X-Git-Url: https://git.lyx.org/gitweb/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=lib%2Fdoc%2FMath.lyx;h=a393eeb36243ca5293ef1ef852cbf68c8fded736;hb=d302d6b20f7994a74637555a2ce92ba55e97c294;hp=0190b2d4058dc4dff8a9872cd043df2abd250e82;hpb=1a450d46cb4b52d1997b7e00643926144a723e46;p=lyx.git diff --git a/lib/doc/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/Math.lyx index 0190b2d405..a393eeb362 100644 --- a/lib/doc/Math.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/Math.lyx @@ -1,7 +1,9 @@ -#LyX 1.6.0svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ -\lyxformat 340 +#LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 620 \begin_document \begin_header +\save_transient_properties true +\origin /systemlyxdir/doc/ \textclass scrartcl \begin_preamble % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!! @@ -13,40 +15,24 @@ % the documentation team % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org - -% if pdflatex is used -\usepackage{ifpdf} -\ifpdf - -% set fonts for nicer pdf view -\IfFileExists{lmodern.sty} - {\usepackage{lmodern}}{} - -\fi % end if pdflatex is used - -% Folgendes Problem lösen: -% Besteht die Kapitelnummer aus zu vielen Ziffern, wird die -% Kapitelüberschrift im Inhaltsverzeichnis direkt an oder über -% die Kapitelnummer geschrieben. -% Als Lösung wird mehr Platz zwischen Nummer und -% Überschrift eingefügt. +% solves the following problem: +% If the dection number consits of too many numerals the section heading +% will be printed in the TOC without a space between it and the section number. +% As solution more space between the number and the heading is inserted: \renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.8em}} \renewcommand{\l@subsubsection}{\@dottedtocline{3}{4.3em}{3.6em}} -% To be able to enter the character ° and · directly in LyX, -% see sec. 22.11 -\DeclareInputText{176}{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi} -\DeclareInputText{183}{\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi} - % increase link area for cross-references and autoname them, \AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\ref}[1]{\mbox{\autoref{#1}}}} -\newlength{\abc} -\settowidth{\abc}{\space} -\addto\extrasenglish{ - \renewcommand{\equationautorefname}{\hspace{-\abc}} - \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace} - \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace} - \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}} +\@ifundefined{extrasenglish}{\usepackage[english]{babel}}{} +\@ifpackageloaded{babel}{ + \addto\extrasenglish{% + \renewcommand*{\equationautorefname}[1]{}% + \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}% + \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}% + \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}% + } +}{} % don't load packages twice % see first footnote in sec. 9.3 @@ -63,31 +49,28 @@ \cleardoublepage \pagenumbering{arabic}} +% add 0.5 mm vertical space for table rows +\@ifundefined{extrarowheight} {\usepackage{array}}{} +\setlength{\extrarowheight}{0.5mm} + % insert additional vertical space of 1.5 mm between footnotes, \let\myFoot\footnote \renewcommand{\footnote}[1]{\myFoot{#1\vspace{1.5mm}}} -% provides caption formatting +% makes caption labels bold \setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries} -% used in Kap. 22.4 -\usepackage{braket} - -% used in Kap. 22.6 -\usepackage[samesize]{cancel} - -% enables calculation of values, +% enables calculation of values \usepackage{calc} -% for multiple table row and column cells -\usepackage{multirow} +% for multiple columns used in sec. 24.7 \usepackage{multicol} % needed in sec. 19.4 \usepackage{remreset} -% center multirows (e.g. in sec. 13.3) -\renewcommand{\multirowsetup}{\centering} +% for the Fourier transformation symbol +\usepackage{mathrsfs} % define a color, used in sec.9.3 \definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5} @@ -96,8 +79,6 @@ \DeclareMathOperator*{\Lozenge}{\blacklozenge} \DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn} -\newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace} - % example definitions for sec. 20.1 \newcommand{\gr}{\Longrightarrow} \newcommand{\us}[1]{\underline{#1}} @@ -106,21 +87,22 @@ \newcommand{\fracS}[3][]{\genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}} % example macro from sec. 19.4 +%\AtBeginDocument{ %\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{|#1|}} - -% macro from sec. 10.2 -\def\clap#1{\hbox to 0pt{\hss #1\hss}} -\def\mathclap {\mathpalette \mathclapinternal} -\def\mathclapinternal #1#2{\clap{$\mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}} - -% redefine the greyed out note -\renewenvironment{lyxgreyedout} - {\textcolor{blue}\bgroup}{\egroup} +%} % ------------------------------------ % used to check for needed LaTeX packages \usepackage{ifthen} +% check for package undertilde +% used for the command \utilde +\newboolean{undertilde} +\IfFileExists{undertilde.sty} + {\usepackage{undertilde} + \setboolean{undertilde}{true}} + {\setboolean{undertilde}{false}} + % check for package eurosym % used for the Euro symbol \newboolean{eurosym} @@ -129,15 +111,21 @@ \setboolean{eurosym}{true}} {\setboolean{eurosym}{false}} -% needed in sec. 22.4 % check for package braket +% used for physical vectors \newboolean{braket} \IfFileExists{braket.sty} {\usepackage{braket} \setboolean{braket}{true}} {\setboolean{braket}{false}} -% needed in sec. 22.10 +% check for package cancel +\newboolean{cancel} +\IfFileExists{cancel.sty} + {\usepackage{cancel} + \setboolean{cancel}{true}} + {\setboolean{cancel}{false}} + % check for package upgreek \newboolean{upgreek} \IfFileExists{upgreek.sty} @@ -145,19 +133,38 @@ \setboolean{upgreek}{true}} {\setboolean{upgreek}{false}} \end_preamble -\options bibtotoc,idxtotoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,tablecaptionabove +\options bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,captions=tableheading +\use_default_options false +\begin_modules +subequations +logicalmkup +\end_modules +\maintain_unincluded_children no \language english -\inputencoding auto -\font_roman default -\font_sans default -\font_typewriter default +\language_package default +\inputencoding utf8 +\fontencoding auto +\font_roman "lmodern" "default" +\font_sans "lmss" "default" +\font_typewriter "lmtt" "default" +\font_math "auto" "auto" \font_default_family default +\use_non_tex_fonts false \font_sc false -\font_osf false -\font_sf_scale 100 -\font_tt_scale 100 - +\font_roman_osf false +\font_sans_osf false +\font_typewriter_osf false +\font_sf_scale 100 100 +\font_tt_scale 100 100 +\use_microtype false +\use_dash_ligatures false \graphics default +\default_output_format pdf2 +\output_sync 0 +\bibtex_command default +\index_command makeindex +\float_placement class +\float_alignment class \paperfontsize 12 \spacing single \use_hyperref true @@ -173,48 +180,82 @@ \pdf_pdfborder false \pdf_colorlinks true \pdf_backref false -\pdf_pagebackref false \pdf_pdfusetitle false -\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels" -\papersize a4paper +\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false" +\papersize a4 \use_geometry false -\use_amsmath 2 -\use_esint 1 +\use_package amsmath 2 +\use_package amssymb 2 +\use_package cancel 1 +\use_package esint 1 +\use_package mathdots 1 +\use_package mathtools 2 +\use_package mhchem 1 +\use_package stackrel 1 +\use_package stmaryrd 1 +\use_package undertilde 0 \cite_engine basic +\cite_engine_type default +\biblio_style plain \use_bibtopic false +\use_indices false \paperorientation portrait +\suppress_date false +\justification true +\use_refstyle 0 +\use_formatted_ref 0 +\use_minted 0 +\use_lineno 0 +\notefontcolor #0000ff +\index Index +\shortcut idx +\color #008000 +\end_index \secnumdepth 4 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation skip -\defskip medskip -\quotes_language english +\defskip halfline +\is_math_indent 0 +\math_numbering_side default +\quotes_style english +\dynamic_quotes 0 \papercolumns 1 \papersides 2 \paperpagestyle plain +\tablestyle default \bullet 1 0 6 -1 \bullet 2 2 35 -1 \bullet 3 2 7 -1 \tracking_changes false \output_changes false -\author "" -\author "" +\change_bars false +\postpone_fragile_content false +\html_math_output 0 +\html_css_as_file 0 +\html_be_strict false +\docbook_table_output 0 +\docbook_mathml_prefix 1 \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Title -LyX's detailed Math manual +\SpecialChar LyX +'s Detailed Math Manual \end_layout \begin_layout Author -by the LyX Team +by the \SpecialChar LyX + Team \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \noindent -If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta -tion mailing list: +If you have comments or error corrections, + please send them to the \SpecialChar LyX + Documentation mailing list: + \family typewriter \begin_inset CommandInset href @@ -222,6 +263,7 @@ LatexCommand href name "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org" target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's Math manual" type "mailto:" +literal "false" \end_inset @@ -235,7 +277,8 @@ type "mailto:" status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -author: Uwe Stöhr +author: + Uwe Stöhr \end_layout \end_inset @@ -250,7 +293,7 @@ author: Uwe Stöhr \family sans -Version 1.6svn +Version 2.4.x \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -267,21 +310,31 @@ LatexCommand tableofcontents status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -To export this document to PDF, PS, or DVI the LaTeX-packages +To export this document to PDF, + PS or DVI the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-packages \series bold -eurosym, -\series default - -\series bold -multirow, +braket, + cancel, + eurosym, + mathdots, + mathtools, + mhchem, + undertilde \series default and \series bold was \series default - must be installed. - If they are not installed you can export the document anyway but the sections - where the packages are required won't appear in the output. + should be installed. + If they are not installed the document can be exported anyway but the sections where the packages are required will not appear in the output. + An exception is +\series bold +mhchem +\series default +; + if it is not installed, + this file cannot be exported. \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -291,7 +344,7 @@ The latest PDF-version of this document can be found here: \series bold -http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#Math +https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/Manuals#Math \end_layout \end_inset @@ -308,20 +361,14 @@ http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#Math \begin_layout Section Introduction -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Introduction" - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -This document explains LyX's math features and is furthermore a collection - of LaTeX-commands used for mathematical characters and constructs. - The explanations are designed for the usage of commands. - It is therefore required that you have read the section +This document details \SpecialChar LyX +'s math features and the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-commands used for mathematical characters and constructs. + It is oriented toward the use of commands. + The user should read the \family typewriter Mathematical \begin_inset space ~ @@ -329,21 +376,20 @@ Mathematical Formulas \family default - of the User's Guide. + section of the User's Guide before proceeding. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Most of the characters and many constructs explained in this manual are - also accessible via the menu +Most of the characters and many constructs explained in this manual are also accessible via the menu \family sans Insert \series bold -\SpecialChar \menuseparator +\SpecialChar menuseparator \series default Math \family default -, or the + or the \family sans math \family default @@ -354,22 +400,22 @@ math toolbar \family default . - But everybody who has to write lots of formulas will notice that it is - much faster to use commands instead of the math toolbar. - Therefore this manual is focused on commands but also mentions the correspondin -g toolbar buttons when available. + But everybody who has to write lots of formulas will notice that it is much faster to use commands instead of the math toolbar. + Therefore this manual is focused on commands but also mentions the corresponding toolbar buttons when available. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -If not specially mentioned the commands are only available within formulas. - To be able to use all commands explained in this document, the option +Unless specially mentioned, + math commands are only available within formulas. + To be able to use all of the commands explained in this document, + the option \family sans Use AMS math package \family default - must be used in the document settings (menu + must be checked in the document settings (menu \family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset @@ -398,7 +444,8 @@ AmS \end_inset --math when math constructs are found that are supported by LyX. +-math when math constructs are found that are supported by \SpecialChar LyX +. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -422,10 +469,10 @@ AmS -math commands \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -A list with all +A list containing all \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -443,14 +490,17 @@ AmS \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href -name "amsguide.ps" -target "ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.ps" +name "amsguide.pdf" +target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.pdf" +literal "false" \end_inset \family default -, which is part of every LaTeX standard installation. +, + which is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX + standard installation. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -460,72 +510,106 @@ target "ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.ps" \begin_layout Section General Instructions -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:General-Instructions" - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To create an inline formula -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! inline +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +inline \end_layout \end_inset - that is embedded into a text line, press -\family sans -Ctrl-m -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-mode.png - scale 85 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + that is embedded in a text line, + use one of the shortcuts +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "math-mode" \end_inset + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-mode" +\end_inset +. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset To create a display style formula -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! display style +display style \end_layout \end_inset - that will appear bigger and in an own paragraph, press -\family sans -Ctrl-M -\family default + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + which will appear bigger, + has a different format, + and will be in a separate paragraph, + use one of these shortcuts: + +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "math-display" +\end_inset + . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To change a display style formula to an inline formula, set the cursor into - the formula and press -\family sans -Ctrl-M -\family default - or use the menu +To change a display style formula to an inline formula, + place the cursor inside the formula and use the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "math-mutate simple" +\end_inset + + or the menu \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator Change formula type \family default . - The same way is used to change an inline formula to a display style formula. + Similarly you can use the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "math-mutate equation" +\end_inset + + to change from an inline to a display style formula. + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -535,11 +619,30 @@ To display parts of an inline formula in the size of a display style formula, \backslash displaystyle -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! D ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash displaystyle \end_layout @@ -547,9 +650,12 @@ displaystyle \end_inset -\series default - to a formula. - Then a new blue box appears in which the desired formula part is inserted. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + in a formula. + A new blue box will appear in which the desired formula part is inserted. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -557,162 +663,112 @@ Only inline formulas are allowed inside tables. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The -\family sans -math toolbar -\family default - can be turned on in the menu -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Toolbars -\family default -. - When you click there on -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset -Math -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized - in the \family sans -Toolbars +Math toolbar \family default - menu with a checkmark. - When you click in this state again on -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Math -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - in the -\family sans -Toolbars -\family default - menu, the + visibility is controlled in the menu \family sans -math toolbar -\family default - is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized - by the renaming of the menu entry from -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - +View\SpecialChar menuseparator +Toolbars\SpecialChar menuseparator Math -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -(auto) -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - +\family default . -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The TeX-mode -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed + Three options will be presented, + On, + Off, + and Automatic. + Selecting On will cause the toolbar to be shown permanently at the bottom of the screen. + Selecting Off will disable the toolbar. + Selecting Automatic will cause the toolbar to automatically appear when the cursor is located within a formula. + The active state of the toolbar is indicated by a checkmark next to the current menu selection. +\begin_inset Note Note +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -T@TeX-mode +The menu functionality appears to have changed, + I rewrote the paragraph for the current functionality \end_layout \end_inset - is invoked by pressing the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/ert-insert.png - scale 85 -\end_inset +\end_layout - or by using the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Te -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_layout Standard +\SpecialChar TeX + mode +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey +status open -{} +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T \end_layout \end_inset -X Code -\family default - (shortcut -\family sans -Ctrl-l -\family default -). -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed +\SpecialChar TeX +-mode +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -In LyX there are three -\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -proper names -\begin_inset Quotes erd + is invoked by pressing the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "ert-insert" \end_inset - that appear in the output with sub- and superscript letters: TeX, LaTeX, - and LyX -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -To avoid that these names are recognized as proper names, a TeX-brace pair - is inserted. -\end_layout - + or by using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +TeX Code +\family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "ert-insert" \end_inset - +). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To change the LaTeX-preamble -\begin_inset Index +To change the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -L@LaTeX-preamble +\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +L \end_layout \end_inset -, use the menu -\family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator -LaT -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{} +\SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble \end_layout \end_inset -eX +, + use the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator +LaTeX \family default \family sans @@ -722,15 +778,16 @@ Preamble \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To edit matrices, case differentiations, and multiline formulas subsequently, - the menus +To edit matrices, + case differentiations and multiline formulas, + use the menus \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator Math \family default and \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator Rows \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -740,17 +797,18 @@ Rows \end_inset Columns, + \family default or the \family sans table toolbar \family default - can be used. - When lines and columns are swapped via the menu, the column or line where - the cursor is in is exchanged with the column to the right or the line - below, respectively. - Is the cursor in the last column or row, the exchange is done with the - column to the left or the line above. +. + When lines and columns are swapped via the menu, + the column or line where the cursor is in is exchanged with the column to the right or the line below, + respectively. + If the cursor is in the last column or row, + the exchange is done with the column to the left or the line above. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -765,10 +823,12 @@ For multiline formulas the command \backslash intertext \series default - is used, see + is used, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Text-in-multiline" +reference "subsec:Text-in-multiline" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -782,17 +842,31 @@ reference "sub:Text-in-multiline" mathematical text \emph default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Text ! in formulas +Text +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +in formulas \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -802,24 +876,41 @@ Mathematical text \end_inset is used. - This mode is invoked with the the shortcut -\family sans -Alt-m -\begin_inset space ~ + This mode is invoked with the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-default" \end_inset -m -\family default or by the insertion of the command \series bold \backslash text -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! T ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash text \end_layout @@ -827,12 +918,15 @@ text \end_inset -\series default +\end_layout + +\end_inset + . - The text appears black in LyX and can therefore be distinguished from the - other formula parts that appear blue. - In the output mathematical text is set upright, in contrary to other formula - parts. + The text appears black in \SpecialChar LyX + and can therefore be distinguished from the other formula parts which appear blue. + In the output, + mathematical text is set upright contrary to other formula parts. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* @@ -840,7 +934,8 @@ Command Scheme \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Most of the LaTeX-commands for math constructs have the following scheme: +Most \SpecialChar LaTeX +-commands for math constructs have the following syntax: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -860,7 +955,7 @@ argument} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -A command starts always with a backslash +A command always starts with a backslash \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset @@ -875,51 +970,107 @@ A command starts always with a backslash \end_inset . - To omit optional arguments, also omit the associated brackets. - The braces around the required arguments are named in this document as - TeX-braces -\begin_inset Index + To omit the +\series bold +optional +\series default + +\series bold +argument +\series default +s, + also omit the associated brackets. + The braces around the +\series bold +required +\series default + +\series bold +arguments +\series default + are referred to in this document as \SpecialChar TeX + braces +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -T@TeX-braces +\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar TeX +-braces \end_layout \end_inset . - If you add in a formula a left brace to a command name, LyX creates automatical -ly a TeX-brace. - In all other cases TeX-braces are created in formulas with the command - + If you append a left brace to a command name inside a formula, + \SpecialChar LyX + automatically creates a right \SpecialChar TeX + brace. + In all other cases standalone \SpecialChar TeX + braces are created in formulas with the command \series bold \backslash { \series default . - TeX-braces appear red in LyX, in contrary to normal braces that appear - blue. - In TeX-mode no command is needed to get TeX-braces. - TeX-braces don't appear in the output. + Normal braces are created by typing +\series bold +{ +\series default +. + \SpecialChar TeX + braces appear red in \SpecialChar LyX +, + normal braces appear blue. + In \SpecialChar TeX + mode a command is not needed to get \SpecialChar TeX + braces. + \SpecialChar TeX + braces don't appear in the output while normal braces do. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When commands without arguments, like commands for symbols are entered in - TeX-mode, a space character must +When commands without arguments, + like commands for symbols, + are entered in \SpecialChar TeX + mode, + a space character must \emph on always \emph default be behind the command to end it. This space doesn't appear in the output. - When the space should appear in the output, the space must be followed - by a protected space in normal text. + When the space should appear in the output, + the space must be followed by a non-breaking space in normal text. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -A protected space is inserted with +A non-breaking space is inserted with +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected" +\end_inset + +or with the menu selection +\family sans + Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator +Non-Breaking Normal Space +\family default + or \family sans -Ctrl-Space +Ctrl+Space \family default . \end_layout @@ -928,81 +1079,67 @@ Ctrl-Space \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset -Syntax Explanation +Explanation of Syntax Used in this Manual \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -The symbol -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This visible space character can be created with the command -\series bold - -\backslash -textvisiblespace -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! T ! -\backslash -textvisiblespace -\end_layout - +The symbol +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -, inserted in TeX-mode. + denotes a space character to be input by the user. \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +An arrow like +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - + denotes the usage of the corresponding arrow key on the keyboard. + The +\family sans +Tab +\family default + key can often be used instead of +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset - -\begin_inset space ~ + and +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset -denotes a space character to be input. -\end_layout +, + and +\family sans +Shift+Tab +\family default + instead of +\begin_inset Formula $\leftarrow$ +\end_inset -\begin_layout Itemize -An arrow like -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ + and +\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ \end_inset - denotes the usage of the corresponding arrow key on the keyboard. +. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* -Available units +Available Units \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Float table placement H +alignment document wide false sideways false status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \align center -\begin_inset Caption +\begin_inset Caption Standard \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset label @@ -1023,11 +1160,11 @@ Available units \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1036,7 +1173,7 @@ Unit \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1047,7 +1184,7 @@ Name / Description - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1056,7 +1193,7 @@ mm \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1067,7 +1204,7 @@ Millimeter - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1076,7 +1213,7 @@ cm \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1087,7 +1224,7 @@ Centimeter - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1096,7 +1233,7 @@ in \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1104,7 +1241,7 @@ Inch (1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -in = 2,54 +in = 2.54 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -1115,7 +1252,7 @@ cm) - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1124,7 +1261,7 @@ pt \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1143,7 +1280,7 @@ in) - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1152,7 +1289,7 @@ pc \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1171,7 +1308,7 @@ pt) - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1180,7 +1317,7 @@ sp \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1199,7 +1336,7 @@ pt) - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1208,7 +1345,7 @@ bp \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1227,7 +1364,7 @@ in) - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1236,7 +1373,7 @@ dd \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1259,7 +1396,7 @@ mm) - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1268,7 +1405,7 @@ cc \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1287,7 +1424,7 @@ dd) - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1296,7 +1433,7 @@ ex \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1319,7 +1456,7 @@ x - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1328,7 +1465,7 @@ em \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1351,7 +1488,7 @@ M - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1360,7 +1497,7 @@ mu \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1392,13 +1529,6 @@ em) \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Section @@ -1407,7 +1537,9 @@ Basic Functions \begin_layout Subsection Exponents -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1417,7 +1549,9 @@ Exponents \end_inset and Indices -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1427,28 +1561,18 @@ Indices \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Superscripts|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Superscripts +\begin_inset IndexMacro see +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - Exponents -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -1459,28 +1583,18 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Subscripts|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Subscripts +\begin_inset IndexMacro see +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - Indices -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -1503,13 +1617,13 @@ _ \end_inset or via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-subscript.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-subscript" \end_inset - , exponents with a caret +, + exponents with a caret \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -1518,10 +1632,9 @@ _ \end_inset or via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-superscript.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-superscript" \end_inset . @@ -1531,47 +1644,31 @@ _ \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -command +Command \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1580,7 +1677,7 @@ B_V \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1593,8 +1690,8 @@ B_V \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1603,11 +1700,11 @@ B^V \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{V}$ +\begin_inset Formula $B^{V}$ \end_inset @@ -1616,22 +1713,13 @@ B^V \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout B^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -1639,11 +1727,11 @@ A \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $B^{A}$ \end_inset @@ -1660,20 +1748,20 @@ A \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -As the caret is in some languages an accent, vowels will be accentuated - in this case and not set as exponents +As the caret is in some languages an accent, + vowels will be accentuated in this case and not set as exponents \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Depending on the used keyboard settings this can also happen for other character -s than vowels. +Depending on the keyboard settings used this can also happen for characters other than vowels. \end_layout \end_inset . - To get in this case exponents, press + To get exponents in this case, + press \family sans Space \family default @@ -1684,12 +1772,14 @@ Space Fractions \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Fractions" +name "subsec:Fractions" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1709,32 +1799,52 @@ Fractions are generated with the command frac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! F ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +F +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash frac \end_layout \end_inset - or via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/frac.png - scale 50 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + or via the math toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\frac" \end_inset . - The font size is adjusted automatically, depending on whether the fraction - is in an inline or display style formula. + The font size is adjusted automatically, + depending on whether the fraction is in an inline or display style formula. With the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/frac-square.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\frac-square" \end_inset you can select different fraction types. @@ -1746,11 +1856,30 @@ With the command \backslash dfrac -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! D ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash dfrac \end_layout @@ -1758,19 +1887,40 @@ dfrac \end_inset -\series default - a fraction can be created that has in any case the size of a display style - formula. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + a fraction can be created that always has the size of a display style formula. With \series bold \backslash tfrac -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! T ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash tfrac \end_layout @@ -1778,7 +1928,10 @@ tfrac \end_inset -\series default +\end_layout + +\end_inset + the fraction appears always with the size of an inline formula. An example: \end_layout @@ -1815,11 +1968,11 @@ dfrac \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1828,50 +1981,25 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -1883,11 +2011,11 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\frac{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{A}{B}$ \end_inset @@ -1896,24 +2024,15 @@ B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dfrac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -1925,11 +2044,11 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\dfrac{A}{B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{A}{B}$ \end_inset @@ -1938,52 +2057,21 @@ B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dfrac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 1 @@ -1999,11 +2087,11 @@ spce \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8mm}{}\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}$ \end_inset @@ -2034,19 +2122,41 @@ For nested fractions the command cfrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! C ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash cfrac \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset can be used. - Here an example: + Here is an example: \begin_inset VSpace -3mm \end_inset @@ -2054,9 +2164,11 @@ cfrac \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} \textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash frac}} & & \textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash cfrac}}\\ -\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}\end{align*} +\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}} +\end{align*} \end_inset @@ -2072,29 +2184,35 @@ The command for the example above is: \series bold \backslash -cfrac{A -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +cfrac +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset +A +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset +B+ \backslash -{B+ -\backslash -cfrac{C+ -\backslash -cfrac{E -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +cfrac +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset - +C+ \backslash -{F -\begin_inset Formula $\to\to$ +cfrac +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +E +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset +F +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset -\backslash -{D +D \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -2111,65 +2229,83 @@ cfrac{E \backslash cfrac \series default - sets the fraction always in the size of a displayed formula, also when - it is part of another fraction. + always sets the fraction size to that of a displayed formula, + even when it is part of another fraction. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is possible to specify the alignment of the numerator. + The command +\series bold + +\backslash +cfracleft +\series default + is used to left align it, + the command +\series bold + +\backslash +cfracright +\series default + to right-align it. \series bold \backslash cfrac \series default - has the following command scheme: + centers the numerator. + These fractions demonstrate the different alignments: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \series bold +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C} +\] + +\end_inset + -\backslash -cfrac[numerator position]{numerator}{denominator} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The numerator position can be -\emph on -l -\emph default - , -\emph on -c -\emph default -, or -\emph on -r -\emph default - . - l or r aligns the numerator to the left or right, resp. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open -with the fraction stroke. - When -\emph on -c -\emph default - or no position is given, the numerator appears centered. - These fractions demonstrate the different alignments: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + +\series bold +\backslash +cfracleft +\series default + and \series bold -\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}$ -\end_inset +\backslash +cfracright +\series default + are not real \SpecialChar LaTeX + commands but represent the command +\series bold -, -\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac{A}{B+C}$ -\end_inset +\backslash +cfrac[alignment]{numerator}{denominator} +\series default + . + Therefore you cannot use them in \SpecialChar TeX + code. +\end_layout -, -\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}$ \end_inset @@ -2192,8 +2328,10 @@ cfrac frac \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} +\] \end_inset @@ -2201,26 +2339,48 @@ frac \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For inline fractions with a sloped fraction stroke you can use the command - +For inline fractions with a sloped fraction stroke you can use the command \series bold \backslash nicefrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! N ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +N +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash nicefrac \end_layout \end_inset -: + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: + \begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{5}{31}$ \end_inset @@ -2231,42 +2391,76 @@ nicefrac unitfrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! U ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +U +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash unitfrac \end_layout \end_inset -: + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +: + \begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac{5}{31}$ \end_inset - There is furthermore the command + There is also the command \series bold \backslash unitfracthree \series default - that offers to write a fraction in combination with a number: + which allows you to write a fraction in combination with a number: + \begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac[2]{1}{3}$ \end_inset -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: -Note that +\series default + \series bold \backslash unitfracthree \series default - is not a real LaTeX command but the command + is not a real \SpecialChar LaTeX + command but the command \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset @@ -2276,15 +2470,34 @@ unitfracthree \backslash unitfrac[number]{numerator}{denominator} \series default -, therefore you cannot use it in TeX code. + . + Therefore you cannot use it in \SpecialChar TeX + code. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +How to define your own fractions where the fraction stroke can be changed is explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Self-defined-Fractions" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -How to define own fractions where the fraction stroke can be changed, is - explained in +Multiline fractions are explained in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Self-defined-Fractions" +reference "subsec:Multiline-Fractions" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -2293,7 +2506,9 @@ reference "sub:Self-defined-Fractions" \begin_layout Subsection Roots -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2313,47 +2528,90 @@ Square roots are created with sqrt \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash sqrt \end_layout \end_inset - or the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/sqrt.png - scale 85 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + or the math toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\sqrt" \end_inset -, all other roots with the command +, + all other roots with the command \series bold \backslash root \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! R ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +R +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash root \end_layout \end_inset - or with the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/root.png - scale 85 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + or with the math toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\root" \end_inset . @@ -2363,11 +2621,11 @@ root \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2376,50 +2634,25 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash sqrt -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A-B @@ -2427,11 +2660,11 @@ A-B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt{A-B}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{A-B}$ \end_inset @@ -2440,24 +2673,15 @@ A-B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash root -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 3 @@ -2469,11 +2693,11 @@ A-B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt[3]{A-B}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[3]{A-B}$ \end_inset @@ -2500,8 +2724,9 @@ root \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -With certain indices the distance to the root is too small, like in this - formula: +With certain indices the distance to the root is too small, + like in this formula: + \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\beta]{B}$ \end_inset @@ -2514,22 +2739,45 @@ The \end_inset touches the root. - To avoid this, the commands + To avoid this, + the commands \series bold \backslash leftroot \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! L ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +L +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash leftroot \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset and @@ -2539,15 +2787,37 @@ leftroot uproot \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! U ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +U +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash uproot \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset are used with the following scheme: @@ -2568,11 +2838,14 @@ uproot{distance} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Distance is the number of Big Points (unit bp; -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\, bp=1\, inch}$ +Distance is the number of Big Points (unit bp; + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\,bp=1\,inch}$ \end_inset -), that the index should be moved to the left or top, resp.. +), + that the index should be moved to the left or up, + resp.. The commands are written to the index. This way the command \begin_inset Newline newline @@ -2597,16 +2870,7 @@ uproot{2 \backslash beta -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -2619,7 +2883,8 @@ B \series default -produces a correct typeset formula: +produces a correct typeset formula: + \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{2}\beta]{B}$ \end_inset @@ -2628,7 +2893,9 @@ produces a correct typeset formula: \begin_layout Subsection Binomial Coefficients -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2648,47 +2915,87 @@ Binomial coefficients are inserted with the command binom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! B ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash binom \end_layout \end_inset - or with the submenu of the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/frac-square.png - scale 85 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + or with the submenu of the math toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\frac-square" \end_inset . - Analog to fractions ( + As with fractions ( \series bold \backslash frac \series default -) there are besides +) in addition to \series bold \backslash binom \series default - the commands + there are the commands \series bold \backslash dbinom -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! D ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash dbinom \end_layout @@ -2696,7 +3003,10 @@ dbinom \end_inset -\series default +\end_layout + +\end_inset + and \series bold @@ -2704,34 +3014,78 @@ dbinom tbinom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! T ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash tbinom \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + . - For other brackets around binomial coeficients there are the commands + For other brackets around binomial coefficients there are the commands \series bold \backslash brace \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! B ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash brace \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset and @@ -2741,17 +3095,39 @@ brace brack \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! B ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash brack \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + . \end_layout @@ -2759,11 +3135,11 @@ brack \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2772,50 +3148,25 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash binom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -2827,11 +3178,11 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\binom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\binom{A}{B}$ \end_inset @@ -2840,24 +3191,15 @@ B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash dbinom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -2869,11 +3211,11 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\dbinom{A}{B}$ \end_inset @@ -2882,24 +3224,15 @@ B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash tbinom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -2911,11 +3244,11 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\tbinom{A}{B}$ \end_inset @@ -2924,24 +3257,15 @@ B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash brack -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -2953,11 +3277,11 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}{A \brack B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula ${A \brack B}$ \end_inset @@ -2966,24 +3290,15 @@ B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash brace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -2995,11 +3310,11 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}{A \brace B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula ${A \brace B}$ \end_inset @@ -3017,11 +3332,13 @@ B \begin_layout Subsection Case Differentiations -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Case differentiations +Case differentiations \end_layout \end_inset @@ -3033,11 +3350,11 @@ Case differentiations \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3046,7 +3363,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3057,35 +3374,43 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cases -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +B>0 +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - -\backslash -spce +\begin_layout Plain Layout +C \end_layout \end_inset -A -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset -B>0 -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! C ! + \backslash cases \end_layout @@ -3093,11 +3418,16 @@ cases \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3111,38 +3441,36 @@ A & B>0\end{cases}$ \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash cases -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset -Ctrl-Enter \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases} A & \textrm{for }x>0\\ -B & \textrm{for }x=0\end{cases}$ +B & \textrm{for }x=0 +\end{cases}$ \end_inset @@ -3165,22 +3493,22 @@ After inserting \backslash cases \series default - or the usage of the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/cases.png - scale 85 - + or pressing the math toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\cases" \end_inset you can create new lines with the shortcut -\family sans -Ctrl-Return -\family default - or the table toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png - scale 85 +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + or the table toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "tabular-feature append-row" \end_inset . @@ -3195,8 +3523,8 @@ cases \series default is also available via the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator Cases-Environment \family default . @@ -3204,7 +3532,9 @@ Cases-Environment \begin_layout Subsection Negations -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3217,22 +3547,44 @@ Negations \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -By inserting of +By inserting \series bold \backslash not \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! N ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +N +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash not \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset every character can be displayed canceled. @@ -3243,11 +3595,11 @@ not \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3256,7 +3608,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3267,7 +3619,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3278,7 +3630,7 @@ not= \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3292,7 +3644,7 @@ not= - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3305,7 +3657,7 @@ le \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3319,7 +3671,7 @@ le - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3332,7 +3684,7 @@ parallel \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3353,11 +3705,12 @@ parallel \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The last example shows, that not all negations look good. - Therefore there are for some negations special commands (see +The last example shows that not all negations look good. + Therefore there are special commands for some negations (see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Mathematical-Symbols" +reference "subsec:Mathematical-Symbols" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -3365,6 +3718,7 @@ reference "sub:Mathematical-Symbols" \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Relations" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -3375,12 +3729,14 @@ reference "sec:Relations" Placeholders \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Placeholders" +name "subsec:Placeholders" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3390,38 +3746,40 @@ Placeholders \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Chemical characters ! Isotopes +Chemical characters +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Isotopes \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Isotopes|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ \end_layout \end_inset -Chemical characters -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout +Isotopes +\begin_inset IndexMacro see +status open -} +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Chemical characters \end_layout \end_inset @@ -3440,7 +3798,7 @@ When displaying e. \end_inset g. -\begin_inset space ~ +\begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset isotopes @@ -3448,10 +3806,11 @@ isotopes status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -More about chemical symbols is written in +Typesetting isotopes and chemical symbols is described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" +reference "subsec:Chemical-Symbols-and" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -3467,7 +3826,7 @@ reference "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -3484,7 +3843,7 @@ Indices created with sub- and superscripts: \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$ \end_inset @@ -3493,12 +3852,12 @@ Indices created with sub- and superscripts: \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -correct indices: +Correct indices: \end_layout \end_inset @@ -3521,43 +3880,48 @@ correct indices: \end_inset -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +The shorter index is placed by default below or above the first character of the longer index. + This is corrected using the command \series bold \backslash -raisebox +phantom \series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout +P \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -The shorter index is by default placed below or above the first character - of the longer index. - To avoid this there is the command -\series bold +\end_inset -\backslash -phantom -\series default -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! P ! + \backslash phantom \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset or the math toolbar button @@ -3569,11 +3933,10 @@ phantom status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -can be found in the submenu of the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/space.png - scale 85 - +Found in the submenu of the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\space" \end_inset @@ -3582,34 +3945,26 @@ can be found in the submenu of the toolbar button \end_inset -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/phantom.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math/phantom" \end_inset - that creates one or more phantom characters. - When inserting -\series bold - -\backslash -phantom -\series default - a small blue box appears that is superposed with two red arrows. - The arrows indicate that the complete width and height of the box content - will be created as placeholder. - Phantom characters are accordingly placeholders with the size of the characters. + to create one or more phantom characters. + When inserting phantom characters a small blue box appears that is superposed with two red arrows. + The arrows indicate the width and height of the box to be created as a placeholder. + Phantom characters are placeholders with the same character size. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3618,63 +3973,29 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout ^19 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _ \backslash phantom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 1 @@ -3682,16 +4003,13 @@ spce \end_inset 9 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \backslash -spce -\end_layout - +mathrm +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset F @@ -3699,11 +4017,11 @@ F \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$ \end_inset @@ -3712,37 +4030,19 @@ F \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout ^235 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _ \backslash phantom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 23 @@ -3750,16 +4050,13 @@ spce \end_inset 9 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \backslash -spce -\end_layout - +mathrm +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset F @@ -3767,11 +4064,11 @@ F \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\mathrm{F}$ \end_inset @@ -3780,39 +4077,21 @@ F \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -Lambda^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +Lambda +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset - +^ \backslash phantom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ii @@ -3820,16 +4099,7 @@ ii \end_inset t -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _MMt @@ -3837,11 +4107,11 @@ _MMt \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}$ \end_inset @@ -3865,26 +4135,43 @@ Furthermore there are the commands vphantom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! V ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +V +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash vphantom \end_layout \end_inset - (toolbar button -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset +\end_layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/vphantom.png - scale 85 +\end_inset + (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math/vphantom" \end_inset ) and @@ -3894,26 +4181,43 @@ vphantom hphantom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! H ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +H +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash hphantom \end_layout \end_inset - (toolbar button -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset +\end_layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/hphantom.png - scale 85 +\end_inset + (toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math/hphantom" \end_inset ). @@ -3923,8 +4227,7 @@ hphantom \backslash hphantom \series default - creates only space for the maximal height of the characters in the box - but not for its width. + creates only space for the maximal height of the characters in the box but not for its width. \series bold @@ -3936,32 +4239,19 @@ vphantom \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For example creates +For example the command \series bold \backslash vphantom -\series default - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset - -\series bold a \backslash int \series default - space for the height of the integral sign, + creates space for the height of the integral sign, \begin_inset Foot status collapsed @@ -3972,10 +4262,12 @@ The command \backslash int \series default - creates an integral sign, see + creates an integral sign, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Big-Operators" +reference "subsec:Big-Operators" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -3988,16 +4280,47 @@ reference "sub:Big-Operators" An example application is in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Multiline-Brackets" +reference "subsec:Multiline-Brackets" +nolink "false" \end_inset . \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Placeholders can also be used for text when they are inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator +Phantom +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a sentence. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom Phantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is a sentence. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection Lines -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4007,11 +4330,23 @@ Lines \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! underlined +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +underlined +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -4023,11 +4358,11 @@ Formula ! underlined \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4036,58 +4371,50 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overline -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A+B +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - -\backslash -spce +\begin_layout Plain Layout +O \end_layout \end_inset -A+B -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! O ! + \backslash overline \end_layout @@ -4095,15 +4422,20 @@ overline \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{A+B}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\overline{A+B}$ \end_inset @@ -4112,32 +4444,40 @@ overline \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash underline -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A+B +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - -\backslash -spce +\begin_layout Plain Layout +U \end_layout \end_inset -A+B -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! U ! + \backslash underline \end_layout @@ -4145,15 +4485,20 @@ underline \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}$ \end_inset @@ -4162,39 +4507,21 @@ underline \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overline -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash underline -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B @@ -4202,11 +4529,11 @@ A+B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{\underline{A+B}}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\overline{\underline{A+B}}$ \end_inset @@ -4223,7 +4550,7 @@ A+B \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In the last example it doesn't matter if first +In the last example it doesn't matter if \series bold \backslash @@ -4235,26 +4562,17 @@ overline \backslash underline \series default - is inserted. + is inserted first. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To double underline e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. - results, one uses +To double underline use \series bold \backslash underline \series default - twice. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is possible to place up to 6 lines above or below characters. + twice (or as many times you want). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -4268,15 +4586,37 @@ Custom lines can be created using the command rule \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! R ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +R +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash rule \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset which has the following scheme: @@ -4291,12 +4631,13 @@ rule[vertical offset]{length}{thickness} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The optional vertical offset shifts the line upwards (or downwards, when - the value is negative). +The optional vertical offset shifts the line upwards (or downwards, + when the value is negative). The units listed in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "tab:Available-units" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -4335,19 +4676,44 @@ This is a sentence \backslash rule \series default - can also be used for text when it is inserted in TeX-mode. + can also be used for text when a line is inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator +Horizontal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a sentence +\begin_inset CommandInset line +LatexCommand rule +offset "0.5ex" +width "3cm" +height "1pt" + +\end_inset + + with one line. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Ellipses \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Ellipses" +name "subsec:Ellipses" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4366,10 +4732,9 @@ status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout In the math toolbar in the submenu of the button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/ldots.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\ldots" \end_inset @@ -4377,43 +4742,89 @@ In the math toolbar in the submenu of the button \end_inset - For listings dots at the baseline are used ( + For listings, + dots at the baseline are used ( \series bold \backslash ldots \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! L ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +L +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash ldots \end_layout \end_inset -), while for operations dots are needed that are on the same height as the - operators ( + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +), + while for operations, + dots are needed that are on the same height as the operators ( \series bold \backslash cdots \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! C ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash cdots \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ). When using the command \series bold @@ -4422,29 +4833,53 @@ cdots dots \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! D ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash dots \end_layout \end_inset -, LaTeX decides on the basis of the next character what type is used. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, + \SpecialChar LaTeX + decides on the basis of the next character what type is used. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4453,7 +4888,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4464,36 +4899,18 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset , \backslash dots -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ,A_n @@ -4501,7 +4918,7 @@ spce \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4515,36 +4932,18 @@ spce - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + \backslash dots -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset +A_n @@ -4552,7 +4951,7 @@ spce \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4566,36 +4965,18 @@ spce - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset , \backslash ldots -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ,A_n @@ -4603,7 +4984,7 @@ spce \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4617,36 +4998,18 @@ spce - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + \backslash cdots -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset +A_n @@ -4654,7 +5017,7 @@ spce \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4668,7 +5031,7 @@ spce - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4679,7 +5042,7 @@ vdots \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4693,7 +5056,7 @@ vdots - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4704,7 +5067,7 @@ ddots \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4718,7 +5081,32 @@ ddots - + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +iddots +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\iddots$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4731,14 +5119,15 @@ matrix with the different dots \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} A_{11} & \cdots & A_{1m}\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ -A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}\end{array}$ +A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm} +\end{array}$ \end_inset @@ -4757,7 +5146,7 @@ A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}\end{array}$ \begin_layout Standard The ellipses available in menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Special \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset @@ -4777,6 +5166,40 @@ ldots \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset +To use +\series bold + +\backslash +iddots +\series default +, + the option +\family sans +Use mathdots package (automatically) +\family default + must be set in the document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Using the option +\family sans +Use mathdots package +\family default + will improve the appearance of all dots in the documents if their font style or size is not the default. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + Specially for matrices there are ellipses that span over several columns. They are created with the command \series bold @@ -4785,18 +5208,56 @@ Specially for matrices there are ellipses that span over several columns. hdotsfor \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! H ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +H +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash hdotsfor \end_layout \end_inset -, that has the following scheme: + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + and have the following scheme ( +\family sans +mathtools +\family default + must be loaded +\family sans +always +\family default + under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default + for this to work): \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -4819,24 +5280,27 @@ In the following matrix the command \backslash hdotsfor[2]{4} \series default - was inserted in the first box of the second line, to get an ellipsis with - a dot distance twice as long as with the command + was inserted in the first box of the second line to get an ellipsis with a dot distance twice as long as with the command \series bold \backslash dots \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin_inset Formula +\[ \left(\begin{array}{cccc} A & B & C & D\\ \hdotsfor[2]{4}\\ -q & w & e & r\end{array}\right)\] +q & w & e & r +\end{array}\right) +\] \end_inset -Note that the matrix fields that should be spanned must be empty, otherwise - you get LaTeX-errors. +Note that the matrix fields that should be spanned must be empty, + otherwise you get \SpecialChar LaTeX +-errors. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -4850,28 +5314,52 @@ Furthermore you can fill with the command dotfill \series default -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! D ! +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash dotfill \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset the rest of a line with dots. - The effect of these commands is the same like with + The effect of these commands is the same as with \series bold \backslash hfill \series default -, see +, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Variable-Space" +reference "subsec:Variable-Space" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -4884,16 +5372,7 @@ For example the command A \backslash dotfill -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B @@ -4909,7 +5388,7 @@ B \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Analog to +Similar to \series bold \backslash @@ -4922,17 +5401,39 @@ dotfill hrulefill \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! H ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +H +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash hrulefill \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + : \end_layout @@ -4944,7 +5445,9 @@ hrulefill \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To use the commands for text, they have to be inserted in TeX-mode. +To use the commands for text, + they have to be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Section @@ -4956,7 +5459,9 @@ name "sec:Matrices" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4970,22 +5475,21 @@ Matrices \begin_layout Standard Matrices can be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show mathmatrix" \end_inset or the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator Matrix \family default . - You will be asked for the number of matrix columns and rows, and the alignment. - The vertical alignment is hereby only of importance for matrices in inline - formulas: + In the matrix dialog you can specify the number of columns and rows, + the alignment and the decoration. + The vertical alignment is only of importance for matrices in inline formulas: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -4993,21 +5497,25 @@ The first matrix is top \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[t]{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ -C & F & I & L\end{array}$ +C & F & I & L +\end{array}$ \end_inset -, the second middle +, + the second middle \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ -C & F & I & L\end{array}$ +C & F & I & L +\end{array}$ \end_inset -, and the third bottom + and the third bottom \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ -C & F & I & L\end{array}$ +C & F & I & L +\end{array}$ \end_inset aligned. @@ -5020,11 +5528,12 @@ The horizontal alignment specifies how the column entries should be aligned. \emph on l \emph default - denotes left aligned, + denotes left aligned, + \emph on c \emph default - centered, and + centered and \emph on r \emph default @@ -5037,15 +5546,15 @@ r \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -matrix where the first column is left aligned, the second and third are - centered, and the last one is right aligned, one enters for the horizontal - alignment +matrix where the first column is left aligned, + the second and third are centered and the last one is right aligned, + one enters for the horizontal alignment \series bold lccr \series default . - Normally are in a matrix all columns centered, therefore the default is - for every column is a + Normally in a matrix all columns are centered, + therefore the default for every column is a \series bold c \series default @@ -5061,68 +5570,79 @@ Horizontal alignment: \series bold lll \series default - : + : + \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ -C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +C & F & 10000 +\end{array}$ \end_inset - , + , + \series bold ccc \series default - : + : + \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ -C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +C & F & 10000 +\end{array}$ \end_inset - , + , + \series bold rrr \series default - : + : + \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ -C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +C & F & 10000 +\end{array}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To add or delete rows and columns subsequently, the math toolbar buttons - -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png - scale 85 - +To subsequently add or delete rows and columns, + the math toolbar buttons +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "tabular-feature append-row" \end_inset -, -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png - scale 85 - +, + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "tabular-feature delete-row" \end_inset -, etc. +, + etc. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -, or the menu +, + or the menu \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator Rows & Columns \family default can be used. New rows can also be created with -\family sans -Ctrl-Return -\family default +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + . \end_layout @@ -5130,23 +5650,75 @@ Ctrl-Return \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -Parentheses around a matrix can can either be created with the commands - + +\family sans +Appearance +\family default + can be used to add parentheses in the selected style around the matrix or to select the +\family sans +small +\family default + style, + suitable for an inline matrix like this one +\begin_inset Formula $\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix}0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{smallmatrix}\bigr)$ +\end_inset + +. + Here the parentheses have been added manually using commands +\series bold + +\backslash +bigl( +\series default + and +\series bold + +\backslash +bigr). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Alternatively, + parentheses can be created with the commands \series bold \backslash left \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! L ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +L +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash left \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset and @@ -5156,33 +5728,58 @@ left right \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! R ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +R +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash right \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset (shortcut \family sans -Alt-m +Alt+M \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -parenthesis +Parenthesis \family default -), see +), + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" +reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size" +nolink "false" \end_inset -, or by using the following commands: +, + or by using the following commands: \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset @@ -5196,11 +5793,11 @@ reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5209,50 +5806,25 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash bmatrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5268,13 +5840,14 @@ matrix \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{bmatrix}$ \end_inset @@ -5283,24 +5856,15 @@ matrix \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Bmatrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5316,13 +5880,14 @@ matrix \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}$ \end_inset @@ -5332,23 +5897,14 @@ matrix - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash pmatrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5364,13 +5920,14 @@ matrix \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{pmatrix}$ \end_inset @@ -5390,11 +5947,11 @@ matrix \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5403,7 +5960,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5413,24 +5970,15 @@ Result \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash vmatrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5446,13 +5994,14 @@ matrix \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{vmatrix}$ \end_inset @@ -5461,24 +6010,15 @@ matrix \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash Vmatrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5494,13 +6034,14 @@ matrix \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}$ \end_inset @@ -5510,23 +6051,14 @@ matrix - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash matrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5542,13 +6074,14 @@ matrix \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc} +\begin_inset Formula $\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{matrix}$ \end_inset @@ -5577,7 +6110,7 @@ When e. \end_inset g. -\begin_inset space ~ +\begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset @@ -5586,36 +6119,64 @@ g. \backslash vmatrix \series default - is inserted, a blue box appears between two vertical lines where the matrix - is inserted. + is inserted, + a blue box appears between two vertical lines where the matrix is inserted. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Note that decorated matrices ignore the vertical alignment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -As all multiline formulas are matrices, the length +As all multiline formulas are matrices, + the length \series bold \backslash arraycolsep \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! A ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash arraycolsep \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset that is described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Column-Separation" +reference "subsec:Column-Separation" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -5623,26 +6184,48 @@ reference "sub:Column-Separation" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To change the row separation, the command +To change the row separation, + the command \series bold \backslash arraystretch \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! A ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash arraystretch \end_layout \end_inset - is used. - It is used as follows: + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is used as follows: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -5653,11 +6236,28 @@ arraystretch renewcommand{ \backslash arraystretch}{stretch factor} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! R ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +R +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash renewcommand \end_layout @@ -5665,6 +6265,11 @@ renewcommand \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -5681,17 +6286,11 @@ renewcommand arraystretch \series default . - To double e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -the row separation, use the factor 2. + For example to double the row separation, + use a stretch factor of 2. This is then used for all following matrices. - To go back to the original separation, assign the factor 1 to + To restore the original separation, + assign a stretch factor of 1 to \series bold \backslash @@ -5701,41 +6300,66 @@ arraystretch \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To set matrices into a text line, the command +Small inline matrices can also be obtained using the command \series bold \backslash smallmatrix \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash smallmatrix \end_layout \end_inset - is used. - When it is inserted a blue box with two dashed lines appears. - In this box the matrix is inserted. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + When it is inserted in a line a blue box with two dashed lines appears. + Adjust the matrix rows and columns as desired. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This is a matrix \begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{smallmatrix}A & B\\ -C & D\end{smallmatrix}\right)$ +C & D +\end{smallmatrix}\right)$ \end_inset - in a text line. + in a text line with automatic delimiters around it. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Brackets and Delimiters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5745,7 +6369,9 @@ Brackets \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5759,11 +6385,23 @@ Delimiters \begin_layout Subsection Vertical Brackets and Delimiters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Brackets ! vertical +Brackets +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +vertical +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -5778,11 +6416,11 @@ Brackets ! vertical \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5791,7 +6429,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5802,7 +6440,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5811,7 +6449,7 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5825,7 +6463,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5834,7 +6472,7 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5848,7 +6486,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5857,7 +6495,7 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5871,7 +6509,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5882,7 +6520,7 @@ langle \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5896,7 +6534,7 @@ langle - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5907,7 +6545,7 @@ lceil \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5921,7 +6559,7 @@ lceil - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5932,7 +6570,7 @@ lfloor \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5946,7 +6584,7 @@ lfloor - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5955,7 +6593,7 @@ lfloor \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5969,7 +6607,7 @@ lfloor - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5978,7 +6616,7 @@ lfloor \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6002,11 +6640,11 @@ lfloor \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6015,7 +6653,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6026,7 +6664,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6035,7 +6673,7 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6049,7 +6687,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6058,7 +6696,7 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6072,7 +6710,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6081,7 +6719,7 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6095,7 +6733,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6106,7 +6744,7 @@ rangle \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6120,7 +6758,7 @@ rangle - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6131,7 +6769,7 @@ rceil \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6145,7 +6783,7 @@ rceil - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6156,7 +6794,7 @@ rfloor \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6170,7 +6808,7 @@ rfloor - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6183,7 +6821,7 @@ rfloor \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6197,7 +6835,7 @@ rfloor - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6208,7 +6846,7 @@ rfloor \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6242,26 +6880,51 @@ status open \series bold Note: + \series default - In TeX-mode the command + In \SpecialChar TeX + mode the command \series bold \backslash textbackslash \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! T ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash textbackslash \end_layout \end_inset - must be used for the backslash, because the command + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + must be used for the backslash, + because the command \series bold \backslash @@ -6269,7 +6932,7 @@ textbackslash \backslash \series default - produces there a line break. + produces a line break there. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -6278,10 +6941,9 @@ textbackslash \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For all characters listed above the size can be adjusted with the commands - described in the following two subsections. - When using these commands, the characters < and > can directly be used - instead of the commands +For all characters listed above the size can be adjusted with the commands described in the following two subsections. + When using these commands, + the characters < and > can directly be used instead of the commands \series bold \backslash @@ -6300,16 +6962,28 @@ rangle Manual Bracket Size \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Manual-Bracket-Size" +name "subsec:Manual-Bracket-Size" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Bracket size ! manual +Bracket size +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +manual +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -6318,37 +6992,62 @@ Bracket size ! manual \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The bracket size can be specified manually by the LaTeX-commands +The bracket size can be specified manually by the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-commands \series bold \backslash big \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! B ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash big \end_layout \end_inset -, + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, + \series bold \backslash Big \series default -, +, + \series bold \backslash bigg \series default -, and + and \series bold \backslash @@ -6378,7 +7077,7 @@ These commands are used to emphasize levels of brackets: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -6386,7 +7085,7 @@ These commands are used to emphasize levels of brackets: \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -all brackets in the same size: +All brackets in the same size: \end_layout \end_inset @@ -6395,7 +7094,7 @@ all brackets in the same size: \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}$ \end_inset @@ -6404,12 +7103,12 @@ all brackets in the same size: \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -this looks better: +This looks better: \end_layout \end_inset @@ -6432,22 +7131,6 @@ this looks better: \end_inset -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -6458,16 +7141,7 @@ For the second formula the command Big((A+B)(A-B) \backslash Big)^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C @@ -6476,7 +7150,7 @@ C \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Here is an overview about all bracket sizes: +Here is an example containing all bracket sizes: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -6496,16 +7170,7 @@ big{ ln(3x) \backslash big}^2 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -6513,29 +7178,11 @@ spce sin(x) \backslash Big]^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -6554,58 +7201,105 @@ Bigg)^0,5 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Besides the +In addition to the \series bold \backslash big \series default --commands there is the variant +-commands there is a variant, + \series bold \backslash bigm \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! B ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash bigm \end_layout \end_inset - that adds a bit more space between the bracket and its content, and the - variant + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, + that adds a bit more space between the bracket and its content. + Other variants \series bold \backslash -bigl +bigl \series default -- +and \series bold - + \backslash bigr \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! B ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -bigl - +bigl – \backslash bigr \end_layout \end_inset -, that don't add additional space. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, + don't add additional space. The \emph on l @@ -6616,8 +7310,8 @@ l \backslash bigl \series default - is for a left bracket; for a right bracket this will be replaced by an - + is for a left bracket; + for a right bracket this is replaced by an \emph on r \emph default @@ -6626,18 +7320,18 @@ r \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In the following table is a comparison of the variants: +The following table contains comparisons of the variants: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6646,34 +7340,18 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6686,34 +7364,21 @@ bigm( ln(3x) \backslash bigm)^2 -\series bold - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\series default - \backslash Bigm) \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)$ \end_inset @@ -6722,8 +7387,8 @@ Bigm) \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6736,34 +7401,21 @@ big( ln(3x) \backslash big)^2 -\series bold - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\series default - \backslash Big) \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)$ \end_inset @@ -6772,8 +7424,8 @@ Big) \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6786,34 +7438,21 @@ bigl( ln(3x) \backslash bigr)^2 -\series bold - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\series default - \backslash Bigr) \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)$ \end_inset @@ -6822,8 +7461,8 @@ Bigr) \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6838,11 +7477,11 @@ bigr( \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr(\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr($ \end_inset @@ -6862,16 +7501,28 @@ bigr( Automatic Bracket Size \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" +name "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Bracket size ! automatic +Bracket size +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +automatic +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -6880,22 +7531,44 @@ Bracket size ! automatic \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Brackets with variable size can be inserted with the commands +Variably sized brackets can be inserted with the commands \series bold \backslash left \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! L ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +L +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash left \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset and @@ -6905,26 +7578,47 @@ left right \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! R ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +R +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash right \end_layout \end_inset - or via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.png - scale 85 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + or via the math toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter" \end_inset . - Directly behind + The desired bracket must be inserted directly behind the \series bold \backslash @@ -6936,29 +7630,21 @@ left \backslash right \series default - the wanted bracket must be inserted. + commands. The bracket size will then automatically be calculated for the output. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center -normal bracket: The command +normal bracket: + The command \series bold \backslash ln( \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -6966,23 +7652,16 @@ A \end_inset C -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ) \series default creates -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\ln(\frac{A}{C})\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\ln(\frac{A}{C}) +\] \end_inset @@ -6991,7 +7670,8 @@ spce \begin_layout Standard \align center -multiline bracket: The command +multiline bracket: + The command \series bold \backslash @@ -7000,16 +7680,7 @@ ln left( \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -7017,16 +7688,7 @@ A \end_inset C -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -7034,8 +7696,10 @@ spce right) \series default creates -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right) +\] \end_inset @@ -7057,39 +7721,31 @@ right \series default the shortcut \family sans -Alt-m +Alt+M \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -bracket +Bracket \family default can be used. - This has the advantage that you can see in LyX immediately the real bracket - size and that the matching right bracket will be created too. + This has the advantage that you can see in \SpecialChar LyX + immediately the real bracket size and that the matching right bracket will be created too. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -The command for the last example would then be: +The command for the last example would then be: + \series bold \backslash -ln Alt-m +ln Alt+M \series default \series bold ( \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -7100,7 +7756,8 @@ C \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To omit a left or right bracket, a dot is inserted for the omitted bracket. +To omit a left or right bracket, + a dot is inserted for the omitted bracket. For example the command \series bold @@ -7108,16 +7765,7 @@ To omit a left or right bracket, a dot is inserted for the omitted bracket. left. \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -7125,16 +7773,7 @@ A \end_inset B -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -7144,8 +7783,10 @@ right} creates: \series bold -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} \] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} +\] \end_inset @@ -7163,15 +7804,19 @@ left \backslash right \series default - will be converted by LyX to brackets in the right size when the document - is reloaded and an omitted bracket will appear as dashed line. + will be converted by \SpecialChar LyX + to brackets with the correct size when the document is reloaded and an omitted bracket will appear as dashed line. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -Because all popular LaTeX-Distributions use eTeX, an extension to LaTeX, +Because all popular \SpecialChar LaTeX + distributions use e\SpecialChar TeX +, + an extension to \SpecialChar LaTeX +, the command \series bold @@ -7179,37 +7824,56 @@ Because all popular LaTeX-Distributions use eTeX, an extension to LaTeX, middle \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +M +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash middle \end_layout \end_inset - is additionally available for all brackets and limits. - With this command the height of the following character is adapted to the - one of the surrounding brackets, what is e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset -g. -\begin_inset space ~ +\end_layout + \end_inset -needed for physical vectors: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\: J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle \] + is available for all brackets and limits. + With this command the height of the following character is adapted to the one of the surrounding brackets, + for example in the case of physical vectors: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\:J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\,M_{J}\right\rangle +\] \end_inset -For physical vectors there is a special LaTeX-package, described in +For physical vectors there is a special \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package, + described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Physical-Vectors" +reference "subsec:Physical-Vectors" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -7218,11 +7882,23 @@ reference "sub:Physical-Vectors" \begin_layout Subsection Horizontal Brackets -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Brackets ! horizontal +Brackets +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +horizontal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -7234,36 +7910,20 @@ Brackets ! horizontal \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Command -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7274,82 +7934,50 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -raisebox{2.3mm}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - \backslash overbrace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -^ -\begin_inset ERT +^3 +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - -\backslash -spce +\begin_layout Plain Layout +O \end_layout \end_inset -3 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -} +\backslash +overbrace \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! O ! -\backslash -overbrace \end_layout \end_inset @@ -7359,7 +7987,7 @@ overbrace \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7372,68 +8000,44 @@ overbrace \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -raisebox{-2.2mm}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - \backslash underbrace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _5 -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -} +\begin_layout Plain Layout +U \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! U ! + \backslash underbrace \end_layout @@ -7441,11 +8045,16 @@ underbrace \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7459,103 +8068,40 @@ underbrace - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overbrace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash underbrace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B_w -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _7 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C @@ -7563,7 +8109,7 @@ C \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7596,216 +8142,728 @@ overbrace \backslash underbrace \series default - is inserted at first. + is inserted first. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -When brackets are needed that overlap each other, multiline formulas, as - described in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas" - -\end_inset -, must be used: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} -A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\ - & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}\end{eqnarray*} +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +If in document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -In the first row the formula is inserted together with the first brace. - It is hereby important that the space command -\begin_inset Foot +Options +\family default + the option for the package +\series bold +mathtools +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Space commands are explained in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Predefined-Space" - -\end_inset +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -. +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mathtools \end_layout \end_inset - -\series bold -\backslash -: -\series default - is inserted before the first -\begin_inset Formula $d$ -\end_inset +\end_layout -, because the brace that ends behind the -\begin_inset Formula $q$ \end_inset - prevents that the following -\begin_inset Quotes eld + is set to +\family sans +Load +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -+ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +always +\family default +, + you will also have access to square brackets: +\end_layout - is surrounded by space. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -because a bracket is not handled as character, see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Binary-Operators" +Command +\end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result \end_layout \end_inset - - In the second row the second brace is inserted. - As it should begin before the -\begin_inset Formula $b$ -\end_inset - -, first the command -\series bold - -\backslash -hphantom{gggg+ -\backslash -:} -\series default - is inserted. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -more about -\series bold \backslash -hphantom -\series default - see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Placeholders" +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +overbracket +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\strikeout default +\uuline default +\uwave default +\noun default +\color inherit +{A+B +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset +^3 +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed -\end_layout - -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - This space is needed because the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +O +\end_layout -+ -\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - is also surrounded by space in the formula. - The brace is placed under the command -\series bold - -\backslash -hphantom{bbqq+dddd} -\series default -. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other, like in the following - example: -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -setlength{ \backslash -jot}{-6pt} +overbracket \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} - & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\ -A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\end{eqnarray*} +\end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -setlength{ -\backslash -jot}{3pt} \end_layout \end_inset - -The first formula row is the same as the second row of the previous example, - with the difference that the brace is above. - The second row contains the formula together with the second brace. - To avoid that there is space between the upper brace in the first row and - the formula, the row spacing need to be reduced. - This is not easily possible due to a bug in LyX -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #1505" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505" - +\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{A+B}^{3}$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -. - As solution for the problem, the global formula row separation -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -jot +under +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +bracket +\family default \series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\strikeout default +\uuline default +\uwave default +\noun default +\color inherit +{A+B +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index +_5 +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! J ! -\backslash -jot -\end_layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +U +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +under +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +bracket +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\underbracket{A+B}_{5}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +overbracket{ +\backslash +underbracket{A+B_w +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +_7 +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +^C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{\underbracket{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For +\series bold + +\backslash +overbracket +\series default + and +\series bold + +\backslash +underbracket +\series default + you can change the thickness of the bracket's stroke by specifying the desired thickness in square brackets behind the command: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +overbracket +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\strikeout default +\uuline default +\uwave default +\noun default +\color inherit +[3pt] +\backslash +{A+B +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +^3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket[3pt]{A+B}^{3}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +under +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +bracket +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\strikeout default +\uuline default +\uwave default +\noun default +\color inherit +[1pt] +\backslash +{A+B +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +_5 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\underbracket[1pt]{A+B}_{5}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +When brackets overlap each other, + multiline formulas as described in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + + must be used: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} +A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\:dddd\\ + & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s} +\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + +In the first row, + the formula is inserted together with the first brace. + It is important that the space command +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Space commands are explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Predefined-Space" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +: + +\series default + is inserted before the first +\begin_inset Formula $d$ +\end_inset + + because the brace that ends behind the +\begin_inset Formula $q$ +\end_inset + + prevents the following +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + from being surrounded by spaces. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Because a bracket is not handled as a character, + see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Binary-Operators" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + The second brace is inserted in the second row. + As it should begin before the +\begin_inset Formula $b$ +\end_inset + +, + first the command +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom{gggg+ +\backslash +:} +\series default + is inserted. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +More about +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom +\series default + see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Placeholders" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + This space is needed because the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is surrounded by spaces in the formula. + The brace is placed under the command +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom{bbqq+dddd} +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other above and under the formula as in the following example: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{-6pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} + & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\ +A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\:dddd +\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{3pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +The first formula row is the same as the second row of the previous example, + with the difference that the brace is above. + The second row contains the formula together with the second brace. + To avoid the space between the upper brace in the first row and the formula, + the row spacing needs to be reduced. + This is not easily done due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX +. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "LyX-bug #1505" +target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505" +literal "false" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + As a solution for the problem, + the global formula row separation +\series bold + +\backslash +jot +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +J +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +jot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7821,7 +8879,8 @@ setlength{ \backslash jot}{-6pt} \series default - in TeX-mode. + in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. \series bold @@ -7836,7 +8895,8 @@ pt using the same command. More about the row separation in formulas is explained in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Line-Separation" +reference "subsec:Line-Separation" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -7845,7 +8905,9 @@ reference "sub:Line-Separation" \begin_layout Section Arrows -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7859,29 +8921,33 @@ Arrows \begin_layout Standard Arrows can be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/leftarrow.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\leftarrow" \end_inset or the commands listed in the following subsections. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Subsection Horizontal Arrows -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Arrows ! horizontal +Arrows +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +horizontal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -7896,11 +8962,11 @@ Arrows ! horizontal \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7909,7 +8975,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7920,7 +8986,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7931,7 +8997,7 @@ gets \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7945,7 +9011,7 @@ gets - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7956,7 +9022,7 @@ Leftarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7970,7 +9036,7 @@ Leftarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7981,7 +9047,7 @@ longleftarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7995,7 +9061,7 @@ longleftarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8006,7 +9072,7 @@ Longleftarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8020,7 +9086,7 @@ Longleftarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8031,7 +9097,7 @@ leftharpoonup \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8045,7 +9111,7 @@ leftharpoonup - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8056,7 +9122,7 @@ leftharpoondown \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8070,7 +9136,7 @@ leftharpoondown - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8081,7 +9147,7 @@ hookleftarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8105,11 +9171,11 @@ hookleftarrow \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8118,7 +9184,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8129,7 +9195,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8140,7 +9206,7 @@ to \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8154,7 +9220,7 @@ to - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8165,7 +9231,7 @@ Rightarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8179,7 +9245,7 @@ Rightarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8190,7 +9256,7 @@ longrightarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8204,7 +9270,7 @@ longrightarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8215,7 +9281,7 @@ Longrightarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8229,7 +9295,7 @@ Longrightarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8240,7 +9306,7 @@ rightharpoonup \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8254,7 +9320,7 @@ rightharpoonup - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8265,7 +9331,7 @@ rightharpoondown \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8279,7 +9345,7 @@ rightharpoondown - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8290,7 +9356,7 @@ hookrightarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8321,11 +9387,11 @@ hookrightarrow \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8334,7 +9400,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8345,7 +9411,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8356,7 +9422,7 @@ leftrightarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8370,7 +9436,7 @@ leftrightarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8381,7 +9447,7 @@ Leftrightarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8395,7 +9461,7 @@ Leftrightarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8406,7 +9472,7 @@ longleftrightarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8420,7 +9486,7 @@ longleftrightarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8431,7 +9497,7 @@ Longleftrightarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8445,7 +9511,7 @@ Longleftrightarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8456,7 +9522,7 @@ rightleftharpoons \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8485,11 +9551,11 @@ rightleftharpoons \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8498,7 +9564,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8509,7 +9575,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8520,7 +9586,7 @@ mapsto \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8534,7 +9600,7 @@ mapsto - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8545,7 +9611,7 @@ longmapsto \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8559,7 +9625,7 @@ longmapsto - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8570,7 +9636,7 @@ leadsto \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8584,7 +9650,7 @@ leadsto - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8595,7 +9661,7 @@ dasharrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8623,18 +9689,11 @@ dasharrow \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -Arrows used as accent like e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -vector arrows are listed in +Arrows used as accents such as vector arrows are listed in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Accents" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -8645,32 +9704,66 @@ reference "sec:Accents" \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -Furthermore there are the labeled arrows -\begin_inset Index +Labeled arrows +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Arrows ! labeled +Arrows +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +labeled \end_layout \end_inset - + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + are also available using the commands \series bold \backslash xleftarrow \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! X ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +X +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash xleftarrow \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset and @@ -8680,21 +9773,30 @@ xleftarrow xrightarrow \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! X ! -\backslash -xrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout +X +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -vspace{4mm} +xrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8705,8 +9807,8 @@ vspace{4mm} \end_inset . - When inserting one of these commands in a formula, an arrow with two blue - boxes appear where the label can be inserted. + When inserting one of these commands in a formula, + an arrow with two blue boxes appears indicating where the labels can be inserted. The length of the arrow adapts to the label width. \end_layout @@ -8714,11 +9816,11 @@ vspace{4mm} \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8727,50 +9829,25 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout F(a) \backslash xleftarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset x=a @@ -8786,11 +9863,11 @@ F(x) \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)$ \end_inset @@ -8799,24 +9876,15 @@ F(x) \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout F(x) \backslash xrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset x=a @@ -8832,11 +9900,11 @@ F(a) \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)$ \end_inset @@ -8852,42 +9920,80 @@ F(a) \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Vertical and diagonal Arrows -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Arrows ! diagonal \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +If in the document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset +Options +\family default + for the package +\series bold +mathtools +\series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Arrows ! vertical +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mathtools +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset + the option +\family sans +Load +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset +always +\family default + is set, + you will have access to the following labeled arrows: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8896,33 +10002,45 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Example \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none + \backslash -uparrow +xleftrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset @@ -8931,23 +10049,35 @@ uparrow \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none + \backslash -Uparrow +xLeftarrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xLeftarrow[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset @@ -8956,23 +10086,35 @@ Uparrow \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -updownarrow + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xRightarrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xRightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset @@ -8981,23 +10123,35 @@ updownarrow \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -Updownarrow + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xLeftrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xLeftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset @@ -9006,23 +10160,35 @@ Updownarrow \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none + \backslash -Downarrow +xhookleftarrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xhookleftarrow[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset @@ -9031,23 +10197,35 @@ Downarrow \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none + \backslash -downarrow +xhookrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xhookrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset @@ -9061,17 +10239,17 @@ downarrow \end_inset -\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular - - + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9080,33 +10258,45 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Example \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -nearrow + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xleftharpoondown \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xleftharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset @@ -9115,23 +10305,35 @@ nearrow \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -searrow + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xleftharpoonup \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xleftharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset @@ -9140,23 +10342,35 @@ searrow \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -swarrow + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xrightharpoondown \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xrightharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset @@ -9165,23 +10379,35 @@ swarrow \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -nwarrow + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xrightharpoonup \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xrightharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset @@ -9190,158 +10416,201 @@ nwarrow \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash -\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xleftrightharpoons +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\xleftrightharpoons[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Vertical arrows can be used also as delimiter together with the commands - described in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Manual-Bracket-Size" +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\end_inset +\backslash - and -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xrightleftharpoons +\end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\xrightleftharpoons[x=a]{x>0}$ \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Accents -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Accents" - \end_inset + + + +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Accents -\end_layout +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Accents can be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/hat.png - scale 85 +The command scheme for all of these arrows is: +\end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text - or the commands listed in the following subsections. +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Accents for one Character -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +F(a) \backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - +xleftrightarrow[x=a] +\backslash +{x>0 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset +F(x) +\end_layout -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -accents in text see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Accents-in-Text" - +\begin_inset Formula $F(a)\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}F(x)$ \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset + + + +\end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -}{} \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note +\begin_layout Subsection +Vertical and Diagonal Arrows +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark. -\end_layout +Arrows +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -More about -\backslash -texorpdfstring is in section -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" - -\end_inset - -. +diagonal \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Accents-for-one" +\end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Accents ! for one character +Arrows +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +vertical +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -9355,12 +10624,12 @@ Accents ! for one character \begin_inset Tabular - - + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9369,62 +10638,33 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -dot -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -A +uparrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dot{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ \end_inset @@ -9434,35 +10674,22 @@ A - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -ddot -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -A +Uparrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$ \end_inset @@ -9472,35 +10699,47 @@ A - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -dddot -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +updownarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$ +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -A +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +Updownarrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dddot{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$ \end_inset @@ -9510,22 +10749,22 @@ A - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -ddddot{A +Downarrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddddot{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$ \end_inset @@ -9535,45 +10774,81 @@ ddddot{A - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -vec -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +downarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset + + + -A -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Vectors +Command \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +nearrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\vec{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$ \end_inset @@ -9583,35 +10858,47 @@ Vectors - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -bar -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +searrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$ +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -A +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +swarrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\bar{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$ \end_inset @@ -9621,13 +10908,99 @@ A - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -mathring +nwarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +Vertical arrows can also be used as delimiters together with the commands described in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Manual-Bracket-Size" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Accents +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Accents" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Accents +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Accents can be inserted via the math toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\hat" +\end_inset + + or the commands listed in the following subsections. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Accents for One Character \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -9635,45 +11008,118 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +texorpdfstring{ \end_layout \end_inset -A + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For accents in text see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Accents-in-Text" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\mathring{A}$ + +}{} +\end_layout + \end_inset +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +texorpdfstring +\series default + is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +More about +\series bold + +\backslash +texorpdfstring +\series default + is in section +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout \end_inset - - - + + +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "subsec:Accents-for-one" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Accents +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +for one character +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular - - + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9682,7 +11128,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9692,24 +11138,15 @@ Result \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -tilde -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +dot +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9717,11 +11154,11 @@ A \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tilde{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\dot{A}$ \end_inset @@ -9730,24 +11167,15 @@ A \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -hat -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +ddot +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9755,11 +11183,11 @@ A \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\hat{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{A}$ \end_inset @@ -9768,24 +11196,15 @@ A \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -check -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +dddot +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9793,11 +11212,11 @@ A \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\check{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\dddot{A}$ \end_inset @@ -9806,24 +11225,15 @@ A \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -acute -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +ddddot +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9831,11 +11241,11 @@ A \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\acute{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ddddot{A}$ \end_inset @@ -9844,36 +11254,39 @@ A \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -grave -\begin_inset ERT +vec +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce +Vectors \end_layout \end_inset -A + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\grave{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\vec{A}$ \end_inset @@ -9882,24 +11295,44 @@ A \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -breve -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +bar +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\bar{A}$ +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +mathring +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9907,11 +11340,11 @@ A \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\breve{A}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\mathring{A}$ \end_inset @@ -9929,88 +11362,111 @@ A \end_inset +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset - -To create umlauts -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Umlauts +Result \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - in formulas, a quotation mark is inserted before the vowel. - These two characters are then treated by LaTeX as -\emph on -one -\emph default - character when the formula part with the umlaut is marked as German. - In contrary to -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -ddot -\series default -, with this method -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -real -\begin_inset Quotes erd +tilde +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset - umlauts are created as demonstrated in the following example: +A \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace -2mm +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{A}$ \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - +\end_inset + + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Command + +\backslash +hat +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed +\begin_inset Formula $\hat{A}$ +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\series bold +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. +check +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\check{A}$ +\end_inset \end_layout @@ -10018,28 +11474,27 @@ raisebox \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\lang ngerman -\begin_inset Quotes grd +\backslash +acute +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -i +A \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\lang ngerman -\begin_inset Formula $"i$ +\begin_inset Formula $\acute{A}$ \end_inset @@ -10048,36 +11503,56 @@ i \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -ddot -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +grave +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\grave{A}$ +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -i +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +breve +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{i}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\breve{A}$ \end_inset @@ -10091,176 +11566,233 @@ i \end_inset -\end_layout +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Another advantage to +You can directly insert accents such as é in formulas. + \SpecialChar LyX + will transform them to the corresponding accent command. + For umlauts +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Umlauts +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + however it is better to insert a quotation mark before the vowel. + These two characters are then treated by \SpecialChar LaTeX + as +\emph on +one +\emph default + character when the formula part with the umlaut is marked as German. + In contrast to \series bold \backslash ddot \series default - is that umlauts can directly be converted to mathematical text because - the accent commands above are -\emph on -not allowed -\emph default - -\emph on -in mathematical text -\emph default -. - To convert an accented character to mathematical text, only the character - under the accent may be converted. - This applies also for all other conversions, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +, + with this method +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -g. -\begin_inset space ~ +real +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset -to italic or bold. + umlauts are created as demonstrated in the following example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In mathematical text, umlauts and other accented characters can directly - be inserted. +\begin_inset VSpace -2mm +\end_inset + + \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Accents for Operators -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Accents ! for operators +Command \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -With the commands -\series bold - -\backslash -overset -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! O ! -\backslash -overset +\begin_inset Quotes grd +\end_inset + +i \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - and -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space \hspace{} +\length 0pt +\end_inset -\backslash -underset -\series default -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\lang ngerman + +\begin_inset Formula $"i$ +\end_inset + -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! U ! -\backslash -underset \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - characters can be placed above or below an operator, respectively, to accent - it. - With the command -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -sideset -\series default +ddot +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +i +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! -\backslash -sideset +\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{i}$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + - characters can be set before and behind an operator. - The command scheme is: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard - +One advantage with \series bold \backslash -sideset{character -\series default - -\series bold -before}{character +ddot \series default + is that umlauts can be directly converted to mathematical text because the accent commands above are +\emph on +not allowed +\emph default -\series bold -behind} +\emph on +in mathematical text +\emph default +. + To convert an accented character to mathematical text, + only the character under the accent may be converted. + This applies for all conversions, + e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +to italic or bold. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset -\series bold - -\backslash -sideset -\series default - must always be before the operator that should be accented. - You can accent with several characters and even with other operators and - symbols. - To place with -\series bold -\backslash -sideset -\series default - for example only characters behind an operator, write nothing between the - first braces but don't omit the braces. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For example the command +\SpecialChar LyX + also supports a tilde under the character if the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold +undertilde +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +undertilde +\end_layout -\backslash -sideset{ -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset -\backslash -{ -\series default -' -\series bold +\end_layout -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset + is installed on your system: +\end_layout -\backslash -sum_k=1 +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -10268,20 +11800,23 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +ifundertilde \end_layout \end_inset -\series default -^ +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold -n +undertilde \series default - produces: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\] + is installed. +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10289,26 +11824,70 @@ n \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The command -\series bold +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\backslash -overset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -spce +utilde +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\utilde{A}$ +\end_inset -\backslash -maltese +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -10316,62 +11895,73 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +else \end_layout \end_inset +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package +\series bold +undertilde \series default + is not installed: +\end_layout -\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold -a +undertilde \series default - produces: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\overset{a}{\maltese}\] - -\end_inset + to see the rest of this subsection in the output. +\end_layout -As seen in the last example, with -\series bold +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\backslash -overset -\series default - and -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -underset -\series default - also symbols and characters can be accented; with -\series bold \backslash -sideset -\series default - this is not possible. +fi \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Accents for several Characters -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Accents-for-several" - \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Accents for Several Characters +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Accents ! for several characters +Accents +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +for several characters +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -10386,7 +11976,7 @@ Accents ! for several characters \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -10404,45 +11994,20 @@ Command \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overleftarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10450,11 +12015,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\overleftarrow{A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -10463,24 +12028,15 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash underleftarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10488,11 +12044,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\underleftarrow{A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -10501,24 +12057,15 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overleftrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10526,11 +12073,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\overleftrightarrow{A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -10539,24 +12086,15 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash underleftrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10568,7 +12106,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\underleftrightarrow{A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -10588,7 +12126,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -10611,24 +12149,15 @@ Result \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash overrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10636,11 +12165,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -10649,24 +12178,15 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash underrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10674,11 +12194,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\underrightarrow{A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -10687,24 +12207,15 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash widetilde -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10712,11 +12223,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widetilde{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\widetilde{A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -10725,24 +12236,15 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash widehat -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10754,7 +12256,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widehat{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -10778,7 +12280,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -With these commands as many characters as you like can be accented. +Using these commands you can accent as many characters as you like. But the accents \series bold @@ -10791,10 +12293,12 @@ widetilde \backslash widehat \series default - will only be set in the output with a length of three characters, as shown - in the following example: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\widetilde{A+B=C-D}\] + will only be set in the output with a length of three characters, + as shown in the following example: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\widetilde{A+B=C-D} +\] \end_inset @@ -10802,22 +12306,44 @@ widehat \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -With the commands +It is also possible to accent several characters using the commands \series bold \backslash overset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! O ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +O +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash overset \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset and @@ -10827,34 +12353,46 @@ overset underset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! U ! -\backslash -underset +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +U \end_layout \end_inset - described in the previous subsection it is also possible to accent several - characters. - The command -\series bold + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash underset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout +\end_inset + + described in the previous subsection. + The command +\series bold + +\backslash +underset +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10864,8 +12402,10 @@ A=B *** \series default creates: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\underset{***}{A=B}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\underset{***}{A=B} +\] \end_inset @@ -10876,16 +12416,28 @@ A=B Space \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Space" +name "subsec:Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Space ! horizontal +Space +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +horizontal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -10897,16 +12449,33 @@ Space ! horizontal Predefined Space \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Predefined-Space" +name "subsec:Predefined-Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Space ! horizontal ! predefined +Space +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +horizontal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +predefined \end_layout \end_inset @@ -10914,35 +12483,31 @@ Space ! horizontal ! predefined \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space to a formula. - This is done by inserting a protected space (shortcut -\family sans -Ctrl-Space -\family default -). - A blue -\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -\series bold -\color blue +\end_layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space into a formula. + This is done by inserting a non-breaking space (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected" +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout +). + A +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset -\backslash -spce -\end_layout +\color blue +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\series default \color inherit \begin_inset Quotes erd @@ -10954,40 +12519,36 @@ Space \family default several times one can select one of eight different space sizes. The spaces can also be inserted using the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/space.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\space" \end_inset or special commands. - Independent from the inserted command, one can select the size again by - pressing + The size can be adjusted at any time by positioning the cursor on the +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\space" +\end_inset + + and pressing \family sans Space \family default - afterwards. + until the desired size is achieved. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \noindent \align center -\begin_inset VSpace -5mm -\end_inset - - \begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - - + + + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10996,7 +12557,31 @@ Command \end_inset - + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Number of +\family sans +Space +\family default + keystrokes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11007,7 +12592,30 @@ Command \end_inset - + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +0 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\,B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11018,7 +12626,30 @@ Command \end_inset - + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\:B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11029,7 +12660,30 @@ Command \end_inset - + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\;B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11040,7 +12694,30 @@ quad \end_inset - + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11051,20 +12728,54 @@ qquad \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +4 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$ +\end_inset + -\backslash -! \end_layout \end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + - + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11072,93 +12783,115 @@ Number of \family sans Space \family default - keystrokes after inserting the protected space + keystrokes \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -0 +Result \end_layout \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -1 + +\backslash +hfill \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -2 +5 \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -3 +\begin_inset Formula $A\hfill B$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -4 + +\backslash +hspace*{1em} \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -5 +6 \end_layout \end_inset - - - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace*{1em}B$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\, B$ -\end_inset +\backslash +hspace{1em} +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +7 \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\: B$ +\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{1em}B$ \end_inset @@ -11166,11 +12899,16 @@ Result \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\; B$ + +\backslash + +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -11178,11 +12916,20 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$ +8 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\ B$ \end_inset @@ -11190,23 +12937,33 @@ Result \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$ -\end_inset +\backslash +! +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +9 \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\! B$ +\begin_inset Formula $A\!B$ \end_inset @@ -11223,9 +12980,35 @@ Result \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The last size seem to produce no space. - It is displayed red in LyX contrary to the other sizes, because it is a - negative space. +Space's +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +– +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +7 are variable spaces which are explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Variable-Space" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. + Space +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +9 appears to produce no space. + It is displayed red in \SpecialChar LyX + contrary to the other sizes, + because it is a negative space. There are two more negative spaces: \end_layout @@ -11233,7 +13016,7 @@ The last size seem to produce no space. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -11279,7 +13062,7 @@ Number of \family sans Space \family default - keystrokes after inserting the protected space + keystrokes after inserting the non-breaking space \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11288,7 +13071,7 @@ Space \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -6 +10 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11297,7 +13080,7 @@ Space \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -7 +11 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11347,24 +13130,17 @@ Result \begin_layout Standard Negative spaces can lead to characters overlapping each other. - Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures, what is e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -useful for summation operators: + Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures, + which are useful for things such as summation operators: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -11380,29 +13156,13 @@ Command \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11411,16 +13171,7 @@ raisebox sum \backslash sum -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset f_kl @@ -11428,11 +13179,11 @@ f_kl \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\sum\sum f_{kl}$ \end_inset @@ -11442,7 +13193,7 @@ f_kl - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11453,16 +13204,7 @@ sum negmedspace \backslash sum -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset f_kl @@ -11470,11 +13212,11 @@ f_kl \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}$ \end_inset @@ -11491,8 +13233,21 @@ f_kl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Relations like for example equal signs, are always surrounded by space. - To suppress this, the equal sign is placed into a TeX-brace. +\noindent +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +Relational operators, + for example equal or less than signs, + are always surrounded by space. + To suppress this, + the operator is placed into a \SpecialChar TeX + brace. The following example demonstrates this: \end_layout @@ -11500,7 +13255,7 @@ Relations like for example equal signs, are always surrounded by space. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -11508,7 +13263,7 @@ Relations like for example equal signs, are always surrounded by space. \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -normal equation +Normal equation \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11531,26 +13286,7 @@ normal equation \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}$ -\end_inset - -equation without space +Equation without space \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11577,7 +13313,8 @@ equation without space \begin_layout Standard \noindent -The command for the last formula is: +The command for the last formula is: + \series bold A \backslash @@ -11592,12 +13329,18 @@ B \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -Spaces are needed for physical units, because the space between the value - and the unit is the smallest one and not a normal space. - For units in text, the smallest space is inserted via the menu + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Another example of controlled spaces is physical units. + The space between a value and its unit is smaller than a normal space, + typically a thin space is used. + For units in text, + the smaller space is inserted via the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator Thin \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset @@ -11605,9 +13348,11 @@ Thin Space \family default (shortcut -\family sans -Ctrl-Shift-Space -\family default +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "space-insert thin" +\end_inset + ). \end_layout @@ -11618,9 +13363,9 @@ An example to visualize the difference: \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -11639,7 +13384,7 @@ h \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -space between value and unit +Space between value and unit \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11667,7 +13412,7 @@ h \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -smallest space between value and unit +Thin space between value and unit \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11699,10 +13444,11 @@ texorpdfstring{ status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -for vertical space in formulas see +For vertical space in formulas see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Line-Separation" +reference "subsec:Line-Separation" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -11738,7 +13484,8 @@ More about texorpdfstring is in section \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" +reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -11750,106 +13497,219 @@ reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Variable-Space" +name "subsec:Variable-Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Space ! horizontal ! variable +Space +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +horizontal \end_layout \end_inset +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +variable \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Space with a defined length can be inserted in LyX with the command -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Space with a defined length can be inserted with the command \series bold \backslash -hspace{length} +hspace \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! H ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +H +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash hspace \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + . - For the length all units listed in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:Available-units" + A long +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\color blue +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset - are allowed, except of the unit + +\color inherit + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + will appear, + the length of which can be specified by left-clicking on the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -mu + +\color blue + +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\color inherit + \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The length may also be negative. - To insert so many space that the formula uses all available space, the - command + If the space is the first character in a line, + it will ordinarily be omitted. + To force its output use the command +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace* +\series default + instead of +\series bold + +\backslash +hspace +\series default + or left-click on the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\color blue + +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\color inherit + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + and check the option +\family sans +Protect +\family default +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +To insert as much space as is available, + the command \series bold \backslash hfill \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! H ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +H +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash hfill \end_layout \end_inset - is used. + \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace -1mm \end_inset - + is used. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Command +Command ( +\backslash +hspace length) \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11865,24 +13725,28 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A=B \backslash -hspace{3cm -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +hspace +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \backslash -not=C +not=C (3 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +cm) \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11896,24 +13760,28 @@ not=C - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A \backslash -hspace{-1mm -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +hspace +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \backslash -not=A +not=A (-1 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +mm) \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11934,16 +13802,7 @@ not=A A=A \backslash hfill -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B=B @@ -11972,17 +13831,17 @@ B=B \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In the last example the available space is given by the longest column entry - of the table. - In an inline formula the space depends on the length of the line in which - +In the last example the available space is given by the longest column entry of the table. + In an inline formula the space depends on the length of the line in which \series bold \backslash hfill \series default is inserted. - Thus, when the line uses the full width, no space will be created. + Thus, + when the line uses the full width, + no space will be created. \series bold @@ -11998,6 +13857,7 @@ Indented \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formula-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -12011,7 +13871,9 @@ Besides \backslash hfill \series default -, there are the commands +, + there are also commands, + \series bold \backslash @@ -12021,12 +13883,15 @@ dotfill \series bold \backslash -hrulefill +hrulefill, + \series default - that fill the space with a pattern, see + that fill the space with a pattern. + See \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Ellipses" +reference "subsec:Ellipses" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -12034,17 +13899,18 @@ reference "sub:Ellipses" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For text, variable space can be inserted via the menu +For text, + variable space can be inserted via the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator Horizontal \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Space \family default -, what is not possible in formulas: +: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -12069,12 +13935,24 @@ maximum space. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Space besides inline Formulas -\begin_inset Index +Space Besides Inline Formulas +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Space ! besides inline formulas +Space +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +besides inline formulas +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -12083,17 +13961,35 @@ Space ! besides inline formulas \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length - +The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length \series bold \backslash mathsurround -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +M +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash mathsurround \end_layout @@ -12101,18 +13997,40 @@ mathsurround \end_inset -\series default +\end_layout + +\end_inset + . The value of a length is set with the command \series bold \backslash setlength -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash setlength \end_layout @@ -12120,8 +14038,11 @@ setlength \end_inset -\series default - that has the following scheme: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + which has the following scheme: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -12143,7 +14064,8 @@ mathsurround \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -mm, the command +mm, + the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -12157,7 +14079,8 @@ mathsurround}{5mm} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -is inserted in TeX-mode. +is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. 5 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -12208,7 +14131,8 @@ mathsurround}{0pt} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To return to the predefined value, +To return to the predefined value, + \series bold \backslash @@ -12223,7 +14147,9 @@ pt. \begin_layout Section Boxes and Frames -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12233,28 +14159,18 @@ Boxes \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Frames | see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Frames +\begin_inset IndexMacro see +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - Boxes -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -12287,16 +14203,28 @@ Objects Boxes with Frame \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Boxes-with-Frame" +name "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Boxes ! with frame +Boxes +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +with frame +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -12305,22 +14233,44 @@ Boxes ! with frame \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -It is possible to frame formulas or parts of it with the commands +It is possible to frame a formula or part of one with the commands \series bold \backslash fbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! F ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +F +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash fbox \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset and @@ -12330,23 +14280,45 @@ fbox boxed \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! B ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash boxed \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When one of these commands is inserted to a formula, a blue box appears - within a frame to enter formula parts. +When one of these commands is inserted in a formula, + a blue box appears within a frame to enter formula parts. For \series bold @@ -12355,38 +14327,18 @@ fbox \series default an additional formula has to be created by \family sans -Ctrl-m +Ctrl+M \family default - within this box -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Due to a bug in LyX it is not possible to create a new formula with -\family sans -Ctrl-m -\family default -, see -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #1435" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathematical text. + within this box, + because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathematical text. When \series bold \backslash boxed \series default - is used, a new formula is automatically created inside the frame. + is used, + a new formula is automatically created inside the frame. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -12396,44 +14348,64 @@ The command \backslash fbox \series default - is not suitable to frame displayed formulas, because the formula will always - be set in the size of the text. - + is not suitable to frame displayed formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of the documents text. + Conversly \series bold \backslash boxed \series default - is in contrary not suitable to frame inline formulas, because the formula - will always be set in the size of a displayed formula. + is not suitable to frame inline formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of a displayed formula. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -As extension to +An extension to \series bold \backslash fbox \series default - there is the command + is the command \series bold \backslash framebox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! F ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +F +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash framebox \end_layout \end_inset - where additionally the frame width and the alignment can be specified. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + with which the frame width and the alignment can be specified. \series bold @@ -12465,16 +14437,16 @@ r \emph on l \emph default - left aligns, + left aligns and \emph on r \emph default right aligns the formula in the box. - When no position is given, the formula will be centered. + If no position is given the formula will be centered. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Is no width given, also no position can be given. +If width is not given then position can not be given. In this case the frame width is adjusted to the box content like for \series bold @@ -12491,9 +14463,9 @@ When the command \backslash framebox \series default - is inserted, a box appears containing three blue boxes. - The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional - arguments. + is inserted, + a box appears containing three blue boxes. + The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional arguments. The third box is for formula parts like for \series bold @@ -12505,64 +14477,17 @@ fbox \begin_layout Standard \align center -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The table has been set into a minipage to make the footnote appearing. - Otherwise the footnote text would not be displayed. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Box Frameless -position "c" -hor_pos "c" -has_inner_box 1 -inner_pos "c" -use_parbox 0 -width "100col%" -special "none" -height "1in" -height_special "totalheight" -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Command -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Due to a bug in LyX it is not possible to create a new formula with -\family sans -Ctrl-m -\family default -, see -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #1435" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset @@ -12572,64 +14497,30 @@ target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435" \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fbox -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \family sans -Ctrl-m +Ctrl+M \family default \backslash int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -12637,11 +14528,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{$\int A=B$}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\ensuremath{\int A=B}}$ \end_inset @@ -12650,39 +14541,21 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash boxed -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -12690,11 +14563,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8.5mm}{}\boxed{\int A=B}\raisebox{-6.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\boxed{\int A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -12703,24 +14576,15 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A+ \backslash fbox -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B @@ -12728,11 +14592,11 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}A+\fbox{B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $A+\fbox{B}$ \end_inset @@ -12741,24 +14605,15 @@ B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash framebox -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 20mm @@ -12771,21 +14626,12 @@ spce \family sans -Ctrl-m +Ctrl+M \family default \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -12797,19 +14643,11 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{$\frac{A}{B}$}$ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{\ensuremath{\frac{A}{B}}}$ \end_inset @@ -12823,17 +14661,11 @@ B \end_inset -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The frame thickness can also be adjusted. - To do this the following commands have to be inserted in TeX-mode before - the formula +To adjust the frame thickness the following commands are inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode before the formula: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -12882,11 +14714,10 @@ distance \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - specifies the minimal distance between the frame and the first character - in the box. - An example for this is the following framed formula: + specifies the minimum distance between the frame and the first character in the box. + An example of this is given in the following framed formula: \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12900,8 +14731,10 @@ fboxsep 3mm \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\boxed{A+B=C}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\boxed{A+B=C} +\] \end_inset @@ -12931,12 +14764,14 @@ fboxsep \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -were inserted in TeX-mode. - The given values are used for all following boxes. +were inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. + These values are then used for all following boxes. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To return to the standard frame size, the command +To return to the standard frame size, + the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -12962,7 +14797,7 @@ fboxsep \series default \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12979,23 +14814,36 @@ fboxsep 3pt \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -is inserted in TeX-mode before the next formula. +is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode before the next formula. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Boxes without Frame +Boxes Without Frame \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Boxes-without-Frame" +name "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Boxes ! without frame +Boxes +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +without frame +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -13004,54 +14852,117 @@ Boxes ! without frame \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For boxes without a frame there are the following box commands: +For boxes without a frame the following box commands: + \series bold \backslash mbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +M +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash mbox \end_layout \end_inset -, + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, + \series bold \backslash makebox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +M +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash makebox \end_layout \end_inset -, and + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + and \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! R ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +R +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash raisebox \end_layout @@ -13061,6 +14972,11 @@ raisebox \end_layout +\end_inset + + are available. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard With \series bold @@ -13069,8 +14985,8 @@ With raisebox \series default a box can be super- or subscripted. - But in contrary to normal super- and subscripting, the characters in the - box keep their font size. + But in contrary to normal super- and subscripting, + the characters in the box keep their font size. \series bold @@ -13089,8 +15005,8 @@ raisebox{height}{box content} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula is needed like for - +When the box contains a formula, + an extra formula is needed like for \series bold \backslash @@ -13099,13 +15015,50 @@ fbox . \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard + +\series medium +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: + +\series default + For +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + this extra formula is created by pressing +\family sans +Ctrl+M +\family default + twice instead of once because \SpecialChar LyX + doesn't yet support +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + directly. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -13127,7 +15080,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13148,7 +15101,7 @@ raisebox{2mm \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13162,7 +15115,7 @@ raisebox{2mm - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13183,7 +15136,7 @@ lo \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13211,21 +15164,16 @@ raisebox{-2mm \backslash { \family sans -Ctrl-m +Ctrl+M +\family default + +\family sans +Ctrl+M \family default \backslash sqrt -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B @@ -13237,18 +15185,7 @@ B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -$A= -\backslash -raisebox{-2mm}{$ -\backslash -sqrt{B}$}$ -\end_layout - +\begin_inset Formula $A=\raisebox{-2mm}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\sqrt{B}}}}$ \end_inset @@ -13262,29 +15199,6 @@ sqrt{B}$}$ \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The last formula can currently only be created using TeX-mode because LyX - inserts a box instead of the needed extra formula. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -see -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #1435" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -13312,23 +15226,36 @@ makebox \backslash framebox \series default -, with the difference that there is no frame. +, + except that there is no frame. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Colored Boxes \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Colored-Boxes" +name "subsec:Colored-Boxes" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Boxes ! colored +Boxes +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +colored +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -13337,8 +15264,9 @@ Boxes ! colored \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To be able to use all commands explained in this section, the LaTeX-package - +To be able to use all commands explained in this section, + the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold color \series default @@ -13347,38 +15275,55 @@ color status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -The LaTeX-package +The \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold color \series default - is part of every LaTeX standard installation. + is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX + standard installation. \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! color +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +color +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - has to be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line + must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble with the line \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout When text is colored somewhere in the document with a predefined color, - LyX loads the LaTeX-package + \SpecialChar LyX + loads the \SpecialChar LaTeX + package \series bold color \series default automatically. - Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice, but this doesn't - arise problems. + Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice, + but this does not cause problems. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -13388,8 +15333,9 @@ color status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -To avoid that the package is loaded twice, a macro was inserted to the LaTeX-pre -amble. +To avoid that the package is loaded twice, + a macro was inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -13409,22 +15355,45 @@ usepackage{color} \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -To color boxes, the command +To create color boxes, + the command \series bold \backslash colorbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! C ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash colorbox \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset is used in the following scheme: @@ -13446,12 +15415,13 @@ The box content can also be a box and a colorbox \series default can also be part of another box (see the 2nd and 3rd example). - When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula has to be created, - the same as for + When the box should contain a formula, + an extra formula has to be created, + the same way as for \series bold \backslash -fbox +raisebox \series default . \begin_inset Foot @@ -13464,15 +15434,6 @@ This also applies for the command \backslash fcolorbox \series default -. - Thereby note -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #1435" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435" - -\end_inset - . \end_layout @@ -13490,42 +15451,52 @@ One of the following predefined colors can be chosen: \series bold black \series default -, +, + \series bold blue \series default -, +, + \series bold cyan \series default -, +, + \series bold green \series default -, +, + \series bold magenta \series default -, +, + \series bold red \series default -, +, + \series bold white \series default -, and + and \series bold yellow +\begin_inset VSpace smallskip +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -13541,29 +15512,13 @@ Command \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13580,11 +15535,11 @@ colorbox{yellow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -13593,8 +15548,8 @@ colorbox{yellow \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13609,16 +15564,11 @@ colorbox{green { \backslash fbox -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset -\backslash -spce -\end_layout +\begin_inset Formula $\gets\gets$ \end_inset A=B @@ -13626,11 +15576,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}$ \end_inset @@ -13639,24 +15589,19 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash fbox -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset Formula $\gets\gets$ \end_inset @@ -13667,16 +15612,30 @@ colorbox{green \backslash -{A=B +{ +\family sans +Ctrl+M +\family default + +\family sans +Ctrl+M +\family default + +\backslash +int +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +C=D \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{\colorbox{green}{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\colorbox{green}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\int C=D}}}}$ \end_inset @@ -13690,6 +15649,10 @@ colorbox{green \end_inset +\begin_inset VSpace smallskip +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -13699,9 +15662,10 @@ colorbox{green \backslash colorbox \series default - only colors the box but not the characters in the box. - To color all characters, the whole formula is highlighted and the wanted - color is chosen in the + only colors the box background, + not the characters in the box. + To color all characters, + the whole formula is highlighted and the desired color is chosen in the \family sans Text \begin_inset space ~ @@ -13711,25 +15675,24 @@ Style \family default dialog. The dialog can be called with the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show character" \end_inset or the menu \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator Text \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Properties\SpecialChar menuseparator Customized \family default . - The formula number has then the same color as the formula. - When the formula number should get another color than the formula characters, + The formula number will have the same color as the formula. + If a different color for the formula number is desired, the color must be changed within the formula. \end_layout @@ -13740,16 +15703,20 @@ An example: \begin_layout Standard \color red -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\int A=B\label{eq:red}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\int A=B\label{eq:red} +\end{equation} \end_inset \color green -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -13761,6 +15728,7 @@ Formula \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:red" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -13772,6 +15740,7 @@ Formula \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:redgreen" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -13783,22 +15752,45 @@ reference "eq:redgreen" \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -To color the frame different than the rest of the box, the command +To color the frame different than the rest of the box, + the command \series bold \backslash fcolorbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! F ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +F +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash fcolorbox \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset is used in the following scheme: @@ -13826,13 +15818,15 @@ fcolorbox colorbox \series default . - The frame width is set, like for + The frame width is set, + like for \series bold \backslash framebox \series default -, with +, + with \series bold \backslash @@ -13861,8 +15855,10 @@ fboxsep 1mm \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B} +\] \end_inset @@ -13914,7 +15910,8 @@ fcolorbox{cyan \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -To use other colors than the predefined ones, they have to be defined first. +To use colors other than predefined ones, + they must be defined first. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -13930,7 +15927,8 @@ darkgreen \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - with the LaTeX-preamble line: + with the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -13939,25 +15937,45 @@ darkgreen \backslash definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5, + \series default \series bold 0, + \series default \series bold 1, + \series default \series bold 0.5} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! D ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash definecolor \end_layout @@ -13965,6 +15983,11 @@ definecolor \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -13972,25 +15995,26 @@ definecolor \series bold cmyk \series default - is the color space that denotes the colors + is the color space denoting the colors \series bold cyan \series default -, +, + \series bold magenta \series default -, +, + \series bold yellow \series default -, and + and \series bold black \series default . - The four comma separated numbers are the portion factor for the corresponding - colors of the color space. + The four comma separated numbers are the portion factors for the corresponding colors of the color space. The factors can be in the range of 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -14002,13 +16026,14 @@ black 1. Instead of \series bold -cmyk +cmyk, + \series default - also the color space + the color space \series bold rgb \series default - can be used for definitions. + can also be used for definitions. \series bold rgb @@ -14017,16 +16042,17 @@ rgb \series bold red \series default -, +, + \series bold green \series default -, and + and \series bold blue \series default -, so that there are in this case three portion factors for the corresponding - colors. +, + so there are three portion factors for the corresponding colors. Furthermore there is the color space \series bold gray @@ -14035,7 +16061,7 @@ gray \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -As example a framed box with the new defined color +As an example here is a framed box with the newly defined color \series bold darkgreen \series default @@ -14044,8 +16070,10 @@ darkgreen yellow \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -14053,19 +16081,30 @@ yellow \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command - +Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command \series bold \backslash textcolor \series default : -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Text ! colored +Text +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +colored +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -14116,15 +16155,37 @@ status collapsed textcolor \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! T ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash textcolor \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset is used in the scheme @@ -14140,16 +16201,28 @@ textcolor{color}{characters to color} Paragraph Boxes \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Paragraph-Boxes" +name "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Boxes ! as paragraph +Boxes +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +as paragraph +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -14158,17 +16231,17 @@ Boxes ! as paragraph \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs, a so called paragraph - box (parbox), can be created with the menu +A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs, + a so-called paragraph box (parbox), + can be created with the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Box \family default or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/box-insert.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "box-insert" \end_inset . @@ -14189,10 +16262,16 @@ hor_pos "c" has_inner_box 1 inner_pos "t" use_parbox 1 +use_makebox 0 width "5cm" special "none" height "1in" height_special "totalheight" +thickness "0.4pt" +separation "3pt" +shadowsize "4pt" +framecolor "black" +backgroundcolor "none" status open \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14201,7 +16280,8 @@ This is a paragraph box. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -cm long and can also contain formulas: +cm long and can also contain formulas: + \begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$ \end_inset @@ -14223,52 +16303,83 @@ cm long and can also contain formulas: \begin_layout Standard Such a box is created by right-clicking on the gray box inset. A dialog pops up showing the box properties. - In our case set: + In our case set: + \emph on Decoration \emph default -: Recangular box, +: + Rectangular box, + \emph on Inner Box \emph default -: Parbox, +: + Parbox, + \emph on Width \emph default -: 5 +: + 5 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -cm, +cm, + \emph on Vertical Box Alignment \emph default -: Middle +: + Middle \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -In LaTeX a parbox is created with the command +In \SpecialChar LaTeX + a parbox is created with the command \series bold \backslash parbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! P ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +P +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash parbox \end_layout \end_inset - that has the following scheme: + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + which has the following scheme: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -14293,15 +16404,31 @@ t \emph on b \emph default - for bottom means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with - its last line. + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bottom +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with its last line. With \emph on t \emph default - for top this is done with the first line. - When no position is given, the box will be vertically centered, see section - + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +top +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + this is done with the first line. + When no position is given, + the box will be vertically centered, + see section \emph on Boxes \emph default @@ -14320,9 +16447,11 @@ Objects \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -To frame formulas completely, including the formula number, the formula - must be set into a parbox. - To do this, the command +To frame formulas completely, + including the formula number, + the formula must be set into a parbox. + To do this, + the command \series bold \backslash @@ -14336,41 +16465,40 @@ fboxsep-2 \backslash fboxrule}{ \series default - is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula. + is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode before the formula. \series bold \backslash linewidth -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! L ! -\backslash -linewidth +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +L \end_layout \end_inset -\series default - is hereby the line width set for the document. - Because the frame is outside the parbox, 2 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -times the frame separation and the frame thickness must be subtracted from - the line width. - As this is not automatically done by LyX due to a bug -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #4483" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4483" + +\backslash +linewidth +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -14379,8 +16507,12 @@ target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4483" \end_inset -, TeX-mode has to be used. - To be able to multiply and subtract in arguments, the LaTeX-package + is the line width set for the document. + Because the frame is outside the parbox, + two times the frame separation and the frame thickness must be subtracted from the line width. + To be able to multiply and subtract in arguments, + the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold calc \series default @@ -14393,22 +16525,36 @@ status collapsed \series bold calc \series default - is part of every LaTeX standard installation. + is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX + standard installation. \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! calc +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +calc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - must be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line + must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble with the line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -14424,7 +16570,8 @@ Behind the formula both boxes are closed by entering \series bold }} \series default - in TeX-mode. + in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. Here is an example: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -14465,8 +16612,10 @@ fboxrule}{ \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -14503,13 +16652,14 @@ fboxsep 3pt \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -As a parbox is used as argument of +As a parbox is used as the argument of \series bold \backslash fbox \series default -, there is in this case no difference between +, + there is in this case no difference between \series bold \backslash @@ -14529,7 +16679,8 @@ boxed \end_inset Paragraph boxes are very useful to comment formulas directly. - To do this, + To do this, + \series bold \backslash @@ -14551,7 +16702,8 @@ tag see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:User-defined-Numbering" +reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -14603,8 +16755,9 @@ status collapsed \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Such a formula must be inserted completely in TeX-mode because LyX does - not yet support the command +Such a formula must be inserted completely in \SpecialChar TeX + mode because \SpecialChar LyX + does not yet support the command \series bold \backslash @@ -14627,7 +16780,8 @@ tag* \backslash parbox{5cm}{ \series default - is inserted in TeX-mode. + is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed @@ -14636,7 +16790,8 @@ When the formula style \series bold Indented \series default - is used, + is used, + \series bold \backslash @@ -14655,6 +16810,7 @@ hfill \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formula-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -14663,13 +16819,14 @@ reference "sec:Formula-Styles" \end_inset - Then the description follows as normal text, and finally + Then the description follows as normal text and finally \series bold }} \backslash ] \series default - is inserted in TeX-mode. + is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. The commands \series bold @@ -14682,7 +16839,7 @@ reference "sec:Formula-Styles" \backslash ] \series default - hereby create a displayed formula. + create a displayed formula. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -14701,8 +16858,10 @@ commented \end_inset using the mathematical textmode: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...} +\] \end_inset @@ -14711,7 +16870,9 @@ commented \begin_layout Section Operators -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14727,22 +16888,36 @@ Operators Big Operators \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Big-Operators" +name "subsec:Big-Operators" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Operators ! big +Operators +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +big \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14752,7 +16927,9 @@ Sums \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14765,9 +16942,14 @@ Integrals \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To be able to use all integral operators listed here, the option +To be able to use all of the integral operators listed here, + the +\family sans +Load automatically +\family default + option for the \family sans -Use esint package automatically + esint package \family default must be set in the document settings under \family sans @@ -14787,7 +16969,7 @@ Options \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -14811,20 +16993,42 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -sum -\begin_inset Index +int +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +I +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -sum +int +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -14834,11 +17038,11 @@ sum \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\begin_inset Formula $\int$ \end_inset @@ -14848,34 +17052,22 @@ sum - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -int -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! I ! -\backslash -int -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - +oint \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\int$ +\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ \end_inset @@ -14885,22 +17077,22 @@ int - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -intop +ointctrclockwise \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\intop$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$ \end_inset @@ -14910,22 +17102,22 @@ intop - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -oint +ointclockwise \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\oint$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$ \end_inset @@ -14935,22 +17127,22 @@ oint - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -ointop +sqint \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\ointop$ +\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$ \end_inset @@ -14960,22 +17152,23 @@ ointop - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -ointctrclockwise +fint \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$ + +\begin_inset Formula $\fint$ \end_inset @@ -14985,22 +17178,23 @@ ointctrclockwise - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -ointclockwise +landupint \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$ + +\begin_inset Formula $\landupint$ \end_inset @@ -15010,22 +17204,23 @@ ointclockwise - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -sqint +landdownint \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$ + +\begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$ \end_inset @@ -15035,7 +17230,7 @@ sqint - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15046,7 +17241,7 @@ bigcap \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15060,7 +17255,7 @@ bigcap - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15071,7 +17266,7 @@ bigcup \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15094,8 +17289,8 @@ bigcup \begin_inset Tabular - - + + @@ -15119,18 +17314,94 @@ Result - + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +sum +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +sum +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\sum$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash prod -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! P ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +P +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash prod \end_layout @@ -15138,11 +17409,16 @@ prod \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15156,7 +17432,7 @@ prod - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15167,7 +17443,7 @@ coprod \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15181,7 +17457,7 @@ coprod - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15192,7 +17468,7 @@ bigodot \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15206,7 +17482,7 @@ bigodot - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15217,7 +17493,7 @@ bigotimes \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15231,7 +17507,7 @@ bigotimes - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15242,7 +17518,7 @@ bigoplus \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15256,7 +17532,7 @@ bigoplus - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15267,7 +17543,7 @@ bigwedge \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15281,7 +17557,7 @@ bigwedge - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15292,7 +17568,7 @@ bigvee \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15306,7 +17582,7 @@ bigvee - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15317,7 +17593,7 @@ bigsqcup \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15331,7 +17607,7 @@ bigsqcup - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15342,7 +17618,7 @@ biguplus \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15368,63 +17644,54 @@ biguplus \begin_layout Standard All big operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/intop.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\intop" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The operators are called big because they are bigger than the sometimes - equal looking binary operators. +The operators are called big because they are bigger than the sometimes equal looking binary operators. All big operators can have limits as described in the next subsection. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The operators -\series bold - -\backslash -intop -\series default - and +For all integral operators there is a second version available, + ending in \series bold - -\backslash -ointop +op \series default - are different from +: + \series bold \backslash -int +intop \series default - and +, + \series bold \backslash -oint +ointop \series default -, resp. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -in the style the operator limits are displayed, see + etc. + These operators differ in the style the operator limits are displayed, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Operator-Limits" +reference "subsec:Operator-Limits" +nolink "false" \end_inset . - \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* -Advices for Integrals +Advice for Integrals \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -15432,19 +17699,17 @@ The letter \emph on d \emph default - in an integral is an operator, that therefore has to be set upright. + in an integral is an operator that has to be set upright. This is done by highlighting the \emph on d \emph default and using the keyboard shortcut -\family sans -Alt-c -\begin_inset space ~ +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-roman" \end_inset -r -\family default \begin_inset Foot status collapsed @@ -15457,7 +17722,8 @@ Font styles see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Font-Styles" +reference "subsec:Font-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -15467,16 +17733,18 @@ reference "sub:Font-Styles" \end_inset . - Finally the smallest space is inserted before the + Also the smallest space is inserted before the \emph on d \emph default -, as this is usual for operators. +, + as this is usual for operators. An example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -incorrect: +incorrect: + \begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$ \end_inset @@ -15485,19 +17753,17 @@ incorrect: \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{in} +in \end_layout \end_inset -correct: +correct: + \begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$ \end_inset @@ -15505,7 +17771,7 @@ correct: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For multiple integrals there are the following commands: +The following commands exist for multiple integrals: \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset @@ -15519,9 +17785,9 @@ For multiple integrals there are the following commands: \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -15537,29 +17803,13 @@ Command \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15570,11 +17820,11 @@ iint \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\iint$ \end_inset @@ -15583,8 +17833,8 @@ iint \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15595,11 +17845,11 @@ oiint \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\oiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\oiint$ \end_inset @@ -15608,8 +17858,8 @@ oiint \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15620,11 +17870,11 @@ sqiint \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\sqiint$ \end_inset @@ -15644,9 +17894,9 @@ sqiint \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -15667,8 +17917,8 @@ Result \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15679,11 +17929,11 @@ iiint \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\iiint$ \end_inset @@ -15692,8 +17942,8 @@ iiint \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15704,11 +17954,11 @@ iiiint \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\iiiint$ \end_inset @@ -15717,8 +17967,8 @@ iiiint \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15729,11 +17979,11 @@ dotsint \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\dotsint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\dotsint$ \end_inset @@ -15757,16 +18007,28 @@ dotsint Operator Limits \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Operator-Limits" +name "subsec:Operator-Limits" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Operators ! Limits +Operators +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Limits +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15782,7 +18044,7 @@ Limits are created by super- and subscripts: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -15800,29 +18062,13 @@ Command \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15831,16 +18077,7 @@ raisebox prod^ \backslash infty -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -15856,11 +18093,11 @@ A(x) \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)$ \end_inset @@ -15877,18 +18114,17 @@ A(x) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Limits of inline formulas are set right beside the operator. - Limits in displayed formulas are set above or below the operator, except - of integral limits. +Limits of inline formulas are set on the right side of the operator. + Limits in displayed formulas are set above or below the operator, + except for integral limits. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To force that the limits are set beside the operator, the cursor is set - directly behind the operator and the limits type is changed with the menu - +To force the limits to be set beside the operator, + the cursor is placed directly behind the operator and the limits type is changed with the menu \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator Change Limits Type \family default to @@ -15898,57 +18134,68 @@ Inline \family default \series default (shortcut -\family sans -Alt-m -\begin_inset space ~ +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-limits" \end_inset -l -\family default ). An example: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The default limits type is this: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\] +The default displayed formulas limits type is this: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}} +\] \end_inset -This is how it looks when the limits type was changed to +This is how it looks when the limits type is changed to \family sans \series bold Inline \family default \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\sum\nolimits_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}} +\] \end_inset -For integrals, except of +For integrals, + except those ending with +\series bold +op +\series default + like \series bold \backslash intop \series default - and +, + \series bold \backslash ointop \series default -, the limits are by default set beside the operator. + etc., + the limits by default are set beside the operator. But for multiple integrals the limits are often set below the operator. - In the following example the limits type was therefore set to + In the following example the limits type was set to \series bold Display \series default and so set below the integrals: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\iiint\limits_{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -15959,22 +18206,45 @@ Display \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -To specify conditions for limits, the commands +To specify conditions for limits, + the commands \series bold \backslash subarray \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash subarray \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset and @@ -15984,23 +18254,48 @@ subarray substack \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash substack \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset are used. - To create for example this expression -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} + To create this expression +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} \sum_{\begin{subarray}{c} 0 - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\backslash +adjustlimits +\series default -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Command -\begin_inset Note Note +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A \end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result + +\backslash +adjustlimits \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -+ + \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $+$ + directly before the first operator. + The example will then look like this: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\text{a)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\adjustlimits\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n} +\] + \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -- -\end_layout +How to use one limit for several operators is described in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Self-defined-Operators" +nolink "false" \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Decoration for Operators +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $-$ +Operators +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Decoration +\end_layout + \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -pm \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Standard +With the commands +\series bold -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\pm$ -\end_inset +\backslash +overset +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout +O \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -mp +overset \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mp$ -\end_inset \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout + and +\series bold \backslash -cdot -\end_layout +underset +\series default -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ -\end_inset - +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout +U \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -times +underset \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + characters can be placed above or below an operator respectively. + With the command +\series bold + +\backslash +sideset +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +sideset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + characters can be set before and behind a big operator. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are 4 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +variants of +\series bold + +\backslash +sideset +\series default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold + +\backslash +sideset +\series default + is used to set characters at the corners of the operator +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold + +\backslash +sidesetn +\series default + is used to set characters before and/or behind the operator (this variant represents \SpecialChar LaTeX +'s original +\series bold + +\backslash +sideset +\series default + command) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold + +\backslash +sidesetl +\series default + is used to set characters at the left corners and/or behind the operator +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold + +\backslash +sidesetr +\series default + is used to set characters at the right corners and/or before the operator +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For example the command +\series bold + +\backslash +sidesetn +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\backslash +sum +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +' +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +_k=1 +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\series default +^ +\series bold +n +\series default + produces: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: + +\backslash +sideset +\series default + can only be used to decorate big operators, + binary operators are not allowed. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +overset +\series default + and +\series bold + +\backslash +underset +\series default + can also be used to decorate symbols and characters. + For example, + the command +\series bold + +\backslash +overset +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\backslash +maltese +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ +\end_inset + + +\series bold +a +\series default + produces: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\overset{a}{\maltese} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Binary Operators +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "subsec:Binary-Operators" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Operators +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +binary +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Binary operators are surrounded by space when there is a character before and after them. +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + is only used as spacer. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout ++ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $+$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $-$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +pm +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\pm$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +mp +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mp$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +cdot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +times +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\times$ \end_inset @@ -16523,7 +19288,7 @@ times - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16534,7 +19299,7 @@ div \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16548,7 +19313,7 @@ div - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16580,7 +19345,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16594,7 +19359,7 @@ status collapsed - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16605,7 +19370,7 @@ star \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16619,7 +19384,7 @@ star - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16630,7 +19395,7 @@ circ \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16644,7 +19409,7 @@ circ - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16655,7 +19420,7 @@ diamond \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16669,7 +19434,7 @@ diamond - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16680,7 +19445,7 @@ bullet \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16704,7 +19469,7 @@ bullet \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -16728,7 +19493,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16739,7 +19504,7 @@ nabla \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16753,7 +19518,7 @@ nabla - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16764,7 +19529,7 @@ bigtriangledown \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16778,7 +19543,7 @@ bigtriangledown - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16789,7 +19554,7 @@ bigtriangleup \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16803,7 +19568,7 @@ bigtriangleup - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16814,7 +19579,7 @@ Box \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16828,7 +19593,7 @@ Box - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16839,7 +19604,7 @@ cap \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16853,7 +19618,7 @@ cap - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16864,7 +19629,7 @@ cup \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16878,7 +19643,7 @@ cup - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16889,7 +19654,7 @@ dagger \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16903,7 +19668,7 @@ dagger - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16914,7 +19679,7 @@ ddagger \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16928,7 +19693,7 @@ ddagger - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16939,7 +19704,7 @@ wr \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16953,7 +19718,7 @@ wr - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16964,7 +19729,7 @@ bigcirc \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16978,7 +19743,7 @@ bigcirc - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16989,7 +19754,7 @@ wedge \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17003,7 +19768,7 @@ wedge - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17014,7 +19779,7 @@ vee \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17038,7 +19803,7 @@ vee \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -17062,7 +19827,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17073,7 +19838,7 @@ oplus \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17087,7 +19852,7 @@ oplus - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17098,7 +19863,7 @@ ominus \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17112,7 +19877,7 @@ ominus - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17123,7 +19888,7 @@ otimes \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17137,7 +19902,7 @@ otimes - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17148,7 +19913,7 @@ oslash \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17162,7 +19927,7 @@ oslash - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17173,7 +19938,7 @@ odot \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17187,7 +19952,7 @@ odot - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17198,7 +19963,7 @@ amalg \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17212,7 +19977,7 @@ amalg - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17223,7 +19988,7 @@ uplus \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17237,7 +20002,7 @@ uplus - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17248,7 +20013,7 @@ setminus \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17262,7 +20027,7 @@ setminus - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17273,7 +20038,7 @@ sqcap \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17287,7 +20052,7 @@ sqcap - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17298,7 +20063,7 @@ sqcup \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17312,7 +20077,7 @@ sqcup - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17323,7 +20088,7 @@ triangleleft \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17337,7 +20102,7 @@ triangleleft - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17348,7 +20113,7 @@ triangleright \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17366,25 +20131,21 @@ triangleright \end_inset -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All binary operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/pm.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\pm" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To typeset the Laplace operator also +To typeset the Laplace operator, + \series bold \backslash @@ -17404,13 +20165,13 @@ nabla \begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$ \end_inset -) can be used instead of +) can also be used instead of \series bold \backslash bigtriangleup \series default - . +. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -17420,7 +20181,7 @@ Menu Separator \family default from the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Special Character \family default is the operator @@ -17436,16 +20197,28 @@ triangleright Self-defined Operators \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Self-defined-Operators" +name "subsec:Self-defined-Operators" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Operators ! self-defined +Operators +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +self-defined +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -17461,20 +20234,53 @@ With the help of the command DeclareMathOperator \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! D ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -dbinom@ +dbinom +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \backslash DeclareMathOperator \end_layout \end_inset - custom operators can be defined in the LaTeX-preamble. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, + custom operators can be defined in the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble. Its command scheme is: \end_layout @@ -17487,13 +20293,13 @@ DeclareMathOperator{new command}{display} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Display can be characters or symbols that define how the operator looks - in the output. +Display can be characters or symbols that define how the operator looks in the output. To define a big operator a * is set behind the command. All self-defined big operators can have limits as described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Operator-Limits" +reference "subsec:Operator-Limits" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -17501,7 +20307,8 @@ reference "sub:Operator-Limits" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For example the LaTeX-preamble line +For example the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -17523,20 +20330,25 @@ defines the command \backslash Lozenge \series default -, that inserts a big operator consisting of the lozenge symbol from +, + that inserts a big operator consisting of the black lozenge symbol from \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols" +reference "subsec:Miscellaneous-Symbols" +nolink "false" \end_inset : -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty} +\] \end_inset -The command for this formula is: +The command for this formula is: + \series bold \backslash @@ -17565,15 +20377,37 @@ When self-defined operators are not used several times in the document, mathop \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +M +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash mathop \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset and @@ -17583,18 +20417,41 @@ mathop mathbin \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +M +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash mathbin \end_layout \end_inset -, which have the following scheme: + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, + which have the following scheme: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -17618,7 +20475,8 @@ mathbin{display} \backslash mathop \series default - defines big operators, + defines big operators, + \series bold \backslash @@ -17634,20 +20492,14 @@ mathbin \backslash mathop \series default - can e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -be used to use one limit for several operators: + can be used to use one limit for several operators: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N} +\] \end_inset @@ -17672,16 +20524,7 @@ negmedspace sum \series default -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -17693,16 +20536,7 @@ spce ^N \series default -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -17712,7 +20546,9 @@ _i,j=1 \begin_layout Section Fonts -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17728,16 +20564,23 @@ Fonts Font Styles \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Font-Styles" +name "subsec:Font-Styles" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Font ! style +Font +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +style \end_layout \end_inset @@ -17745,22 +20588,23 @@ Font ! style \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles: -\begin_inset VSpace -2mm \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles: +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - - + + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -17771,7 +20615,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17780,18 +20624,18 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -shortcut +Shortcut \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17800,16 +20644,7 @@ shortcut mathbb \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -17819,7 +20654,7 @@ ABC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17831,18 +20666,18 @@ ABC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Alt-c c +- \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17851,16 +20686,7 @@ Alt-c c mathbf \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -17870,7 +20696,7 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17882,18 +20708,23 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -- +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-bold" +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17902,16 +20733,7 @@ AbC boldsymbol \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -17921,7 +20743,7 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17933,18 +20755,23 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Alt-c b +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-boldsymbol" +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17953,16 +20780,7 @@ Alt-c b mathcal \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -17972,7 +20790,7 @@ ABC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17984,18 +20802,18 @@ ABC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Alt-c e +- \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18004,16 +20822,7 @@ Alt-c e mathfrak \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18023,7 +20832,7 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18035,7 +20844,7 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18055,11 +20864,11 @@ AbC \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - - - + + + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -18070,7 +20879,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18079,18 +20888,18 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -shortcut +Shortcut \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18099,16 +20908,7 @@ shortcut mathit \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18118,7 +20918,7 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18130,7 +20930,7 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18141,7 +20941,7 @@ AbC - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18150,16 +20950,7 @@ AbC mathrm \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18169,7 +20960,7 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18181,18 +20972,23 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Alt-c r +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-roman" +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18201,16 +20997,7 @@ Alt-c r mathsf \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18220,7 +21007,7 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18232,18 +21019,23 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Alt-c s +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-sans" +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18252,30 +21044,68 @@ Alt-c s mathtt \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\series default +AbC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-typewriter" +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +mathscr +\series bold + +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \series default -AbC +ABC \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{ABC}$ \end_inset @@ -18283,11 +21113,11 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Alt-c p +- \end_layout \end_inset @@ -18308,6 +21138,7 @@ status open \series bold Note: + \series default The styles \series bold @@ -18315,11 +21146,18 @@ Note: \backslash mathbb \series default - and +, + \series bold \backslash mathcal +\series default + and +\series bold + +\backslash +mathscr \series default can only be used for big letters. \end_layout @@ -18330,19 +21168,21 @@ mathcal \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Predefined is the style +The style \series bold \backslash mathnormal \series default -. + is predefined. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The style commands work also for letters in mathematical constructs: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}\] +The style commands also work for letters in mathematical constructs: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}} +\] \end_inset @@ -18350,24 +21190,25 @@ The style commands work also for letters in mathematical constructs: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Characters in mathematical text don't appear in a math font style but in - the text font style +Characters in mathematical text don't appear in a math font style but in the text font style \series bold \backslash textrm \series default . - That their style can't be set correctly via the text style dialog is a - bug in LyX. + Note that their style can't be set correctly via the text style dialog. + This is a known bug in \SpecialChar LyX +. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #4091" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4091" +name "LyX-bug #4629" +target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4629" +literal "false" \end_inset @@ -18380,17 +21221,19 @@ target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4091" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Instead of the style commands the dialog +Instead of the style commands, + \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator Text Style \family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/font.png - scale 85 - + dialog, + or the toolbar button, + +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\font" \end_inset can be used. @@ -18400,16 +21243,28 @@ Text Style Bold Formulas \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Bold-Formulas" +name "subsec:Bold-Formulas" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! bold +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +bold +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -18418,21 +21273,23 @@ Formula ! bold \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To make a complete formula bold, the command +To make a complete formula bold, + the command \series bold \backslash mathbf \series default - from the previous subsection cannot be used, because it doesn't work for - small Greek letters. - Furthermore it prints Latin letters always upright, like in the following - equation: + from the previous subsection cannot be used because it doesn't work for small Greek letters. + Additionally it always prints Latin letters upright, + as in the following equation: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf} +\] \end_inset @@ -18440,15 +21297,18 @@ mathbf \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To display the formula correctly, the command +To display the formula correctly, + the command \series bold \backslash boldsymbol \series default is used: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}} +\] \end_inset @@ -18462,11 +21322,30 @@ boldmath environment \backslash boldmath -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! B ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash boldmath \end_layout @@ -18474,18 +21353,42 @@ boldmath \end_inset -\series default - in TeX-mode. - To end the environment, the command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. + To end the environment, + the command \series bold \backslash unboldmath -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! U ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +U +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash unboldmath \end_layout @@ -18493,8 +21396,12 @@ unboldmath \end_inset -\series default - is inserted in TeX-mode. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -18508,8 +21415,10 @@ boldmath \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment} +\] \end_inset @@ -18527,22 +21436,202 @@ unboldmath \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Colored Formulas +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +colored +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Formulas can be colored like normal text: + Highlight a formula or a formula part and use the +\family sans +Text Style +\family default + dialog. + Here is a formula in magenta: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +{\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You can also define your own colors as described in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Colored-Boxes" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. + They can be used with the \SpecialChar TeX + code command +\series bold + +\backslash +textcolor +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +textcolor +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + in the scheme +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +textcolor{color}{characters or formula} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The following example was colored completely dark green and partly red: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +textcolor{darkgreen}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX + only complete formulas can be colored with self-defined colors. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "LyX-bug #5269" +target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/5269" +literal "false" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Font Sizes \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Font-Sizes" +name "subsec:Font-Sizes" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Font ! size +Font +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +size +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -18551,8 +21640,8 @@ Font ! size \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For characters in formulas there are, analog to characters in text, the - following size commands: +As with characters in text, + the following size commands are available for formula characters: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -18562,37 +21651,43 @@ For characters in formulas there are, analog to characters in text, the \backslash Huge \series default -, +, + \series bold \backslash huge \series default -, +, + \series bold \backslash LARGE \series default -, +, + \series bold \backslash Large \series default -, +, + \series bold \backslash large \series default -, +, + \series bold \backslash normalsize \series default -, +, + \series bold \backslash @@ -18608,13 +21703,14 @@ small \backslash footnotesize \series default -, +, + \series bold \backslash scriptsize \series default -, and + and \series bold \backslash @@ -18622,27 +21718,28 @@ tiny \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The size produced by the commands depends on the document font size, that - corresponds with the command +The font size produced by the commands depends on the document's original font size, + which corresponds to the command \series bold \backslash normalsize \series default . - The other commands produce smaller or larger sizes than + The other commands produce character sizes smaller or larger than \series bold \backslash normalsize \series default . - The font size can however not exceed a certain value. - Is for example the document font size 12 + There are however limits to how small or large the font size can be changed. + If for example the document font size is 12 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -pt, the command +pt, + the command \series bold \backslash @@ -18655,110 +21752,221 @@ Huge huge \series default . - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -A size command is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula and sets the size - for all following formula and text characters. - To switch back to the initial size, the command +A size command is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode before a formula and sets the size for all of the following formulas and text characters. + To switch back to the initial size, + the command \series bold \backslash normalsize \series default - is inserted behind the formula in TeX-mode. + is inserted behind the formula, + again in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Within a formula the size can only be changed for symbols or letters in - mathematical text. - To do this, the size command is inserted in mathematical text. - All following characters until the end of the mathematical text or until - another size command will have the selected size. - Two examples: -\begin_inset VSpace -2mm +Size can also be changed within a formula using the following size commands or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\style" \end_inset - +: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -huge +displaystyle +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +D \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese\] +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +displaystyle +\end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}\] +\end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$ +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -normalsize +textstyle \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$ +\end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Before both formulas the command -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -huge -\series default - was inserted. - The command for the second formula is: -\begin_inset Newline newline +scriptstyle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$ \end_inset -\series bold +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -maltese -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +scriptscriptstyle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$ +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset + + + -A Alt-m m -\backslash -Large +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +After entering these commands, + a blue box appears in which the formula parts are inserted. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There is another method for changing the font size, + although it only works for symbols or letters in mathematical text. + To use it, + one of the above text size commands is inserted into mathematical text. + All characters until the end of the mathematical text or until another size command will have the selected size. + Two examples: +\begin_inset VSpace -2mm +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -18766,14 +21974,28 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +huge \end_layout \end_inset -\backslash -maltese +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese +\] + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\maltese A\textrm{{\Large \maltese\textit{A}}}\textrm{{\tiny \maltese\textit{A}}} +\] + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -18781,24 +22003,50 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +normalsize \end_layout \end_inset +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +Before the first formula the command +\series bold + \backslash -textit -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +huge +\series default + was inserted. + The command for the second formula is: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold \backslash -spce -\end_layout +maltese +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset +A Alt+M M +\backslash +Large +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\backslash +maltese +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\backslash +textit +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -18818,66 +22066,41 @@ A \length 1cm \end_inset -Alt-m +Alt+M \series default \series bold -m +M \backslash tiny -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash maltese -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash textit -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes, it will always be displayed - in the default size. +If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes, + it will always be displayed in the default size. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Greek Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18890,30 +22113,38 @@ Greek letters \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -All Greek letters can also be inserted via the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/alpha.png - scale 85 - +Greek letters can be inserted via the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\alpha" \end_inset -. + as well as by command. + All international typesetting norms purport that Greek letters in math have to be typeset italic/slanted. + In some languages, + like French or Russian, + they are nevertheless sometimes typeset upright. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Small Letters -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Small-Letters" +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Greek letters +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout +small +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Greek letters ! small \end_layout \end_inset @@ -18928,7 +22159,7 @@ Greek letters ! small \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -18952,7 +22183,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18963,7 +22194,7 @@ alpha \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18977,7 +22208,7 @@ alpha - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18988,7 +22219,7 @@ beta \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19002,7 +22233,7 @@ beta - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19013,7 +22244,7 @@ gamma \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19027,7 +22258,7 @@ gamma - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19038,7 +22269,7 @@ delta \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19052,7 +22283,7 @@ delta - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19063,7 +22294,7 @@ epsilon \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19077,7 +22308,7 @@ epsilon - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19088,7 +22319,7 @@ varepsilon \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19102,7 +22333,7 @@ varepsilon - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19113,7 +22344,7 @@ zeta \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19127,7 +22358,7 @@ zeta - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19138,7 +22369,7 @@ eta \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19152,7 +22383,7 @@ eta - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19163,7 +22394,7 @@ theta \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19177,7 +22408,7 @@ theta - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19188,7 +22419,7 @@ vartheta \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19212,7 +22443,7 @@ vartheta \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -19236,7 +22467,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19247,7 +22478,7 @@ iota \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19261,7 +22492,7 @@ iota - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19272,7 +22503,7 @@ kappa \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19286,7 +22517,7 @@ kappa - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19297,7 +22528,7 @@ varkappa \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19311,7 +22542,7 @@ varkappa - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19322,7 +22553,7 @@ lambda \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19336,7 +22567,7 @@ lambda - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19347,7 +22578,7 @@ mu \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19361,7 +22592,7 @@ mu - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19372,7 +22603,7 @@ nu \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19386,7 +22617,7 @@ nu - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19397,7 +22628,7 @@ xi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19411,7 +22642,7 @@ xi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19420,7 +22651,7 @@ o \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19434,7 +22665,7 @@ o - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19445,7 +22676,7 @@ pi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19459,7 +22690,7 @@ pi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19470,7 +22701,7 @@ varpi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19484,7 +22715,7 @@ varpi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19495,7 +22726,7 @@ rho \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19519,7 +22750,7 @@ rho \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -19543,7 +22774,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19554,7 +22785,7 @@ varrho \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19568,7 +22799,7 @@ varrho - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19579,7 +22810,7 @@ sigma \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19593,7 +22824,7 @@ sigma - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19604,7 +22835,7 @@ varsigma \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19618,7 +22849,7 @@ varsigma - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19629,7 +22860,7 @@ tau \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19643,7 +22874,7 @@ tau - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19654,7 +22885,7 @@ upsilon \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19668,7 +22899,7 @@ upsilon - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19679,7 +22910,7 @@ phi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19693,7 +22924,7 @@ phi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19704,7 +22935,7 @@ varphi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19718,7 +22949,7 @@ varphi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19729,7 +22960,7 @@ chi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19743,7 +22974,7 @@ chi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19754,7 +22985,7 @@ psi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19768,7 +22999,7 @@ psi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19779,7 +23010,7 @@ omega \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19811,10 +23042,11 @@ omega \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -How to create upright Greek letters is explained in +Creating upright Greek letters is explained in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Upright-small-Greek" +reference "subsec:Upright-small-Greek" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -19823,11 +23055,23 @@ reference "sub:Upright-small-Greek" \begin_layout Subsection Big Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Greek letters ! big +Greek letters +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +big +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -19842,7 +23086,7 @@ Greek letters ! big \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -19866,7 +23110,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19877,7 +23121,7 @@ Gamma \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19891,7 +23135,7 @@ Gamma - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19902,7 +23146,7 @@ Delta \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19916,7 +23160,7 @@ Delta - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19927,7 +23171,7 @@ Theta \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19941,7 +23185,7 @@ Theta - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19952,7 +23196,7 @@ Lambda \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19966,7 +23210,7 @@ Lambda - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19977,7 +23221,7 @@ Xi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19991,7 +23235,7 @@ Xi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20002,7 +23246,7 @@ Pi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20026,7 +23270,7 @@ Pi \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -20050,7 +23294,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20061,7 +23305,7 @@ Sigma \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20075,7 +23319,7 @@ Sigma - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20086,7 +23330,7 @@ Upsilon \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20100,7 +23344,7 @@ Upsilon - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20111,7 +23355,7 @@ Phi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20125,7 +23369,7 @@ Phi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20136,7 +23380,7 @@ Psi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20150,7 +23394,7 @@ Psi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20161,7 +23405,7 @@ Omega \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20189,9 +23433,10 @@ Omega \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -That the big Greek letters appear upright is caused by a design bug when - TeX was developed. - To get correct italic big letters, begin every command with +The big Greek letters appearing upright is caused by a design bug in \SpecialChar TeX +. + To create correct italic big letters, + begin every command with \series bold var \series default @@ -20202,20 +23447,113 @@ var \backslash varGamma \series default - produces: + produces \begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$ \end_inset +. + Another way is to load the package +\series bold +fixmath +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +fixmath +\series default + is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package +\series bold +was +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +was +\end_layout + +\end_inset + \end_layout +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +fixmath +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + with the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{fixmath} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Then all big Greek letters in a document will automatically be typeset italic. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection Bold Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Greek letters ! bold +Greek letters +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +bold +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -20232,17 +23570,39 @@ Greek letters cannot be set with different font styles like Latin letters. boldsymbol \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! B ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash boldsymbol \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + . \end_layout @@ -20250,9 +23610,9 @@ boldsymbol \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -20274,7 +23634,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20289,7 +23649,7 @@ Upsilon \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20303,7 +23663,7 @@ Upsilon - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20318,7 +23678,7 @@ theta \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20357,10 +23717,12 @@ texorpdfstring{ status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -A list with all symbols of most of the LaTeX-packages can be found in +A list with all symbols of most of the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-packages can be found in \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite -key "Symbole" +key "Symbols" +literal "true" \end_inset @@ -20396,7 +23758,8 @@ More about texorpdfstring is in section \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" +reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -20406,7 +23769,9 @@ reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20419,19 +23784,16 @@ Symbols \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the - toolbar buttons -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/nabla.png - scale 85 - +Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the toolbar buttons +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\nabla" \end_inset and -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/digamma.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\digamma" \end_inset . @@ -20441,16 +23803,23 @@ Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the Mathematical Symbols \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Mathematical-Symbols" +name "subsec:Mathematical-Symbols" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Symbols ! mathematical +Symbols +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mathematical \end_layout \end_inset @@ -20458,14 +23827,15 @@ Symbols ! mathematical \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset space \hfill{} \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -20482,14 +23852,14 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Symbol \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20500,7 +23870,7 @@ neg \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20514,7 +23884,7 @@ neg - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20525,7 +23895,7 @@ Im \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20539,7 +23909,7 @@ Im - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20550,7 +23920,7 @@ Re \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20564,7 +23934,7 @@ Re - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20575,7 +23945,7 @@ aleph \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20589,7 +23959,7 @@ aleph - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20600,7 +23970,7 @@ partial \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20614,7 +23984,7 @@ partial - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20625,7 +23995,7 @@ infty \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20639,7 +24009,7 @@ infty - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20650,7 +24020,7 @@ wp \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20664,7 +24034,7 @@ wp - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20675,7 +24045,7 @@ imath \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20724,7 +24094,7 @@ jmath \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -20741,7 +24111,7 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Symbol \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed @@ -20764,7 +24134,7 @@ raisebox - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20775,7 +24145,7 @@ forall \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20789,7 +24159,7 @@ forall - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20800,7 +24170,7 @@ exists \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20814,7 +24184,7 @@ exists - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20825,7 +24195,7 @@ nexists \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20839,7 +24209,7 @@ nexists - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20850,7 +24220,7 @@ emptyset \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20864,7 +24234,7 @@ emptyset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20875,7 +24245,7 @@ varnothing \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20889,7 +24259,7 @@ varnothing - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20900,7 +24270,7 @@ dag \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20914,7 +24284,7 @@ dag - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20925,7 +24295,7 @@ ddag \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20939,7 +24309,7 @@ ddag - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20950,7 +24320,7 @@ complement \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21023,7 +24393,7 @@ Bbbk \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -21040,14 +24410,14 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Symbol \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21058,7 +24428,7 @@ prime \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21072,7 +24442,7 @@ prime - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21083,7 +24453,7 @@ backprime \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21097,7 +24467,7 @@ backprime - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21108,7 +24478,7 @@ mho \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21122,7 +24492,7 @@ mho - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21133,7 +24503,7 @@ triangle \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21147,7 +24517,7 @@ triangle - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21158,7 +24528,7 @@ angle \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21172,7 +24542,7 @@ angle - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21183,7 +24553,7 @@ measuredangle \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21197,7 +24567,7 @@ measuredangle - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21208,7 +24578,7 @@ sphericalangle \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21222,7 +24592,7 @@ sphericalangle - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21233,7 +24603,7 @@ top \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21276,33 +24646,34 @@ bot \end_inset -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Miscellaneous Symbols \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols" +name "subsec:Miscellaneous-Symbols" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Symbols ! miscellaneous +Symbols +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +miscellaneous +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -21315,11 +24686,11 @@ Symbols ! miscellaneous \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21332,14 +24703,14 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Symbol \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21350,7 +24721,7 @@ flat \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21364,7 +24735,7 @@ flat - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21375,7 +24746,7 @@ natural \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21389,7 +24760,7 @@ natural - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21400,7 +24771,7 @@ sharp \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21414,7 +24785,7 @@ sharp - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21425,7 +24796,7 @@ surd \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21439,7 +24810,7 @@ surd - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21450,7 +24821,7 @@ checkmark \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21464,7 +24835,7 @@ checkmark - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21475,7 +24846,7 @@ yen \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21489,7 +24860,7 @@ yen - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21500,7 +24871,7 @@ pounds \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21514,7 +24885,7 @@ pounds - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21523,7 +24894,7 @@ $ \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21537,7 +24908,7 @@ $ - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21564,11 +24935,15 @@ $ \end_inset +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -21583,14 +24958,14 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Symbol \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21601,7 +24976,7 @@ hbar \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21615,7 +24990,7 @@ hbar - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21626,7 +25001,7 @@ hslash \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21640,7 +25015,7 @@ hslash - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21651,7 +25026,7 @@ clubsuit \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21665,7 +25040,7 @@ clubsuit - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21676,7 +25051,7 @@ spadesuit \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21690,7 +25065,7 @@ spadesuit - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21701,7 +25076,7 @@ bigstar \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21715,7 +25090,7 @@ bigstar - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21726,7 +25101,7 @@ blacklozenge \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21740,7 +25115,7 @@ blacklozenge - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21751,7 +25126,7 @@ blacktriangle \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21765,7 +25140,7 @@ blacktriangle - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21776,7 +25151,7 @@ blacktiangledown \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21790,7 +25165,7 @@ blacktiangledown - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21801,7 +25176,7 @@ bullet \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21819,9 +25194,13 @@ bullet \end_inset +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -21838,14 +25217,14 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Symbol \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21856,7 +25235,7 @@ diamondsuit \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21870,7 +25249,7 @@ diamondsuit - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21881,7 +25260,7 @@ Diamond \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21895,7 +25274,7 @@ Diamond - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21906,7 +25285,7 @@ heartsuit \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21920,7 +25299,7 @@ heartsuit - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21931,7 +25310,7 @@ P \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21945,7 +25324,7 @@ P - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21956,7 +25335,7 @@ copyright \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21970,7 +25349,7 @@ copyright - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21981,7 +25360,7 @@ circledR \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21995,7 +25374,7 @@ circledR - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22006,7 +25385,7 @@ maltese \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22020,7 +25399,7 @@ maltese - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22031,7 +25410,7 @@ diagup \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22080,21 +25459,16 @@ diagdown \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -More symbols are listed in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Miscellaneous-special-Characters" - -\end_inset -. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Some symbols can be displayed in different sizes, see +Some symbols can be displayed in different sizes, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Font-Sizes" +reference "subsec:Font-Sizes" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -22103,23 +25477,46 @@ reference "sub:Font-Sizes" \begin_layout Subsection The Euro-Symbol € -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Symbols ! Euro-symbol +Symbols +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Euro-symbol \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey +status open + \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -@ + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -22141,21 +25538,36 @@ officialeuro \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To use the Euro symbol in formulas, the LaTeX-package +To use the Euro symbol in formulas, + the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold eurosym \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! eurosym +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +eurosym \end_layout \end_inset - must be installed and loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + must be installed and loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -22174,23 +25586,45 @@ The Euro symbol can now be inserted with the command euro \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! E ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +E +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash euro \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The Euro symbol can directly be inserted with the € key in mathematical - text, without having +The Euro symbol can directly be inserted with the € key in mathematical text, + without having \series bold eurosym \series default @@ -22199,13 +25633,15 @@ eurosym \series bold eurosym \series default - is installed, + is installed, + \series bold \backslash euro \series default - can also be inserted in TeX-mode. + can also be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. The official currency symbol can then be inserted with the command \series bold @@ -22213,18 +25649,42 @@ euro officialeuro \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! O ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +O +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash officialeuro \end_layout \end_inset -, that is only available in TeX-mode. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, + which is also only available in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -22245,7 +25705,8 @@ ifeurosym status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package +The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold eurosym \series default @@ -22265,21 +25726,33 @@ An overview about the different Euro symbols: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +cmidrule[0.08em]{2-3} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22288,18 +25761,18 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Symbol \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22308,7 +25781,7 @@ formula \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22319,7 +25792,7 @@ euro \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22333,7 +25806,7 @@ euro - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22342,7 +25815,7 @@ mathematical text \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22351,7 +25824,7 @@ mathematical text \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22365,16 +25838,17 @@ mathematical text - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -TeX-mode +\SpecialChar TeX + mode \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22385,7 +25859,7 @@ officialeuro \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22412,6 +25886,32 @@ officialeuro \end_inset +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +cmidrule +\series default + is used here only for table borders. + See sec. + +\family sans +Formal Tables +\family default + of the +\emph on +EmbeddedObjects +\emph default + manual for details. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -22432,7 +25932,8 @@ else status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package +The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold eurosym \series default @@ -22445,7 +25946,8 @@ eurosym \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You need to install the LaTeX-package +You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold eurosym \series default @@ -22477,7 +25979,9 @@ name "sec:Relations" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22487,28 +25991,18 @@ Relations \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Comparisons|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Comparisons +\begin_inset IndexMacro see +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - Relations -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -22522,24 +26016,19 @@ status collapsed \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -All relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/leq.png - scale 85 - +All of the following relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\leq" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -22556,14 +26045,14 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Relation \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22572,7 +26061,7 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22586,7 +26075,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22597,7 +26086,7 @@ le \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22611,7 +26100,7 @@ le - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22622,7 +26111,7 @@ ll \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22636,7 +26125,7 @@ ll - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22647,7 +26136,7 @@ prec \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22661,7 +26150,7 @@ prec - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22672,7 +26161,7 @@ preceq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22686,7 +26175,7 @@ preceq - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22697,7 +26186,7 @@ subset \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22711,7 +26200,7 @@ subset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22722,7 +26211,7 @@ subseteq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22736,7 +26225,7 @@ subseteq - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22747,7 +26236,7 @@ sqsubseteq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22761,7 +26250,7 @@ sqsubseteq - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22772,7 +26261,7 @@ in \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22786,7 +26275,7 @@ in - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22797,7 +26286,7 @@ vdash \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22811,7 +26300,7 @@ vdash - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22822,7 +26311,7 @@ smile \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22836,7 +26325,7 @@ smile - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22847,7 +26336,7 @@ lhd \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22861,7 +26350,7 @@ lhd - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22872,7 +26361,7 @@ unlhd \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22886,7 +26375,7 @@ unlhd - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22897,7 +26386,7 @@ gtrless \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22911,7 +26400,7 @@ gtrless - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22922,7 +26411,7 @@ mid \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22936,7 +26425,7 @@ mid - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22947,7 +26436,7 @@ nmid \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22971,7 +26460,7 @@ nmid \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -22988,14 +26477,14 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Relation \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23004,7 +26493,7 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23018,7 +26507,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23029,7 +26518,7 @@ not= \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23043,7 +26532,7 @@ not= - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23054,7 +26543,7 @@ equiv \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23068,7 +26557,7 @@ equiv - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23079,7 +26568,7 @@ sim \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23093,7 +26582,7 @@ sim - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23104,7 +26593,7 @@ simeq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23118,7 +26607,7 @@ simeq - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23129,7 +26618,7 @@ approx \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23143,7 +26632,7 @@ approx - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23154,7 +26643,7 @@ cong \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23168,7 +26657,7 @@ cong - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23179,7 +26668,7 @@ bowtie \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23193,7 +26682,7 @@ bowtie - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23204,7 +26693,7 @@ notin \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23218,7 +26707,7 @@ notin - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23229,7 +26718,7 @@ perp \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23243,7 +26732,7 @@ perp - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23254,7 +26743,7 @@ propto \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23268,7 +26757,7 @@ propto - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23279,7 +26768,7 @@ asymp \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23293,7 +26782,7 @@ asymp - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23304,7 +26793,7 @@ doteq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23318,7 +26807,7 @@ doteq - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23329,7 +26818,7 @@ circeq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23343,7 +26832,7 @@ circeq - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23354,7 +26843,7 @@ models \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23368,7 +26857,7 @@ models - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23379,7 +26868,7 @@ widehat= \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23403,7 +26892,7 @@ widehat= \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -23420,14 +26909,14 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Relation \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23436,7 +26925,7 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23450,7 +26939,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23461,7 +26950,7 @@ ge \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23475,7 +26964,7 @@ ge - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23486,7 +26975,7 @@ gg \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23500,7 +26989,7 @@ gg - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23511,7 +27000,7 @@ succ \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23525,7 +27014,7 @@ succ - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23536,7 +27025,7 @@ succeq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23550,7 +27039,7 @@ succeq - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23561,7 +27050,7 @@ supset \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23575,7 +27064,7 @@ supset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23586,7 +27075,7 @@ supseteq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23600,7 +27089,7 @@ supseteq - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23611,7 +27100,7 @@ sqsupseteq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23625,7 +27114,7 @@ sqsupseteq - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23636,7 +27125,7 @@ ni \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23650,7 +27139,7 @@ ni - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23661,7 +27150,7 @@ dashv \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23675,7 +27164,7 @@ dashv - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23686,7 +27175,7 @@ frown \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23700,7 +27189,7 @@ frown - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23711,7 +27200,7 @@ rhd \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23725,7 +27214,7 @@ rhd - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23736,7 +27225,7 @@ unrhd \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23750,7 +27239,7 @@ unrhd - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23761,7 +27250,7 @@ lessgtr \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23775,7 +27264,7 @@ lessgtr - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23786,7 +27275,7 @@ parallel \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23800,7 +27289,7 @@ parallel - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23811,7 +27300,7 @@ nparallel \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -23829,10 +27318,6 @@ nparallel \end_inset -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -23863,11 +27348,25 @@ triangleleft \backslash triangleright \series default -, respectively. +, + respectively. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\SpecialChar LyX + supports also many special relations. + Use the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\leqq" +\end_inset + + to see a list of these relations. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Relations are, in contrary to symbols, always surrounded by space. +Contrary to symbols, + relations are always surrounded by space. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -23878,17 +27377,39 @@ Relations with labels can be created with the command stackrel \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash stackrel \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + : \end_layout @@ -23896,9 +27417,9 @@ stackrel \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -23914,45 +27435,20 @@ Command \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout A(r) \backslash stackrel -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset r @@ -23960,16 +27456,7 @@ r to \backslash infty -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -23979,29 +27466,11 @@ spce \backslash approx -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B @@ -24009,11 +27478,11 @@ B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$ +\begin_inset Formula $A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$ \end_inset @@ -24037,16 +27506,28 @@ Functions Predefined Functions \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Predefined-Functions" +name "subsec:Predefined-Functions" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Functions ! predefined +Functions +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +predefined +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -24055,11 +27536,14 @@ Functions ! predefined \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In general, variables are set +In general, + variables are set \emph on italic \emph default - in mathematical expressions, but not function names, because + in mathematical expressions, + but not function names, + because \begin_inset Formula $sin$ \end_inset @@ -24068,22 +27552,19 @@ italic \end_inset . - Therefore there are predefined functions, that are additionally a bit separated - from prefactors. + Also predefined functions are separated a bit from the character in front of them. They are inserted as commands starting with a backslash before their name. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - - + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24092,7 +27573,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24101,48 +27582,66 @@ Result \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Command +Asin(x)+B \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +\begin_inset Formula $Asin(x)+B$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \quad{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Asin(x)+B +Command \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $Asin(x)+B$ -\end_inset - - +Result \end_layout \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24153,7 +27652,7 @@ sin(x)+B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24171,10 +27670,6 @@ sin(x)+B \end_inset -\begin_inset Newpage pagebreak -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -24192,7 +27687,7 @@ The following functions are predefined: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -24236,7 +27731,7 @@ Command - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24247,7 +27742,7 @@ sin \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24258,7 +27753,7 @@ sinh \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24269,7 +27764,7 @@ arcsin \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24282,7 +27777,7 @@ sup - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24293,7 +27788,7 @@ cos \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24304,7 +27799,7 @@ cosh \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24315,7 +27810,7 @@ arccos \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24328,7 +27823,7 @@ inf - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24339,7 +27834,7 @@ tan \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24350,7 +27845,7 @@ tanh \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24361,7 +27856,7 @@ arctan \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24374,7 +27869,7 @@ lim - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24385,7 +27880,7 @@ cot \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24396,7 +27891,7 @@ coth \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24407,7 +27902,7 @@ arg \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24420,7 +27915,7 @@ liminf - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24431,7 +27926,7 @@ sec \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24442,7 +27937,7 @@ min \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24453,7 +27948,7 @@ deg \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24466,7 +27961,7 @@ limsup - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24477,7 +27972,7 @@ csc \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24488,7 +27983,7 @@ max \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24499,7 +27994,7 @@ det \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24512,7 +28007,7 @@ Pr - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24523,7 +28018,7 @@ ln \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24534,7 +28029,7 @@ exp \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24545,7 +28040,7 @@ dim \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24558,7 +28053,7 @@ hom - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24569,7 +28064,7 @@ lg \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24580,7 +28075,7 @@ log \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24591,7 +28086,7 @@ ker \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24612,10 +28107,9 @@ gcd \begin_layout Standard They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/functions.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\functions" \end_inset . @@ -24623,11 +28117,23 @@ They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button \begin_layout Subsection Self-defined Functions -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Functions ! self-defined +Functions +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +self-defined +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -24636,12 +28142,14 @@ Functions ! self-defined \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To use a function that is not predefined, like for example the sign function - sgn(x), there are two possibilities: +To use a function that is not predefined, + for instance the sign function sgn(x), + there are two possibilities: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Define the function by inserting the following line to the LaTeX-preamble +Define the function by inserting the following line in the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble \begin_inset Foot status collapsed @@ -24655,7 +28163,8 @@ DeclareMathOperator see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Self-defined-Operators" +reference "subsec:Self-defined-Operators" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -24685,13 +28194,39 @@ DeclareMathOperator{ sgn}{sgn} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! D ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +D +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -dbinom@ +dbinom +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \backslash DeclareMathOperator \end_layout @@ -24699,6 +28234,11 @@ DeclareMathOperator \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset @@ -24710,7 +28250,7 @@ DeclareMathOperator \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Now the new defined function can be called with the command +Now the newly defined function can be called with the command \series bold \backslash @@ -24720,13 +28260,16 @@ sgn \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Write the the formula as usual, mark the formula name, in our example the - letters +Write the formula as usual, + mark the formula name, + in our example the letters \emph on sgn \emph default -, and change it to mathematical text. - At last a space is inserted between prefactor and function. +, + and change it to mathematical text. + Finally, + insert a space between the prefactor and function. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -24735,7 +28278,9 @@ The result is the same with both methods as with a predefined function status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -In LyX self-defined functions are displayed red, predefined ones black. +In \SpecialChar LyX + self-defined functions are displayed red, + predefined ones black. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -24747,7 +28292,7 @@ In LyX self-defined functions are displayed red, predefined ones black. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -24771,7 +28316,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24782,7 +28327,7 @@ sgn(x)+B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24803,7 +28348,7 @@ sgn(x)+B A \backslash , -\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{sgn}}_{\textrm{Alt-m}\,\textrm{m}}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{sgn}}_{\textrm{Alt+M}\,\textrm{M}}$ \end_inset (x)+B @@ -24832,13 +28377,14 @@ A \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function should - be used several times. +The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function will be used several times. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Limits -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24851,25 +28397,49 @@ Limits \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For limits there are defined besides +For limits, + in addition to the commands \series bold \backslash lim \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! L ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +L +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash lim \end_layout \end_inset -, + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, + \series bold \backslash @@ -24881,16 +28451,16 @@ liminf \backslash limsup \series default - furthermore the following functions: + the following functions are defined: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -24906,29 +28476,13 @@ Command \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24939,7 +28493,7 @@ varliminf \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24952,8 +28506,8 @@ varliminf \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24977,8 +28531,8 @@ varlimsup \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25002,8 +28556,8 @@ varprojlim \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25022,10 +28576,6 @@ varinjlim \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset @@ -25050,11 +28600,11 @@ The limit is created by inserting a subscript. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25063,37 +28613,11 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space \hspace{} -\length 1cm -\end_inset - Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -hspace -\series default - and -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - are used here as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset @@ -25109,29 +28633,11 @@ raisebox lim_x \backslash to -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset x=B @@ -25143,7 +28649,7 @@ x=B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\hspace{1cm}\raisebox{5mm}{}\lim_{x\to A}x=B$ +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\to A}x=B$ \end_inset @@ -25160,22 +28666,56 @@ x=B \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula, as usual: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\lim_{x\to A}x=B\] +In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula, + as usual: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\lim_{x\to A}x=B +\] \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +How to adjust the typesetting of the limits see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Operator-Limits" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection Modulo-Functions -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Functions ! modulo- +Functions +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +modulo- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -25184,17 +28724,168 @@ Functions ! modulo- \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The modulo-function is special, because it exists in four variants. +The modulo-function is special, + because it exists in four variants. + The variants in an inline formula are: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The variants in a displayed formula: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} -\underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\ -\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\mod b\\ -\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pmod b\\ -\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\bmod b\\ -\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pod b\end{align*} +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +a +\backslash +mod +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +b +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $a\mod b$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +a +\backslash +pmod +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +b +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $a\pmod b$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +a +\backslash +bmod +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +b +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $a\bmod b$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +a +\backslash +pod +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +b +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $a\pod b$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + \end_inset @@ -25202,13 +28893,27 @@ The variants in a displayed formula: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In an inline formula less space is set before the function names for all - variants. +In a display formula, + more space is set before the function names for all variants but +\series bold + +\backslash +mod. + +\series default + This later version is also the only one that does not take the +\series bold +b +\series default + as argument but acts as a binary operator. + \end_layout \begin_layout Section Special Characters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25218,6 +28923,103 @@ Special characters \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The characters ^ and _ would normally create a superscript and subscript, + respectively. + To get these characters you have to insert them with a leading +\backslash +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +^ +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +_ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\_$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -25225,7 +29027,8 @@ Special Characters in Mathematical Text \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in TeX-mode: +The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in \SpecialChar TeX + mode: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -25235,11 +29038,11 @@ The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in TeX-mode: \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25259,7 +29062,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25270,7 +29073,7 @@ oe \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25284,7 +29087,7 @@ oe - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25295,7 +29098,7 @@ OE \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25309,7 +29112,7 @@ OE - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25320,7 +29123,7 @@ ae \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25334,7 +29137,7 @@ ae - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25345,7 +29148,7 @@ AE \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25359,7 +29162,7 @@ AE - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25370,11 +29173,11 @@ aa \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\aa}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{å}$ \end_inset @@ -25384,49 +29187,22 @@ aa - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash AA -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -@ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -textrm{ -\backslash -AA} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$ \end_inset @@ -25436,7 +29212,7 @@ AA} - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25471,27 +29247,25 @@ i \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -command +Command \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +The space of 0 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset -\series bold - -\backslash -hspace{0mm} -\series default - is used for separation, because otherwise the output will be ¡ and ¿ respective -ly. +mm is used for separation, + because otherwise the output will be ¡ and ¿ respectively. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -25512,7 +29286,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25523,7 +29297,7 @@ o \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25537,7 +29311,7 @@ o - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25548,7 +29322,7 @@ O \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25562,7 +29336,7 @@ O - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25573,7 +29347,7 @@ l \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25587,7 +29361,7 @@ l - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25598,7 +29372,7 @@ L \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25612,7 +29386,7 @@ L - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25622,16 +29396,7 @@ L \end_inset ` -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -25639,7 +29404,7 @@ spce \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25653,7 +29418,7 @@ spce - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25663,16 +29428,7 @@ spce \end_inset ` -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -25680,7 +29436,7 @@ spce \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25694,7 +29450,7 @@ spce - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25731,25 +29487,24 @@ j \begin_layout Standard The characters -\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Å}}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$ \end_inset and -\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Ø}}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ø}$ \end_inset can also be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/digamma.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\digamma" \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -An exception are the commands +The commands \series bold ! \begin_inset space \hspace{} @@ -25767,23 +29522,36 @@ An exception are the commands ` \series default -, because they can be inserted in LyX directly to text. + are exceptions because they can be inserted in \SpecialChar LyX + directly to text. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Accents in Text \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Accents-in-Text" +name "subsec:Accents-in-Text" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Accents ! in text +Accents +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +in text +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -25792,8 +29560,9 @@ Accents ! in text \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -With the following commands all letters can be accented. - The commands must be inserted in TeX-mode. +Any letter can be accented with the following commands. + The commands must be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -25803,11 +29572,11 @@ With the following commands all letters can be accented. \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25827,7 +29596,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25842,7 +29611,7 @@ e \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25865,7 +29634,7 @@ status collapsed - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25876,7 +29645,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25899,23 +29668,14 @@ status collapsed - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -25923,7 +29683,7 @@ e \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25946,7 +29706,7 @@ status collapsed - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25957,7 +29717,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25980,23 +29740,14 @@ status collapsed - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash u -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26004,7 +29755,7 @@ e \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26027,23 +29778,14 @@ u e - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash b -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26051,7 +29793,7 @@ e \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26074,23 +29816,14 @@ b e - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash t -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ee @@ -26131,11 +29864,11 @@ t ee \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26155,23 +29888,14 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash H -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26179,7 +29903,7 @@ e \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26202,7 +29926,7 @@ H e - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26213,7 +29937,7 @@ H e \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26236,14 +29960,16 @@ status collapsed - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash ~e -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26257,7 +29983,7 @@ Tilde \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26280,7 +30006,7 @@ status collapsed - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26291,7 +30017,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26314,23 +30040,14 @@ status collapsed - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash v -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26338,7 +30055,7 @@ e \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26361,23 +30078,14 @@ v e - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash d -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26385,7 +30093,7 @@ e \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26408,23 +30116,14 @@ d e - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash c -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26432,7 +30131,7 @@ e \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26481,21 +30180,13 @@ t \backslash t -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset sz \series default - creates: + creates: + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -26516,16 +30207,17 @@ The accents \series bold ` \series default - , + , + \series bold ' \series default - , and + and \series bold ^ \series default - can in combination with vowels directly be inserted with the keyboard without - using TeX-mode. + can in combination with vowels be directly inserted with the keyboard without using \SpecialChar TeX + mode. The same applies for the tilde \begin_inset Foot status collapsed @@ -26544,11 +30236,13 @@ This only applies for keyboards where the tilde is defined as accent. \emph on a \emph default - , + , + \emph on n \emph default - , or + , + or \emph on o \emph default @@ -26562,49 +30256,55 @@ The commands \backslash b \series default - , + , + \series bold \backslash c \series default - , + , + \series bold \backslash d \series default - , + , + \series bold \backslash H \series default - , + , + \series bold \backslash t \series default - , + , + \series bold \backslash u \series default - , + , + \series bold \backslash v \series default -, and accents inserted directly with the keyboard are also available in - mathematical text. - For the other accents there are special math commands to be used in formulas, + and accents that are inserted directly with the keyboard are also available in mathematical text. + For the other accents there are special math commands used in formulas, see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Accents-for-one" +reference "subsec:Accents-for-one" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -26615,35 +30315,58 @@ reference "sub:Accents-for-one" \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -Furthermore, with the command +With the command \series bold \backslash textcircled \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! T ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash textcircled \end_layout \end_inset - all numbers and letters can be set into a circle, quasi accented with a - circle, similar to the the copyright symbol. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + any number or letter can be set into a circle, + quasi accented with a circle, + similar to the copyright symbol. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -26659,29 +30382,13 @@ Command \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26692,7 +30399,7 @@ textcircled{w} \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26714,8 +30421,8 @@ textcircled{w} \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26734,14 +30441,10 @@ raisebox{-1.5pt}{W}} \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}$ -\end_inset - - \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -26763,10 +30466,6 @@ raisebox{-1.5pt}W} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset @@ -26780,7 +30479,7 @@ raisebox{-1.5pt}W} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -One has to take care that the character fits in the circle. +One has to take care that the character fits into the circle. \series bold @@ -26792,10 +30491,11 @@ Large status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -see +See \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Font-Sizes" +reference "subsec:Font-Sizes" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -26804,7 +30504,7 @@ reference "sub:Font-Sizes" \end_inset - specifies thereby the size of the circle. + specifies the size of the circle. With the help of \series bold @@ -26816,10 +30516,11 @@ raisebox status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -see +See \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Boxes-without-Frame" +reference "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -26832,12 +30533,14 @@ reference "sub:Boxes-without-Frame" \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Minuscule Numbers -\begin_inset Index +Old-style Figures +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Minuscule numbers +Old-style Figures \end_layout \end_inset @@ -26846,275 +30549,101 @@ Minuscule numbers \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Minuscule numbers are created with the command +Old-style figures (also known as old-style numerals) are created with the command \series bold \backslash oldstylenums \series default -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! O ! -\backslash -oldstylenums -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - The command can be used in formulas and in TeX-mode. - The command scheme is: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -oldstylenums{number} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The command -\series bold - -\backslash -oldstylenums{0123456789 -\series default - produces: -\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Miscellaneous special Characters -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Miscellaneous-special-Characters" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Special characters ! miscellaneous -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The following characters can only be inserted to formulas by using commands: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Command -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +O \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - \backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - +oldstylenums \end_layout \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$ -\end_inset \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -_ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\_$ -\end_inset - +. + The command can be used in formulas and in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. + The command scheme is: \end_layout -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_layout Standard +\series bold \backslash -spce +oldstylenums{number} \end_layout -\end_inset - +\begin_layout Standard +The command +\series bold \backslash -circ -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -° -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $^{\circ}$ +oldstylenums{0123456789} +\series default + produces: + +\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$ \end_inset \end_layout -\end_inset - - - +\begin_layout Section +Formula Styles +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sec:Formula-Styles" \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The degree sign ° can nevertheless be directly inserted if the LaTeX-preamble - contains the following line -\begin_inset Foot +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -More about this is described in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Text-Characters-in" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -\backslash -DeclareInputtext{176}{ -\backslash -ifmmode^ -\backslash -circ -\backslash -else -\backslash -textdegree -\backslash -fi} +\begin_layout Plain Layout +styles \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Formula Styles -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:Formula-Styles" - \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! styles \end_layout \end_inset @@ -27128,26 +30657,22 @@ There are two different alignment styles: \begin_deeper \begin_layout Description -Centered is the predefined standard +Centered is the predefined standard. \end_layout \begin_layout Description -Indented for this the option -\series bold -fleqn -\series default - must be inserted in the menu +Indented can be set using the menu \family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar menuseparator Settings \family default under \family sans -Document +Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -Class +Options. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -27155,105 +30680,54 @@ When \series bold Indented \series default - is used, the indentation can be adjusted with the length -\series bold - -\backslash -mathindent -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! -\backslash -mathindent -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - Should the distance be 15 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -mm, the following command line is inserted in the LaTeX-preamble -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -setlength{ -\backslash -mathindent}{15mm} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When no length is specified, the predefined value of 30 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pt will be used. + is used, + the indentation can be adjusted. + The default value depends on the document class. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout Itemize -And two different numbering styles: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Right is the predefined standard -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Left for this the option -\series bold -leqno -\series default - must be inserted in the menu +Two different numbering styles are available in the menu \family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar menuseparator Settings \family default under \family sans -Document +Math \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -Class +Options +\family default +: \end_layout -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Standard +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Right is in most cases the default. +\end_layout -\series bold -fleqn -\series default - and -\series bold -leqno -\series default - can also be used together. - In this case both options are inserted, separated by a comma. +\begin_layout Description +Left \end_layout +\end_deeper \begin_layout Standard The chosen styles are used for all displayed formulas of the document. - When both, centered and indented formulas should be created in a document, + When both, + centered and indented formulas should be created in a document, the style \series bold Centered \series default is used. - The indented formulas are then set in a flalign environment, see + The indented formulas are then set in a flalign environment, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Flalign-Environment" +reference "subsec:Flalign-Environment" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -27269,11 +30743,23 @@ name "sec:Multiline-Formulas" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -27286,47 +30772,53 @@ General \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In LyX multiline formulas are created by pressing -\family sans -\series bold -Ctrl-Return -\family default -\series default +In \SpecialChar LyX +, + multiline formulas are created by pressing +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + inside a formula. This creates either an \series bold -eqnarray environment +align environment \series default that is described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Eqnarray-Environment" +reference "subsec:Standard-align-Environment" +nolink "false" \end_inset - or, when the option + or, + when automatically loading of the package \family sans -Use AMS math package + AMS math \family default - in the document settings is selected, an + is disabled in the document settings, + an \series bold -align environment +eqnarray environment \series default that is described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Standard-align-Environment" +reference "subsec:Eqnarray-Environment" +nolink "false" \end_inset . + The align environment is recommended as it provides a typographically correct output in all cases. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -There are other multiline formula environments that can be created via the - menu +There are other multiline formula environments that can be created via the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Math \family default . @@ -27334,48 +30826,71 @@ Math \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In all multiline formula environments a new line is created by pressing - -\family sans -Ctrl-Return -\family default -. - To add or delete lines, the math toolbar buttons -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png - scale 85 +In all multiline formula environments a new line is created by pressing +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset +. + To add or delete lines, + use the math toolbar buttons +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "tabular-feature append-row" \end_inset or -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "tabular-feature delete-row" \end_inset -, respectively, or the menu + respectively, + or the menu option \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator + Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator Rows & Columns \family default - can be used. +. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Line Separation \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Line-Separation" +name "subsec:Line-Separation" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline ! Line separation +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Line separation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -27384,10 +30899,12 @@ Formula ! multiline ! Line separation \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -There is sometimes not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +Sometimes there is not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\ -4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*} +4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0 +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -27395,9 +30912,10 @@ B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \te \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In LaTeX additional line space is specified as optional argument of the - new line command. - This is not yet possible in LyX +In \SpecialChar LaTeX + additional line space is specified as an optional argument of the new line command. + This is not yet possible in \SpecialChar LyX + \begin_inset Foot status collapsed @@ -27406,7 +30924,8 @@ see \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-bug #1505" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505" +target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505" +literal "false" \end_inset @@ -27415,8 +30934,11 @@ target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505" \end_inset -, therefore the whole formula must be inserted in TeX-mode. - To add in our example space, the command +, + therefore the whole formula must be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. + To add in our example space, + the command \series bold \backslash @@ -27425,9 +30947,10 @@ target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505" [3mm] \series default is inserted at the end of the first line. - One gets: + One gets: + \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27438,8 +30961,7 @@ begin{eqnarray*} \begin_layout Plain Layout -B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & - = & +B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \backslash textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2} \backslash @@ -27481,37 +31003,61 @@ end{eqnarray*} \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -To set the the line separation for all lines in a formula, the length +To set the line separation for all lines in a formula, + the length of \series bold \backslash jot \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! J ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +J +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash jot \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset is changed. - The definition is: -\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{line separation}=\mathrm{6\, pt+\backslash jot}$ + The definition is: + +\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{line separation}=\mathrm{6\,pt+\backslash jot}$ \end_inset . - Predefined for + \series bold \backslash jot \series default - is the value 3 + is predefined as 3 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -27520,7 +31066,8 @@ pt. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -mm additional line separation as in the previous example, the command +mm of additional line separation as in the previous example, + the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -27534,8 +31081,10 @@ jot}{3mm+3pt} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula. - This requires that the LaTeX-package +is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode before the formula. + This requires that the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold calc \series default @@ -27548,22 +31097,36 @@ status collapsed \series bold calc \series default - is part of every LaTeX standard installation. + is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX + standard installation. \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! calc +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +calc +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - was loaded in LaTeX-preamble with the line + was loaded in \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble with the line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -27575,7 +31138,8 @@ usepackage{calc} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -One gets: +One gets: + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -27591,9 +31155,11 @@ jot}{3mm+3pt} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\ -4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*} +4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0 +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -27615,7 +31181,14 @@ jot}{3pt} \end_inset - To get back to the predefined distance, + To get restore +\series bold + +\backslash +jot +\series default + to its original value, + \series bold \backslash @@ -27632,16 +31205,38 @@ pt. Column Separation \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Column-Separation" +name "subsec:Column-Separation" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline ! Column separation +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Column separation +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -27651,10 +31246,9 @@ Formula ! multiline ! Column separation \begin_layout Standard Multiline formulas form a matrix. - A formula in the eqnarray environment is for example a matrix with three - columns. - By changing the column separation in this environment, the space beside - the relation sign can be changed. + A formula in the eqnarray environment for example is a matrix with three columns. + By changing the column separation in this environment, + the space beside the relation sign can be changed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -27665,22 +31259,41 @@ The column separation is specified with the length arraycolsep \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! A ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash arraycolsep \end_layout \end_inset - according to: -\begin_inset Newline newline + +\end_layout + \end_inset -column separation = 2 + according to the formula: + column separation = 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -27694,7 +31307,8 @@ arraycolsep \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Thus, the command +Thus, + the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -27708,13 +31322,15 @@ arraycolsep}{1cm} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -inserted in TeX-mode, sets for all following formulas a column separation - of 2 +inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode, + sets all following formula column separations to 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm. - To get back to the predefined distance, + To return to the predefined distance, + \series bold \backslash @@ -27734,7 +31350,7 @@ A formula with 2 cm column separation: \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27748,9 +31364,11 @@ arraycolsep}{1cm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & B\\ -C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*} +C & \ne & A +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -27760,7 +31378,7 @@ A formula with the predefined column separation for matrices of 10 pt: \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27774,90 +31392,84 @@ arraycolsep}{5pt} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & B\\ -C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*} +C & \ne & A +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Long Formulas -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! long -\end_layout - +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Long formulas can be typeset using these methods: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -When one side of the equation is much shorther than the line width, this - one is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two - lines: -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Long Formulas +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - -\backslash -medskip +\begin_layout Plain Layout +long \end_layout \end_inset - -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} -H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\ - & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:kurzlang}\end{eqnarray} - -\end_inset +\end_layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\end_layout -\backslash -smallskip +\begin_layout Standard +Long formulas can be typeset using these methods: \end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Itemize +If one side of an equation is much shorter than the line width, + this is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two lines: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} +H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\ + & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:shortlong} +\end{eqnarray} +\end_inset -\begin_inset Newline newline +The minus sign at the beginning of the second line does normally not appear as an operator because it is the first character of the line. + Thus it would not be surrounded by space and could not be distinguished from the fraction bar. + To avoid this, + a 3 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -The minus sign at the beginning of the second line does normally not appear - as operator because it is the first character of the line. - Thus it would not be surrounded by space and could not be distinguished - from the fraction bar. - To avoid this, space was inserted behind the minus sign with the command - +pt space was inserted behind the minus sign with the command \series bold \backslash -hspace{3pt} +hspace \series default - +. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -more about +For more about \series bold \backslash @@ -27866,7 +31478,8 @@ hspace see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Variable-Space" +reference "subsec:Variable-Space" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -27876,117 +31489,111 @@ reference "sub:Variable-Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! H ! -\backslash -hspace -\end_layout - -\end_inset +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -. +\begin_layout Plain Layout +H \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -When both sides of the equation are too long, the command -\series bold +\end_inset -\backslash -lefteqn -\series default -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! L ! + \backslash -lefteqn +hspace \end_layout \end_inset - is used. - It is inserted to the first column of the first line and effects that all - further insertions overwrite the following columns: -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -medskip \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} -\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\ - & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\ - & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}\end{eqnarray} +\end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Itemize +When both sides of the equation are long, + the command +\series bold +\backslash +lefteqn +\series default -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - -\backslash -smallskip +\begin_layout Plain Layout +L \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -After the insertion of -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash lefteqn -\series default -, the cursor is in a purple box that is a bit shifted to the left from the - blue one. - In this the formula is inserted. -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\end_inset -\backslash -medskip \end_layout \end_inset + is used. + It is inserted in the first column of the first line and causes all further insertions to overwrite the following columns: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} +\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\ + & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\ + & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn} +\end{eqnarray} -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -The content of the further lines is inserted to the second or another formula - column. - The greater the column number where it was inserted, the larger the indentation. -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - +After the insertion of +\series bold \backslash -medskip -\end_layout +lefteqn +\series default +, + the cursor is in a purple box that is shifted a bit to the left from the blue one. + The formula is inserted there. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset +The content of additional lines is inserted in the second or another formula column. + The greater the insertion column number , + the larger the indentation. +\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset @@ -28014,22 +31621,22 @@ The formula doesn't use the full page width. \end_inset g. -\begin_inset space ~ +\begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset the term \begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$ \end_inset - is added to the first line in the above example, it would have been outside - the page margin. - To better use the width, negative space can be inserted at the beginning - of the first line. + is added to the first line in the above example, + it would have been outside the page margin. + To better use the width, + negative space can be inserted at the beginning of the first line. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Due to a bug in LyX the cursor cannot be set with the mouse into the first - line. +Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX + the cursor cannot be set with the mouse in the first line. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed @@ -28037,7 +31644,8 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-bug #1429" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1429" +target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1429" +literal "false" \end_inset @@ -28046,8 +31654,7 @@ target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1429" \end_inset - One can only set the cursor at the beginning of the line and move it with - the arrow keys. + One can only set the cursor at the beginning of the line and move it with the arrow keys. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -28056,38 +31663,218 @@ target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1429" \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Other methods to set long formulas are offered by the environments described - in +Other methods to set long formulas are offered by the environments described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Multline-Environment" +reference "subsec:Multline-Environment" +nolink "false" \end_inset and \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts" +reference "subsec:Multiline-Formula-Parts" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Multiline Fractions +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "subsec:Multiline-Fractions" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Fractions +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are cases where the denominator and/or the numerator of a fraction is so long that the fraction does not fit on one line. + It is then necessary to add a line break within the fraction. + This can be done using the command +\series bold + +\backslash +splitfrac +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +splitfrac +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + To activate it, + go to the document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default + for the package +\series bold +mathtools +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mathtools +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + and set its option to +\family sans +Load +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset +always +\family default . + +\series bold + +\backslash +splitfrac +\series default + has the scheme +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +splitfrac{first line}{second line} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and is used for either the denominator or numerator: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +a=\frac{\splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy}{+wy+wy+wy+wy}}{z}\ne\frac{\splitdfrac{xy+\frac{xy}{z}+xy+xy+xy}{+xy+xy+xy+xy}}{z} +\] + +\end_inset + +The command for the first numerator above is: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{+wy+wy+wy+wy \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Multiline Brackets \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Multiline-Brackets" +name "subsec:Multiline-Brackets" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Brackets ! for multiline expressions +Brackets +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +for multiline expressions +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -28097,9 +31884,11 @@ Brackets ! for multiline expressions \begin_layout Standard For brackets spanning multiple lines the following problem occurs: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ - & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*} + & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right] +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28107,28 +31896,49 @@ A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The closing bracket is smaller than the opening bracket because brackets - with variable size may not span multiple lines. +The closing bracket is smaller than the opening bracket because brackets with variable size may not span multiple lines. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To set the bracket size for the second line correctly, the first line is - ended with +To set the bracket size for the second line correctly, + the first line is ended with \series bold \backslash right. \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! R ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +R +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash right \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset and the second line with @@ -28140,7 +31950,7 @@ left. status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -for more about +For more about \series bold \backslash @@ -28155,7 +31965,8 @@ right see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" +reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -28167,17 +31978,39 @@ reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! L ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +L +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash left \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + . After \series bold @@ -28193,16 +32026,7 @@ left. vphantom \series default -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -28212,16 +32036,7 @@ spce prod \series default ^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -28231,16 +32046,7 @@ spce infty \series default -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -28252,27 +32058,50 @@ spce _R=1} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! V ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +V +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash vphantom \end_layout \end_inset - is inserted, because the multiplication operator with its limits is the - largest symbol in the first line and this should be the size for the bracket - in the second line. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is inserted, + because the multiplication operator with its limits is the largest symbol in the first line and this should be the size for the bracket in the second line. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The result is this: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ - & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*} + & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right] +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28285,68 +32114,91 @@ Align Environments \begin_layout Standard Align environments can be used for every kind of multiline formulas. - They are specially useful to set several formulas side by side. + They are especially useful to set several formulas side by side. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Align environments consist of columns. - The odd columns are right aligned, the even ones left aligned. + The odd columns are right aligned, + the even ones left aligned. Every line in an Align environment can be numbered. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Align environments are created via the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Math \family default . With the menu \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator Change Formula Type \family default - already existing formulas can be converted to Align environments. + pre-existing formulas can be converted to Align environments. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To add or delete columns, the math toolbar buttons -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-column.png - scale 85 - +To add or delete columns, + use the math toolbar buttons +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "tabular-feature append-column" \end_inset or -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-column.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "tabular-feature delete-column" \end_inset -, respectively, or the menu + respectively, + or the menu option \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator Rows & Columns \family default can be used. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection -Standard align Environment +Standard Align Environment \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Standard-align-Environment" +name "subsec:Standard-align-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline ! align environment +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +align environment +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -28355,39 +32207,43 @@ Formula ! multiline ! align environment \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -This Align environment is created by presssing -\family sans -Ctrl-Return -\family default +This align environment is created by pressing +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "newline-insert newline" +\end_inset + in a formula or by the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator AMS align Environment \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -An example for two formulas set side by side, that are created with a four - column align environment: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +An example for two formulas set side by side, + that are created with a four column align environment: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} A & =\sin(B) & C & =D\\ -C & \ne A & B & \ne D\end{align*} +C & \ne A & B & \ne D +\end{align*} \end_inset -As it can be seen, the formulas in this environment are placed so as if - there would be a +As it can be seen, + the formulas in this environment are placed so as if there would be a \series bold \backslash hfill \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -more about +For more about \series bold \backslash @@ -28396,7 +32252,8 @@ hfill see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Variable-Space" +reference "subsec:Variable-Space" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -28412,13 +32269,14 @@ reference "sub:Variable-Space" \series bold Indented \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -formula styles see +For formula styles see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formula-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -28429,7 +32287,8 @@ reference "sec:Formula-Styles" \series default - is used, the formula is set without the + is used, + the formula is set without the \series bold \backslash @@ -28440,11 +32299,33 @@ hfill \begin_layout Subsubsection Alignat Environment -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline ! alignat environment +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +alignat environment +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -28454,10 +32335,11 @@ Formula ! multiline ! alignat environment \begin_layout Standard The alignat environment has no predefined column separation. - It can be inserted manually with the spaces that are described + It can be inserted manually with the spaces that are described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Space" +reference "subsec:Space" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -28465,36 +32347,59 @@ reference "sub:Space" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The above example in the alignat environment where 1 +The above example is shown in the alignat environment where 1 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset cm space was inserted at the beginning of the second formula: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{alignat*}{2} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{alignat*}{2} A & =\sin(B) & \hspace{1cm}C & =D\\ -C & \ne A & B & \ne D\end{alignat*} +C & \ne A & B & \ne D +\end{alignat*} \end_inset -Because the column separation can be set separately for every column, this - environment is especially suitable to set three and more formulas side - by side. +Because the column separation can be set separately for every column, + this environment is especially suitable to set three or more formulas side by side. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Flalign Environment \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Flalign-Environment" +name "subsec:Flalign-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline ! flalign environment +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +flalign environment +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -28503,12 +32408,13 @@ Formula ! multiline ! flalign environment \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In this environment the first two columns are always set as much as possible - to the left and the last two ones to the right. +In this environment the first column is always set to the left as much as possible and the last one to the right. An example: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{flalign*} A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\ -X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4\end{flalign*} +X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4 +\end{flalign*} \end_inset @@ -28516,9 +32422,10 @@ X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4\end{flalign*} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -By creating a flalign environment with an odd number of columns where an - empty TeX-brace is inserted to the last column, several formulas in a document - can be set to the left, although the formula style +By creating a flalign environment with an odd number of columns where an empty \SpecialChar TeX + brace is inserted in the last column, + several formulas in a document can be set to the left, + although the formula style \series bold Centered \series default @@ -28527,12 +32434,15 @@ Centered \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:VolInt" +nolink "false" \end_inset : -\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign} -\hspace{30pt}\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {}\end{flalign} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{flalign} +\hspace{30pt}\iiint_{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {} +\end{flalign} \end_inset @@ -28541,7 +32451,8 @@ The first two columns contain the formula. \series bold Indented \series default -, 30 +, + a 30 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -28552,16 +32463,38 @@ pt space was inserted at the beginning of the first column. Eqnarray Environment \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Eqnarray-Environment" +name "subsec:Eqnarray-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline ! eqnarray environment +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +eqnarray environment +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -28570,15 +32503,17 @@ Formula ! multiline ! eqnarray environment \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When this environment has been created, three blue boxes appear. - The content of the first box is right aligned, the content of the last - one left aligned. - The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller, because - it is designed to insert there only relation characters. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +When this environment is created, + three blue boxes appear. + The content of the first box is right aligned, + the content of the last box left aligned. + The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller because it is intended for relational characters only. +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\ AB & AB & AB\\ -A & = & A\end{eqnarray*} +A & = & A +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28587,11 +32522,33 @@ A & = & A\end{eqnarray*} \begin_layout Subsection Gather Environment -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline ! gather environment +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +gather environment +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -28600,11 +32557,13 @@ Formula ! multiline ! gather environment \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -This environment consists of only one centered column. +This environment consists of one centered column. Every line can be numbered. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{gather} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{gather} A=1\\ -X=\textrm{-}1\end{gather} +X=\textrm{-}1 +\end{gather} \end_inset @@ -28615,17 +32574,39 @@ X=\textrm{-}1\end{gather} Multline Environment \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Multline-Environment" +name "subsec:Multline-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline ! multline environment -\end_layout +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multline environment +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28633,23 +32614,28 @@ Formula ! multiline ! multline environment \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The multline environment consists, like the gather environment, of only - one column. - But the first line is left aligned, the last one right aligned. +The multline environment consists, + like the gather environment, + of one column. + But the first line is left aligned, + the last one right aligned. All other lines are centered. Therefore this environment is suitable for long formulas. - As example formula + Using example formula \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:lefteqn" +nolink "false" \end_inset in the multline environment: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{multline} 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\ -B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\ -=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline} +=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}} +\end{multline} \end_inset @@ -28657,16 +32643,18 @@ reference "eq:lefteqn" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In the output only the last (first) line of a multline environment appears - numbered when the document numbering is right (left). +In the output, + only the last line of a multline environment appears numbered when the document numbering is on the right . + If the document numbering is on the left then only the first line will appear numbered. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -numbering styles see +For numbering styles see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formula-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -28684,11 +32672,30 @@ With the commands \backslash shoveright -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash shoveright \end_layout @@ -28696,17 +32703,39 @@ shoveright \end_inset -\series default +\end_layout + +\end_inset + and \series bold \backslash shoveleft -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash shoveleft \end_layout @@ -28714,8 +32743,12 @@ shoveleft \end_inset -\series default - a centered line can be right or left aligned, respectively. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + a centered line can be right or left aligned, + respectively. The commands are used as follows: \end_layout @@ -28742,11 +32775,30 @@ The length \backslash multlinegap -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +M +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash multlinegap \end_layout @@ -28754,7 +32806,10 @@ multlinegap \end_inset -\series default +\end_layout + +\end_inset + specifies the distance of the first line from the left page margin. Predefined is the length 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} @@ -28778,7 +32833,8 @@ multlinegap}{2cm} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -was inserted in TeX-mode before: +was inserted in \SpecialChar TeX + mode before: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -28794,10 +32850,12 @@ multlinegap}{2cm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{multline} 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\ \shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\ -=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline} +=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}} +\end{multline} \end_inset @@ -28829,16 +32887,38 @@ shoveleft Multiline Formula Parts \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts" +name "subsec:Multiline-Formula-Parts" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline ! formula parts +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +formula parts +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -28847,16 +32927,19 @@ Formula ! multiline ! formula parts \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To display only parts of a formula with multiple lines, one of the following - environments are used: +To display only parts of a formula with multiple lines, + one of the following environments is used: + \series bold aligned \series default -, +, + \series bold alignedat \series default -, +, + \series bold gathered \series default @@ -28867,21 +32950,23 @@ split . They can be inserted via the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Math \family default or by using the commands described in this section. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline - formula environments, but it is possible to set further formula parts beside - them. +The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline formula environments, + but it is possible to set additional formula parts beside them. An example: -\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin_inset Formula +\[ \left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\ -\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\end{aligned} -\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations}\] +\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2} +\end{aligned} +\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations} +\] \end_inset @@ -28889,16 +32974,36 @@ The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To get this formula, a displayed formula is created where the command +To get this formula, + a displayed formula is created where the command \series bold \backslash aligned -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! A ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash aligned \end_layout @@ -28906,30 +33011,33 @@ aligned \end_inset -\series default +\end_layout + +\end_inset + is inserted. - A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and - lines can be added. - Outside the multiline environment other formula parts can be set, like - the brace. + A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and lines can be added. + Outside the multiline environment other formula parts can be set, + like the brace. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The aligned environment is also suitable for long formulas whose lines are - horizontally aligned. - Using aligned in a displayed formula has the advantage that the formula - number is vertically centered behind the lines. - As example formula +The aligned environment is also suitable for long formulas whose lines are horizontally aligned. + Using aligned in a displayed formula has the advantage that the formula number is vertically centered behind the lines. + For example here is formula \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref -reference "eq:kurzlang" +reference "eq:shortlong" +nolink "false" \end_inset in the aligned environment: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\ - & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\end{aligned} + & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|} +\end{aligned} \end{equation} \end_inset @@ -28942,32 +33050,57 @@ To use the environments \series bold alignedat \series default -, +, + \series bold gathered \series default -, or +, + or \series bold split \series default -, the command +, + the command \series bold \backslash alignedat \series default , -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! A ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash alignedat \end_layout \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + \series bold @@ -28975,64 +33108,143 @@ alignedat gathered \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! G ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +G +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash gathered \end_layout \end_inset -, or + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, + or \series bold \backslash split \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash split \end_layout \end_inset - are inserted, respectively. - The split environment has the same properties as the aligned environment - but it can only have two columns. + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + are inserted, + respectively. + The split environment has the same properties as the aligned environment but it can only have two columns. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Text in multiline Formulas +Text in Multiline Formulas \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Text-in-multiline" +name "subsec:Text-in-multiline" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Text ! in formulas +Text +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +in formulas +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! multiline ! text +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +text +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -29041,19 +33253,38 @@ Formula ! multiline ! text \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In the Align environments, and the multline and gather environment, text - can be inserted that will appear in a separate line and doesn't affect - the column alignment. - To do this, the command +In the align environments as well as the multline and gather environment, + text can be inserted that will appear in a separate line and doesn't affect the column alignment. + To do this, + the command \series bold \backslash intertext -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! I ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +I +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash intertext \end_layout @@ -29061,7 +33292,10 @@ intertext \end_inset -\series default +\end_layout + +\end_inset + is used in the following scheme: \end_layout @@ -29075,65 +33309,183 @@ intertext{text} \begin_layout Standard The text should not be longer than a line because it cannot be hyphenated. - As LyX doesn't yet support + As \SpecialChar LyX + doesn't yet support \series bold \backslash intertext \series default - directly, the text is written as mathematical text. - + directly, + the text is written as mathematical text. + Therefore \series bold \backslash intertext \series default - must hereby be at the beginning of a line and appears in the output above - this line. + must be at the beginning of a line and will appear in the output above this line. An example where the text was inserted at the beginning of the second line: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align} I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\ -\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to $\phi=\pi$, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\end{align} +\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi +\end{align} \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Formula Numbering -\begin_inset Index +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +intertext +\series default + always creates some vertical space between the text and the formula lines. + To avoid this space, + in the document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default + for the package +\series bold +mathtools +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula numbering +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mathtools +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset + set the option to +\family sans +Load +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +always +\family default +. + Then you can use the command +\series bold -\begin_inset Index +\backslash +shortintertext +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! numbering|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout +S +\end_layout -{ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +shortintertext +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + instead of +\series bold + +\backslash +intertext +\series default +: \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align} +I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\ +\shortintertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi +\end{align} + \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Formula Numbering +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout Formula numbering -\begin_inset ERT +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -} +\begin_layout Plain Layout +numbering +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro see +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Formula numbering \end_layout \end_inset @@ -29153,8 +33505,8 @@ General \begin_layout Standard Numbered formulas can be created with the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator Numbered \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset @@ -29162,75 +33514,72 @@ Numbered Formula \family default (shortcut -\family sans -Ctrl-Alt -\begin_inset space ~ +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcuts" +arg "command-sequence math-display; math-number-toggle;" \end_inset -n -\family default ). Existing formulas can be numbered with the menu \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Toggle +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Number \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -Numbering -\family default - (shortcut -\family sans -Alt-m +Whole \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -n +Formula \family default + (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-number-toggle" +\end_inset + ). - The formula number is displayed in LyX behind the formula as number sign - in parentheses. - The number sign is replaced in the output by the formula number. + The formula number is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX + behind the formula as a number in parentheses. + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When numbering is turned on in multiline formulas, all lines will be numbered. +When numbering is turned on in multiline formulas, + all formulas will be numbered. But the numbering can be controlled with the menu \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Toggle -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Numbering +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Number \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -of +This \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset Line \family default (shortcut -\family sans -Alt-m -\begin_inset space ~ +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-number-line-toggle" \end_inset -N -\family default -) for every line. +) for every formula. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Except of inline formulas, all formulas can be numbered with two different - styles, see +Except for inline formulas, + all formulas can be numbered with two different styles, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formula-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -29239,18 +33588,23 @@ reference "sec:Formula-Styles" \begin_layout Subsection Cross-References -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Cross-References" +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Cross-references +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +to formulas +\end_layout +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Cross-references ! to formulas \end_layout \end_inset @@ -29260,26 +33614,31 @@ Cross-references ! to formulas \begin_layout Standard All labeled formulas can be cross-referenced. - A label is added by the menu + A label is added with the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Label \family default or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/label-insert.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "label-insert" \end_inset . - The cursor must hereby be inside a displayed formula. + The cursor must be inside a displayed formula. + Alternatively you can right-click on the formula and choose +\family sans +Equation Label +\family default +. A dialog pops up displaying the prefix \series bold eq: + \series default in a text field. - The label is inserted there behind the prefix. + The label is inserted behind the prefix. The predefined prefix means \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -29288,41 +33647,44 @@ equation \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - and makes it easier to find labels in large documents because it marks - it as formula label to divide it from e. + and makes it easier to find labels in large documents because it marks it as a formula label to distinguish it from e. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset g. -\begin_inset space ~ +\begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset section labels. - To change a label, the menu + To change a label, + the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Label \family default - is used again. + is used again or you can right-click on a formula and then on +\family sans +Equation Label +\family default +. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The name of the label is displayed in LyX within two parentheses behind - formula. +The name of the label is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX + within parentheses behind the formula number. A formula with a label is always numbered. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Cross-references are inserted via the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Cross-Reference \family default or with the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" \end_inset . @@ -29331,13 +33693,14 @@ Cross-Reference \series bold () \series default - is chosen, the cross-reference appears in the output as formula number - in parentheses. + is chosen, + the cross-reference appears in the output as formula number in parentheses. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -By right-clicking on a cross-reference in LyX, one jumps to the formula - that is referenced. +By right-clicking on a cross-reference in \SpecialChar LyX +, + one jumps to the formula that is referenced. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -29359,6 +33722,7 @@ The equations \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:tag" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -29366,6 +33730,7 @@ reference "eq:tag" \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:c" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -29374,6 +33739,7 @@ reference "eq:c" \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "eq:Lat" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -29381,6 +33747,7 @@ reference "eq:Lat" \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "eq:Rom" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -29409,7 +33776,8 @@ tag is described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:User-defined-Numbering" +reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -29423,20 +33791,29 @@ reference "sub:User-defined-Numbering" contains a box like in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Paragraph-Boxes" +reference "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes" +nolink "false" \end_inset -, the formula cannot be referenced. +, + the formula cannot be referenced. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Subnumbering -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula numbering ! subnumbering +Formula numbering +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +subnumbering \end_layout \end_inset @@ -29444,69 +33821,74 @@ Formula numbering ! subnumbering \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -With the help of the commands -\series bold +\end_inset -\backslash -begin{subequations} -\series default - and -\series bold -\backslash -end{subequations} -\series default - formulas can be subnumbered. - Both commands are inserted in TeX-mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -An example: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A=C-B\label{eq:a}\end{equation} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Formulas can be numbered as subequations. + To activate this feature, + add the module +\family sans +Subequations +\family default + to the document in the menu +\family sans +Document\SpecialChar menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator +Modules +\family default +. + To insert subequations use the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Custom Insets\SpecialChar menuseparator +Subequations +\family default +. +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_layout Standard +The equations to be subnumbered are put into the +\family sans +Subequations +\family default + inset. + An example: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A=C-B +\end{equation} +\end_inset -\backslash -addtocounter{equation}{-1} -\end_layout +\begin_inset VSpace -5mm \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Flex Subequations +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +B=C-A\label{eq:b} +\end{equation} - -\backslash -begin{subequations} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset VSpace -5mm \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -B=C-A\label{eq:b}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +C=A+B\label{eq:c} +\end{equation} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -C=A+B\label{eq:c}\end{equation} +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29514,180 +33896,189 @@ C=A+B\label{eq:c}\end{equation} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Every formula in the +\family sans +Subequations +\family default + inset will be subnumbered with a, + b, + c, + \SpecialChar ldots + in the output. + For multiline formulas every line will be subnumbered. +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_layout Standard +Referencing subequations works like normal equations: + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:b" +nolink "false" +\end_inset -\backslash -end{subequations} -\end_layout +, + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:c" +nolink "false" \end_inset +. + If you want to reference the subequations collectively, + insert a label as first thing in the +\family sans +Subequations +\family default + inset. + Formula +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:Here-is-an" +plural "false" +caps "false" +noprefix "false" +nolink "false" -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To create the example, the following is done: -\end_layout +\end_inset -\begin_layout Enumerate -first formula is inserted + is an example. \end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_layout Standard +When inserting subequations, + vertical space is added before the equation. + To remove this, + insert -5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset +mm vertical space right before the +\family sans +Subequations +\family default + inset. + If the formula style \series bold - -\backslash -addtocounter{equation}{-1} -\backslash -begin{subequations} -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +Indented +\begin_inset Foot +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! A ! -\backslash -addtocounter -\end_layout +For formula styles see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Formula-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset -\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_layout + \end_inset \series default -is inserted after the first formula -\end_layout + is used, + insert -7 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset -\begin_layout Enumerate -second formula is inserted +mm space instead. \end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate -third formula is inserted +\begin_layout Standard +To get another subnumber instead of small Latin letters, + insert this command as \SpecialChar TeX + code before the equations in the +\family sans +Subequations +\family default + inset: \end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\begin_layout Standard \series bold \backslash -end{subequations} -\series default - is inserted after the third formula +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +theparentequation - +\backslash +roman{equation}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Every formula between the commands -\series bold -\backslash -begin -\series default - and \series bold \backslash -end -\series default - is subnumbered as a, b, -\begin_inset Newline linebreak -\end_inset - -c, \SpecialChar \ldots{} - For multiline formulas every line will be subnumbered. - All subnumbered formulas are treated as -\emph on -one -\emph default - numbered formula. - But as every numbered formula increases the counter -\series bold -equation +theparentequation \series default - by one, the command + creates the parent number and \series bold \backslash -addtocounter +roman{equation} \series default - is needed to decrease it. - Otherwise the formulas + adds a small Roman number as subnumber. + For more information about the customization of the numbering, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand eqref -reference "eq:a" +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Numbering-with-Roman" +nolink "false" \end_inset -, -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand eqref -reference "eq:b" +. +\end_layout -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand eqref -reference "eq:c" - -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +Here is an example of a multiline formula where the numbering is customized and turned off for the second line: +\begin_inset Flex Subequations +status open - would be numbered as -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand eqref -reference "eq:a" +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "eq:Here-is-an" \end_inset -, -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand eqref -reference "eq:d" -\end_inset +\begin_inset ERT +status open -, -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand eqref -reference "eq:f" +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\end_inset -. +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +theparentequation - +\backslash +roman{equation}} \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -By inserting the commands in TeX-mode, a space is created between the first - two formulas. - To revert this -5 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -mm vertical space is inserted after the command -\series bold - -\backslash -begin{subequations} -\series default -. - When the formula style -\series bold -Indented -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -formula styles see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Formula-Styles" +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} +A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\\ + & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{2}\nonumber \\ + & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2} +\end{eqnarray} \end_inset @@ -29697,46 +34088,51 @@ reference "sec:Formula-Styles" \end_inset -\series default - is used, -7 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "subsec:Numbering-with-Roman" + \end_inset -mm space is inserted instead. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Here is an example for a multiline formula where the numbering was turned - off for the second line: -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Formula numbering +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - -\backslash -begin{subequations} +\begin_layout Plain Layout +with letters \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} -A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\label{eq:d}\\ - & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{2}\nonumber \\ - & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f}\end{eqnarray} +\end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Formula numbering +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - -\backslash -end{subequations} +\begin_layout Plain Layout +with Roman numbers \end_layout \end_inset @@ -29744,518 +34140,534 @@ end{subequations} \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -User-defined Numbering -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:User-defined-Numbering" - \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula numbering ! user-defined \end_layout -\end_inset - - +\begin_layout Standard +Formulas can also be numbered with Roman numbers and Latin letters. + To number with small Roman numbers, + the command \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula numbering ! self-defined delimiters -\end_layout -\end_inset +\series bold -With the standard numbering parentheses are set around the formula number. - To replace the parentheses for example by vertical bars, the following - line is added to the LaTeX-preamble: +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +roman{equation}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard - +is inserted before the formula in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. + \series bold \backslash -def -\backslash -tagform@#1{ -\backslash -maketag@@@{|#1|}} +renewcommand \series default -\begin_inset Note Note +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -This macro is already declared in the LaTeX-preamble for testing. - To activate it, remove the percent sign at the beginning. +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +R \end_layout \end_inset +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +renewcommand \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -To use other characters, the vertical bars besides the -\series bold -#1 -\series default - are replaced by one ore more characters. - To get only the formula number the vertical bars are omitted. +\end_inset + + \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive - formula number in parentheses behind the formula, the command + redefines the predefined command \series bold \backslash -tag +theequation \series default + to the command +\series bold -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\backslash +roman{equation} +\series default +. +\begin_inset Foot +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! T ! +The command +\series bold + \backslash -tag -\end_layout +renewcommand +\series default + has the same scheme as the command +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + described in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:The-Command-newcommand" +nolink "false" \end_inset - is used: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag}\end{equation} +. +\end_layout \end_inset -In this example the command + +\series bold +equation +\series default + is the formula counter. + When the command \series bold \backslash -tag -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - +the +\series default + is used as prefix for a counter, + the value of the counter is output as Arabic number. + When a formula is numbered, + \SpecialChar LaTeX + sets internally the command +\series bold \backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -something +theequation \series default - was inserted to the formula. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When the command + behind the formula. + \series bold \backslash -tag* -\begin_inset ERT +roman{equation} +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - -\backslash -spce +\begin_layout Plain Layout +R \end_layout \end_inset -something -\series default - is inserted instead, the star prevents the parentheses around the expression: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -A+B=C\tag*{something}\] + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +roman +\end_layout \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections, the - following command is used: + +\series default + outputs the counter as small Roman number. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard +All formulas behind the command +\series bold +\backslash +renew +\series default +c +\series bold +ommand +\series default + are now numbered Roman. + To switch to numbering with big Roman numbers, + the command is inserted again, + but \series bold \backslash -@addtoreset{equation}{part} +roman \series default + is replaced by +\series bold -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\backslash +Roman +\series default -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - -" -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -@ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -" +R \end_layout \end_inset - ! -\backslash -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -" -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -@ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -" -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -addtoreset +\backslash +roman \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\backslash +Roman +\end_layout -resp. -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\series bold - -\backslash -@addtoreset{equation}{section} \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -To be able to use these commands in TeX-mode, the -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -@ -\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - character has to be made +. + To \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -active +number \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - for LaTeX using the command + with small Latin letters there is the command \series bold \backslash -makeatletter. - +alph \series default - The command -\series bold -\backslash -makeatother -\series default - reverts this. - So the command sequence in TeX-mode is: -\end_layout +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A +\end_layout -\backslash -makeatletter -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\backslash -@addtoreset{equation}{section} -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -makeatother +alph \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -In the LaTeX-preamble -\series bold +\end_inset -\backslash -makeatletter -\series default - and -\series bold -\backslash -makeatother -\series default - can be omitted as they are automatically internally inserted by LyX. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -To revert +\end_inset + +, + for big ones there is the command \series bold \backslash -@addtoreset -\series default -, the file -\series bold -remreset.sty +Alph \series default -\begin_inset Foot +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -\series bold -remreset -\series default - is part of the LaTeX-package -\series bold -carlisle -\series default +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A +\end_layout -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! carlisle + +\backslash +alph \end_layout \end_inset - that is part of every LaTeX standard installation. + +\backslash +Alph \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! remreset \end_layout \end_inset - has to be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line +. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold +Note: -\backslash -usepackage{remreset} +\series default + Only a maximum of 26 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Then the command -\series bold +\end_inset -\backslash -@removefromreset -\series default -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -" + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +roman{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset -@ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -" \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A=\textrm{small roman} +\end{equation} + \end_inset - ! -\backslash \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -" + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +Roman{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset -@ + +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -" + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +alph{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset -removefromreset -\end_layout + +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +C=\textrm{small Latin} +\end{equation} \end_inset - can be used with the same scheme as -\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -@addtoreset -\series default -. +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +Alph{equation}} \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -Sometimes formulas should be numbered in the following form: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter -(section number.formula number) -\end_layout +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat} +\end{equation} -\begin_layout Standard -The formula number should start with every section with -\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -1 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset -. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For this case there is the command +To switch back to the default numbering, + insert the command: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + \series bold \backslash -numberwithin -\series default - -\begin_inset Index +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +arabic{equation}} +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! N ! -\backslash -numberwithin +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A \end_layout \end_inset -, which is used with the following scheme: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -numberwithin{counter}{sectioning} +arabic \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Counter denotes what kind of numbering is affected, sectioning denotes what - number is before the dot. -\end_layout +\end_inset + -\begin_layout Standard -Thus in our case the following LaTeX-preamble or TeX-Code line is used: \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\end_inset -\series bold -\backslash -numberwithin{equation}{section} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -This is the result: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -30263,14 +34675,20 @@ status collapsed \backslash -numberwithin{equation}{section} +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +arabic{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A+B=C\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +E=\textrm{Arabic} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -30278,132 +34696,117 @@ A+B=C\end{equation} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To number e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -g. -\begin_inset space ~ +As you see, + formulas are numbered serially independent from the numbering style. + When then numbering should start with +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -tables so that the number of the part is the sectioning, -\begin_inset Newline newline +1 +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset + when the style is changed, + new equation counters have to be defined. + A description of this can be found in the file +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Formula-numbering.lyx" +target "run:Formula-numbering.lyx" +type "other" +literal "false" -\series bold - -\backslash -numberwithin{table}{part} -\series default - is used. -\end_layout +\end_inset -\begin_layout Standard -To go back to the standard numbering or to prevent this kind of numbering - when it is defined by the document class, the following command is inserted - as TeX-Code or to the LaTeX-preamble: +. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\begin_layout Subsection +User-defined Numbering +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "subsec:User-defined-Numbering" -\series bold +\end_inset -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -theequation}{ -\backslash -arabic{equation}} -\begin_inset Index + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! A ! -\backslash -arabic +Formula numbering +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +user-defined \end_layout \end_inset -\series default - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\end_inset -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -theequation}{ -\backslash -arabic{equation}} \end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold +Note: +\series default + If the document language is a right-to-left language such as Arabic, + you must add this to the to the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble to be able to use the commands described in this section: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\series default -or \series bold +\backslash +AtBeginDocument{ \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -thetable}{ -\backslash -arabic{table}} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -numberwithin -\series default - uses internally the command \series bold - -\backslash -@addtoreset -\series default -, described above, that also needs to be reverted. -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset -\backslash -makeatletter \end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\end_inset \backslash -@removefromreset{equation}{section} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - +def \backslash -makeatother +tagform@#1{ +\backslash +maketag@@@{( +\backslash +ignorespaces#1 +\backslash +unskip)}} } \end_layout \end_inset @@ -30411,30 +34814,19 @@ makeatother \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Numbering-with-Roman" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula numbering ! with letters -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +Formula numbering +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula numbering ! with Roman numbers +self-defined delimiters \end_layout \end_inset @@ -30442,226 +34834,156 @@ Formula numbering ! with Roman numbers \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Formulas can also be numbered with Roman numbers and Latin letters. - To number for example with small Roman numbers, the command -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\end_inset -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -theequation}{ -\backslash -roman{equation}} +With standard numbering, + parentheses are set around a formula number. + To replace the parentheses for example with vertical bars, + the following line is added to the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -is inserted before the formula in TeX-mode. - -\series bold -\backslash -renewcommand -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! R ! -\backslash -renewcommand -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - redefines the predefined command \series bold \backslash -theequation -\series default - to the command -\series bold +AtBeginDocument{ +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset -\backslash -roman{equation} -\series default -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -The command -\series bold -\backslash -renewcommand -\series default - has the same scheme like the command \series bold - -\backslash -newcommand -\series default - that is described in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:User-defined-Commands" - +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -. + \end_layout \end_inset -. - -\series bold -equation -\series default - is the formula counter. - When the command -\series bold \backslash -the -\series default - is used as prefix for a counter, the value of the counter is output as - Arabic number. - When a formula is numbered, LaTeX sets internally the command -\series bold - +def \backslash -theequation +tagform@#1{ +\backslash +maketag@@@{|#1|}} } \series default - behind the formula. - -\series bold -\backslash -roman{equation} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! R ! -\backslash -roman +This macro is already declared in the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble for testing. + To activate it, + remove the percent signs at the beginning. \end_layout \end_inset -\series default - outputs the counter as small Roman number. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -All formulas behind the command -\series bold - -\backslash -renew -\series default -c +To use other characters, + the vertical bars besides the \series bold -ommand +#1 \series default - are now numbered Roman. - To switch to numbering with big Roman numbers, the command is inserted - again, but -\series bold + are replaced by one or more characters. + To display only the formula number the vertical bars are omitted. +\end_layout -\backslash -roman -\series default - is replaced by +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive formula number in parentheses behind the formula, + the command \series bold \backslash -Roman +tag \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! R ! -\backslash -roman@ -\backslash -Roman +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T \end_layout \end_inset -. - To -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset -number -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - with small Latin letters there is the command -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -alph -\series default +tag +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! A ! -\backslash -alph \end_layout \end_inset -, for big ones there is the command -\series bold + is used: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag} +\end{equation} -\backslash -Alph -\series default +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status open +In this example the command +\series bold -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! A ! -\backslash -alph@ \backslash -Alph -\end_layout - +tag +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -. +something +\series default + was inserted in the formula. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open +When the command +\series bold -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +tag* +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset -\series bold -Note: +something \series default - Only maximal 26 formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document. -\end_layout + is inserted instead, + the parentheses are removed: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +A+B=C\tag*{something} +\] \end_inset @@ -30669,105 +34991,126 @@ Note: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -theequation}{ -\backslash -roman{equation}} -\end_layout - +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset - +To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections, + the following command is used: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A=\textrm{small roman}\label{eq:rom}\end{equation} -\end_inset +\series bold + +\backslash +@addtoreset{equation}{part} +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +" +\end_layout -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -theequation}{ -\backslash -Roman{equation}} +\end_inset + +@ \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom}\end{equation} +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +" +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -theequation}{ -\backslash -alph{equation}} +@addtoreset \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -C=\textrm{small Latin}\label{eq:lat}\end{equation} +\end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout +resp. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset +\series bold + \backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -theequation}{ -\backslash -Alph{equation}} +@addtoreset{equation}{section} \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +To be able to use these commands in \SpecialChar TeX + mode, + the +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset +@ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat}\end{equation} + character has to be made +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset +active +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset + for \SpecialChar LaTeX + using the command +\series bold -\end_layout +\backslash +makeatletter. -\begin_layout Standard -To switch back to the default numbering, insert the command: +\series default + The command +\series bold + +\backslash +makeatother +\series default + disables this. + So the command sequence in \SpecialChar TeX + mode is: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -30775,278 +35118,297 @@ To switch back to the default numbering, insert the command: \series bold \backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -theequation}{ -\backslash -arabic{equation}} -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +makeatletter +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! A ! -\backslash -arabic -\end_layout +\backslash +@addtoreset{equation}{section} +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset +\backslash +makeatother \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - +In the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble +\series bold \backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -theequation}{ +makeatletter +\series default + and +\series bold + \backslash -arabic{equation}} +makeatother +\series default + can be omitted as they are automatically internally inserted by \SpecialChar LyX +. \end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +To revert +\series bold + +\backslash +@addtoreset +\series default +, + the file +\series bold +remreset.sty +\series default +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -E=\textrm{Arabic}\label{eq:arab}\end{equation} +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\end_inset +\series bold +remreset +\series default + is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package +\series bold +carlisle +\series default +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed -\end_layout +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +carlisle +\end_layout -As you see, formulas are numbered serially independent from the numbering - style. - When then numbering should start with -\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -1 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - when the style is changed, new equation counters have to be defined. - A description about this can be found in the file -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "Formula-numbering.lyx" +\end_layout \end_inset -. + that is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX + standard installation. \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -User-defined Commands -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sec:User-defined-Commands" - \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -User-defined commands -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout +remreset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Many LaTeX-commands are too long to be used frequently. - But it is possible to define with the command -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand -\series default +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! N ! -\backslash -newcommand \end_layout \end_inset - new shorter commands. + has to be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble with the line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The command scheme of + \series bold \backslash -newcommand -\series default - is: +usepackage{remreset} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard - +Then the command \series bold \backslash -newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional +@removefromreset \series default - -\series bold -value] -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +" +\end_layout -\backslash -phantom{ +\end_inset + +@ \end_layout \end_inset +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -newcommand + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -} +" \end_layout \end_inset -{command definition} +@removefromreset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Assure that the name of the new command is not already used in your document - or by LaTeX-packages that you use. - When you for example define the command -\series bold +\end_layout -\backslash -le -\series default - for -\series bold +\end_inset -\backslash -Leftarrow -\series default -, you get an error message because + can be used with the same scheme as \series bold \backslash -le +@addtoreset \series default - is already defined as command for -\begin_inset Quotes eld +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset +Sometimes formulas should be numbered in the following form: +\end_layout -\begin_inset Formula $\le$ -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +(section number.formula number) +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +The formula number should start with every section with +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset +1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +For this case there is the command +\series bold +\backslash +numberwithin +\series default -\end_layout +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - The names of user-defined commands may only consist of Latin letters. +N \end_layout \end_inset +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +numberwithin \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -- -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} + +\end_layout + \end_inset -9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have. - With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined. - When this is done, the -\emph on -first -\emph default - -\emph on -a -\emph default -rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one. +, + which is used with the following scheme: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Here are some examples: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -To define the command \series bold \backslash -gr -\series default - for +numberwithin{counter}{sectioning} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Counter denotes what kind of numbering is affected, + sectioning denotes what the number before the dot is. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Thus in our case the following \SpecialChar LaTeX + preamble or \SpecialChar TeX + code line is used: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + \series bold \backslash -Longrightarrow -\series default -, the LaTeX-preamble line is: +numberwithin{equation}{section} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is the result: \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -31054,66 +35416,95 @@ status collapsed \backslash -medskip +numberwithin{equation}{section} \end_layout \end_inset -\series bold +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A+B=C +\end{equation} -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -gr}{ -\backslash -Longrightarrow} \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -To define the command +\begin_layout Standard +To number e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + tables so that the number of the part is the sectioning, +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + \series bold \backslash -us +numberwithin{table}{part} \series default - for + is used. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To go back to the standard numbering or to prevent this kind of numbering when it is defined by the document class, + the following command is inserted as \SpecialChar TeX + code or to the \SpecialChar LaTeX + preamble: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + \series bold \backslash -underline -\series default -, the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account. - For this the preamble line is: -\begin_inset ERT +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +arabic{equation}} +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -medskip +arabic \end_layout \end_inset -\series bold +\end_layout -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -us}[1]{ -\backslash -underline{#1}} \series default \begin_inset ERT @@ -31123,7 +35514,11 @@ status collapsed \backslash -medskip +renewcommand{ +\backslash +theequation}{ +\backslash +arabic{equation}} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31136,39 +35531,37 @@ medskip \series default -The character -\series bold -# -\series default - acts as argument placeholder, the +or \series bold -1 -\series default - behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument. + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +thetable}{ +\backslash +arabic{table}} \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -For +\begin_layout Standard + \series bold \backslash -framebox +numberwithin \series default - one can e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -define the command + internally uses the command \series bold \backslash -fb +@addtoreset \series default -: +, + described above, + and would also need to be reverted. \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -31176,138 +35569,243 @@ status collapsed \backslash -medskip +makeatletter +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +@removefromreset{equation}{section} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +makeatother \end_layout \end_inset -\series bold +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Chemical Symbols and Equations +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "subsec:Chemical-Symbols-and" -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -fb}[3]{ -\backslash -framebox#1#2{$#3$}} -\series default +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Chemical characters +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Chemical equations +\end_layout +\end_inset -\backslash -medskip + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Symbols +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +chemical \end_layout \end_inset -\series bold +\end_layout -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\series default -The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for -\series bold +\end_layout -\backslash -framebox +\begin_layout Standard +An example text from chemistry: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +The +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ +\end_inset + +-ion reacts with two +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ +\end_inset + +-ions to sodium sulfate +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ +\end_inset + +. + The chemical equation for this is: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\mathrm{2\,Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Chemical equations can be created as formulas. + To avoid the symbols appearing in italic, + everything is highlighted and changed by the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-roman" +\end_inset + + to the upright font style. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +For font styles +\series bold + \series default -, see +see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Boxes-with-Frame" +reference "subsec:Font-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset -. + \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -To create a new command for +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command \series bold \backslash -fcolorbox +ce \series default - where the color for the box needn't to be specified, the argument for the - color is defined optional: -\begin_inset ERT + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +C +\end_layout + +\end_inset +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -medskip +ce \end_layout \end_inset -\series bold +\end_layout -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -cb}[3][white]{ -\backslash -fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} + which is available when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package +\series bold +mhchem \series default -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open - -\backslash -medskip +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mhchem \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_layout + \end_inset -When the color is not specified when using + is installed. + After inserting \series bold \backslash -cb -\series default -, the predefined color -\series bold -white +ce \series default - will be used. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A test of the new defined commands: + in a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted in an intuitive way. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - - + + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -31323,20 +35821,33 @@ Command \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. +ce +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +H2CO3 \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{H2CO3}$ +\end_inset \end_layout @@ -31344,36 +35855,27 @@ raisebox \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout -A -\backslash -gr -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - \begin_layout Plain Layout - \backslash -spce -\end_layout - +ce +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -B +SO4^2- \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{SO4^{2-}}$ \end_inset @@ -31382,23 +35884,27 @@ B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -us{ABcd +ce +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +(NH4)2S \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{(NH4)2S}$ \end_inset @@ -31407,50 +35913,68 @@ us{ABcd \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -fb{[2cm] -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +ce +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset +KCr(SO4)2.12H2O +\end_layout -\backslash -{ -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}$ +\end_inset -\backslash -{ -\backslash -int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset +A-B \backslash -spce -\end_layout +dbond +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset +C +\backslash +tbond +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -A=B +D \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}$ \end_inset @@ -31459,44 +35983,35 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -cb{red -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +ce +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset +^227 +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset -\backslash -{ -\backslash -int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +_90 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset -A=B +Th+ \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}$ \end_inset @@ -31506,45 +36021,38 @@ A=B - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -cb[green] -\backslash -{red -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +ce +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash -{ -\backslash -int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +mu +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \backslash -spce -\end_layout - +hyphen +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -A=B +Cl \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{\ensuremath{\mu\hyphen}Cl}$ \end_inset @@ -31553,11 +36061,313 @@ A=B \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +CO2 +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +C +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +<=> +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +2CO +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +CO2 +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +C +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +->[ +\backslash +alpha][ +\backslash +beta] +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +2CO} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: + +\series default + It is not possible in \SpecialChar LyX + to use the character ^ to get an up-arrow as described in the +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + manual. + One instead uses a negative thin space followed by the command +\series bold + +\backslash +uparrow +\series default +: + +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{Fe + 2H+ -> Fe^{2+} + H2\negthinspace\uparrow}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Using +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + the command for equation +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:chem-reaction" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + + is: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +2Na+ +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset ++ +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +SO4^2- +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +-> +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +Na2SO4 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To create multiline chemical equations first a multiline formula is created as described in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. + Afterwards the command +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + is used in every small blue box of the formula. + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-1" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-2" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + + are an example of a multi-stage chemical reaction where every equation has its own number. +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} +\ce{TEOS + 4O} & \ce{->} & \ce{Si(OH)4 + 4C2H4O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-1}\\ +\ce{Si(OH)4} & \ce{->} & \ce{SiO2 + 2H2O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-2} +\end{eqnarray} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Besides +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\series default + the +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + package provides the command +\series bold + +\backslash +cf +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +C +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +cf +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + that is used for special cases. + For more information about +\series bold + +\backslash +cf +\series default + and more examples have a look at the documentation of +\series bold +mhchem +\series default +, + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "mhchem" +literal "true" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout \begin_layout Section @@ -31565,7 +36375,9 @@ Diagrams \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -LyX supports two types of commutative diagrams: +\SpecialChar LyX + supports two types of commutative diagrams: + \series bold amscd \series default @@ -31573,16 +36385,28 @@ amscd \series bold xymatrix \series default - that are explained in the following. + and are explained below. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Amscd Diagrams -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagrams ! amscd +Diagrams +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +amscd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31591,12 +36415,14 @@ Diagrams ! amscd \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines - or arrows: -\begin_inset Formula \[ +Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines or arrows: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ \begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ @AAA@.@VVV\\ -F@<<>> \series default - a right arrow, and + a right arrow and \series bold @= \series default @@ -31658,11 +36510,12 @@ To create the relations there are the following commands: \series bold @AAA \series default - creates an up arrow, + creates an up arrow, + \series bold @VVV \series default - an down arrow, and + a down arrow and \series bold @| \series default @@ -31683,18 +36536,22 @@ All arrows can be labeled as follows: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Is text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed - above the arrow. - When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under - the arrow. +If text inserted between the first and second < or >, + resp., + it is placed above the arrow. + When it is inserted between the second and third one, + it appears under the arrow. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A - or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow. - When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right - beside the arrow. - If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a TeX-brace. +When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A or V, + resp., + it is placed left beside the arrow. + When it is inserted between the second and third one, + it appears right beside the arrow. + If the text contains an A or V, + these letters must be set into a \SpecialChar TeX + brace. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -31702,10 +36559,13 @@ As example a diagram with all possible relations: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin_inset Formula +\[ \begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ @AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ -D@<k>>F@=C\end{CD}\] +D@<k>>F@=C +\end{CD} +\] \end_inset @@ -31722,384 +36582,2122 @@ The command for this is: \backslash CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold \backslash -spce +CD +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset -A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl-Enter +@AmAA@.@VV +\backslash +{V +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\series bold +V@| Ctrl+Return \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold \backslash -hphantom{ +CD +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset +D@<k>>F@=C +\end_layout -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_layout Subsection +Xymatrix Diagrams +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagrams +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +xymatrix +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To be able to use xymatrices, + the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package +\series bold +xypic +\series default + must be installed. + A xymatrix is created by inserting the command +\series bold \backslash -spce +xymatrix +\series default + in a formula. + Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices, + see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Matrices" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Contrary to amscd diagrams, + xymatrices support diagonal and curved arrows, + and much more. + The commands used to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained in detail in the +\emph on +XY-pic manual +\emph default + found in the menu +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar menuseparator +Specific +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset +Manuals +\family default +. +\end_layout -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_layout Subsection + +\noun on +Feynman +\noun default + Diagrams +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagrams +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -} +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Feynman \end_layout \end_inset -@AmAA@.@VV + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To be able to use +\noun on +Feynman +\noun default +-diagrams, + the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package +\series bold +feyn +\series default + must be installed. + A +\noun on +Feynman +\noun default +-diagram is created by inserting the command +\series bold + \backslash -{V +Diagram \series default + in a formula. + Then you will be able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices, + see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Matrices" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Examples of how to create +\noun on +Feynman- +\noun default +diagrams in \SpecialChar LyX + are given in the +\emph on +Feynman-diagram +\emph default + manual that you find in the menu +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar menuseparator +Specific +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Manuals +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +User-defined Commands +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +User-defined commands +\end_layout -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \series bold -V@| Ctrl-Enter -\begin_inset Newline newline +Note: + +\series default + The names of user-defined commands and macros may only consist of Latin letters. +\end_layout + \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The Command +\backslash +newcommand +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "subsec:The-Command-newcommand" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +User-defined commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -hphantom{ +newcommand \end_layout \end_inset -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +N +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +newcommand +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Many \SpecialChar LaTeX +-commands are too long to be used frequently. + But it is possible to define with the command +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + new shorter commands. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The command scheme of +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + is: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional +\series default + +\series bold +value] +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +{command definition} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: + +\series default + Verify that the name of the new command is not already used in your document or by the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-packages that you use. + If you for example define the command +\series bold + +\backslash +le +\series default + for +\series bold + +\backslash +Leftarrow +\series default +, + you will get an error message because +\series bold + +\backslash +le +\series default + is already defined as command for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\le$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have. + With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined. + When this is done, + the +\emph on +first +\emph default + +\emph on +a +\emph default +rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here are some examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +To define the command +\series bold + +\backslash +gr +\series default + for +\series bold + +\backslash +Longrightarrow +\series default +, + the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line is: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +gr}{ +\backslash +Longrightarrow} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +To define the command +\series bold + +\backslash +us +\series default + for +\series bold + +\backslash +underline +\series default +, + the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account. + For this the preamble line is: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +us}[1]{ +\backslash +underline{#1}} +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The character +\series bold +# +\series default + acts as argument placeholder, + the +\series bold +1 +\series default + behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +For +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default + one can e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +define the command +\series bold + +\backslash +fb +\series default +: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +fb}[3]{ +\backslash +framebox#1#2{$#3$}} +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default +, + see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +To create a new command for +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox +\series default + where the color for the box need not be specified, + the argument for the color is defined optional: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +cb}[3][white]{ +\backslash +fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +When the color is not specified when using +\series bold + +\backslash +cb +\series default +, + the predefined color +\series bold +white +\series default + will be used. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A test of the new defined commands: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A +\backslash +gr +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +us{ABcd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\us{ABcd}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +fb{[2cm] +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +cb{red +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\cb{red}{\int A=B}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +cb[green] +\backslash +{red +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As is obvious, + commands defined in the preamble do not display `nicely' in LyX itself. + Most such commands can be defined in LyX using `math macros', + however, + which we are about to explain, + and these do display nicely. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Math Macros +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +User-defined commands! + Math macros +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Macros +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +User-defined commands are especially convenient for complex expressions. + For example if you are dealing with a document that has quadratic equations, + the same solution type occurs several times. + The general form of a quadratic equation is +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q +\] + +\end_inset + +The general form of the solution is +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To define a command for the solution formula where only the three parameters +\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ +\end_inset + +, + +\begin_inset Formula $p$ +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Formula $q$ +\end_inset + + need to be specified and the index of +\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ +\end_inset + + can be given optionally, + the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line is +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +qG}[4][1, +\backslash +,2]{#2_{#1}=- +\backslash +frac{#3}{2} +\backslash +pm +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +sqrt{ +\backslash +frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To create with this the solution formula, + the command +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +qG{ +\backslash +lambda +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{p +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{q +\series default + is inserted to a formula +\series bold +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The definition of the new command is unintuitive because one has to know the schemes of all used \SpecialChar LaTeX + commands, + e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +that a fraction is inserted in \SpecialChar LaTeX + as +\series bold + +\backslash +frac{numerator}{denominator} +\series default +. + Furthermore one can easily forget a brace in the definition and cannot see in \SpecialChar LyX + what the new command is doing. + To avoid these problems \SpecialChar LyX + offers the possibility to use math macros instead of the command +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A math macro is created by using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro newmacroname_newcommand" +\end_inset + +. + The math macro toolbar appears together with the following box where the macro is defined: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/macrobox.png + scale 95 + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} +\end_inset + + +\backslash +newmacroname is the default name of the macro that should be changed to something sensible. + The wanted formula is inserted in the first blue box. + An argument placeholder is inserted with the command +\series bold + +\backslash +#argumentnumber +\series default +, + e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +#1 +\series default + or by using the macro toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-add-param" +\end_inset + +. + Argument placeholders are displayed red. + A maximum of 9 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +arguments are possible. + Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-add-optional-param" +\end_inset + +. + The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-make-optional" +\end_inset + +. + In the second blue box the appearance of the macro in \SpecialChar LyX + can be defined. + Normally you want to see it as it is defined, + so the box is kept empty. + But when you have created a macro that needs lot of space on the screen, + you can insert in the box for example +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +qG: + +\backslash +#1 +\series default + +\series bold +, + +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +#2 +\series default + +\series bold +, + +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +#3, + +\backslash +#4 +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series default +For the macro only the arguments with the macro name in front of them will then be displayed in \SpecialChar LyX +, + leading to a better overview. + The formula appears in the output as defined in the first box. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The appearance of macros in formulas can furthermore be changed for single macros by setting the cursor in the macro and using the menu +\family sans +View\SpecialChar menuseparator +(Un)fold +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Macro +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use a macro, + the macro name is inserted as command to a formula, + in our case +\series bold + +\backslash +qG +\series default +. + Our macro looks in \SpecialChar LyX + like this: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/macrouse.png + scale 95 + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Here is our macro example with the arguments +\begin_inset Formula $x$ +\end_inset + +, + +\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$ +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Formula $B$ +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\qG x{\ln(x)}B +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\SpecialChar LyX + offers in the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator +Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator +Control +\family default + different styles to edit macros. + To find the style that suits you best, + choose a style and set the cursor in a macro formula to see the difference. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A math macro is transformed internally to a +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + command when exporting the document. + The created +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + command is not placed in the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble, + therefore macros can only be used in formulas that are in the document below the macro definition box. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Math macros can also be directly created from a +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + command. + When writing for example the command +\series bold + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +larrow}[2]{ +\backslash +xleftarrow[#2]{#1}} +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series default +in \SpecialChar LyX + as normal text, + highlighting it completely and using the shortcut +\family sans +Ctrl+M +\family default +, + the command will be transformed to a math macro. + Using this method you need to be careful that the +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + command is typed correctly, + otherwise you get a faulty macro leading to \SpecialChar LaTeX + errors. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Math macros currently have the problem that further formulas in macro definitions are handled wrong. + Therefore the example +\series bold + +\backslash +fb +\series default + from +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "subsec:The-Command-newcommand" +nolink "false" + +\end_inset + + cannot be created as macro. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When the cursor is in a macro definition box, + you will see the macro toolbar in \SpecialChar LyX +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/MacroToolbar.png + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Macros +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Toolbar +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The macro toolbar contains from left to right the following buttons: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-remove-param" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator +Remove Last Argument +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-add-param" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator +Append Argument +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-make-optional" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator +Transform First Non-Optional to +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Optional Argument +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-make-nonoptional" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator +Transform Last Optional to +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +Non-Optional Argument +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-remove-optional-param" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator +Remove Optional Argument +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-add-optional-param" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator +Insert Optional Argument +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-remove-greedy-param" +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator +Remove Last Argument +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset +Spitting Out To The Right +\end_layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-append-greedy-param" \end_inset -D@<k>>F@=C + \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Xymatrix Diagrams -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagrams ! xymatrix -\end_layout +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator +Append Argument +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -To be able to use xymatrices, the LaTeX-package -\series bold -xypic -\series default - must be installed. - A xymatrix is created by inserting the command -\series bold +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open -\backslash -xymatrix -\series default - in a formula. - Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices, - see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Matrices" +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -. -\end_layout +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator -\begin_layout Standard -In contrary to amscd diagrams, xymatrices supports diagonal and curved arrows, - and much more. - All possibilities to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained - in detail in this manual: -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XY-pic#xy-manual" +\end_layout \end_inset -. +Eating From The Right \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param" \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Tips -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator +Append Optional Argument +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Other useful math tips can be found in -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "Voss" +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -. +Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator + \end_layout \end_inset +Eating From The Right +\end_layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -}{} \end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Subsection +Math Macros for External Commands +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Sometimes, + you may need to use a LaTeX package which defines a math command that is not natively supported in LyX. + This is easy enough to do: + Just include the package in the preamble and type out the command in math. + As with commands defined in the preamble, + however, + the display in LyX will not be `nice'. +\end_layout -\begin_inset Note Note +\begin_layout Standard +As of LyX 2.4, + this problem has been solved. + Just define a math macro with empty LaTeX slot! + The LyX part will be used for display, + but no corresponding LaTeX will be output. + For example, + the +\begin_inset Flex Code status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark. +godelnum.sty \end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -More about -\backslash -texorpdfstring is in section -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" - \end_inset -. + package defines a Godelnum macro that puts a single argument into corner quotes. + To get a nice LyX display of this macro, + just do: \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\Godelnum}[1]{} +{\ulcorner#1\urcorner} \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Tips +\begin_layout Standard +The same trick, + of course, + can be used for commands defined in the preamble. \end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Section +Computer Algebra Systems +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\SpecialChar LyX + offers the exchange between mathematical expressions written in \SpecialChar LyX +'s math editor and external applications or user defined scripts. + Currently supported applications are +\family sans +Maple +\family default +, + +\family sans +Mathematica +\family default +, + +\family sans +Maxima +\family default + and +\family sans +Octave +\family default +. + Note that the set of supported mathematical constructs is limited only to very simple cases. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection +Usage +\end_layout -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard +Write some expression in a formula, + go to the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar menuseparator +Use Computer Algebra System +\family default + menu and choose the application you have installed on the computer. + After that the result of computation should show on the right side of the expression together with the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Ions|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout + operator. +\end_layout -{ +\begin_layout Standard +Here are few simple examples (with results from +\family typewriter +Maxima +\family default +) to show what kind of computations can be performed: \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{37}{3}*2-\sum_{i=1}^{3}i^{i}=-\frac{22}{3}$ \end_inset -Chemical characters -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -} \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{37.0}{3}=12.33333333333333$ \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\int_{1}^{2}\sin(x)dx=\cos1-\cos2$ \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Chemical Symbols and Equations -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\int\left(\frac{1}{1+x^{3}}\right)dx=-\frac{\log\left(x^{2}-x+1\right)}{6}+\frac{\arctan\left(\frac{2\,x-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)}{\sqrt{3}}+\frac{\log\left(x+1\right)}{3}$ +\end_inset + +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Chemical characters ! Symbols -\end_layout +\series bold +Note: + +\series default + One needs to use proper delimiter insets +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\right)$ \end_inset + instead of simple '(' ')' characters. +\end_layout -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Chemical equations + \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\det\left[\begin{array}{ccc} +1 & 6 & 7\\ +2 & 5 & 8\\ +3 & 4 & 17 +\end{array}\right]=-56$ \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Symbols ! chemical \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}\left(\frac{\sin(x)}{x}\right)=1$ \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -An example text from chemistry: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -The -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ -\end_inset - --ion reacts with two -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $powerseries\left(-\log\left(5-x\right),x,1\right)=\sum_{{\mathit{i}_{2}}=0}^{\infty}{\frac{4^{-{\mathit{i}_{2}}-1}\,\left(x-1\right)^{{\mathit{i}_{2}}+1}}{{\mathit{i}_{2}}+1}}-\log4$ \end_inset --ions to sodium sulfate -\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ -\end_inset -. - The chemical equation for this is: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\] +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $solve\left(x_{1}+y_{1}^{3}=y_{1}+x_{1}^{2},x_{1}\right)=\left[x_{1}=-\frac{\sqrt{4\,y_{1}^{3}-4\,y_{1}+1}-1}{2},x_{1}=\frac{\sqrt{4\,y_{1}^{3}-4\,y_{1}+1}+1}{2}\right]$ \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection +Keyboard shortcut +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard -This chemical equation can directly be created as formula. - To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and - changed by the shortcut +Currently there is no keyboard shortcut for calling the algebra applications. + One can easily bind a shortcut to the \family sans -Alt-c -\begin_inset space ~ +math-extern +\family default + \SpecialChar LyX + function (see the +\family sans +\emph on +\SpecialChar LyX + Functions +\family default +\emph default + manual). + One could e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset -r +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +bind the +\family sans +Return \family default - to the upright font style. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed + key inside the math editor. + To bind it to +\family typewriter +Maxima +\family default + one would use this shortcut definition command: +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -font styles -\series bold - -\series default -see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Font-Styles" +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\series bold +command-alternatives paragraph-break;math-extern maxima +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section +Miscellaneous +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Miscellaneous \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32109,11 +38707,23 @@ reference "sub:Font-Styles" \begin_layout Subsection Negative Numbers -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Numbers ! negative +Numbers +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +negative +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32122,15 +38732,14 @@ Numbers ! negative \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Negative numbers often look ugly in formulas because the minus sign before - the number is set with the same length as the minus operator sign. - When writing the negative number in normal text, the minus sign appears - correctly. +Negative numbers often look ugly in formulas because the minus sign before the number is set with the same length as the minus operator sign. + When writing the negative number in normal text, + the minus sign appears correctly. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Thus, the problem disappears when converting the minus sign to mathematical - text. +Thus, + the problem disappears when converting the minus sign to mathematical text. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -32141,11 +38750,11 @@ An example to visualize the problem: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32165,7 +38774,7 @@ x = -2 - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32174,7 +38783,7 @@ formula: \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32188,7 +38797,7 @@ formula: - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32219,7 +38828,9 @@ solution: \begin_layout Subsection Comma as decimal Separator -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32232,27 +38843,27 @@ Comma \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -In LaTeX a comma inside a formula is used, according to the English convention, +In \SpecialChar LaTeX + a comma inside a formula is used, + according to the English convention, as number group separator. So there will be space added behind all commas in formulas. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To avoid this, the comma is highlighted and changed to mathematical text - (shortcut -\family sans -Alt-m -\begin_inset space ~ +To avoid this, + the comma is highlighted and changed to mathematical text (shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "math-mode" \end_inset -m -\family default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To use all formula commas in the document as decimal separator, the file - +To use all formula commas in the document as decimal separator, + the file \series bold icomma.sty \series default @@ -32265,24 +38876,24 @@ status collapsed \series bold icomma \series default - is part of the LaTeX-package + is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold was \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! was -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -vspace{4mm} +was \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32298,16 +38909,29 @@ vspace{4mm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! icomma +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +icomma +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line + is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -32322,16 +38946,28 @@ usepackage{icomma} Physical Vectors \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Physical-Vectors" +name "subsec:Physical-Vectors" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Vectors ! physical +Vectors +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +physical +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32340,35 +38976,35 @@ Vectors ! physical \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Predefined vectors are offered by the LaTeX-package +Predefined vectors are offered by the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold braket \series default -\begin_inset Foot +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout braket -\series default - should be part of every LaTeX standard installation. \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! braket \end_layout \end_inset - that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line + that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -32397,7 +39033,8 @@ ifbraket status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package +The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold braket \series default @@ -32406,6 +39043,10 @@ braket \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The following commands are defined: \end_layout @@ -32413,11 +39054,11 @@ The following commands are defined: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32426,7 +39067,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32437,7 +39078,7 @@ Result - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32450,7 +39091,7 @@ psi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32464,7 +39105,7 @@ psi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32477,7 +39118,7 @@ psi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32491,7 +39132,7 @@ psi - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32506,7 +39147,7 @@ phi \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32534,8 +39175,10 @@ The command Braket \series default assures that all vertical bars are set in the size of the surrounding brackets: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\,M_{J}} +\] \end_inset @@ -32557,7 +39200,8 @@ else status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package +The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold braket \series default @@ -32570,7 +39214,8 @@ braket \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You need to install the LaTeX-package +You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold braket \series default @@ -32606,10 +39251,12 @@ Braket \backslash middle \series default -, that is described in +, + that is described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" +reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -32620,16 +39267,28 @@ reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" Self-defined Fractions \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Self-defined-Fractions" +name "subsec:Self-defined-Fractions" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Fractions ! self-defined +Fractions +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +self-defined +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32638,22 +39297,45 @@ Fractions ! self-defined \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To define custom commands for fractions, the command +To define custom commands for fractions, + the command \series bold \backslash genfrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! G ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +G +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash genfrac \end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \end_inset is used in the following scheme: @@ -32677,27 +39359,15 @@ bracket}{fraction bar thickness}{style} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -phantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\series bold \backslash genfrac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32721,11 +39391,11 @@ The style is a number in the range of 0 \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32734,7 +39404,7 @@ Number \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32745,7 +39415,7 @@ Style (Size) - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32754,7 +39424,7 @@ Style (Size) \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32765,7 +39435,7 @@ display style formula - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32774,7 +39444,7 @@ display style formula \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32785,7 +39455,7 @@ inline formula - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32794,7 +39464,7 @@ inline formula \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32805,7 +39475,7 @@ small - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32814,7 +39484,7 @@ small \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32832,8 +39502,8 @@ tiny \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When no style is given, the size is adjusted to the surrounding environment - like for the command +When no style is given, + the size is adjusted to the surrounding environment like for the command \series bold \backslash @@ -32843,7 +39513,8 @@ frac \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When no fraction bar thickness is given, the predefined value of 0.4 +When no fraction bar thickness is given, + the predefined value of 0.4 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -32854,7 +39525,8 @@ pt will be used. \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -For example, the commands +For example, + the commands \series bold \backslash @@ -32869,7 +39541,8 @@ tbinom from \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Fractions" +reference "subsec:Fractions" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -32908,8 +39581,9 @@ genfrac{(}{)}{0pt}{1}{#1}{#2}} \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -To define a fraction where the fraction bar thickness can be given as optional - argument, the following line is inserted to the LaTeX-preamble: +To define a fraction where the fraction bar thickness can be given as optional argument, + the following line is inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -32926,30 +39600,37 @@ genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}} \begin_layout Standard A test: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} \text{Command} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\ -\text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}\end{align*} +\text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B} +\end{align*} \end_inset -As one can see, the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the - fraction bar is round about three times the bar thickness. +As one can see, + the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the fraction bar is round about three times the bar thickness. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Canceled Formulas -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Canceled-Formulas" +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +canceled +\end_layout +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! canceled \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32958,58 +39639,49 @@ Formula ! canceled \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To cancel formulas or formula parts, the LaTeX-package -\series bold -cancel -\series default +There are four ways to cancel formulas or parts of formulas: +\end_layout -\begin_inset Foot +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\series bold -cancel -\series default - is part of every LaTeX standard installation. + +\backslash +ifcancel \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_inset Note Note +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! cancel +The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package +\series bold +cancel +\series default + is installed. \end_layout \end_inset - has to be loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -usepackage[samesize]{cancel} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -There are four ways to cancel formulas: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33018,58 +39690,31 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout Result -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -hspace -\series default - and -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - are used here as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -cancel{ -\backslash -int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +cancel +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \backslash -spce -\end_layout - +int +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -33077,11 +39722,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\cancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\cancel{\int A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -33090,26 +39735,21 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -bcancel{ -\backslash -int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +bcancel +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \backslash -spce -\end_layout - +int +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -33117,11 +39757,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\bcancel{\int A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -33130,26 +39770,21 @@ A=B \end_inset - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -xcancel{ -\backslash -int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +xcancel +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \backslash -spce -\end_layout - +int +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -33157,11 +39792,11 @@ A=B \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\xcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\xcancel{\int A=B}$ \end_inset @@ -33171,43 +39806,36 @@ A=B - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -cancelto{1 -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +cancelto +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\backslash -{ \backslash int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +1 \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}\hspace{3mm}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\hspace{3mm}$ \end_inset @@ -33231,8 +39859,236 @@ A=B cancelto \series default is especially suitable to visualize the reduction of fractions within formulas: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To change the size of +\series bold + +\backslash +cancelto +\series default +'s +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +subscript +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + value one can add the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +PassOptionsToPackage{option}{cancel} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where +\series bold +option +\series default + is either +\series bold +samesize +\series default + which leads to the same size as for the canceled value, + or +\series bold +Smaller +\series default + which makes is it a bit smaller than normal. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To color the cancellation bar one adds this command as \SpecialChar TeX + code: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +CancelColor}{ +\backslash +color{red}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +red +\series default + can be replaced by a color of your choice. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +CancelColor}{ +\backslash +color{red}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +CancelColor}{ +\backslash +color{black}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +reset the color +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For further customizations, + see the documentation of the package +\series bold +cancel +\series default +, + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "cancel" +literal "true" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +cancel +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +else +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package +\series bold +cancel +\series default + is not installed: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package +\series bold +cancel +\series default + to see the rest of this subsection in the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +fi +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -33243,16 +40099,28 @@ cancelto Formulas in Section Headings \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Formulas-in-Section" +name "subsec:Formulas-in-Section" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! in section headings +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +in section headings +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -33261,8 +40129,8 @@ Formula ! in section headings \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When formulas are used in section headings, the following has to be taken - into account: +When formulas are used in section headings, + the following has to be taken into account: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -33275,11 +40143,23 @@ When hyperref \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! hyperref +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +hyperref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -33292,10 +40172,11 @@ PDF Properties \family default -, PDF-bookmarks are created for every section heading in the table of contents. - If a section heading contains formulas, they are incorrectly displayed - in the bookmark text, because formulas in bookmarks infringe the PDF convention -s. +, + PDF-bookmarks are created for every section heading in the table of contents. + If a section heading contains formulas, + they are incorrectly displayed in the bookmark text, + because formulas in bookmarks infringe the PDF conventions. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -33304,10 +40185,9 @@ s. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Both problems can be solved by inserting at the end of the section heading - a short title with the menu +Both problems can be solved by inserting at the end of the section heading a short title with the menu \family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator Short \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset @@ -33315,10 +40195,8 @@ Short Title \family default . - Short titles are used as alternative for multiline section headings to - keep the table of contents clearly arranged. - Only the short title appears in the table of contents and therefore also - in the PDF-bookmark. + Short titles are used as alternative for multiline section headings to keep the table of contents clearly arranged. + Only the short title appears in the table of contents and therefore also in the PDF-bookmark. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -33326,7 +40204,9 @@ When formulas should be used in the table of contents but \series bold hyperref \series default - is used, one can use the following command in TeX-mode: + is used, + one can use the following command in \SpecialChar TeX + mode: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -33335,11 +40215,28 @@ hyperref \backslash texorpdfstring{part}{alternative} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! T ! +Commands +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +T +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash texorpdfstring \end_layout @@ -33347,11 +40244,19 @@ texorpdfstring \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Part is the part of the heading that shouldn't appear in the PDF-bookmark. - This can be characters, formulas, footnotes, but also cross-references. + This can be characters, + formulas, + footnotes, + but also cross-references. The alternative is used instead of the part for the bookmark. \end_layout @@ -33382,7 +40287,7 @@ Heading without formula in table of contents \end_inset -\begin_inset OptArg +\begin_inset Argument 1 status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33439,7 +40344,8 @@ unboldmath \end_inset -In the first heading a short title was used, in the second one +In the first heading a short title was used, + in the second one \series bold \backslash @@ -33449,20 +40355,21 @@ texorpdfstring \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To get the same formatting as for the other headings, the complete heading - was set into a +To get the same formatting as for the other headings, + the complete heading was set into a \series bold boldmath \series default environment \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -see +See \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Bold-Formulas" +reference "subsec:Bold-Formulas" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -33476,11 +40383,23 @@ reference "sub:Bold-Formulas" \begin_layout Subsection Formulas in multi-column Text -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! in multi-column text +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +in multi-column text +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -33489,9 +40408,9 @@ Formula ! in multi-column text \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Formulas in multi-column text are often too wide to fit into a column and - thus need to be set over the whole page width. - This is done by using the LaTeX-package +Formulas in multi-column text are often too wide to fit into a column and thus need to be set over the whole page width. + This is done by using the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold multicol \series default @@ -33504,22 +40423,37 @@ status collapsed \series bold multicol \series default - is part of every LaTeX standard installation. + is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX + standard installation. \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! multicol +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +multicol +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset -, that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line +, + that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -33535,7 +40469,7 @@ usepackage{multicol} status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Note herby that the setting +Note that in this case the setting \family sans Two-column \begin_inset space ~ @@ -33545,7 +40479,7 @@ document \family default in the menu \family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar menuseparator Settings \family default under @@ -33584,7 +40518,8 @@ begin{multicols}{column number} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -is written in TeX-mode. +is written in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. The column number is a number in the range of 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -33606,12 +40541,14 @@ end{multicols} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -in TeX-mode. +in \SpecialChar TeX + mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Due to the command some space is automatically added before the formula. - To revert this, -6 + To correct this, + -6 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -33620,13 +40557,14 @@ mm vertical space is inserted before the formula. \series bold Indented \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -formula styles see +For formula styles see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formula-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -33637,7 +40575,8 @@ reference "sec:Formula-Styles" \series default - is used, -9 + is used, + a -9 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -33649,6 +40588,8 @@ As example a multi-column text with a displayed formula: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard + +\lang ngerman \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33662,21 +40603,23 @@ begin{multicols}{2} \end_inset Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert. - the Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um the überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk -, Lösungsmittel) zu trennen. - Nachdem wir the Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns - nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals. - Im Experiment haben wir es with sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so that man - über alle Phasen integrieren muss. + Die Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, + um die überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk, + Lösungsmittel) zu trennen. + Nachdem wir die Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, + interessiert uns nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals. + Im Experiment haben wir es mit sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, + so dass man über alle Phasen integrieren muss. Sei nun \begin_inset Formula $S$ \end_inset - unser normiertes Ausgangssignal and + unser normiertes Ausgangssignal und \begin_inset Formula $P$ \end_inset - the Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich the Beziehung + die Phasenverteilungsfunktion, + so ergibt sich die Beziehung \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33694,8 +40637,10 @@ end{multicols} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi\label{eq:fouriertrafo}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -33716,13 +40661,13 @@ wobei \begin_inset Formula $S_{0}$ \end_inset - das Signal ohne Gradient ist and the Normierungsbedingung + das Signal ohne Gradient ist und die Normierungsbedingung \begin_inset Formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\,\mathrm{d}\phi=1$ \end_inset gilt. - Nun dürfen wir aber nicht the Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen. - Direkt nach the + Nun dürfen wir aber nicht den Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen. + Direkt nach dem \begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$ \end_inset @@ -33730,10 +40675,9 @@ wobei \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset --rf-Puls beginnt sich the Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich - das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt. - Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit the so genannten - +-rf-Puls beginnt sich die Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, + wodurch sich das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt. + Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit der so genannten \begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$ \end_inset @@ -33741,6 +40685,8 @@ wobei \end_layout \begin_layout Standard + +\lang ngerman \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -33753,16 +40699,28 @@ end{multicols} \end_inset - + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Formulas with Description of Variables -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Formula ! with description of variables +Formula +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +with description of variables +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -33771,14 +40729,17 @@ Formula ! with description of variables \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To describe variables within a formula, like in formula +To describe variables within a formula, + like in formula \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:within" +nolink "false" \end_inset -, a 2 +, + a 2 \series bold × \series default @@ -33799,10 +40760,11 @@ matrix is used with left aligned columns for the status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -matrices see +For matrices see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Matrices" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -33811,12 +40773,13 @@ reference "sec:Matrices" \end_inset - To set the description in a smaller size, before the matrix e. + To set the description in a smaller size, + before the matrix e. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset g. -\begin_inset space ~ +\begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset the command @@ -33830,10 +40793,11 @@ footnotesize status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -font sizes see +For font sizes see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Font-Sizes" +reference "subsec:Font-Sizes" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -33853,10 +40817,11 @@ Indented status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -formula styles see +For formula styles see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sec:Formula-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -33867,7 +40832,8 @@ reference "sec:Formula-Styles" \series default - is used, a + is used, + a \series bold \backslash @@ -33888,10 +40854,12 @@ hfill \series bold Indented \series default -, see +, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Variable-Space" +reference "subsec:Variable-Space" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -33900,8 +40868,7 @@ reference "sub:Variable-Space" \end_inset - is inserted before and after the matrix to have the same separation of - the matrix from the equation and the side margin. + is inserted before and after the matrix to have the same separation of the matrix from the equation and the side margin. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -33909,10 +40876,12 @@ When the formula style \series bold Centered \series default - is used, the method described in + is used, + the method described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Flalign-Environment" +reference "subsec:Flalign-Environment" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -33921,16 +40890,21 @@ reference "sub:Flalign-Environment" \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand eqref reference "eq:within" +nolink "false" \end_inset - consists of five columns whereas in the first two columns contain the equation, - the third the matrix, and the last one an empty TeX-brace. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign} -\hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & \footnotesize\begin{array}{ll} + consists of five columns where in the first two columns contain the equation, + the third the matrix and the last one an empty \SpecialChar TeX + brace. +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{flalign} +\hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & {\footnotesize \begin{array}{ll} \rho & \textrm{density}\\ V & \textrm{volume}\\ -g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration}\end{array} & & {}\label{eq:within}\end{flalign} +g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration} +\end{array}} & & {}\label{eq:within} +\end{flalign} \end_inset @@ -33941,16 +40915,28 @@ g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration}\end{array} & & {}\label{eq:within}\end{ Upright small Greek Letters \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:Upright-small-Greek" +name "subsec:Upright-small-Greek" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Greek letters ! upright +Greek letters +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +upright +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -33960,8 +40946,8 @@ Greek letters ! upright \begin_layout Standard Most of the math fonts only provide italic small Greek letters. - But for symbols of elementary particles like pions and neutrinos, upright - Greek letters are needed. + But for symbols of elementary particles like pions and neutrinos, + upright Greek letters are needed. The file \series bold upgreek.sty @@ -33975,24 +40961,24 @@ status collapsed \series bold upgreek \series default - is part of the LaTeX-package + is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold was \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! was -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -vspace{4mm} +was \end_layout \end_inset @@ -34008,16 +40994,29 @@ vspace{4mm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! upgreek +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +upgreek +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line + that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -34048,17 +41047,17 @@ ifupgreek status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package +The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold upgreek \series default - is installed. + is installed: \end_layout \end_inset - They are created when the command for a small Greek letters is started - with + They are created when the command for a small Greek letter is started with \series bold up \series default @@ -34069,7 +41068,8 @@ up \backslash uptau \series default - creates this: + creates this: + \begin_inset Formula $\uptau$ \end_inset @@ -34078,8 +41078,10 @@ uptau \begin_layout Standard With these commands reactions of elementary particles can be typeset: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu} +\] \end_inset @@ -34117,7 +41119,8 @@ else status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package +The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold upgreek \series default @@ -34130,7 +41133,8 @@ upgreek \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -You need to install the LaTeX-package +You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold upgreek \series default @@ -34155,18 +41159,23 @@ fi \begin_layout Subsection Text Characters in Formulas -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Text-Characters-in" +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Text +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout +in formulas +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Text ! in formulas \end_layout \end_inset @@ -34176,11 +41185,12 @@ Text ! in formulas \begin_layout Standard In some cases you might want to insert text characters directly into formulas. - When for example the centered dot · is often used in formulas like + For example the centered dot · is often used in formulas like \begin_inset Formula $\nu=5·10^{5}\,\mathrm{Hz}$ \end_inset -, one would have to insert the command +. + One would have to insert the command \series bold \backslash @@ -34191,10 +41201,11 @@ cdot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -see +See \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Binary-Operators" +reference "subsec:Binary-Operators" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -34203,9 +41214,10 @@ reference "sub:Binary-Operators" \end_inset - all the time, because this character is defined in all encodings as text - character. - But the encoding can be changed by this LaTeX-preamble line: + all the time, + because this character is defined in all encodings as a text character. + But the encoding can be changed by this \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -34223,34 +41235,35 @@ else \backslash textperiodcentered \backslash -f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} +f\SpecialChar ligaturebreak i} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The character encoding (menu \family sans -Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Document\SpecialChar menuseparator +Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator Language \family default ) specifies what character appears when a keyboard key is pressed. - When the key for the character '·' is pressed, internally the command + When the key for the character '·' is pressed, + internally the command \series bold \backslash textperiodcentered \series default is used. - But this command is not available in a formula so that you would get LaTeX-erro -rs. - With the changed encoding the right command is chosen automatically, depending - on if the character was inserted into a formula or not. + But this command is not available in a formula so that you would get \SpecialChar LaTeX +-errors. + With the changed encoding the correct command is chosen automatically, + depending on if the character was inserted into a formula or not. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The encoding of several characters is saved in definition files. - Fore example the encoding + For example the encoding \series bold latin9 \series default @@ -34258,20 +41271,21 @@ latin9 \series bold latin9.def \series default - that is in the installation folder of LaTeX. - Encodings should only be changed via the LaTeX-preamble and not in the - definition files. - Otherwise own documents could not be edited by other LyX users working - on other computers. + which is in the installation folder of \SpecialChar LaTeX +. + Encodings should only be changed via the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble and not in the definition files. + Otherwise documents could not be edited by other \SpecialChar LyX + users working on other computers. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -Besides the centered dot, in this document the degree sign ° is defined - with the following LaTeX-preamble line so that it can directly be inserted - to a formula: +Besides the centered dot, + in this document the degree sign ° is defined with the following \SpecialChar LaTeX +-preamble line so that it can be directly inserted into a formula: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -34289,10 +41303,90 @@ else \backslash textdegree \backslash -f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} +f\SpecialChar ligaturebreak i} \end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection +\SpecialChar LaTeX +-comments in formulas +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\SpecialChar LaTeX +-comments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In text you can insert a comment that will only be visible in the \SpecialChar LaTeX + source code of your file with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar menuseparator +Comment +\family default +. + This is not possible in a formula but you can insert \SpecialChar LaTeX +-comments with the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +% +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This creates a box in which you can write your comment. + Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "LyX-bug #9002" +target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/9002" +literal "false" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + you cannot write normal text inside the comment, + even when you use mathematical text, + you will see its \SpecialChar LaTeX +-commands in the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-output. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +This a formula with a \SpecialChar LaTeX +-comment: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +A=B%\text{This is the comment} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset @@ -34303,7 +41397,9 @@ i} \begin_layout Section \start_of_appendix Typographic Advice -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34316,14 +41412,13 @@ Typographic advice \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -This section is a summary of the most important typographic rules, listed - in ISO norms. +This section is a summary of the most important typographic rules, + listed in ISO norms. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -This collection was partly taken from the German semi-official dictionary - called +This collection was partly taken from the German semi-official dictionary called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -34335,10 +41430,20 @@ Duden \begin_inset CommandInset citation LatexCommand cite key "Duden" +literal "true" \end_inset that lists some of the ISO rules. + More rules are listed in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Checklist" +literal "true" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -34356,10 +41461,12 @@ always status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -done with font styles, see +Done with font styles, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Font-Styles" +reference "subsec:Font-Styles" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -34368,7 +41475,9 @@ reference "sub:Font-Styles" \end_inset -: 30 +, + no matter if they appear in italic text: + 30 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -34376,10 +41485,12 @@ km/h \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Between the value and the unit is the smallest space, see +Between the value and the unit is the smallest space, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Predefined-Space" +reference "subsec:Predefined-Space" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -34394,9 +41505,12 @@ This convention is automatically fulfilled when the command unittwo \series default is used. - When it is entered to a formula, two boxes appear. - In the first one the value is inserted, in the second one the unit, and - one gets as above: + When it is entered in a formula, + two boxes appear. + In the first one the value is inserted, + in the second one the unit, + and the result is as above: + \begin_inset Formula $\unit[30]{km/h}$ \end_inset @@ -34411,13 +41525,16 @@ unittwo \backslash unittwo \series default - is not a real LaTeX command but the command + is not a real \SpecialChar LaTeX + command but the command \series bold \backslash unit[value]{unit} \series default -, therefore you cannot use it in TeX code. +, + therefore you cannot use it in \SpecialChar TeX + code. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -34425,7 +41542,7 @@ Percent and perthousand signs are set like physical units: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -1,2 +1.2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -34433,8 +41550,10 @@ Percent and perthousand signs are set like physical units: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -The degree sign follows directly on the value: 15°, but not when it is used - in units: 15 +The degree sign follows the value directly: + 15°, + except when it is used in units: + 15 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -34442,8 +41561,8 @@ The degree sign follows directly on the value: 15°, but not when it is used \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -In numbers with more than four digits the smallest space is inserted before - every third digit to group them: +In numbers with more than four digits the smallest space is inserted before every third digit to group them: + \family roman \series medium \shape up @@ -34477,21 +41596,28 @@ cm the multiplication sign \end_inset is used. - It is available with the LaTeX-command + It is available either via the command \series bold \backslash -texttimes +times \series default -, but can also directly be inserted with some keyboard definitions. + or via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator +Symbols +\family default +. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Functions with names consisting of several letters are set upright to avoid - confusions, see +Functions with names consisting of several letters are set upright to avoid confusions, + see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Predefined-Functions" +reference "subsec:Predefined-Functions" +nolink "false" \end_inset @@ -34499,7 +41625,9 @@ reference "sub:Predefined-Functions" \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Indices consisting of several letters, are set upright: +Indices consisting of several letters, + are set upright: + \begin_inset Formula $E_{\mathrm{kin}}$ \end_inset @@ -34507,7 +41635,8 @@ Indices consisting of several letters, are set upright: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Components of matrices are set italic: +Components of matrices are set italic: + \begin_inset Formula $\hat{H}_{kl}$ \end_inset @@ -34515,9 +41644,43 @@ Components of matrices are set italic: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e', and - the imaginary unit 'i' should be set upright, to avoid mixing them up with - other variables. +The differentiation/integration operator 'd', + the Euler's number 'e' and the imaginary unit 'i' should be set upright, + to avoid mixing them up with other variables. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +The character that denotes a +\noun on +Fourier +\noun default + transformation is inserted either by the command +\series bold + +\backslash +mathscr +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +F +\series default + or via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator +Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator +Symbols\SpecialChar menuseparator +Letterlike +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Symbols +\family default +: + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{F}$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -34529,7 +41692,9 @@ The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e', and \begin_layout Section Synonyms -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34557,11 +41722,11 @@ Some characters and symbols can be created with several commands. \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34570,34 +41735,18 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout equivalent to -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold - -\backslash -raisebox -\series default - is only used as spacer. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34608,41 +41757,18 @@ ast \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -raisebox{-1.2mm}{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - * -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34653,7 +41779,7 @@ choose \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34666,7 +41792,7 @@ binom - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34677,7 +41803,7 @@ geq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34690,7 +41816,7 @@ ge - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34701,7 +41827,7 @@ lbrace \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34712,7 +41838,7 @@ lbrace - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34723,7 +41849,7 @@ lbracket \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34734,7 +41860,7 @@ lbracket - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34745,7 +41871,7 @@ leftarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34758,7 +41884,7 @@ gets - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34769,7 +41895,7 @@ leq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34782,7 +41908,7 @@ le - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34793,7 +41919,7 @@ lor \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34806,7 +41932,7 @@ vee - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34817,7 +41943,7 @@ neq \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34830,7 +41956,7 @@ not= - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34841,7 +41967,7 @@ slash \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34852,7 +41978,7 @@ slash - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34863,7 +41989,7 @@ vert \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34884,11 +42010,11 @@ vert \begin_inset Tabular - + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34897,7 +42023,7 @@ Command \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34908,7 +42034,7 @@ equivalent to - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34919,7 +42045,7 @@ backslash \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34934,7 +42060,7 @@ backslash - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34945,7 +42071,7 @@ dasharrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34958,7 +42084,7 @@ dashrightarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34969,7 +42095,7 @@ land \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34982,7 +42108,7 @@ wedge - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34993,7 +42119,7 @@ rbrace \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35004,7 +42130,7 @@ rbrace - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35015,7 +42141,7 @@ rbracket \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35026,7 +42152,7 @@ rbracket - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35037,7 +42163,7 @@ rightarrow \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35050,7 +42176,7 @@ to - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35061,7 +42187,7 @@ lnot \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35074,7 +42200,7 @@ neg - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35085,7 +42211,7 @@ ne \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35098,7 +42224,7 @@ not= - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35109,7 +42235,7 @@ owns \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35122,7 +42248,7 @@ ni - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35133,7 +42259,7 @@ square \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35146,7 +42272,7 @@ Box - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35157,7 +42283,7 @@ Vert \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35178,6 +42304,15 @@ Vert \end_inset +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "List" +target "https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf" +literal "false" + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -35191,26 +42326,33 @@ Vert \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "TLC2" +literal "true" \end_inset \shape smallcaps -Mittelbach, F. - ; Goossens, M. +F. + Mittelbach; + M. + Goossens \shape default -: +: + \shape italic -The LaTeX Companion +The \SpecialChar LaTeX + Companion \shape default . - Addison Wesley, 2004 + Addison Wesley, + 2004 \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "Mathmode" +literal "true" \end_inset @@ -35218,35 +42360,20 @@ key "Mathmode" \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Description" -target "ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/math/voss/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf" +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/obsolete/info/math/voss/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf" +literal "false" \end_inset - of LaTeX's math abilities -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Voss" - -\end_inset - -LaTeX tips and tricks- -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "page" -target "http://tug.org/TeXnik/" - -\end_inset - - + of \SpecialChar LaTeX +'s math abilities \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "AMS" +literal "true" \end_inset @@ -35254,7 +42381,8 @@ key "AMS" \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Description" -target "ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf" +target "http://tug.ctan.org/info/amslatex/english/amsldoc.pdf" +literal "false" \end_inset @@ -35271,13 +42399,15 @@ AmS \end_inset --LaTeX +-\SpecialChar LaTeX + \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem -key "Symbole" +key "Symbols" +literal "true" \end_inset @@ -35285,17 +42415,20 @@ key "Symbole" \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "List" -target "ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf" +target "http://tug.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf" +literal "false" \end_inset - of all symbols available with LaTeX-packages + of all symbols available with \SpecialChar LaTeX +-packages \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem -key "hyperref" +key "cancel" +literal "true" \end_inset @@ -35303,20 +42436,34 @@ key "hyperref" \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Documentation" -target "http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ftp/doc/manual.pdf" +target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/cancel/cancel.pdf" +literal "false" \end_inset - of the LaTeX-package + of the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold -hyperref +cancel \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! hyperref +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +cancel +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -35327,39 +42474,90 @@ Packages ! hyperref \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem -key "Mathclap" +key "hyperref" +literal "true" \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href -name "Description" -target "http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb22-4/tb72perlS.pdf" +name "Documentation" +target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/doc/manual.pdf" +literal "false" \end_inset - of the command + of the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package \series bold - -\backslash -mathclap +hyperref \series default -, described in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Operator-Limits" + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +hyperref +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "mhchem" +literal "true" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf" +literal "false" + +\end_inset + + of the \SpecialChar LaTeX +-package +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +range none +pageformat default status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! -\backslash -mathclap +Packages +\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +mhchem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -35371,21 +42569,54 @@ mathclap \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "Duden" +literal "true" \end_inset \emph on -Duden Band 1 +Duden Band +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +1 \emph default . 22. - Auflage, Duden 2001 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Auflage, + Dudenverlag, + 2000 \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Checklist" +literal "true" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Check list" +target "https://www.nist.gov/physical-measurement-laboratory/special-publication-811" +literal "false" + +\end_inset + + for reviewing manuscripts +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset CommandInset index_print LatexCommand printindex +type "idx" +name "Index" +literal "false" \end_inset