
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- as the first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the
- label type when you have many labels in your document.
- We inserted in the following example the label
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-eq:tanhExp
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in the second line:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray}
-\tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\
- & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp}
-\end{eqnarray}
-
-\end_inset
-
-Every labeled line is automatically numbered.
- Therefore the label is shown behind the formula number.
- You can reference a labeled formula using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Cross
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Reference
-\family default
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- A dialog appears to choose a label you want to refer to.
- The reference appears in LyX as a gray cross-reference box and in the output
- as the formula number:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is a cross-reference to equation (
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "eq:tanhExp"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The properties of LyX's cross-reference box are described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Cross-References"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- To delete a label, set the cursor at the end in the labeled formula and
- press
-\family sans
-Del
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-User defined math macros
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Macros
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX allows you to define macros for formulas which is very useful when you
- have equations of the same form in a document several times.
- Math macros are explained in section
-\emph on
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Macros
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Math
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Fine-Tuning
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Typefaces
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Typefaces
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman.
- To set a font in a formula, use the
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Panel
-\family default
- button
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-insert \\font"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
-, or enter its command, listed in table
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "tab:Typefaces-and-the"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, directly.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Float table
-wide false
-sideways false
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Caption Standard
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "tab:Typefaces-and-the"
-
-\end_inset
-
-Typefaces and the corresponding commands.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Font
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathrm
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathbf
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathit
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathtt
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathbb
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathfrak
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph on
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathcal
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathsf
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- You can only print capital letters in the typefaces
-\family sans
-Blackboard
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Calligraphic
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula.
- Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface.
- Pressing
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- within the box will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a protected
- space when you need a space in the box.
- Here is an example where
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-N
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in
-\family sans
-Blackboard
-\family default
- denotes the set of numbers:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\: x\in\mathbb{N}
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion.
- You can, for example, put a character in
-\family sans
-Fraktur
-\family default
- in a box for
-\family sans
-Typewriter
-\family default
-:
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-So it is better not to use this feature.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters:
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-You can only print them emboldened using the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\series default
-, which works like the other typeface commands:
-\begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\series default
- works for all symbols, letters, and numbers.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Style
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Math Text
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Text
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but
- not for text.
- For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using
- the entry
-\family sans
-Normal
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-mode
-\family default
- of the
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Panel
-\family default
- button
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-insert \\font"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-default"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- Math text appears in LyX in black instead of blue.
- You can use spaces and accents in math text as in normal text.
- Here is an example:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-f(x)=\begin{cases}
-x & \mbox{if I say so}\\
--x & \mbox{under Umständen}
-\end{cases}
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Font Sizes
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Font sizes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are
- automatically chosen in most situations.
- These are called
-\family sans
-textstyle
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-displaystyle
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-scriptstyle
-\family default
-, and
-\family sans
-scriptscriptstyle
-\family default
-.
- For most characters,
-\family sans
-textstyle
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-displaystyle
-\family default
- are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
- and certain other structures, are set larger in
-\family sans
-displaystyle
-\family default
-.
- Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various
- situations, all text will be set in the styles that LaTeX thinks are appropriat
-e.
- These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "math-insert \\style"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
-.
- A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure.
- For example, you can set
-\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
-\end_inset
-
-, which is normally in
-\family sans
-textstyle
-\family default
-, larger in
-\family sans
-displaystyle
-\family default
-:
-\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The four styles are used in the following example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-All these math-mode font sizes are relative so that if the whole math inset
- is set in a particular size with the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Style
-\family default
-, all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size.
- Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
- will be adjusted to correspond.
- As an example here is a formula in the font size
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-largest
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\family roman
-\size largest
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-AMS-LaTeX
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-AMS math
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! AMS
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society
- (AMS) that are in common use.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Enabling AMS-Support
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can make the facilities of the AMS-packages explicitly available in
- the document by selecting the checkbox
-\family sans
-Use
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-AMS
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-package
-\family default
- in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- dialog under
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Options
-\family default
-.
- AMS is needed for many math-constructs; so when you get LaTeX-errors in
- formulas, ensure that you have enabled AMS.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-AMS-Formula Types
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:AMS-Formula-Types"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Math ! Multi-line Equations
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types.
- LyX allows you to choose between
-\family typewriter
-align
-\family default
-,
-\family typewriter
-alignat
-\family default
-,
-\family typewriter
-flalign
-\family default
-,
-\family typewriter
-gather
-\family default
-, and
-\family typewriter
-multline
-\family default
-.
- We refer you to the AMS-documentation,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "AMS"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, for an explanation of these formula types.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Chapter
-More Tools
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Cross-References
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Cross references
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Cross-References"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-One of LyX's strengths is cross-references.
- You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in
- the document.
- To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it.
- The label is used as an anchor and a name for the reference.
- We want for example to refer to the second item of the following list:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-First item
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "enu:Second-item"
-
-\end_inset
-
-Second item
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Third item
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-First we insert a label into the second item with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Label
-\family default
- or by pressing the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "label-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- A gray label box like this:
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/labelQt4.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
-
- is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text.
- LyX offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case
- the text
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-enu:Second-item
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The prefix
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-enu:
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- stands for
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-enumerate
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted; for
- example, if you insert a label into a section heading, the suggested prefix
- will be
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-sec:
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Cross-Reference
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- A gray cross-reference box like this:
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/referenceQt4.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
-
- is inserted and the cross-reference window appears showing all the labels
- in the document.
- We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-enu:Second-item
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear
- in the output.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As an alternative to
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Cross-Reference
-\family default
-, you can right-click on a label and in the popup menu select
-\family sans
-Copy as Reference
-\family default
-.
- The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be pasted
- to the actual cursor position via the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Paste
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "paste"
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here is our cross-reference: Item
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "enu:Second-item"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-It is recommended to use a protected space
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Protected-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- between the cross-reference name and the cross-reference to avoid ugly
- line breaks between them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are six formats of cross-references:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-: prints the number, this is the default:
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "fig:Two-distorted-images"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-(): prints the number within two parentheses, this is the style
- normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference name
-
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Equation
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- is omitted:
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:tanhExp"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-: prints the page number: Page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand pageref
-reference "fig:Two-distorted-images"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-on
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-: prints the text âon pageâ and the page number:
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand vpageref
-reference "fig:Two-distorted-images"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-If the label is on the same page, it prints âon this pageâ; if the label
- is on a facing page in a two-sided document, it prints âon the facing pageâ;
- if it is on the previous page which is not a facing page, it prints âon
- the previous pageâ; if it is on the next page which is not a facing page,
- it prints âon the next pageâ.
- The wording of the printed text also depends on the used document class.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-on
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-: prints the number, the text âon pageâ and the page number:
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand vref
-reference "fig:Two-distorted-images"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-If the label is on the same page, this format behaves like
-\family sans
-\series bold
-
-\family default
-\series default
-; otherwise it behaves like
-\family sans
-\series bold
-on
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
-\series default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Formatted
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- This feature is only available when you have the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-prettyref
-\series default
- or
-\series bold
-refstyle
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! prettyref
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! refstyle
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- installed.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-You can select which LaTeX-package should be used for this feature by setting
- the option
-\family sans
-Use refstyle (not prettyref) for cross-references
-\family default
- in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Document Class
-\family default
-.
- The package
-\series bold
-refstyle
-\series default
- is the default and preferred because
-\series bold
-prettyref
-\series default
- supports only English documents.
- The format is specified by using the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newrefformat
-\series default
- (prettyref) or
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newref
-\series default
- (refstyle) in the LaTeX preamble of the document.
- For example redefining all references to figures (which have the label
- shortcut
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-fig
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-) can be done with this command
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newref{fig}{refcmd={Image on page
-\backslash
-pageref{#1}}}
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-For more information about the format, have a look at the package documentations
-,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "prettyref,refstyle"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Textual
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-reference: prints the caption or the name of the reference:
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand nameref
-reference "fig:Two-distorted-images"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The number and current page of the referenced document part in the output
- is automatically calculated by LaTeX.
- The varieties are adjusted in the field
-\family sans
-Format
-\family default
- of the cross-reference window, that appears when you click on the cross-referen
-ce.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can only use the style
-\family sans
-
-\family default
- to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style
-\family sans
-
-\family default
- is always possible.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading;
- for floats put the label in the caption; for footnotes put the label in
- it.
- Referencing formulas is explained in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Right-clicking on a cross-reference opens a context menu.
- The entry
-\family sans
-Go
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-to
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Label
-\family default
- sets the cursor before the referenced label.
- This entry will be renamed in the context menu of the label to
-\family sans
-Go
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Back
-\family default
- so that you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference.
- You can also go back with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "bookmark-goto 0"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can change labels at any time.
- References to the changed label will automatically be updated so that you
- do not need to think about this.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If a cross-reference refers to a non-existent label, you will see in LyX
- âBROKENâ in the cross-reference label and two question marks in the output
- instead of the reference.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-References are described in detail in the section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Referencing Floats
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- of the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Table of Contents and other Listings
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Table of contents
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Outline
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:toc"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Table of Contents
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Table-of-Contents"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Table
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-of
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Contents
-\family default
-.
- It is displayed in LyX as a gray box.
- If you click on it, the
-\family sans
-Outline
-\family default
- window appears, showing you the TOC entries as outline, which allows you
- to move and rearrange sections in your documents.
- So this operation is an alternative to the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Outline
-\family default
- that is described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:The-Outliner"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The TOC in the document output lists every numbered section automatically.
- If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described
- in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Short-Titles"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading.
- Section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Numbering-depth"
-
-\end_inset
-
- describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are
- listed in the TOC.
- Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-List of Figures, Tables, and Algorithms
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:List-of-Figures"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents.
- You can insert them via the
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-List/TOC
-\family default
- submenus.
