X-Git-Url: https://git.lyx.org/gitweb/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=lib%2Fdoc%2FMath.lyx;h=18b503b549848d8499472978f0926f642443d563;hb=a264d50faae0765932485cc5caee39c20a5115da;hp=28d0a6fc9bfd5e4a6c3108e54ff00aa208f5b45b;hpb=e5a60a098e04c47cb6b4397dc4ef81859daa7733;p=lyx.git diff --git a/lib/doc/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/Math.lyx index 28d0a6fc9b..18b503b549 100644 --- a/lib/doc/Math.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/Math.lyx @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -#LyX 1.6.8svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ -\lyxformat 345 +#LyX 2.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 474 \begin_document \begin_header \textclass scrartcl @@ -23,29 +23,22 @@ \fi % end if pdflatex is used -% Folgendes Problem lösen: -% Besteht die Kapitelnummer aus zu vielen Ziffern, wird die -% Kapitelüberschrift im Inhaltsverzeichnis direkt an oder über -% die Kapitelnummer geschrieben. -% Als Lösung wird mehr Platz zwischen Nummer und -% Überschrift eingefügt. +% solves the following problem: +% If the dection number consits of too many numerals the section heading +% will be printed in the TOC without a space between it and the section number. +% As solution more space between the number and the heading is inserted: \renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.8em}} \renewcommand{\l@subsubsection}{\@dottedtocline{3}{4.3em}{3.6em}} -% To be able to enter the character ° and · directly in LyX, -% see sec. 22.11 -\DeclareInputText{176}{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi} -\DeclareInputText{183}{\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi} - % increase link area for cross-references and autoname them, \AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\ref}[1]{\mbox{\autoref{#1}}}} -\newlength{\abc} -\settowidth{\abc}{\space} -\addto\extrasenglish{ - \renewcommand{\equationautorefname}{\hspace{-\abc}} - \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace} - \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace} - \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}} +\@ifundefined{extrasenglish}{\usepackage[english]{babel}}{} +\addto\extrasenglish{% + \renewcommand*{\equationautorefname}[1]{}% + \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}% + \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}% + \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}% +} % don't load packages twice % see first footnote in sec. 9.3 @@ -69,14 +62,10 @@ % provides caption formatting \setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries} -% used in Kap. 22.6 -\usepackage[samesize]{cancel} - -% enables calculation of values, +% enables calculation of values \usepackage{calc} -% for multiple table row and column cells -\usepackage{multirow} +% for multiple columns used in sec. 24.7 \usepackage{multicol} % needed in sec. 19.4 @@ -85,9 +74,6 @@ % for the Fourier transformation symbol \usepackage{mathrsfs} -% center multirows (e.g. in sec. 13.3) -\renewcommand{\multirowsetup}{\centering} - % define a color, used in sec.9.3 \definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5} @@ -95,8 +81,6 @@ \DeclareMathOperator*{\Lozenge}{\blacklozenge} \DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn} -\newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace} - % example definitions for sec. 20.1 \newcommand{\gr}{\Longrightarrow} \newcommand{\us}[1]{\underline{#1}} @@ -107,19 +91,19 @@ % example macro from sec. 19.4 %\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{|#1|}} -% macro from sec. 10.2 -\def\clap#1{\hbox to 0pt{\hss #1\hss}} -\def\mathclap {\mathpalette \mathclapinternal} -\def\mathclapinternal #1#2{\clap{$\mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}} - -% redefine the greyed out note -\renewenvironment{lyxgreyedout} - {\textcolor{blue}\bgroup}{\egroup} % ------------------------------------ % used to check for needed LaTeX packages \usepackage{ifthen} +% check for package undertilde +% used for the command \utilde +\newboolean{undertilde} +\IfFileExists{undertilde.sty} + {\usepackage{undertilde} + \setboolean{undertilde}{true}} + {\setboolean{undertilde}{false}} + % check for package eurosym % used for the Euro symbol \newboolean{eurosym} @@ -150,20 +134,28 @@ \setboolean{upgreek}{true}} {\setboolean{upgreek}{false}} \end_preamble -\options bibtotoc,idxtotoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,tablecaptionabove +\options bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,captions=tableheading \use_default_options false +\maintain_unincluded_children false \language english +\language_package default \inputencoding auto +\fontencoding global \font_roman default \font_sans default \font_typewriter default +\font_math auto \font_default_family default +\use_non_tex_fonts false \font_sc false \font_osf false \font_sf_scale 100 \font_tt_scale 100 - \graphics default +\default_output_format default +\output_sync 0 +\bibtex_command default +\index_command default \paperfontsize 12 \spacing single \use_hyperref true @@ -180,14 +172,33 @@ \pdf_colorlinks true \pdf_backref false \pdf_pdfusetitle false -\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels" +\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false" \papersize a4paper \use_geometry false -\use_amsmath 2 -\use_esint 1 +\use_package amsmath 2 +\use_package amssymb 2 +\use_package cancel 0 +\use_package esint 1 +\use_package mathdots 1 +\use_package mathtools 2 +\use_package mhchem 1 +\use_package stackrel 0 +\use_package stmaryrd 0 +\use_package undertilde 0 \cite_engine basic +\cite_engine_type default +\biblio_style plain \use_bibtopic false +\use_indices false \paperorientation portrait +\suppress_date false +\justification true +\use_refstyle 0 +\notefontcolor #0000ff +\index Index +\shortcut idx +\color #008000 +\end_index \secnumdepth 4 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation skip @@ -201,8 +212,9 @@ \bullet 3 2 7 -1 \tracking_changes false \output_changes false -\author "" -\author "" +\html_math_output 0 +\html_css_as_file 0 +\html_be_strict false \end_header \begin_body @@ -255,7 +267,7 @@ author: Uwe Stöhr \family sans -Version 1.6.x +Version 2.1.x \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -274,20 +286,16 @@ status open \begin_layout Plain Layout To export this document to PDF, PS or DVI the LaTeX-packages \series bold -braket, cancel, eurosym, -\series default - -\series bold -mhchem, multirow +braket, cancel, eurosym, mathdots, mathtools, mhchem, undertilde \series default and \series bold was \series default should be installed. - If they are not installed the document can be export anyway but the sections + If they are not installed the document can be exported anyway but the sections where the packages are required will not appear in the output. - An exeption is + An exception is \series bold mhchem \series default @@ -346,7 +354,7 @@ Insert \series default Math \family default -, or the + or the \family sans math \family default @@ -369,7 +377,7 @@ If not specially mentioned the commands are only available within formulas. \family sans Use AMS math package \family default - must be used in the document settings (menu + must be checked in the document settings (menu \family sans Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator @@ -447,7 +455,7 @@ AmS \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "amsguide.ps" -target "ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.ps" +target "ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amstex/amsguide.pdf" \end_inset @@ -467,7 +475,7 @@ General Instructions \begin_layout Standard To create an inline formula -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -483,18 +491,17 @@ arg "math-mode" \end_inset or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-mode.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-mode" \end_inset - +. \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset To create a display style formula -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -503,8 +510,8 @@ Formula ! display style \end_inset - that will appear bigger and in an own paragraph, use one of these shortcuts: - + which will appear bigger, has a different format, and will be in a separate + paragraph, use one of these shortcuts: \begin_inset Info type "shortcuts" arg "math-display" @@ -540,7 +547,7 @@ To display parts of an inline formula in the size of a display style formula, displaystyle \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -626,7 +633,7 @@ Math \begin_layout Standard The TeX-mode -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -636,10 +643,9 @@ T@TeX-mode \end_inset is invoked by pressing the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/ert-insert.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "ert-insert" \end_inset or by using the menu @@ -693,7 +699,7 @@ To avoid that these names are recognized as proper names, a TeX-brace pair \begin_layout Standard To change the LaTeX-preamble -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -728,7 +734,7 @@ Preamble \begin_layout Standard To edit matrices, case differentiations and multiline formulas subsequently, - the menus + use the menus \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math @@ -750,7 +756,7 @@ Columns, \family sans table toolbar \family default - can be used. +. When lines and columns are swapped via the menu, the column or line where the cursor is in is exchanged with the column to the right or the line below, respectively. @@ -787,7 +793,7 @@ reference "sub:Text-in-multiline" mathematical text \emph default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -797,7 +803,7 @@ Text ! in formulas \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -820,7 +826,7 @@ arg "font-default" text \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -833,7 +839,7 @@ text . The text appears black in LyX and can therefore be distinguished from the - other formula parts that appear blue. + other formula parts which appear blue. In the output mathematical text is set upright, in contrary to other formula parts. \end_layout @@ -863,7 +869,7 @@ argument} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -A command starts always with a backslash +A command always starts with a backslash \begin_inset Quotes gld \end_inset @@ -881,7 +887,7 @@ A command starts always with a backslash To omit optional arguments, also omit the associated brackets. The braces around the required arguments are named in this document as TeX-braces -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -891,8 +897,8 @@ T@TeX-braces \end_inset . - If you add in a formula a left brace to a command name, LyX creates automatical -ly a TeX-brace. + If you add in a formula a left brace to a command name, LyX automatically + creates a TeX-brace. In all other cases TeX-braces are created in formulas with the command \series bold @@ -901,7 +907,7 @@ ly a TeX-brace. { \series default . - TeX-braces appear red in LyX, in contrary to normal braces that appear + TeX-braces appear red in LyX, in contrary to normal braces which appear blue. In TeX-mode no command is needed to get TeX-braces. TeX-braces don't appear in the output. @@ -922,8 +928,8 @@ always \begin_layout Standard A protected space is inserted with \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "space-insert protected" +type "shortcuts" +arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space" \end_inset . @@ -937,60 +943,44 @@ Syntax Explanation \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -The symbol -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -This visible space character can be created with the command -\series bold - -\backslash -textvisiblespace -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! T ! -\backslash -textvisiblespace -\end_layout - +The symbol +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -, inserted in TeX-mode. + denotes a space character to be input. \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +An arrow like +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - + denotes the usage of the corresponding arrow key on the keyboard. + The +\family sans +Tab +\family default + key can often be used instead of +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset - -\begin_inset space ~ + and +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ \end_inset -denotes a space character to be input. -\end_layout +, and +\family sans +Shift+Tab +\family default + instead of +\begin_inset Formula $\leftarrow$ +\end_inset -\begin_layout Itemize -An arrow like -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ + and +\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ \end_inset - denotes the usage of the corresponding arrow key on the keyboard. +. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* @@ -1007,7 +997,7 @@ status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \align center -\begin_inset Caption +\begin_inset Caption Standard \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset label @@ -1028,9 +1018,9 @@ Available units \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -1412,7 +1402,7 @@ Basic Functions \begin_layout Subsection Exponents -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1422,7 +1412,7 @@ Exponents \end_inset and Indices -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1432,7 +1422,7 @@ Indices \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1464,7 +1454,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1508,13 +1498,12 @@ _ \end_inset or via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-subscript.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-subscript" \end_inset - , exponents with a caret +, exponents with a caret \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -1523,10 +1512,9 @@ _ \end_inset or via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-superscript.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-superscript" \end_inset . @@ -1536,7 +1524,7 @@ _ \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -1627,16 +1615,7 @@ B^V \begin_layout Plain Layout B^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -1671,14 +1650,14 @@ As the caret is in some languages an accent, vowels will be accentuated status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Depending on the used keyboard settings this can also happen for other character -s than vowels. +Depending on the used keyboard settings this can also happen for characters + other than vowels. \end_layout \end_inset . - To get in this case exponents, press + To get exponents in this case, press \family sans Space \family default @@ -1694,7 +1673,7 @@ name "sub:Fractions" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1714,7 +1693,7 @@ Fractions are generated with the command frac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1726,20 +1705,18 @@ frac \end_inset or via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/frac.png - scale 50 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\frac" \end_inset . The font size is adjusted automatically, depending on whether the fraction is in an inline or display style formula. With the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/frac-square.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\frac-square" \end_inset you can select different fraction types. @@ -1751,7 +1728,9 @@ With the command \backslash dfrac -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1762,16 +1741,15 @@ dfrac \end_inset - -\series default - a fraction can be created that has in any case the size of a display style - formula. + a fraction can be created that always has the size of a display style formula. With \series bold \backslash tfrac -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1782,8 +1760,6 @@ tfrac \end_inset - -\series default the fraction appears always with the size of an inline formula. An example: \end_layout @@ -1820,7 +1796,7 @@ dfrac \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -1867,16 +1843,7 @@ raisebox \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -1909,16 +1876,7 @@ B \backslash dfrac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -1951,44 +1909,13 @@ B \backslash dfrac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 1 @@ -2039,7 +1966,7 @@ For nested fractions the command cfrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2059,9 +1986,11 @@ cfrac \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} \textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash frac}} & & \textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash cfrac}}\\ -\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}\end{align*} +\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}} +\end{align*} \end_inset @@ -2078,16 +2007,7 @@ The command for the example above is: \backslash cfrac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -2097,31 +2017,13 @@ A B+ \backslash cfrac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C+ \backslash cfrac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset E @@ -2179,15 +2081,13 @@ cfrac \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}$ -\end_inset -, -\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac{A}{B+C}$ -\end_inset +\series bold +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C} +\] -, -\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}$ \end_inset @@ -2246,8 +2146,10 @@ cfrac frac \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} +\] \end_inset @@ -2263,7 +2165,7 @@ For inline fractions with a sloped fraction stroke you can use the command nicefrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2285,7 +2187,7 @@ nicefrac unitfrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2359,9 +2261,20 @@ reference "sub:Self-defined-Fractions" . \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Multiline fractions are explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Multiline-Fractions" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection Roots -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2381,7 +2294,7 @@ Square roots are created with sqrt \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2393,10 +2306,9 @@ sqrt \end_inset or the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/sqrt.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\sqrt" \end_inset , all other roots with the command @@ -2406,7 +2318,7 @@ sqrt root \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2418,10 +2330,9 @@ root \end_inset or with the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/root.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\root" \end_inset . @@ -2431,7 +2342,7 @@ root \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -2478,16 +2389,7 @@ raisebox \backslash sqrt -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A-B @@ -2516,16 +2418,7 @@ A-B \backslash root -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 3 @@ -2589,7 +2482,7 @@ The leftroot \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2607,7 +2500,7 @@ leftroot uproot \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2665,16 +2558,7 @@ uproot{2 \backslash beta -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -2696,7 +2580,7 @@ produces a correct typeset formula: \begin_layout Subsection Binomial Coefficients -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2716,7 +2600,7 @@ Binomial coefficients are inserted with the command binom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2728,31 +2612,32 @@ binom \end_inset or with the submenu of the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/frac-square.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\frac-square" \end_inset . - Analog to fractions ( + As with fractions ( \series bold \backslash frac \series default -) there are besides +) in addition to \series bold \backslash binom \series default - the commands + there are the commands \series bold \backslash dbinom -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2763,8 +2648,6 @@ dbinom \end_inset - -\series default and \series bold @@ -2772,7 +2655,7 @@ dbinom tbinom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2791,7 +2674,7 @@ tbinom brace \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2809,7 +2692,7 @@ brace brack \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2827,7 +2710,7 @@ brack \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -2874,16 +2757,7 @@ raisebox \backslash binom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -2916,16 +2790,7 @@ B \backslash dbinom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -2958,16 +2823,7 @@ B \backslash tbinom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -3000,16 +2856,7 @@ B \backslash brack -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -3042,16 +2889,7 @@ B \backslash brace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -3085,7 +2923,7 @@ B \begin_layout Subsection Case Differentiations -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3101,7 +2939,7 @@ Case differentiations \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -3132,16 +2970,7 @@ Result \backslash cases -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -3149,7 +2978,7 @@ A \end_inset B>0 -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3187,16 +3016,7 @@ A & B>0\end{cases}$ \backslash cases -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -3216,7 +3036,8 @@ arg "newline-insert newline" \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases} A & \textrm{for }x>0\\ -B & \textrm{for }x=0\end{cases}$ +B & \textrm{for }x=0 +\end{cases}$ \end_inset @@ -3239,11 +3060,10 @@ After inserting \backslash cases \series default - or the usage of the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/cases.png - scale 85 - + or pressing the math toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\cases" \end_inset you can create new lines with the shortcut @@ -3253,10 +3073,9 @@ arg "newline-insert newline" \end_inset or the table toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "inset-modify tabular append-row" \end_inset . @@ -3280,7 +3099,7 @@ Cases-Environment \begin_layout Subsection Negations -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3293,14 +3112,14 @@ Negations \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -By inserting of +By inserting \series bold \backslash not \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3319,7 +3138,7 @@ not \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -3429,8 +3248,8 @@ parallel \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The last example shows, that not all negations look good. - Therefore there are for some negations special commands (see +The last example shows that not all negations look good. + Therefore there are special commands for some negations (see \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Mathematical-Symbols" @@ -3456,7 +3275,7 @@ name "sub:Placeholders" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3466,7 +3285,7 @@ Placeholders \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3476,7 +3295,7 @@ Chemical characters ! Isotopes \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3543,7 +3362,7 @@ reference "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -3625,7 +3444,7 @@ The shorter index is by default placed below or above the first character phantom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3646,10 +3465,9 @@ status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout can be found in the submenu of the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/space.