\papercolumns 1
\papersides 2
\paperpagestyle default
-\tracking_changes false
+\tracking_changes true
\output_changes false
\html_math_output 0
\html_css_as_file 0
\html_be_strict true
+\author -1402925745 "Günter Milde"
+\author -712698321 "Jürgen Spitzmüller"
\end_header
\begin_body
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verbatim
+
This is Verbatim.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verbatim
\noindent
\align block
+
The following 2 lines are empty:
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verbatim
+
Almost everything is allowed in Verbatim:"%&$§#~'`
\backslash
}][{|
\end_layout
\begin_layout Verbatim*
+
This is Verbatim*.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To split an existing list into two lists, set the cursor at the end of a
list item and use the menu
+\change_deleted -712698321 1514652028
+
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Edit
+\change_inserted -712698321 1514652029
+Insert
+\change_unchanged
+\SpecialChar menuseparator
+
+\change_deleted -712698321 1514652035
Start New Environment
+\change_inserted -712698321 1514652814
+Separated <Name> Above
+\family default
+ or
+\family sans
+ Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Separated <Name> Below
+\change_unchanged
+
\family default
.
This inserts a plain separator (red line in \SpecialChar LyX
-) and behind it the new list.
- The menu
+) and
+\change_inserted -712698321 1514652169
+before or
+\change_unchanged
+behind it the new list.
+
+\change_deleted -712698321 1514652256
+The menu
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Start New Parent Environment
\family default
only appears if the item is nested.
It does not only separate the list but also creates a new one outside the
- nesting.
+ nesting
+\change_inserted -712698321 1514652300
+Inside nested environments, it is also possible to split the outer environment
+\change_unchanged
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_inset
.
- The option
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514889567
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The option
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514890586
+
\family sans
Output en- and em-dashes as ligatures
+\change_unchanged
+
+\family default
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514890570
+
+\family sans
+Disallow line breaks after dashes
\family default
- outputs en- and em-dashes as ligatures (--, ---) instead of a sigle character.
+
+\change_unchanged
+outputs en- and em-dashes as
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514890990
+ligatures (--, ---)
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891156
+literal characters
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891207
+Or \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ macro, if the literal character is not supported by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ input encoding.
+\change_unchanged
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
+ instead of
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514891082
+a sigle character
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891224
+ligatures (--, ---) (cf.
+ section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Dashes-and-line-breaks"
+plural "false"
+caps "false"
+noprefix "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\change_unchanged
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Alt
\family default
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514650349
+
\family sans
-/ AltGr
+/ AltGr
+\change_unchanged
+
\family default
key).
- Alternatively, dashes can be inserted with
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514642633
+Alternatively, dashes can be inserted with
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special
\SpecialChar LyX
function with the Unicode code point as argument (2013 for the em dash
and 2014 for the en dash).
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
Symbols
\family default
- or the
+ or
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514890768
+using
+\change_unchanged
+the
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514650507
+
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
+
+\change_unchanged
+
+\family typewriter
unicode-insert
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514650506
+
+\family default
+
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+
+\change_unchanged
\SpecialChar LyX
- function.
+ function
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514650396
+ with the Unicode code point as argument (2013 for the em dash and 2014
+ for the en dash)
+\change_unchanged
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
-From A–Z; pages
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514642720
+From
+\change_unchanged
+A–Z; pages
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
369–378
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514642746
+; Oh – there's a dash.
+\change_unchanged
+
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Whether line breaks at dashes are allowed depends on the use case and locale:
+Whether line breaks
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514642422
+at
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514890882
+before or after
+\change_unchanged
+ dashes are allowed depends on the use case and locale
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514650654
+, e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\change_unchanged
+:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-In English, line breaks are generally allowed after the dash in ranges of
- values such as 1975–1982, but no line break should occur if only a single
- character follows the dash (as in A–Z).
+In English, line breaks are generally allowed after the dash
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514642312
+ in ranges of values such as 1975–1982
+\change_unchanged
+, but no line break should occur if only a single character follows the
+ dash (as in A–Z).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The dashes that are output by \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514643928
+The
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891332
+By default,
+\change_unchanged
+ dashes
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514891353
+that
+\change_unchanged
+are output by \SpecialChar LyX
to \SpecialChar LaTeX
- by default generally allow for line breaks
- after en-dashes and em-dashes.
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514891361
+by default generally
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891480
+as
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+ligature dashes
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (-- and ---).
+ \SpecialChar LaTeX
+
+\change_unchanged
+ allow
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891455
+s
+\change_unchanged
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514891448
+for
+\change_unchanged
+line breaks after
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891497
+hyphens,
+\change_unchanged
+en-dashes and em-dashes.