- The list entries are the float captions and the float number.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-URLs and Hyperlinks
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-URLs
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Hyperlinks
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-URLs
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:URLs"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Links to web pages or email addresses can be inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-URL
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here is an example URL: LyX's homepage:
-\begin_inset Flex URL
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-http://www.lyx.org
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You cannot change the style of the link text, the URL text will always be
- in the style
-\family typewriter
-Typewriter
-\family default
-.
- To be able to format the URL text, use hyperlinks as explained in the next
- subsection.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- URLs must not end with a backslash, otherwise you get LaTeX errors.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Hyperlinks
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Hyperlinks"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Hyperlinks can be inserted with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Hyperlink
-\family default
- or with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "href-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The appearing dialog has two fields:
-\family sans
-Target
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Name
-\family default
-.
- The name is the printed text for the hyperlink.
- The hyperlink type can be a weblink like this:
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX's homepage"
-target "http://www.lyx.org"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, an Email address like this:
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "lyx-docs mailing list"
-target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's documentation"
-type "mailto:"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, or a link to a file.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can start applications via a hyperlink when you insert a weblink by
- adding the prefix
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-run:
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to the link target.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Hyperlinks will automatically be hyphenated if necessary in the PDF output,
- and become clickable in the DVI and PDF-output.
- To set the format of the link text, highlight the hyperlink inset and use
- the text style dialog.
- This is for example a hyperlink with bold sans serif text:
-\family sans
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX's homepage"
-target "http://www.lyx.org"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The link text color can be changed, when the option
-\family sans
-Color links
-\family default
- is set in the PDF Properties dialog (menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-PDF Properties
-\family default
-).
- The link text is for example set in this document to blue by adding the
- option
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-urlcolor=blue
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-to the field
-\family sans
-Additional options
-\family default
- in the PDF Properties dialog.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Appendices
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Appendix
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Appendices"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Appendices are created with the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Start
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Appendix
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Here
-\family default
-.
- This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end
- as the appendix part of the book.
- This part is marked with a red borderline.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Every chapter (or section) within the appendix part is treated as an appendix,
- numbered with a capital Latin letter.
- The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot
- and the subsection number.
- All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections,
- here two examples:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Appendix
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "chap:Credits"
-
-\end_inset
-
-; Appendix
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Export"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Bibliography
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bibliography
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Bibliography"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a LyX-document.
- You can include a bibliography database,
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Known under the name
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-BibTeX-database
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- which is explained in the next subsection, or you can insert the bibliography
- manually, using the paragraph environment
-\family sans
-Bibliography
-\family default
-, which was described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Biblio_environment"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- If you want anything other than the numerical citations that are used in
- this document, like author-year citations, then you must
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
-use a bibliography database.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-The Bibliography Environment
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Within the
-\family sans
-Bibliography
-\family default
- environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled
- with a number.
- If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a
-\family sans
-Key
-\family default
- and a
-\family sans
-Label
-\family default
-.
- The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
- entry.
- For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about LaTeX
- and we used
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-latexcompanion
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, a short form of its title, as the key.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can cross-reference a bibliography entry using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Citation
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear
- containing the available citations.
- Select one or more keys from the list and
-\family sans
-Add
-\family default
- them.
- Then press
-\family sans
-OK
-\family default
-.
- The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key(s).
- If you click on the box, the citation window will appear and you can change
- the reference.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Citation references appear in the output as the number of the bibliography
- entry with surrounding brackets.
- If you set a
-\family sans
-Label
-\family default
- for the entry, the label will appear instead of the number.
- Here are two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label
-
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Credits
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Have a look at the
-\family sans
-LaTeX Companion Second Edition
-\family default
-:
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "latexcompanion"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The LyX-Team members are listed in the Credits:
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "lyxcredit"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To align all entries in the bibliography environment you can set a longest
- label via the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Paragraph
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Settings
-\family default
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "layout-paragraph"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- All entries are then indented in the output by the width of the given label.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Bibliography databases (BibTeX)
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bibliography ! Databases
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bibliography ! BibTeX
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Bibliography-databases"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same bibliography in different
- documents.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-They are also useful for keeping a database of articles and notes concerning
- them.
- Most of the database programs mentioned below allow you to store annotations
- and reviews along with bibliographical information.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- It also makes it very easy to have a uniform layout for all bibliography
- entries.
- You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of
- your working field in a database.
- This database can be used for different documents, and by default only
- the entries cited in a particular document will appear in the bibliography
- list for that document.
- This relieves you of the need to keep track of which articles and books
- you have cited.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The database is a text file with the file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-.bib
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, containing the bibliography in a special format.
- The format is explained in
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "BibTeX-2"
-
-\end_inset
-
- and in the LaTeX books (
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- The file can be created using any text editor, but normally one uses a
- special program to create and edit the entries in the database.
- A list of such programs is maintained on the LyX Wiki at
-\begin_inset Flex URL
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-http://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use a database, use the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-List
-\family default
-/
-\family sans
-TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-BibT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Bibliography
-\family default
-.
- A gray box will be inserted and a window appears.
- In this window you can add one or more databases and select a
-\family sans
-style
-\family default
- file.
- The option
-\family sans
-Add bibliography to TOC
-\family default
- adds a table of contents entry for the bibliography.
- In the
-\family sans
-Content
-\family default
- drop box you can select whether to include all the entries in the database
- in the document or just the cited references.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The style file is a text file with the file extension
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-.bst
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- that controls how the bibliography entries will appear.
- Your LaTeX distribution should provide several of these, and many publishers
- provide their own style files, so that you don't have to take care of the
- layout.
- It is of course possible to write your own style file, but this is something
- for experts.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-For information on how this is done, have a look at
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxhak.pdf"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Inserting a citation reference works as described in the previous section.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To generate the bibliography from a database, LyX uses the program BibTeX.
- You can choose which of its variants should be used by LyX as the
-\family sans
-Processor
-\family default
- either in
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Bibliography
-\family default
- or in
-\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Output\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\family default
-.
- The following variants are possible:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-biber provides full Unicode support, unlimited memory, but does not work
- with other bibliography packages (e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-natbib
-\series default
-), only with the package
-\series bold
-biblatex
-\series default
-; recommended for multilingual texts and for languages that don't use Latin
- letters
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-bibtex the standard; does not allow special characters in bibliography entries
- that are not possible to encode in a 7-bit encoding, limited memory, works
- with all bibliography packages, except
-\series bold
-biblatex
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-bibtex8 allows all characters that are possible to encode in an 8-bit encoding,
- larger memory than
-\family sans
-bibtex
-\family default
-, works with all bibliography packages
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-BibTeX can be controlled with options that you can add below the specification
- of the variants.
- Before adding options, it is strongly recommended that you read the manual
- of
-\family sans
-BibTeX
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "BibTeX"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When you select the option
-\family sans
-Sectioned bibliography
-\family default
- in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Bibliography
-\family default
- dialog, it is possible to have multiple and sectioned bibliographies.
- This and other options are explained in detail in section
-\emph on
-Customizing Bibliographies
-\emph default
-
-\emph on
-with BibTeX
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Additional Features
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We use two bibliographies in this document to show the difference between
- the two methods of creating them.
- As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists
- only the database entries that are referenced in the document.
- We used the style file
-\family sans
-alphadin.bst
-\family default
- to get the complicated German reference key scheme in the bibliography.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Bibliography layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bibliography ! Layout
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the citation reference dialog you can set a special citation format.
- For this feature you need to enable the option
-\family sans
-Natbib
-\family default
- in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- dialog under
-\family sans
-Bibliography
-\family default
-.
- Setting a citation style for a reference will overwrite the default.
- For the global citation format use the BibTeX style files as explained
- in the previous section.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can also set text to appear before or after a citation reference, in
- the citation reference window.
- Here is an example where the text
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Chapter
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-3
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- appears after the reference:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Have a look at
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-after "Chapter 3"
-key "latexcompanion"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Index
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Index generation
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Index"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-An index entry is created if you use the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Index
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Entry
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "index-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- A box is inserted containing the text that appears in the index.
- The word where the cursor is in or the currently highlighted text is proposed
- by LyX as the index entry.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The index list is inserted in the document with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Index
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-List
-\family default
-.
- A light blue box labeled
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-Index
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- will show the place where the index is printed in the output.
- The index list box is not clickable like other LyX-boxes.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-We give a short overview of the index commands in the next subsections.
- For a detailed description of LaTeX's index mechanism, have a look at one
- of the LaTeX books
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Grouping Index Entries
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Index ! Grouping
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Index entries are often grouped to offer the reader a fast search in the
- index.
- We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated
- lists under the entry
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Lists
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- First we create the entry
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Lists
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Lists"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- In the text field for the itemized list index entry in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Itemize"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, we insert the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-Lists ! Itemize
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-and the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-Lists ! Enumerate
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-for the enumerated list in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Enumerate"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The exclamation mark
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-!
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- marks the grouping levels.
- You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more.
- An index entry for the higher levels is not required.
- If we don't have an index entry for
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Lists
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, it will be printed anyway, but without a page number.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Page Ranges
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Index ! Page ranges
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed
- section.
- But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry.
- For example, if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create
- an index entry in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
-
-\end_inset
-
- with the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-Paragraph environments|(
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-and another entry at the end of section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LyX-Code"
-
-\end_inset
-
- with the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-Paragraph environments|)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The commands
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-|(
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-|)
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- respectively start and end the index range.
- You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document.
- They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of
- the pages of the indexed document parts.
- An example is the index entry
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Document ! Settings
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Cross referencing
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Index ! Cross referencing
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-It is also possible to refer to another index entry.
- We referred for example in the index entry
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-GIF
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Image-Formats"
-
-\end_inset
-
-) to the index entry
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Image formats
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in the same section using the entry
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-GIF|see{Image formats}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-where the braces have to be inserted as TeX Code.
- The text within the braces is the referenced entry.
- The reference will appear in the output without a page number.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Index Entry Order
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Index ! Entry order
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you use accented characters in the index entry the entries might not
- follow the rules for the index order.
