\font_sf_scale 100 100
\font_tt_scale 100 100
\use_microtype false
-\use_dash_ligatures true
+\use_dash_ligatures false
\graphics default
\default_output_format pdf2
\output_sync 0
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 2
\paperpagestyle default
-\tracking_changes true
+\tracking_changes false
\output_changes false
\html_math_output 0
\html_css_as_file 0
\html_be_strict true
-\author -712698321 "Jürgen Spitzmüller"
\end_header
\begin_body
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-Version 2.2.x
+Version 2.3.x
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\series bold
Note:
\series default
- In practice, some fonts might fail due to bad metrics and other font deficienci
-es; so you might have to experiment.
+ In practice, some fonts might fail due to a legacy (non Unicode) font encoding,
+ bad metrics, or other font deficiencies; so you might have to experiment.
\end_layout
\end_inset
Default,
\family default
the font that is preset by the current document class is used.
- In most cases, this will be the standard \SpecialChar TeX
- font, known as
+ With LyX's default font encoding, this is a look-alike of the standard
+ \SpecialChar TeX
+ font
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
-) or
+): either
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+cm-super
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ or the bitmap font
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
-), but some classes preset different default fonts.
+).
+ However, some classes set different default fonts.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As
\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
- and
-\family typewriter
ec
\family default
- are bitmap fonts, they often look pixelated in PDF output, especially when
- you read the PDF in a zoomed size.
+ is a bitmap font, it looks pixelated in PDF output, especially when you
+ read the PDF in a zoomed size.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This problem does not appear if you read PDFs in
+This problem is less severe if you read PDFs in
\family typewriter
Adobe
\begin_inset space ~
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-or select the
-\family sans
-AE
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(Almost
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-European)
-\family default
- fonts in (the rare) case that
-\family sans
-Latin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Modern
-\family default
- is not available to you or does not work, and you still want to emulate
- the look of
-\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
-/
-\family typewriter
-ec
-\family default
-.
-
-\family typewriter
-AE
-\family default
- is a virtual font.
- Virtual means that it
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-steals
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- outline
-\family typewriter
-cm
-\family default
--glyphs from other fonts.
- This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French
- guillemets (
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-«
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-»
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Loading the \SpecialChar LaTeX
--package
-\series bold
-aeguill
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\SpecialChar LaTeX
- packages ! aeguill
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- with the document preamble line
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-usepackage[ec]{aeguill}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-will fix the guillemet problem.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- and that accented characters are not
-\emph on
-one
-\emph default
- glyph, but built of
-\emph on
-two
-\emph default
- characters, the accent and the letter.
- Therefore you cannot search for words with accented characters in documents
- using the
-\family typewriter
-AE
-\family default
- fonts.
- If you search for example for the French word
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-rève
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in a PDF, you will not get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches
- for the glyph
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
- è
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- and not for the glyph
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
- e +
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
- ̀
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
\begin_layout Itemize
If you do not like the look of
\family typewriter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- character comes in four lengths: the
+ symbol comes in four variants: the
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
-, and the minus sign:
+, and the
+\emph on
+minus sign
+\emph default
+:
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Box Frameless
+position "t"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 0
+use_makebox 0
+width "100col%"
+special "none"
+height "1in"
+height_special "totalheight"
+thickness "0.4pt"
+separation "3pt"
+shadowsize "4pt"
+framecolor "black"
+backgroundcolor "none"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="3mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="3mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="3mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+system key combination
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+On Mac and Linux, the en dash is entered with
+\family sans
+Opt+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ and the em dash with
+\family sans
+Shift-Opt+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ (
+\family sans
+Opt
+\family default
+ is the Mac label for the right
+\family sans
+Alt
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+/ AltGr
+\family default
+key).
+ Alternatively, dashes can be inserted with
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special
Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
Symbols
+\family default
+ or with the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+unicode-insert
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ function with the Unicode code point as argument (2013 for the em dash
+ and 2014 for the en dash).
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+--
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ in text
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="3mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+system key combination or
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
-Special
-\begin_inset space ~
+---
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
-Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
-Symbols
+ in text
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset VSpace defskip
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can alternatively generate the en and em dash by inserting the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-\family typewriter
--
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
- character multiple times in a row.
- They will automatically be converted to the appropriate length dash in
- the final output, but not in \SpecialChar LyX
-.
-
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\begin_layout Standard
+Dashes can also be inserted with
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Special
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
- gives a en dash,
+Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Symbols
+\family default
+ or the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
--
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
--
+unicode-insert
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- a em dash.
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ function.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in
- math mode and has a length of its own.
+Hyphen and dashes are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in math
+ mode and has a length of its own.
Here are some examples:
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
-From A–Z
+From A–Z; pages
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+369–378
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
-Oh — there's a dash.
+The em dash is used without spaces: Oh—there's a dash.