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\space" \end_inset @@ -3681,9 +3499,9 @@ phantom \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -3726,31 +3544,13 @@ raisebox \begin_layout Plain Layout ^19 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _ \backslash phantom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 1 @@ -3758,16 +3558,7 @@ spce \end_inset 9 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset F @@ -3794,31 +3585,13 @@ F \begin_layout Plain Layout ^235 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _ \backslash phantom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 23 @@ -3826,16 +3599,7 @@ spce \end_inset 9 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset F @@ -3864,31 +3628,13 @@ F \backslash Lambda^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash phantom -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ii @@ -3896,16 +3642,7 @@ ii \end_inset t -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _MMt @@ -3941,7 +3678,7 @@ Furthermore there are the commands vphantom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3970,7 +3707,7 @@ vphantom hphantom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4012,32 +3749,19 @@ vphantom \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For example creates +For example the command \series bold \backslash vphantom -\series default - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset - -\series bold a \backslash int \series default - space for the height of the integral sign, + creates space for the height of the integral sign, \begin_inset Foot status collapsed @@ -4071,9 +3795,38 @@ reference "sub:Multiline-Brackets" . \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Placeholders can also be used for text when they are inserted via the menu + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Phantom +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a sentence. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom Phantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is a sentence. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection Lines -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4083,7 +3836,7 @@ Lines \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4099,7 +3852,7 @@ Formula ! underlined \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -4146,20 +3899,11 @@ raisebox \backslash overline -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4196,20 +3940,11 @@ overline \backslash underline -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4246,31 +3981,13 @@ underline \backslash overline -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash underline -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B @@ -4315,15 +4032,7 @@ underline \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To double underline e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -results, one uses +To double underline use \series bold \backslash @@ -4347,7 +4056,7 @@ Custom lines can be created using the command rule \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4414,7 +4123,30 @@ This is a sentence \backslash rule \series default - can also be used for text when it is inserted in TeX-mode. + can also be used for text when a line is inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Horizontal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a sentence +\begin_inset CommandInset line +LatexCommand rule +offset "0.5ex" +width "3cm" +height "1pt" + +\end_inset + + with one line. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -4426,7 +4158,7 @@ name "sub:Ellipses" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4445,10 +4177,9 @@ status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout In the math toolbar in the submenu of the button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/ldots.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\ldots" \end_inset @@ -4463,7 +4194,7 @@ In the math toolbar in the submenu of the button ldots \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4482,7 +4213,7 @@ ldots cdots \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4501,7 +4232,7 @@ cdots dots \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4518,8 +4249,8 @@ dots \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - + + @@ -4548,31 +4279,13 @@ Result \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset , \backslash dots -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ,A_n @@ -4599,31 +4312,13 @@ spce \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + \backslash dots -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset +A_n @@ -4650,31 +4345,13 @@ spce \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset , \backslash ldots -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ,A_n @@ -4701,43 +4378,50 @@ spce \begin_layout Plain Layout A_1 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + \backslash cdots -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + ++A_n +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\cdots+A_{n}$ +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -+A_n +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +vdots \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\cdots+A_{n}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\vdots$ \end_inset @@ -4753,7 +4437,7 @@ spce \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -vdots +ddots \end_layout \end_inset @@ -4762,7 +4446,7 @@ vdots \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\vdots$ +\begin_inset Formula $\ddots$ \end_inset @@ -4778,7 +4462,7 @@ vdots \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -ddots +iddots \end_layout \end_inset @@ -4787,7 +4471,7 @@ ddots \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\ddots$ +\begin_inset Formula $\iddots$ \end_inset @@ -4817,7 +4501,8 @@ matrix with the different dots \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} A_{11} & \cdots & A_{1m}\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ -A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}\end{array}$ +A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm} +\end{array}$ \end_inset @@ -4856,6 +4541,40 @@ ldots \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset +To use +\series bold + +\backslash +iddots +\series default +, one of the options +\family sans +Use mathdots package (automatically) +\family default + must be set in the document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Using the option +\family sans +Use mathdots package +\family default + will improve the appearance of all dots in the documents if their font + style or size is not the default. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + Specially for matrices there are ellipses that span over several columns. They are created with the command \series bold @@ -4864,7 +4583,7 @@ Specially for matrices there are ellipses that span over several columns. hdotsfor \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4906,11 +4625,14 @@ hdotsfor[2]{4} dots \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin_inset Formula +\[ \left(\begin{array}{cccc} A & B & C & D\\ \hdotsfor[2]{4}\\ -q & w & e & r\end{array}\right)\] +q & w & e & r +\end{array}\right) +\] \end_inset @@ -4929,7 +4651,7 @@ Furthermore you can fill with the command dotfill \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4941,7 +4663,7 @@ dotfill \end_inset the rest of a line with dots. - The effect of these commands is the same like with + The effect of these commands is the same as with \series bold \backslash @@ -4963,16 +4685,7 @@ For example the command A \backslash dotfill -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B @@ -4988,7 +4701,7 @@ B \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Analog to +Similar to \series bold \backslash @@ -5001,7 +4714,7 @@ dotfill hrulefill \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5035,7 +4748,7 @@ name "sec:Matrices" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5049,10 +4762,9 @@ Matrices \begin_layout Standard Matrices can be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show mathmatrix" \end_inset or the menu @@ -5062,9 +4774,9 @@ Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Matrix \family default . - You will be asked for the number of matrix columns and rows and the alignment. - The vertical alignment is hereby only of importance for matrices in inline - formulas: + In the matrix dialog you can specify the number of columns and rows, the + alignment and the decoration. + The vertical alignment is only of importance for matrices in inline formulas: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -5072,21 +4784,24 @@ The first matrix is top \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[t]{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ -C & F & I & L\end{array}$ +C & F & I & L +\end{array}$ \end_inset , the second middle \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ -C & F & I & L\end{array}$ +C & F & I & L +\end{array}$ \end_inset and the third bottom \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ -C & F & I & L\end{array}$ +C & F & I & L +\end{array}$ \end_inset aligned. @@ -5123,8 +4838,8 @@ matrix where the first column is left aligned, the second and third are lccr \series default . - Normally are in a matrix all columns centered, therefore the default is - for every column is a + Normally in a matrix all columns are centered, therefore the default for + every column is a \series bold c \series default @@ -5144,7 +4859,8 @@ lll \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ -C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +C & F & 10000 +\end{array}$ \end_inset , @@ -5155,7 +4871,8 @@ ccc \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ -C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +C & F & 10000 +\end{array}$ \end_inset , @@ -5166,7 +4883,8 @@ rrr \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ -C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +C & F & 10000 +\end{array}$ \end_inset @@ -5175,17 +4893,15 @@ C & F & 10000\end{array}$ \begin_layout Standard To add or delete rows and columns subsequently, the math toolbar buttons -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "inset-modify tabular append-row" \end_inset , -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "inset-modify tabular delete-row" \end_inset , etc. @@ -5211,7 +4927,12 @@ arg "newline-insert newline" \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -Parentheses around a matrix can can either be created with the commands +The +\family sans +Decoration +\family default + adds parentheses in the selected style around the matrix. + Alternatively, parentheses can can either be created with the commands \series bold @@ -5219,7 +4940,7 @@ Parentheses around a matrix can can either be created with the commands left \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5237,7 +4958,7 @@ left right \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5277,9 +4998,9 @@ reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -5324,16 +5045,7 @@ raisebox \backslash bmatrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5355,7 +5067,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5372,16 +5085,7 @@ matrix \backslash Bmatrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5403,7 +5107,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5420,16 +5125,7 @@ matrix \backslash pmatrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5451,7 +5147,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5471,9 +5168,9 @@ matrix \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -5502,16 +5199,7 @@ Result \backslash vmatrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5533,7 +5221,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5550,16 +5239,7 @@ matrix \backslash Vmatrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5581,7 +5261,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5598,16 +5279,7 @@ matrix \backslash matrix -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2 @@ -5629,7 +5301,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5669,6 +5342,10 @@ vmatrix \series default is inserted, a blue box appears between two vertical lines where the matrix is inserted. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Note that decorated matrices ignore the vertical alignment. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -5682,7 +5359,7 @@ As all multiline formulas are matrices, the length arraycolsep \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5711,7 +5388,7 @@ To change the row separation, the command arraystretch \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5734,7 +5411,7 @@ arraystretch renewcommand{ \backslash arraystretch}{stretch factor} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5789,7 +5466,7 @@ To set matrices into a text line, the command smallmatrix \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5808,7 +5485,8 @@ smallmatrix \begin_layout Standard This is a matrix \begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{smallmatrix}A & B\\ -C & D\end{smallmatrix}\right)$ +C & D +\end{smallmatrix}\right)$ \end_inset in a text line. @@ -5816,7 +5494,7 @@ C & D\end{smallmatrix}\right)$ \begin_layout Section Brackets and Delimiters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5826,7 +5504,7 @@ Brackets \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5840,7 +5518,7 @@ Delimiters \begin_layout Subsection Vertical Brackets and Delimiters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5859,7 +5537,7 @@ Brackets ! vertical \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -6083,7 +5761,7 @@ lfloor \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -6331,7 +6009,7 @@ Note: textbackslash \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6350,7 +6028,7 @@ textbackslash \backslash \series default - produces there a line break. + produces a line break there. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -6386,7 +6064,7 @@ name "sub:Manual-Bracket-Size" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6406,7 +6084,7 @@ The bracket size can be specified manually by the LaTeX-commands big \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6459,7 +6137,7 @@ These commands are used to emphasize levels of brackets: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -6539,16 +6217,7 @@ For the second formula the command Big((A+B)(A-B) \backslash Big)^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C @@ -6577,16 +6246,7 @@ big{ ln(3x) \backslash big}^2 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -6594,29 +6254,11 @@ spce sin(x) \backslash Big]^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -6648,7 +6290,7 @@ big bigm \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6673,7 +6315,7 @@ bigl bigr \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6714,9 +6356,9 @@ In the following table is a comparison of the variants: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -6767,23 +6409,10 @@ bigm( ln(3x) \backslash bigm)^2 -\series bold - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\series default - \backslash Bigm) \end_layout @@ -6817,23 +6446,10 @@ big( ln(3x) \backslash big)^2 -\series bold - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\series default - \backslash Big) \end_layout @@ -6867,23 +6483,10 @@ bigl( ln(3x) \backslash bigr)^2 -\series bold - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\series default - \backslash Bigr) \end_layout @@ -6948,7 +6551,7 @@ name "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6968,7 +6571,7 @@ Brackets with variable size can be inserted with the commands left \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6986,7 +6589,7 @@ left right \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6998,10 +6601,9 @@ right \end_inset or via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter" \end_inset . @@ -7030,16 +6632,7 @@ normal bracket: The command ln( \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -7047,23 +6640,16 @@ A \end_inset C -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ) \series default creates -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\ln(\frac{A}{C})\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\ln(\frac{A}{C}) +\] \end_inset @@ -7081,16 +6667,7 @@ ln left( \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -7098,16 +6675,7 @@ A \end_inset C -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -7115,8 +6683,10 @@ spce right) \series default creates -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right) +\] \end_inset @@ -7161,16 +6731,7 @@ ln Alt+M ( \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -7189,16 +6750,7 @@ To omit a left or right bracket, a dot is inserted for the omitted bracket. left. \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -7206,16 +6758,7 @@ A \end_inset B -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -7225,8 +6768,10 @@ right} creates: \series bold -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} \] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} +\] \end_inset @@ -7260,7 +6805,7 @@ Because all popular LaTeX-Distributions use eTeX, an extension to LaTeX, middle \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7282,8 +6827,10 @@ g. \end_inset needed for physical vectors: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\: J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle \] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\: J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle +\] \end_inset @@ -7299,7 +6846,7 @@ reference "sub:Physical-Vectors" \begin_layout Subsection Horizontal Brackets -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7315,7 +6862,7 @@ Brackets ! horizontal \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -7374,45 +6921,14 @@ raisebox{2.3mm}{ \backslash overbrace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -3 +^3 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -7424,7 +6940,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7473,29 +6989,11 @@ raisebox{-2.2mm}{ \backslash underbrace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _5 @@ -7510,7 +7008,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7547,96 +7045,33 @@ underbrace \backslash overbrace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash underbrace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A+B_w -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset _7 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C @@ -7681,138 +7116,182 @@ underbrace \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -When brackets are needed that overlap each other, multiline formulas, as - described in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas" - -\end_inset -, must be used: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} -A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\ - & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}\end{eqnarray*} +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +If you set in the document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -In the first row the formula is inserted together with the first brace. - It is hereby important that the space command -\begin_inset Foot +Options +\family default + for the package +\series bold +mathtools +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Space commands are explained in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Predefined-Space" +Packages ! mathtools +\end_layout \end_inset -. + the option +\family sans +Load +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +always +\family default +, you have access to square backets: \end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout - \series bold \backslash -: +raisebox \series default - is inserted before the first -\begin_inset Formula $d$ -\end_inset + is only used as spacer. +\end_layout -, because the brace that ends behind the -\begin_inset Formula $q$ \end_inset - prevents that the following -\begin_inset Quotes eld + +\end_layout + \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout -+ -\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - is surrounded by space. -\begin_inset Foot +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -because a bracket is not handled as character, see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Binary-Operators" - -\end_inset +\backslash +raisebox{2.3mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset - In the second row the second brace is inserted. - As it should begin before the -\begin_inset Formula $b$ -\end_inset - -, first the command -\series bold \backslash -hphantom{gggg+ -\backslash -:} + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +overbracket +\family default \series default - is inserted. -\begin_inset Foot +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\strikeout default +\uuline default +\uwave default +\noun default +\color inherit +{A+B +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +^3 +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -more about -\series bold -\backslash -hphantom -\series default - see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Placeholders" +} +\end_layout \end_inset +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! O ! +\backslash +overbracket \end_layout \end_inset - This space is needed because the -\begin_inset Quotes eld + +\end_layout + \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -+ -\begin_inset Quotes erd +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{A+B}^{3}$ \end_inset - is also surrounded by space in the formula. - The brace is placed under the command -\series bold -\backslash -hphantom{bbqq+dddd} -\series default -. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other, like in the following - example: +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -7820,49 +7299,73 @@ status collapsed \backslash -setlength{ -\backslash -jot}{-6pt} +raisebox{-2.2mm}{ \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} - & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\ -A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\end{eqnarray*} - +\backslash +under +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +bracket +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\strikeout default +\uuline default +\uwave default +\noun default +\color inherit +{A+B +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset - +_5 \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -setlength{ -\backslash -jot}{3pt} +} \end_layout \end_inset -The first formula row is the same as the second row of the previous example, - with the difference that the brace is above. - The second row contains the formula together with the second brace. - To avoid that there is space between the upper brace in the first row and - the formula, the row spacing need to be reduced. - This is not easily possible due to a bug in LyX -\begin_inset Foot + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #1505" -target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505" +Commands ! U ! +\backslash +under +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +bracket +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7870,100 +7373,68 @@ target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505" \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -. - As solution for the problem, the global formula row separation -\series bold - -\backslash -jot -\series default +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\underbracket{A+B}_{5}$ +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! J ! -\backslash -jot \end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - must be changed to -6 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -pt before the formula with the command -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -setlength{ -\backslash -jot}{-6pt} -\series default - in TeX-mode. - -\series bold - +overbracket{ \backslash -jot -\series default - is set back after the formula to the standard value of 3 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +underbracket{A+B_w +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -pt using the same command. - More about the row separation in formulas is explained in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Line-Separation" +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Arrows -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +_7 +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Arrows -\end_layout +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset +^ +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset +C \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Arrows can be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/leftarrow.png - scale 85 - \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - or the commands listed in the following subsections. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{\underbracket{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$ \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Horizontal Arrows -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Arrows ! horizontal -\end_layout +\end_inset + + + \end_inset @@ -7971,13 +7442,27 @@ Arrows ! horizontal \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset +For +\series bold + +\backslash +overbracket +\series default + and +\series bold +\backslash +underbracket +\series default + you can change the thickness of the bracket's stroke by specifying the + desired thickness in square brackets behind the command: +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\align center \begin_inset Tabular - - + + @@ -7986,6 +7471,22 @@ Arrows ! horizontal \begin_layout Plain Layout Command +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + is only used as spacer. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8005,8 +7506,486 @@ Result \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\backslash +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +raisebox{2.3mm}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +overbracket +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\strikeout default +\uuline default +\uwave default +\noun default +\color inherit +[3pt] +\backslash +{A+B +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +^3 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket[3pt]{A+B}^{3}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +raisebox{-2.2mm}{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +under +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +bracket +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\strikeout default +\uuline default +\uwave default +\noun default +\color inherit +[1pt] +\backslash +{A+B +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +_5 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\underbracket[1pt]{A+B}_{5}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +When brackets should overlap each other, multiline formulas, as described + in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas" + +\end_inset + +, must be used: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} +A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\ + & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s} +\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + +In the first row the formula is inserted together with the first brace. + It is hereby important that the space command +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Space commands are explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Predefined-Space" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +: +\series default + is inserted before the first +\begin_inset Formula $d$ +\end_inset + +, because the brace that ends behind the +\begin_inset Formula $q$ +\end_inset + + prevents that the following +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is surrounded by space. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +because a bracket is not handled as a character, see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Binary-Operators" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + In the second row the second brace is inserted. + As it should begin before the +\begin_inset Formula $b$ +\end_inset + +, first the command +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom{gggg+ +\backslash +:} +\series default + is inserted. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +more about +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom +\series default + see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Placeholders" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + This space is needed because the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + ++ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + is also surrounded by space in the formula. + The brace is placed under the command +\series bold + +\backslash +hphantom{bbqq+dddd} +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other above and under + the formula, like in the following example: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{-6pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} + & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\ +A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd +\end{eqnarray*} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{3pt} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +The first formula row is the same as the second row of the previous example, + with the difference that the brace is above. + The second row contains the formula together with the second brace. + To avoid that there is space between the upper brace in the first row and + the formula, the row spacing needs to be reduced. + This is not easily possible due to a bug in LyX. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "LyX-bug #1505" +target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + As a solution for the problem, the global formula row separation +\series bold + +\backslash +jot +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! J ! +\backslash +jot +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + must be changed to -6 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt before the formula with the command +\series bold + +\backslash +setlength{ +\backslash +jot}{-6pt} +\series default + in TeX-mode. + +\series bold + +\backslash +jot +\series default + is set back after the formula to the standard value of 3 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +pt using the same command. + More about the row separation in formulas is explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Line-Separation" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Arrows +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Arrows +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Arrows can be inserted via the math toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\leftarrow" +\end_inset + + or the commands listed in the following subsections. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Horizontal Arrows +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Arrows ! horizontal +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash gets \end_layout @@ -8186,7 +8165,7 @@ hookleftarrow \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -8382,27 +8361,596 @@ hookrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset - - - + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +leftrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\leftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +Leftrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +longleftrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\longleftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +Longleftrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftrightarrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +rightleftharpoons +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\rightleftharpoons$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace{} +\length 25pt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +mapsto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mapsto$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +longmapsto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\longmapsto$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +leadsto +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\leadsto$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +dasharrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\dasharrow$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + +Arrows used as accents like e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +vector arrows are listed in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Accents" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +Furthermore there are the labeled arrows +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Arrows ! labeled +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +xleftarrow +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! X ! +\backslash +xleftarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + and +\series bold + +\backslash +xrightarrow +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! X ! +\backslash +xrightarrow +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +vspace{4mm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + When inserting one of these commands in a formula, an arrow with two blue + boxes appear where the label can be inserted. + The length of the arrow adapts to the label width. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + is only used as spacer. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +F(a) +\backslash +xleftarrow +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +x=a +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +x>0 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +F(x) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +F(x) +\backslash +xrightarrow +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + +x=a +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +x>0 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +F(a) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If you set in the document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default + for the package +\series bold +mathtools +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages ! mathtools +\end_layout + +\end_inset + the option +\family sans +Load +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset +always +\family default +, you have access to the following labeled arrows: +\end_layout -\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\align center +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular - - + + @@ -8419,7 +8967,23 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Example +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + is only used as spacer. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8431,8 +8995,20 @@ Result \begin_layout Plain Layout +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none + \backslash -leftrightarrow +xleftrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8441,7 +9017,7 @@ leftrightarrow \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\leftrightarrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -8456,8 +9032,20 @@ leftrightarrow \begin_layout Plain Layout +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none + \backslash -Leftrightarrow +xLeftarrow \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8466,7 +9054,7 @@ Leftrightarrow \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xLeftarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -8482,7 +9070,19 @@ Leftrightarrow \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -longleftrightarrow + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xRightarrow \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8491,7 +9091,7 @@ longleftrightarrow \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\longleftrightarrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xRightarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -8507,7 +9107,19 @@ longleftrightarrow \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -Longleftrightarrow + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xLeftrightarrow \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8516,7 +9128,7 @@ Longleftrightarrow \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftrightarrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xLeftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -8526,22 +9138,34 @@ Longleftrightarrow - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none + \backslash -rightleftharpoons +xhookleftarrow \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\rightleftharpoons$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xhookleftarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -8550,23 +9174,55 @@ rightleftharpoons \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none + +\backslash +xhookrightarrow +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xhookrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset -\begin_inset space \hspace{} -\length 25pt +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + \end_inset -\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset \begin_inset Tabular - - + + @@ -8583,7 +9239,23 @@ Command \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result +Example +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + is only used as spacer. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8596,7 +9268,19 @@ Result \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -mapsto + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xleftharpoondown \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8605,7 +9289,7 @@ mapsto \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mapsto$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xleftharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -8621,7 +9305,19 @@ mapsto \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -longmapsto + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xleftharpoonup \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8630,7 +9326,7 @@ longmapsto \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\longmapsto$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xleftharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -8646,7 +9342,19 @@ longmapsto \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -leadsto + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xrightharpoondown \end_layout \end_inset @@ -8655,7 +9363,7 @@ leadsto \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\leadsto$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xrightharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -8665,22 +9373,34 @@ leadsto - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -dasharrow + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xrightharpoonup \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\dasharrow$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xrightharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -8689,113 +9409,100 @@ dasharrow \end_inset - - -\end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xleftrightharpoons \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - -Arrows used as accent like e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xleftrightharpoons[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset -vector arrows are listed in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Accents" - -\end_inset -. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset - -Furthermore there are the labeled arrows -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Arrows ! labeled -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\series bold \backslash -xleftarrow -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! X ! -\backslash -xleftarrow +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\strikeout off +\uuline off +\uwave off +\noun off +\color none +xrightleftharpoons \end_layout \end_inset - - and -\series bold - -\backslash -xrightarrow -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! X ! -\backslash -xrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\xrightleftharpoons[x=a]{x>0}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset -\backslash -vspace{4mm} \end_layout \end_inset + + + +\end_inset -\end_layout +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset -. - When inserting one of these commands in a formula, an arrow with two blue - boxes appear where the label can be inserted. - The length of the arrow adapts to the label width. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The command scheme is for all these arrows: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - + + @@ -8835,89 +9542,28 @@ raisebox - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout F(a) \backslash -xleftarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - +xleftrightarrow[x=a] \backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -x=a -\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ -\end_inset - -x>0 +{x>0 \begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset F(x) \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -F(x) -\backslash -xrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -x=a -\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ -\end_inset - -x>0 -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - -F(a) -\end_layout - \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}F(a)\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -8935,7 +9581,7 @@ F(a) \begin_layout Subsection Vertical and diagonal Arrows -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8945,7 +9591,7 @@ Arrows ! diagonal \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8964,7 +9610,7 @@ Arrows ! vertical \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -9148,7 +9794,7 @@ downarrow \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -9286,7 +9932,7 @@ nwarrow \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -Vertical arrows can be used also as delimiter together with the commands +Vertical arrows can be used also as delimiters together with the commands described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref @@ -9304,13 +9950,6 @@ reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" . \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Section Accents \begin_inset CommandInset label @@ -9320,7 +9959,7 @@ name "sec:Accents" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9334,10 +9973,9 @@ Accents \begin_layout Standard Accents can be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/hat.