- The index entries are sorted alphabetically but LaTeX
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The index generating is done in the background by an extra program, see
- section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Index-Program"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- does not know how to sort accents in different languages.
- We have created as an example the three dummy index entries
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-maison
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-maïs
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-maître
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Dummy entries ! maïs
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Dummy entries ! maître
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Dummy entries ! maïs@maison
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison but we want the order
- maïs, maison, maître.
- To achieve this, we use the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-previous entry@current entry
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In our case we want to have
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-maison
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- after
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-maïs
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and write therefore for the index entry of maison:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-maïs@maison
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The previous entry need not be a real existing entry.
- You can also use another word to tell LaTeX the entry order.
- See the next subsection for an example.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In some cases the index entry order is not correct when you are using the
- program
-\family sans
-makeindex
-\family default
-to generate the index (see sec.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Index-Program"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
-
-\family sans
-makeindex
-\family default
- would for example print the index entry for the LaTeX-package aeguill in
- sec.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Document-Font"
-
-\end_inset
-
- after the index entries of the other LaTeX-packages although all these
- index commands start with
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-LaTeX-packages !
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The reason is that the index entry for aeguill is in a footnote.
- To fix this
-\family sans
-makeindex
-\family default
- bug, add these commands to the preamble of your document:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-let
-\backslash
-OrgIndex
-\backslash
-index
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand*{
-\backslash
-index}[1]{
-\backslash
-OrgIndex{#1}}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Index Entry Layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Index ! Entry layout
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can change the appearance of index entries via the text style dialog.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Dummy entries !
-\shape italic
-This is an italic dummy entry
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- You can also format the page number using the character
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-|
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- followed by a LaTeX-command without a backslash.
- We can write for example
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-italic page number:|textit
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-to get the page number in italic.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Dummy entries ! italic page number:|textit
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- Normally all LaTeX-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special
- case
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-|command
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- means
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-command{page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-number}
-\series default
-.
- Have a look at section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
-
-\end_inset
-
- to learn more about the LaTeX-syntax.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Formatting single index entries only works when you use the program
-\family sans
-makeindex
-\family default
-to generate the index, see sec.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Index-Program"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- If you use
-\family sans
-xindy
-\family default
-, this will not work for anything other than bold or italic text.
- This is because
-\family sans
-xindy
-\family default
- requires you to define semantic elements before they can be used, see
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-after "p. 678 ff."
-key "latexcompanion"
-
-\end_inset
-
- for details.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In general, we encourage you to not format page numbers directly as shown
- above.
- Instead, you should define a macro in the preamble and use that.
- Maybe you want all page references italic that refer to a definition of
- the indexed term, so that users can easily find definitions.
- If so, put the following in the preamble
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-IndexDef}[1]{
-\backslash
-textit{#1}}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-and write
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-my entry|IndexDef
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-in the index entry.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Dummy entries ! my entry|IndexDef
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- The advantage is that, if you change your mind later or if your publisher
- insists that definitions must not be italic but bold, you just need to
- change the macro in the preamble, not every single index entry.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can also change the layout for the whole index.
- For example, we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get
- a bold font for all index entries.
- For more advanced tasks you have to set up a so-called
-\emph on
-Index Style File
-\emph default
-, see the
-\family sans
-makeindex
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-xindy
-\family default
- documentation for details,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "makeindex,xindy"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Index Program
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Index ! Program
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Index-Program"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If the index generation program
-\family sans
-xindy
-\family default
- is installed, LyX uses it for index generation; otherwise the program
-\family sans
-makeindex
-\family default
-, the program that is part of every LaTeX distribution, is used.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Makeindex
-\family default
- is very old, no longer under development and has many pitfalls, notably
- that it was developed with only the English language in mind.
- So it fails to sort anything other than a monolingual English text correctly.
- We have shown above how to fix this sorting.
- However, if you are writing in another than the English language, consider
- to use
-\family sans
-xindy
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- Both programs can be controlled by options that can be set in LyX's preferences
- dialog, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LaTeX-settings"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The available options are listed and explained in
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "makeindex,xindy"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- In this dialog, you can also specify an alternative program to generate
- the index.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you need specific options or an alternative index program only for a
- given document, you can define the program and\SpecialChar \slash{}
-or the options in
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Indexes
-\family default
-.
- This is especially useful if you need to pass language-specific options
- to the index program or if you need a specific layout style.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Multiple Indexes
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In many fields it is common to have more than one index.
- For instance, you might need to set up a separate
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Index of Names
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- next to the standard index.
- LaTeX does not provide this possibility out of the box, but there are packages
- that add this feature.
- LyX uses the
-\series bold
-splitidx
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! splitidx
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- package to generate multiple indexes.
- The package is included in all recent LaTeX distributions.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-If yours does not ship it, consult the TeX-catalogue,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "TeXCatalogue"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Note that the package does not only consist of a LaTeX style, but it also
- includes specific preprocessor programs that need to be installed as well.
- Please consult the package's manual for details.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To set up LyX for the use of multiple indexes, go to
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Indexes
-\family default
- and select the option
-\family sans
-Use multiple Indexes
-\family default
-.
- Note that the list
-\family sans
-Available Indexes
-\family default
- already contains the standard index
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Index
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- To add further indexes, add the name of the index (in the form that should
- also appear as a heading) to the
-\family sans
-New
-\family default
- input field and press the
-\family sans
-Add
-\family default
- button.
- The new index now also appears in the list.
- If you like, you can attribute an alternative LyX label color to the new
- index.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Once the document changes have been applied, you can find the new index
- list in
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-List/TOC
-\family default
- and the
-\family sans
-Insert
-\family default
- menu has a separate entry for each of the defined indexes.
- The workflow is basically the same as for the default index, but there
- are additional features:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-If you want to change the attribution of a specific index entry, right-clicking
- on the entry's label will open a dialog where you can do that.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-By right-clicking on an index, you can change its type.
- Furthermore, you can specify an index to be a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Subindex.
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- If you do that, the heading of that list will be decreased by one level.
- For example, if you use a book class, where the standard index heading
- is defined as a chapter, subindexes will be defined as sections and can
- thus be nested to the non-subindexes.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Nomenclature/Glossary
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Nomenclature
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Glossary|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Nomenclature
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Nomenclature"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Sometimes you need to provide a list of technical terms or symbols that
- are mentioned in your document with a brief explanation of them â a so
- called nomenclature or glossary.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to create nomenclatures or glossaries, you need the LaTeX package
-
-\series bold
-nomencl
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! nomencl
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- installed.
- You find it in the TeX-catalogue,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "TeXCatalogue"
-
-\end_inset
-
- or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A nomenclature entry is created if you place the cursor after a symbol entry
- and then use the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-
-\family default
-N
-\family sans
-omenclature
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Entry
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "nomencl-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- A gray box labeled
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-Nom
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- is inserted and a window pops up asking for the nomenclature entry.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A nomenclature entry consists of two main entries.
- The first is the term or
-\family sans
-Symbol
-\family default
- that you wish to define.
- The second is the
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- of the term or symbol.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- You have to enter valid LaTeX-code for all fields of the nomenclature dialog.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Nomenclature Definition and Layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Nomenclature ! Layout
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you have symbols in formulas, you have to define them in the
-\family sans
-Symbol
-\family default
- field as LaTeX-formulas.
- For example to get
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-, insert this:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-$
-\backslash
-sigma$
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-The
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-$
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- character starts/ends the formula.
- The LaTeX-command for the Greek letter is the name of the letter beginning
- with a backslash
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- For capital Greek letters, start the command also with a capital letter,
- like
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Sigma
-\series default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-(A short introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You cannot use the
-\family sans
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Style
-\family default
- dialog to format the description text; you have to use LaTeX-commands.
- For example the description of the nomenclature entry for the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in this document is:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-dummy entry for the character
-\backslash
-textsf{sigma}
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-The command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-textsf
-\series default
- sets the fonts to
-\family sans
-sans
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-serif
-\family default
-.
- To get
-\series bold
-bold
-\series default
- font use the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-textbf
-\series default
-, for
-\family typewriter
-typewriter
-\family default
- use
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-texttt
-\series default
-, for
-\emph on
-emphasized
-\emph default
- use
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-emph
-\series default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If the characters |
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-!
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-, @ and
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-"
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-should appear in nomenclature entries they need to be escaped by adding
- a quote character in front of them.
-\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
-LatexCommand nomenclature
-symbol "\"@, \"|, \"!, \"\""
-description "The quote sign is output by writing â \"\"\"\" '"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Sort Order of Nomenclature Entries
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Nomenclature ! Sort order
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The nomenclature entries are sorted alphabetically by the LaTeX-code of
- the symbol definition.
- This leads to undesired results when you, for example, have symbols in
- formulas.
- Suppose you have nomenclature entries for the symbols
-\emph on
-a
-\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
-LatexCommand nomenclature
-symbol "a"
-description "dummy entry for the character \"a\""
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\emph default
- and
-\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
-LatexCommand nomenclature
-prefix "sigma"
-symbol "$\\sigma$"
-description "dummy entry for the character \\textsf{sigma}"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- They will be sorted by
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-a
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-$
-\backslash
-sigma$
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- â the
-\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
-\end_inset
-
- will be sorted before the
-\emph on
-a
-\emph default
- since the character
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-$
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- is considered in sorting.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To control the sort order, you can edit the
-\family sans
-Sort
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-as
-\family default
- field of the nomenclature dialog.
- Then the nomenclature entry will be sorted by this entry and not the symbol
- definition.
- For the example given, you can insert
-\family typewriter
-sigma
-\family default
- in this field for the
-\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
-\end_inset
-
-, then
-\emph on
-a
-\emph default
- will be located before
-\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For subgrouping and tips for using sort entries see the
-\series bold
-nomencl
-\series default
- documentation,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "nomencl"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Nomenclature Options
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Nomenclature ! Options
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\series bold
-nomencl
-\series default
- package offers some options to adjust the appearance of the nomenclature.
