X-Git-Url: https://git.lyx.org/gitweb/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=lib%2Fdoc%2FMath.lyx;h=064438495e4c7d744e06b45e99e3a4f7ed7fb040;hb=5fd5b8be71515fcf56fca05ec2be6ef68cd1647d;hp=48d1bf40299941e6b29363ee4314629c69e7e77f;hpb=03d8d22d6a383c9a7f8cec48126ff31dd5432a8c;p=lyx.git diff --git a/lib/doc/Math.lyx b/lib/doc/Math.lyx index 48d1bf4029..064438495e 100644 --- a/lib/doc/Math.lyx +++ b/lib/doc/Math.lyx @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -#LyX 1.6.2svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ -\lyxformat 345 +#LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 413 \begin_document \begin_header \textclass scrartcl @@ -41,11 +41,13 @@ \AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\ref}[1]{\mbox{\autoref{#1}}}} \newlength{\abc} \settowidth{\abc}{\space} +\AtBeginDocument{% \addto\extrasenglish{ \renewcommand{\equationautorefname}{\hspace{-\abc}} \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace} \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace} \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}} +} % don't load packages twice % see first footnote in sec. 9.3 @@ -69,21 +71,20 @@ % provides caption formatting \setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries} -% used in Kap. 22.6 +% used in sec. 23.6 \usepackage[samesize]{cancel} -% enables calculation of values, +% enables calculation of values \usepackage{calc} -% for multiple table row and column cells -\usepackage{multirow} +% for multiple columns used in sec. 23.7 \usepackage{multicol} % needed in sec. 19.4 \usepackage{remreset} -% center multirows (e.g. in sec. 13.3) -\renewcommand{\multirowsetup}{\centering} +% for the Fourier transformation symbol +\usepackage{mathrsfs} % define a color, used in sec.9.3 \definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5} @@ -109,9 +110,6 @@ \def\mathclap {\mathpalette \mathclapinternal} \def\mathclapinternal #1#2{\clap{$\mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}} -% redefine the greyed out note -\renewenvironment{lyxgreyedout} - {\textcolor{blue}\bgroup}{\egroup} % ------------------------------------ % used to check for needed LaTeX packages @@ -125,15 +123,21 @@ \setboolean{eurosym}{true}} {\setboolean{eurosym}{false}} -% needed in sec. 22.4 % check for package braket +% used for physical vectors \newboolean{braket} \IfFileExists{braket.sty} {\usepackage{braket} \setboolean{braket}{true}} {\setboolean{braket}{false}} -% needed in sec. 22.10 +% check for package cancel +\newboolean{cancel} +\IfFileExists{cancel.sty} + {\usepackage{cancel} + \setboolean{cancel}{true}} + {\setboolean{cancel}{false}} + % check for package upgreek \newboolean{upgreek} \IfFileExists{upgreek.sty} @@ -141,20 +145,28 @@ \setboolean{upgreek}{true}} {\setboolean{upgreek}{false}} \end_preamble -\options bibtotoc,idxtotoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,tablecaptionabove +\options bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,captions=tableheading \use_default_options false +\maintain_unincluded_children false \language english +\language_package default \inputencoding auto +\fontencoding global \font_roman default \font_sans default \font_typewriter default \font_default_family default +\use_non_tex_fonts false \font_sc false \font_osf false \font_sf_scale 100 \font_tt_scale 100 \graphics default +\default_output_format default +\output_sync 0 +\bibtex_command default +\index_command default \paperfontsize 12 \spacing single \use_hyperref true @@ -171,14 +183,24 @@ \pdf_colorlinks true \pdf_backref false \pdf_pdfusetitle false -\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels" +\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false" \papersize a4paper \use_geometry false \use_amsmath 2 \use_esint 1 +\use_mhchem 1 +\use_mathdots 1 \cite_engine basic \use_bibtopic false +\use_indices false \paperorientation portrait +\suppress_date false +\use_refstyle 0 +\notefontcolor #0000ff +\index Index +\shortcut idx +\color #008000 +\end_index \secnumdepth 4 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation skip @@ -192,8 +214,9 @@ \bullet 3 2 7 -1 \tracking_changes false \output_changes false -\author "" -\author "" +\html_math_output 0 +\html_css_as_file 0 +\html_be_strict false \end_header \begin_body @@ -263,21 +286,26 @@ LatexCommand tableofcontents status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -To export this document to PDF, PS, or DVI the LaTeX-packages +To export this document to PDF, PS or DVI the LaTeX-packages \series bold -eurosym, +braket, cancel, eurosym, \series default \series bold -multirow, +mhchem \series default and \series bold was \series default - must be installed. - If they are not installed you can export the document anyway but the sections - where the packages are required won't appear in the output. + should be installed. + If they are not installed the document can be export anyway but the sections + where the packages are required will not appear in the output. + An exeption is +\series bold +mhchem +\series default +; if it is not installed, this file cannot be exported. \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -453,7 +481,7 @@ General Instructions \begin_layout Standard To create an inline formula -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -480,7 +508,7 @@ arg "math-mode" \end_inset To create a display style formula -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -524,7 +552,9 @@ To display parts of an inline formula in the size of a display style formula, \backslash displaystyle -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -535,8 +565,6 @@ displaystyle \end_inset - -\series default to a formula. Then a new blue box appears in which the desired formula part is inserted. \end_layout @@ -612,7 +640,7 @@ Math \begin_layout Standard The TeX-mode -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -663,7 +691,7 @@ proper names \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - that appear in the output with sub- and superscript letters: TeX, LaTeX, + that appear in the output with sub- and superscript letters: TeX, LaTeX and LyX \end_layout @@ -679,7 +707,7 @@ To avoid that these names are recognized as proper names, a TeX-brace pair \begin_layout Standard To change the LaTeX-preamble -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -713,7 +741,7 @@ Preamble \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -To edit matrices, case differentiations, and multiline formulas subsequently, +To edit matrices, case differentiations and multiline formulas subsequently, the menus \family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator @@ -773,7 +801,7 @@ reference "sub:Text-in-multiline" mathematical text \emph default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -783,7 +811,7 @@ Text ! in formulas \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -793,10 +821,10 @@ Mathematical text \end_inset is used. - This mode is invoked with the the shortcut + This mode is invoked with the shortcut \begin_inset Info type "shortcut" -arg "math-mode" +arg "font-default" \end_inset or by the insertion of the command @@ -804,7 +832,9 @@ arg "math-mode" \backslash text -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -815,8 +845,6 @@ text \end_inset - -\series default . The text appears black in LyX and can therefore be distinguished from the other formula parts that appear blue. @@ -867,7 +895,7 @@ A command starts always with a backslash To omit optional arguments, also omit the associated brackets. The braces around the required arguments are named in this document as TeX-braces -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -935,7 +963,7 @@ This visible space character can be created with the command textvisiblespace \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1014,7 +1042,7 @@ Available units \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -1398,7 +1426,7 @@ Basic Functions \begin_layout Subsection Exponents -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1408,7 +1436,7 @@ Exponents \end_inset and Indices -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1418,7 +1446,7 @@ Indices \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1450,7 +1478,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1522,7 +1550,7 @@ _ \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -1680,7 +1708,7 @@ name "sub:Fractions" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1700,7 +1728,7 @@ Fractions are generated with the command frac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1737,7 +1765,9 @@ With the command \backslash dfrac -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1748,8 +1778,6 @@ dfrac \end_inset - -\series default a fraction can be created that has in any case the size of a display style formula. With @@ -1757,7 +1785,9 @@ dfrac \backslash tfrac -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -1768,8 +1798,6 @@ tfrac \end_inset - -\series default the fraction appears always with the size of an inline formula. An example: \end_layout @@ -1806,7 +1834,7 @@ dfrac \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -2025,7 +2053,7 @@ For nested fractions the command cfrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2037,7 +2065,7 @@ cfrac \end_inset can be used. - Here an example: + Here is an example: \begin_inset VSpace -3mm \end_inset @@ -2045,9 +2073,11 @@ cfrac \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} \textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash frac}} & & \textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash cfrac}}\\ -\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}\end{align*} +\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}} +\end{align*} \end_inset @@ -2063,29 +2093,62 @@ The command for the example above is: \series bold \backslash -cfrac{A -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset +cfrac +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -{B+ +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +B+ \backslash -cfrac{C+ +cfrac +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + \backslash -cfrac{E -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +spce +\end_layout + \end_inset +C+ +\backslash +cfrac +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -{F -\begin_inset Formula $\to\to$ +spce +\end_layout + \end_inset +E +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset -\backslash -{D +F +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +D \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -2104,63 +2167,79 @@ cfrac \series default sets the fraction always in the size of a displayed formula, also when it is part of another fraction. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is possible to specify the alignment of the numerator. + The command +\series bold + +\backslash +cfracleft +\series default + is used to left align it, the command +\series bold + +\backslash +cfracright +\series default + to right-align it. \series bold \backslash cfrac \series default - has the following command scheme: + centers the numerator. + These fractions demonstrate the different alignments: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac{A}{B+C}$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}$ +\end_inset -\series bold -\backslash -cfrac[numerator position]{numerator}{denominator} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The numerator position can be -\emph on -l -\emph default - , -\emph on -c -\emph default -, or -\emph on -r -\emph default - . - l or r aligns the numerator to the left or right, resp. -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open -with the fraction stroke. - When -\emph on -c -\emph default - or no position is given, the numerator appears centered. - These fractions demonstrate the different alignments: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold +Note: +\series default + +\series bold +\backslash +cfracleft +\series default + and \series bold -\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}$ -\end_inset +\backslash +cfracright +\series default + are no real LaTeX commands but represent the command +\series bold -, -\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac{A}{B+C}$ -\end_inset +\backslash +cfrac[alignment]{numerator}{denominator} +\series default + . + Therefore you cannot use them in TeX code. +\end_layout -, -\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}$ \end_inset @@ -2183,8 +2262,10 @@ cfrac frac \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} +\] \end_inset @@ -2200,7 +2281,7 @@ For inline fractions with a sloped fraction stroke you can use the command nicefrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2222,7 +2303,7 @@ nicefrac unitfrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2248,10 +2329,18 @@ unitfracthree \end_inset -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open -Note that +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + \series bold \backslash @@ -2267,7 +2356,13 @@ unitfracthree \backslash unitfrac[number]{numerator}{denominator} \series default -, therefore you cannot use it in TeX code. + . + Therefore you cannot use it in TeX code. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -2284,7 +2379,7 @@ reference "sub:Self-defined-Fractions" \begin_layout Subsection Roots -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2304,7 +2399,7 @@ Square roots are created with sqrt \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2329,7 +2424,7 @@ sqrt root \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2354,7 +2449,7 @@ root \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -2512,7 +2607,7 @@ The leftroot \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2530,7 +2625,7 @@ leftroot uproot \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2619,7 +2714,7 @@ produces a correct typeset formula: \begin_layout Subsection Binomial Coefficients -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2639,7 +2734,7 @@ Binomial coefficients are inserted with the command binom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2675,7 +2770,9 @@ binom \backslash dbinom -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2686,8 +2783,6 @@ dbinom \end_inset - -\series default and \series bold @@ -2695,7 +2790,7 @@ dbinom tbinom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2714,7 +2809,7 @@ tbinom brace \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2732,7 +2827,7 @@ brace brack \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -2750,7 +2845,7 @@ brack \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -3008,7 +3103,7 @@ B \begin_layout Subsection Case Differentiations -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3024,7 +3119,7 @@ Case differentiations \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -3072,7 +3167,7 @@ A \end_inset B>0 -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3139,7 +3234,8 @@ arg "newline-insert newline" \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases} A & \textrm{for }x>0\\ -B & \textrm{for }x=0\end{cases}$ +B & \textrm{for }x=0 +\end{cases}$ \end_inset @@ -3203,7 +3299,7 @@ Cases-Environment \begin_layout Subsection Negations -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3223,7 +3319,7 @@ By inserting of not \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3242,7 +3338,7 @@ not \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -3379,7 +3475,7 @@ name "sub:Placeholders" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3389,7 +3485,7 @@ Placeholders \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3399,7 +3495,7 @@ Chemical characters ! Isotopes \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3447,7 +3543,7 @@ isotopes status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -More about chemical symbols is written in +Typesetting isotopes and chemical symbols is described in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" @@ -3466,7 +3562,7 @@ reference "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -3548,7 +3644,7 @@ The shorter index is by default placed below or above the first character phantom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3604,7 +3700,7 @@ phantom \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -3864,7 +3960,7 @@ Furthermore there are the commands vphantom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3893,7 +3989,7 @@ vphantom hphantom \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -3994,9 +4090,38 @@ reference "sub:Multiline-Brackets" . \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Placeholders can also be used for text when it is inserted via the menu + +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Phantom +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a sentence. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom Phantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +This +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + is a sentence. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection Lines -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4006,7 +4131,7 @@ Lines \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4022,7 +4147,7 @@ Formula ! underlined \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -4082,7 +4207,7 @@ spce \end_inset A+B -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4132,7 +4257,7 @@ spce \end_inset A+B -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4270,7 +4395,7 @@ Custom lines can be created using the command rule \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4337,7 +4462,30 @@ This is a sentence \backslash rule \series default - can also be used for text when it is inserted in TeX-mode. + can also be used for text when a line is inserted via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Horizontal +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Line +\family default +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This is a sentence +\begin_inset CommandInset line +LatexCommand rule +offset "0.5ex" +width "3cm" +height "1pt" + +\end_inset + + with one line. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection @@ -4349,7 +4497,7 @@ name "sub:Ellipses" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4386,7 +4534,7 @@ In the math toolbar in the submenu of the button ldots \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4405,7 +4553,7 @@ ldots cdots \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4424,7 +4572,7 @@ cdots dots \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4441,8 +4589,8 @@ dots \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - + + @@ -4695,7 +4843,7 @@ vdots - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4706,7 +4854,7 @@ ddots \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4714,6 +4862,31 @@ ddots \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +iddots +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\iddots$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -4740,7 +4913,8 @@ matrix with the different dots \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} A_{11} & \cdots & A_{1m}\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ -A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}\end{array}$ +A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm} +\end{array}$ \end_inset @@ -4779,6 +4953,40 @@ ldots \begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset +To use +\series bold + +\backslash +iddots +\series default +, one of the options +\family sans +Use mathdots package (automatically) +\family default + must be set in the document settings under +\family sans +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Options +\family default +. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Using the option +\family sans +Use mathdots package +\family default + will improve the appearance of all dots in the documents if their font + style or size is not the default. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + Specially for matrices there are ellipses that span over several columns. They are created with the command \series bold @@ -4787,7 +4995,7 @@ Specially for matrices there are ellipses that span over several columns. hdotsfor \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4829,11 +5037,14 @@ hdotsfor[2]{4} dots \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin_inset Formula +\[ \left(\begin{array}{cccc} A & B & C & D\\ \hdotsfor[2]{4}\\ -q & w & e & r\end{array}\right)\] +q & w & e & r +\end{array}\right) +\] \end_inset @@ -4852,7 +5063,7 @@ Furthermore you can fill with the command dotfill \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4924,7 +5135,7 @@ dotfill hrulefill \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4958,7 +5169,7 @@ name "sec:Matrices" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -4985,7 +5196,8 @@ Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Matrix \family default . - You will be asked for the number of matrix columns and rows, and the alignment. + In the matrix dialog you can specify the number of columns and rows, the + alignment and the decoration. The vertical alignment is hereby only of importance for matrices in inline formulas: \end_layout @@ -4995,21 +5207,24 @@ The first matrix is top \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[t]{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ -C & F & I & L\end{array}$ +C & F & I & L +\end{array}$ \end_inset , the second middle \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ -C & F & I & L\end{array}$ +C & F & I & L +\end{array}$ \end_inset -, and the third bottom + and the third bottom \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc} A & D & G & J\\ B & E & H & K\\ -C & F & I & L\end{array}$ +C & F & I & L +\end{array}$ \end_inset aligned. @@ -5026,7 +5241,7 @@ l \emph on c \emph default - centered, and + centered and \emph on r \emph default @@ -5040,7 +5255,7 @@ r \end_inset matrix where the first column is left aligned, the second and third are - centered, and the last one is right aligned, one enters for the horizontal + centered and the last one is right aligned, one enters for the horizontal alignment \series bold lccr @@ -5067,7 +5282,8 @@ lll \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ -C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +C & F & 10000 +\end{array}$ \end_inset , @@ -5078,7 +5294,8 @@ ccc \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ -C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +C & F & 10000 +\end{array}$ \end_inset , @@ -5089,7 +5306,8 @@ rrr \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr} 10000 & D & G\\ B & 10000 & H\\ -C & F & 10000\end{array}$ +C & F & 10000 +\end{array}$ \end_inset @@ -5134,7 +5352,12 @@ arg "newline-insert newline" \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -Parentheses around a matrix can can either be created with the commands +The +\family sans +Decoration +\family default + adds parentheses in the selected style around the matrix. + Alternatively, parentheses can can either be created with the commands \series bold @@ -5142,7 +5365,7 @@ Parentheses around a matrix can can either be created with the commands left \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5160,7 +5383,7 @@ left right \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5200,7 +5423,7 @@ reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -5278,7 +5501,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5326,7 +5550,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5374,7 +5599,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5394,7 +5620,7 @@ matrix \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -5456,7 +5682,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5504,7 +5731,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5552,7 +5780,8 @@ matrix \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc} 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\ -\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ +\mathrm{i} & 0 +\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -5592,6 +5821,48 @@ vmatrix \series default is inserted, a blue box appears between two vertical lines where the matrix is inserted. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Note that decorated matrices ignore the vertical alignment. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + LaTeX limits the number of matrix columns with decorations to 10. + If you need more than 10 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +columns, you have to add this line to the document preamble: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +setcounter{MaxMatrixCols}{number} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +where +\emph on +number +\emph default + is the number of columns between 11 and 99. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -5605,7 +5876,7 @@ As all multiline formulas are matrices, the length arraycolsep \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5634,7 +5905,7 @@ To change the row separation, the command arraystretch \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5657,7 +5928,7 @@ arraystretch renewcommand{ \backslash arraystretch}{stretch factor} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5712,7 +5983,7 @@ To set matrices into a text line, the command smallmatrix \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5731,7 +6002,8 @@ smallmatrix \begin_layout Standard This is a matrix \begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{smallmatrix}A & B\\ -C & D\end{smallmatrix}\right)$ +C & D +\end{smallmatrix}\right)$ \end_inset in a text line. @@ -5739,7 +6011,7 @@ C & D\end{smallmatrix}\right)$ \begin_layout Section Brackets and Delimiters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5749,7 +6021,7 @@ Brackets \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5763,7 +6035,7 @@ Delimiters \begin_layout Subsection Vertical Brackets and Delimiters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -5782,7 +6054,7 @@ Brackets ! vertical \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -6006,7 +6278,7 @@ lfloor \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -6254,7 +6526,7 @@ Note: textbackslash \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6309,7 +6581,7 @@ name "sub:Manual-Bracket-Size" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6329,7 +6601,7 @@ The bracket size can be specified manually by the LaTeX-commands big \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6352,7 +6624,7 @@ Big \backslash bigg \series default -, and + and \series bold \backslash @@ -6382,7 +6654,7 @@ These commands are used to emphasize levels of brackets: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -6571,7 +6843,7 @@ big bigm \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6596,7 +6868,7 @@ bigl bigr \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6637,7 +6909,7 @@ In the following table is a comparison of the variants: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -6871,7 +7143,7 @@ name "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6891,7 +7163,7 @@ Brackets with variable size can be inserted with the commands left \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6909,7 +7181,7 @@ left right \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -6985,8 +7257,10 @@ spce ) \series default creates -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\ln(\frac{A}{C})\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\ln(\frac{A}{C}) +\] \end_inset @@ -7038,8 +7312,10 @@ spce right) \series default creates -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right) +\] \end_inset @@ -7148,8 +7424,10 @@ right} creates: \series bold -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} \] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} +\] \end_inset @@ -7183,7 +7461,7 @@ Because all popular LaTeX-Distributions use eTeX, an extension to LaTeX, middle \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7205,8 +7483,10 @@ g. \end_inset needed for physical vectors: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\: J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle \] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\: J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle +\] \end_inset @@ -7222,7 +7502,7 @@ reference "sub:Physical-Vectors" \begin_layout Subsection Horizontal Brackets -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7238,7 +7518,7 @@ Brackets ! horizontal \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -7347,7 +7627,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7433,7 +7713,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7616,9 +7896,11 @@ reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas" \end_inset , must be used: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\ - & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}\end{eqnarray*} + & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s} +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -7751,9 +8033,11 @@ jot}{-6pt} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\ -A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\end{eqnarray*} +A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -7785,7 +8069,7 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-bug #1505" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505" +target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505" \end_inset @@ -7802,7 +8086,7 @@ target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505" jot \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7849,7 +8133,7 @@ reference "sub:Line-Separation" \begin_layout Section Arrows -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7872,16 +8156,9 @@ Arrows can be inserted via the math toolbar button or the commands listed in the following subsections. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Subsection Horizontal Arrows -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -7900,7 +8177,7 @@ Arrows ! horizontal \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -8109,7 +8386,7 @@ hookleftarrow \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -8325,7 +8602,7 @@ hookrightarrow \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -8489,7 +8766,7 @@ rightleftharpoons \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -8650,7 +8927,7 @@ reference "sec:Accents" \end_inset Furthermore there are the labeled arrows -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8666,7 +8943,7 @@ Arrows ! labeled xleftarrow \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8684,7 +8961,7 @@ xleftarrow xrightarrow \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8718,7 +8995,7 @@ vspace{4mm} \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -8858,7 +9135,7 @@ F(a) \begin_layout Subsection Vertical and diagonal Arrows -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8868,7 +9145,7 @@ Arrows ! diagonal \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -8887,7 +9164,7 @@ Arrows ! vertical \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -9071,7 +9348,7 @@ downarrow \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -9227,13 +9504,6 @@ reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" . \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - \begin_layout Section Accents \begin_inset CommandInset label @@ -9243,7 +9513,7 @@ name "sec:Accents" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9314,14 +9584,22 @@ status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold + \backslash -texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark. +texorpdfstring +\series default + is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark. \end_layout \begin_layout Plain Layout More about +\series bold + \backslash -texorpdfstring is in section +texorpdfstring +\series default + is in section \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" @@ -9341,7 +9619,7 @@ name "sub:Accents-for-one" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9360,7 +9638,7 @@ Accents ! for one character \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -9520,7 +9798,20 @@ A \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -ddddot{A +ddddot +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A \end_layout \end_inset @@ -9559,7 +9850,7 @@ spce \end_inset A -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9673,7 +9964,7 @@ A \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -9946,7 +10237,7 @@ A You can directly insert accents like é to formulas. LyX will transform them to the corresponding accent command. For umlauts -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -9989,7 +10280,7 @@ real \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -10149,7 +10440,7 @@ In mathematical text, umlauts and other accented characters can directly \begin_layout Subsection Accents for Operators -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10169,7 +10460,7 @@ With the commands overset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10187,7 +10478,7 @@ overset underset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10207,7 +10498,7 @@ underset sideset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10299,8 +10590,10 @@ spce n \series default produces: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n} +\] \end_inset @@ -10351,8 +10644,10 @@ spce a \series default produces: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\overset{a}{\maltese}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\overset{a}{\maltese} +\] \end_inset @@ -10379,7 +10674,7 @@ sideset \begin_layout Subsection Accents for several Characters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10398,7 +10693,7 @@ Accents ! for several characters \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -10600,7 +10895,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -10805,8 +11100,10 @@ widehat \series default will only be set in the output with a length of three characters, as shown in the following example: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\widetilde{A+B=C-D}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\widetilde{A+B=C-D} +\] \end_inset @@ -10821,7 +11118,7 @@ With the commands overset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10839,7 +11136,7 @@ overset underset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10876,8 +11173,10 @@ A=B *** \series default creates: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\underset{***}{A=B}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\underset{***}{A=B} +\] \end_inset @@ -10893,7 +11192,7 @@ name "sub:Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10914,7 +11213,7 @@ name "sub:Predefined-Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -10990,7 +11289,7 @@ Space \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -11245,7 +11544,7 @@ The last size seem to produce no space. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -11374,7 +11673,7 @@ useful for summation operators: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -11512,7 +11811,7 @@ Relations like for example equal signs, are always surrounded by space. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -11632,7 +11931,7 @@ An example to visualize the difference: \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -11769,7 +12068,7 @@ name "sub:Variable-Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11789,7 +12088,7 @@ Space with a defined length can be inserted with the command hspace \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11862,7 +12161,7 @@ spce hfill \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -11887,7 +12186,7 @@ hfill \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -12152,7 +12451,7 @@ maximum space. \begin_layout Subsection Space besides inline Formulas -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12171,7 +12470,9 @@ The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length \backslash mathsurround -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12182,15 +12483,15 @@ mathsurround \end_inset - -\series default . The value of a length is set with the command \series bold \backslash setlength -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12201,8 +12502,6 @@ setlength \end_inset - -\series default that has the following scheme: \end_layout @@ -12305,7 +12604,7 @@ pt. \begin_layout Section Boxes and Frames -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12315,7 +12614,7 @@ Boxes \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12374,7 +12673,7 @@ name "sub:Boxes-with-Frame" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12394,7 +12693,7 @@ It is possible to frame formulas or parts of it with the commands fbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12412,7 +12711,7 @@ fbox boxed \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12439,29 +12738,8 @@ fbox \family sans Ctrl+M \family default - within this box -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Due to a bug in LyX it is not possible to create a new formula with -\family sans -Ctrl+M -\family default -, see -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #1435" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -, because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathematical text. + within this box, because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathemati +cal text. When \series bold @@ -12478,7 +12756,7 @@ The command \backslash fbox \series default - is not suitable to frame displayed formulas, because the formula will always + is not suitable to frame displayed formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of the text. \series bold @@ -12504,7 +12782,7 @@ fbox framebox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -12587,34 +12865,9 @@ fbox \begin_layout Standard \align center -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The table has been set into a minipage to make the footnote appearing. - Otherwise the footnote text would not be displayed. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Box Frameless -position "c" -hor_pos "c" -has_inner_box 1 -inner_pos "c" -use_parbox 0 -width "100col%" -special "none" -height "1in" -height_special "totalheight" -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -12623,28 +12876,6 @@ status open \begin_layout Plain Layout Command -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Due to a bug in LyX it is not possible to create a new formula with -\family sans -Ctrl+m -\family default -, see -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #1435" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \end_inset @@ -12723,7 +12954,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{$\int A=B$}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{\ensuremath{\int A=B}}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -12887,7 +13118,7 @@ B \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{$\frac{A}{B}$}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{\ensuremath{\frac{A}{B}}}$ \end_inset @@ -12905,11 +13136,6 @@ B \end_inset -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -12982,8 +13208,10 @@ fboxsep 3mm \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\boxed{A+B=C}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\boxed{A+B=C} +\] \end_inset @@ -13073,7 +13301,7 @@ name "sub:Boxes-without-Frame" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13093,7 +13321,7 @@ For boxes without a frame there are the following box commands: mbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13111,7 +13339,7 @@ mbox makebox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13122,14 +13350,14 @@ makebox \end_inset -, and + and \series bold \backslash raisebox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13179,13 +13407,46 @@ When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula is needed like for fbox \series default . + +\series medium + +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + For +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + this extra formula is created by pressing +\family sans +Ctrl+M +\family default + twice instead of once because LyX doesn't yet support +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + directly. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -13296,6 +13557,10 @@ raisebox{-2mm Ctrl+M \family default +\family sans +Ctrl+M +\family default + \backslash sqrt \begin_inset ERT @@ -13319,18 +13584,7 @@ B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -$A= -\backslash -raisebox{-2mm}{$ -\backslash -sqrt{B}$}$ -\end_layout - +\begin_inset Formula $A=\raisebox{-2mm}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\sqrt{B}}}}$ \end_inset @@ -13344,29 +13598,6 @@ sqrt{B}$}$ \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The last formula can currently only be created using TeX-mode because LyX - inserts a box instead of the needed extra formula. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -see -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #1435" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -13406,7 +13637,7 @@ name "sub:Colored-Boxes" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13439,7 +13670,7 @@ color \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13498,7 +13729,7 @@ To color boxes, the command colorbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13529,11 +13760,11 @@ colorbox \series default can also be part of another box (see the 2nd and 3rd example). When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula has to be created, - the same as for + the same way as for \series bold \backslash -fbox +raisebox \series default . \begin_inset Foot @@ -13546,15 +13777,6 @@ This also applies for the command \backslash fcolorbox \series default -. - Thereby note -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #1435" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435" - -\end_inset - . \end_layout @@ -13596,7 +13818,7 @@ red \series bold white \series default -, and + and \series bold yellow \end_layout @@ -13605,7 +13827,7 @@ yellow \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -13749,7 +13971,30 @@ colorbox{green \backslash -{A=B +{ +\family sans +Ctrl+M +\family default + +\family sans +Ctrl+M +\family default + +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C=D \end_layout \end_inset @@ -13758,7 +14003,7 @@ colorbox{green \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{\colorbox{green}{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\fbox{\colorbox{green}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\int C=D}}}}\raisebox{-5mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -13822,16 +14067,20 @@ An example: \begin_layout Standard \color red -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\int A=B\label{eq:red}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\int A=B\label{eq:red} +\end{equation} \end_inset \color green -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -13872,7 +14121,7 @@ To color the frame different than the rest of the box, the command fcolorbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -13943,8 +14192,10 @@ fboxsep 1mm \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B} +\] \end_inset @@ -14035,7 +14286,7 @@ definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5, 0.5} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14066,7 +14317,7 @@ magenta \series bold yellow \series default -, and + and \series bold black \series default @@ -14103,7 +14354,7 @@ red \series bold green \series default -, and + and \series bold blue \series default @@ -14126,8 +14377,10 @@ darkgreen yellow \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -14143,7 +14396,7 @@ Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command textcolor \series default : -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14198,7 +14451,7 @@ status collapsed textcolor \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14227,7 +14480,7 @@ name "sub:Paragraph-Boxes" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14271,6 +14524,7 @@ hor_pos "c" has_inner_box 1 inner_pos "t" use_parbox 1 +use_makebox 0 width "5cm" special "none" height "1in" @@ -14339,7 +14593,7 @@ In LaTeX a parbox is created with the command parbox \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14424,7 +14678,9 @@ fboxrule}{ \backslash linewidth -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14435,8 +14691,6 @@ linewidth \end_inset - -\series default is hereby the line width set for the document. Because the frame is outside the parbox, 2 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} @@ -14452,7 +14706,7 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-bug #4483" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4483" +target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4483" \end_inset @@ -14481,7 +14735,7 @@ calc \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14547,8 +14801,10 @@ fboxrule}{ \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -14745,7 +15001,7 @@ reference "sec:Formula-Styles" \end_inset - Then the description follows as normal text, and finally + Then the description follows as normal text and finally \series bold }} \backslash @@ -14783,8 +15039,10 @@ commented \end_inset using the mathematical textmode: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...} +\] \end_inset @@ -14793,7 +15051,7 @@ commented \begin_layout Section Operators -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14814,7 +15072,7 @@ name "sub:Big-Operators" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14824,7 +15082,7 @@ Operators ! big \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14834,7 +15092,7 @@ Sums \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -14869,7 +15127,7 @@ Options \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -14900,7 +15158,7 @@ Result \backslash int -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15168,7 +15426,7 @@ bigcup \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -15199,7 +15457,7 @@ Result \backslash sum -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15236,7 +15494,7 @@ sum \backslash prod -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15534,7 +15792,7 @@ reference "sub:Operator-Limits" \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* -Advices for Integrals +Advice for Integrals \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -15593,14 +15851,11 @@ incorrect: \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{in} +in \end_layout \end_inset @@ -15627,7 +15882,7 @@ For multiple integrals there are the following commands: \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -15752,7 +16007,7 @@ sqiint \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -15870,7 +16125,7 @@ name "sub:Operator-Limits" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -15890,7 +16145,7 @@ Limits are created by super- and subscripts: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -16017,8 +16272,10 @@ arg "math-limits" \begin_layout Standard The default limits type is this: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}} +\] \end_inset @@ -16029,8 +16286,10 @@ Inline \family default \series default : -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}} +\] \end_inset @@ -16057,8 +16316,10 @@ ointop Display \series default and so set below the integrals: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -16076,7 +16337,7 @@ To specify conditions for limits, the commands subarray \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16094,7 +16355,7 @@ subarray substack \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -16107,10 +16368,14 @@ substack are used. To create for example this expression -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} \sum_{\begin{subarray}{c} 0 - + @@ -16816,7 +17085,7 @@ bullet \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -17150,7 +17419,7 @@ vee \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -17553,7 +17822,7 @@ name "sub:Self-defined-Operators" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17573,7 +17842,7 @@ With the help of the command DeclareMathOperator \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17643,8 +17912,10 @@ reference "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols" \end_inset : -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty} +\] \end_inset @@ -17677,7 +17948,7 @@ When self-defined operators are not used several times in the document, mathop \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17695,7 +17966,7 @@ mathop mathbin \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17758,8 +18029,10 @@ be used to use one limit for several operators: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N} +\] \end_inset @@ -17824,7 +18097,7 @@ _i,j=1 \begin_layout Section Fonts -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17845,7 +18118,7 @@ name "sub:Font-Styles" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -17868,8 +18141,8 @@ Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles: \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - + + @@ -17948,7 +18221,7 @@ ABC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-noun" \end_inset @@ -18004,7 +18277,7 @@ AbC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-bold" \end_inset @@ -18116,7 +18389,7 @@ ABC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-emph" \end_inset @@ -18127,7 +18400,7 @@ arg "font-emph" - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18155,7 +18428,7 @@ AbC \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18163,6 +18436,57 @@ AbC \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +mathscr +\series bold + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\series default +AbC +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{AbC}$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout \end_inset @@ -18188,7 +18512,7 @@ AbC \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -18318,7 +18642,7 @@ AbC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-roman" \end_inset @@ -18374,7 +18698,7 @@ AbC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-sans" \end_inset @@ -18430,7 +18754,7 @@ AbC \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" +type "shortcuts" arg "font-typewriter" \end_inset @@ -18488,8 +18812,10 @@ mathnormal \begin_layout Standard The style commands work also for letters in mathematical constructs: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}} +\] \end_inset @@ -18513,8 +18839,8 @@ status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href -name "LyX-bug #4091" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4091" +name "LyX-bug #4629" +target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4629" \end_inset @@ -18552,7 +18878,7 @@ name "sub:Bold-Formulas" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18578,8 +18904,10 @@ mathbf \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf} +\] \end_inset @@ -18594,8 +18922,10 @@ To display the formula correctly, the command boldsymbol \series default is used: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}} +\] \end_inset @@ -18609,7 +18939,9 @@ boldmath environment \backslash boldmath -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18620,15 +18952,15 @@ boldmath \end_inset - -\series default in TeX-mode. To end the environment, the command \series bold \backslash unboldmath -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18639,8 +18971,6 @@ unboldmath \end_inset - -\series default is inserted in TeX-mode. \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -18655,8 +18985,10 @@ boldmath \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment} +\] \end_inset @@ -18678,7 +19010,7 @@ unboldmath \begin_layout Subsection Colored Formulas -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18698,8 +19030,10 @@ Text Style \family default dialog. Here is a formula in magenta: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -{\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +{\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}} +\] \end_inset @@ -18722,7 +19056,7 @@ reference "sub:Colored-Boxes" textcolor \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18762,8 +19096,10 @@ textcolor{darkgreen}{ \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)} +\] \end_inset @@ -18791,7 +19127,7 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-bug #5269" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5269" +target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/5269" \end_inset @@ -18812,7 +19148,7 @@ name "sub:Font-Sizes" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -18888,7 +19224,7 @@ footnotesize \backslash scriptsize \series default -, and + and \series bold \backslash @@ -18945,109 +19281,192 @@ normalsize \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Within a formula the size can only be changed for symbols or letters in - mathematical text. - To do this, the size command is inserted in mathematical text. - All following characters until the end of the mathematical text or until - another size command will have the selected size. - Two examples: -\begin_inset VSpace -2mm -\end_inset +Within a formula the size can be changed using the following size commands: +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold \backslash -huge +raisebox +\series default + is only used as spacer. \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \[ -A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese\] +\end_layout \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +displaystyle +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}\] +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! D ! +\backslash +displaystyle +\end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6.5mm}{}{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-5.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -normalsize +textstyle \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\textstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Before both formulas the command -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -huge -\series default - was inserted. - The command for the second formula is: -\begin_inset Newline newline +scriptstyle +\end_layout + \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\scriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-3.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset -\series bold + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -maltese -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +scriptscriptstyle +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\scriptscriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-3.5mm}{}$ +\end_inset -\backslash -spce \end_layout \end_inset + + + -A Alt+M M -\backslash -Large -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\end_layout -\backslash -spce +\begin_layout Standard +After entering these commands, a blue box appears in which the formula parts + are inserted. \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +There is a further method to change the font size, that though only works + for symbols or letters in mathematical text. + To use it, one of the above text size commands is inserted in mathematical + text. + All following characters until the end of the mathematical text or until + another size command will have the selected size. + Two examples: +\begin_inset VSpace -2mm \end_inset -\backslash -maltese +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -19055,14 +19474,28 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +huge \end_layout \end_inset -\backslash -textit +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese +\] + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}} +\] + +\end_inset + + \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -19070,35 +19503,115 @@ status collapsed \backslash -spce +normalsize \end_layout \end_inset -A -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset +\end_layout -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip \end_inset +Before both formulas the command +\series bold +\backslash +huge +\series default + was inserted. + The command for the second formula is: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset space \hspace*{} -\length 1cm +\series bold + +\backslash +maltese +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + \end_inset -Alt+M -\series default - -\series bold -M +A Alt+M M \backslash -tiny +Large +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +maltese +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +textit +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{} +\length 1cm +\end_inset + +Alt+M +\series default + +\series bold +M +\backslash +tiny \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -19151,7 +19664,7 @@ If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes, it will always be displayed \begin_layout Section Greek Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19164,7 +19677,7 @@ Greek letters \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -All Greek letters can also be inserted via the toolbar button +Greek letters can also be inserted via the toolbar button \begin_inset Graphics filename ../images/math/alpha.png scale 85 @@ -19172,11 +19685,15 @@ All Greek letters can also be inserted via the toolbar button \end_inset . + All international typesetting norms purport that Greek letters in math + have to be typeset italic/slanted. + In some languages, like French or Russian, they are nevertheless sometimes + typeset upright. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Small Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -19195,7 +19712,7 @@ Greek letters ! small \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -19479,7 +19996,7 @@ vartheta \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -19786,7 +20303,7 @@ rho \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -20078,7 +20595,7 @@ omega \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -How to create upright Greek letters is explained in +How to create special upright Greek letters is explained in \begin_inset CommandInset ref LatexCommand ref reference "sub:Upright-small-Greek" @@ -20090,7 +20607,7 @@ reference "sub:Upright-small-Greek" \begin_layout Subsection Big Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -20109,7 +20626,7 @@ Greek letters ! big \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -20293,7 +20810,7 @@ Pi \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -20469,144 +20986,34 @@ var \backslash varGamma \series default - produces: + produces \begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$ \end_inset +. + Another way is to load the package +\series bold +fixmath +\series default -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Bold Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Greek letters ! bold -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Greek letters cannot be set with different font styles like Latin letters. - They can only be made bold with the command \series bold - -\backslash -boldsymbol +fixmath +\series default + is part of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +was \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! B ! -\backslash -boldsymbol -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Command -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Result -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -Upsilon -\backslash -boldsymbol -\backslash -Upsilon -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -theta -\backslash -boldsymbol -\backslash -theta -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Symbols +Packages ! was \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -20614,20 +21021,13 @@ status collapsed \backslash -texorpdfstring{ +vspace{4mm} \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -A list with all symbols of most of the LaTeX-packages can be found in -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "Symbole" +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20637,47 +21037,37 @@ key "Symbole" \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - -}{} +Packages ! fixmath \end_layout \end_inset + with the LaTeX-preamble line +\end_layout -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold \backslash -texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark. +usepackage{fixmath} \end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -More about -\backslash -texorpdfstring is in section -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" - -\end_inset - -. +\begin_layout Standard +Then all big Greek letters in a document will automatically be typeset italic. \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index +\begin_layout Subsection +Bold Letters +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Symbols +Greek letters ! bold \end_layout \end_inset @@ -20686,55 +21076,257 @@ Symbols \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the - toolbar buttons -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/nabla.png - scale 85 - -\end_inset - - and -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math/digamma.png - scale 85 - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Mathematical Symbols -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Mathematical-Symbols" - -\end_inset +Greek letters cannot be set with different font styles like Latin letters. + They can only be made bold with the command +\series bold +\backslash +boldsymbol +\series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Symbols ! mathematical +Commands ! B ! +\backslash +boldsymbol \end_layout \end_inset - +. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset space \hfill{} -\end_inset - - +\align center \begin_inset Tabular - - - - + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +Upsilon +\backslash +boldsymbol +\backslash +Upsilon +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +theta +\backslash +boldsymbol +\backslash +theta +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Symbols +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +texorpdfstring{ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A list with all symbols of most of the LaTeX-packages can be found in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Symbols" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +}{} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +More about +\backslash +texorpdfstring is in section +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Symbols +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the + toolbar buttons +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math/nabla.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math/digamma.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Mathematical Symbols +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Mathematical-Symbols" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Symbols ! mathematical +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset space \hfill{} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + \begin_inset Text @@ -20991,7 +21583,7 @@ jmath \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -21290,7 +21882,7 @@ Bbbk \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -21558,7 +22150,7 @@ name "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -21575,7 +22167,7 @@ Symbols ! miscellaneous \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -21826,7 +22418,7 @@ $ \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -22081,7 +22673,7 @@ bullet \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -22363,7 +22955,7 @@ reference "sub:Font-Sizes" \begin_layout Subsection The Euro-Symbol € -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22373,7 +22965,7 @@ Symbols ! Euro-symbol \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22406,7 +22998,7 @@ To use the Euro symbol in formulas, the LaTeX-package eurosym \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22434,7 +23026,7 @@ The Euro symbol can now be inserted with the command euro \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22473,7 +23065,7 @@ euro officialeuro \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22525,7 +23117,7 @@ An overview about the different Euro symbols: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -22737,7 +23329,7 @@ name "sec:Relations" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22747,7 +23339,7 @@ Relations \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -22799,7 +23391,7 @@ All relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -23231,7 +23823,7 @@ nmid \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -23663,7 +24255,7 @@ widehat= \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -24138,7 +24730,7 @@ Relations with labels can be created with the command stackrel \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24156,7 +24748,7 @@ stackrel \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -24302,7 +24894,7 @@ name "sub:Predefined-Functions" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24337,7 +24929,7 @@ italic \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -24448,7 +25040,7 @@ The following functions are predefined: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -24879,7 +25471,7 @@ They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button \begin_layout Subsection Self-defined Functions -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24941,7 +25533,7 @@ DeclareMathOperator{ sgn}{sgn} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -24976,8 +25568,8 @@ sgn \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -Write the the formula as usual, mark the formula name, in our example the - letters +Write the formula as usual, mark the formula name, in our example the letters + \emph on sgn \emph default @@ -25003,7 +25595,7 @@ In LyX self-defined functions are displayed red, predefined ones black. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -25094,7 +25686,7 @@ The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function should \begin_layout Subsection Limits -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25114,7 +25706,7 @@ For limits there are defined besides lim \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25144,7 +25736,7 @@ limsup \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -25306,7 +25898,7 @@ The limit is created by inserting a subscript. \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -25411,8 +26003,10 @@ x=B \begin_layout Standard In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula, as usual: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\lim_{x\to A}x=B\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\lim_{x\to A}x=B +\] \end_inset @@ -25421,7 +26015,7 @@ In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula, as usual: \begin_layout Subsection Modulo-Functions -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25439,12 +26033,14 @@ The modulo-function is special, because it exists in four variants. \begin_layout Standard The variants in a displayed formula: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} \underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\ \mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\mod b\\ \mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pmod b\\ \mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\bmod b\\ -\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pod b\end{align*} +\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pod b +\end{align*} \end_inset @@ -25458,7 +26054,7 @@ In an inline formula less space is set before the function names for all \begin_layout Section Special Characters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25485,7 +26081,7 @@ The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in TeX-mode: \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -25641,7 +26237,7 @@ aa \backslash AA -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -25721,7 +26317,7 @@ i \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -26027,7 +26623,7 @@ name "sub:Accents-in-Text" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26051,7 +26647,7 @@ With the following commands all letters can be accented. \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -26379,7 +26975,7 @@ t ee \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -26491,7 +27087,7 @@ status collapsed \backslash ~e -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26768,7 +27364,7 @@ The accents \series bold ' \series default - , and + and \series bold ^ \series default @@ -26846,8 +27442,8 @@ u \backslash v \series default -, and accents inserted directly with the keyboard are also available in - mathematical text. + and accents that are inserted directly with the keyboard are also available + in mathematical text. For the other accents there are special math commands to be used in formulas, see \begin_inset CommandInset ref @@ -26870,7 +27466,7 @@ Furthermore, with the command textcircled \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -26882,14 +27478,14 @@ textcircled \end_inset all numbers and letters can be set into a circle, quasi accented with a - circle, similar to the the copyright symbol. + circle, similar to the copyright symbol. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -27081,7 +27677,7 @@ reference "sub:Boxes-without-Frame" \begin_layout Subsection Minuscule Numbers -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27101,7 +27697,7 @@ Minuscule numbers are created with the command oldstylenums \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27148,7 +27744,7 @@ name "sub:Miscellaneous-special-Characters" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27168,7 +27764,7 @@ The following characters can only be inserted to formulas by using commands: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -27275,7 +27871,7 @@ spce \backslash circ -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27351,6 +27947,13 @@ textdegree fi} \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \begin_layout Section Formula Styles \begin_inset CommandInset label @@ -27360,7 +27963,7 @@ name "sec:Formula-Styles" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27412,7 +28015,7 @@ Indented mathindent \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27519,7 +28122,7 @@ name "sec:Multiline-Formulas" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27627,7 +28230,7 @@ name "sub:Line-Separation" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27641,9 +28244,11 @@ Formula ! multiline ! Line separation \begin_layout Standard There is sometimes not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\ -4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*} +4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0 +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -27662,7 +28267,7 @@ see \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-bug #1505" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505" +target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505" \end_inset @@ -27737,14 +28342,14 @@ end{eqnarray*} \begin_inset VSpace bigskip \end_inset -To set the the line separation for all lines in a formula, the length +To set the line separation for all lines in a formula, the length \series bold \backslash jot \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27810,7 +28415,7 @@ calc \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27847,9 +28452,11 @@ jot}{3mm+3pt} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\ -4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*} +4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0 +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -27893,7 +28500,7 @@ name "sub:Column-Separation" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -27921,7 +28528,7 @@ The column separation is specified with the length arraycolsep \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28004,9 +28611,11 @@ arraycolsep}{1cm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & B\\ -C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*} +C & \ne & A +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28030,9 +28639,11 @@ arraycolsep}{5pt} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & B\\ -C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*} +C & \ne & A +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28041,7 +28652,7 @@ C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*} \begin_layout Subsubsection Long Formulas -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28061,9 +28672,11 @@ Long formulas can be typeset using these methods: When one side of the equation is much shorther than the line width, this one is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two lines: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\ - & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:shortlong}\end{eqnarray} + & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:shortlong} +\end{eqnarray} \end_inset @@ -28105,7 +28718,7 @@ reference "sub:Variable-Space" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28127,7 +28740,7 @@ When both sides of the equation are too long, the command lefteqn \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28141,10 +28754,12 @@ lefteqn is used. It is inserted to the first column of the first line and effects that all further insertions overwrite the following columns: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} \lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\ & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\ - & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}\end{eqnarray} + & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn} +\end{eqnarray} \end_inset @@ -28214,7 +28829,7 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href name "LyX-bug #1429" -target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1429" +target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1429" \end_inset @@ -28260,7 +28875,7 @@ name "sub:Multiline-Brackets" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28274,9 +28889,11 @@ Brackets ! for multiline expressions \begin_layout Standard For brackets spanning multiple lines the following problem occurs: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ - & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*} + & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right] +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28297,7 +28914,7 @@ To set the bracket size for the second line correctly, the first line is right. \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28344,7 +28961,7 @@ reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size" \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28429,7 +29046,7 @@ spce _R=1} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28447,9 +29064,11 @@ vphantom \begin_layout Standard The result is this: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\ - & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*} + & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right] +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28519,7 +29138,7 @@ name "sub:Standard-align-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28550,9 +29169,11 @@ AMS align Environment \begin_layout Standard An example for two formulas set side by side, that are created with a four column align environment: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} A & =\sin(B) & C & =D\\ -C & \ne A & B & \ne D\end{align*} +C & \ne A & B & \ne D +\end{align*} \end_inset @@ -28619,7 +29240,7 @@ hfill \begin_layout Subsubsection Alignat Environment -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28649,9 +29270,11 @@ The above example in the alignat environment where 1 \end_inset cm space was inserted at the beginning of the second formula: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{alignat*}{2} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{alignat*}{2} A & =\sin(B) & \hspace{1cm}C & =D\\ -C & \ne A & B & \ne D\end{alignat*} +C & \ne A & B & \ne D +\end{alignat*} \end_inset @@ -28669,7 +29292,7 @@ name "sub:Flalign-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28685,9 +29308,11 @@ Formula ! multiline ! flalign environment In this environment the first two columns are always set as much as possible to the left and the last two ones to the right. An example: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{flalign*} A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\ -X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4\end{flalign*} +X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4 +\end{flalign*} \end_inset @@ -28710,8 +29335,10 @@ reference "eq:VolInt" \end_inset : -\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign} -\hspace{30pt}\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {}\end{flalign} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{flalign} +\hspace{30pt}\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {} +\end{flalign} \end_inset @@ -28736,7 +29363,7 @@ name "sub:Eqnarray-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28754,10 +29381,12 @@ When this environment has been created, three blue boxes appear. one left aligned. The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller, because it is designed to insert there only relation characters. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray*} \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\ AB & AB & AB\\ -A & = & A\end{eqnarray*} +A & = & A +\end{eqnarray*} \end_inset @@ -28766,7 +29395,7 @@ A & = & A\end{eqnarray*} \begin_layout Subsection Gather Environment -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28781,9 +29410,11 @@ Formula ! multiline ! gather environment \begin_layout Standard This environment consists of only one centered column. Every line can be numbered. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{gather} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{gather} A=1\\ -X=\textrm{-}1\end{gather} +X=\textrm{-}1 +\end{gather} \end_inset @@ -28799,7 +29430,7 @@ name "sub:Multline-Environment" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28825,10 +29456,12 @@ reference "eq:lefteqn" \end_inset in the multline environment: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{multline} 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\ -B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\ -=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline} +=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}} +\end{multline} \end_inset @@ -28863,7 +29496,9 @@ With the commands \backslash shoveright -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28874,14 +29509,14 @@ shoveright \end_inset - -\series default and \series bold \backslash shoveleft -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28892,8 +29527,6 @@ shoveleft \end_inset - -\series default a centered line can be right or left aligned, respectively. The commands are used as follows: \end_layout @@ -28921,7 +29554,9 @@ The length \backslash multlinegap -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -28932,8 +29567,6 @@ multlinegap \end_inset - -\series default specifies the distance of the first line from the left page margin. Predefined is the length 0 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} @@ -28973,10 +29606,12 @@ multlinegap}{2cm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{multline} 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\ \shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\ -=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline} +=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}} +\end{multline} \end_inset @@ -29013,7 +29648,7 @@ name "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29057,10 +29692,13 @@ The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline formula environments, but it is possible to set further formula parts beside them. An example: -\begin_inset Formula \[ +\begin_inset Formula +\[ \left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\ -\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\end{aligned} -\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations}\] +\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2} +\end{aligned} +\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations} +\] \end_inset @@ -29073,7 +29711,9 @@ To get this formula, a displayed formula is created where the command \backslash aligned -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29084,8 +29724,6 @@ aligned \end_inset - -\series default is inserted. A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and lines can be added. @@ -29106,9 +29744,11 @@ reference "eq:shortlong" \end_inset in the aligned environment: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\ - & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\end{aligned} + & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|} +\end{aligned} \end{equation} \end_inset @@ -29136,7 +29776,7 @@ split alignedat \series default , -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29154,7 +29794,7 @@ alignedat gathered \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29172,7 +29812,7 @@ gathered split \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29197,7 +29837,7 @@ name "sub:Text-in-multiline" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29207,7 +29847,7 @@ Text ! in formulas \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29228,7 +29868,9 @@ In the Align environments, and the multline and gather environment, text \backslash intertext -\begin_inset Index +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29239,8 +29881,6 @@ intertext \end_inset - -\series default is used in the following scheme: \end_layout @@ -29270,10 +29910,19 @@ intertext must hereby be at the beginning of a line and appears in the output above this line. An example where the text was inserted at the beginning of the second line: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align} I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\ -\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to $\phi=\pi$, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\end{align} +\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi +\end{align} + +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset @@ -29281,7 +29930,7 @@ I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\ \begin_layout Section Formula Numbering -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29291,7 +29940,7 @@ Formula numbering \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29414,7 +30063,7 @@ reference "sec:Formula-Styles" \begin_layout Subsection Cross-References -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29600,7 +30249,7 @@ reference "sub:Paragraph-Boxes" \begin_layout Subsection Subnumbering -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29631,8 +30280,10 @@ end{subequations} \begin_layout Standard An example: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A=C-B\label{eq:a}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A=C-B\label{eq:a} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -29667,14 +30318,18 @@ begin{subequations} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -B=C-A\label{eq:b}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +B=C-A\label{eq:b} +\end{equation} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -C=A+B\label{eq:c}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +C=A+B\label{eq:c} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -29713,7 +30368,7 @@ first formula is inserted addtocounter{equation}{-1} \backslash begin{subequations} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29889,10 +30544,12 @@ begin{subequations} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\label{eq:d}\\ & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{2}\nonumber \\ - & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f}\end{eqnarray} + & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f} +\end{eqnarray} \end_inset @@ -29921,7 +30578,7 @@ name "sub:User-defined-Numbering" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29934,7 +30591,7 @@ Formula numbering ! user-defined \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -29994,7 +30651,7 @@ When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive tag \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30006,8 +30663,10 @@ tag \end_inset is used: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -30054,8 +30713,10 @@ spce something \series default is inserted instead, the star prevents the parentheses around the expression: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -A+B=C\tag*{something}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +A+B=C\tag*{something} +\] \end_inset @@ -30078,7 +30739,7 @@ To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections, the @addtoreset{equation}{part} \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30243,7 +30904,7 @@ remreset carlisle \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30258,7 +30919,7 @@ Packages ! carlisle \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30286,7 +30947,7 @@ Then the command @removefromreset \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30383,7 +31044,7 @@ For this case there is the command numberwithin \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30437,8 +31098,10 @@ numberwithin{equation}{section} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A+B=C\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A+B=C +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -30483,7 +31146,7 @@ renewcommand{ theequation}{ \backslash arabic{equation}} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30581,7 +31244,7 @@ makeatother \begin_layout Subsection Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30591,7 +31254,7 @@ Formula numbering ! with letters \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30629,7 +31292,7 @@ is inserted before the formula in TeX-mode. renewcommand \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30706,7 +31369,7 @@ theequation \backslash roman{equation} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30748,7 +31411,7 @@ roman Roman \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30777,7 +31440,7 @@ number alph \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30795,8 +31458,8 @@ alph Alph \series default -\begin_inset Index -status open +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout Commands ! A ! @@ -30849,8 +31512,10 @@ roman{equation}} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -A=\textrm{small roman}\label{eq:rom}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +A=\textrm{small roman} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -30872,8 +31537,10 @@ Roman{equation}} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -30895,8 +31562,10 @@ alph{equation}} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -C=\textrm{small Latin}\label{eq:lat}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +C=\textrm{small Latin} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -30918,8 +31587,10 @@ Alph{equation}} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -30940,7 +31611,7 @@ renewcommand{ theequation}{ \backslash arabic{equation}} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -30972,8 +31643,10 @@ arabic{equation}} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -E=\textrm{Arabic}\label{eq:arab}\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +E=\textrm{Arabic} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -30998,7 +31671,8 @@ As you see, formulas are numbered serially independent from the numbering A description about this can be found in the file \begin_inset CommandInset href LatexCommand href -target "Formula-numbering.lyx" +name "Formula-numbering.lyx" +target "run:Formula-numbering.lyx" \end_inset @@ -31006,180 +31680,69 @@ target "Formula-numbering.lyx" \end_layout \begin_layout Section -User-defined Commands -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -User-defined commands -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - The names of user-defined commands and macros may only consist of Latin - letters. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -The Command -\backslash -newcommand +Chemical Symbols and Equations \begin_inset CommandInset label LatexCommand label -name "sub:The-Command-newcommand" +name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -User-defined commands ! -\backslash -newcommand +Chemical characters ! Symbols \end_layout \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Commands ! N ! -\backslash -newcommand -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Many LaTeX-commands are too long to be used frequently. - But it is possible to define with the command -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand -\series default - new shorter commands. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The command scheme of -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand -\series default - is: +Chemical equations \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional -\series default - -\series bold -value] -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -phantom{ +Symbols ! chemical \end_layout \end_inset -\backslash -newcommand -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -{command definition} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Greyedout -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -Note: -\series default - Assure that the name of the new command is not already used in your document - or by LaTeX-packages that you use. - When you for example define the command -\series bold - -\backslash -le -\series default - for -\series bold - -\backslash -Leftarrow -\series default -, you get an error message because -\series bold +An example text from chemistry: +\end_layout -\backslash -le -\series default - is already defined as command for -\begin_inset Quotes eld +\begin_layout Quote +The +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ \end_inset - -\begin_inset Formula $\le$ +-ion reacts with two +\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ \end_inset - -\begin_inset Quotes erd +-ions to sodium sulfate +\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ \end_inset . -\end_layout + The chemical equation for this is: +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction} +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -31187,233 +31750,88 @@ le \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0 -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -- -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +This chemical equation can directly be created as formula. + To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and + changed by the shortcut +\begin_inset Info +type "shortcut" +arg "font-roman" \end_inset -9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have. - With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined. - When this is done, the -\emph on -first -\emph default - -\emph on -a -\emph default -rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here are some examples: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -To define the command -\series bold + to the upright font style. +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed -\backslash -gr -\series default - for +\begin_layout Plain Layout +font styles \series bold - -\backslash -Longrightarrow + \series default -, the LaTeX-preamble line is: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - +see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Font-Styles" -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -gr}{ -\backslash -Longrightarrow} \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -To define the command -\series bold - -\backslash -us -\series default - for -\series bold - -\backslash -underline -\series default -, the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account. - For this the preamble line is: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -us}[1]{ -\backslash -underline{#1}} -\series default - -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -The character -\series bold -# -\series default - acts as argument placeholder, the -\series bold -1 -\series default - behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument. \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -For -\series bold - -\backslash -framebox -\series default - one can e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset - -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} -\end_inset - -define the command +\begin_layout Standard +A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command + \series bold \backslash -fb +ce \series default -: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -fb}[3]{ -\backslash -framebox#1#2{$#3$}} -\series default - -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for -\series bold +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! C ! \backslash -framebox -\series default -, see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Boxes-with-Frame" - -\end_inset - -. +ce \end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize -To create a new command for -\series bold - -\backslash -fcolorbox -\series default - where the color for the box needn't to be specified, the argument for the - color is defined optional: -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset - + that is available when the LaTeX-package \series bold - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -cb}[3][white]{ -\backslash -fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} +mhchem \series default -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages ! mhchem +\end_layout -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -When the color is not specified when using + is installed. + After inserting \series bold \backslash -cb +ce \series default -, the predefined color -\series bold -white -\series default - will be used. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A test of the new defined commands: + to a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted + in an intuitive way. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - - + + @@ -31457,9 +31875,9 @@ raisebox \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -A + \backslash -gr +ce \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -31472,7 +31890,7 @@ spce \end_inset -B +H2CO3 \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31481,7 +31899,7 @@ B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{H2CO3}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -31497,7 +31915,20 @@ B \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -us{ABcd +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +SO4^2- \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31506,7 +31937,7 @@ us{ABcd \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{SO4^{2-}}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -31522,21 +31953,45 @@ us{ABcd \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -fb{[2cm] -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -{ -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +(NH4)2S +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{(NH4)2S}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -{ -\backslash -int +ce \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -31549,7 +32004,7 @@ spce \end_inset -A=B +KCr(SO4)2.12H2O \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31558,7 +32013,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -31574,15 +32029,37 @@ A=B \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -cb{red -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + \end_inset +A-B +\backslash +dbond +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -{ +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +C \backslash -int +tbond \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -31595,7 +32072,7 @@ spce \end_inset -A=B +D \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31604,7 +32081,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -31620,17 +32097,7 @@ A=B \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash -cb[green] -\backslash -{red -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - - -\backslash -{ -\backslash -int +ce \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -31643,7 +32110,15 @@ spce \end_inset -A=B +^227 +\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$ +\end_inset + +_90 +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + +Th+ \end_layout \end_inset @@ -31652,7 +32127,7 @@ A=B \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset @@ -31661,95 +32136,104 @@ A=B \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +spce \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection -Math Macros -\begin_inset Index +\end_inset + +CO2 +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -User-defined commands! Math macros + + +\backslash +spce \end_layout \end_inset - -\begin_inset Index ++ +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Macros + + +\backslash +spce \end_layout \end_inset +C +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\end_layout +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_layout Standard -User-defined commands are especially convenient for complex expressions. - When you are for example dealing in a document with quadratic equations, - the same solution type occurs several times. - The general form of a quadratic equation is -\begin_inset Formula \[ -0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q\] + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout \end_inset -The general form of the solution is -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}\] +<=> +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +spce \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -To define a command for the solution formula where only the three parameters - -\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ -\end_inset - -, -\begin_inset Formula $p$ \end_inset -, and -\begin_inset Formula $q$ -\end_inset +2CO +\end_layout - need to be specified and the index of -\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - can be given optionally, the LaTeX-preamble line is -\begin_inset Newline newline +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ \end_inset -\series bold +\end_layout -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -qG}[4][1, -\backslash -,2]{#2_{#1}=- -\backslash -frac{#3}{2} -\backslash -pm -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\backslash +ce \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -31757,300 +32241,288 @@ status collapsed \backslash -hphantom{ +spce \end_layout \end_inset +CO2 +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -newcommand +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + ++ \begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -} + +\backslash +spce \end_layout \end_inset +C +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + \backslash -sqrt{ -\backslash -frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} +spce \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -To create with this the solution formula, the command -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset +->[ +\backslash +alpha][ +\backslash +beta] +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\series bold \backslash -qG{ -\backslash -lambda -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +spce +\end_layout + \end_inset +2CO} +\end_layout -\backslash -{p -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ \end_inset -\backslash -{q -\series default - is inserted to a formula -\series bold -. \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -The definition of the new command is unintuitive because one has to know - the schemes of all used LaTeX commands, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset + + + -g. -\begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset -that a fraction is inserted in LaTeX as + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Inserting a formula to a \series bold \backslash -frac{numerator}{denominator} +ce \series default -. - Furthermore one can easily forget a brace in the definition and cannot - see in LyX what the new command is doing. - To avoid these problems LyX offers the possibility to use math macros instead - of the command + box will lead to LaTeX errors. + In this case TeX code has to be used like for \series bold \backslash -newcommand +ce{$ +\backslash +mu +\backslash +hyphen$Cl} \series default -. -\end_layout +: +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\begin_layout Standard -A math macro is created by using the menu -\family sans -Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\family default - or the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png - scale 85 +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\end_inset -. - The math macro toolbar appears together with the following box where the - macro is defined: -\begin_inset Newline newline +\backslash +ce{$ +\backslash +mu +\backslash +hyphen$Cl} +\end_layout + \end_inset + +\end_layout -\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/macrobox.png - lyxscale 90 - scale 90 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Using +\series bold +\backslash +ce +\series default + the command for equation +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} -\end_inset +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:chem-reaction" +\end_inset + is: \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset FormulaMacro -\newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} -\end_inset +\series bold + +\backslash +ce +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -newmacroname is the default name of the macro that should be changed to - something sensible. - The wanted formula is inserted in the first blue box. - An argument placeholder is inserted with the command -\series bold \backslash -#argumentnumber -\series default -, e. -\begin_inset space \thinspace{} -\end_inset +spce +\end_layout -g -\begin_inset space \space{} \end_inset +2Na+ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\series bold \backslash -#1 -\series default - or by using the macro toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png - scale 85 +spce +\end_layout \end_inset -. - Argument placeholders are displayed red. - Maximum 9 arguments are possible. - Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png - scale 85 ++ +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout -. - The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with - the toolbar button -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png - scale 85 -\end_inset +\backslash +spce +\end_layout -. - In the second blue box the appearance of the macro in LyX can be defined. - Normally you want to see it as it is defined, so the box is kept empty. - But when you have created a macro that needs lot of space on the screen, - you can insert in the box for example -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset +SO4^2- +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\series bold -qG: -\backslash -#1 -\series default - -\series bold -, -\series default - -\series bold +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\backslash -#2 -\series default - -\series bold -, -\series default - -\series bold \backslash -#3, -\backslash -#4 -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - +spce +\end_layout -\series default -For the macro only the arguments with the macro name in front of them will - then be displayed in LyX, leading to a better overview. - The formula appears in the output as defined in the first box. -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -The appearance of macros in formulas can furthermore be changed for single - macros by setting the cursor in the macro and using the menu -\family sans -View\SpecialChar \menuseparator -(Un)fold -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset -Math -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -Macro -\family default -. -\end_layout +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_layout Standard -To use a macro, the macro name is inserted as command to a formula, in our - case -\series bold \backslash -qG -\series default -. - Our macro looks in LyX like this: -\begin_inset Newline newline +spce +\end_layout + \end_inset +-> +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed -\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} -\end_inset +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/macrouse.png - lyxscale 75 - scale 75 +\backslash +spce +\end_layout \end_inset +Na2SO4 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To create multiline chemical equations first a multiline formula is created + as described in +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas" -\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} \end_inset +. + Afterwards the command +\series bold -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset +\backslash +ce +\series default + is used in every small blue box of the formula. + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-1" -Here is our macro example with the arguments -\begin_inset Formula $x$ \end_inset -, -\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$ -\end_inset + and +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand eqref +reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-2" -, and -\begin_inset Formula $B$ \end_inset -: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\qG x{\ln(x)}B\] + are an example of a multi-stage chemical reaction where every equation + has its own number. +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{eqnarray} +\ce{TEOS + 4O} & \ce{->} & \ce{Si(OH)4 + 4C2H4O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-1}\\ +\ce{Si(OH)4} & \ce{->} & \ce{SiO2 + 2H2O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-2} +\end{eqnarray} \end_inset @@ -32058,362 +32530,1626 @@ Here is our macro example with the arguments \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -A math macro is transformed internally to a +Besides \series bold \backslash -newcommand +ce \series default - command when exporting the document. - The created + the +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + package provides the command \series bold \backslash -newcommand +cf \series default - command is not placed in the LaTeX-preamble, therefore macros can only - be used in formulas that are in the document below the macro definition - box. + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! C ! +\backslash +cf \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Math macros can also be directly be created from a +\end_inset + + that has to be used for special cases. + For more information about \series bold \backslash -newcommand +cf \series default - command. - When writing for example the command + and more examples have a look at the documentation of \series bold +mhchem +\series default +, +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "mhchem" -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Diagrams +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX supports two types of commutative diagrams: +\series bold +amscd +\series default + and +\series bold +xymatrix +\series default + that are explained in the following. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Amscd Diagrams +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Diagrams ! amscd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines + or arrows: +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ +@AAA@.@VVV\\ +F@<<>> +\series default + a right arrow and \series bold +@= +\series default + a long equal sign +\end_layout -\backslash -newcommand +\begin_layout Itemize + +\series bold +@AAA \series default - command is typed correctly, otherwise you get a faulty macro leading to - LaTeX errors. + creates an up arrow, +\series bold +@VVV +\series default + an down arrow and +\series bold +@| +\series default + a vertical equal sign \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -Math macros currently yet have the problem that further formulas in macro - definitions are handled wrongly. - Therefore the example +\begin_layout Itemize + \series bold +@. -\backslash -fb \series default - from -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:The-Command-newcommand" + is a placeholder for non-existent relations +\end_layout -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +All arrows can be labeled as follows: +\end_layout - cannot be created as macro. +\begin_layout Itemize +Is text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed + above the arrow. + When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under + the arrow. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A + or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow. + When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right + beside the arrow. + If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a TeX-brace. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -When the cursor is in a macro definition box, you will see the macro toolbar - in LyX: +As example a diagram with all possible relations: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ +@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ +D@<k>>F@=C +\end{CD} +\] + \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Graphics - filename clipart/MacroToolbar.png - +The command for this is: +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\series bold + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Macros ! Toolbar + + +\backslash +spce \end_layout \end_inset +A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -The macro toolbar contains from left to right the following buttons: +\end_inset + +@AmAA@.@VV +\backslash +{V +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\series bold +V@| Ctrl+Return +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +CD +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\end_inset + +D@<k>>F@=C +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Xymatrix Diagrams +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-remove-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center +Diagrams ! xymatrix +\end_layout \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +To be able to use xymatrices, the LaTeX-package +\series bold +xypic +\series default + must be installed. + A xymatrix is created by inserting the command +\series bold + +\backslash +xymatrix +\series default + in a formula. + Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices, + see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Matrices" + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout +. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +In contrary to amscd diagrams, xymatrices supports diagonal and curved arrows, + and much more. + All possibilities to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained + in detail in the +\emph on +XY-pic manual +\emph default + that you find in the menu \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Specific \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Remove Argument +Manuals +\family default +. \end_layout -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Subsection + +\noun on +Feynman +\noun default + Diagrams +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center +Diagrams ! Feynman +\end_layout \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +To be able to use +\noun on +Feynman +\noun default +-diagrams, the LaTeX-package +\series bold +feyn +\series default + must be installed. + A +\noun on +Feynman +\noun default +-diagram is created by inserting the command +\series bold + +\backslash +Diagram +\series default + in a formula. + Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices, + see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sec:Matrices" + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Plain Layout +. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Examples how to create +\noun on +Feynman- +\noun default +diagrams in LyX is given in the +\emph on +Feynman-diagram manual +\emph default + that you find in the menu \family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro +Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Specific \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Append Last Argument +Manuals +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +User-defined Commands +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +User-defined commands \end_layout \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + The names of user-defined commands and macros may only consist of Latin + letters. +\end_layout \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection +The Command +\backslash +newcommand +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:The-Command-newcommand" + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout +User-defined commands ! +\backslash +newcommand +\end_layout -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Make First Non-Optional into + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Commands ! N ! +\backslash +newcommand +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Many LaTeX-commands are too long to be used frequently. + But it is possible to define with the command +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + new shorter commands. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The command scheme of +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + is: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional +\series default + +\series bold +value] \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout +\series bold \backslash -hphantom{ +newcommand \end_layout \end_inset -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\begin_inset space ~ +{command definition} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Greyedout +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +Note: +\series default + Assure that the name of the new command is not already used in your document + or by LaTeX-packages that you use. + When you for example define the command +\series bold + +\backslash +le +\series default + for +\series bold + +\backslash +Leftarrow +\series default +, you get an error message because +\series bold + +\backslash +le +\series default + is already defined as command for +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Formula $\le$ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0 +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +- +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have. + With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined. + When this is done, the +\emph on +first +\emph default + +\emph on +a +\emph default +rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here are some examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +To define the command +\series bold + +\backslash +gr +\series default + for +\series bold + +\backslash +Longrightarrow +\series default +, the LaTeX-preamble line is: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +gr}{ +\backslash +Longrightarrow} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +To define the command +\series bold + +\backslash +us +\series default + for +\series bold + +\backslash +underline +\series default +, the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account. + For this the preamble line is: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +us}[1]{ +\backslash +underline{#1}} +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The character +\series bold +# +\series default + acts as argument placeholder, the +\series bold +1 +\series default + behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +For +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default + one can e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +define the command +\series bold + +\backslash +fb +\series default +: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +fb}[3]{ +\backslash +framebox#1#2{$#3$}} +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for +\series bold + +\backslash +framebox +\series default +, see +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Boxes-with-Frame" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +To create a new command for +\series bold + +\backslash +fcolorbox +\series default + where the color for the box needn't to be specified, the argument for the + color is defined optional: +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +cb}[3][white]{ +\backslash +fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}} +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +When the color is not specified when using +\series bold + +\backslash +cb +\series default +, the predefined color +\series bold +white +\series default + will be used. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A test of the new defined commands: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Command +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Result +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +raisebox +\series default + is only used as spacer. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +A +\backslash +gr +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +us{ABcd +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +fb{[2cm] +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +cb{red +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\backslash +cb[green] +\backslash +{red +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{ +\backslash +int +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +A=B +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Math Macros +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +User-defined commands! Math macros +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Macros +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +User-defined commands are especially convenient for complex expressions. + When you are for example dealing in a document with quadratic equations, + the same solution type occurs several times. + The general form of a quadratic equation is +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q +\] + +\end_inset + +The general form of the solution is +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To define a command for the solution formula where only the three parameters + +\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $p$ +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Formula $q$ +\end_inset + + need to be specified and the index of +\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$ +\end_inset + + can be given optionally, the LaTeX-preamble line is +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +qG}[4][1, +\backslash +,2]{#2_{#1}=- +\backslash +frac{#3}{2} +\backslash +pm +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\backslash +sqrt{ +\backslash +frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To create with this the solution formula, the command +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +qG{ +\backslash +lambda +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{p +\begin_inset Formula $\to$ +\end_inset + + +\backslash +{q +\series default + is inserted to a formula +\series bold +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The definition of the new command is unintuitive because one has to know + the schemes of all used LaTeX commands, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g. +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + +that a fraction is inserted in LaTeX as +\series bold + +\backslash +frac{numerator}{denominator} +\series default +. + Furthermore one can easily forget a brace in the definition and cannot + see in LyX what the new command is doing. + To avoid these problems LyX offers the possibility to use math macros instead + of the command +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A math macro is created by using the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\family default + or the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. + The math macro toolbar appears together with the following box where the + macro is defined: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/macrobox.png + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset FormulaMacro +\newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}} +\end_inset + + +\backslash +newmacroname is the default name of the macro that should be changed to + something sensible. + The wanted formula is inserted in the first blue box. + An argument placeholder is inserted with the command +\series bold + +\backslash +#argumentnumber +\series default +, e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} +\end_inset + +g +\begin_inset space \space{} +\end_inset + + +\series bold + +\backslash +#1 +\series default + or by using the macro toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. + Argument placeholders are displayed red. + Maximum 9 arguments are possible. + Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. + The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with + the toolbar button +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png + scale 85 + +\end_inset + +. + In the second blue box the appearance of the macro in LyX can be defined. + Normally you want to see it as it is defined, so the box is kept empty. + But when you have created a macro that needs lot of space on the screen, + you can insert in the box for example +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series bold +qG: +\backslash +#1 +\series default + +\series bold +, +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +#2 +\series default + +\series bold +, +\series default + +\series bold + +\backslash +#3, +\backslash +#4 +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series default +For the macro only the arguments with the macro name in front of them will + then be displayed in LyX, leading to a better overview. + The formula appears in the output as defined in the first box. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +The appearance of macros in formulas can furthermore be changed for single + macros by setting the cursor in the macro and using the menu +\family sans +View\SpecialChar \menuseparator +(Un)fold +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Math +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Macro +\family default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To use a macro, the macro name is inserted as command to a formula, in our + case +\series bold + +\backslash +qG +\series default +. + Our macro looks in LyX like this: +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/macrouse.png + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Here is our macro example with the arguments +\begin_inset Formula $x$ +\end_inset + +, +\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$ +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset Formula $B$ +\end_inset + +: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\qG x{\ln(x)}B +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX offers in the menu +\family sans +Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Control +\family default + different styles to edit macros. + To find the style that suits you the most, choose a style and set the cursor + in a macro formula to see the difference. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A math macro is transformed internally to a +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + command when exporting the document. + The created +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + command is not placed in the LaTeX-preamble, therefore macros can only + be used in formulas that are in the document below the macro definition + box. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Math macros can also be directly be created from a +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + command. + When writing for example the command +\series bold + +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\backslash +newcommand{ +\backslash +larrow}[2]{ +\backslash +xleftarrow[#2]{#1}} +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + + +\series default +in LyX as normal text, highlighting it completely and using then the shortcut + +\family sans +Ctrl+M +\family default +, the command will be transformed to a math macro. + Using this method you need to be careful that the +\series bold + +\backslash +newcommand +\series default + command is typed correctly, otherwise you get a faulty macro leading to + LaTeX errors. +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_layout Standard +Math macros currently yet have the problem that further formulas in macro + definitions are handled wrongly. + Therefore the example +\series bold -} -\end_layout +\backslash +fb +\series default + from +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:The-Command-newcommand" \end_inset -Optional Argument + cannot be created as macro. \end_layout -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-make-nonoptional.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp - rotateOrigin center +\begin_layout Standard +When the cursor is in a macro definition box, you will see the macro toolbar + in LyX: +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset \end_layout -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\family sans -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Graphics + filename clipart/MacroToolbar.png -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Make Last Optional into -\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{ +Macros ! Toolbar \end_layout \end_inset -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator +\end_layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout -} \end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +The macro toolbar contains from left to right the following buttons: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace defskip \end_inset -Non-Optional Argument + \end_layout -\end_inset - - +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-remove-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + filename ../images/math-macro-remove-param.png rotateOrigin center \end_inset @@ -32436,7 +34172,7 @@ Macro \end_inset Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Remove Optional Argument +Remove Last Argument \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32448,8 +34184,7 @@ Remove Optional Argument \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png rotateOrigin center \end_inset @@ -32472,7 +34207,7 @@ Macro \end_inset Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Insert Optional Argument +Append Argument \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32484,8 +34219,7 @@ Insert Optional Argument \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-remove-greedy-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png rotateOrigin center \end_inset @@ -32508,23 +34242,17 @@ Macro \end_inset Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Remove Last Argument +Make First Non-Optional into \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Macro @@ -32533,17 +34261,11 @@ Macro Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset -Spitting Out To The Right +Optional Argument \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32555,8 +34277,7 @@ Spitting Out To The Right \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-append-greedy-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + filename ../images/math-macro-make-nonoptional.png rotateOrigin center \end_inset @@ -32579,23 +34300,17 @@ Macro \end_inset Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Append Argument +Make Last Optional into \begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\family sans Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator Macro @@ -32604,17 +34319,11 @@ Macro Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset -Eating From The Right +Non-Optional Argument \end_layout \end_inset @@ -32626,8 +34335,7 @@ Eating From The Right \begin_layout Plain Layout \begin_inset Graphics - filename ../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png - BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp + filename ../images/math-macro-remove-optional-param.png rotateOrigin center \end_inset @@ -32650,614 +34358,386 @@ Macro \end_inset Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Append Optional Argument -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Macro -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -Eating From The Right +Remove Optional Argument \end_layout \end_inset - - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Diagrams -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LyX supports two types of commutative diagrams: -\series bold -amscd -\series default - and -\series bold -xymatrix -\series default - that are explained in the following. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Amscd Diagrams -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagrams ! amscd -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines - or arrows: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\ -@AAA@.@VVV\\ -F@<<>> -\series default - a right arrow, and -\series bold -@= -\series default - a long equal sign -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\series bold -@AAA -\series default - creates an up arrow, -\series bold -@VVV -\series default - an down arrow, and -\series bold -@| -\series default - a vertical equal sign -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize - -\series bold -@. - -\series default - is a placeholder for non-existent relations -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -All arrows can be labeled as follows: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Is text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed - above the arrow. - When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under - the arrow. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A - or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow. - When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right - beside the arrow. - If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a TeX-brace. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As example a diagram with all possible relations: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\ -@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\ -D@<k>>F@=C\end{CD}\] - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The command for this is: -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\series bold - -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -@AmAA@.@VV -\backslash -{V -\series default - -\begin_inset Formula $\to$ -\end_inset - - -\series bold -V@| Ctrl+Return -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -hphantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\backslash -CD -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -spce -\end_layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png + rotateOrigin center \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset - -D@<k>>F@=C -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Xymatrix Diagrams -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Diagrams ! xymatrix -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To be able to use xymatrices, the LaTeX-package -\series bold -xypic -\series default - must be installed. - A xymatrix is created by inserting the command -\series bold - -\backslash -xymatrix -\series default - in a formula. - Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices, - see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sec:Matrices" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -In contrary to amscd diagrams, xymatrices supports diagonal and curved arrows, - and much more. - All possibilities to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained - in detail in the -\emph on -XY-pic manual -\emph default - that you find in the menu \family sans -Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator -Specific +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro \begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -Manuals\SpecialChar \menuseparator -XY-pic -\begin_inset space ~ +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Insert Optional Argument +\end_layout + \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Manual -\family default -. -\end_layout +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-macro-remove-greedy-param.png + rotateOrigin center -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Section -Tips -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset -\backslash -texorpdfstring{ -\end_layout - +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Remove Last Argument +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -Other useful math tips can be found in -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "Voss" +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -. +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator + \end_layout \end_inset +Spitting Out To The Right +\end_layout -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-macro-append-greedy-param.png + rotateOrigin center + +\end_inset + -}{} \end_layout \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset -\begin_layout Plain Layout +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Append Argument +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset -\backslash -texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark. -\end_layout + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -More about -\backslash -texorpdfstring is in section -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section" +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ \end_inset -. +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator + \end_layout \end_inset +Eating From The Right +\end_layout -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -Tips -\end_layout +\begin_inset Graphics + filename ../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png + rotateOrigin center \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Ions|see -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \begin_layout Plain Layout -{ -\end_layout +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Append Optional Argument +\begin_inset Newline newline \end_inset -Chemical characters -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed + +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout -} +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Macro +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator + \end_layout \end_inset - +Eating From The Right \end_layout +\end_inset + + + + \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Section +Computer Algebra Systems +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +LyX offers the exchange between mathematical expressions written in LyX's + math editor and external applications or user defined scripts. + Currently supported applications are +\family sans +Maple +\family default +, +\family sans +Mathematica +\family default +, +\family sans +Maxima +\family default + and +\family sans +Octave +\family default +. + Note that the set of supported mathematical constructs is limited only + to very simple cases. +\end_layout + \begin_layout Subsection -Chemical Symbols and Equations -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and" +Usage +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Write some expression in a formula, go to the +\family sans +Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Use Computer Algebra System +\family default + menu and choose the application you have installed on the computer. + After that the result of computation should show on the right side of the + expression together with the +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset += +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed + operator. +\end_layout -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Chemical characters ! Symbols +\begin_layout Standard +Here are few simple examples (with results from +\family typewriter +Maxima +\family default +) to show what kind of computations can be performed: \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{37}{3}*2-\sum_{i=1}^{3}i^{i}=-\frac{22}{3}$ \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Chemical equations \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\frac{37.0}{3}=12.33333333333333$ \end_inset -\begin_inset Index -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Symbols ! chemical \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\int_{1}^{2}\sin(x)dx=\cos1-\cos2$ \end_inset \end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -An example text from chemistry: +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\det\left[\begin{array}{ccc} +1 & 6 & 7\\ +2 & 5 & 8\\ +3 & 4 & 17 +\end{array}\right]=-56$ +\end_inset + + \end_layout -\begin_layout Quote -The -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$ +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}\left(\frac{\sin(x)}{x}\right)=1$ \end_inset --ion reacts with two -\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ -\end_inset --ions to sodium sulfate -\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$ -\end_inset +\end_layout -. - The chemical equation for this is: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\] +\begin_layout Subsection +Keyboard shortcut +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +Currently there is no keyboard shortcut for calling the algebra applications. + One can easily bind a shortcut to the +\family sans +math-extern +\family default + LyX function (see the +\family sans +\emph on +LyX Functions +\family default +\emph default + manual). + One could e. +\begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset +g. +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset +bind the +\family sans +Return +\family default + key inside the math editor. + To bind it to +\family typewriter +Maxima +\family default + one would use this shortcut definition command: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard -This chemical equation can directly be created as formula. - To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and - changed by the shortcut -\begin_inset Info -type "shortcut" -arg "font-roman" -\end_inset - - to the upright font style. -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed -\begin_layout Plain Layout -font styles \series bold - -\series default -see -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Font-Styles" +command-alternatives break-paragraph;math-extern maxima +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset \end_layout +\begin_layout Section +Tips +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Tips +\end_layout + \end_inset @@ -33265,7 +34745,7 @@ reference "sub:Font-Styles" \begin_layout Subsection Negative Numbers -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33297,7 +34777,7 @@ An example to visualize the problem: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -33375,7 +34855,7 @@ solution: \begin_layout Subsection Comma as decimal Separator -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33424,7 +34904,7 @@ icomma was \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33452,7 +34932,7 @@ vspace{4mm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33481,7 +34961,7 @@ name "sub:Physical-Vectors" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33499,21 +34979,7 @@ Predefined vectors are offered by the LaTeX-package braket \series default -\begin_inset Foot -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -braket -\series default - should be part of every LaTeX standard installation. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33560,6 +35026,10 @@ braket \end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The following commands are defined: \end_layout @@ -33567,7 +35037,7 @@ The following commands are defined: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -33688,8 +35158,10 @@ The command Braket \series default assures that all vertical bars are set in the size of the surrounding brackets: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}} +\] \end_inset @@ -33779,7 +35251,7 @@ name "sub:Self-defined-Fractions" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33799,7 +35271,7 @@ To define custom commands for fractions, the command genfrac \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -33831,27 +35303,15 @@ bracket}{fraction bar thickness}{style} \end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom +status open \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\backslash -phantom{ -\end_layout - -\end_inset - +\series bold \backslash genfrac -\begin_inset ERT -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} \end_layout \end_inset @@ -33875,7 +35335,7 @@ The style is a number in the range of 0 \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -34080,9 +35540,11 @@ genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}} \begin_layout Standard A test: -\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{align*} \text{Command} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\ -\text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}\end{align*} +\text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B} +\end{align*} \end_inset @@ -34092,7 +35554,7 @@ As one can see, the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the \begin_layout Subsection Canceled Formulas -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34110,38 +35572,54 @@ To cancel formulas or formula parts, the LaTeX-package cancel \series default -\begin_inset Foot +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -cancel -\series default - is part of every LaTeX standard installation. +Packages ! cancel \end_layout \end_inset + has to be loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\series bold + +\backslash +usepackage[samesize]{cancel} +\end_layout -\begin_inset Index +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout -Packages ! cancel + + +\backslash +ifcancel \end_layout \end_inset - has to be loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status open +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package \series bold +cancel +\series default + is installed. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + -\backslash -usepackage[samesize]{cancel} \end_layout \begin_layout Standard @@ -34152,7 +35630,7 @@ There are four ways to cancel formulas: \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -34372,8 +35850,64 @@ A=B cancelto \series default is especially suitable to visualize the reduction of fractions within formulas: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}} +\] + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +else +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package +\series bold +cancel +\series default + is not installed: +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +You need to install the LaTeX-package +\series bold +cancel +\series default + to see the rest of this subsection in the output. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +fi +\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34389,7 +35923,7 @@ name "sub:Formulas-in-Section" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34416,7 +35950,7 @@ When hyperref \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34476,7 +36010,7 @@ hyperref \backslash texorpdfstring{part}{alternative} -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34523,7 +36057,7 @@ Heading without formula in table of contents \end_inset -\begin_inset OptArg +\begin_inset Argument status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34617,7 +36151,7 @@ reference "sub:Bold-Formulas" \begin_layout Subsection Formulas in multi-column Text -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34651,7 +36185,7 @@ multicol \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -34790,6 +36324,8 @@ As example a multi-column text with a displayed formula: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard + +\lang german \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -34803,21 +36339,21 @@ begin{multicols}{2} \end_inset Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert. - the Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um the überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk + Die Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um die überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk , Lösungsmittel) zu trennen. - Nachdem wir the Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns + Nachdem wir die Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals. - Im Experiment haben wir es with sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so that man + Im Experiment haben wir es mit sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so dass man über alle Phasen integrieren muss. Sei nun \begin_inset Formula $S$ \end_inset - unser normiertes Ausgangssignal and + unser normiertes Ausgangssignal und \begin_inset Formula $P$ \end_inset - the Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich the Beziehung + die Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich die Beziehung \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -34835,8 +36371,10 @@ end{multicols} \end_inset -\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation} -S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi\end{equation} +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi +\end{equation} \end_inset @@ -34857,13 +36395,13 @@ wobei \begin_inset Formula $S_{0}$ \end_inset - das Signal ohne Gradient ist and the Normierungsbedingung + das Signal ohne Gradient ist und die Normierungsbedingung \begin_inset Formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\,\mathrm{d}\phi=1$ \end_inset gilt. - Nun dürfen wir aber nicht the Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen. - Direkt nach the + Nun dürfen wir aber nicht den Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen. + Direkt nach dem \begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$ \end_inset @@ -34871,9 +36409,9 @@ wobei \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset --rf-Puls beginnt sich the Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich +-rf-Puls beginnt sich die Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt. - Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit the so genannten + Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit der so genannten \begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$ \end_inset @@ -34882,6 +36420,8 @@ wobei \end_layout \begin_layout Standard + +\lang german \begin_inset ERT status collapsed @@ -34894,12 +36434,12 @@ end{multicols} \end_inset - + \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Formulas with Description of Variables -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35066,12 +36606,15 @@ reference "eq:within" \end_inset consists of five columns whereas in the first two columns contain the equation, - the third the matrix, and the last one an empty TeX-brace. -\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign} + the third the matrix and the last one an empty TeX-brace. +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{flalign} \hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & \footnotesize\begin{array}{ll} \rho & \textrm{density}\\ V & \textrm{volume}\\ -g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration}\end{array} & & {}\label{eq:within}\end{flalign} +g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration} +\end{array} & & {}\label{eq:within} +\end{flalign} \end_inset @@ -35087,7 +36630,7 @@ name "sub:Upright-small-Greek" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35121,7 +36664,7 @@ upgreek was \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35149,7 +36692,7 @@ vspace{4mm} \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35193,7 +36736,7 @@ The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package \series bold upgreek \series default - is installed. + is installed: \end_layout \end_inset @@ -35219,8 +36762,10 @@ uptau \begin_layout Standard With these commands reactions of elementary particles can be typeset: -\begin_inset Formula \[ -\uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu}\] +\begin_inset Formula +\[ +\uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu} +\] \end_inset @@ -35303,7 +36848,7 @@ name "sub:Text-Characters-in" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35444,7 +36989,7 @@ i} \begin_layout Section \start_of_appendix Typographic Advice -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35480,6 +37025,14 @@ key "Duden" \end_inset that lists some of the ISO rules. + More rules are listed in +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "Checklist" + +\end_inset + +. \end_layout \end_inset @@ -35509,7 +37062,7 @@ reference "sub:Font-Styles" \end_inset -: 30 +, no matter if they appear in italic text: 30 \begin_inset space \thinspace{} \end_inset @@ -35618,14 +37171,19 @@ cm the multiplication sign \end_inset is used. - It is available via the menu + It is available either via the command +\series bold + +\backslash +times +\series default + or via the menu \family sans Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator Symbols \family default . - With some keyboard definitions it can also be inserted directly. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize @@ -35657,11 +37215,53 @@ Components of matrices are set italic: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize -The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e', and +The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e' and the imaginary unit 'i' should be set upright, to avoid mixing them up with other variables. \end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize +The character that denotes a +\noun on +Fourier +\noun default + transformation is inserted either by the command +\series bold + +\backslash +mathscr +\begin_inset ERT +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +spce +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +F +\series default + or via the menu +\family sans +Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Symbols\SpecialChar \menuseparator +Letterlike +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Symbols +\family default +: +\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{F}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Newpage newpage \end_inset @@ -35671,7 +37271,7 @@ The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e', and \begin_layout Section Synonyms -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -35699,7 +37299,7 @@ Some characters and symbols can be created with several commands. \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -36026,7 +37626,7 @@ vert \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -36330,6 +37930,7 @@ Vert \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring References \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "TLC2" @@ -36350,6 +37951,7 @@ The LaTeX Companion \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring References \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "Mathmode" @@ -36368,24 +37970,7 @@ target "ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/math/voss/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf" \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "Voss" - -\end_inset - -LaTeX tips and tricks- -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -name "page" -target "http://tug.org/TeXnik/" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring References \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "AMS" @@ -36417,9 +38002,10 @@ AmS \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring References \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem -key "Symbole" +key "Symbols" \end_inset @@ -36435,6 +38021,7 @@ target "ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring References \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "hyperref" @@ -36454,7 +38041,7 @@ target "http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ftp/doc/manual.pdf" hyperref \series default -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -36467,6 +38054,40 @@ Packages ! hyperref \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring References +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "mhchem" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Documentation" +target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf" + +\end_inset + + of the LaTeX-package +\series bold +mhchem +\series default + +\begin_inset Index idx +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Packages ! mhchem +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring References \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "Mathclap" @@ -36495,7 +38116,7 @@ reference "sub:Operator-Limits" \end_inset -\begin_inset Index +\begin_inset Index idx status collapsed \begin_layout Plain Layout @@ -36510,6 +38131,7 @@ mathclap \end_layout \begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring References \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem LatexCommand bibitem key "Duden" @@ -36525,9 +38147,29 @@ Duden Band 1 Auflage, Duden 2001 \end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\begin_layout Bibliography +\labelwidthstring References +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "Checklist" + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +name "Check list" +target "http://physics.nist.gov/Document/checklist.pdf" + +\end_inset + + for reviewing manuscripts +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset CommandInset index_print LatexCommand printindex +type "idx" \end_inset