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\hat" \end_inset or the commands listed in the following subsections. @@ -9391,14 +10029,22 @@ status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold + \backslash -texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark. +texorpdfstring +\series default + is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark. \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout More about +\series bold + \backslash -texorpdfstring is in section +texorpdfstring +\series default + is in section \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" @@ -9418,7 +10064,7 @@ name "sub:Accents-for-one" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9437,7 +10083,7 @@ Accents ! for one character \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -9484,16 +10130,7 @@ raisebox \backslash dot -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9522,16 +10159,7 @@ A \backslash ddot -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9560,16 +10188,7 @@ A \backslash dddot -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9598,16 +10217,7 @@ A \backslash ddddot -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9636,20 +10246,11 @@ A \backslash vec -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9684,16 +10285,7 @@ Vectors \backslash bar -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9722,16 +10314,7 @@ A \backslash mathring -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9763,7 +10346,7 @@ A \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -9794,16 +10377,7 @@ Result \backslash tilde -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9832,16 +10406,7 @@ A \backslash hat -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9870,16 +10435,7 @@ A \backslash check -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9908,16 +10464,7 @@ A \backslash acute -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9946,16 +10493,7 @@ A \backslash grave -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -9984,16 +10522,7 @@ A \backslash breve -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -10036,7 +10565,7 @@ A You can directly insert accents like é to formulas. LyX will transform them to the corresponding accent command. For umlauts -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10079,9 +10608,9 @@ real \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -10165,16 +10694,7 @@ i \backslash ddot -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset i @@ -10237,139 +10757,126 @@ In mathematical text, umlauts and other accented characters can directly be inserted. \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Accents for Operators -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Accents ! for operators -\end_layout - +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -With the commands +LyX also supports a tilde under the character if the LaTeX-package \series bold - -\backslash -overset +undertilde \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! O ! -\backslash -overset +Packages ! undertilde \end_layout \end_inset - and -\series bold - -\backslash -underset -\series default + is installed on your system: +\end_layout -\begin_inset Index +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! U ! + + \backslash -underset +ifundertilde \end_layout \end_inset - characters can be placed above or below an operator, respectively, to accent - it. - With the command -\series bold -\backslash -sideset -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\begin_inset Note Note +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! S ! -\backslash -sideset +The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package +\series bold +undertilde +\series default + is installed. \end_layout \end_inset - characters can be set before and behind an operator. - The command scheme is: + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout -\backslash -sideset{character -\series default - -\series bold -before}{character -\series default - -\series bold -behind} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -sideset -\series default - must always be before the operator that should be accented. - You can accent with several characters and even with other operators and - symbols. - To place with -\series bold +utilde +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset -\backslash -sideset -\series default - for example only characters behind an operator, write nothing between the - first braces but don't omit the braces. +A \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -For example the command -\series bold +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\backslash -sideset{ -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\utilde{A}$ \end_inset -\backslash -{ -\series default -' -\series bold +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ \end_inset -\backslash -sum_k=1 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -10377,20 +10884,22 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +else \end_layout \end_inset -\series default -^ +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package \series bold -n +undertilde \series default - produces: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\] + is not installed: +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10398,26 +10907,14 @@ n \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The command +You need to install the LaTeX-package \series bold - -\backslash -overset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce +undertilde +\series default + to see the rest of this subsection in the output. \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\backslash -maltese +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -10425,51 +10922,24 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +fi \end_layout \end_inset -\series default +\end_layout -\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$ +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset -\series bold -a -\series default - produces: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\overset{a}{\maltese}\] - -\end_inset - -As seen in the last example, with -\series bold - -\backslash -overset -\series default - and -\series bold - -\backslash -underset -\series default - also symbols and characters can be accented; with -\series bold - -\backslash -sideset -\series default - this is not possible. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Accents for several Characters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10488,7 +10958,7 @@ Accents ! for several characters \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -10535,16 +11005,7 @@ raisebox \backslash overleftarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10573,16 +11034,7 @@ A=B \backslash underleftarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10611,16 +11063,7 @@ A=B \backslash overleftrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10649,16 +11092,7 @@ A=B \backslash underleftrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10690,7 +11124,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -10721,16 +11155,7 @@ Result \backslash overrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10759,16 +11184,7 @@ A=B \backslash underrightarrow -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10797,16 +11213,7 @@ A=B \backslash widetilde -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10835,16 +11242,7 @@ A=B \backslash widehat -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10895,8 +11293,10 @@ widehat \series default will only be set in the output with a length of three characters, as shown in the following example: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\widetilde{A+B=C-D}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\widetilde{A+B=C-D} +\] \end_inset @@ -10911,7 +11311,7 @@ With the commands overset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10929,7 +11329,7 @@ overset underset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10947,16 +11347,7 @@ underset \backslash underset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -10966,8 +11357,10 @@ A=B *** \series default creates: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\underset{***}{A=B}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\underset{***}{A=B} +\] \end_inset @@ -10983,7 +11376,7 @@ name "sub:Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11004,7 +11397,7 @@ name "sub:Predefined-Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11017,11 +11410,11 @@ Space ! horizontal ! predefined \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space to a formula. +Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space into a formula. This is done by inserting a protected space (shortcut \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" -arg "space-insert protected" +arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space" \end_inset ). @@ -11032,16 +11425,7 @@ arg "space-insert protected" \color blue -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -11056,10 +11440,9 @@ Space \family default several times one can select one of eight different space sizes. The spaces can also be inserted using the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/space.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\space" \end_inset or special commands. @@ -11074,22 +11457,14 @@ Space \begin_layout Standard \noindent \align center -\begin_inset VSpace -5mm -\end_inset - - \begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - - + + + + + - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11098,6 +11473,30 @@ Command \end_inset + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Number of +\family sans +Space +\family default + keystrokes +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -11112,6 +11511,29 @@ Command \begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +0 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\, B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash @@ -11123,6 +11545,29 @@ Command \begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\: B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash @@ -11134,6 +11579,29 @@ Command \begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\; B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash @@ -11145,6 +11613,29 @@ quad \begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +3 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash @@ -11153,20 +11644,54 @@ qquad \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +4 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$ +\end_inset + -\backslash -! \end_layout \end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + - + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11174,25 +11699,29 @@ Number of \family sans Space \family default - keystrokes after inserting the protected space + keystrokes \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -0 +Result \end_layout \end_inset + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -1 + +\backslash +hfill \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11201,16 +11730,32 @@ Space \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -2 +5 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\hfill B$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -3 + +\backslash +hspace*{1em} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11219,7 +11764,7 @@ Space \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -4 +6 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11228,39 +11773,41 @@ Space \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -5 +\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace*{1em}B$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Result + +\backslash +hspace{1em} \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\, B$ -\end_inset - - +7 \end_layout \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\: B$ +\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{1em}B$ \end_inset @@ -11268,11 +11815,16 @@ Result \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\; B$ + +\backslash + +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -11280,11 +11832,20 @@ Result \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$ +8 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\ B$ \end_inset @@ -11292,14 +11853,24 @@ Result \end_inset + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$ -\end_inset +\backslash +! +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +9 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11325,7 +11896,31 @@ Result \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The last size seem to produce no space. +Space +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +5 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +-- +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +7 are variable spaces which are explained in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Variable-Space" + +\end_inset + +. + Space +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +9 seems to produce no space. It is displayed red in LyX contrary to the other sizes, because it is a negative space. There are two more negative spaces: @@ -11335,7 +11930,7 @@ The last size seem to produce no space. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -11390,7 +11985,7 @@ Space \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -6 +10 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11399,7 +11994,7 @@ Space \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -7 +11 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -11449,7 +12044,7 @@ Result \begin_layout Standard Negative spaces can lead to characters overlapping each other. - Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures, what is e. + Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures, which are e. \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -11457,16 +12052,16 @@ g. \begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset -useful for summation operators: +useful for summation operators: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -11513,16 +12108,7 @@ raisebox sum \backslash sum -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset f_kl @@ -11555,16 +12141,7 @@ sum negmedspace \backslash sum -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset f_kl @@ -11593,6 +12170,15 @@ f_kl \end_layout \begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent Relations like for example equal signs, are always surrounded by space. To suppress this, the equal sign is placed into a TeX-brace. The following example demonstrates this: @@ -11602,7 +12188,7 @@ Relations like for example equal signs, are always surrounded by space. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -11694,6 +12280,10 @@ B \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard Spaces are needed for physical units, because the space between the value and the unit is the smallest one and not a normal space. For units in text, the smallest space is inserted via the menu @@ -11722,9 +12312,9 @@ An example to visualize the difference: \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -11859,7 +12449,7 @@ name "sub:Variable-Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11879,7 +12469,7 @@ Space with a defined length can be inserted with the command hspace \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11898,16 +12488,7 @@ hspace \color blue -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -11924,16 +12505,38 @@ spce \color blue -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\color inherit + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. + The length may also be negative. + When a space would be the first character in a line it would be omitted. + To force its output use the command +\series bold \backslash -spce -\end_layout +hspace* +\series default + instead of +\series bold +\backslash +hspace +\series default + or left-click on the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\color blue + +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -11942,17 +12545,22 @@ spce \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset + and check the option +\family sans +Protect +\family default . - The length may also be negative. - To insert so many space that the formula uses all available space, the - command +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +To insert as much space as is available, the command \series bold \backslash hfill \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11977,9 +12585,9 @@ hfill \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -12010,20 +12618,7 @@ Result A=B \backslash hspace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -12058,20 +12653,7 @@ cm) A \backslash hspace -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -12106,16 +12688,7 @@ mm) A=A \backslash hfill -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B=B @@ -12242,7 +12815,7 @@ maximum space. \begin_layout Subsection Space besides inline Formulas -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12261,7 +12834,9 @@ The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length \backslash mathsurround -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12272,15 +12847,15 @@ mathsurround \end_inset - -\series default . The value of a length is set with the command \series bold \backslash setlength -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12291,9 +12866,7 @@ setlength \end_inset - -\series default - that has the following scheme: + which has the following scheme: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -12395,7 +12968,7 @@ pt. \begin_layout Section Boxes and Frames -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12405,7 +12978,7 @@ Boxes \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12464,7 +13037,7 @@ name "sub:Boxes-with-Frame" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12477,14 +13050,14 @@ Boxes ! with frame \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -It is possible to frame formulas or parts of it with the commands +It is possible to frame a formula or part of one with the commands \series bold \backslash fbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12502,7 +13075,7 @@ fbox boxed \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12517,7 +13090,7 @@ boxed \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When one of these commands is inserted to a formula, a blue box appears +When one of these commands is inserted in a formula, a blue box appears within a frame to enter formula parts. For \series bold @@ -12560,20 +13133,20 @@ boxed \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -As extension to +An extension to \series bold \backslash fbox \series default - there is the command + is the command \series bold \backslash framebox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12625,7 +13198,7 @@ r \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Is no width given, also no position can be given. +If no width is given, also no position can be given. In this case the frame width is adjusted to the box content like for \series bold @@ -12658,9 +13231,9 @@ fbox \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -12705,16 +13278,7 @@ raisebox \backslash fbox -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -12724,16 +13288,7 @@ Ctrl+M \backslash int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -12762,31 +13317,13 @@ A=B \backslash boxed -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -12815,16 +13352,7 @@ A=B A+ \backslash fbox -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B @@ -12853,16 +13381,7 @@ B \backslash framebox -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 20mm @@ -12880,16 +13399,7 @@ Ctrl+M \backslash frac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -12999,8 +13509,10 @@ fboxsep 3mm \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\boxed{A+B=C}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\boxed{A+B=C} +\] \end_inset @@ -13090,7 +13602,7 @@ name "sub:Boxes-without-Frame" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13110,7 +13622,7 @@ For boxes without a frame there are the following box commands: mbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13128,7 +13640,7 @@ mbox makebox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13146,7 +13658,7 @@ makebox raisebox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13235,9 +13747,9 @@ raisebox \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -13352,16 +13864,7 @@ Ctrl+M \backslash sqrt -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B @@ -13426,7 +13929,7 @@ name "sub:Colored-Boxes" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13459,7 +13962,7 @@ color \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13479,8 +13982,8 @@ When text is colored somewhere in the document with a predefined color, color \series default automatically. - Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice, but this doesn't - arise problems. + Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice, but this does not + cause problems. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -13518,7 +14021,7 @@ To color boxes, the command colorbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13616,9 +14119,9 @@ yellow \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -13702,16 +14205,7 @@ colorbox{green { \backslash fbox -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -13740,16 +14234,7 @@ A=B \backslash fbox -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -13771,16 +14256,7 @@ Ctrl+M \backslash int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C=D @@ -13816,7 +14292,7 @@ C=D colorbox \series default only colors the box but not the characters in the box. - To color all characters, the whole formula is highlighted and the wanted + To color all characters, the whole formula is highlighted and the desired color is chosen in the \family sans Text @@ -13827,10 +14303,9 @@ Style \family default dialog. The dialog can be called with the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show character" \end_inset or the menu @@ -13844,7 +14319,7 @@ Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator Customized \family default . - The formula number has then the same color as the formula. + The formula number then has the same color as the formula. When the formula number should get another color than the formula characters, the color must be changed within the formula. \end_layout @@ -13856,16 +14331,20 @@ An example: \begin_layout Standard \color red -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\int A=B\label{eq:red}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\int A=B\label{eq:red} +\end{equation} \end_inset \color green -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -13906,7 +14385,7 @@ To color the frame different than the rest of the box, the command fcolorbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13977,8 +14456,10 @@ fboxsep 1mm \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B} +\] \end_inset @@ -14069,7 +14550,7 @@ definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5, 0.5} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14160,8 +14641,10 @@ darkgreen yellow \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -14177,7 +14660,7 @@ Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command textcolor \series default : -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14232,7 +14715,7 @@ status collapsed textcolor \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14261,7 +14744,7 @@ name "sub:Paragraph-Boxes" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14274,17 +14757,16 @@ Boxes ! as paragraph \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs, a so called paragraph +A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs, a so-called paragraph box (parbox), can be created with the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Box \family default or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/box-insert.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "box-insert" \end_inset . @@ -14305,6 +14787,7 @@ hor_pos "c" has_inner_box 1 inner_pos "t" use_parbox 1 +use_makebox 0 width "5cm" special "none" height "1in" @@ -14343,7 +14826,7 @@ Such a box is created by right-clicking on the gray box inset. \emph on Decoration \emph default -: Recangular box, +: Rectangular box, \emph on Inner Box \emph default @@ -14373,7 +14856,7 @@ In LaTeX a parbox is created with the command parbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14384,7 +14867,7 @@ parbox \end_inset - that has the following scheme: + which has the following scheme: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -14409,13 +14892,29 @@ t \emph on b \emph default - for bottom means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with - its last line. + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +bottom +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with its last + line. With \emph on t \emph default - for top this is done with the first line. + for +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +top +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + this is done with the first line. When no position is given, the box will be vertically centered, see section \emph on @@ -14458,7 +14957,9 @@ fboxrule}{ \backslash linewidth -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14469,8 +14970,6 @@ linewidth \end_inset - -\series default is hereby the line width set for the document. Because the frame is outside the parbox, 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} @@ -14515,7 +15014,7 @@ calc \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14581,8 +15080,10 @@ fboxrule}{ \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -14619,7 +15120,7 @@ fboxsep 3pt \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -As a parbox is used as argument of +As a parbox is used as the argument of \series bold \backslash @@ -14817,8 +15318,10 @@ commented \end_inset using the mathematical textmode: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...} +\] \end_inset @@ -14827,7 +15330,7 @@ commented \begin_layout Section Operators -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14848,7 +15351,7 @@ name "sub:Big-Operators" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14858,7 +15361,7 @@ Operators ! big \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14868,7 +15371,7 @@ Sums \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14903,7 +15406,7 @@ Options \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -14934,7 +15437,7 @@ Result \backslash int -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15202,7 +15705,7 @@ bigcup \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -15233,7 +15736,7 @@ Result \backslash sum -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15270,13 +15773,26 @@ sum \backslash prod -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Commands ! P ! \backslash prod +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +vspace{4mm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15512,10 +16028,9 @@ biguplus \begin_layout Standard All big operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/intop.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\intop" \end_inset . @@ -15528,7 +16043,7 @@ The operators are called big because they are bigger than the sometimes \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For all integral operators there is a second version available, ending on +For all integral operators there is a second version available, ending in \series bold op @@ -15627,14 +16142,11 @@ incorrect: \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{in} +in \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15661,9 +16173,9 @@ For multiple integrals there are the following commands: \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -15786,9 +16298,9 @@ sqiint \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -15904,7 +16416,7 @@ name "sub:Operator-Limits" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15924,7 +16436,7 @@ Limits are created by super- and subscripts: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -15973,16 +16485,7 @@ raisebox prod^ \backslash infty -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -16051,8 +16554,10 @@ arg "math-limits" \begin_layout Standard The default limits type is this: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}} +\] \end_inset @@ -16063,8 +16568,10 @@ Inline \family default \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}} +\] \end_inset @@ -16091,8 +16598,10 @@ ointop Display \series default and so set below the integrals: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -16110,7 +16619,7 @@ To specify conditions for limits, the commands subarray \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16128,7 +16637,7 @@ subarray substack \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16141,10 +16650,14 @@ substack are used. To create for example this expression -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} \sum_{\begin{subarray}{c} 0 - + @@ -16843,7 +17668,7 @@ bullet \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -17177,7 +18002,7 @@ vee \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -17513,10 +18338,9 @@ triangleright \begin_layout Standard All binary operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/pm.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\pm" \end_inset . @@ -17580,7 +18404,7 @@ name "sub:Self-defined-Operators" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17600,7 +18424,7 @@ With the help of the command DeclareMathOperator \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17670,8 +18494,10 @@ reference "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols" \end_inset : -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty} +\] \end_inset @@ -17704,7 +18530,7 @@ When self-defined operators are not used several times in the document, mathop \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17722,7 +18548,7 @@ mathop mathbin \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17785,8 +18611,10 @@ be used to use one limit for several operators: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N} +\] \end_inset @@ -17811,16 +18639,7 @@ negmedspace sum \series default -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -17832,16 +18651,7 @@ spce ^N \series default -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -17851,7 +18661,7 @@ _i,j=1 \begin_layout Section Fonts -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17872,7 +18682,7 @@ name "sub:Font-Styles" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17895,11 +18705,11 @@ Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles: \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - - - + + + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -17939,16 +18749,7 @@ shortcut mathbb \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -17975,7 +18776,7 @@ ABC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-noun" \end_inset @@ -17995,16 +18796,7 @@ arg "font-noun" mathbf \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18031,7 +18823,7 @@ AbC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-bold" \end_inset @@ -18051,16 +18843,7 @@ arg "font-bold" boldsymbol \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18107,16 +18890,7 @@ arg "font-boldsymbol" mathcal \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18143,7 +18917,7 @@ ABC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-emph" \end_inset @@ -18154,7 +18928,7 @@ arg "font-emph" - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18163,17 +18937,50 @@ arg "font-emph" mathfrak \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\series default +AbC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$ +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +mathscr +\series bold + +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \series default @@ -18186,7 +18993,7 @@ AbC \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{AbC}$ \end_inset @@ -18215,10 +19022,10 @@ AbC \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - - + + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -18258,16 +19065,7 @@ shortcut mathit \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18309,16 +19107,7 @@ AbC mathrm \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18345,7 +19134,7 @@ AbC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-roman" \end_inset @@ -18365,16 +19154,7 @@ arg "font-roman" mathsf \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18401,7 +19181,7 @@ AbC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-sans" \end_inset @@ -18421,16 +19201,7 @@ arg "font-sans" mathtt \series bold -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -18457,7 +19228,7 @@ AbC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-typewriter" \end_inset @@ -18515,8 +19286,10 @@ mathnormal \begin_layout Standard The style commands work also for letters in mathematical constructs: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}} +\] \end_inset @@ -18561,10 +19334,9 @@ Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Text Style \family default or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/font.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\font" \end_inset can be used. @@ -18579,7 +19351,7 @@ name "sub:Bold-Formulas" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18605,8 +19377,10 @@ mathbf \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf} +\] \end_inset @@ -18621,8 +19395,10 @@ To display the formula correctly, the command boldsymbol \series default is used: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}} +\] \end_inset @@ -18636,7 +19412,9 @@ boldmath environment \backslash boldmath -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18647,15 +19425,15 @@ boldmath \end_inset - -\series default in TeX-mode. To end the environment, the command \series bold \backslash unboldmath -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18666,8 +19444,6 @@ unboldmath \end_inset - -\series default is inserted in TeX-mode. \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -18682,8 +19458,10 @@ boldmath \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment} +\] \end_inset @@ -18705,7 +19483,7 @@ unboldmath \begin_layout Subsection Colored Formulas -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18725,8 +19503,10 @@ Text Style \family default dialog. Here is a formula in magenta: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -{\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +{\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}} +\] \end_inset @@ -18749,7 +19529,7 @@ reference "sub:Colored-Boxes" textcolor \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18789,8 +19569,10 @@ textcolor{darkgreen}{ \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)} +\] \end_inset @@ -18839,7 +19621,7 @@ name "sub:Font-Sizes" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18923,8 +19705,8 @@ tiny \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The size produced by the commands depends on the document font size, that - corresponds with the command +The size produced by the commands depends on the document font size, which + corresponds to the command \series bold \backslash @@ -18972,14 +19754,14 @@ normalsize \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage +Within a formula the size can be changed using the following size commands + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\style" \end_inset - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Within a formula the size can be changed using the following size commands: +: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -18987,9 +19769,9 @@ Within a formula the size can be changed using the following size commands: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -19034,7 +19816,7 @@ raisebox \backslash displaystyle -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19178,14 +19960,18 @@ huge \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese +\] \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}} +\] \end_inset @@ -19225,61 +20011,25 @@ huge \backslash maltese -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A Alt+M M \backslash Large -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash maltese -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash textit -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -19306,46 +20056,19 @@ Alt+M M \backslash tiny -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash maltese -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset \backslash textit -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A @@ -19356,16 +20079,9 @@ If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes, it will always be displayed in the default size. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Section Greek Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19378,19 +20094,22 @@ Greek letters \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -All Greek letters can also be inserted via the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/alpha.png - scale 85 - +Greek letters can also be inserted via the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\alpha" \end_inset . + All international typesetting norms purport that Greek letters in math + have to be typeset italic/slanted. + In some languages, like French or Russian, they are nevertheless sometimes + typeset upright. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Small Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19409,7 +20128,7 @@ Greek letters ! small \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -19693,7 +20412,7 @@ vartheta \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -20000,7 +20719,7 @@ rho \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -20292,7 +21011,7 @@ omega \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -How to create upright Greek letters is explained in +How to create special upright Greek letters is explained in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Upright-small-Greek" @@ -20304,7 +21023,7 @@ reference "sub:Upright-small-Greek" \begin_layout Subsection Big Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20323,7 +21042,7 @@ Greek letters ! big \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -20507,7 +21226,7 @@ Pi \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -20683,16 +21402,84 @@ var \backslash varGamma \series default - produces: + produces \begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$ \end_inset +. + Another way is to load the package +\series bold +fixmath +\series default + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +fixmath +\series default + is part of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +was +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages ! was +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +vspace{4mm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + \end_layout +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages ! fixmath +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + with the LaTeX-preamble line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage{fixmath} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Then all big Greek letters in a document will automatically be typeset italic. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection Bold Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20713,7 +21500,7 @@ Greek letters cannot be set with different font styles like Latin letters. boldsymbol \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20731,9 +21518,9 @@ boldsymbol \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -20887,7 +21674,7 @@ reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20902,17 +21689,15 @@ Symbols \begin_layout Standard Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the toolbar buttons -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/nabla.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\nabla" \end_inset and -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/digamma.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\digamma" \end_inset . @@ -20927,7 +21712,7 @@ name "sub:Mathematical-Symbols" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20946,7 +21731,7 @@ Symbols ! mathematical \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -21205,7 +21990,7 @@ jmath \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -21504,7 +22289,7 @@ Bbbk \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -21772,7 +22557,7 @@ name "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21789,7 +22574,7 @@ Symbols ! miscellaneous \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -22040,9 +22825,9 @@ $ \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -22295,7 +23080,7 @@ bullet \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -22554,14 +23339,7 @@ diagdown \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset -More symbols are listed in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Miscellaneous-special-Characters" - -\end_inset -. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -22577,7 +23355,7 @@ reference "sub:Font-Sizes" \begin_layout Subsection The Euro-Symbol € -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22587,7 +23365,7 @@ Symbols ! Euro-symbol \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22620,7 +23398,7 @@ To use the Euro symbol in formulas, the LaTeX-package eurosym \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22648,7 +23426,7 @@ The Euro symbol can now be inserted with the command euro \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22687,7 +23465,7 @@ euro officialeuro \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22739,7 +23517,7 @@ An overview about the different Euro symbols: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -22951,7 +23729,7 @@ name "sec:Relations" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22961,7 +23739,7 @@ Relations \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22996,11 +23774,10 @@ status collapsed \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -All relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/leq.png - scale 85 - +All following relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\leq" \end_inset . @@ -23013,7 +23790,7 @@ All relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -23445,7 +24222,7 @@ nmid \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -23877,7 +24654,7 @@ widehat= \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -24340,6 +25117,17 @@ triangleright , respectively. \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +LyX supports also many special relations. + Use the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\leqq" +\end_inset + + to see a list of these relations. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard Relations are, in contrary to symbols, always surrounded by space. \end_layout @@ -24352,7 +25140,7 @@ Relations with labels can be created with the command stackrel \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24370,9 +25158,9 @@ stackrel \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -24417,16 +25205,7 @@ raisebox A(r) \backslash stackrel -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset r @@ -24434,16 +25213,7 @@ r to \backslash infty -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -24453,29 +25223,11 @@ spce \backslash approx -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B @@ -24516,7 +25268,7 @@ name "sub:Predefined-Functions" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24542,7 +25294,7 @@ italic \end_inset . - Therefore there are predefined functions, that are additionally a bit separated + Therefore there are predefined functionswhich are additionally a bit separated from prefactors. They are inserted as commands starting with a backslash before their name. \end_layout @@ -24551,7 +25303,7 @@ italic \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -24662,7 +25414,7 @@ The following functions are predefined: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -25082,10 +25834,9 @@ gcd \begin_layout Standard They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/functions.