- Here are some of its options; for more have a look at its documentation:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-refeq Appends the phrase
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-, see equation (
-\emph on
-eq
-\emph default
-)
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to every nomenclature entry, where
-\family sans
-\emph on
-eq
-\family default
-\emph default
- is the number of the last equation in front of the nomenclature entry
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-refpage Appends the phrase
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-, page (
-\emph on
-page
-\emph default
-)
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to every nomenclature entry, where
-\family sans
-\emph on
-page
-\family default
-\emph default
- is the number of the page on which the nomenclature entry appeared
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-intoc Inserts the nomenclature in the Table of Contents
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use one or more of the options, add them to the comma-separated document
- class options list in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog.
- In this document the options
-\series bold
-refpage, intoc
-\series default
- are used.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can also use the first two options above only for certain nomenclature
- entries when you add one of the following commands as last entry to the
-
-\family sans
-Description
-\family default
- field in the nomenclature dialog:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\backslash
-nomrefeq Like the
-\series bold
-refeq
-\series default
- option
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\backslash
-nomrefpage Like the
-\series bold
-refpage
-\series default
- option
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\backslash
-nomrefeqpage Short notation of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-nomrefeq
-\backslash
-nomrefpage
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\backslash
-nomnorefeq,
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-nomnorefpage,
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-nomnorefeqpage Turns off the corresponding options
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Words like
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-page
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- are automatically translated for some document languages.
- If not, add these lines to your LaTeX preamble:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-eqdeclaration}[1]{, see equation
-\backslash
-nobreakspace(#1)}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-pagedeclaration}[1]{, page
-\backslash
-nobreakspace{}#1}
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-and replace
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-see equation
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-page
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- by their translation.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Printing the Nomenclature
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Nomenclature ! Printing
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To print the nomenclature, use the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Lists/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Nomenclature
-\family default
-.
- A box labeled
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-Nomenclature
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- will show the place where the nomenclature is printed in the output.
- By right-clicking on it, the amount of space for symbols can be altered.
- You can choose between these settings:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Default a space of 1
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-cm is used
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Longest
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-label
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-width the width of the widest symbol of all nomenclature entries is used
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Custom custom space
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the printed output the title of the nomenclature appears as
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Nomenclature
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- If you are not happy with the name, you can change it by redefining the
- command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-nomname
-\series default
- in the preamble.
- For example, in order to change the name to
-\emph on
-List of Symbols
-\emph default
-, add the following line to the preamble:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\family roman
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-nomname}{List of Symbols}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Nomenclature Program
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Nomenclature ! Program
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Nomenclature-Program"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX uses the program
-\family sans
-makeindex
-\family default
-, that is part of every LaTeX distribution, to generate the nomenclature.
- LyX's preferences dialog allows you to specify another program or to control
-
-\family sans
-makeindex
-\family default
- by adding options, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LaTeX-settings"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The available options are listed and explained in
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "nomencl,makeindex"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Branches
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Branches
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Branches
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Branches"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Sometimes it is useful to hide some document parts in the output.
- For example a teacher who is setting an exam obviously doesn't want the
- pupils to see the answers, but having questions and answers in the same
- document will make the life of the markers of that exam much easier.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For these cases LyX allows you to put text into branches.
- The text will then only appear in the output when its branch is activated.
- To create a branch, either select the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Branch\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Insert New Branch
-\family default
- (if you just want to specify a new branch) or go in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog to
-\family sans
-Branches
-\family default
-, where you can specify and change the name of the branch, its activation
- state (whether the content of the branch is shown in the output or not),
- its background color inside LyX and whether the name of the branch should
- be appended to the document file name on export if the branch is active
- (see below for an example).
- Furthermore, the dialog lets you merge two branches (just rename one branch
- to the name of the other) and to add
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-unknown branches
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (i.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-e.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-branches that were added to the document via copy and paste from other documents
-, without having been defined) to the document's branch list.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Text that should be in a branch is set into branch inset boxes.
- These boxes are inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Branch
-\family default
- where you can choose a branch.
- You can later change the activation state of the branch by right-clicking
- on them.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here is an example, where only the question text appears, the answer branch
- is deactivated and therefore does not appear in the output:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Branch Question
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Question: Who was the first physics Nobel prize winner?
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Branch Answer
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you activate
-\family sans
-Filename Suffix
-\family default
- in
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Branches
-\family default
-, the name of the active branches will be appended to the file name at export.
- Consider for example a file
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Exam.lyx
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- which has the above branches.
- If
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Filename Suffix
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- is active, the PDF export file would be called
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Exam.pdf
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- if both the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Question
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Answer
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- branch were inactive,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Exam-Question.pdf
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- if only the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Question
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- branch was active, likewise
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Exam-Answer.pdf
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- if only the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Answer
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- branch was active, and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Exam-Question-Answer.pdf
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- if both branches were active.
- This helps you to export different versions of your document easily.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use conditional output inside places where you cannot insert branch insets,
- like inside equations, you can code special LaTeX definitions for each
- branch.
- For example you can define for the question branch
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-For an introduction to the LaTeX-syntax, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-question}[1]{#1}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-answer}[1]{}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-and for the answer branch
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-question}[1]{}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-answer}[1]{#1}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Branch Question
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-question}[1]{#1}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-answer}[1]{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Branch Answer
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-question}[1]{}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-answer}[1]{#1}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Now it is possible to use the
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-question{\SpecialChar \ldots{}
-}
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-answer{\SpecialChar \ldots{}
-}
-\series default
- commands to obtain conditional output.
- Here is an example formula where only the
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-question
-\series default
- part appears:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-x^{2}-2x-2\Rightarrow\question{x_{1}}\answer{x_{2}}=1\question{+\sqrt{3}}\answer{-\sqrt{3}}.
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Inside math, the same effect can be achieved using math macros, see the
-
-\emph on
-Math
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Each type of branch is allowed to have its specific style defined in layout
- files (e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-any branch inset can be automatically wrapped by your own LaTeX commands.).
- For this advanced usage, see the
-\emph on
-Customization
-\emph default
- manual, section
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Flex insets and InsetLayout
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-PDF Properties
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:PDF-Properties"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-PDF properties
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-PDF Properties
-\family default
- dialog allows you to set up special options for the PDF output of your
- document.
- All these options are provided by the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-hyperref
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! hyperref
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- which will link all cross-references in the DVI- and PDF-output.
- This means that the reader of your document will be able to click on a
- table of contents entry or on a reference to move to the cross-referenced
- part of the document.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The header information in the dialog tab
-\family sans
-General
-\family default
- is saved together with the PDF as file properties.
- Many programs are able to extract this information, for example, automatically
- to recognize who the author is and what the PDF is about.
- This is very useful to sort, classify or use PDFs for bibliography issues.
- When the option
-\family sans
-Automatically
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-fill
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-header
-\family default
- is set, LyX tries to extract the header information from your document
- title and author entries.
- The option
-\family sans
-Load
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-in
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-fullscreen
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-mode
-\family default
- will open the PDF in fullscreen mode, which is useful for presentations.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can specify in the dialog tab
-\family sans
-Hyperlinks
-\family default
- how the links will look and if links for bibliographical backreferences
- are created.
- The
-\family sans
-Break
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-links
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-over
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-lines
-\family default
- option allows long links to be split;
-\family sans
-No
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-frames
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-around
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-links
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Color
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-links
-\family default
- both turn off the default behavior of enclosing all links in frames;
-\family sans
-Color
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-links
-\family default
- colors the different links.
- The default colors are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\color magenta
-magenta
-\color inherit
- for hyperlinks and URLs
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\color red
-red
-\color inherit
- for links
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Labeling
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\color green
-green
-\color inherit
- for citations
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-but you can change these in the field
-\family sans
-Additional options
-\family default
-.
- For example, in this document they were changed with the additional options:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If the option
-\family sans
-Backreferences
-\family default
- is set, the hyperlinks will appear in the bibliography after the different
- entries, showing, depending on the option selected, the number of the section,
- slide or page where the entry is referenced.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the dialog tab
-\family sans
-Bookmarks
-\family default
- you can specify if PDF-bookmarks should be created for every section of
- your document to make it easier for readers to navigate through the document.
- You can decide if the bookmarks should be numbered like your document sections
- or not.
- With the
-\family sans
-Open bookmarks
-\family default
-
-\family sans
-Level
-\family default
- you can specify what sectioning level should be displayed in the bookmarks
- when opening the PDF.
- For example level
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-2 will display all sections and subsections, while level
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-1 will only display the sections.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-PDF properties are also used in this document.
- When you look in its document settings, you can see that some additional
-
-\series bold
-hyperref
-\series default
- options are used.
- For an explanation of all them we refer you to the hyperref manual
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "hyperref"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-TeX Code and the LaTeX Syntax
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:TeX-Code"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-TeX Code Boxes
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-TeX Code
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As LyX uses LaTeX in the background, it supports many LaTeX commands and
- constructs, but not all.
- LaTeX contains hundreds of packages that provide different commands.
- All the time packages are being updated and new ones added.
- This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything as there
- is a LaTeX-package for every problem, though LyX cannot support all packages
- and their commands.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-But don't worry, you can use any LaTeX-command directly in LyX inside the
- TeX Code box.
- A TeX Code box is created by the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Te
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Code
-\family default
- or by the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "ert-insert"
-\end_inset
-
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "ert-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- The box can be opened by left-clicking and closed by right-clicking on
- it and selecting
-\family sans
-Close Inset
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can insert complete or incomplete commands as TeX Code.
- Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard LyX text.
- For example, if you want to draw a frame around a word and are therefore
- using the LaTeX-command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
-, you can write the command part
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fbox{
-\series default
- in a TeX Code box before the word and the closing brace
-\series bold
-}
-\series default
- in a second TeX Code box behind the word.