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514643799
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514650817
Please note:
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
-Unwanted line breaks can be prevented by wrapping in a makebox
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514652254
+Line breaks before spaced en dashes
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+– common in British English and generally recommended by
+\emph on
+The Elements of Typographic Style
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+– can be prevented using protected spaces.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Unwanted line breaks
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514652276
+after dashes
+\change_unchanged
+can be prevented by wrapping in a
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514891688
+m
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891688
+M
+\change_unchanged
+akebox
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891707
+ inset
+\change_unchanged
+
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\end_inset
-, using protected spaces or preceding with
-\series bold
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514652291
+, using protected spaces
+\change_unchanged
+ or preceding with
+\family typewriter
\backslash
nobreakdash
-\series default
+\family default
in \SpecialChar TeX
code.
Examples:
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-368–9
+36
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514891557
+8
+\change_unchanged
+–
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891614
+3
+\change_unchanged
+9
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514652372
With spaced en dashes
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_inset
– line breaks should not occur before the dash.
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\lang french
-Les incises –
+Les incises
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514642994
+
+\begin_inset Box Frameless
+position "t"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 0
+use_makebox 1
+width ""
+special "none"
+height "1in"
+height_special "totalheight"
+thickness "0.4pt"
+separation "3pt"
+shadowsize "4pt"
+framecolor "black"
+backgroundcolor "none"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514642994
+
+\lang french
+–
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-même si tout le monde ne les aime pas
+même
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514642998
+–
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+même
+\change_unchanged
+ si tout le monde ne les aime pas
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
—un inciso con rayas— se escribe así.
\end_layout
+\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
An incorrect line break is easily overlooked because
\begin_inset space ~
– it does not trigger a warning in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
log.
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514891753
+
\end_layout
-\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514643500
The default dashes output to \SpecialChar LaTeX
disable hyphenation in words adjacent to hyphens
and ligature dashes.
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Fonts\SpecialChar menuseparator
Disallow line breaks after dashes
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514653511
+
\family default
.
- In this case optional line breaks after individual
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514653512
+:
+\change_unchanged
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891789
+Line breaks are still allowed after spaced dashes.
+ They can be prevented using protected spaces (without need for a Makebox
+ inset or \SpecialChar TeX
+ code).
+ Example:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514653363
+
+\lang french
+Les incises –
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+même si tout le monde ne les aime pas
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+– sont très utiles.
+\change_unchanged
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514644579
+In this case optional l
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514644580
+L
+\change_unchanged
+ine breaks after
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514646589
+individual
\family sans
- dashes
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514646372
+
\family default
- can be re-allowed via the menu
+unspaced
+\change_unchanged
+dashes can be
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514644570
+re-
+\change_unchanged
+allowed via the menu
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891813
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514891815
+
+\change_unchanged
+
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
:
\end_layout
+\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Em-dashes without spaces—\SpecialChar allowbreak
-as common in American English—\SpecialChar allowbreak
-should be broken
- after the dash.
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514644634
+as
+\change_unchanged
+common in American English—\SpecialChar allowbreak
+should be
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514644706
+broken after the dash
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514644714
+followed by a line break opportunity
+\change_unchanged
+.
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514890478
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514890517
+This also allows hyphenation of the word following the dash (cf.
+ section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Hyphenation"
+plural "false"
+caps "false"
+noprefix "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\change_unchanged
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514653204
+With this setting, \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ hyphenates words also if immediately followed by em
+ or en dashes (cf.
+ section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Hyphenation"
+plural "false"
+caps "false"
+noprefix "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514646777
+Changes and backwards compatibility
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Note: Up to \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514646781
+Note:
+\change_unchanged
+Up to \SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-2.1, you could insert en-dashes and em-dashes as -- and ---, respectively;
- they were automatically merged to proper (breakable) dashes in the output,
- but kept as consecutive hyphen characters in the LyX document.
- If you inserted literal dash characters, however, they were output to \SpecialChar LaTeX
+2.1,
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514653772
+you could insert en-dashes and em-dashes as -- and ---, respectively; they
+ were automatically merged to proper (breakable) dashes in the output, but
+ kept as
+\change_unchanged
+ consecutive hyphen characters
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514654314
+(-- and ---)
+\change_unchanged
+in the LyX
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514653785
+ document
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514654235
+ source were merged to en or em dashes by LaTeX
+\change_unchanged
+.
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514653905
+These
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+ligature dashes
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+ retain the line-break properties of hyphens while literal dash characters
+ are regarded by \SpecialChar LaTeX
as
\emph on
non-breakable
+\emph default
+.
+\change_unchanged
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514647104
+If you inserted literal dash characters, however, they were output to \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ as
+
+\emph on
+non-breakable
\emph default
dashes (this was actually rather by accident than intentionally, but some
used these two forms of dashes deliberately).
- As of \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514646979
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514653950
+As of
+\change_unchanged
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514653959
+Since
+\change_unchanged
+\SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-2.2, things work differently: consecutive hyphens are merged to dashes immediatel
-y in the input.