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\functions" \end_inset . @@ -25093,7 +25844,7 @@ They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button \begin_layout Subsection Self-defined Functions -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25155,7 +25906,7 @@ DeclareMathOperator{ sgn}{sgn} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25196,7 +25947,7 @@ Write the formula as usual, mark the formula name, in our example the letters sgn \emph default , and change it to mathematical text. - At last a space is inserted between prefactor and function. + Finally, a space is inserted between prefactor and function. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -25217,7 +25968,7 @@ In LyX self-defined functions are displayed red, predefined ones black. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -25308,7 +26059,7 @@ The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function should \begin_layout Subsection Limits -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25321,14 +26072,14 @@ Limits \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -For limits there are defined besides +For limits, in addition to the commands \series bold \backslash lim \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25351,16 +26102,16 @@ liminf \backslash limsup \series default - furthermore the following functions: + the following functions are defined: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -25520,7 +26271,7 @@ The limit is created by inserting a subscript. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -25573,29 +26324,11 @@ raisebox lim_x \backslash to -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset x=B @@ -25625,17 +26358,37 @@ x=B \begin_layout Standard In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula, as usual: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\lim_{x\to A}x=B\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\lim_{x\to A}x=B +\] \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +How to adjust the typesetting of the limits see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Operator-Limits" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection Modulo-Functions -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25649,16 +26402,15 @@ Functions ! modulo- \begin_layout Standard The modulo-function is special, because it exists in four variants. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The variants in a displayed formula: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} + The variants in a displayed formula are: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} \underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\ -\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\mod b\\ -\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pmod b\\ -\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\bmod b\\ -\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pod b\end{align*} +\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\mod b\\ +\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\pmod b\\ +\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\bmod b\\ +\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\pod b +\end{align*} \end_inset @@ -25668,11 +26420,24 @@ The variants in a displayed formula: \begin_layout Standard In an inline formula less space is set before the function names for all variants. + By default the modulo-functions take only the first following character + into account. + To use more than one character, one has to put them into TeX-braces: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} +\underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\ +\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{␣}bcd} & & a\pod bcd\\ +\mathrm{a\backslash pod\backslash\{bc\to d} & & a\pod{bc}d +\end{align*} + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Section Special Characters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25682,6 +26447,103 @@ Special characters \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The characters ^ and _ would normally create a subscript and subscript, + respectively. + To get these characters you have to insert them with a leading +\backslash +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +^ +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +_ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\_$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -25699,9 +26561,9 @@ The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in TeX-mode: \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -25855,7 +26717,7 @@ aa \backslash AA -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25935,9 +26797,9 @@ i \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -26084,16 +26946,7 @@ L \end_inset ` -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -26125,16 +26978,7 @@ spce \end_inset ` -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -26201,10 +27045,9 @@ The characters \end_inset can also be inserted via the math toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/digamma.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-insert \\digamma" \end_inset . @@ -26241,7 +27084,7 @@ name "sub:Accents-in-Text" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26265,9 +27108,9 @@ With the following commands all letters can be accented. \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -26368,16 +27211,7 @@ status collapsed \backslash ^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26449,16 +27283,7 @@ status collapsed \backslash u -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26496,16 +27321,7 @@ u e \backslash b -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26543,16 +27359,7 @@ b e \backslash t -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ee @@ -26593,9 +27400,9 @@ t ee \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -26624,16 +27431,7 @@ Result \backslash H -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26705,7 +27503,7 @@ status collapsed \backslash ~e -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26783,16 +27581,7 @@ status collapsed \backslash v -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26830,16 +27619,7 @@ v e \backslash d -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26877,16 +27657,7 @@ d e \backslash c -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset e @@ -26943,16 +27714,7 @@ t \backslash t -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset sz @@ -27084,7 +27846,7 @@ Furthermore, with the command textcircled \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27103,9 +27865,9 @@ textcircled \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -27294,12 +28056,12 @@ reference "sub:Boxes-without-Frame" \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection -Minuscule Numbers -\begin_inset Index +Old-style Figures +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Minuscule numbers +Old-style Figures \end_layout \end_inset @@ -27308,14 +28070,15 @@ Minuscule numbers \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Minuscule numbers are created with the command +Old-style figures (also known as old-style numerals) are created with the + command \series bold \backslash oldstylenums \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27353,218 +28116,6 @@ oldstylenums{0123456789 \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Miscellaneous special Characters -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Miscellaneous-special-Characters" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Special characters ! miscellaneous -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The following characters can only be inserted to formulas by using commands: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Command -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Result -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -_ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\_$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\backslash -circ -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -@° -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $^{\circ}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The degree sign ° can nevertheless be directly inserted if the LaTeX-preamble - contains the following line -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -More about this is described in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Text-Characters-in" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -DeclareInputtext{176}{ -\backslash -ifmmode^ -\backslash -circ -\backslash -else -\backslash -textdegree -\backslash -fi} -\end_layout - \begin_layout Section Formula Styles \begin_inset CommandInset label @@ -27574,7 +28125,7 @@ name "sec:Formula-Styles" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27626,7 +28177,7 @@ Indented mathindent \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27733,7 +28284,7 @@ name "sec:Multiline-Formulas" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27751,15 +28302,11 @@ General \begin_layout Standard In LyX multiline formulas are created by pressing -\series bold - \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" arg "newline-insert newline" \end_inset - -\series default inside a formula. This creates either an \series bold @@ -27788,6 +28335,8 @@ reference "sub:Standard-align-Environment" \end_inset . + The align environment is recommended because it provides in any case a + typographically correct output. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -27811,17 +28360,15 @@ arg "newline-insert newline" . To add or delete lines, the math toolbar buttons -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "inset-modify tabular append-row" \end_inset or -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "inset-modify tabular delete-row" \end_inset , respectively, or the menu @@ -27841,7 +28388,7 @@ name "sub:Line-Separation" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27855,9 +28402,11 @@ Formula ! multiline ! Line separation \begin_layout Standard There is sometimes not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\ -4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*} +4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0 +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -27958,7 +28507,7 @@ To set the line separation for all lines in a formula, the length jot \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28024,7 +28573,7 @@ calc \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28061,9 +28610,11 @@ jot}{3mm+3pt} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\ -4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*} +4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0 +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28107,7 +28658,7 @@ name "sub:Column-Separation" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28135,7 +28686,7 @@ The column separation is specified with the length arraycolsep \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28218,9 +28769,11 @@ arraycolsep}{1cm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & B\\ -C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*} +C & \ne & A +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28244,9 +28797,11 @@ arraycolsep}{5pt} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & B\\ -C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*} +C & \ne & A +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28255,7 +28810,7 @@ C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*} \begin_layout Subsubsection Long Formulas -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28272,17 +28827,19 @@ Long formulas can be typeset using these methods: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -When one side of the equation is much shorther than the line width, this +When one side of the equation is much shorter than the line width, this one is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two lines: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\ - & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:shortlong}\end{eqnarray} + & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:shortlong} +\end{eqnarray} \end_inset The minus sign at the beginning of the second line does normally not appear - as operator because it is the first character of the line. + as an operator because it is the first character of the line. Thus it would not be surrounded by space and could not be distinguished from the fraction bar. To avoid this, 3 @@ -28300,7 +28857,7 @@ hspace status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -more about +for more about \series bold \backslash @@ -28319,7 +28876,7 @@ reference "sub:Variable-Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28341,7 +28898,7 @@ When both sides of the equation are too long, the command lefteqn \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28353,12 +28910,14 @@ lefteqn \end_inset is used. - It is inserted to the first column of the first line and effects that all - further insertions overwrite the following columns: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} + It is inserted in the first column of the first line and causes all further + insertions to overwrite the following columns: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} \lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\ & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\ - & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}\end{eqnarray} + & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn} +\end{eqnarray} \end_inset @@ -28465,6 +29024,127 @@ reference "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts" . \end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Multiline Fractions +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Multiline-Fractions" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Fractions ! multiline +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are cases where the denominator and/or the numerator of a fraction + is so long that the fraction does not fit into one line. + It is then necessary to add a line break within the fraction. + This can be done using the command +\series bold + +\backslash +splitfrac +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! S ! +\backslash +splitfrac +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +. + To activate it, set in the document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default + for the package +\series bold +mathtools +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages ! mathtools +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + the option +\family sans +Load +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +always +\family default +. + +\series bold + +\backslash +splitfrac +\series default + has the scheme +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +splitfrac{first line}{second line} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +and is used as denominator and/or numerator: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +a=\frac{\splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy}{+wy+wy+wy+wy}}{z}\ne\frac{\splitdfrac{xy+\frac{xy}{z}+xy+xy+xy}{+xy+xy+xy+xy}}{z} +\] + +\end_inset + +The command for the first numerator above is: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{+wy+wy+wy+wy +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsubsection Multiline Brackets \begin_inset CommandInset label @@ -28474,7 +29154,7 @@ name "sub:Multiline-Brackets" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28488,9 +29168,11 @@ Brackets ! for multiline expressions \begin_layout Standard For brackets spanning multiple lines the following problem occurs: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ - & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*} + & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right] +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28511,7 +29193,7 @@ To set the bracket size for the second line correctly, the first line is right. \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28558,7 +29240,7 @@ reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28584,16 +29266,7 @@ left. vphantom \series default -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -28603,16 +29276,7 @@ spce prod \series default ^ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -28622,16 +29286,7 @@ spce infty \series default -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset @@ -28643,7 +29298,7 @@ spce _R=1} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28661,9 +29316,11 @@ vphantom \begin_layout Standard The result is this: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ - & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*} + & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right] +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28676,7 +29333,7 @@ Align Environments \begin_layout Standard Align environments can be used for every kind of multiline formulas. - They are specially useful to set several formulas side by side. + They are especially useful to set several formulas side by side. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -28703,17 +29360,15 @@ Change Formula Type \begin_layout Standard To add or delete columns, the math toolbar buttons -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-column.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "inset-modify tabular append-column" \end_inset or -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-column.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "inset-modify tabular delete-column" \end_inset , respectively, or the menu @@ -28733,7 +29388,7 @@ name "sub:Standard-align-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28746,7 +29401,7 @@ Formula ! multiline ! align environment \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -This Align environment is created by presssing +This Align environment is created by pressing \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" arg "newline-insert newline" @@ -28764,9 +29419,11 @@ AMS align Environment \begin_layout Standard An example for two formulas set side by side, that are created with a four column align environment: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} A & =\sin(B) & C & =D\\ -C & \ne A & B & \ne D\end{align*} +C & \ne A & B & \ne D +\end{align*} \end_inset @@ -28833,7 +29490,7 @@ hfill \begin_layout Subsubsection Alignat Environment -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28863,9 +29520,11 @@ The above example in the alignat environment where 1 \end_inset cm space was inserted at the beginning of the second formula: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{alignat*}{2} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{alignat*}{2} A & =\sin(B) & \hspace{1cm}C & =D\\ -C & \ne A & B & \ne D\end{alignat*} +C & \ne A & B & \ne D +\end{alignat*} \end_inset @@ -28883,7 +29542,7 @@ name "sub:Flalign-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28899,9 +29558,11 @@ Formula ! multiline ! flalign environment In this environment the first two columns are always set as much as possible to the left and the last two ones to the right. An example: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{flalign*} A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\ -X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4\end{flalign*} +X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4 +\end{flalign*} \end_inset @@ -28924,8 +29585,10 @@ reference "eq:VolInt" \end_inset : -\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign} -\hspace{30pt}\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {}\end{flalign} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{flalign} +\hspace{30pt}\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {} +\end{flalign} \end_inset @@ -28950,7 +29613,7 @@ name "sub:Eqnarray-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28968,10 +29631,12 @@ When this environment has been created, three blue boxes appear. one left aligned. The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller, because it is designed to insert there only relation characters. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\ AB & AB & AB\\ -A & = & A\end{eqnarray*} +A & = & A +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28980,7 +29645,7 @@ A & = & A\end{eqnarray*} \begin_layout Subsection Gather Environment -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28995,9 +29660,11 @@ Formula ! multiline ! gather environment \begin_layout Standard This environment consists of only one centered column. Every line can be numbered. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{gather} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{gather} A=1\\ -X=\textrm{-}1\end{gather} +X=\textrm{-}1 +\end{gather} \end_inset @@ -29013,7 +29680,7 @@ name "sub:Multline-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29039,10 +29706,12 @@ reference "eq:lefteqn" \end_inset in the multline environment: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{multline} 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\ -B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\ -=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline} +=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}} +\end{multline} \end_inset @@ -29077,7 +29746,9 @@ With the commands \backslash shoveright -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29088,14 +29759,14 @@ shoveright \end_inset - -\series default and \series bold \backslash shoveleft -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29106,8 +29777,6 @@ shoveleft \end_inset - -\series default a centered line can be right or left aligned, respectively. The commands are used as follows: \end_layout @@ -29135,7 +29804,9 @@ The length \backslash multlinegap -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29146,8 +29817,6 @@ multlinegap \end_inset - -\series default specifies the distance of the first line from the left page margin. Predefined is the length 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} @@ -29187,10 +29856,12 @@ multlinegap}{2cm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{multline} 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\ \shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\ -=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline} +=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}} +\end{multline} \end_inset @@ -29227,7 +29898,7 @@ name "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29241,7 +29912,7 @@ Formula ! multiline ! formula parts \begin_layout Standard To display only parts of a formula with multiple lines, one of the following - environments are used: + environments is used: \series bold aligned \series default @@ -29271,10 +29942,13 @@ The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline formula environments, but it is possible to set further formula parts beside them. An example: -\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin_inset Formula +\[ \left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\ -\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\end{aligned} -\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations}\] +\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2} +\end{aligned} +\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations} +\] \end_inset @@ -29287,7 +29961,9 @@ To get this formula, a displayed formula is created where the command \backslash aligned -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29298,8 +29974,6 @@ aligned \end_inset - -\series default is inserted. A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and lines can be added. @@ -29320,9 +29994,11 @@ reference "eq:shortlong" \end_inset in the aligned environment: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\ - & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\end{aligned} + & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|} +\end{aligned} \end{equation} \end_inset @@ -29350,7 +30026,7 @@ split alignedat \series default , -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29368,7 +30044,7 @@ alignedat gathered \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29386,7 +30062,7 @@ gathered split \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29411,7 +30087,7 @@ name "sub:Text-in-multiline" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29421,7 +30097,7 @@ Text ! in formulas \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29442,7 +30118,9 @@ In the Align environments, and the multline and gather environment, text \backslash intertext -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29453,8 +30131,6 @@ intertext \end_inset - -\series default is used in the following scheme: \end_layout @@ -29484,9 +30160,89 @@ intertext must hereby be at the beginning of a line and appears in the output above this line. An example where the text was inserted at the beginning of the second line: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align} I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\ -\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\end{align} +\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi +\end{align} + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +intertext +\series default + always creates some vertical space between the text and the formula lines. + To avoid this space, set in the document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default + for the package +\series bold +mathtools +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages ! mathtools +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + the option +\family sans +Load +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +always +\family default +. + Then you can use the command +\series bold + +\backslash +shortintertext +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! S ! +\backslash +shortintertext +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + instead of +\series bold + +\backslash +intertext +\series default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align} +I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\ +\shortintertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi +\end{align} \end_inset @@ -29495,7 +30251,7 @@ I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\ \begin_layout Section Formula Numbering -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29505,7 +30261,7 @@ Formula numbering \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29580,7 +30336,7 @@ arg "math-number-toggle" \end_inset ). - The formula number is displayed in LyX behind the formula as number sign + The formula number is displayed in LyX behind the formula as a number sign in parentheses. The number sign is replaced in the output by the formula number. \end_layout @@ -29605,7 +30361,7 @@ of Line \family default - (shortcut + (shortcut \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" arg "math-number-line-toggle" @@ -29628,7 +30384,7 @@ reference "sec:Formula-Styles" \begin_layout Subsection Cross-References -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29648,14 +30404,18 @@ Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Label \family default or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/label-insert.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "label-insert" \end_inset . The cursor must hereby be inside a displayed formula. + Alternatively you can right-click on the formula and choose +\family sans +Equation Label +\family default +. A dialog pops up displaying the prefix \series bold eq: @@ -29685,7 +30445,11 @@ section labels. Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Label \family default - is used again. + is used again or you right-click on a formula and then on +\family sans +Equation Label +\family default +. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -29701,10 +30465,9 @@ Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Cross-Reference \family default or with the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref" \end_inset . @@ -29814,7 +30577,7 @@ reference "sub:Paragraph-Boxes" \begin_layout Subsection Subnumbering -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29845,8 +30608,10 @@ end{subequations} \begin_layout Standard An example: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A=C-B\label{eq:a}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A=C-B\label{eq:a} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -29881,14 +30646,18 @@ begin{subequations} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -B=C-A\label{eq:b}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +B=C-A\label{eq:b} +\end{equation} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -C=A+B\label{eq:c}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +C=A+B\label{eq:c} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -29927,7 +30696,7 @@ first formula is inserted addtocounter{equation}{-1} \backslash begin{subequations} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30103,10 +30872,12 @@ begin{subequations} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\label{eq:d}\\ & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{2}\nonumber \\ - & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f}\end{eqnarray} + & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f} +\end{eqnarray} \end_inset @@ -30135,7 +30906,7 @@ name "sub:User-defined-Numbering" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30148,7 +30919,7 @@ Formula numbering ! user-defined \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30208,7 +30979,7 @@ When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive tag \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30220,8 +30991,10 @@ tag \end_inset is used: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -30230,21 +31003,12 @@ In this example the command \backslash tag -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset something \series default - was inserted to the formula. + was inserted in the formula. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -30253,23 +31017,16 @@ When the command \backslash tag* -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset something \series default is inserted instead, the star prevents the parentheses around the expression: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -A+B=C\tag*{something}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +A+B=C\tag*{something} +\] \end_inset @@ -30292,7 +31049,7 @@ To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections, the @addtoreset{equation}{part} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30457,7 +31214,7 @@ remreset carlisle \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30472,7 +31229,7 @@ Packages ! carlisle \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30500,7 +31257,7 @@ Then the command @removefromreset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30597,7 +31354,7 @@ For this case there is the command numberwithin \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30625,7 +31382,7 @@ Counter denotes what kind of numbering is affected, sectioning denotes what \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Thus in our case the following LaTeX-preamble or TeX-Code line is used: +Thus in our case the following LaTeX-preamble or TeX code line is used: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -30651,8 +31408,10 @@ numberwithin{equation}{section} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A+B=C\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A+B=C +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -30684,7 +31443,7 @@ numberwithin{table}{part} \begin_layout Standard To go back to the standard numbering or to prevent this kind of numbering when it is defined by the document class, the following command is inserted - as TeX-Code or to the LaTeX-preamble: + as TeX code or to the LaTeX-preamble: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -30697,7 +31456,7 @@ renewcommand{ theequation}{ \backslash arabic{equation}} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30795,7 +31554,7 @@ makeatother \begin_layout Subsection Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30805,7 +31564,7 @@ Formula numbering ! with letters \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30843,7 +31602,7 @@ is inserted before the formula in TeX-mode. renewcommand \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30920,7 +31679,7 @@ theequation \backslash roman{equation} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30962,7 +31721,7 @@ roman Roman \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30991,7 +31750,7 @@ number alph \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -31009,7 +31768,7 @@ alph Alph \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -31032,11 +31791,23 @@ status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold +\color none Note: \series default - Only maximal 26 formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document. + Only maximal 26 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset @@ -31063,8 +31834,10 @@ roman{equation}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A=\textrm{small roman}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A=\textrm{small roman} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -31086,8 +31859,10 @@ Roman{equation}} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -31109,8 +31884,10 @@ alph{equation}} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -C=\textrm{small Latin}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +C=\textrm{small Latin} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -31132,8 +31909,10 @@ Alph{equation}} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -31154,7 +31933,7 @@ renewcommand{ theequation}{ \backslash arabic{equation}} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -31186,8 +31965,10 @@ arabic{equation}} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -E=\textrm{Arabic}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +E=\textrm{Arabic} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -31229,7 +32010,7 @@ name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -31239,7 +32020,7 @@ Chemical characters ! Symbols \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -31249,7 +32030,7 @@ Chemical equations \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -31280,8 +32061,10 @@ The . The chemical equation for this is: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -31330,7 +32113,7 @@ A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command ce \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -31346,7 +32129,7 @@ ce mhchem \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -31370,9 +32153,9 @@ ce \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -31417,16 +32200,7 @@ raisebox \backslash ce -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset H2CO3 @@ -31455,16 +32229,7 @@ H2CO3 \backslash ce -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset SO4^2- @@ -31493,16 +32258,7 @@ SO4^2- \backslash ce -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset (NH4)2S @@ -31531,16 +32287,7 @@ spce \backslash ce -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset KCr(SO4)2.12H2O @@ -31569,46 +32316,19 @@ KCr(SO4)2.12H2O \backslash ce -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A-B \backslash dbond -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C \backslash tbond -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset D @@ -31637,16 +32357,7 @@ D \backslash ce -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ^227 @@ -31683,68 +32394,23 @@ Th+ \backslash ce -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset CO2 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset <=> -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2CO @@ -31773,55 +32439,19 @@ spce \backslash ce -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset CO2 -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset C -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset ->[ @@ -31829,16 +32459,7 @@ spce alpha][ \backslash beta] -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2CO} @@ -31873,6 +32494,7 @@ status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \series bold +\color none Note: \series default Inserting a formula to a @@ -31881,7 +32503,27 @@ Note: \backslash ce \series default - box will lead to LaTeX errors. + box will lead to LaTeX errors due to a LyX bug. +\color inherit + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "LyX-bug #8566" +target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/8566" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\color none In this case TeX code has to be used like for \series bold @@ -31915,6 +32557,40 @@ hyphen$Cl} \end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +\color none +Note: +\series default + It is not possible in LyX to use the character ^ to get an up-arrow as + described in the +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + manual. + One instead uses a negative thin space followed by the command +\series bold + +\backslash +uparrow +\series default +: +\begin_inset Formula $\ce{Fe + 2H+ -> Fe^{2+} + H2\negthinspace\uparrow}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -31944,81 +32620,27 @@ reference "eq:chem-reaction" \backslash ce -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset 2Na+ -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset + -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset SO4^2- -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -> -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset Na2SO4 @@ -32057,9 +32679,11 @@ reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-2" are an example of a multi-stage chemical reaction where every equation has its own number. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} \ce{TEOS + 4O} & \ce{->} & \ce{Si(OH)4 + 4C2H4O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-1}\\ -\ce{Si(OH)4} & \ce{->} & \ce{SiO2 + 2H2O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-2}\end{eqnarray} +\ce{Si(OH)4} & \ce{->} & \ce{SiO2 + 2H2O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-2} +\end{eqnarray} \end_inset @@ -32084,7 +32708,7 @@ mhchem cf \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32116,13 +32740,6 @@ key "mhchem" . \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Section Diagrams \end_layout @@ -32141,7 +32758,7 @@ xymatrix \begin_layout Subsection Amscd Diagrams -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32156,10 +32773,13 @@ Diagrams ! amscd \begin_layout Standard Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines or arrows: -\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin_inset Formula +\[ \begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ @AAA@.@VVV\\ -F@<<, resp., it is placed +If text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed above the arrow. When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under the arrow. @@ -32267,10 +32887,13 @@ As example a diagram with all possible relations: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin_inset Formula +\[ \begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ @AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ -D@<k>>F@=C\end{CD}\] +D@<k>>F@=C +\end{CD} +\] \end_inset @@ -32287,16 +32910,7 @@ The command for this is: \backslash CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return @@ -32304,40 +32918,19 @@ A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\series bold \backslash CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32357,40 +32950,19 @@ V@| Ctrl+Return \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\series bold \backslash CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32400,7 +32972,7 @@ D@<k>>F@=C \begin_layout Subsection Xymatrix Diagrams -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32451,19 +33023,85 @@ Specific \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -Manuals\SpecialChar \menuseparator -XY-pic +Manuals +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection + +\noun on +Feynman +\noun default + Diagrams +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagrams ! Feynman +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To be able to use +\noun on +Feynman +\noun default +-diagrams, the LaTeX-package +\series bold +feyn +\series default + must be installed. + A +\noun on +Feynman +\noun default +-diagram is created by inserting the command +\series bold + +\backslash +Diagram +\series default + in a formula. + Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices, + see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Matrices" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Examples how to create +\noun on +Feynman- +\noun default +diagrams in LyX is given in the +\emph on +Feynman-diagram manual +\emph default + that you find in the menu +\family sans +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Specific \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -Manual +Manuals \family default . \end_layout \begin_layout Section User-defined Commands -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32504,7 +33142,7 @@ name "sub:The-Command-newcommand" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32516,7 +33154,7 @@ newcommand \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -32565,27 +33203,15 @@ value] \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -phantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\series bold \backslash newcommand -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32821,7 +33447,7 @@ To create a new command for \backslash fcolorbox \series default - where the color for the box needn't to be specified, the argument for the + where the color for the box need not be specified, the argument for the color is defined optional: \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset @@ -32869,9 +33495,9 @@ A test of the new defined commands: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -32916,16 +33542,7 @@ raisebox A \backslash gr -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset B @@ -32993,16 +33610,7 @@ fb{[2cm] { \backslash int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -33039,16 +33647,7 @@ cb{red { \backslash int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -33087,16 +33686,7 @@ cb[green] { \backslash int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -33126,7 +33716,7 @@ A=B \begin_layout Subsection Math Macros -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33136,7 +33726,7 @@ User-defined commands! Math macros \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33150,17 +33740,21 @@ Macros \begin_layout Standard User-defined commands are especially convenient for complex expressions. - When you are for example dealing in a document with quadratic equations, + When you are for example dealing with a document that has quadratic equations, the same solution type occurs several times. The general form of a quadratic equation is -\begin_inset Formula \[ -0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q +\] \end_inset The general form of the solution is -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q} +\] \end_inset @@ -33206,27 +33800,15 @@ pm \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\series bold \backslash newcommand -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -33305,10 +33887,9 @@ Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Macro \family default or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro newmacroname_newcommand" \end_inset . @@ -33366,29 +33947,30 @@ g #1 \series default or by using the macro toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-add-param" \end_inset . Argument placeholders are displayed red. - Maximum 9 arguments are possible. - Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png - scale 85 + A maximum of 9 +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset +arguments are possible. + Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-add-optional-param" \end_inset . The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png - scale 85 - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-make-optional" \end_inset . @@ -33501,8 +34083,10 @@ Here is our macro example with the arguments \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\qG x{\ln(x)}B\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\qG x{\ln(x)}B +\] \end_inset @@ -33542,7 +34126,7 @@ newcommand \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Math macros can also be directly be created from a +Math macros can also be directly created from a \series bold \backslash @@ -33584,8 +34168,8 @@ newcommand \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Math macros currently yet have the problem that further formulas in macro - definitions are handled wrongly. +Math macros currently have the problem that further formulas in macro definition +s are handled wrongly. Therefore the example \series bold @@ -33621,7 +34205,7 @@ When the cursor is in a macro definition box, you will see the macro toolbar \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33654,19 +34238,17 @@ The macro toolbar contains from left to right the following buttons: \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular - - + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-remove-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-remove-param" \end_inset @@ -33698,11 +34280,9 @@ Remove Last Argument \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-add-param" \end_inset @@ -33734,11 +34314,9 @@ Append Argument \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-make-optional" \end_inset @@ -33759,23 +34337,17 @@ Macro \end_inset Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Make First Non-Optional into +Transform First Non-Optional to \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Macro @@ -33784,12 +34356,6 @@ Macro Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -33805,11 +34371,9 @@ Optional Argument \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-make-nonoptional.