- The word between the two TeX Code boxes is then the argument as it is in
- the following example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/ERT.png
- scale 89
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-gives
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is a line with a
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-fbox{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-framed
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- word.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- At the end of LaTeX-commands without parameters, you have to insert a space
- to let LaTeX know that the command is finished.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-A Short Introduction to the LaTeX Syntax
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The LaTeX Syntax
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX Syntax
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something
- about the LaTeX-commands that LyX uses in the background.
- Because LaTeX is based on commands, you can
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-program
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- your text.
- This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at
- any time if you know the right commands.
- For example, imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline
- is the end of the day.
- Your boss has just complimented you for your good work but wants to have
- all caption labels bold.
- But you have over a hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels
- in your manual.
- Of course it is impossible to change all caption labels manually in one
- day.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Now LaTeX comes into play.
- As mentioned above, for every problem there exists a LaTeX-package.
- First you have to find out which and therefore look in the LaTeX package
- database,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "Catalogue"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As result you find that the package
-\series bold
-caption
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! caption
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- is what you need.
- To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
-\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-
-\family sans
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Preamble
-\family default
-) with the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-usepackage[options]{package name}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-All LaTeX commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within
- two braces and the options are set within two brackets.
- Note that not all commands have an argument and options.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In your case the package name is
-\series bold
-caption
-\series default
-.
- After a look in the documentation of the package, you know that the option
-
-\series bold
-labelfont=bf
-\series default
- will change the font of all caption labels to bold.
- So you add the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-to the preamble and the problem is solved.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-For more commands provided by the
-\series bold
-caption
-\series default
- package, have a look at its documentation,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "caption"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well-known problems
- like your case.
- For example if you use a
-\family sans
-KOMA-Script
-\family default
- class, you don't need the package
-\series bold
-caption
-\series default
-, you can instead write
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-setkomafont{captionlabel}{
-\backslash
-bfseries}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-in the preamble and the problem is solved.
- So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the
- documentation of the document class you want to use.
- (
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-setkomafont
-\series default
- is an example of a command with more than one argument.)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Commands in the preamble affect the whole document, while commands in the
- text affect only the text after the command or only the text used as command
- argument.
- To insert a LaTeX-command in text, use the TeX Code box as described in
- the previous section.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you want to learn more about LaTeX and its syntax, have a look at the
- LaTeX-books
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "latexcompanion,latexguide"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage cleardoublepage
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-pagestyle{fancy}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-switches temporarily to a page style with custom header and footer line
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Left Header
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-rightmark
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-defines the header line as described below
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Center Header
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Right Header
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-leftmark
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Left Footer
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-thepage
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Center Footer
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\series bold
-\color red
-LyX's user guide
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Magic code:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Right Footer
-\begin_inset Argument 1
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-Roman{page}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Customized Page Headers and Footers
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Customized-Page-Headers"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Header/Footer line
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Header/Footer line
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To define a custom page header and footer line for your document, you need
- to set the
-\family sans
-Page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-style
-\family default
- to
-\family sans
-Fancy
-\family default
- in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog under
-\family sans
-Page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Layout
-\family default
-.
- As a second step add in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Modules
-\family default
- the module
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Custom Header/Footerlines
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
- This module offers the following 6
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-styles:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Left
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Header,
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Center
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Header,
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Header
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Left
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Footer,
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Center
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Footer,
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Footer
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-for the different positions in the header/footer.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Normally, headers and footers are set up at the beginning of the document.
- But you can change them anywhere you want to.
- Figure
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "fig:Page-layout"
-
-\end_inset
-
- shows the page layout and where the header/footer styles will appear.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Float figure
-placement h
-wide false
-sideways false
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\noindent
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Left Header
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Center Header
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Right Header
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The normal text on the page goes here.
- The running header is above the text, and the footer is below (including
- footnotes).
- Headers/footers typically contain things like the page number, title of
- the chapter, company logo but your can use almost anything, except of floats.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Left Footer
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Center Footer
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Right Footer
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Caption Standard
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "fig:Page-layout"
-
-\end_inset
-
-Page layout with custom header and footer line.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note
-\series default
-: some document classes implement their own customized page headers and
- footers if
-\family sans
-Page
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-style
-\family default
- is set to âDefaultâ.
- Check what these are before you specify your own customized page headers
- and footers.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Definition
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To define your header line, add all three header styles.
- The things you add to the styles appear on odd numbered pages, the things
- in the optional arguments on even numbered pages.
- For single-sided documents, the optional arguments will not be used and
- can be omitted.
- If you leave a style or its argument empty, nothing appears in the output.
- Defining the footer line works similarly.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For the definition, you will need some LaTeX-commands that are inserted
- as TeX code (menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Te
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Code
-\family default
-):
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\backslash
-thepage prints the current page number
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\backslash
-Roman{page} prints the current page number with capital roman numerals
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\backslash
-roman{page} prints the current page number with small roman numerals
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\backslash
-leftmark prints the current section number and title.
- If the document has chapters, it prints the current chapter number and
- title instead.
- It is called
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-leftmark
-\begin_inset Quotes prd
-\end_inset
-
- because it usually goes in a left header.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\backslash
-rightmark prints the current subsection number and title.
- If the document has chapters, it prints the current section number and
- title instead.
- It is normally used in the right header.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Default header/footer
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The custom header/footer is not empty by default.
- The default header contains the chapter and section title and the center
- footer has the page number.
- In order to remove unwanted entries from the header/footer, include the
- relevant header/footer style in your document, but leave it blank.
- So, if you do not want a page number in the footer, include a blank
-\family sans
-Center
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Footer
-\family default
- style.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Appearance
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The header and footer will appear on normal pages.
- Some pages are different.
- The title page has a style of its own, and so does any page that starts
- a new part or chapter in your book.
- Such pages will not have the custom headers/footers, but that is normal.
- There is for example no need to print a header with the chapter name on
- the chapter page where the chapter heading is in big bold letters anyway.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Header and footer decoration line
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-By default, you get a 0.4
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-pt thick line below the header and no footer line.
- This can be changed in the document preamble with the commands
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-headrulewidth
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-footrulewidth
-\series default
- in the following way:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-headrulewidth}{thickness}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-where thickness is a size in standard units like
-\family sans
-pt
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-mm
-\family default
-.
- If you don't want a line, set the thickness to 0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-pt.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The lines can also be colored, but this requires more knowledge of LaTeX.
- If you really need this, have a look at the Internet or in sec.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-4.4 of the book
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "Mittelbach"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Several header/footer lines
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In case you need more than one text line as a header/footer, you can do
- this by adding a normal line break in the style definition.
- However, the default height of the header/footer is only the one of one
- text line.
- To expand the height, redefine the LaTeX length
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-headheight
-\series default
- or
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-footheight
-\series default
- in this entry in
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Lat
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Preamble
-\family default
-:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-headheight}{height}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-where height is a size in standard units.
- If you don't know which amount of space is needed for the height, define
- your header/footer and preview your document as a PDF.
- Then open the LaTeX logfile with the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-La
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-TeX Log
-\family default
- and use the button
-\family sans
-Next
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Warning
-\family default
- to see if you can find a warning about the package
-\series bold
-fancyhdr
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- If there is such a warning, it contains the space that you need at least
- for your header/footer.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-This example
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This example demonstrates what can be done with custom header/footers.
- Don't use it for your document as it is just an example.
- This example consists of the following definition:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Left
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Header
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-rightmark
-\series default
-, empty optional argument
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Center
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Header empty, empty optional argument
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Header empty,
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-leftmark
-\series default
- in the optional argument
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Left
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Footer empty,
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-thepage
-\series default
- in the optional argument
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Center
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Footer
-\family sans
-\series bold
-\color red
-LyX's user guide
-\family default
-\series default
-\color inherit
-,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Magic code:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in the optional argument
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Right
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Footer
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Roman{page}
-\series default
-, empty optional argument
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\backslash
-headrulewidth set to 2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-pt
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In principle you can use almost everything in headers/footers, except floats.
- For more specialized features, for example, thumb-indexes, see the manual
- of the
-\series bold
-fancyhdr
-\series default
- package,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "fancyhdr"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage clearpage
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-pagestyle{headings}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-switches back to page style with the default headings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Previewing Snippets of your Document
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Instant preview
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Preview
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the
- fly so you can see how they will look in the final document without having
- to break your train of thought with viewing the output.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Prerequisites
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To get previews working, you need the LaTeX package
-\series bold
-preview-latex
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! preview-latex
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- (on some systems named simply
-\series bold
-preview
-\series default
-) installed.
- If it is not already installed, you will find it in the TeX-catalogue,
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "TeXCatalogue"
-
-\end_inset
-
- or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
- You obtain prettier results if you install the program
-\family typewriter
-pnmcrop
-\family default
- from the
-\family typewriter
-netpbm
-\family default
- package; for LyX on Windows this program and also the LaTeX-package are
- automatically installed together with LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Enabling previews
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you would for example like to see in LyX your math formulas typeset by
- LaTeX, activate the option
-\family sans
-Display
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Graphics
-\family default
- in the
-\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Preferences
-\family default
-dialog under
-\family sans
-Look
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-and
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Display
-\family default
-.
- Then set
-\family sans
-Instant
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Preview
-\family default
- to
-\family sans
-On
-\family default
-.
- The
-\family sans
-Preview
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Size
-\family default
- is the multiplication factor for the size.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you would like to see everything but your math formulas typeset by LaTeX,
- set
-\family sans
-Instant
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Preview
-\family default
- to
-\family sans
-No
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-math
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish
- editing an inset.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Previews of an already loaded document are not in every case immediately
- generated by activating the option
-\family sans
-Display
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Graphics
-\family default
-.
- Reopening the document will fix such problems.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Selected document parts
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Besides math there are other cases where you might like to see a preview,
- for example things that LyX cannot render like rotated parts or things
- that are not yet supported by LyX.
- To do this, insert a preview inset via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Preview
-\family default
-.
- Insert or paste the stuff that you want to preview into this inset.
- The preview will be generated when the cursor is outside the preview inset.