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
)
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+See also the
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "Wikipedia entry on dashes"
+target "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash"
+literal "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Dashes and line breaks
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Dashes-and-line-breaks"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Whether line breaks around dashes are allowed depends on the use case and
+ locale:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+No line breaks are allowed in ranges of values like A–Z or 1975–1982.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+In English, dashes used to set off parenthetical statements should not start
+ a new line.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+In French and Spanish, dashes around parenthetical statements are treated
+ similar to brackets: line breaks are not allowed on the inner side.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When using spaced en dashes
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+- common in British English
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+- line breaks before the dash can be prevented with protected spaces.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When using em dashes without spaces—\SpecialChar allowbreak
+common in American English—\SpecialChar allowbreak
+one can insert
+ optional line breaks with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Optional line break
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For documents containing many em dashes, you may consider to select the
+ option
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Fonts\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Output en- and em-dashes as ligatures.
+
+\family default
+This forces the output of dashes as
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+--
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+---
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ when exporting to \SpecialChar LaTeX
+.
+ The \SpecialChar TeX
+ font ligature mechanism converts them to dash characters followed
+ by an optional line break.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Caution:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+This results in optional line breaks after
+\series bold
+all
+\series default
+ en and em dashes.
+ Incorrect line breaks must be prevented by wrapping in a makebox
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+See section
+\emph on
+Prevent Hyphenation
+\emph default
+ of the
+\emph on
+Embedded
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Objects
+\emph default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or preceding with
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+nobreakdash
+\series default
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ code.
+ Examples:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Pages
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Box Frameless
+position "t"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 0
+use_makebox 1
+width ""
+special "none"
+height "1in"
+height_special "totalheight"
+thickness "0.4pt"
+separation "3pt"
+shadowsize "4pt"
+framecolor "black"
+backgroundcolor "none"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+369–378
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\lang french
+Les incises
+\begin_inset Box Frameless
+position "t"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 0
+use_makebox 1
+width ""
+special "none"
+height "1in"
+height_special "totalheight"
+thickness "0.4pt"
+separation "3pt"
+shadowsize "4pt"
+framecolor "black"
+backgroundcolor "none"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\lang french
+–
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+même
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ si tout le monde ne les aime pas
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+– sont très utiles.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\lang spanish
+En una frase
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+nobreakdash
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+—un inciso con rayas— se escribe así.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An incorrect line break is easily overlooked because
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+– in contrast to an overfull line
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+– it does not trigger a warning in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ log.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+The setting is ignored for documents using non-\SpecialChar TeX
+ fonts.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Xe\SpecialChar TeX
+ provides the
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+XeTeXdashbreakstate
+\series default
+ setting.
+ The default causes dashes to behave like ligature dashes.
+ The usual behaviour of literal dashes can be achieved by inserting
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+XeTeXdashbreakstate=0
+\family default
+\series default
+ into the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ preamble.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Em dashes in
+\family typewriter
+typewriter
+\family default
+ fonts become
+\family typewriter
+–-
+\family default
+ or
+\family typewriter
+---
+\family default
+ in the output.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Hyphenation is suppressed in words adjacent to hyphens and ligature dashes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Since \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+2.2, -- and --- are exported to LaTeX as -{}- and -{}-{}- to prevent ligation
+ to dashes.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Up to \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+2.1, -- and --- was output unchanged which led to different look in \SpecialChar LyX
+, text
+ export, HTML export and the PDF export.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Occurrences in older documents are converted to literal Unicode dashes.
+ This led to different line breaks in some documents.
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+2.3 provides the option
+\family sans
+Output en- and em-dashes as ligatures
+\family default
+ in the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Fonts.
+
+\family default
+ It is on by default but unselected when opening documents edited with \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+2.2.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Note the following side-effects of the changes in \SpecialChar LyX
+'s dash handling:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+If you used literal em- and en dashes in pre-\SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+2.2 documents, you must manually unselect
+\family sans
+Output en- and em-dashes as ligatures
+\family default
+ to ensure unchanged behavior.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+If you used both, literal and ligature dashes in pre-\SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+2.2 documents, you may need to enable or prevent individual line breaks as
+ shown above to restore the correct line breaking behaviour.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Zero-width space (ZWSP) characters in older \SpecialChar LyX
+ documents that follow literal
+ em- and en-dashes are removed during the conversion to the format of \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+2.3.
+ If you used them as optional line breaks after dashes, convert them to
+ space insets before opening your document with \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+2.3 or the optional line breaks will be lost.
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Subsection
Hyphenation
\begin_inset Index idx
as a hyphenation possibility.
Hyphenating at this point would look ugly.
- To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, you can put it into a makebox
- as described in section
+ To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, you can use a protected
+ hyphen (
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Protected Hyphen
+\family default
+) or put it into a makebox as described in section
\emph on
Prevent Hyphenation
\emph default
.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Description
+Optional
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Line
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Break Inserts a line break point (zero-width space character) that is invisible
+ in the output.
+ See section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Dashes-and-line-breaks"
+plural "false"
+caps "false"
+noprefix "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for a usage example.
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Description
Ragged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-\change_inserted -712698321 1503738349
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\change_inserted -712698321 1503740883
Note, though, that the key combination definition uses a specific syntax.
This applies to the designators of specific modifier keys (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
these specifics.
\SpecialChar LyX
transforms your input to the correct syntax.
-\change_unchanged
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
projects / lyx.git / blobdiff