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-make-nonoptional" \end_inset @@ -33830,23 +34394,17 @@ Macro \end_inset Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Make Last Optional into +Transform Last Optional to \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Macro @@ -33855,12 +34413,6 @@ Macro Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -33876,11 +34428,9 @@ Non-Optional Argument \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-remove-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-remove-optional-param" \end_inset @@ -33912,11 +34462,9 @@ Remove Optional Argument \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-add-optional-param" \end_inset @@ -33948,11 +34496,9 @@ Insert Optional Argument \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-remove-greedy-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-remove-greedy-param" \end_inset @@ -33978,18 +34524,12 @@ Remove Last Argument \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Macro @@ -33998,12 +34538,6 @@ Macro Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -34019,11 +34553,9 @@ Spitting Out To The Right \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-append-greedy-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-append-greedy-param" \end_inset @@ -34049,18 +34581,12 @@ Append Argument \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Macro @@ -34069,12 +34595,6 @@ Macro Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -34090,11 +34610,9 @@ Eating From The Right \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center - +\begin_inset Info +type "icon" +arg "math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param" \end_inset @@ -34120,18 +34638,12 @@ Append Optional Argument \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Macro @@ -34140,12 +34652,6 @@ Macro Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -34163,20 +34669,155 @@ Eating From The Right \end_layout +\begin_layout Section +Computer Algebra Systems +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage +LyX offers the exchange between mathematical expressions written in LyX's + math editor and external applications or user defined scripts. + Currently supported applications are +\family sans +Maple +\family default +, +\family sans +Mathematica +\family default +, +\family sans +Maxima +\family default + and +\family sans +Octave +\family default +. + Note that the set of supported mathematical constructs is limited only + to very simple cases. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Usage +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Write some expression in a formula, go to the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Use Computer Algebra System +\family default + menu and choose the application you have installed on the computer. + After that the result of computation should show on the right side of the + expression together with the +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + operator. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here are few simple examples (with results from +\family typewriter +Maxima +\family default +) to show what kind of computations can be performed: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{37}{3}*2-\sum_{i=1}^{3}i^{i}=-\frac{22}{3}$ \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{37.0}{3}=12.33333333333333$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\int_{1}^{2}\sin(x)dx=\cos1-\cos2$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\det\left[\begin{array}{ccc} +1 & 6 & 7\\ +2 & 5 & 8\\ +3 & 4 & 17 +\end{array}\right]=-56$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}\left(\frac{\sin(x)}{x}\right)=1$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Keyboard shortcut +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Currently there is no keyboard shortcut for calling the algebra applications. + One can easily bind a shortcut to the +\family sans +math-extern +\family default + LyX function (see the +\family sans +\emph on +LyX Functions +\family default +\emph default + manual). + One could e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +bind the +\family sans +Return +\family default + key inside the math editor. + To bind it to +\family typewriter +Maxima +\family default + one would use this shortcut definition command: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +command-alternatives paragraph-break;math-extern maxima +\end_layout + \begin_layout Section -Tips -\begin_inset Index +Miscellaneous +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Tips +Miscellaneous \end_layout \end_inset @@ -34186,7 +34827,7 @@ Tips \begin_layout Subsection Negative Numbers -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34218,9 +34859,9 @@ An example to visualize the problem: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -34296,7 +34937,7 @@ solution: \begin_layout Subsection Comma as decimal Separator -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34345,7 +34986,7 @@ icomma was \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34373,7 +35014,7 @@ vspace{4mm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34402,7 +35043,7 @@ name "sub:Physical-Vectors" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34420,7 +35061,7 @@ Predefined vectors are offered by the LaTeX-package braket \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34478,9 +35119,9 @@ The following commands are defined: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -34599,8 +35240,10 @@ The command Braket \series default assures that all vertical bars are set in the size of the surrounding brackets: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}} +\] \end_inset @@ -34690,7 +35333,7 @@ name "sub:Self-defined-Fractions" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34710,13 +35353,26 @@ To define custom commands for fractions, the command genfrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Commands ! G ! \backslash genfrac +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +vspace{4mm} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -34742,27 +35398,15 @@ bracket}{fraction bar thickness}{style} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -phantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\series bold \backslash genfrac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -34786,9 +35430,9 @@ The style is a number in the range of 0 \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -34991,9 +35635,11 @@ genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}} \begin_layout Standard A test: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} \text{Command} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\ -\text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}\end{align*} +\text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B} +\end{align*} \end_inset @@ -35003,7 +35649,7 @@ As one can see, the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the \begin_layout Subsection Canceled Formulas -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35016,29 +35662,7 @@ Formula ! canceled \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To cancel formulas or formula parts, the LaTeX-package -\series bold -cancel -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! cancel -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - has to be loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -usepackage[samesize]{cancel} +There are four ways to cancel formulas or parts of formulas: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -35071,17 +35695,13 @@ cancel \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -There are four ways to cancel formulas: -\end_layout - \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -35125,19 +35745,14 @@ raisebox \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -cancel{ -\backslash -int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +cancel +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \backslash -spce -\end_layout - +int +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -35165,19 +35780,14 @@ A=B \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -bcancel{ -\backslash -int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +bcancel +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \backslash -spce -\end_layout - +int +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -35205,19 +35815,14 @@ A=B \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -xcancel{ -\backslash -int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout +xcancel +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} +\end_inset \backslash -spce -\end_layout - +int +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B @@ -35245,28 +35850,21 @@ A=B \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -cancelto{1 -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +cancelto +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset -\backslash -{ \backslash int -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset A=B +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +1 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -35299,8 +35897,162 @@ A=B cancelto \series default is especially suitable to visualize the reduction of fractions within formulas: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To change the size of +\series bold + +\backslash +cancelto +\series default +'s +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +subscript +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + value one can add the LaTeX-preamble line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +PassOptionsToPackage{option}{cancel} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +where +\series bold +option +\series default + is either +\series bold +samesize +\series default + which leads to the same size as for the canceled value, or +\series bold +Smaller +\series default + which makes is it a bit smaller than normal. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To color the cancellation bar one adds this command as TeX code: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +CancelColor}{ +\backslash +color{red}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold +red +\series default + can be replaced by a color of your choice. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +CancelColor}{ +\backslash +color{red}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +renewcommand{ +\backslash +CancelColor}{ +\backslash +color{black}} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +reset the color +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +For further customizations, see the documentation of the package +\series bold +cancel +\series default +, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "cancel" + +\end_inset + +. +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages ! cancel +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35370,7 +36122,7 @@ name "sub:Formulas-in-Section" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35397,7 +36149,7 @@ When hyperref \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35457,7 +36209,7 @@ hyperref \backslash texorpdfstring{part}{alternative} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35504,7 +36256,7 @@ Heading without formula in table of contents \end_inset -\begin_inset OptArg +\begin_inset Argument 1 status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35598,7 +36350,7 @@ reference "sub:Bold-Formulas" \begin_layout Subsection Formulas in multi-column Text -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35632,7 +36384,7 @@ multicol \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35657,7 +36409,7 @@ usepackage{multicol} status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Note herby that the setting +Note that in this case the setting \family sans Two-column \begin_inset space ~ @@ -35818,8 +36570,10 @@ end{multicols} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -35884,7 +36638,7 @@ end{multicols} \begin_layout Subsection Formulas with Description of Variables -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -36050,13 +36804,16 @@ reference "eq:within" \end_inset - consists of five columns whereas in the first two columns contain the equation, + consists of five columns where in the first two columns contain the equation, the third the matrix and the last one an empty TeX-brace. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{flalign} \hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & \footnotesize\begin{array}{ll} \rho & \textrm{density}\\ V & \textrm{volume}\\ -g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration}\end{array} & & {}\label{eq:within}\end{flalign} +g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration} +\end{array} & & {}\label{eq:within} +\end{flalign} \end_inset @@ -36072,7 +36829,7 @@ name "sub:Upright-small-Greek" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -36106,7 +36863,7 @@ upgreek was \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -36134,7 +36891,7 @@ vspace{4mm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -36183,8 +36940,8 @@ upgreek \end_inset - They are created when the command for a small Greek letters is started - with + They are created when the command for a small Greek letter is started with + \series bold up \series default @@ -36204,8 +36961,10 @@ uptau \begin_layout Standard With these commands reactions of elementary particles can be typeset: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu} +\] \end_inset @@ -36281,14 +37040,7 @@ fi \begin_layout Subsection Text Characters in Formulas -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Text-Characters-in" - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -36376,7 +37128,7 @@ rs. \begin_layout Standard The encoding of several characters is saved in definition files. - Fore example the encoding + For example the encoding \series bold latin9 \series default @@ -36384,11 +37136,11 @@ latin9 \series bold latin9.def \series default - that is in the installation folder of LaTeX. + which is in the installation folder of LaTeX. Encodings should only be changed via the LaTeX-preamble and not in the definition files. - Otherwise own documents could not be edited by other LyX users working - on other computers. + Otherwise documents could not be edited by other LyX users working on other + computers. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -36396,8 +37148,8 @@ latin9.def \end_inset Besides the centered dot, in this document the degree sign ° is defined - with the following LaTeX-preamble line so that it can directly be inserted - to a formula: + with the following LaTeX-preamble line so that it can be directly inserted + into a formula: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -36419,6 +37171,76 @@ f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{} i} \end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection +LaTeX-comments in formulas +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +LaTeX-comments +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In text you can insert a comment that will only be visible in the LaTeX + source code of your file with the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Comment +\family default +. + This is not possible in a formula but you can insert LaTeX-comments with + the command +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +% +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This creates a box in which you can write your comment. + Due to a bug in LyX +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "LyX-bug #9002" +target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/9002" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + you cannot write normal text into the comment, even when you use mathematical + text, you will see its LaTeX-commands in the LaTeX-output. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +This a formula with a LaTeX-comment: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +A=B%\text{This is the comment} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset @@ -36429,7 +37251,7 @@ i} \begin_layout Section \start_of_appendix Typographic Advice -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -36559,7 +37381,7 @@ Percent and perthousand signs are set like physical units: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -1,2 +1.2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -36670,34 +37492,11 @@ Fourier \backslash mathscr -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - +\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{} \end_inset - -\backslash -{F +F \series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! -\backslash -mathscr -\end_layout - -\end_inset - or via the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator @@ -36714,36 +37513,6 @@ Symbols \end_inset -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -To be able to use the command -\series bold - -\backslash -mathscr -\series default -, the LaTeX package -\series bold -mathrsfs -\series default - -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! mathrsfs -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - needs to be loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line -\series bold - -\backslash -usepackage{mathrsfs} -\series default -. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -36755,7 +37524,7 @@ usepackage{mathrsfs} \begin_layout Section Synonyms -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -36783,7 +37552,7 @@ Some characters and symbols can be created with several commands. \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -37110,7 +37879,7 @@ vert \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -37462,7 +38231,7 @@ key "AMS" \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Description" -target "ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf" +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/amsldoc.pdf" \end_inset @@ -37503,7 +38272,7 @@ target "ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem -key "hyperref" +key "cancel" \end_inset @@ -37511,20 +38280,20 @@ key "hyperref" \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Documentation" -target "http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ftp/doc/manual.pdf" +target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/cancel/cancel.pdf" \end_inset of the LaTeX-package \series bold -hyperref +cancel \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! hyperref +Packages ! cancel \end_layout \end_inset @@ -37535,7 +38304,7 @@ Packages ! hyperref \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem -key "mhchem" +key "hyperref" \end_inset @@ -37543,20 +38312,20 @@ key "mhchem" \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "Documentation" -target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf" +target "http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ftp/doc/manual.pdf" \end_inset of the LaTeX-package \series bold -mhchem +hyperref \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! mhchem +Packages ! hyperref \end_layout \end_inset @@ -37567,39 +38336,28 @@ Packages ! mhchem \begin_layout Bibliography \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem -key "Mathclap" +key "mhchem" \end_inset \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href -name "Description" -target "http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb22-4/tb72perlS.pdf" +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf" \end_inset - of the command + of the LaTeX-package \series bold - -\backslash -mathclap +mhchem \series default -, described in -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Operator-Limits" - -\end_inset - -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! M ! -\backslash -mathclap +Packages ! mhchem \end_layout \end_inset @@ -37644,6 +38402,7 @@ target "http://physics.nist.gov/Document/checklist.pdf" \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset CommandInset index_print LatexCommand printindex +type "idx" \end_inset