- If you click on the preview, you can edit the previewed stuff.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example: To create rotated boxes, you use the LaTeX command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-rotatebox
-\series default
- which is not yet supported by LyX.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-rotatebox
-\series default
- is explained in section
-\emph on
-Rotated and Scaled Boxes
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- Instead of the TeX Code boxes you want to see in LyX the final rotated
- boxes, for example to adjust the rotation angle to fit with the surrounding
- text.
- Therefore you create a preview inset and copy the text with the rotated
- boxes into it.
- Here is the result:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Preview
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is a line
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-rotatebox[origin=r]{-60}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Box Doublebox
-position "c"
-hor_pos "c"
-has_inner_box 0
-inner_pos "c"
-use_parbox 0
-use_makebox 0
-width "1in"
-special "width"
-height "1in"
-height_special "totalheight"
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-with rotated
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- framed text
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-rotatebox[origin=lb]{60}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=B$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- and a formula.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Previewing works also for colors.
- In this example a special framed, colored box was created using the LaTeX
- command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fcolorbox
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fcolorbox
-\series default
- is explained in section
-\emph on
-Colored Boxes
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Preview
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-fboxrule 1mm
-\backslash
-fboxsep 1mm
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-This is text within a colored, framed box.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If LyX does not show a preview, make sure that you enabled previews as described
- above and also make sure that TeX Code in the preview inset is valid and
- that you loaded the LaTeX packages in your document preamble that are required
- by the TeX Code.
- If LyX cannot create a preview, you will in most cases also not be able
- to view your document due to LaTeX errors.
- So if you have to use some TeX Code and don't know if it is correct, the
- preview inset is a nice method to check it without the need to view the
- whole document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-LaTeX source code
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can preview the LaTeX source of the whole document or parts of it.
- Use the menu
-\family sans
-View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-View
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Source
-\family default
- and a window will be shown where you can see the LaTeX-source code.
- The window shows the source of the whole paragraph in which the cursor
- currently sits.
- You can also select document parts in LyX's main window, then only this
- selection (when it is more than one paragraph) is shown as source code.
- To view the whole document as source, enable the corresponding option in
- the source view window.
- If you check
-\family sans
-Automatic update
-\family default
-, you can see the changes as you make them in LyX; but note that if you
- have several documents open, this will slow things down as LyX updates
- them all, not just the one which is open at the time.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Advanced Find and Replace
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Advanced-Find-and"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Replace
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Find
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Introduction
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The advanced find and replace feature of LyX allows for searching of complex,
- format-sensitive text segments and mathematics contents within LyX documents.
- It is an enhancement of the standard (quick) find and replace feature.
- The key-features are:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Both searching of text and of mathematical formulas is allowed, where the
- latter is done by entering mathematics in the usual way; not only entire
- mathematical formulas are found, but also parts occurring within more complex
- formulas
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Search may be format-insensitive, so that the searched text is found in
- any context/style (standard text, section headings, notes, and even mathematics
-), or it may be format-sensitive, so that, for example, a word entered with
- a section heading will only be found within section headings
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Search may be widened to a specific
-\emph on
-scope
-\emph default
-, i.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-e.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-a set of files which may be all the children of the document being edited,
- all the open files, or all the manuals available from the
-\family sans
-Help
-\family default
- menu
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Replace may optionally preserve capitalization, so that the replaced text
- capitalization is adapted to the matching text (i.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-e.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-all lowercase, all uppercase, first letter uppercase followed by lowercase)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Basic usage
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The advanced find and replace feature is activated through the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Find & Replace
-\noun on
- (
-\noun default
-Advanced
-\noun on
-)
-\family default
-\noun default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "dialog-show findreplaceadv"
-\end_inset
-
-) or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-toggle findreplaceadv"
-\end_inset
-
-.
- This opens the
-\family sans
-Advanced Find and Replace
-\family default
- dialog.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Searching for text
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Enter into the
-\family sans
-Find
-\family default
- LyX mini-editor a simple word, and search for occurrences of it by clicking
- on the
-\family sans
-Find
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Next
-\family default
- button at the bottom of the dialog (or just press the
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph"
-\end_inset
-
- key).
- The entered word is found both in text mode and in math mode, and in emphasized
-, bold or normal face, and in both in section titles and in standard text.
- Pressing
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph"
-\end_inset
-
- repeatedly keeps searching forward while pressing
-\family sans
-Shift+Return
-\family default
- searches backwards.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Case
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-sensitive
-\family default
- option allows matches to occur only with the same case as entered in the
-
-\family sans
-Find
-\family default
- editor.
- The
-\family sans
-Whole
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-words
-\family default
- option allows matches to occur only at word boundaries.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Searching for mathematics
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Mathematical formulas, such as
-\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
-\end_inset
-
- or something more complex like
-\begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}$
-\end_inset
-
-, may be searched for by typing them in the
-\family sans
-Find
-\family default
- editor.
- When searching for a formula, it is found both when it is alone and when
- it occurs in sub-formulas and nested parts of sub-formulas.
- For example the mentioned segments would be found in something like
-\begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{\sqrt{\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}}}.$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Style-aware search
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-It is also possible to search for text with specific styles.
- This is done by switching to the
-\family sans
-Settings
-\family default
- tab of the dialog and unchecking the
-\family sans
-Ignore format
-\family default
- option.
- This way, entering in the
-\family sans
-Find
-\family default
- editor
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-a normal word and searching for it would not find instances of the word
- occurring in emphasized or boldface.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-an emphasized or boldface word and searching for it would find the respective
- instances with the same face only, and within the same text style only.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-a normal word in a section heading, and searching for it, would find occurrences
- of it only within section headings.
- Also, if the text to search is given an emphasized or bold face, in addition
- to a section style, then it is found only when occurring with the same
- style.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-a displayed formula will only find instances of this formula that are also
- displayed formulas (and not inline formulas).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Replace
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The entries made in the
-\family sans
-Find
-\family default
- editor can be replaced with entries made in the
-\family sans
-Replace
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-with
-\family default
- editor.
- In order to find the next occurrence and replace it, click on the
-\family sans
-Replace
-\family default
- button or alternatively press
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "break-paragraph"
-\end_inset
-
- or
-\family sans
-Shift+Return
-\family default
- while the cursor is in the
-\family sans
-Replace
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-with
-\family default
- editor.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can replace with fully-featured formatted LyX entries.
- Typical scenarios in which to use this capability might be (just to mention
- two):
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-replacing occurrences of a word with a customized formatted version of the
- same word, for example replacing occurrences of a name like
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-func()
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- with its typewriter version
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family typewriter
-func()
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-performing a notation rework of mathematical symbols, for example replacing
- occurrences of
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $R$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- with
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{R}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- (you may want to enable the
-\family sans
-Whole
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-words
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
-Case
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-sensitive
-\family default
- options and disable the
-\family sans
-Ignore format
-\family default
- option in the
-\family sans
-Settings
-\family default
- tab, in order to avoid replacing all
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-R
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- letters occurring in normal text), or occurrences of
-\begin_inset Formula $x_{j}^{i}$
-\end_inset
-
- with
-\begin_inset Formula $x_{i,\, j}$
-\end_inset
-
-, or occurrences of
-\begin_inset Formula $x[k]$
-\end_inset
-
- with
-\begin_inset Formula $x_{k}$
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Advanced usage
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-There is a regular expression (regexp) based searching facility.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A good explanation of regular expressions is given in this Wikipedia entry:
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-target "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- You can search for a regular expression by inserting a regexp inset into
- the
-\family sans
-Find
-\family default
- editor.
- This is done with the context menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Insert Regular Expression
-\family default
- while the cursor is in the
-\family sans
-Find
-\family default
- editor.
- Characters entered within regexp insets are matched according to the regular
- expression matching rules
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Under the constraint that any (sub)expression must match a well-formed LyX
- segment, i.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-e.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-when matching LaTeX code, no segments with unbalanced {} braces are allowed
- to match expressions.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-, while text entered outside regexp insets is matched exactly against the
- same text in the document.
- You can cut and paste regexp-mode insets.
- Examples of using such a feature may be:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Searching for all fractions with a given denominator: for example, entering
- in the
-\family sans
-Find
-\family default
- editor the fraction
-\begin_inset Formula $\frac{.*}{1+x^{2}}$
-\end_inset
-
- (where the
-\begin_inset Formula $.*$
-\end_inset
-
- on the numerator is the match-everything regular expression) finds all
- fractions with the given denominator.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-Searching for all text with a given style: for example, after unchecking
- the
-\family sans
-Ignore format
-\family default
- option from the
-\family sans
-Settings
-\family default
- tab, entering a
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset Formula $.*$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
- regular expression and giving it an emphasized or bold face, finds all
- emphasized or bold face text respectively.
- Also, by inserting a
-\begin_inset Formula $.*$
-\end_inset
-
- regular expression in a bullet or enumerated list or a section heading,
- you can find all bullet or enumerated lists or section headings.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Finally, references to (sub)expressions in regexp may be used as usual:
- Enclosing parts of the expression within round braces
-\begin_inset Formula $()$
-\end_inset
-
-, and referring back to them through
-\begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset Formula $\backslash2$
-\end_inset
-
-, etc..
- For example, try searching with the regexp
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-[[:space:]]([[:alpha:]]+)[[:space:]]
-\backslash
-1[[:space:]]
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-in order to find word repetitions, if there are any.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The usage of back references in the replaced text is not (yet) implemented.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Back references work both when occurring within the same regexp, and when
- occurring in multiple different regexps, where the numbering of back-referenced
- sub-expressions is absolute.
- That is,
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$
-\end_inset
-
- always refers to the first occurrence of
-\begin_inset Formula $()$
-\end_inset
-
- in all entered regexps.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Spell Checking
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Spellchecking"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Spell checking
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX has a built-in spell checker.
- The menu
-\family sans
- Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Spellchecker
-\family default
-, the
-\family sans
-F7
-\family default
- key or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show spellchecker"
-\end_inset
-
- start the spell checking from either the current cursor position or the
- beginning of the currently selected text.
- A sidebar will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, allowing
- you to edit and replace it in a second line.
- Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the text
- scrolled so that it is visible.
- In the spellchecker sidebar, there is a box showing suggestions for a correctio
-n, if any could be found.
- Clicking on one of the corrections will copy it to the
-\family sans
-Replacement
-\family default
- field, double-clicking directly invokes the replacement.
- Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-By default, the dictionary file used is determined by the document language
- that is set in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- dialog.
- You can specify the language of a word in the spellchecker dialog by choosing
- a different one at the top of the dialog.
- LyX can correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages.
- This works if you have set the language of the text parts using the
-\family sans
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Style
-\family default
- dialog (
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "dialog-show character"
-\end_inset
-
-) and have the spell checker dictionaries installed.
- LyX automatically switches to the appropriate dictionary file.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-All spell-checker dictionaries supported by LyX can be downloaded from here:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Flex URL
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-http://sourceforge.net/projects/lyxwininstaller/files/hunspell/
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-There are 2
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-files for each language.
- To install a dictionary, copy the 2
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-files into LyX's installation subfolder
-\family sans
-~
-\backslash
-Resources
-\backslash
-dicts
-\family default
- and restart LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Further Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the menu
-\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Language
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Spellchecker
-\family default
- you can set the following things:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Spellchecker
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-engine Select the library LyX should use for spell checking.
- Depending on your platform,
-\family typewriter
-aspell
-\family default
-,
-\family typewriter
-hunspell
-\family default
- or
-\family typewriter
-enchant
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Enchant itself is a wrapper library having different configurable back-ends.
- Please consult the documentation or man-page of it to learn more.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
- are available.
- On Windows only
-\family typewriter
-hunspell
-\family default
- is available.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Alternative
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-language If this field is not empty, LyX will always use the given language
- for the spell checking, no matter what the document language is.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Escape
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-characters Allows you to add non-standard characters that the spell checker
- should escape, e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-German umlauts.
- This should normally not be needed.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Accept
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-compound
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-words Prevents the spell checker from complaining about compounded words
- like
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-passthrough
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Spellcheck
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-continuously Checks the spelling of your document as you type it.
- Misspelled words get underlined with a dotted red line.
- By right-clicking on an underlined word, suggestions from the spellchecker
- appear in a context menu.
- Choosing one of them will replace the misspelled word with the suggested
- word.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Spellcheck
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-notes
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-and
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-comments If enabled, the spelling of non-printed document content is checked
- as well.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Thesaurus
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Thesaurus
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Thesaurus"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX provides a multilingual thesaurus.
- It uses the same thesaurus framework as LibreOffice, OpenOffice and Firefox
- (namely the
-\family typewriter
-MyThes
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-target "http://lingucomponent.openoffice.org/thesaurus.html"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- thesaurus library, which is included in LyX).
- Therefore, LyX can directly access OpenOffice thesaurus dictionaries, which
- are available for many languages.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This section describes how new dictionaries are installed and set up for
- the use with LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Setting up the thesaurus
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family typewriter
-MyThes
-\family default
-\emph on
-/
-\emph default
-OpenOffice thesauri consist of two files per language: A file with the suffix
-
-\emph on
-*.dat
-\emph default
- containing the data and an index file with the suffix
-\emph on
-*.idx
-\emph default
-.
- The standardized file names include the language code for the given language
- (e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family sans
-en_US
-\family default
- for US English).
- For instance, the US English files are named:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-th_en_EN_v2.idx
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-th_en_EN_v2.dat
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you have LibreOffice or OpenOffice and its thesaurus installed on a Linux
- system, these files should be already on your system.
- On Windows you can choose in LyX's installer wich dictionaries should be
- installed.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-All thesaurus dictionaries supported by LyX can be downloaded from here:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Flex URL
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-http://sourceforge.net/projects/lyxwininstaller/files/thesaurus/
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-To install a dictionary, copy the 2
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-files into LyX's installation subfolder
-\family sans
-~
-\backslash
-Resources
-\backslash
-thes
-\family default
- and restart LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Using the thesaurus
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To start the thesaurus, use the menu
-\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Thesaurus
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "thesaurus-entry"
-\end_inset
-
- while the cursor is at the word you want to look up or while a word is
- selected.
- A dialog pops up showing you probably related words that you can use as
- a replacement.
- The suggestions are grouped into categories.
- Note that, for some languages (such as English), the thesaurus does not
- only show equivalent words (synonyms), but also generic terms (such as
-
-\emph on
-organism
-\emph default
- for
-\emph on
-plant
-\emph default
-), related terms (such as
-\emph on
-political
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-theory
-\emph default
- for
-\emph on
-anarchistic
-\emph default
-), compounds (such as
-\emph on
-tree
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-diagram
-\emph default
-, if you look for
-\emph on
-tree
-\emph default
-) and opposites (antonyms) (such as
-\emph on
-girl
-\emph default
- for
-\emph on
-boy
-\emph default
-).
- Generic terms, related terms and antonyms are marked as such.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The language is automatically chosen from the language at the cursor, but
- you can also switch it in the dialog, as you can enter new words to look
- up directly there.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Note that the thesaurus cannot handle phrases (only compounds that are in
- the dictionary, such as the above
-\emph on
-tree diagram
-\emph default
-), and you have to use the so called lemma form, i.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-e.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-the form that is used in the dictionaries (for many languages: first person
- singular indicative active for nouns, infinitive for verbs).
- For example, looking up the word form
-\emph on
-reporting
-\emph default
- yields no results, while results are shown for the word form
-\emph on
-report
-\emph default
-.
- Your best bet is to highlight only the relevant part of such a word (e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\emph on
-report
-\emph default
- in
-\emph on
-report
-\emph default
-s); then you will get suggestions without needing to adjust the query in
- the dialog, and also the replacement will probably be correct (as only
- the highlighted part will be replaced; thus the ending remains).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Change Tracking
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Change Tracking
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Change Tracking
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Change-Tracking"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When you work on a document collaboratively it is extremely useful to be
- able to see changes that others have made highlighted in the document.
- You can then decide if you want to accept a change or not.
- This can be achieved by turning on change tracking in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Track
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Changes
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Changes made in the document will then be highlighted by strokes and colors:
-
-\bar under
-\color blue
-underlined text
-\bar default
-\color inherit
- is an addition,
-\strikeout on
-\color blue
-canceled text
-\strikeout default
-\color inherit
- is a deletion.
- The color depends on the author that made the change.
- You can change the color in
-\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Look
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-&
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-feel
-\family default
-\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-
-\family sans
-Colors
-\family default
-.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Color ! Change tracking
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- The author and the date of the change are shown in LyX's status bar when
- the cursor is in changed text.
- The same information is shown when you use the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "changes-merge"
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When change tracking is activated, you will see the review toolbar in LyX:
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Toolbar ! Review
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace defskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/ChangesToolbar.png
- scale 90
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace defskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The review toolbar as shown above contains the following buttons:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace defskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Tabular
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "changes-track"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Track
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Changes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "changes-output"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Show
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Changes
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-in
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Output
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "change-next"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Jumps to the next change
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "change-accept"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Accept
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Change
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "change-reject"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Reject
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Change
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "changes-merge"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Merge
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Changes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "all-changes-accept"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Accept
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-All
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Changes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "all-changes-reject"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Reject
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-All
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Changes
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "note-insert"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Ly
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-X
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Note
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-\begin_inset Info
-type "icon"
-arg "note-next"
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Next
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Note
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
- |
-
-
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace defskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Not all changes are (yet) visualized, especially no format changes like
- from
-\emph on
-normal
-\emph default
- to
-\emph on
-bold
-\emph default
- font or
-\emph on
-Standard
-\emph default
- to
-\emph on
-Description
-\emph default
- paragraph.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The review toolbar helps you to accept, reject, or merge changes â highlight
- the change and press one of the desired toolbar buttons.
- When you merge changes, a window pops up showing you information about
- the next change after the current cursor position.
- So you don't need to highlight a certain change.
- Within the merge window you can decide to accept or reject changes and
- step to the next change.
- This way you can jump through all the changes in the document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The toolbar has two buttons to handle notes because notes are often important
- to describe a change.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To show the changes made in the output you need the LaTeX package
-\series bold
-dvipost
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-LaTeX-packages ! dvipost
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- installed.
- You will find it in the TeX Catalogue,
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "TeXCatalogue"
-
-\end_inset
-
- or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Comparison of Documents
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Comparison-of-Documents"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Comparison of documents
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can compare two different LyX files via the menu
-\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Compare
-\family default
-.
- The comparison result is a LyX file with change tracking enabled showing
- the differences.
- In the comparison dialog you can select from which document LyX should
- take the document settings for the resulting difference file with the option
-
-\family sans
-Copy
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Document
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Settings
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-from
-\family default
-.
- The option
-\family sans
-Enable
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-change
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-tracking
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-features
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-in
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-the
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-output
-\family default
- enables the change tracking option
-\family sans
-Show
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Changes
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-in
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Output
-\family default
- to visualize the differences also in the PDF output of the difference file.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-International Support
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-International support
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
- For some languages there are special Wiki-pages that explain how to set
- up LyX to use them:
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "Arabic,Armenian,Farsi,Hebrew,Latvian,Lithuanian,Mongolian,Vietnamese"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Besides languages, LyX also supports phonetic symbols, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Special-Character"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Language Options
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Language ! Options
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Document ! Language
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Language
-\family default
- dialog lets you set
-\family roman
-the language, the quote style and character encoding
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Under
-\family sans
-Encoding
-\family default
- you can choose the character encoding map you want to use for LaTeX export.
- The option
-\family sans
-Language
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Default
-\family default
- is the preferred choice and works well in most cases.
- For details about the different encoding options see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Language-encodings"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Keyboard mapping configuration
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Keyboard-mapping"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If you have for example a U.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-S.-style keyboard and want to write in a language other than English, you
- can use an alternate keymap.
- For example, if you want to write in Italian, you can configure LyX to
- use an Italian keymap.
- The
-\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Keyboard/Mouse
-\family default
- dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Keyboard-Map"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
- which one you want to use.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
- different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
- You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-S.-style keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
- In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
- one to support the characters you want.
- This and many other customizations are explained in the
-\emph on
-Customization
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Chapter
-\start_of_appendix
-The User Interface
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "chap:The-User-Interface"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This appendix lists all the available menus and describes their functionality.
- It is designed as a quick reference if you are searching for a special
- topic inside the user's guide.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-The File Menu
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Menu ! File
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Under the
-\family sans
-File
-\family default
- menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-New
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Creates a new document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-New from Template
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This menu entry prompts you for a template to use.
- Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
- the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Open
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Opens a document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Open Recent
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The submenu shows a list of the recently opened files.
- Click there on a file to open it.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Close
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Closes the current document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Close All
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Closes all opened documents.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Save
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Saves the actual document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Save As
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Saves the actual document under a new name to create a copy.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Save All
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Saves all opened documents.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Revert to saved
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Reloads the actual document from disk.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Version Control
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is used when multiple people are working on the same document or when
- one person wants to keep a careful archive of changes.
- It is described in the section
-\emph on
-Version Control in LyX
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Additional Features
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Import
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here you can import files from older LyX-versions, HTML-files, LaTeX-files,
- NoWeb-files, plain text files and comma separated, table-like text files
- (CSV).
- The files will be imported as a new LyX-document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When using the menu entry
-\family sans
-Plain
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-text
-\family default
-, line breaks in the text will start a new paragraph; when using the menu
- entry
-\family sans
-Plain
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Text,
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Join
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Lines
-\family default
-, consecutive lines of text will be imported to one big paragraph.
- A new paragraph will begin when there is a blank line in the file.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Export
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Export"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can export your document to various file formats.
- The resulting files are placed in the directory of your LyX-file.
- The menu entries are not the same on all installations.
- They depend on the programs found by LyX during its configuration.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here is a list of all available entries; some of them are explained in detail
- in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
-
-\end_inset
-
-:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-CJK
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-L
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-yX format of the special LyX
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-1.4.x versions for Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK)
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
- Since LyX 1.5.0 CJK support has been fully integrated into LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-DocBook text file with code in the language SGML that is used for the markup
- language
-\family typewriter
-DocBook
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-DocBook
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(XML) text file with code in the language XML that is used for the markup
- language
-\family typewriter
-DocBook
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-DraftDVI LaTeX's native DVI-format.
- This format is not suitable if you have special characters or spaces in
- files paths or file names in your document.
- LyX use this format internally as a pre-stage to export to
-\family sans
-DVI
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-DVI DVI-format that also allows the useage of special characters or spaces
- in files paths or file names
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-DVI
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(LuaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX) DVI-format using the program
-\family typewriter
-LuaTeX
-\family default
-; supports Unicode and the usage of non-TeX fonts;
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- not all DVI-viewers are currently able to display this output format properly.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Graphviz
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Dot text file with code in the programming language
-\family typewriter
-Dot
-\family default
- which is used to draw visualizations of graphs via the program
-\family typewriter
-Graphviz
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-HTML HTML-format (the HTML-converter is a third-party product and may not
- work in all cases)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-HTML
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(MS
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Word) HTML-format specialized so that the result can be imported to
-\family sans
-MS Word
-\family default
-; as a consequence of this formulas will be embedded as bitmap fonts and
- not in the format
-\family sans
-MathML
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(
-\family default
-LuaT
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
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-\end_layout
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-\end_inset
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-eX
-\begin_inset space ~
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-(pdflatex)
-\family default
- text file with the LaTeX source, additionally all images used in the document
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-pdflatex
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-eX
-\begin_inset space ~
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- text file with the LaTeX source code, additionally all images used in the
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-\family default
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-(
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-XeT
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Plain Layout
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-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
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-
-\family default
-eX
-\family sans
-)
-\family default
-text file with the LaTeX source that is compilable with the program
-\family typewriter
-XeTeX
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-LilyPond
-\begin_inset space ~
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-book
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-(La
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-\begin_inset ERT
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-\begin_layout Plain Layout
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-\end_layout
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-\family typewriter
-LilyPond
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Description
-L
-\family sans
-
-\begin_inset ERT
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-\begin_layout Plain Layout
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-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
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-\family default
-yX
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
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-Archive
-\begin_inset space ~
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-\begin_layout Description
-L
-\family sans
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-\end_layout
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-\begin_inset space ~
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-z.y.x LyX-Document in a format readable by the LyX versions z.y.x (
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-z
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-\end_inset
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- and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
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-
-y
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
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- represent the version number)
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-L
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-\begin_layout Plain Layout
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-\end_layout
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-yXHTML HTML-format using LyX's internal XHTML engine
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Description
-NoWeb text file with code in the format of the literate programming language
-\family typewriter
- NoWeb
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-OpenDocument OpenDocument-formatted file, to be opened with
-\family sans
-LibreOffice, OpenOffice, KOffice, Abiword
-\family default
-, etc.
- (The OpenDocument-converter is a third-party product and may not work in
- all cases)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
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-(dvipdfm)
-\family default
- PDF-format using the program
-\family typewriter
-dvipdfm
-\family default
-, produces internally a DVI-file which is then converted to a PDF-file
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(LuaT
-\begin_inset ERT
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-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
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-eX)
-\family default
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-\family typewriter
-LuaTeX
-\family default
-, produces PDF-files directly
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
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-(pdflatex)
-\family default
- PDF-format using the program
-\family typewriter
-pdflatex
-\family default
-, produces PDF-files directly
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
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-(ps2pdf)
-\family default
- PDF-format using the program
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-\family default
-, produces internally a PostScript-file which is then converted to a PDF-file
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
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-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(XeT
-\begin_inset ERT
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-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX)
-\family default
- PDF-format using the program
-\family typewriter
-XeTeX
-\family default
-, produces PDF-files directly
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
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-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-text
-\family default
- text format
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-Plain
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
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-text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(ps2ascii)
-\family default
- text format, the document will first be converted to Postscript format
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-\family sans
-ps2ascii
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-
-\family sans
-Postscript
-\family default
- PostScript format using the program
-\family typewriter
-dvips
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Sweave text file with the LaTeX source and also code in the statistical
- programming language
-\family typewriter
-R
-\family default
-.
- Using the
-\family typewriter
-R
-\family default
--function
-\family typewriter
-Sweave
-\family default
- it is possible to use
-\family typewriter
-R
-\family default
--commands in LaTeX
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If one of the menu entries
-\family sans
-DVI
-\family default
-,
-\family sans
-PDF
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(pdflatex)
-\family default
- or
-\family sans
-Postscript
-\family default
- is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation.
- After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Reconfiguration of LyX
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Print
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-With this menu entry you can print your document to a file in PostScript
- format or send it to a printer.
- The printer will also use the document in PostScript format.
- The conversion to PostScript is done in the background by LyX using the
- program
-\family typewriter
-dvips
-\family default
-.
- For more information have a look at section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Printing-the-File"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Fax
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This menu entry will only appear if you have a fax program installed (on
- Windows you additionally need to register its program path to LyX's PATH
- prefix, see section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Paths"
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- With this menu entry you can send your document to a fax program like
-\family typewriter
-hylapex
-\family default
- or
-\family typewriter
-kdeprintfax
-\family default
-.
- The default format of the sent file is PostScript.
- The format can be changed in LyX's preferences as described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Converters"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Subsection
-New and Close Window
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Opens or closes a new instance of LyX.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Exit
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Prompts you to save all unsaved documents and then exits.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-The Edit Menu
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Menu ! Edit
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Undo and Redo
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Undo-and-Redo"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Subsection
-Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Recent, Paste Special
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Select Whole Inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Selects the content of the inset in which the cursor currently is.
- If the cursor is outside an inset, the whole document will be selected.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Select All
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Selects the whole document.
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Subsection
-Find & Replace (Quick)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Find & Replace (Advanced)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Advanced-Find-and"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
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-\begin_layout Subsection
-Move Paragraph Up/Down
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This shifts the paragraph in which the cursor currently is one paragraph
- up or down.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Text Style
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Paragraph Settings
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Paragraph ! Settings
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Enables you to set the paragraph alignment, line spacing and label width.
- These settings only affect the paragraph in which the cursor is currently
- in.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can also prevent the first line of the paragraph being indented if you
- have chosen to separate paragraphs with
-\family sans
-Indentation
-\family default
- in the
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Layout
-\family default
- dialog.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Table
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This menu only appears if the cursor is inside a table.
- It allows you to create multicolumn and multirow cells, add or remove borders
- of a cell and to set the vertical alignment of the cell.Table Settings and
- Math
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-These two menus are only fully active if the cursor is inside a table or
- a formula.
- Here you can change the properties of tables and formulas.
- The properties of tables are described in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Tables"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, the properties of formulas in chapter
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "chap:Mathematical-Formulas"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Increase/Decrease List Depth
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-These menu entries are only active if the cursor is in an environment that
- can be nested.
- They increase/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Nesting"
-
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Numbering-depth"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-The View Menu
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Menu ! View
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-At the bottom of the
-\family sans
-View
-\family default
- menu the opened documents are listed.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Open/Close all Insets
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Opens/closes all insets in your document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Unfold/Fold Math Macros
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Unfolds/folds the current math macro.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Math macros are described in the
-\emph on
-Math
-\emph default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-View Source
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Opens a window showing the source code of the actual document, as described
- in section
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-View Messages
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Opens a window showing console messages.
- This is useful for debugging LyX (i.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-e., hunt for errors in the program) or to see what is going on in the background
- while LaTeX is processing the document.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-View
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-[