+2.2,
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514655286
+things work differently: consecutive hyphens are merged to dashes immediately
+ in the input.
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514892048
+ consecutive hyphens in the LyX source are exported to \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ in a way that prevents
+ ligation to dashes.
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Ligature dashes
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ in documents from earlier versions are converted to literal dash characters
+ (except in
+\family typewriter
+typewriter
+\family default
+ font); typed in consecutive hyphens are merged to dash characters immediately
+ after the input (unless the current text font is
+\family typewriter
+type
+\family default
+writer).
+\change_unchanged
+
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The behavior was changed since it led to different look in \SpecialChar LyX
-, text export,
- HTML export and the PDF export.
+The behavior was changed since
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514892102
+it led to different look in \SpecialChar LyX
+, text export, HTML export and the PDF export
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514892145
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+lyx --help
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ became
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+lyx –help
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ in PDF, Postscript, and DVI output
+\change_unchanged
+.
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514654876
+ An unintended consequence of these changes was that all dashes were output
+ as non-breakable dashes.
+ This also resulted in changed line breaks in some older documents.
+
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514655286
If you copy consecutive hyphens, by contrast, they are output as consecutive
hyphen characters.
An unintended consequence of this change was that all dashes now were output
dashes as well.
An obvious drawback of all this was that it resulted in different line
breaks in some documents.
- \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514891934
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-2.3, by contrast and as outlined above, outputs
+2.3
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514688984
+, by contrast and as outlined above,
+\change_unchanged
+ outputs
\emph on
breakable
\emph default
- dashes by default, so if you load a document saved previous to LyX 2.2,
- you should get the identical output with LyX 2.3 for the dashes inserted
- with -- and ---.
+ dashes by default
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514654979
+.
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514655571
+, so if you load a document saved previous to LyX 2.2, you should get the
+ identical output with LyX 2.3 for the dashes inserted with -- and ---.
Furthermore, \SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
2.2 in order to maintain line breaking between \SpecialChar LyX
2.2 and 2.3 (so these document
have non-breakable dashes).
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514892224
+ When opening documents edited with \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+2.2 or earlier and containing literal dash characters not followed by whitespace,
+ the setting
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Fonts\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Disallow line breaks after dashes
+\family default
+ is active to prevent changes to the line breaks.
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514655571
+
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514649416
If you used only literal em- and en dashes in pre-\SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-If you used both literal and --/--- dashes in pre-\SpecialChar LyX
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514892245
+
+\series bold
+Warning:
+\series default
+
+\change_unchanged
+If you used both literal and
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514655424
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+ligature
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514655426
+--/---
+\change_unchanged
+ dashes in pre-\SpecialChar LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
2.2 documents, you may need to enable or prevent individual line breaks as
shown above to restore the correct line breaking behavior.
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514649416
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514649416
Zero-width space (ZWSP) characters in older \SpecialChar LyX
documents that follow literal
em- and en-dashes are removed during the conversion to the format of \SpecialChar LyX
\end_inset
2.3 or the optional line breaks will be lost.
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514649439
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\end_inset
following the rules of the document language.
+
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514652600
+ \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ does not hyphenate text in the
+\family sans
+typewriter
+\family default
+ font and words immediately preceded or followed by hyphens or dashes.
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LaTeX
- hyphenates almost perfectly; it only has problems with text in the
+ hyphenates almost perfectly; it only has problems with
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514652587
+text in the
\family sans
typewriter
\family default
- font and with unusual constructs, like
+ font and with
+\change_unchanged
+unusual constructs, like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- as a hyphenation possibility.
- Hyphenating at this point would look ugly.
- To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, you can use a protected
- hyphen (
+ as a
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514649694
+hyphenation
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514649696
+line break
+\change_unchanged
+ possibility.
+
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514649727
+Hyphenating
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514649729
+A line break
+\change_unchanged
+ at this point would look ugly.
+ To prevent the shortcut from being
+\change_deleted -1402925745 1514649715
+hyphenated
+\change_inserted -1402925745 1514649716
+broken
+\change_unchanged
+, you can use a protected hyphen (
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
\begin_layout Subsection
+\change_deleted -712698321 1514652312
+
\family sans
Start New Environment/Start New Parent Environment
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+
+\change_deleted -712698321 1514652312
These menus are only visible if it is possible to have two consecutive environme
nts of the same type.
See section
\end_inset
for an explanation.
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\end_inset
.
+\change_inserted -712698321 1514652349
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+
+\change_inserted -712698321 1514652384
+
+\family sans
+Separate <Name> Environment (Above/Below)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\change_inserted -712698321 1514652391
+These menu items are only visible if it is possible to have two consecutive
+ environments of the same type.
+ See section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Separate-Nestings"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for an explanation.
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection